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LOWIE UNIVERSITY OF OAIJIFORNIA PTDBLICATIONS IN AmERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EtHENOLOGY Volume 29, No. 2, pp. 155-175 Issued December 10', 1930 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ILONDON, ENGLAND A CROW TEXT, WITH GRAMMATICAL NOTES BY ROBERT H. LOWIE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ----------------------------------------------15- 5 Texrt-....,.......... ..,158 Translation -- - - - - - 159 Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 INTRODUCTION The Crow Indians of eastern Montana and the Hidatsa of North Dakota form a distinct branch of the Siouan family. Neither language has been adequately treated in the published literature. Washington Matthews' has given us a brief sketch of Ilidatsa grammar, together with a vocabulary, but, no texts. I have at different times published Crow material in my ethnogra,phic papers2 but without grammatical commentary, and so far as I know there is no printed grammar of the language. For this reason it seems desirable to present at least one specimen of Crow prose with notes sufficiently full to be of use to students of compa,rative Siouan philology. The sample chosen is not a myth, but a modern droll related by a, village wag. It satirizes a well-known character and former policeman, who is represented as duping an aged and innocent couple by a pretense of supernat.ural power. The text was rea,d to a number of Crow Indians and hugely enjoyed by them. 1 Washington Matthews, Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians, Washington, 1877. 2 AMNH-AP, vols. 9, 11, 21, 25. 156 University of California Publications in Aim. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 Certain details of transcription may be briefly indicated here. I was not consistent in the use of ii, C, and e, and should have liked an opport.unity to check the words containing them with an informant. The o and u vowels are closely related. The stops are often medial in point. of sonancy, and here, too, there has not been complete con- sistency. There certainly is a series of fully aspirated stops. I have represent.ed the palatalized stops by "gy" and "ky" here-though often as "dy" and "ty" in the field-because Hidatsa, which lacks the palatalization, invariably substitutes "g" or "k"; and also beca.use my interpreter definitely felt the phonemes as "k" sounds. The glottal stop strikes me as very weak-like the German stop before initial vowels. The linguistic material secured among the Crow was the by-product of ethnographic work under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History and is published by permission of that institution. Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatical Notes SYMBOLS USED The symbols used for phonetic transcription and requiring expla- nation are as follows: a as in "father" e close e open ia approximately as a in English "man" o long, close o short, open u. long, close u short, open a obscure vowel, related to a ai as English i in " bite " au as in German "Haus" b, d weakly nasalized at the beginning of words, related to m, n c approximately English "sh," but not always easily distinguishable from s gy, ky palatalized stops really intermediate between the palatalized g-k stops indicated and palatalized d, t r untrilled fricative, produced by breaking d closure3 x velar fricative, German ch in "acht" k, t, p medial in sonancy (see below) aspiration weak glottal stop 3 See Jespersen, Lehrbuch der Phonetik, 39, 1904. 1930] 157 158 University of Californmi Publcations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 TEXT 1. ba"pdak Du"pi.uc kyo"rak. awa"tdAk datsi" tsEruk. 2. batse'rok u'v ieta'reta'tsoruk. 3. na"mna a'su'o bire'ruttsoruk. 4. hira'ke' ba'wiri'su'm, dis bu"o'k'. 5. sa"pa? he" tsaruct. 6. bacba'rau ra'mni.apirkslk ioxpi'rawa tsu"sam xapi"wuk, hu" tsoruct; k'o& ritsitsi"m ba tse'wiawuk. 7. hin'E' ba're ts)xu"k du'ta, hu"ts&ruct. 8. biedapi"'rok ku k'u"o tsEruct; bickictsiki'corok ku' k'u"'&tseruk. 9. ba'rec da" kurutsi'rok pirike'm bara'ku'k hu"'tsoruct. 10. c he" tsoruct; a'kbikyotse' watsi"rec, mi' rari"ok'. 11. k ot'd dok. 12. di'cbarau k o ra'se bir8xba"kdok ko'n du'tsiky diri'atu? he" tseruct. 13. e, miegycci"re k o'n du'tsiky bari'atulk hu"'tsoruct. 14. ma're"tdok tsi"rup-k o'tsi'toc k o'n du'tsiima"'tsict. 15. W o`tdek akdu'tse e"wa ttse"rok ma'wira'kua be"wiky, he" tsoruct. 16. u' awa,"tok datsi" tseruct. 17. di"Eo, e" ky bioxba"riec du'ta he" tsaruct; u"8c dutsi'ts8ruct. 18. i`wira'.u-o'sau i'wire" o'sak; bire'6 ico"tsen du"usak. 19. mara ka'pe'ts8ruk. 20. mara ka'pe mare' i"tsiom awa"ko'tsoru'ok. 21. hupu'me i'wari'Bwa kto'k'. 22. di' watseckya"tuk hir'a'ke' mawara'xbiky. 23. di'sbarau awo"tsikya'tbiky, he" tsoruk. 24. ba"wara'xdok bi'ctono"p di'owa'wiky. 25. karak o" ictse' ba'.o'ruEk i'sambice' hupu'miri'ak. 26. kamawara'xbiky, i"ipuxec ihu'wa. 27. ma.isa kupe' ba'.ihi'rituebe. 28. hira" bu ri'at ko'tii'tek. 29. bara'dxk. 30. icu" wara"sace: u 'Ti'ot itma're batbiti 'mbi'owak mitati're t.'o'n du'tim e 'wa' tuk mawatu'a be"wit'. 31. mara'xe ko'wa"hiok a&bara`xtitsi'ky: hm, hm, hm, hm, he" tsoruk. 32. mahii"ri'a wa'" kurutsi'ndetak. 33. a' bara,`xtitse' i"ictsice' hi'ri'tsoruk. 34. karako"wict. Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatioal Notes TRANSLATION 1. One day Dupiuc was there, sitting he was. 2. A man and his wife were blind, it is said. 3. They came along, his house they entered, it is said. 4. "Now we are suffering, to you we have come." 5. "What is the matter?" he said, it is said. 6. "Our money- $32.50-we have lost," they said, it is said; "that you to seek we wish to make. 7. This dollars five take," they said, it is said. 8. A shawl also they gave him, it is said; a little beaded pouch also they gave, it is said. 9. "If the money you get back, ten we will give," they said, it is said. 10. "Yes," he said, it is said; "one who me would thus treat I have been looking for,-me you have come to. 11. It is well. 12. Your money that which is missing any person that took, do you think?'" he said, it is said. 13. "Yes, Yellow-dog that took, we think," they said, it is said. 14. "If not, Bull-all-the-time that must have taken." 15. "Very well, the thief if I find out, what you give me I'll own," he said, it is said. , 16. His wife was sitting there, it is said. 17. "Come, that medicine of mine take," he said to her, it is said; his wife took it, it is said. 18. With the fire shovel he shoveled coals, the fire in front of himself he put. 19. He made incense. 20. The incense when we scented it, it was ground-moss. 21. "The whirlwind by it I work, that is it. 22. You are miserable, now I am going to sing. 23. Your money I am going to find, " he said, it is said. 24. "When I sing, my eyes open I'll make." 25. Then his hand he incensed, in front of his face he made a whirlwind sign. 26. "Now I shall sing, the rattle give it to me." 27. Tricky people are good actors, you know. 28. Though he made a song on the spur of the moment, it was just like a real one. 29. He sang. 30. The words-of the song were: "Little-anus his money I'll seek, Yellow-dog took it, we know. What has been given to me, I'll own. ' 31. His song as soon as it was done, a ghost-like sound he made: "Hm, hm, hm, hm," he said, it is said. 32. Notwithstanding all that, he got back nothing., 33. Like a ghost he sounded, after all that he had done. 34. This is the end. 1930] 159 160 University of Califormia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 NOTES ba'pdak From ba'pe', day, daytime. This word is nowadays employed also in designating days of the week and holidays, e.g., bapari'netE, Sun- day, from hi'ri, to work, and net(e), not; bapari'nete ise', Fourth of July, i.e., big Sunday. dak, (in intervocalic position changed to rak) A suffix often denoting vagueness in contrast to the suffix c (see below), also doubt and contingency. Affixed to the verb in the protasis of a conditional sentence, it signifies "if." du"'pi.uc Abbreviated from Naxpitse'ru'pi.uc, where the d becomes r in intervocalic position. The suffix c has the force of a definite article and occurs in most personal names (cf. el Dante). It may serve to bind together the elements of a whole phrase or clause, e.g., itsi're da'koc, the horse you gave; basak'apupe'edec, my people who to the Nez Perce went. The c at the end of the word 'apupE'c is a different, directional suffix, meaning "to," "toward." du'pi.u Plural of du'pi.o, to scold. The unabbreviated name is currently rendered Scolds-the-bear, but I should rather construe " Scolded-bear," i.e., "They scold the bear. Bears-scold-him seems an alternative possibility since the plural ending u or o is not necessarily affixed directly to the noun to be pluralized. On the other hand, the accepted translation cannot be definitely rejected, because the Crow do some- times use the plural with a singular meaning. kyo-'rak kyo is the palatalized form of ko, k'o', which it supersedes after c, e, or i (but not after a). ko- is a demonstrative denoting especially locality and numerical identity. E.g., di' kyo'ra'? Are you there (di', you; ra', to be) ? kora'suk, they were not there (su, plural of negative particle sa; k, the oral stop). In answer to the question Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatical Notes whether the Crow used bird quills for decoration, I was told "kro tse' suk," that they do not. In a myth a boy discovering his ostensible brother-in-law to be his father ejaculates: hi'n-e' wara'ac iniru'pxe k'ok', This my brother-in-law my father identical-with-is. Crane-bear, once wanting me to get spectacles for him, said to me: ihe'm. ko& hu" tsE hiri'ata'rm ko' hu"tsegyE, Another like this send (cause to come), just like this the same make him send. Correlatively, ko- occurs doubled in a common expression; arako-tse'c ko'tse'ky, what he had done, the same he did [again]. The expression kyo"'rEk is not used initially to present all heroes, but preferentially or exclusively in Old-Man-Coyote myths. Its use in the present tale may have been suggested by the hero's trickster- like character. awa'td8k datsi" ts8ruk The last two syllables .constitute the quotative particle, here used because the narrator knew the story only by hearsay, even though it was of recent occurrence. awa-tdak, also heard awa`'tak, is probably the participial form of awa-'tsi'ky, he sits, of which the first and second persons are a'matsiky, a'mnatsiky. Before the initial letter of dek, the ts of awa"tsiky would change to t and the final vowel would be dropped in composition on Crow phonetic principles. I suspect that awa-'tsiky