THE RECORD OF A HUNTING PRACTICE AT PETROGLYPH SITE NV-LY-1 Karen M. Nissen At a large petroglyph site on the East Walker River south of the town of Yerington, Nevada an extensive survey was carried out during the summer of 1973. During the course of recording the rock designs, an interesting correlation of two elements was noted. A number of boulders in one area of the site exhibited mountain sheep, either shown in rows or singly, moving into a V-shaped design. It is possible that this design can be linked to an ethnographic practice recorded for numerous Great Basin groups (Angel 1881; Gilmore 1953; Hopkins 1883; Muir 1913; Steward 1933, 1938, 1941; Stewart 1941) as a method of hunting deer, antelope and mountain sheep. Lowie (1923) also described the same hunting meth- od for the Cree and Hudson Bay groups in hunting buffalo. Brush or stone fences or lines of humans converging to lead into a pit or corral were made to force game driven from behind into the enclosures or pits, or to run at close range past ambushed hunters. The correlation of these two elements has not been seen in other petroglyph records of Great Basin sites (cf. Grant, Baird and Pringle 1968; Heizer and Baumhoff 1962; Heizer and Clewlow 1973; Steward 1929). It may be a unique petroglyph style feature of the prehistoric band occupying this valley (the band present when ethnographers visited the area was the T'vusid'o- kad'o, "grass nut eaters"t), or it may be that the V design was not observed in the carvings found at other petroglyph sites. NV-Ly-l is located at a sharp bend to the west of the East Walker River (see photos la-b and map of the site). A floodplain stretches from the river on the west to a basalt ridge which is literally covered with petroglyphs. The west slope of the ridge is quite steep and is strewn with a rough talus of boulders. The east side of the ridge is a more gradual slope dotted with boulders. To the east of the ridge is a low saddle bordered on the east by the lower hills of the Wassuk Range. At the southern end of the basalt ridge the river cuts steeply against the bank, effectively limiting easy access to or exit from the floodplain to the west of the ridge. The two ends of the saddle are fairly narrow, being approximately 75-100 feet at the north end and 150- 200 feet at the south. The saddle itself is about 600 feet long. At the southeast end of the saddle the floodplain with rich riparian vegetation stretches out on the east side of the river. On the west side of the river a fairly steep cliff rises 30-40 feet to the valley floor from the river floodplain. Approximately 1000 feet northwest of the north end of the ridge and across the river are located at least three bedrock mortars. The area has been leveled and plowed for alfalfa fields and a skeet shooting range was put in just to the south of the bedrock mortar area, Apparently the area was once covered with lithic debris, but this was removed in the course of setting up the skeet shooting range. 54 The major concentrations of petroglyphs are located along the basalt ridge, in the saddle to the east of the ridge, and along the hillside at the northeast and southeast ends of the saddle. A few petroglyphs occur on boulders in the floodplain at the northwestern base of the basalt ridge, and two more are on boulders on the banks across the river to the southwest of the saddle. A series of six stone rings are located along the crest of the basalt ridge. To the south of these along the ridge crude stone walls have been constructed by piling three or more boulders to a height of two to five feet. At least two stone pits were constructed by removing rocks from the talus slope along the east side of the saddle. Over eight hundred boulders with petroglyphs were recorded and mapped at this site. The floodplain, the entire ridge, and large sample areas of the saddle and most of. the petroglyphs on the hill at the south- east end of the saddle were recorded. Great Basin Abstract Curvilinear and Rectilinear, Representational and Scratched styles are present and appear mixed throughout the site. Scratched designs are the only definite form of super- imposition that is present, and these were principally rectilinear. Only questionable presence of the Pit and Groove style was noted. Many of these seem to be natural pits which appear to have been smoothed and enlarged with abrasion. The site is not in a pristine state of preservation. One main road and three branches of it cut through the saddle; piles of rocks, some with petro- glyphs, have been bulldozed to the sides of the roads. A section corner at the south end of the saddle has boulders, some with petroglyphs, piled into a cairn surrounding the marker. In the late 1920's archaeological work was done at the site but this was never reported; at this time the stone circles were "excavated" and a huge pit near a large boulder covered with petroglyphs at the northwest end of the ridge was blasted open. A small trail leading up to the ridge from the southeast end of the ridge was also apparently cleared at this time; this can be seen in the photo of the