CULTURE ELEMENT .DISTRIg1UTI:ONS: IJV ~OMlO BY E. W. GIIPFORD -AND A. L. ~KROEBBER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATI'O Ns IN ,AmERICAN AIpcamLoay AND ]IRTHNOLOGY, Volme 7, No. 4, pp 117-254 11 tables, 6 fi'gu'res, 1 map UNIVEBRSITY Of CALIFORNIA PRESS -BER-KELEY, CALIFORNIA, POlMO - --- POMO COMMUNITIES CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IV POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD AND A. L. KROEBER UNRVSITY 01P OFCAjORNIA PUBLiCATIONS IN AMuaICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Volume 37, No. 4, pp. 117-254, 11 tables, 6 figures Issued July 1, 1937 Price, $1.50 UNIVERSITY OP CALnIORNiu Puzss BEKrLEY, CATropwu CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSrrY PR&ss LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES Or AMERICA CONTENTS PAGE Introduction .................................................... 117 PART I: DATA, BY E. W. GIFFORD Pomo communities ................................................ 117 Informants .................................................... 122 Element occurrence list ........................................... 125 Symbols used .................................................. 126 Elements lacking among the Pomo ................................. 165 Supplementary notes: Pomo ....................................... 167 Supplementary notes: Wintun, Patwin, Miwok ...................... 214 PART II: ANALYSIS, bY A. L. KROEBER Reliability .................................................... 223 Method of analysis ................................................ 2-229 Reliability again ................................................. 236 Ethnographic interpretation ....................................... 241 Cultural change and originality .................................... 245 Appendix I: Ethnographic interpretation, by Stanislaw Klmek ........ 248 Appendix II: Habenapo corrections ......... ....................... 250 TABLES 1. Unique elements .............................................. 224 2. Causes of unique elements ..................................... 224 3. Excess of positive elements ..................................... 226 4. Size of lists obtained .......................................... 228 5. Shanel South rankings ......................................... 233 6. Koi and River Patwin rankings ................................. 234 7. Q2 coefficients on 675 elements .................................. 234 8. W percentage coefficients on 1094 elements ....................... 235 9. W percentage coefficients on 600 elements ........................ 235 10. High and low ranks ........................................... 236 11. Highest ranks of "reliable" communities of 11 divisions ............ 239 FIGURES 1. Q2 higher positive coefficients, 675 elements ....................... 225 2. "W" higher coefficients, 600 elements ............................ 227 3. Q2 coefficients ranked vertically; 675 elements ..................... 229 4. "W" coefficients ranked vertically; 1094 elements .................. 230 5. "W" coefficients ranked vertically; 600 elements ................... 231 6. "W" coefficients, 600 elements, 11 communities selected for reliability 240 MAP 1. Pomo communities ............. frontispiece CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IV POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD AND A. L. KROEBER INTRODUCTION THE WORK on which this paper is based, and its objective, plan, and method, have been outlined in the Preface to No. II: Yana, of the series of contribu- tions which bear the same title as this one. The Yana report was detached for separate treatment because of the geographical separateness of its material, and being briefer, and unencumbered by time-consuming computations, was finished first. Its preface applies to Pomo as well as Yana. In the present study, the data are by Gifford, the analysis by Kroeber. PART I: DATA By E. W. GIFFORD POMO COMMUNITIES THE PoMo are a nationality speaking seven recognized related languages or dialects, usually designated, following Barrett, by directional terms, such as Northern, Southeastern, and so on. They were divided into a number of small groups, which at one time or another have been called tribes, villages, village- communities, or tribelets. Each of these was completely autonomous and owned a tract of land which might or might not be exactly defined but was substantially recognized by all neighboring communities. According to most informants, nearly every community also spoke a slightly but perceptibly distinct subdialect. Each normally possessed a main settlement or central vil- lage, which in many of the groups appears to have remained fixed for genera- tions. This permanent settlement was ordinarily in some valley, and the community's territory comprised this valley and the adjacent tracts of hill land, most often as defined by drainage. If the valley was of some length, like Potter and Ukiah valleys, it might hold two or three communities, the terri- tories extending across and beyond it. The Russian river, which flows through the heart of Pomo land, does not possess a single continuous valley, but a series of smaller ones, separated by canyons. On Clear lake, the scheme was modified among the Southeastern Pomo, whose three communities-Koi, Elem, and Kamdot-had their permanent towns on islands in the southeastern arms of the lake, although their hunting and gathering was done on the mainland, apparently largely in defined family tracts or strips.' With the Eastern Pomo on the main body of Clear lake, however, settlement conditions were more like Gifford, Pomo Lands, UO-PAAE 20:77-92, 1923. [117] 118 Univer8ity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. those described as general. Shigom, for instance, was situated in a small val- ley, where Lucerne now stands, facing the lake from the northeast. On the south side was a larger area, Big valley, which housed two communities, the Kuhla-napo and Habe-napo, or water-lily and stone people. On the coast, which is precipitous, with exposed and unattractive beach terraces, valley residence was again departed from. Some of the settlements were at stream mouths, where the canyon sometimes opens into a small lagoon; more often they seem to have been in shelter a few miles back in the hills. At the central or permanent settlement of each community there lived the chief or chiefs, for not infrequently there were two or three. Also here there stood an earth-covered assembly or dance house, shane', where all major cere- monies were performed, and around which all invitational festivities and intercommunity gatherings centered. So far as known, every community pos- sessed such a ceremonial building and not more than one. The erection of a second would presumably have been construed as an attempt at secession and autonomy. To what degree the entire population normally lived at the central settle- ment, and for what part of the year, it is difficult to ascertain at present. It probably varied locally. The island villages in the lake seem to have included the entire population of their communities; and even when these moved en masse to visit a ceremony elsewhere, they may have left a few aged people behind. Elsewhere, the central settlement may often have stood empty for half the year or more, as people scattered for camping, gathering, and hunting in their own territories, or went on prolonged visits to the coast. Also, in some communities, families or groups of families at times built their houses, per- manently or for some years, away from the central village: perhaps a fraction of a mile or several miles distant. This does not imply severance of relations with community activities, but might be a result