is compounded of awe', ground, and da'ttsiky, to remain, to be at rest. This latter immediately follows in this sense as an independent word. According to my interpretation, then, the whole sentence basically means: Resting on the ground he continued. da-'tsiky cannot, so far as I know, be used to express continued motion. Suffixed, with loss of voice in the initial sound, it sometimes assumes adjectival meaning, e.g., a" pa tatse', every evening, from a" pa, evening; tsira"'kce-tatse', every morning, from tsira'kce, morning. In the first and second person baka'k and da"'kak are used with meaning corresponding to datsi'ky, and their plural is formed by suffixing the usual u to the second a without formation of a diphthong; e.g., bari"' waka'.uk, we kept on talking, i.e., we talked we continued. For the third plural I have recorded awa"'tk kawa"'tsoruk, they remained sitting, it is said. A similar auxiliary is da"kuk. With the verb du'ci to eat (par- ticipial form: du"'sek) the continuative forms are: 1st person, bu"'sak 1930] 161 162 University of Caifornia PubUloatiows in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 ba'ka'ku'k; 2d p., diru'sak da'katkuk; 3d p., du'sak da'ku'k. Com- pare with this last form the proper name Awu'cda kuc, He-sweats- often, where the definite article c is merely substituted for the oral stop k. In the plural the verb retains the singular forms given above, while the auxiliary becomes a-'wa ku'k, as'ra kuk, a'a kuk. However, the third person plural is also recorded identical with the second: apsa'ruke i'tsikya'ta a"ra kuk, the Crow well were faring. batse'rok The rok corresponds to the dok of ba'pd8k. batse' is the usual word for an adult male. It may be used adjectivally for "manly." The word for chief, batse'tse is evidently derived from it. Compare also batsa'tsi, powerful (also often used in a general superlative sense). I suspect that the word commonly used for "poor," "miser- able," batseckya't, is derived from it by affixing the negative sa(ca) and the adjectival (often, but not always, diminutive) ka-t. The pala- talization of the k is a result of preceding c, and that in turn is intelligible from the preceding front vowel. The form batse'ci for " poor " occurs. ufa His wife; bu'o, my wife; du'o, your wife; u'o', their wives. icta'reta' tsoruk. icta', his (her) eyes; usually heard icte'; bicte', my eye (s) ; di'ctc, your eyes; ictu'o, their eyes; di'ctua, your (pl.) eyes. "Our eyes" is either bictu'f or bare' icte'; bare', the first person plural intransitive pronoun, eliminates the plural affix. ret is the absolute negative; a' is merely connective. na 'mna This is evidently a variant form of the word for "to go," de (da). na wi commonly occurs in the sense of "go on," and da'wek is a continuative or participial form of the verb; na'wi plus na would yield na"'mna by customary rules of elision and assimilation. a'su'8 The form is plural instead of singular ace', possibly to convey the sense of home rather than of mere dwelling in a conical lodge; basu 'a, my home; na7'sue, your home, wihence na-'suam-bice', your people, i.e., those owning your camp. Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatioal Notes bire&ru' tseruk The u before the rough breathing marks plurality; the absence of an expressed pronoun, the third person; bi, a prefix here, presumably means "into." I have recorded bire'm bi'ek, he wished to enter, i.e., he enters he wished. The third person singular corresponding to the plural in the text is, however, bire"'rk, with bi'mariky, bi'nariky for the first and second persons. The simple forms for to go would be (in the same order) de'ky, bare"'ky, dare'ky. Why, then, the intercalary re and the change from e to i? Some expression of aspect is indi- cated. The protean "rok" sometimes denotes a state of becoming, and " (h) i" instantaneous action. Perhaps the intention is to stress the moment of entering. hira'ke' Derived from hira"', just now. E.g., a'c(h)ira'ri`'o, Newly-made lodge (a clan name) from ace', lodge; hira-', just now; ri'o (equals ri"'u, di"'u), they made. ba'wiri'su m The suffix m often indicates a causal connection between two predications. It may be likened to an oral comma contrasting with the oral stop, k. The sentence means "Since we are suffering, we have come to you." Compare, di' i'exuxkem di' wurupi'ok, you are a Fox, so I dislike you. The verb stem is iri'ce; cf., icte' ba. iri'ce&tsoruk, his eyes suffered, it is said, ba' wiri'ce'ky, I suffered. The word for "he is hungry," ari"'ce'ky, is doubtless related. ba is a prefix of wide meaning,- "something," "somebody. " Examples: ac ba' ihe', enemy; from ac), lodge, ba-, some, ihe', other, different; bapa'tatsia, wagon, i.e., some- thing rolling; ba'rape'ky, he kills something. dis (dic) The final s(c) is directional: bic, to me; kuc, to him. bu"o'k' This irregular verb is conjugated as follows, the terminal k being the oral stop: 1st person, bo-k'; 2d p., daro-k' ; 3d person, huk'. Plural forms: bu-'ok', daru'ok', du'ok'. By prefixing a' and making phonetic adjustments we get the conjugation of the verb for "to bring": awo'k', araro"'k', ok', awu'ok', araru'ok', aru'ok'. 1930] 163 164 University of California Publications in Aim. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 sa 'pa Usually means "what?" Various interrogatives are derived from the same stem, e.g., sa' pe, who?; sa"' we, how many? he" tseruct The quotative is here changed from ts8ruk to tsoruct, the reason being obscure. According to a native explanation it indicates that the authority for the quoted statement himself did not witness the event. Since indirect discourse does not occur in Crow, the verb "to say" follows the verbatim quotation. With the oral stop the conjugation is as follows: ba'k', da'k', heky; bu k', du k', hu k'. The shortening of the e and the rough breathing always occur in such combinations as that in the text. For the third person singular I have occasionally recorded ha'k'. bacba'rau bac (bas) is the first person possessive pronoun. Plurality, as often, is expressed ambiguously from our Indo-European point of view, by affixing the u to the noun, ba'ra, ba're, a phonetic variant of ma'ne, from English money, used either for money or specifically a dollar. ra!mniapireka'k The initial r is changed from n owing to the intervocalic position. na'mnia means "thrice," being derived from na'wi, three; pireke'(k) is the word for ten. iaxpi'rawa i is the general instrumental prefix, but also has ordinal and partitive meaning. axpi' means "to remain," e.g., i're ar-axpe', the blood that remained. In counting it indicates addition to or sub- traction from ten or its multiples according to whether it is prefixed or suffixed. E.g., axpi'rupe, 12; nu'paxpe, 8; nu'pe, 2; axpi'ra'wi, 13; axpi'sa pu'o, 17; hawa'taxpe, 9. tsu"'sam Here used for half a dollar, but applied to "half" generally, whether of things or persons. The amount designated in the text is $32.50. Compare German "dritthalb.." Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatioal Notes xapi'wuk 1st person plural, plurality in the usual way being denoted by the u before the oral stop. The singular would be xapi'wak. Pronouns are usually suffixed to give a causative meaning. E.g., cipi'o, to be black; cipi'wak, I blacken; xatsi'e, it is shaking; xatsi"'wak, I shake it. The stem of the verb in the text is xapi', to be lost, whence mi xapi"'ky, I am lost (once used figuratively by my interpreter to express bewilderment at an informant's statement). ritsitsi"'m ba' tsE'wiawuk ba, tsE'wiawuk, "We wish to make," literally means "we make we wish" and is the usual Crow mode of combining two verbs in such a combination; ri (di), you, is thus the object of ts, and the preceding k'o&, that [money], is the object of tsitsi'm. tse is an independent verb for "to make, cause." Its conjugation is as follows: ba tse'ky, da tse"'ky, tseky; ba'ku'k, da"kuk, kuk. This change from ts to k is puzzling but not uncommon. That these phonemes are closely related in this Siouan subdivision appears from comparison with Hidatsa. There the oral stop is ts instead of Crow k, and on the other hand initial Crow ts becomes k, e.g., tsi'rupe (Crow), ki"'rupe (H.), buffalo bull. wio(bi'a) to wish; di'8, to do, like causative verbs, take the pro- nouns as suffixes. tsitsi 'm, by normal assimilation from tsitsi're, to hunt, look for. Cf. itsi"'re, horse, itsiP'n-disue, Horse dance; awava we, mountain, awax'm-birax ba'ke, mountain people. The unreduplicated form of the verb is common: arace'-tsi'ric, He-hunts-to-die (final c as a sort of definite article with proper names). hin'e' Demonstrative to express proximity to the speaker, also used adverbially for "here." ts8xu"'k In counting 5 is called ts8xo-'. The k probably is the oral stop, yielding the following meaning: " Here are five dollars. Take them! du'ta The imperative, as frequently, presents the stem in simplified form. The first syllable, du (nu, ru) is an instrumental prefix indi- cating seizure with the hand. Cf. du'xtsiky, he stuffs; du'tsire-ky, he 1930] 165 166 University of Caoifornia Publicatios in Am. Arch. and Rthn. [Vol. 29 touches; du'ciky, he puts; duxa'ciky, he seizes; du'ckyapiky, he presses with the hand; du"kapiky, he scratches; du'ik, he lifts. Verbs with this prefix form a distinct conjugation. The shift in accent in the first and second persons is noteworthy. The verb in the text is conjugated as follows: burutsi'ky, diru'tsiky, du'tsiky; burutu'k, diru'tu-k, du'tu k. biedapi"'rok From bici', robe (doubtless related to bice', bison), and dapi'a, fringe, tassel; hence, shawl. The particle rok conveys a greater measure of uncertainty than the suffix m, which also serves as an indefinite article. The sense is: "a shawl, I have heard, but I am not sure." k' uo' ts0ruct The verb is somewhat irregular and this, together with its phonetic weakness, may lead to confusion with similar words. Thus, baku'k, I gave him, might also mean "I for him." The following are some common forms: da'ku, Are you giving him?; maku', Give me (impera- tive); bari'kyu, Give us (imper.); maku'k, He gave me; bak'bi'awak', I want to give him; bara'kuk, I give you (cf., baraku'k, I for you); ma-k'u-rEt-u-k, Me they gave not any. bickictsiki'carok The type of bag indicated here was small and beaded. The suffix rok is again the indefinite article. The word itself is bickictse', parfleche, plus the suffix ki'ce here meaning something like our English-Greek suffix "oid." Cf. acki'ce, toy lodge; icteki'ce, spec- tacles, from i'cte, eye; baraki'ce, tally-sticks, from bara', wood, stick. The plural form of the suffix