ridge (photo lb). The site was previously reported by Steward (1929) as site Pt. 202 and it may also be the same as his site Pt. 212. Heizer and Baumhoff also briefly visited and reported the site (1962:41-45). Our work began on the site in the area near the stone circles along the ridge top where a number of mountain sheep petroglyphs were found. These sheep are all represented with a front-on view of the head, often with the ears depicted which is unusual. The bodies of the animals have flat backs with a rounded belly, closely paralleling Grant, Baird and Pringle's (1968:17-24) description of mountain sheep from their Transitional and Late periods in the Coso Range of southeastern California. Sheep heads are often represented, and these are also front-on views. As more sheep were recorded a pattern began to be observed on a number of the boulders. The sheep are often shown in a line moving in one direction across the boulder face (see photos 2a-b and figs. 1-13 ). It was noticed that the sheep were often moving towards a set of converging lines or 55 a V-like design. The sheep are not always shown moving into the V, but in 13 out of 30 examples where mountain sheep are depicted this correlation of ele- ments is found. The lines of the V are faint, often partially obscured either by lichen growth or patination, and they could be easily overlooked. Neither Steward's photos (1929:plates 57-64) nor the figures and photos in Heizer and Baumhoff (1962:Figs. 82-95, plate 8) show this V element in association with mountain sheep. In some cases the V occurs alone with no sheep but only ab- stract or sometimes anthropomorphic figures. Other depictions of the V at times have sheep horns within them (10 occurrences). At other times the sheep are the only petroglyphs on the rocks but the configuration of the rock itself often resembles the V in shape with two facets converging to a point with the sheep moving in that direction (11 examples). Another interesting feature of the depictions is the fact that the artists often took the total shape of the boulder into effect when pecking the designs. The converging lines could easily have been placed on one facet of the boulders, yet in a number of in- stances the point at which the lines actually converge is curved around the rock onto another face of the boulder, perhaps to attempt perspective (see photos 2a-c figs. 2,3,5,6,9-13). At times the design even continues onto adjacent boulders. Upon reviewing the literature on the rock art of California and Nevada it was found that this correlation of bighorn sheep and the V design was a unique one. Although mountain sheep are at times depicted with "fences" (Heizer and Clewlow 1973:fig. 130k) the V element is not otherwise recorded. This may be due to lack of observation of the V or it may be that here there is a unique association of the two elements at this site alone. The relation of the V with the sheep is significant in the light of Muir's (1913) description of Northern Paiute hunting mountain sheep on nearby Mount Grant, approximately 10 miles east of the NV-Ly-l petroglyph site. A sketch in the Muir volume (1913:321) shows hunters wearing mountain sheep head dis- guises crouching on a mountain top. His description of the hunt is as follows (1913:320-322): On the top of nearly every one of the Nevada mountains that I have visited, I have found small, nest-like inclosures built of stones, in which, as I afterward learned, one or more Indians would lie in wait while their companions scoured the ridges below, know- ing that the alarmed sheep would surely run to the summit, and when they could be made to approach with the wind they were shot at short range. Still larger bands of Indians used to make extensive hunts upon some dominant mountain much frequented by the sheep, such as Mount Grant on the Wassuck Range to the west of Walker Lake. On some particular spot, favorably suited with reference to the well-known trails of the sheep, they build a high walled corral, with long guiding wings diverging from the gateway; and into this 56 inclosure they sometimes succeeded in driving the noble game. Great numbers of Indians were of course required, more, indeed, than they could usually muster, counting in squaws, children and all; they were compelled, therefore, to build rows of dummy hunters out of stones, along the ridge-tops which they wished to prevent the sheep from crossing. And, without discrediting the sagacity of the game, these dummies were found effective; for, with a few live Indians moving about excitedly among them, they could hardly be distinguished at a little distance from men, by any one not in the secret. The whole ridge-top then seemed to be alive with hunters. A similar type of corral with diverging wings was recorded by Steward (1941: 219) for the Nevada Shoshone in antelope hunting. Sarah Winnemucca (1883:55-57, 171) also describes antelope charming and the use of corrals as well as the stone piles, although she states that the latter were built to deceive the whites. Stewart (1941:366, 367) also notes the use of converging wing fences in antelope