of minor quarrels, fear of witchcraft, convenience in obtaining food, or mere preference. For an impor- tant ceremony, or if one of the infrequent wars broke out, or when they wished, they would return to the central town. In this way several spots, or in the course of time many, within the territory of one community might come to be inhabited and classed as "Indian rancherias," without impairment of the feeling for communal solidarity and distinctiveness as expressed by autonomy, territory, chief, central settlement, and ceremonial house. These conditions were not incompatible with prevailingly friendly relations with neighboring communities. Perhaps half the marriages, more or less, were intercommunal, and residence usages were such that normally each spouse would live at least for a time in the community of the other. If warfare broke out over poaching or witchcraft, it might involve two or several communities, but each would retain friends. There is no record of any community hostile to all its neighbors. At the limits of Pomo speech, relations were generally similar with "aliens"-that is, with people not markedly different, and not felt as significantly different, except in speaking another language. In short, what we call Pomo-the Indian had no word for it-refers to no Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo definable cultural entity, but only to a sort of nationality expressed in speech varying around a basic type. The Pomo would have said he was among "non- Pomo" only when the language of a locality changed from being partly intel- ligible to being nonintelligible. There was therefore no Pomo culture except as an abstraction made by ethnographers and other white men. There was a series of highly similar but never quite identical Pomo cultures, each carried by one of the independent communities or tribelets just described. It has been necessary to go into this description because in the present study the aim was to depart from the convenient non-entity of "Pomo culture" and to obtain information instead on the series of cultures borne by the only true societies existing in the region in native times, the communities or tribelets. The word tribelet has the merit that tribe, when it means anything definite at all, normally implies autonomy, territory, and a distinguishable set of customs or culture. In this sense, the Pomo communities, however small, were tribes. The Pomo as a whole might be called a nation, if that term could be used with- out its modern dominant implication of political unity; or, less ambiguously, a nationality or ethnic entity. The problem in the present study was to ascertain how a series of local cultures supported by very small but independent socie- ties within the vaguer framework of a "nationality" varied and were related. The number, size, and territories of Pomo communities will never be known with authentic accuracy. In Barrett's day, the concept of the community as a definite sociopolitical unit had not emerged, and the fundamental and valu- able data of his Ethnogeography refer mainly to speech or to settlements. Kroeber, in his Handbook, made an attempt to extract the communities from Barrett's information. For some, the data sufficed, or have subsequently been corroborated. For others, the reconstruction is a frank guess, which in a high percentage of conjectures will presumably be shown to have been wrong if ever supplementary information comes in. Kroeber's map in particular must be used with extreme caution: it cannot express the qualifications and doubts of his text, and is nothing more than a commitment with respect to conjectures. The number of Pomo communities was estimated by Kroeber at about seventy-five. He is now inclined to consider this figure too high, and to believe that there were about fifty, probably more rather than less. This would mean that a bare third of the Pomo communities are represented in the present study. The total Pomo population Kroeber estimated in the Handbook at 8000, or at a little more than 100 per community, on the average. The latter is too low a figure. I obtained a census of 235 inhabitants for former Shigom. Kroe- ber is ready to revise the estimate upward, to 75 to 300 per community, with the average perhaps approaching 200. The total Pomo area has not been com- puted, but is perhaps not far from 6000 square miles. This would give a terri- tory of somewhere around 100 square miles to the average community: say a block of land averaging ten or a dozen miles in diameter, or perhaps half a dozen by twenty if in the form of a strip. These figures, approximate as they are, give some idea of the size of the communities we are dealing with. They are truly small societies-remarkably 119 1University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. small for groups possessing distinguishable cultures. Another point that needs bearing in mind is that they are represented in the present study by only a minority fraction of their original number. Most of those dealt with, ac- cordingly, were not immediate neighbors. As one followed any line drawn at random over the map of Pomo speech, one would encounter two unsurveyed communities for every one surveyed by us, on the average. The present-day Pomo settlements represent the former native communi- ties very imperfectly. They are fewer, much mixed in origin, and settled on new sites. Probably not one group now inhabits its old central dance-house settlement. These stood mostly on fertile land, which white settlers appro- priated. Almost all surviving Pomo have been shuffled from one place to an- other at some time in their careers, even though a good many have ultimately returned to a "reservation" or government-bought piece of land within their natal territory. Lower Lake, Upper Lake, Ukiah, Willits, Sherwood, Hopland, Cloverdale, Point Arena, Fort Ross, and so on, therefore mean little in terms of aboriginal occupancy: they are consolidations of much shrunken and bat- tered remnants of several communities each. A painstaking census would be required to learn how many of the fifty or more communities are still repre- sented by some living descendants or part-descendants. The number from which one or more aged persons survive, capable of giving tolerable informa- tion about the old culture, might reach twenty-five or thirty. The sixteen here described probably constitute a majority of these; as they constitute a decided minority of those there once were. Such in general were the communities, tribelets, or social entities with which this study is concerned. The particular sixteen investigated will now be listed. Northern Pomno on Eel Biver Drainage Kabe'die (abbreviated Kb hereafter). The northernmost Pomo community, adjoining the Kato and Coast Yuki. Not recognized by Kroeber as a community, but was one. Listed by Barrett, Ethnogeography, 148, and map, as a settlement-like all other communities here dealt with unless contrary is mentioned. The permanent village called Kabedile and its as- sembly house stood on clear space in forest at extreme head of Sherwood v., 3% mi. NW of Sherwood. From here the community owned a strip to the coast just N of Ft. Bragg, main summer camp being at Kayanbidax on north shore of lagoon at mouth of Pudding cr. They had their own half-day trail from Kabedile to Kayanbidax, distinct from Mato and Kalekau trail to Ft. Bragg. Caught salmon in Pudding er., N fork Noyo r., head of S fork Tenmile r. Dialect different from those of Mato and Kalekau in Sherwood v.; inclined to be hostile to them, friendly to Coast Yuki and Kato. Kaleka'u (KZ), Barrett's and Kroeber's KulakaL Main village by a wet-weather pond in Sherwood v., at z edge of redwood belt, ca. 2 mi. s of Sherwood and 4 from Mato, a probably independent community between this and preceding. Kalekau or Mato, or both, owned a strip through to coast, not merely to ridge as shown by Kroeber. Friendly to Little Lake and Willits communities to sE (who allowed acorn gathering), but at war with Kato and Coast Yuki. 2The following abbreviations are used in this paper. Geographical: cr.