occurs, e.g., batsi" kisu'a, hoop-and-pole game from batsi"', to hunt, i.e., mock-hunting; i -wara'xi-ts-kisu'a, phonograph (by means of it to sing they make, as it were). bickictse', parfleche, seems itself compounded of bice', robe, skin, and the suffix kic (e') ; tse' may be the verb "to make, " yielding "made into the semblance of a skin." ba'rec The suffix c is used because the money in question is that already referred to, hence the definite article is called for. Lowie: A Crow Text, with Graminatioax Notes da" kurutsi'rok Here the indefinite suffix converts the statement into the protasis of a conditional sentence. The "ku" adds the meaning of taking back and the conjugation accordingly becomes regular, ba"'kurutsiky, I take back, with tsi changed to tu in the plural. The verb is used in the sense of harvesting, e.g., i'tsikya'ta o'pe da" kurutu k, Well the tobacco you (pl.) harvested. pirike'm The m probably conveys the idea of a ten-dollar note. bara'ku'k The present, or rather absolute, tense is here used to express a future meaning, which might be formally conveyed by bara!k'- bu oma tsiky, where bu'o would be the first person plural and ma'tsiky the suffix of futurity. But my interpreter thought this would indicate a lesser degree of certainty than the word in the text. akbi kyotse"' This is the object of what follows. The prefix ak expresses the actor and may precede a whole clause, e.g., akbi'ce, the liar, from bici', he lies; ak-bara-kure', the stick-bearer; ak-daxpitse-kuc-dice', those who-the bear-towards-dance. bi is the first person subject of an intransitive verb and object of a transitive one, here the object of tse', which here me,hns to treat. kyo (ko') has its usual significance, so that the expression as a whole may be rendered "One who should thus treat me." watsi"'r8c From tsi"'ri, to look for (see above). The final c is not clear. mi' rari 'ok' "You (plural) have reached me."' The verb is irregular. It expresses not mere coming but arrival and is thus also used for meet- ing, e.g., ba;'wiky, I shall meet him; acba"'ihe' ba'r8k, if I meet an enemy; batbi-'uk', we met each other. The conjugation with oral stop is: bak', dara"k', hi'ky; bi"'ok' (bi"uk'), dari"'ok', di"ok'. k' ot' dok Often heard kWo't'ak. Literally, "Thus it is," i.e., "Very well," "All right," k'"ot is derived from the demonstrative k'o' and con- 167 1930] 168 University of Californmia Publicationi in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 stantly occurs in idiomatic phrases. E.g., k'o"'t'-ba'wiky, Thus I shall do; k' ot' -da'riky, Thus you will do. do is here used in the sense of a copula. See below, k'o'ra'sE. di'cbarau The plural form of "your money." k' oVra'sE "Here it is not," i.e., "which is not here." The demonstrative k' o is followed by ra' (da, do), to be, and the negative particle, changed from its usual form sa. The expression in the text is some- times euphemistically applied to dead people. biroxba"'kdEk The indefinite particle dak here seems to have interrogative force: what person? birox ba"'k, the usual word for person, is evidently a compound, but I am unable to analyze it. In a text occurs the word birice', dead people, from ce, dead. diri'atu The absence of the oral stop, as usual, indicates a query. The form given is that of the second person plural. The singular with the stop is: bari'atsiky, diri'atsiky, hiri'atsiky. miegyE-cire A personal name; the adjective regularly follows its noun in Crow. mi'CgyE', dog, is the absolute form of the noun, which changes irregularly with the possessive pronouns: masa"egycka'ce, my dog; disa 'cgyckaPce, your dog; isa 'cgycka"ce. The suffix ka'ce usually denotes the superlative, here evidently genuineness, for without it the words would, in modern Crow, signify "my horse," etc. Incidentally, the absolute f.orm for horse, itsi re, is quite unrelated. It seems to be formed of the instrumental i prefix, the stem tsi, to pack, and a nominal suffix. I once recorded the sentence: micgyE' k'o& itsi'rum, Dogs these they [anciently] would pack with, i.e., They used dogs for packing. mare"'tdok Here the dok is conditional, ba (ma) is a nominal prefix of wide meaning, indicating either a thing or person and especially used in making nouns of adjectives or expressing the indefinite object of an Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatioal Notes active verb (see p. 163). Ex.: ba'watsa'tsk, something powerful; ba'ru 'ciky, he is eating (if the food is specified, the prefix disappears). The suffix ret, det (ret, det) is the particle of absolute negation, thus differing from sa, se, which refers to particular cases. Thus, awa'kdEtk, I have never seen him; awadkesak, I have not seen him. From one point of view re't is sometimes oddly combined to render simple adjectival meanings, e.g., the regular word for "no " is mare'tk, analyzable into the above-mentioned nominal prefix ma (ba), and the absolute negative: something-not at all. Similarly, empty is rendered awu`retk, from awu'E, inside. tsi 'rup k'o 'tsi' tec The name is officially rendered Bull-all-the-time from tsi'rup, buffalo bull; k'o', demonstrative of identity; tsi tte, evidently related to the stem datsi' explained above, expresses continuance. Thus, the word designates eternity. Cf., bake o"tsi'te awa'xe awe"'rok, eternal are the heavens and the earth. du'tsiima'tsict