and mountain sheep hunting by the Pakwidokado in the area to the east of this petroglyphs site. Gilmore (1953:149) mentions mountain goat drives involving a "Medicine Man" or '1Singert1 who would direct the hunt among the Nevada Paiute. (Searching the literature on the distribution of mountain goats it appears that he is probably referring to mountain sheep, for mountain goats are restricted to the northern areas of the Rockies according to Gilbert). He describes quarter mile wings serving as a chute which narrowed near the en- trance to a corral, and the people would spread out across the mountains to drive the animals toward the winged chute. Gilmore also mentions a round dance being held the day before the drive, which was not mentioned in other accounts of sheep and deer hunts. Lowie (1923:280-282) discusses a similar type of drive and impound used for driving buffalo in the plains by the Cree and near Hudson Bay. The NV-Ly-l site at present shows no signs of such a corral structure, but it appears that the idea of driving animals may be represented by the converg- ing lines with the sheep between them in the petroglyphs. The petroglyphs may be a representation of hunting for sheep on Mount Grant, but in studying the site it appears as though the converging lines are more probably related to the petroglyph site itself. Heizer and Baumhoff (1962:43-44) discuss the possibility of the site being used in deer hunting. A fall migration out of the Sierra Nevada with the deer moving up the east side of the river would lead the animals through the saddle past hunters concealed in the stone walled blinds; the animals would be prevented from going around the southern end of the ridge onto the floodplain to the west by the steep cliff formed by the basalt ridge. A spring migration out of the Basin toward the Sierra Nevada 57 would make the site an excellent spot for ambush. The deer moving along the east side of the river could be forced to move onto the floodplain west of the basalt ridge by placing a diversion fence across the northern entry to the saddle. The deer could then be forced toward the bend in the river by hunters hidden near the river. Here the steep cliff could prevent the deer from escaping other than by attempting to swim across the river. Looking at the floodplain from the crest of the ridge by the walls and stone circles it could be described as a V shape curving at the point where the river bends around the ridge. The saddle itself also appears as a V shape from the ridge as the northern end of the saddle is a fairly narrow point between the ridge and the hill at the northeast end where the road now enters the site. It too is a curving V, with the point at which the lines converge being a turn where the dry creekbed to the east enters the saddle. The southern entry to the saddle could also be seen as a V shape, with the river forming a barrier other than to the southeast along the floodplain. If the site is connected with deer hunting the animals could have been dispatched by hunters hiding in the tall grasses and tules near the river and by other hunters hidden in the walls and stone circles at the top of the hill.. An experiment was performed using a 33 pound test bow shooting a 29 inch arrow. From the ridge top near the stone circles the arrows hit about 30 to 50 feet to the west of the ridge on the floodplain, probably with enough force to wound an animal. A combination of the hunters on the ridge plus others below would be effective in dispatching the game. Only a few point fragments and flakes were found at the site. Those that were found were concentrated on the southern end of the ridge. Across the river from the south end of the ridge numerous chert and obsidian flakes and point fragments were found. The petroglyph site itself appears to have been cleared of all but the most hidden fragments of lithic remains by the recent visitors to the site. Trace element analysis of the obsidian showed there to be two and possibly three types of obsidian present at the site. One source has been definitely traced to the Bodie area, but the other type's source has not yet been identified (R. Berger personal communication). The saddle itself is nearly devoid of lithic debris, and this may be due to the actions of collectors. However, an arrow shot from the ridge near the circles was found to be powerful enough to reach the saddle but not with enough force to harm an animal to any degree. If hunters were also hidden in the two rings on the east side of the saddle as well as in the dry creekbed which runs into the north end of the saddle, the deer would probably attempt to flee by running up both hills and could then be killed by the hidden archers. If mountain sheep were being hunted the situation would probably be slight- ly different. If the animals were to the west of the ridge on the floodplain and forced to the point where the river cuts against the sharp cliff of the ridge they would probably run up the steep talus slope at the southwest end of the ridge. Hunters hidden here behind the walls and in the rings as well as others hidden