=creek; id.= island; nr.=near; r.=river; v.=valley. Direction: N=north; s=south; x=east; w=west. Family relationships: br=brother; dtr=daughter; f=father; gr f=grandfather; gr m= grandmother; h=husband; inft=informant; m=mother; pts=parents; sn=son; ss=sister; w=wife. 120 Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pono Buldan-Willits (BW). Name of central village not recorded, but in vicinity of Willits; prob. owned to coast at Buldam at mouth Big r.; Indians settled there when expelled from Willits by whites. Barrett mentions trail from Buldam to Little lake N of Willits. In spite of inft's denial of independent or permanent settlement at Buldam (see note 792), Barrett (133, 134) has villages at Buldam and Kalaili, mouths of Big and Little rs. But were these year-round or seasonal by inlanders? My infts make Ft. Bragg (betw. Pudding cr. and Noyo r.) subdialectically different from Sherwood (Mato, Kalekau), and Kalaili from Buldam-Willits. Does this indicate certain purely coastal communities besides Eel r. drain- age ones owning to coast and seasonally occupying it? Northern Pomo of Busstan Biver Drainage Kacha' (Xc), more fully Kacha-bida, "K.-creek." Barrett puts Kacha-bida, also called Dapishu, near head of Redwood Canyon cr. Kacha inft spoke of himself as of Walker v., on adjoining Forsythe cr. On Mill cr., affluent of Forsythe, is Kacha-ke. Possibly all terri- tory of one community; or this dislocated by whites. Kacha had feud over deer-snare poach- ing with Willits over divide to N. Possessed 4-door ghost-society ceremonial house besides regular assembly house. Shane'l (SN, Shanel-North, to distinguish from Shanel S in Central Pomo area), head of Potter v. Sedam and Pomo a few miles down valley were independent, subdialectically dis- tinct communities. Central Pomo of Coast P'?heche (Ic) (or Pdahau), on Garcia r. 4 mi. above mouth, or 5 mi. Nz of Pt. Arena town. Ancient Pda-hau ("river-mouth") was near Garcia r. mouth. In 1902 old Icheche abandoned, and population moved few hundred yards downhill to Manchester reservation, to which Pdahau then applied. Probably one connmunity; possibly two, merged since whites. One inft claimed C Pomo territory N only to Greenwood cr., as against Barrett extending it to include next stream N (Navarro r.). Wars with N Buldam and SW Danaga remembered; also with C Bokeya people of Yorkville; allies of next. Central Pomo of Bussian Biver Yoka'ia (Yo), a modern village resulting chiefly from the fusing of the villages of Shoka- djal and Tatem.' C subdialects of Yokaia, Shanel (8S), Bokeya (westerners) of Yorkville (Late ?), and Icheche all slightly different, yet all intelligible among speakers. Between Yokaia and Shanel another autonomous village: evidently Shiego. Yokaia (or Shokadjal t) territory was said according to inft to include: w to Gunsite near Boonville; N to State Hospital at Talmage, and Cow mt.; E to include Lost and Eight-mile valleys and to top of ridge from which Clear lake visible; s to Largo (Shiego). Eagle aerie near Boonville (coast drainage) owned by Yokaia chiefs. Icheche allowed Yokaia access to coast for sea foods. The Shokadjal chief Kalanoi accepted shell-bead money proffered by Icheche for Yokaia aid against midway Bokeya of Yorkville. This led to Yokaia-Bokeya feuds over fishing and hunting rights. Also under Kalanoi in 1850 Yokaia Indians massacred by soldiers (Barrett, 176). Our Yokaia data evidently refer to two or three ancient communities since fused, but probably derived chiefly from ancient Shokadjal. Shane'l (South, hence SS) near modern Hopland (Barrett, 171; Powers, 168, fig. 19). "On Russian river from 1 mi. s of Pieta to Largo." War with S Pomo Makahmo from hunt- ing and acorn gathering in Makahmo territory without permission. No data obtained on C Pomo communities (3 conjectured by Kroeber) on Russian r. between Shanel and Makahmo. Friendly relations with C Pomo communities to N. Southwestern Pomo of Coast Mete'ni (Me), near old Russian settlement of Ft. Ross, founded 1812. Represented today by many of Indians on reservation 5 mi. inland from Stewart's point. Meteni had an assem- bly house and was no doubt the seat of an autonomous community. Nothing learned or per- haps still learnable of extent of Meteni territory. K Kroeber, Handbook of the Indians of California, BAE-B 78:232, 1925. Cited: Hdbk. 121 122 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. Southern Pomo Muka'nno (Mu), perhaps the most sE Pomo village, with Wappo and Coast Miwok neigh- bors. At present Rincon schoolhouse in Rincon v. E of Santa Rosa, on N. fork Santa Rosa er. (draining into Russian r.). May be Wilok of Barrett, which perhaps Miwok name for Mu- kanno. Inft's m's f was Tongkliu, chief of Mukanno. Ammataio (Barrett's Amatio, on Mill cr., nr. Healdsburg) had own chief, was friendly with Mukanno, and spoke "same lan- guage." Mukanno had assembly house. Culture recorded is likely to be much eroded by early Caucasian settlement. Ma'kahmo (Ma), near Cloverdale, most northerly S Pomo village on Russian r. According to Kroeber, 233, Makahmo "a group most frequently referred to as Musalakon," which used as surname by my inft. Barrett, 221, makes Makahmo principal village in N part of S Pomo area. Possessed assembly house. Eastern Pomo of Clear Lake On Clear lake there were about eleven communities. Two of these spoke Northern, six East- ern, three Southeastern Pomo.' Habe'napo (Ha), "rock-people," is the name of a group, not of a village site. They shared Big v. with "water-My people," Kuhla'-napo, Adobe cr. being dividing line. Main Habenapo village site apparently shifted, Nonapoti being best known. Following Barrett, most maps give E edge of Big v. to a Wappo group, the Lile'ek. I have previously shown that Lile'ek were probably not an aboriginal community, but transient intruders." List inft had not heard of them. Another, Jo Augustin, volunteered that Lile'ek, "mixed speech," were assembly of Geyserville Wappo, Lake Miwok, Cache cr. Wintun, SE Pomo Elem, and Habenapo, with chief of their own, and houses at Nonapoti, near steel bridge NW of Kelseyville, on E side Kelsey cr. They were given hunting and fishing privi- leges by Habenapo. They were renegades-presumably from missions, or perhaps in confliet with Spaniards. This seems finally to eliminate the anomalous Wappo "island" from our ethnic maps. Shi'gom (Cigom, Ci), at Lucerne, on nz side of lake.6 Subdialect different from Habenapo. Once attacked Elem. Close contacts with Long v. Patwin over ridge at their rear. I have published a census of this community.7 Southeastern Pomo of (Lower) Clear Lake E'lern (El), on Sulphur Bank or Rattlesnake id. in "East lake" arm. Fighting with Shi- gom and, over acorn lands, with Cache cr. Patwin. Koi (Ko), on Lower Lake id. A few miles s was first Lake Miwok community. INFORMANTS Biver Patwin (BP).-Inft, William Benjamin, born at a native village near Grimes, Colusa co. Small boy when Bole Religion introduced about 1870. Data refer to Sika district (Kroeber, Patwin, 259, and map). Hill Patwin (HP).-Inft, George Bill, about 50 years of age. Data refer to northern Hill Patwin of Lodoga region on Little Stony cr. (Patwin, 263, nos. 28-30). Lake Miwok (LM).