This is a combination of the future third person ending with the future particle. The sense is "he must have taken it," German "er wird es genommen haben." While the absolute tense used for our present and past does not usually express the third person at all, the future designates it by suffixing i, with suffixed bi (mi, wi) and ri (di) for the first and second persons in addition to the pronouns regularly prefixed to the verb stem. The plural endings are bo&, ro', o'. Thus we find such forms as: du'ci'.o', they will eat; ham-niru'tsiri (ham, something; diru'tsi, do you take?), Shall you take some? The precise shade of meaning conveyed by ma.tsiky I do not know, but it is not essential to the expression of futurity, for which the suffixed pronouns given above suffice, e.g., awa'kawiky, I shall see; bari'mbiky, I shall walk; ba'tbiky, I shall carry; ba"'wiky, I shall own. On the other hand ma'tsiky sometimes expresses necessity, obligation. Ex.: e&ky du'e e'risak, k'u' bare' asu 'e bire"'risa.ima'tsiky, That wife of yours is pregnant, our lodge she must not enter. Here, the verb is readily analyzed: bire'ri, to enter; sa, not; i, 3d person future suffix; ma-'tsiky, auxiliary particle. Compare, a'para'axi-ma'tsiky, it must be a ghost, where, as in dutsiima' tsict, there is simple inference indicated. 1930] .169 170 University of Caifornmi Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 akdu'tse The one who took it, from ak, he who, and du'tse, du'tsi, he takes. e 'wa' tse'rek Here rok is conditional again. This very common verb seems to have infixation, for it is conjugated as follows: e "wa'tse'ky, era! tseky, e,"tseky; e'wa'kuk, e'ra'kuk, e'kyuk. But I suspect that initial e (e) is a prefix put before the stem tse; to make, cause. Without the e', the conjugation would be identical. ma'wira'kua For the verb stem, ku, to give, see above on k'u'o'tsEruk. The object of this verb is mi (bi), here wi because intervocalic; and ma' (ba ) is the general nominal prefix already noted. Hence, "what- ever to me you give." be'wiky Also noted elsewhere as ba-'wiky. This is the future 1st person singular of e-, to have, own. This verb stem is thus conjugated in the present: be', de', e; ba'.u, da'.u, a'.u. Possibly because of the phonetic weakness of the word and consequent possibility of confusion with similar words, the idea of possession is often expressed by the invari- able particle, bici', (French il y a,) suffixed to the noun denoting the possessed object. E.g., du'a wici, have you a wife? Literally, this means, "Your wife, is there one?'" The following forms of e are interesting: be'suk, we have not (the negative particle sa being pluralized, instead of the verb itself); i"'ikye e"'sak, his elder brother disowned him; bN'retk', I have not any; itsi"'re an de"'raracdc, the horse which you like to own (from an, that or those which, rara'cde, you like). u Doubtless abbreviated from the more usual u'o because of the following vowel. di's The stem of the verb for "to do, " here imperative, in which case it often means 'Well, then,'"'" Come now.'' The conjugation follows that of causative verbs, i.e., the pro- nouns are suffixed: di'ewak, di"'8rak, di'ak; di'owuk, di'eruk, di'.uk (also di-'.ok). Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grammatical Notes bi8xba.'riac (biexpa'riec) My medicine, i.e., my sacred objects. The Crow possessives exhibit considerable variation that is not readily reduced to rules. The form here found might be interpreted as the short possessive customary where there is an intimate relationship between possessor and possessed, e.g., biru'pxe, di"'rupxE, iru'pxE, my, thy, his father. On the other hand, we find the longer form macba'pi'te, di'cba'pi'te, icba-pi'te, for my, thy, his grandchild. expa"'ria, from xapa"'ri8, medicine, connected with maxpe', maxpa', holy, where the ma is again the generic nominal prefix. The stem "xp" for "holy" is evidently an old Siouan one; cf. Omaha qube, Winnebago qopine, Mandan xopini, Hidatsa xupa"', Biloxi xi. ..., ., iwira.u-o sau The initial i is instrumental, wira'.u is the plural of birE' (birii'?), fire, coal; o'sau, they shovel. Hence, fire-shovel. At one time I thought a mere difference in tone distinguished the words for fire (falling) and water (rising). I am now convinced that this was accidental and that the final vowel is lower, more open, for "fire," higher for " water. This appears in composition, e.g., bira"'kce, match; birikyo'oce, Whistling-water clan. But I have also recorded bire' isi'ok, fire big they made, where the vowel is long and close. ico"'tsen In front of himself; baco'tsen would be "in front of me." du"'usak In my notes I originally had du"'ciky, the ordinary form of com- pleted statement. My interpreter changed it to what I interpret as a participial form in order to indicate closer connection with what follows. mare' i 'tsiom The final m has the force of an oral comma, "when we scented it," mare' (bare') is the first person plural-subject with intransitive, object with transitive verbs. I recorded: bi' i'tsiem, I scent it; u'uxe bare' i'tsiek, the deer scented us. hupu'mE I cannot analyze the word, but the initial syllable recalls hutse', wind; hu'tbiciky, windy (wind there is). 