in the saddle and hills to the east could probably kill quite 58 a few of the fleeing sheep. If the sheep were entering through the saddle it would present a different problem. The sheep could easily escape the hunters unless a barrier was created along the east side of the saddle. Either hunters or '"stone men" could have been stationed here to force the animals to flee to the steeper slopes at the northern or southern ends of the saddle. If the southern end of the saddle was blocked off the sheep would attempt to escape up the steep slope to the east where scattered petroglyphs were found and recorded. Formerly there was a large population of mountain sheep in the Was- suk Range, and these sheep would winter near the water and lush vegetation of the river's floodplain. According to Muir, herds of fifty or more mountain sheep were observed by him during the winter months. If such herds did exist in the area they would have provided a source of food for the band living in the valley during the winter months when other types of food were scarce. At present no mountain sheep are known to visit the valley, but R. Alcorn, Depart- ment of Fish and Wildlife, Fallon, Nevada, told me that mountain sheep were being hunted in the Wassuk Range in the 1930's, and a herd is said to still exist in the area (Buechner 1960:Table 9). The relation of the site to deer hunting is unclear. The deer in the area at the present seem to migrate only within the valley. Deer herds formerly migrated through this area from the Sierra Nevada. Hagerty (1969) conducted an archaeological study of the Pine Nut Mountains, which is the range of hills bordering the western side of the valley in which the site is located. His discussion is relevant: '"A stone hunting blind complex has been found by trac- ing migratory deer movements from the Sierra Nevada into the Pine Nut Mountains." One site he studied in the eastern part of Douglas County (1970) has a hunting blind and two pits in a talus slope overlooking a saddle where the blind is located. The site is on a game trail above a spring and appears to be similar to the NV-Ly-l site in some aspects. However, searches of the rock cliffs by Hagerty failed to yield traces of petroglyphs. The effects of ranch fences, roads and other factors have disturbed the migration patterns of the sheep and deer, and overkill by whites and Indians has eliminated the once great herds of antelope. Buechner (1960:20) noted a drastic reduction of bighorn sheep in the United States from an estimated 1.5 million in 1850 to approximately 15,000 by 1900. Under his discussion of the impact of the white man upon these numbers he says (Buechner 1960:16): "The unnatural decline of the bighorn sheep during the last fifty years of the nineteenth century resulted from several factors, two or more of which often interacted to effect specific reductions. Among these factors were excessive hunting, a disease known as scabies, competition from livestock, and restriction of winter range from various causes." He also notes that bighorn sheep may have been as numerous or more abundant than deer in some areas due to their adaptation to arid mountain habitats. The lack of knowledge of petroglyphs by Northern Paiute may be due to the swift destruction of large herds of game in the area by disease, overkill, and grazing by domestic sheep, horse and cattle. The few remaining animals would most productively be hunted 59 singly by the lone hunters who survived the white onslaught. Petroglyph making may be related only to hunting of large herds of animals, either deer, antelope, or mountain sheep, when communal hunts could effectively be organized against large herds in winter grazing areas or along migration routes. With the reduct- ion of the large herds such communal hunts would no longer be practicable, and only lone hunters would stalk the few remaining animals which were no longer able to follow the old migration routes. Sherman Lewis, who was raised in the Aurora area, reported to me that as a boy he saw antelope in the valleys and that there was an Indian-built antelope corral south of the NV-Ly-l petroglyph site. If deer and antelope were being hunted at the NV-Ly-l site, it is difficult to explain the rarity of depictions of these animals. One clear pecked deer was depicted with mountain sheep below it on the same boulder (fig.7 ). The only other indications of deer at the site are what might be two deer pelts with the antlers attached pecked on two boulders near the stone rings (see Heizer and Baumhoff 1962:figs. 93b, e). Perhaps some of the abstract designs were used to represent deer and antelope rather than naturalistic depictions. Grant, Baird and Pringle (1968) have discussed the idea of a "sheep cult" which developed in the Coso Range area of eastern California and spread into the Great Basin with the Shoshonean migrations out of eastern California. Linguis- tic data indicate that such a migration occurred within the last millenia, bringing the Paiute and Shoshone into the Great Basin (Lamb 1958). At the same time the Representational style of petroglyphs