-Inft, Salvador Chapo, aged man of Ole-yome, in Coyote v., middle one of the three Lake Miwok communities. Father from same village, mother, also Lake Miwok, of Sitsa-yume (obsidian place). (This is evidently Tsitsa-pukut, nr. lake outlet, and ' This division of terrain between dialect groups is analogous to that on the Russian r., along whose approximately 100 miles there were N, C, s, and SW Pomo, the S in two divi- sions separated by a block of non-Pomo Wappo. Kroeber's conjectural map in the Hand- book allows ca. 30 communities to the river and its tributaries; the actual number may have been nearer 20. 6Gifford, Pomo Lands, 78. Map of territory in Gifford, Pomo Lands, 79. 7 Clear Lke Pomo Society. Culture Elem. Dqstrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo aceording to Kroeber, Patwin, 367, neither ancient Lake Miwok territory nor a tribelet community, but a post-Caucasian settlement of Miwok.) Inft's f's f was taken to Mission of San Francisco (de Asis or Solano ?). Most of questioning by Kroeber. Northern Pomo of Kabedile (Kb).-Inft, Tom Jimerson, born at Kayanbidax on eoast while his parents, both from Kabedile, were camping there. Twelve or thirteen years old when Ft. Bragg established in 1857; has lived the past 30 years in Redwood v. near Ukiah. Kabedile call whites palachai, Russian r. Pomo call them masan. Northern Pomo of Kalekau, Sherwood valley (KI).-Jim Cooper, aged, born at Kalekau (Kulakai) of parents of same village. Lived when adult at Outlet, Basabida, ca. 4 mi. from Sherwood. His wife, Lucy, was also Sherwood. Cooper, and earlier his parents, made fre- quent trips to coast over trails on ridges. Called maru religion malu. Northern Pomo of Buldam (BW).-Charlie Snow, born at Buldam, after Mendocino res- ervation established at Ft. Bragg, in 1856, when some whites were already living at Mendo- cino City. Both parents from Willits v., whence driven out by whites. Northern Pomo of Kacha-bida, Redwood valley ("Walker v.") (Kc).-Charlie Bowen, born at Kacha-bida about 1850. Father, of Kacha-bida; mother from Shanel in Potter v. Inft taken to Round v. 1864-79. Has lived at Shanel a great deal; however, data said to refer specifically to Kacha unless otherwise noted. Northern Pomo of Shanel, Potter valley (SN).-(1) Mrs. Sis Williams, prob. 80-90; born at Shanel; mother Shanel; father of Sedam. Data refer to Shanel. Inft worked only half day. (2) Mary Anderson, of about same age, and also former resident of Shanel, both parents Shanel. Central Coast Pomo of Icheche, Garcia river near Point Arena (I?).-(1) Annie Shoe- maker, aged. Born at Icheche; both parents of Icheche. Her daughter, Jennie Pike, inter- preted. (2) James Harvey, age 43 years. Both parents of Icheche. Central Pomo of Yokaia (Yo).-Rosa Boston, prob. more than 60. Born at Yokaia, as were both parents. Central Pomo of Shanel, near Hopland (SS).-Jeff Joaquin, said to be 88, and his wife Cecilia. David, their son, acted as interpreter. Jeff born at Yorkville, head of Navarro r., where dialect different from Shanel; moved to Hopland at 13 or 14. Cecilia born and raised at Shanel. All data said to refer to Shanel. Southwestern Pomo of Meteni, Fort Boss (Me).-(1) Celestina Scott, 60-70. Mother born at Meteni, father 3 mi. up ridge from present Stewart's Point reservation; -both South- western Pomo territory only ca, 15 mi. apart. (2) Mrs. Marie James, prob. 90 or more; both parents from Meteni. Her mother was 10 years old when Russians established Ft. Ross (1812). Inft knew a few words of Russian and preferred Russians to Americans. Southern Pomo of Mukanno, Bincon valley (Mu).-Henry Maximilian, 76, half-breed. Born at Mukanno (prob. Wilok of Barrett and Kroeber), N. fork Santa Rosa cr. Southern Pomo of Makahmo, Cloverdale (Ma).-Pedro Mariano Musalakon, 84, bap- tized a Christian at Asti. Both parents of Makahmo. Brought up by white man until 7, then returned to parents; became a sucking shaman. Habenapo Eastern Pono of Big Valley (Ha).-William Carter, 62, half-breed, born at Nonapoti. Eastern Pomo of Shigorn (Ci).-Charles Gunter, half-breed. Born at Shigom in 1862. Southeastern Pomo of Koi (Ko).-Tom Johnson, about 74; ca. 8 or 9 when maru Ghost Dance introduced. Born at Koi, mother from Elem. Wokox, an earlier inft,' was his m's half-br. Southeastern Pomo of Elem (El).-Rebecca Pateh, prob. about 80. Born at Elem, as were both parents. Her husband, George Patch, a Koi, participated in discussion. Clifford Salvador, half Koi Pomo and half Lake Miwok, served as interpreter. Northeastern Pomo (NE).-Inft, Santiago McDaniel, kept as boy by white family named McDaniel, then returned to own parents while yet a youth. A rather reluctant inft, espe- cially at first. 8GGifford, Pomo Lands, op. cit.; and Clear Lake Pomo Society, UC-PAAE 18:287-390, 1926. 123 124 University of California Publicationa in Am. Arch. and Ethn. Hill Wintun of Paslkenta region, Thomo* creek (HW).-(1) Billy Freeman, gave age as 76; ca. 12 years old when Bole Religion came. Born at Paskenta. (2) Nancy Jordan, age 75 or 76; young girl when Bole came. Two infts were less than 50, three from 60 to 65, nineteen from 70 to 90. The average age of this last group was around 80; of the entire body, between 70 and 75. Although many of the individual ages as given are likely to be some- what inaccurate, the averages are probably not far wrong. I append my impression-ratings of Pomo informants for comparison with the internal-evidence ratings given below by Kroeber on the basis of com- parative analysis. Knowl- Initia- Accu- Knowi- Initia- Aocu- edge tive racy edge tive racy Kabedile ............. B+ B+ A- Shanel S ............. A A A- Kalekau ........B B- A- Metenif(1).......B D B Buldam-Willits. C C B A_(2) ...... B C A Kacha ............... A A A Mukanno ............ B- B B Shanel N (1) . B C B Makahmo .B C B 2)......A- B A- Habenapo.......B A C Icheche f(i) B C B Koi . B B B a .......... B .A- B Elem................. C B Yokaia.........A- A- A- Northeast........B D D ELEMENT OCCURRENCE LIST 126 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. ELEMENT OCCURRENCE LIST The groups represented by abbreviations at the heads of column are: RP River Patwin of Grimes HP Hill Patwin of Lodoga LM Lake Miwok of Middletown Kabedile Kalekau, Sherwood valley Buldam and Willits Kacha or Kacha-bida, Walker valley Shanel (North), Potter valley Icheche, Point Arena Yokaia, Ukiah Shanel (South), Hopland Meteni, Fort Ross Mukanno, near Santa Rosa Makahmo, Cloverdale Habenapo, Big valley Shigom, Lucerne Koi, Lower lake Elem, Sulphur Bank Northeast or Salt Pomo, Stonyford Northern Pomo Northern Pomo Northern Pomo Northern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Central Pomo Central Pomo Southwestern Pomo Southern Pomo Southern Pomo Eastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northeastern Pomo HW Hill Wintun (Nomlaki) of Paskenta SYMBOLS USED x Stated to occur among the group; that is, present. - Stated not to occur among the group; that is, absent. (x), (-) Present and absent, respectively, but statementwas made with more or less reser- vation or seemed not wholly certain to recorder. * Informant uncertain or did not understand. x-. Not inquired into, supplied from literature (Kroeber, Patwin; Loeb, E. Kuksu). Patwin only. Blank Question not asked. An asterisk (*) before an element title denotes a selection of 600 traits for which coeffi- cients were separately computed. Discussed in Part II. California elements inquired into but not found to occur among any Pomo group (uni- versal negatives) have been omitted from the tabular list. They are presented after it, in solid array. They are of course indispensable to any comparison between the Pomo and peoples of other areas, in or out of California. Kb Ki BW Kc SN Ic Yo SS Me Mu Ma Ha ci Ko El NE Culture Elemn. Di8trb. IV. Gifford and Eroeber:, Pomo I I X X x x x I X I I x x I i 127 MZI I II x x l x I I x x rI1 1I IX XIXX I I I XII I I X IC1 ,IlIx xiX X xI x 7 I I I Ix xI x I I I x I I I I xxxx x x x I Ix