171 1930] 172 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 i wari'awa Here i is the instrumental prefix; the first wa (ba) the indefinite object; ri'e (di'e) the stem for "to do"; final wa, the suffixed pronoun (see above). ba'ri'E, to do something, is regularly used in the sense of "to work." watseckya'tuk Plural of watseckya"'tek (batseckya tak), poor, miserable. The suffix again has general adjectival significance. As already noted, the shorter form, watsse'c(i) occurs; e.g., batsii'cisu "tseruk, they were not poor, it is said. The longer form is regularly used in prayer by prospective visionaries to describe their miserable plight. mawara'xbiky Here, my interpreter explained, the use of ma-tsi-mawara'xbi- ma&'tsiky-would help convey the idea "I mnust sing," or "I'11 force myself to sing," whereas the simpler form indicates the singer's willingness to help. The ma is the pronoun "he sings" being bara'xiky (wara'xiky). Note the elision of the final i of this stem in composition. awo" tsikya-tbiky Certain verbs beginning with vowels prefix "aw" and "ar" for the first and second persons respectively. Thus, "Will you find it?" would be aro`tsikya'tdiV, where the double expression of the second person, already noted for the future generally, appears. The verb used in the text expresses the idea of finding as the result of search, otherwise o'rapiky of the same conjugation would be employed. ba"'wara'xdak The conditional dak here assumes temporal meaning. bi'ctono"'p di'Owa'wiky. & Literally, my eyes holes I'll make, i.e., I'll open my eyes. The n may have locative meaning or may be purely connective. The stem for hole varies slightly: ap-upe', Nez Perce' (ape', nose); masa! pe' hupi (ky, my moccasin has a hole in it; a'pano'p' ise', Arikara, lit. Big-Ear-Holes (a'pe', ear; n, locative; o'p, hole; ise', big, i.e., In-the- ear big-holes). Lowie: A Crow Text, with Granmmatioa Notes ictsE' Note the following forms: bactse', my hand; di'ctse, thy hand; bactu'a, our hands; ictu'8, their hands. i'sambice' Probably from i's, his face; am (an, aara), where; bice', il y a. Hence, in front of him; bi'sambice would be "in front of me" (bis, my face). kamawara'xbiky Probably the m should be marked as long. kam (kan, kara) is a frequent but puzzling temporal prefix. It sometimes clearly expresses completed past experience or action: kan miratsi'we-ky, you have already told me; karace-'ky, he is dead. But it also occurs with the future and then seems to have inceptive force, as in the text. Cf., kambakara&'awo'k, now we shall run. This may be connected with pu'x, po'x, inflated, foamy. (Cf. birepuxe', beer). hu'wa The meaning is "Give it to me." Literally, the expression seems derived from hu, to come; but wa in this context is not clear. ma. isa'kupE' The first syllable is the generic nominal prefix; isa kupe' I am unable to analyze, but it is the word regularly used to describe Old- Man-Coyote, the mythological trickster. ba.e.ihi'ritucbe "They [tricksters] are good actors." The implication is: "and so is Scolds-the-bear." ba is again the indefinite nominal prefix; i (omitted in one version of the text) may be instrumental; hi'r(i) means "to do" (o"'ce hi'riky, she does cooking) ; i'tu is the plural of i'tsi, good; "be" indicates that the hearers are reminded of something already known to them. hira,' Just now, i.e., he improvised the song. 1930] 173 174 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 29 bu ri'at Suffixed t or ta is often disjunctive, corresponding to "but" or "though. " E.g., di-warasa'cita mirikyu'kusak, " I called you, but you did not hear me." bu', bum is used for "a song." It does not seem to occur with possessive pronouns; instead we find: icu', icu'o, his song, songs; bacu"'e, my song. This suggests that the stem may be u, u'a, and that the b represents the curtailed generic nominal prefix. k' o'tiitok k'o'tEkV would be "It was thus," the second t indicates "It was like one" (Cf., di' miegyAtk, You are like a dog, from micgyc', dog). bara'xak The obscure vowel seems to give a participial flavor to what would be a completed statement in the usual form bara'xiky. wara'Isace Related to da'ase, name, and da"saciky, he calls. u ut '-i'Ot The trickster is made to sing with a mincing pronunciation in quasi-Hidatsa, hence t is twice substituted for c (s), the equivalent Crow form being u uc-i';c, from u'uce, anus, i's, little, young. itma!re For Crow isma'rE. batbiti'mbi'awak For Crow batsitsi'mbiewak, I will hunt. mitati"re For Crow miegysci" re. t,'o'n For Crow k'o'n. du'tim For Crow du'tsim, he took. e'wa' tuk For Crow e'wa'kuk, we know, probably used with singular meaning. Lowie: A Crow Text, with Grazmmatical Notes mawatu'a For Crow mawaku'a; ma, indefinite objective; wa used with this verb as first person pronoun indirect object; ku to give. be'wit For Crow be"'wiky mara'xe k'owa`'hiok I construe this to mean: "He was singing; as soon as he had ceased. k' ow is the stem for "to be done." Its combinations admirably illustrate Crow phonetic principles: karak'o'wiky, now it is done; k' o`'mbak, I have finished; k' o'mnak, you have finished, k' omnEti`'iruk (net, negative; it'ruk, 3d person plural, indicating habitual action), they would never cease. The suffix (a')hi lends the meaning of instantaneous or sudden action. a' bara'x titsi'ky "He made a noise like a ghost." The verb stem usually begins with a sonant: k'a,'rikya-te ditu's (plural of ditsi'ky) watsa'tsk', the old women cheered lustily; naka"'k di-tsi'ky, a bird is crowing. The verb coincides with that for "to strike" and may be identical with it. The word ditsi' is usually applied to women and birds, not to men; ghosts, however, are said to hoot like owls, whence probably the extension of the term here. The corresponding noise by men is desig- nated by a compound of the same stem, i'tsiritu'a, lip-slapping; bi"'wa' tsiritu-'k, we slapped our lips. a'bara'ax (6), ghost, is doubtless derived from the same stem as ira axe, soul, ira"'xaxE, shadow. Possibly the word "like" is merely to be understood with ghost, the change of ditsi'ky to titsi'ky being due merely to the preceding surd fricative. But it occurs to me that there may have been a com- bination of a'bara'axe'te, like a ghost, with ditsi'ky, the final vowel of the preceding word being eliminated in customary fashion and the t and d merging. wa'kurutsi'n (d) e tak Literally, "something he got back not at all." 1930] 175 I ;. 'tjI . t . . ~ II "', , ,M i 'l ;., -. ", - i 0 ovI . -e ., , ] s . tws0 . , o( -, I I , s I. I ' ' I: , ~ ~-, B- , , q a X , 1 . ~1I I . 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'I I 4 .1 . .W>0' 96.,_.1 t S'' -1 I: -X t ^ < - c _ T1 ":1 IF .1", ,, ., ;*t* ** 0I I ' % tS-oa4E*.-F_ ....................,B ,:y * o4 *~~~~~~, i ii 2 . 98.i*t ..*- 'S T Dr,, S- ' .6- it'k '4-' :0- <'S -: m ; 't. .t-'''t--.- t-'4..._i...t .....*'.. Ie'+-* * w,,'t -...................I.........................................-,......................................fi -;v\7- t e o ; U d t; n I ; W > foI X I, ;, - , I t "- ,"I 1 f/ 11. " I.., 1 i-; .;e.tW;*, P t -I22. , _ , 19 " , - Z. . Z *,w O *, " , t<- - -"I 11 ~ r ' ' ' 06 Pt?MW feS b ;-. I-.0X ,1 81 4' . '!, '. ;I- \ / a D -~ , ~ - I i w. , I X,,e,g, '.l o,a -a"'-? ;* ,t*,a, j'I^'' L -; ;' ?- 9iNale'-*ri 6'tetIt sL2,, = D .i b Z \ , X AI ,, X ,,.. s . .f--O: D a f0 .-, A b", .., y , ,~~" .,' IF,' a w 8 0 "- '.': : ,: . I,1 ~ , : '' '} - , .,' ' tIt I IZ, ,, , , 4 NVjRRSIMJ3TY OF' CALIFORNIA r-U-l$LICATXONS-'-(00tmi- ViLX 24. 1. The Uble ottery Collection from Nasca, by A. H. ay,on and a Ln d -roeber. Pp. 1-46, plstes 1-, 12 Ogurei in text. February, 197 .60 2.- Petroglyph of: aliornia ad Adjoinig States, by .1ilia HL Stewiard. Pp.~ 478, frontispiece :(in color) and.plates 2--94, 92 -figures in text, 49, maps September 129.. ........... .............5...0 3 Y . Toiuts and Western Mod?no Pottey-Ma ing, by A H. Gayton. P. 29 : :-251, plates 95-102, 2 figures in test,- map. 4Septembe', 1929 .................... A0 : 4. he Valley!1 ienan, by A, L. Kroeber' Pp. 2 3z90 December, 1929i .... .50 5. The Bear River Diaiect!r of. Ath scn, by, 0Iy Eirle oddard. Pp. -291-324 December ............40 6. Pemvi an Cumbrous I .by sabel T. Kely. l Pp. 325-341, gre in text. Ap.il 1930 ..-- - - .25 7. 74The Cnrver's Art oif the dians Cf. *orwestc Califoria, by Isabel T., Kelly. Pp 343-360, plates 103-19 T ges in telct. August, i930 ^ .40 8 Yokuts-Moo Chiefs and Bh s, by A H. 0ayton. Pp. 361-20 Oeto : ber 1930-. - . . . . . ---------- . . . . 9. Vuki Basketry, by Isabel T. Xelly.. Pp. 421-444, plates l 7, S fures i text, '.November 1930 S , ..-... - --.- '40, Vol. t25.. LoVvlock Caeb Llew6Unelly*n L_ Ioud an?d M R H, Pp. v + :183, plte , 25 ge i text. F eb , 1929 t -.-..r-..--.~-..... 2.50- 2. menitawei Reliiotis (-t, b* Sdwinu M. Losb. tLp. 1 27, plaes e8. February, :1929 .- -- .... .-. .... .80 3., T'ibal Initi ations,. ad Seet Socltoti by Edwin ..L, Loeb. Pp. 249-48$ :. \, ' '' '1 map.-! Zebruary, '1929-.50. .................... ........ ..0 4. Archaeolog of the #otrn oo aan;Joatuin Valle, by W..Egbert Sch'nck -.far .lner 3. 'Daweoin. jiPp'.- 289-413, plates 74-42. Selptetnbr,q 12 .. . 5 --VOl.: $5. AboiAignal Society in SoutherA C1ifornia,, by; William Duncan Strong.. x + 358 pp. 7 maps. MIy i929- ----.--- - -- 4.50 :~. 0- ,'upplement-uthort and ....it........... Enlde; EYni'>veraty' of C............ali-fOrni wub-. ...... .: W , .; S ~li'catioiis in,.Anterican AtchWa.eology and,,Ethnology.-: V...........................plumes,1-26sy-.', - 1903-19. 2O 16 pp.. Jue; .. .- ...... .2. VolQ. 27.A (*rammnar of .th, 'Wappo I;Lnguage,' byD' Paul- Radin'.vii+194' pp. ' 28. 1. htumxasPrehistory, by Ronald L Olson. Pp. 1.21, SfihurerainfC taxt, 1. r ;ma,p . :January 19$O-.......--"----.8'- -*tt'' --vW------*-F-*o 90' -,.,2.' Textile 'Periodts in Anc.tent P'eia, -by LU4a LI......................... tO'N~ale .an;d A. L. Kroeber. '. ,. ' .Pp., 23-Me, 'pla"tes 1t-4#8, 13, figures in 't~e~t .................... ~arc:h, ...1930- - , .. ..,, '_'60, 3. The Gh:ost. Dance of 1870 in Southeitral Califbornia, by. A. E Gaytonf :.'"'Pp. 67-82,. 2 figu res. :In tex.; - ' ch '19930 ....................... .'*....- . W.'-'35, Vol 29.' 1. Archaology .of th.e Dalles-DeAch`tes ,gion, by W.. Duncan Strong, WEt . .. - \ . - Egbert Schenck.:-andJ;ulian Hi. Steward*. Pp. viii +1-154, plates 1-28, 22'8 figures' hi tex;tj 1 ,',map. Novembet 1930-.... .-2 umes .0 ,2. A Cro,w, Text, wit Grasatica Notes, by Robert H. LIowi Pp. 155-175. w. .w- 2 *ecber-'t9Sd-:..,,- .16........................... '.,,.. , -*-M ?*0 Z)c ane 193(--n30 Vol, S. Eaath Ethnogaphy, b.Lsie Spier Pp, x' + 1-8, 22 fig2Aes ii textf December, 1920- ... ''. ....... ..... .... . ......-..0 0.. .... - 2.50