may have been introduced to the area with the "sheep cult". The similarities in the sheep between the East Walker site and those of the Coso Range are striking. Perhaps the representa- tional art was found to be ineffective in deer and antelope hunting. At the NV-Ly-l site the correlation between mountain sheep and the V element has been identified in thirteen instances, Muir's account of either the Pakwi or Tovusi hunting mountain sheep on Mount Grant at the turn of the century supports the idea of mountain sheep drives in the area. Curtis (1926, vol 15:71) recorded that the Paviotso used drives in hunting deer; he states: "Both deer and mountain sheep were driven between very long wings paralleling a game trail, and so into a corral." Stewart's (1941) data on deer, antelope and mountain sheep hunting for these groups is confusing. It seems that some of the data listed by him for the Pakwi should also be applied to the Tovusi who inhabited the area where the petroglyph site is located. That is, the hunting of mountain sheep on Mount Grant could have been either by the Tovusi or the Pakwi as this area appears to be on the border between the two bands. Steward (1941:221) shows an antelope corral used by the Ruby Valley Shoshone with brush converging wings leading to a circular enclosure. His discussion of antelope hunting also records the use of converging brush wings by the Shoshone of Reese River (1941:329), Here a corral of mountain mahongany with 60 wing fences near a spring was used in hunting mountain sheep. Angel, in his History of Nevada, describes a method used in hunting deer which differs slightly from the wing fence and corral structures described in the antelope hunts. The following passage is from the section on the History of White Pine County, Nevada (Angel 1881:649): "Deer are more numerous in the mountains than when the county was first settled. In the month of May they migrate northward, and return south- ward in October, by regular trails. It was formerly the custom of the Indians to build long brush fences across these trails, in the shape of a letter V, thus forming a corral into which the deer collected, to be slaughtered there by hundreds. Since the Indians have become supplied with firearms, they do their deer slaying in detail, and no longer by wholesale operations; and, as a consequence, that animal is now more numerous than formerly." Thus, it appears that the impact of white technology also greatly altered the native methods of deer hunting. The early introduction of the rifle appears to have seriously changed the hunting patterns, and this may also be the reason for the apparent lack of knowledge of petroglyphs by the Great Basin groups who were interviewed by the ethnographers in the 1930's. The connection of the converging wing fences and deer, antelope and mount- ain sheep hunting in the Great Basin exist. Whether the sheep moving into the V element noted at the NV-Ly-l site represents the hunting of these animals at the petroglyph site or in the Mount Grant area where such a practice was described by Muir is unclear. However, the presence of the stone rings along the ridge and the pits to the east of the saddle as well as the stone walls seem to indicate that hunting occurred at the petroglyph site itself. The function of petroglyphs to the hunting of game is still unclear; they seem to be connected with a desire for success in the hunt, but they could also be purely historical records of hunts. However, only one of the sheep at the NV-Ly-l site appears to be wounded (see fig. 12 ), and these appear to be scratches applied later to the sheep. It seems logical to assume that the petroglyphs represent a sort of "wishful thinking" which would correspond with ethnographic references to charming game by various hunt shamans. The hunting connection of this particular petroglyph site then seems to support Heizer and Baumhoff's suggestion of petroglyphs used in hunting magic. Admitted- ly, the evidence for this is derived from a small number of the total petro- glyph elements at the NV-Ly-l site and the elements discussed are only two of the elements in one of the styles (Representational). Perhaps the abstract designs are not related to hunting magic, but their location in conjunction with the Representational style and the hunting blinds seems to also infer a connection with hunting. This analysis is a small part of a larger study which has been conducted on this site and five others in the Carson sink and Bishop areas. The outcome of this larger analysis may well show many more correla- tions between elements within sites, and perhaps between different areas. Student volunteers E. Blinman, R. Fleming, S. Grazianni, B. Hakim, T. Halligan, B. Park and D. Shimamura aided in the recording of the NV-Ly-l petroglyphs. PLATES 63 PIATE I a. View of site NV-Ly-l looking southeast. Points A and B are reference points for orientation of the reader. The x's mark the line of a possible diversion fenice. The stone circles and walls occur along the central and southerni parts of the ridge between points A and B; the two circles to the east of the saddle occur in the talus slope above point A. b. View of site NV-Ly-l looking northwest. Points A and B are the same points indicated in PI. la. The x's mark possible dilversion fences at the northern and northeastern ends of the saddle. The white arrows point to the location of the stone circles and walls along the ridge and eastern slope of the saddle. a Xf.