Fg1 x . . xx x. . I. Ix X t Ii I IX X IX XX XI xX,XIX X V x ,, Ix XX X I XX I XX I I I XXI I X I X I I Ixx XIXXiXX IxxIx IX I I IX XI XX X XIX I X tom I I I X I xI i x X X X I X X I X I I I XX X I XXIX I I I X IX XI XI I I XX I XI XXX X Ix I I x~~~ I Il. X X I Xx I I Xx l I X I I IIxx I x Ixx xxx x Ix II I x x x x Ix x I x Ix x I I x xx x x a a x I I X i x I I xx z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 -6a ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ 0 .4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ................. *~~~~~~ o<* * * * o .......................0 t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t. _@* -I -. )0 ' v -4 4Cl0 N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ci 2 3wgi 3i 0 0 a) C M Pg 3Q E- . . . .g . . . . . . Cq CfD Ild UZ co t- 00 = a O r4 ci cy * e s 4 es - - - riV474 c z I-1 0 128 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. Ix I X x xx I I x x x x x x I I x I x x x x xx r4 l i I I I I Ix x x I I I I I I x I Ix x IX 4 I xx I x x. x . I x x x I II ~IX X XII I X X I XX X I I xI xx I xxxx I xx-xSZxxxx I lxxx 8XXX x"II i Ixxxx I I x I xx I I I t I X I I X I X X I I I I I X I X I1 i1 ix I IIxx I xx i I xx t I I I II I X x I I IIi I X X X I X I I I IX I IXXX Ixx I IX X X I I IXX I I II 4 ,XIXiX XI XIIii IX I xxIX XX 1 I 1 , I X I I I I IX I X X X II 11 1 I'I I X X I I II I X I X I XX I I X I I I I I I X I X X I IX I xX I I q X I XX I I XX I IX I II I ,IX I X X XX I I IXX IXX X IIXX X XX IX XX I,XX X I 1 I x Ixx xi i x xx I I I x x x t[ Ix I x x x I 'I X X Xx a[ K . 1I x x II I I x II .0s.. . . .;~ .** . * *0 ...****** . .0 . .4) . . . . . . . ***~4) ...*... 4a ***** .4) * . . . a . . . 4 . a Uto co o .9 * . * * . . .,~ . . . . ... **. *** .w . . . . * . 0 . * Q ***~~~p C) E** .. C)*** 040 a.~ .a .a . 4 * *** 4. Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo x x x x x x x x x X I X 129 I X rI X I xI x I x I lx x x x x x I I I XI x XI x x I x I x x I XX X XIXXI XX XIIX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ XI x x x x I x x I x x x I I x x I x I l x I x xx I xxx I II I x I x x I xx I x xx x I I I Ix x xxxx I x xx I xx A lIX x x x x x xxxxx I I x I xx I xx xx x X x x x x X I I x XI x I x x xx xx xX I I x x I *XI I X XX X X I. II X X XI X I X I XX , x I x I I x xxxx I I I I I xxx I x xx I xx I x x I x Ix I x xx x I x I x I Ix I I x x x x x x Ixx xx I I x I xx I xx Ix Ix I I x xxxxI I IX xx x I x I xxx xx I Ixx I x x I x xx I I I x x x I x I x x I x x I x x x x I xxx x xxxx x xx I x I xx I xx I I xx I x xxx xx I xxx x xx I x I xx I xx I Xx I x x x x I X X I I I I I x I x I x . x x I x x I I x I I I I x x I x I x x IX I x . . . . . . . . . . . . .4) .. Go : 0o *'*k o ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~c . ) . . . . . . . . . ~. . ..m. . .0 0 0 * * * * . * . . . . . . . ~~. .5 . . . . . . . . . . . .L .- . . 0 . . . . .3 as as . . . . * . . . .0 .: . *4 z .P E. . ,; .g .c . . . . . . z 0 Ed 9o . * . * * . . . . . * . . . . * * . . . * * . . . . * * . . . * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . * . * . . * * * * . . . * * . . . . . * * . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * . * . * * * * * * * * * * . * * * . . . * * * . . . . * * . . . * * * . . . * * * . . . . * * . * * * * . * * . * * * . . . * * . . . ^ . . . . . . * * . . * :: *::: Q * . X * * * X * q) o . . . e ': X ? :,: :m * t PQ * * * < * $, _ * * * g *dS Q m : A pi : : * < ? d * * S a E $ Wm t G X -Y ! * * . . . z $ER*b*E F 2 z 0 04 2 ? I - 5 .4 ; 4) C) -4 N H 14 ( . - 130 Univer8ity of California Publioat"8ion n Ain. Arch. an&d Rthn. t4,jIx x x x xx Ix x I x x xx x xx I K IxI 'I~ xI lx I x x x I xI I x Ix IIx Ixx x xxx I x ixIxix xxi .~xixI ixixx x x xxI x xi xxxx ix xI Ixx x xx x xx x xxx X xi ixxxIx xxxxx I x x xx Ixx x Jx I I I Ixx I III x xx x x x xxx x xx xxIIIxxx xx xxI x xx xx Ixxxx x xx x Ixix.x xx xxi Iix x ixxIx xx x I x I I ix x I ii x xx Ixxxx % x ix I IIIxx xx xx xI I x xxI IxxI I X x xx xxx x xxIxxIx x xx Ix x xx xix I IxIxx xxxI x x x x x x x Wxx Iiixx i i x xxx xxx xIx x I xx xx gx x xxx xx xxx~ xx ...... x. xxx .x x x i .gx.. a) . . . . 0~~~0 @3 a)~~~~~~0 * * * * * *~~~~~~~~~~9- z z PA 44 0 o To t: A :, . gn 0 M M @3 o pw hC~~~ ~ I 0 a)0Po m 44 m~~~~4 Cultutre Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo I I xx I x I I I I x I x I x I x I1, I I I x, x, x I x x x I I II I, x I x x x x I x I1 I x I x,I x I x I x I x x I IX I X I X IXI X XXXX I X I ,X,IXiXXiXX|X IX ,XXXXXXXIX 1 lxx I I xix x xxi l xx I ~xx xx x xx xx x I xIxIxxx I X I X XXXI X .XIx xi I X X X X I xI x Ix xx x x x xx I x x xIxI x I x I~x x xx I I I x, I x, Ix x, xIxx I, Ixx x x x x x x,, I1I1x1 I XXXXIXX , , IXXXXXXXX I x I IXI X XI X ,I IX X XXXX I X XI xI x xI X ,xx I x x X xxxxi I ; x I xIx I, x, x I x, I I xIx x x x xx x, I xx IXXXIX I X I XXX I IXXXXXXXX I I q X|X.X,,XI IXIXiXXXXl x I xx xI x I 8 8 xx x t4 I I Xx x I I x Hxx IxII I I x -. . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i. q 5 0 . ~ . . . . _ . 2 . ) . .~ ~ . . e . . 2 . . . . . z. o o. _ o. o. . . z ..........*V--------- * l * * * * * * *-----* 3*---4- . . .4 Z . , Q ., -a -- , . a 4- 4* co * - - j~~~~~b to bo bXY* orrs^ CS X t 4 s b X o a > g 9 a ~~~~~~~~~4a 4a _ 0 4* * **___ 2- ?4 .~~~~~~~~~CO .CD .4) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - . . . . . . . . . ~PM $. . . 4 . . . 0 . . 2 . . . * * i . . . CO CO CO CO CO CO C * * * *. . 131 I I I I 132 Univereity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. xI xxxxxxtx I , xxx I I I [I xxxx I xxxx I x x Ix x x I r xxIxIxxxxxxIxIx IxII xxIxI lxxI I I x xxxxxx x I x x x x xI Ix I x I x x x x x x x x ,x I 8Ix I x x 'I x I I I I A I xxIxxxxxxxx Xi lx XXIXi iX ; xl x I xIxxxxxx x I I * xx'xxxxI xi xxxxxx x 8 I, x x .x. 1 x Ix x xx X X I x X I I xI x I I ix x x Ix ixxxxxxxIx Ixi I Ixx I x * x I Ix i xixxxxxxxx xii X Xx8x, iii I I , X x x x x x x i i Xi,xx i xx xi x x x x I I X Ix Ix Ix xxxxxxxIxxII ixxI xxx* I i X Ixxx*xxxiX I x I I Xx xXX *x Ix I x I X I x x x x x x x I x I I I x X x x x I I x I i xi Ixxxxxx x -xi i I xx xxx*x xx I x x x x x x x xI xI x x x _ xx,xx,,,x8 x i xxx x x I x x I I I x I x x I. . . . .I .0 . . . . * * . * * * X . * . * * * . . . * . . * * * * * . . . . . . . * * * * * . * . . * . . * * * * * * * * . . . . . . . * * * * * - . * * * * * . . . . * . . * * _e * . * dS @ * * * - - . .m' * X : X Sw ? * r t-t i s O V Po 1 '5 0 E- * ". *0 7- 7- 7- -4 -4 -4--4- 7- -4 g: :? ? 14 ? ? .? 0 0 K? ? ? e 0 ----- ? * * * t?. * 1-:1: a : .4: :1- .W :9- :-5 : A : I . .0 . 9 Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Eroeber: Pomo j X I x x I I x I I x x X XI I I I x I x I x x I I x I xxx x Il I x x I rtx, I x I, I I x I I I I 8 I x I I x,I x x I I I pI x x I I x I x I I I x* x X I -I X I I X I I I X I X I XX X I X X I ,xI , X X X X X X X I I X XX X I I X I I X x I x x S I xx I x I x I Ix x I x I, X X X XX I I X X X I, IIX I S xix x x x I I i x x xx,I xx I I, I x II xx I I I I x I I,I, x I x x I I xx I I xx I I I I x X I I I I I X I I I R Tl I x X X I xI I x x I I I I I X'x x II xxxxI I Iix I I x I x I x xI, I X I I I x I x I I I x I x I I I I I x I I I x I 'IX x x I I x I X I I I x I I I I x I "I- _^ X XX I , X I X III X X xi xxx I I xxx xx I I III Ix x x x X T %I, X I I x, IX I X I X I x Ii x I x X ix I X i I XX1x I I ,, X II , x x XI X X bOa o~~~~b 0 o .4)4. . 0 0 ) ) 4 0 404 a)0 400 * 14 * e z 4)4 0 : . ~ . . . . . 0L c 4. 0 a)' 0 0 M M cis . . ~ .~ .5.. . 4 * * * . . * .- prl ll,1p * 9 *06 CQi *9 * . . . . .Ca) *a)0404~~ 0 C)C)C)0) C) 0L) -- -- * * . 133 134 Univer8ity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [ 4 I I I I I x xx I II x I I x x |1 iil 1 1 I I x x x I xx I xx x I II XX I I I I I I I I I X II XX I XX * X XXXX I I i x xI x I x I xx x I 8 C I IX I I I I I I X II XI IX X X XX X X II I I I I I I I I I X I XX I XX I X X X I XX 11 IIXI XX IXXIXX XXIXX X X IX I I I I I I I X I X XX I XX X X XX 11 iilli x xi iix xxI x xi x Ix i1 .I x I I x x 'I I II x x . x x x I I I, I X X I X I I x XII X I xix X X X xi I IIIxIIxxxxIxxIxIxxxI xxIIx I I I I I I X X X I I I X I X X I X I X I II1 I xX I Xxxi I I I x I x x x I X I i II II xIxxIxxxI I xxxIxxI xxIxI I IIIII I X I X X xX I x I X XI X I 1 1 I I I I I X X X x I X I 1 I I Xx I X X X I I I I I I I I x I I I I , , XX I x X x x I X I | I I I I X I Xxxx x x I X I a xi~,IIx ixiiix i I i x . . . . . . . . . . . ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ......:. -: - C*-* m 0 0~~, o9 I 4 o ... ... -0 .4 "-I ... 4a* - . . ... . 42 ci P- * * e ^ * * * * * * - (D0 . .. . .. (LI *- * * . . . *~~~~~~~~P pq pq M -R PR P 4@***@ ....~~~~~~~~e ..... -i ..... Q*-- :::::::::::::::::::~~~~~~~7- r-:::47- ....~~~~~~~~~~c .... - - *n Culture Elem. Di,trib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo x II I X xx I I x I I I I x I x I xx I x I x I Ixx I xxx I x x I xx I I xx I x x x I I xx x I x I xxx xx I x x I I x I I I I I xx I I xx I 8 I xxx x xx I I I I I I I xx I I C XX I XX I I X I XXXX I I I I I I XX I X I xxx I x I Ixxxxx I xxx I x x *. I$ xxx Ii x I X I I I I I I x X I X I I I xX I > x I X X I x x x x x x x x I xIII I IxxI x I x8 Ix x xx x I I I I xx -w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * x I X X X x i X I I xxx I X I x I I I I xX I I 8x I 1 x ix I lx I I I x I x Ixxx I lx i I I I I xxxI X I X I I I I I I I X X X I I I I I I I I X I X I I OQ X I I I I , I I I X X X I X X x I I I I I I X I I 8x x I xxx I x I Ix I xxxxxx xI xxxx I x I I I I I xxxx x I I I I I I xx, x I I xx I I I I x I I I I I I X I, I I I x I I I I I I x x x I I I I I I I I I I x I I dI x I II x x, x xx I x I I I I x I I X II I I X XX X I I I X I X I XX I X I X I XX X xX * . * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~c ci *P * v - * . . * a * * 0 * Q, **$,* ****** 0 *** V,-**__,******.-q ', * m .2 A 1 137 .10 : 2 : --4 P-4 . V . 0 : as . m 138 University of California Publications in ,Am. Arch. and Ethn. X I I I XX I I I I X I XXxX x II I I x II I I xx x xi I I xxI I IxxIxxxxIxI ,IxxxI XIXX XII ~X. XXX I I I XX II X I XII I 3X X II xI I lx xx xx xx I x I x II IXXIXXI x Ix I x I x xxI Ix x xx x , xx I xx l , x x x I xx I SIxx x I,x x I, x xI I x x x x Ix 1 xI t1 x8 I x, xxx x lxxx xxTxI Ix x x Ixx x x x x x xI I m X X XX *X X X,X X ,IX IX X XX X XI I XXX I I X IXX I XXX IX IXI X I X I XX I I I X I X X I XX I I I I ! X X X I XX X I t XXXXXXXXXIXIX IXXX XIXX**IX 4 XXXX IXXXXIXXX IXIXI XXXXIXXI X X I X I I X X X X I I X XXI XX I I I II ; XXIXX IXXXXIX IXIXX XIXXIXIll 1 x I i x, I I I IX xx x xx x xx, I I8 I I I x, x I x I I 'I X I ,, IX x, ,, I I X, I, ^ I . f- : -w : M . a : a) -+a * _ * Pz . .X . * m . . . . . * X * * n * *n * < * o @ * o i * m * cz * ,,: o n . . * 4) aa a . .~ . Q ,. co . . 4 0 4 ) 0 4 4 bi 04 la, ***. . . . . C* * * co * * a* 0 W 00 * 4~ 4) ) ) .0; a c. . ., . . . . . 4) 4) .; ... 4) . . . * 4. . . . . 11-% : A : pa Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Eroeber: Pomo I X X X I I x X I I X I I X X I XX ?1 l x I xx I I I x I x I I x x I I Ixxx I Ix I I I I I I I IX IX I I I x I x I XI I XX I IX Ixx X I X IX IXX I X I I X I I I X I I XX x Xx Ix X XX I XI XXI x I x, XX x xXIxx i1 I x I I x I I x I x I x x x I x I I 1 IXX I I XX I XX I X I X Xx XI I XX I I XX I I I X I I I X I X I I XX I I X I I X I I X I X I X I I X I I I X I I I I X I I X I I, XX x i i X X x I I I x xX I X X X I X I IXXXX IX I I XX IXXXX XX I X IX I x I XX I X X I IX I I XX I X Ix I i I I I I,XX I I X X I I I x I X I IX Ix I x I IXXX I XXXX I XX I XXX xx Ix x Ix X I x I I xl I I I I x x x I I x I I 11 I x I x * x x I x I I x x I I1 x x x x x I I I x x I x I I x x I x< * . . . . . . . 0 * * c * : O? : r-i : 6 . 0 %&A : %01 : 2f . .,-q i cz i- CO- * t... . .* .0X . . .~ .3.4 ..0X 0 * *0 .** . . . . . . . . 4. :0 0 -4 0 04_ - L-. -.. I- . t .- -.. t .- .O . ct . tl . . y . .m . . * * * *. . . . . 139 : k -4-D . (1) .-14 : M as :V . 4) .P.4 : 0 . Q : 2f 03 ? 5 140 Univeraity of Californmi Publication8 in Am. Arch. and Ethn. I x , xI x Ix . xx I I I I x I x x x I xixI ix I I.... I x I X I XX I x I I x I I I I x x x II x x IXI II I x IXI Ix I x I I x I xI xi I Ix xI xx I I I xx x I I I x, I x C5 x i xi iii xx i x xii 8 I, , x,i^,x x8 I XX I I I I X I XXXX I I I X I I I I 8 XIIXX I x I xxi II x I x xxxx I IxIxi I I xxxx I x ix xii XXIi x, I I I x .x x XI x I I I I I I xII x l Ix I x Ix I i xX I I X I X I I I X I I X I x X I I I X I I XX I I I x Ixx I I x I xI X I xx I I I IX I I I I I I IxIx I I IxIx I X I xX** * x Ix I XX I I XI Ix X xI *X I I x I X X . . . X I I X I X X I I I X I X I X X 'I X I I I x I xlx xx IIXI Ix Ix x III ix IxIx I xIx x x I XX I X I X I I x I xX I I I x Ix I I I X I X X lX I xxx I I I I I X I X I X I X I X IX I I I X I I X x I I X I X X I I I X I I X xX I XX X-XXIX IX XI X I I I X I X I , I xI I XXX . . . . .. 4a * . . . . . a.M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. . . . . . . . . . . O .- . . . . . . +2 1. 0 0 0" 4- 4a O .........~ * ... .. 4). *** . . . . .* .* * . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 .) . . . . . . . . . . *~~~~~~~~~~~1 *I ........... Culture Elem. Di8trib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo I I I I X x x I x I x 21iiii I 'I' g x x I Ix I I x 8 I x l 1,I I x I x I I I x I I I I I x xlix I xx I x I x I 41,, I I, x x,, x x x I,, x x I I x x s1 1 1, | | x,,I I I x x I I x 8 I x 4111 1, I x, xxx I I xx ,, x xx Il x I xx,I A1, I I, , ~~x Il x - xxx I,, x I,I iix x x x x iix X XI x ' x x I X 1 X , X X 1 x , , , X X I X , I X X I x , I I x X x I I I x I I IX I IX ,, I ,, I I I I X I I lii I X~~I X xx Ix I Ix I I x.. . x 8 xx x , x Ix x x,, liX I XX IX I XX Ix I X x ix ix X I x I Ix m4 XIXX xxI X I I X I I X XI I I I I X I X I l 1 8x x xI I xx I ix ix I x I xIxx x IX XX I I X X XXX, lxiii liii, Xi X ,,l,iX X XX X Ii I x I X X X I XXX I I x XI X I, X . I I I IX I I i x XX . .. ... 0....0 . . . . . . . . . . . . O 0 - * - ) a ) a -) , ... .~.. .. a . a) 0 0 4 4 ) a o Po PO Po .S . . . * 4 .o, * * 4 * * * *,2 ," 5 . 6 ci co *e e 7- -4 -4 -4--q" -- qd4 lw 44.44.44.44IV4.44 .44 ~ g ~ ~p~ 4 4 .4 ~~* *4 * z 0 . . . 0 4m aq .0 .. o 141 Ix x X X X -ft 142 University of California Publications in ,Am. Arch. and Bthn. I xxx I x x I xx I xx I x x xI I I I gx I Ix I I I I xxx xx xI Ix Ix Ix I xx IIIIII,,,,IxIxx I 1 x, I x x, I x, x,1 x x x . x x, I , x I I x XX x I xi I xI xXX xxx lx x xx Ixx I Ix IRx x x x IxI xxxxIx Ix II ,x,Ixx A XIxx l x I I xIxxx xxix xx x A. x I I x I x * I x I x * * x x^ I I x |3 XXII Xi Xi IXIXIXXXXI I X R XXII XiXXXXiXiXXXXIXI XI I XIXX 4 xII ix I xx I x x xxxxi x, I x I I x x x x IxIiix x xI Ix Ix Ixiii xIi I I x Iix X I I I X I I X I I X X I X X X X X I I 'I I I I II Ix I x xixixgxxxx I x Ii I x x xxx I IxxI xI ix Ix xxxx ii x I I X I xixx , x xxI x xx , ixxII x Tx x Ix I xxI I t ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - -, - - - - - * @84) : . . PO . 0 : .4 : N . 0 . 4) . -4 : -0 . 11 . Go o . . * *4.) ". 0 0. * .4 .4 14. . *8 .8 . 0. .~ *8 .@8* *0 * *) *~ . * * ,. * *) 4 *4) 0000 1414*4* * .4141 * $4 * as 4 . . 0: * o :. . : d) Po * . . * *4. 14 4)14 q& * ) 0 @ . * 0 0 * . ~ P I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4= P4 i i 3 i 3 ? ? !-gq g i 3 p p ? 3 ? --4 1 1 i 30 3 ? 3 i 4 4 G" * * * f Culture Elemn. Distrb. IV. Gifford and Eroeber: Pomo I I x x I I I x I I x x I X Xi X *T l lI x x I x x I x x x l xx I x I I x I4~~ ~ ,,, I I, I , X I X I I I I X XX I I I x, IX ii* , , X I I X I X X X X I I X X : X I X XlX I I X I X I X X X X I XX XII 1 1 x x I 8 I x xxx x I, I x x x xx I II x,I x l I xI X XXXXXI l x x xx XXII lxIxI x ix x lxxIx x x xxxIi xii * .s XX X I IX X IX X X l X Xi Ii 1, x I Ix x x x x x m , -x I X x I I I xx x x I x x x x I II IIx 1 X I x x I I I xx I xx Ix Ix X I xxx I I xI x I X I I x x I x xx I I xx I x x x xI -I x Ix x II ix Ixx I I x x xx III ixIx xx Ix xxIII ix Ixx Ix xx xxxiiI ixx x x I I X x I I x x I x x I XxI Ix l I I XXX I x I , x I I X X x I x x x x x x I I xI TxIx xi X I xx I x x I I x x x I XI x Ix I x x, x I x I x x x I x xx I I X x I I Ix x xX xII xxx * * * * * . . * . . 