~~~~~ PLATE 2 a. Boulder 23, grid unit NO WIOO, view SW (see fig. 6). b. Boulder 23, grid unit NO W10, view SE (see fig. 6). c. Boulder 23, grid unit NO WIOO, view NE (see fig. 6). The arrow in the photographs points to the same edge of the boulder for orientation of the reader. a b.. . . . . . l _ ll _ _ _ C _li i;E 11Plate 66 0LL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 - --- - ~ - 0 ZdJ ~~~~~ L ~~~~ ~~~C 0 j _00 H HOW Z 0. ~~i )~~~~ LAJ~I. 0 rj<0 8 s? cc @0 67 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Figures 1-18 were made from photographs of the boulders. Edges of the boulders are indicated by the thin ink lines. Figures 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, and 17 show the boulder outlines. The petroglyphs in the other figures covered several faces of the boulders so interpretive drawings were made, viewing the boulders as flat surfaces. Plate 2a-c shows the boulder from which figure 6 was drawn. The scale in the drawings indicates one foot. The coor- dinates in the figure descriptions indicate the grid units in which the boulder are located, using the southwest corner as the reference point. Fig. 1: S100 EO Boulder 48. A large mountain sheep moving toward converging lines. This boulder occurs among the stone circles. The curvilinear geometric figures which occur with the converging lines and the sheep may provide links to still other associations. All of the elements appear to have been pecked at the same time (based on patination), thus indicating contemporaneity of these curvilinear and representational designs. Fig. 2: S100 EO Boulder 48. This design was found on the other side of the boulder on which Fig. 1 is placed. This face of the boulder was badly eroded; presumably the V design originally continued across the top and bottom. The end of the V continues on to another face of the rock, and this edge is indi- cated by the thin line. Again, curvilinear elements occur with the represen- tational designs. Fig. 3: S100 EO Boulder 51. This boulder occurs just to the west of boulder 48. The sheep and the V are again depicted, with the end of the V curving down to another face of the boulder. A human figure occurs with the sheep as well as a wavy lined rake element and another wavy line which is possibly a snake element. The boulder is badly eroded and also has lichen covering parts of it. Fig. 4: S100 EO Boulder 89. Mountain sheep moving'within the converging lines. The lines do not actually converge to a point, but they move toward the point where the two angles of the boulder come to a point on the left. The sheep's legs are not clearly visible, possibly due to heavy erosion and patination of the rock surface. Fig. 5: SIOO EO Boulder 36. The bodies of the sheep appear to be without legs other than stumps; this may again be due to the erosion of the rock surface. The end of the V curves around onto another face of the boulder. A wavy line occurs below the sheep. Fig. 6: NO Wl0O Boulder 23. A single sheep moving toward the converging lines. This is an interpretive illustration; when the petroglyph is seen on 68 the rock it appears to be oriented differently, giving the appearance that the end of the V curves down. It suggests that the persons making the petroglyphs took the shape of the rock into effect. Lichen and erosion of the boulder surface obscure parts of the design, and it is possible that other elements are represented in the areas covered by the lichen. Fig. 7: N100 W100 Boulder 14. A unique boulder picturing both deer and mountain sheep. The deer is quite accurately portrayed with its forked antlers and ears depicted. It is moving toward the end of the boulder into a V shape represented by the top of the rock face and the pecked line below. It, is associated with a tailed circle and irregular pecked dots. Below the deer and separated from it by the pecked line are seven mountain sheep which move toward a V which is formed by the facet to the left and the pecked line above. The mountain sheep appear crude in comparison to the deer except for the sheep head at the bottom. However, the sheep appear to be more worn and eroded, and lichen and scaling of the rock surface may account for this difference. The sheep and deer may be attributable to different artists. Fig. 8: S400 E200 Boulder 30. Here a stylized sheep occurs on one face while many other geometric designs occur on other faces of the rock. On the right of the boulder a line is pecked and meets with the bottom face of the boulder to form a V. The legs of the sheep seem to be conventionalized, but this may be due to erosion. Fig. 9; S400 E200 Boulder 14. This illustration is of a very complex boulder which has petroglyphs covering all faces of the boulder. The rock