0 * * * * . . . . * 0 * . . ...... . . 1 . : . . -. * r * . ~ . 7 . . . :4) 0~~~~~~~~ - 0 . . . . . . . . . . .66 . 0. . . * . * . * . . . * . . . . * * * * * * * pq m 0 z 0 ' 0 D 0 00 . 0 0 40 . . ~ . ~ 0. . O . 0 . . .~ . * * * * * * 0 0 0 g PA . . . .4 *4 .~ - 0 ~ . 2 .~ 0 .~4 .*4 * * 143 Univer8ity of California Publicationa in Am. Arch. and Ethn. I I x * xx I I x I I I I I x IX I I I * I I I1 11 II x III xxxIIi I x x I xx I I I xx xI Ix I Ixxi , x I x I I I I I xxx I xx I I x xI, xI xx xxx I xx XX I I I x I I I XXXXXX I X I xx I XXxx I x I I I xxxx xxx x x x I x I xI I x I x xxx xxx. Ix II*xx x x I x I I x x I I xx I XX I X I X xx I I I I I I I x I IIxxxxIIIxxx IIXx xX IIxxI I X I I I I I I Ixx I xx I X I I xxI* IxxxxxxxI 4 xx xxx II IXIXxxxxx I I I xI I I I Ixxxx x x I xi I iii Iixxxx x x I xx I xxxxxxx x I I I I I I X xxx I x Ix I I I x I x x x x x x x I I x x x x x x I x . ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - -. . .. . .0 .*. ..... . . . . . . . 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . * . a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 . . . . . . . o . ~ * * * . . . a 0 0~~~ a m . . ~ . : . . < . 0 CD "a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 * a ~ a : 0 * ." O .a . .. . . . 14~~~~~~~~4 0 o 0 41 4 0 0 0 ~~~~~~0 0 0 0 0 * * ...., Q ... a *a -do.-* * c a as * 0 ._ . . . 0* * * 4 * d * * * * * n * R * . . . *_ * A. * * -*0*a *y * * * 6 * 7 n** * * < . . . . aa . o . . . _-4 V-- . 4**n**a*** * . ~ * . . .O . . . . ..a . 0. . .~ . 0 .~ :. * .. ." . . . 0 0 . 5 . . . ". .~ . . .0 101010101 * * w m 0 H EJ2 ". 0 ;. .4 0 t. ** 144 I Culture Elem. Di8trsb. IV. GiWford and Kroeber: Pomo I I x x I I X XX I I xxXx x x I mTI I x I ,, xXIxxIxxxI xIX, r ,II xx I xxx I I xx I xxx I xxxx I xx I 4 I x x *x xx x xxxx xx I I I X X I XX I XI XIX XX XX Ix 1, , x x x I, x x,xx x, x, x x x x xI aIx I x x , x x x x x I x x, x I x x x x x I X I XX X XX XXI|XI XIXX X XX I x x Ix I x XXIXIXIIXXXX X? I .I x x x , x x I x I x I x x x x xi I I1 8 I x, x,,, x x x x x, x X , X I - X X X XX XXX XI X X, X XXXII XXIXIXXXXXX XX X 4 X XI , ,, XXI|XI XXXXXX XX X u X X X X XX , X X,XIXXX XX XXX X X X 4 ,X, XX|XXX XXXX XIXXXX XXX k x I I I xx I x Ix x x x x x xx I E;x x x x x I I x x I x x x xx x x x x x x 1 | ~~~~x x x x x x, x x xx x x T I * ' I ~~~I xx I I x xx xx I a I I ~x x I xx I xxI x xx xx I - .c . . . . 4 . * . 0. . . . . .I.~ . 0 0 0 . . ~ . ~ . . . 0 . . . . . . E- . . . . . E- . . . . . .GU . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .~~~ci * . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4- 'a .0 .0 . . . . . .4 .) .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 P- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . 0 * . . . . . . . * * .1~ .) ." . o . . Cs . . . . . ,^ . . . . . . . . P4 PA ....... 0 H Ez -I z 0 0 W V4 bObf * * 145 146 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. X I xx I x I I x I1 1 I xx x x x,I I x x x I x I I x I I xxx I x, I x x x x x I Ixx I II I II 1I xxx I xx x x xx I I I A xl|Ixxxx x x I x x x 8 II II IIx Ix x x xx xlxlIxxx I IIX x xxxx x X I I I I II x xx x xx x x I I I A lx I xxx x I xI xxx Ix I II I x I x xx I I I I XI I I II to xI x xxx XlI IIXXXX I XX Xlx x xx x xx x I IxIx Ix IllI IX X XXI k X I X X X I IxX IxX Ixx I II X X I X I R x I xxxx X I xx II IX I -I x x I _-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ?I x I xx x x x I x x x Ix I xx xx I x I x I xxxx xx x xx x I I,, 1 x X Xiii X 2 ? t4 ? ri z z 0 . a. ~ .. . .5 .a . . ~ . ~ .5 *0@5 * * o: g 0 1 PW -Q * a . . . . . . .~ . * * * . * . . . . 0. . . . . to 4. . a .- .5 . . . . . . * * * . . . . . . .Lo . E- . . . . . . . . . x x Culture Blem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Eroeber: Pomo x x I x x I x x I I I I I x x m1 1 1 1I, I x I x x x x I I I I I I I N I I I x x xx x x x I X I X I X I I I I I I x I x x I I x I x a1 I x xx I xX I I x I x I I x I x x I x Ix xx I x I x I xxx I I x I I xx I x x I Ix x xx x xxx x x xx x I x x x x x x x x x l I x I x lx xxx x I x x x x I I I x I I x x :z x x x xxx I I x I x x 1i I X I X X Al x x x x x x I I x I x x x x Ix x x x x xI x I I x I I I x x I I 8 I Ix xxxxxx I x I x I x I I xx I I I I x I x I I x xx I xx I xx I x I I x I I I Ix x x x x xx I x I X x x I I I Ix I xxx I xxxx x x I Ixx I IxxxxIx I I Ix X X IX IX I X I X I I I I I I I X IX I I X IX I x I x I I I I X I I I I Q xX x x x x x Ix x I xx I I x x I xxxx I ? x xx Ixx I I x I x xx x x x x x x I x P4 1ix x Ix x x x I I I x x x i 421 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~~~~~~ :~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ .......A...... .......... ....................... ? .) .. b . . . . . . . . .S0 *~ .* 0O z t.[ wi22!s OS OS *0) * *OS OS .0) OS .0:. 0) b00 ...OS :OSOS? '-I ? ..4 .0) *OS .0) . a ..4 : 03 . 5 : d) . k . ho . 9 : .1 .0) . 0 * * * . . * * . . 9 2 129 ? 8- 8 3 I? a? ? E * OSOS * '4- - - .-OSOS ? ...OS OS ? OS ? a 2OS ?..OS 12 **??:::? 0 ?q OS OS 0 ? ?0) OS ? 0) 12 ? C) 1) M ? 1.? .4? ? OS OS 0) ? * . '.4 p4 CO 147 148 Univers8ty of California Publicatonw in Am. Arch. and Ethn. I I X X I I I I I.. xx 8 I XX II I xxxI 8 I -xIX Xx II IIIIII x II x x I I I XXX I I XXX I. I I XX XlI III x I XX XII I , x Ixxx xI xI I xI xx 8 xxx I I I I x x x Xl I I I xx x I x I x x x x II x I xx x I I SI x x x x x II, XXX XIIIXI X X*X, XXIXXI I x, x xx I,, Ix,, x x 8 I xx Ix x I 1 Ix I x x I - I I II, x x I x xI 8I tI,, XXX X1,,I XX8 I XXXIXI I I xxx I xx x X 8 8 x jI I I I xIX , xIII X X I xxxIxI I ,Ix, xx I,, x, x, I x 8 Ix , Ix xI I bL II IXI IIx IXXI I X x XXX ?X , ,,, X I X X X ,I XX , - - - - - -. . . . . . . * * . * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . * . . . u * * _ * ffi * . ,d, ._ . . t _ X . . X Lr *#< cR } ' r n *_2e- * m m m p,4 . _ o ] ? o O 4D seS X t2 < r X X Q ? e . . . . * . es aa > ua cc s s et co *s s 0 z H z 0 0 z 2 940 0 ? ?4 ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a'. . . * . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . ~~~ ~ ~ . . . . . . .~ . . . ) ~ . . ~~~ 0 0. . 0 0 . . . . .0.000.000000000000000000 . . . . . . . . * 0 * * * . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * . . . . . . * . X . . . . . . * . * . * o * . * @ * . * < * . . l, * * **|} Lt : : * 8 S X *:rAXt : : o t O * . * . e! r >9 cs cs Bi ccx F s s CuZlture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo 149 1J, II x xxixxixxx x x xxxxI I xx *M~Iii I XXXiXXi~i iliIIlllx xx x I III xI xx x xx x x x II x x I x IlIlI x Ix xxx xI x I x xx I xx Ix I I I x I xX Ixx .1. . . ,I xII I x x I 1 I xx xx x X X XlX x I x x x x a xII x I xx x x xxI xi I I * I I Ix x x I I I I x x xx * x I x I x I I I I I x I x II I Xx I xx .1 . . . x x t I I X I XX XX X I XiX I Ix I X I I I I xxxx xxx I X I I I I I I I I I I x x I I, xxxx Ixx x,I I I IIIIIx x I to I, I Ixx Ix x I XT I xx X'- I I x Ix I x I iix xx x x x x x xx *x xx 'I I x I I,I x x x x x x x I I I I Ix I I I ,, I X.X IX X XX . . .. X IX ,XX I X 8 xx X X X X X X I X l X i- I X I XX X* *** , , X xI X -- x xixx . . . xi - a!X8,x x,x xixx xx x xx xxi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ O * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. *~~~~~~~~4 . .4 .CB . . . . . . . * . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . . *3-4 o * **zv********* * .... ... . ... * g ,,; , * as * as * . -. .