is very eroded and covered with a great deal of lichen; the sheep at the center of the bottom most likely has a head which is covered by the lichen. Other designs may also be obscured by the lichen. At least three V elements are represented, and one has the same cruving end seen in fig. 5. It is probable that all of the elements other than the Vs and the cross are sheep, but the poor condition of the boulder makes this unclear. It is also unclear if all of the sheep had legs represented or not. This view is an interpretive illus- tration of the boulder from the top as though the rock was flattened out. Fig. 10: S400 E200 Boulder 59. Here the sheep and V again cover three faces of the boulder. Many of the sheep appear to be highly conventionalized, but again this may be due to erosion and lichen. A peculiar double headed sheep is represented to the right, but this may actually be two sheep, one behind the other. The V shape curves down in front of the line of sheep, and a U-shaped element occurs below which is similar to that seen in fig. 2. Fig. 11: S400 E200 Boulder 57. The sheep and line in this petroglyph are carved on four faces of the boulder. Three of the sheep are represented with ears while the sheep to the left appear to be conventionalized, especially the one with the long horns. Again the boulder is eroded and has lichen on 69 it. The line above the sheep moves to the right and is ended with the line of dots. The base line of the boulder face curves up to meet the dots, in effect conveying a blunt V shape to the person looking at the rock. Fig. 12: S400 E200 Boulder 90. Two mountain sheep moving toward a set of converging lines which appear on the opposite face of the boulder from the sheep. The lines may have been longer, but the boulder has scaled off near the lines and this may have "ferasedt'f part of the design. The three lines in the back of the upper sheep appear to have been added at a later date based on differential patination. The geometric designs again appear in association with the representational ones. The connected circles also appear in fig. 2. Fig. 13: S400 E200 Boulder 86. The three sheep in this drawing are on one face of the boulder, the converging lines and tailed circle occurring on another face of the boulder. The point where the lines end is the bottom of the rock face. Fig. 14: S400 E200 Boulder 85. Converging lines with a figure which may be a stylized sheep between them. The rock surface was not badly eroded or covered with lichen. It is similar to fig. 18. Fig. 15: NO W100 Boulder 3. The V shape in this representation has a series of irregularly pecked dots within and outside the lines. It is similar to fig. 10 in having the dots above and below the lines. Whether the dots repre- sent tracks, abstract sheep or souething else cannot be determined. Fig. 16: S300 E200 Boulder 17. Sheep head, probable stylized sheep and the V shape above them. Fig. 17: S300 E200 Boulder 9. Sheep head with the V element below it. Fig. 18: S400 E200 Boulder 47. The converging lines here have a non-repre- sentational figure between them. This may be a representation of sheep horns or possibly a stylized sheep. 70 Fig. 1 - 0~- p p Fig. 2 7 1 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 72 Fig. 5 - Fig. 6 73 ~~~~~~~~0 Jo Fig. 7 Fig. 8 74 I U>'4 I I Fig. 9 75 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" IIo f 1 bo~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 76 Fig. 11 & , 1 [ 1 1 Fig. 12 77 Fig. 13 a~ ~ a Fig. 14 1 78 4p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z p~~~ I~~~~ t~~~ 79 00 9-4 bO lw ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY Angel, M. (ed.) 1881 History of Nevada. Oakland, Calif. Thompson and West Publishing Co. Buechner, H. K. 1960 The Bighorn Sheep in the United States, Its Past, Present, and Future. Wildlife Monographs 4. Curtis, E. S. 1926 The North American Indian. Vol. 15 : 72. Norwood, Mass. Gilbert, B. M. 1973 Mammalian OsteoArcheology:North America. Missouri Archeological Society Special Publications. University of Missouri. Gilmore, H. W. 1953 Hunting Habits of the Early Nevada Paiutes. American Anthropolo- gist 55:148-153. Grant, C., J. W. Baird and J. K. 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Natural History XXIII(3) :280-282. 1924 Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History XX(Pt. III). New York. Muir, J. 1913 The Mountains of California. The Century Co. New York. Nissen, K. 1971 A Survey of Petroglyphs in the Fallon Area. Nevada Archeological Survey Reporter V (5):4-5. Steward, J. H. 1929 Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24(2). Berkeley. 1933 Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3). 1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socio-Political Groups. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 120, Washington, D.C. 1941 Culture Element Distributions:XIII Nevada Shoshoni. University of California Anthropological Records 4(2). Berkeley. Stewart, 0. C. 1941 Culture Element Distributions:XIV Northern Paiute. University of California Anthropological Records 4(3). Berkeley.