- C) . . - . . . w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . as 0 O * , * * * * . . . . . . *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g ^$,g *co * *o ** c** 150 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. xx I x x xx I I I x x I x xXx xxx I I I x XI I I lxxxI IxXXXXXXxIxxx I lxxII I x x I I Ix x x x xI II Ix x Ix I x I I xx I x x I Ixi i x x xI xi x I I Ix I I Ixxx x x xx Ixx I Ix x II I I*xII xxxxxxxxxIIIIx IxI I x x xx I x x I x xx I I I I x x I iIx x x x I x x 0) I x ix IxI x xxx I x xxIx I Ixx Ixi II x xIIi IxxxI I Ixxx Ixx xx Ix Ix I Ixxi II x xI Ix I x xI Ix xx III III x xI I I ii Ix Ix xxxx I xxx III ijIx Ix * I x xI I IxIxi IIxxxx I x xxxIx x I xIxi II xx I I Ix I Ix xI x xx IIIx I x xI I 5 Bi ziVB c o 4"D Q 2 * ; * b b r r r b X X X X X X X X X 0 b 0 (D 00~~~~~~~~~~~~c~r 4-D~ ~~~ Culture Elem. Distrtb. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo x I I x xx I I I I I I I I X x I xx I x I x I x I I I I I I I I I I I I I x nIx x I x I x I I I I I I I I x I I x,, I x x I xx I I x I I x I I I x x x <1 x I x. x x I x I I x x I I I I x x . x x i 1 1 I x x x x I x I xx I xX I xIx xx I x I xx I x xxi x x iill x *. *. Al' ~x ~Ili x x xxii xi x i xxx Ii I x 8x III II xxIIIxxxxx I I x I X . X I I I ii x I I x X X X X X I I I I X I I X I I I I , X I I I X X XX ii I I I x . I I I I x I x xxi x *x . I ~~~~~~xiixI xx i T I Xx x x I x x Ix x, I I x II x R i X X I I XX I X x I IX 1 I x I I I x x I xI I I X X X x X la X X<1 IX I I I I I I I, I I X I X 155 ...* .~ ...-...b * c* 3-4 3.4 .0 . . .34.~~~~~~~~~~~0 0~~~~~~~~~~~" **4 4C. ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... * . * * * * . * * . * * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . e-. . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. . . as as .5 . . . . * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q .L .- . . . . . . . * as as as * ad Cs Ca Cs Ca as IL .C.. .). . .0 . : . : . : . . . .: .: .: . : P . . . .C). . C, 'd * *6 *i * 6 * 4 . i . l . 6 . 6 . - 0 C'. . . .4 Cg .' . c . t CI cc . f cc cc .l4 . *0 0 *0 *0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 *0 *0 *0 * * 156 University of California Publicatios in Am. Arch. and Ethn. I I xx xx I I x I I I I I Xx I I I I it ii I ? ? ? ? -? * ,I x IX I I I iII***l l l * - 4 X l II xx I I I ^ x x I I xx I x^ I I x I I X I I 8 I X 8 x x8 1 I, xi l x xII I I, x x 11 X I x x I I xx I I x x I I I x xx x x xX I x I ' iX X8 I I X X ,I XII I X x xx I Ii I S~~~ ~I XIii Ix Xx I Xi * X IXIXX I x ~ IX Xiiiix. .XIx X X I xi i x,i xx x x IQ , Xi I , X 8 I X IX II X X I X X X t I XI X XI I XI I X Xi I X X I X X X XI XI I I X I I I i XX I XXXX I I XI XX X X * X X X I I IXX I X X X X X X I X R X XXXXX IX X IXxxI XIXxxxxXI X IIII xxx X IxxXI I IXXXxxXXIX 1 1 I XI i I x X xx xi xx x TTX I ,I XX , , X : -xX t!~~~~~~~~ - X I * . * *0 * . . .4) * .4)4)4) 4) 4) 4) ?4) *4) ? ? 4) 4) p.4) * * 0 z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X * > > * * > _ cs ? oo oo o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * *: P8: * e a2 * Q < . Go : 4) . .4 : 10 : 4D : I . 04 : 10 . 4) w 03 -.2 U) ...0 ...0 .4.) . . .4. .4.) .4.) . . .4.) ..4.4. .o . a.. . * * : -4.2 0 :.,4 as 44-4 : k . 0 Cutture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo 157 tz x x x x I I X I x X I I I X I x I I I l xxx I I III i iIix xI I I II I Ix x x I x_.IIxIxxII I I x x XX x I X I x IX XX x I I .I ~ xS X xxxxxxxxxx Ixxxx xxi I lIxx IX lIxx a I xx x I xxI I Ix xxxxi I II I I I x xx x x*I i*xI xxI I I x x x I -xxx i x xx x x Ix x Ixxxx xx I Ixx I x x C XX * X ~%, X X XX ,. 4 x I x x x x x x x IxxIxxxxxx I I xx I x I xx x x xx I x I xx I X xxi I I l l Ix Ixx I x x x x x x I xx IxxI I I xI x x I xxxxxxi IIxxxxxxxxxxi II Ix Ixxxx I xxxxxxI I IxxxIxxx III I xxx T xx IxxI II iI ix Ix Ixx x Ixxi IIx xx I x*xx x x Ix x x x x x x Ix x x x I I xxx I xxx x x Ix x I II I Ix I x xxXX I 5, XX 5 X ,, xx x I Iixxx I xxI IX X XXXXIIIXXXIXX X ,,1 .--:--:---v*........... . . . . .~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . 4.4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. -.~ ~ * d * . . .. 4 0 0 o o o m oA . , * * * * *** * - * * * * * * * * . . .a m co .- . . m . i . . Cs .- . - . m . *0 -) 03 M -M -t - -ML 3 .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~h . . z . . . . .^ . . 9 i tv w X ' t | g g 2 g * q l } x>m=2mia2=2mmmm>?azB-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ M ce o 4, uz CD o O ce e iu O_ e - 0 ~ ~ ~ : o mF o Q O oo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~t oO P. 00 le MN 00 oO oo4 oo 4) ooMo o oo oo M *~ *a *6 *1 *M * * * * . * * ci* 158 University of California Publicationa in Am. Arch. and Ethn. x I I I I X x I X xx *I x ii I I x II xx I x 1 I x I I I I X I X xi I I I I I I I x I x I x I 8 I x A ~~~~~~X I I x, IXX I X' I I X x I I,, I I I I , I , XI , X x I, I , I , I , I X XX X I I I I I Ix I X I X X Ix I I I, I I, I , ., X X x, . . . , - I X .xix III x xIxx x ..xil x ,Xliii ,,x X , I ,X Xii X i iil IX, X , XXX **XX X k xiii I x I I X x 1XlII II IIIx I I X IX II X g u i I I , X x X I 1 Ixx x x x x x x x x I I x i,XX x lix X I X X X X ok . .X x 5 x . . . . . . * . . * . E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q . q . . qd La . D . - . 0 . = 0~~~~4 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 164 a)0 0))a 0 0 ~ 00 00 a t. Culture Elen. Di8trib. IV. Gifford and Kroeber: Pomo X I x I x X x x I ~1 i i 1 . xI I x X I I I 8 I I I xx I I xx x I xx x I I x -x I x 8 xx I I Xx I I x I x I I x xx I x x aIx x I I x I x I x x x I x x x x x x x I x -x XX I X I I,I X I 1X IXI t X X I XI I II IX X I I X I xI i X X X tQ X X X X X X IX l x. I X X XX I I A XXX I I X X XXIX IXX XX X X I I I .R XII XI IIX ,XX I X X X X X II I X I I IX XXX I XX X I I X XX I I I X I X I X IX XX X X X XI X X X XI I X II X II II I X I X X X I I I XX 'IX X I XX I I I XXXX XX X XX II X XXX I II II xxI I X X I I I I x -x x x x x TI xx I X x x x 5 xXI X < 5xX xx 0 6 .. . 40 1 o6 . . 4 . . .~ * - * - * P~o . 0 . A bDo o 400 . . . . . * z .* . . . .'.. * * * * . * *t t * Cl UA (M i 159 160 Univer8ity of California Publication8 in Am. Arch. and Ethn. x x x x I I I I IX XX x x x I x x x T x I xXI II pI x x x I xx I Il x x I x x x I XXXXIXXXXXXXXXXXXI XXXXIIlxii a~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ x x xiiix xx IlXX X ,X x x Ix III x x I xxx ~x x x x I x _ . u xx x x I I x x xx x 4 -x xxxxxxi x xxxxx I x X X X I xxx x xx I X I ixxx I I x x x x x x I X X xI I X xx I , I X X x xxxxXx II gxxxxix Ixxx Ix x fI x x Ix II I xx, _x XXXXXXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4a a 4,.. o 0 ~~~~9) 4 4a ~ ~ 0, ;! .00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . .> .- .q . .l .~ . 1 . . 1 ON . a I. . . . . . .~~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Culture Elem. Distrib. IV. Gifford and 'Kroeber: Pomno x x I x x x I xx I x I I x Tx ' x I I I Il l l xxx x x- 'I x x -~~~~~~~~~~~~- x xx x I I x a -- X ,IXXX x x x I Ilxx IxIXXXXXXX I IlI xx xxx x x xx x DO x x x Ix xx x x xx x x x I lx I x I x x x' x x xI I x Ixx x xx I x x x xx x I I x x tQ x x I xx I x I I xxxx I xxxx xI I I I xxxxxxxxx I I xx I x I xxx I I x I I I x ii iiilll xilxxxx xilx xxxxxxxxxx xxI x x x x xxx i~~~ xIxx x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x I x x x x x 1 I x xX5 5* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . 164 . :. . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . 4Z ~~~~~~~~~0 0 . . **. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .q . o . . -14 0 ~~~~~~~0 0 . *0* . . . . . . . * * . * . * '4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 * * * * . * * * * * . . . . . .* . ......................................*.............. .....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C o CD( DC DC 161 162 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. 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