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J9;N&%16"&%?.L'Y "MA,?XD b,dY'-?,??k'-L-',' ?' I,GY, AOL and" gob&At, Ift., L,, ;?, ,- .1?_ toriI--I II L, , ' , , "--'L' 2"- -! ''I L,,, ,., II.,- %L I- iI I ??I?,: I? I., p I ., I ,, ..,II I ''. 11 -1. .. ..., .,f ,?? . ? 1?W-vII?, ?r,? - ?xnce%. eUk & -?', -?44-.1iiiijI"t - .", 110 ? L,.?V6 =e ,,,,:I, ..,-25io? 00- , "o'I ,6i ,q ,-., ?:_? .,-1:41 , ,,I"I.I? ?V - .?, I _ I-?, ?49` Xom? I11 .: , ,'th, I ,, - ",.?I?, ?LI I',I,.10., , ?.: I I? I , t , ,. - II I...-i 'L "I'. %I-, 1.I""iI?? .,I,-1. -II -'.,? IIII.-, I'llI,??11? . ,'-; 'od -2, ,?u -pro."I? ?. I L11 - *0I , W, 6,"L, 19 ?vn. " -$ ?`??' L V;ql r'- . , I,uI&b6-',4iw,?I6 ? "" ,?,.??.L_j,..-?, ?_ 4 ?25,060 ??, .-?-, ;. .-IqI;- _,_,I.,?, 'LII?. -.? I4? -i'....",11I.I..-L.,4 .., _ .1 Z, I ?_.?I ? - ,I?I.''?.I". ..- .-.I,.., `? -`,'L..,I? ?.:I_ .. .,PI II I:I /?? ??.IIIILI.I?,?11.t?, ., __ ?1. I I, ILII ..1 -? ?, I 11.,r, ., '. ? ...- , , -,;.- ,,,I',,?, ??,,?, ?, ?1.I. II ,?,?'; . I I14.... L11 ? .?,?; 11L1-?",m,I,, .- ?,i , '' ?" -?? I --('_,? '?? ., , ?, ?? L, ?,,,"I. II.1 .?, .,,,..,I I?',-?*I"II?'L. '' ?1-I L?,:? ?.I,.,L'? -1-1 'Ai---?,?,I ..-I ? Pt-4,00, .1,",,IL , - ? I. .?1,- L ?-A ?ih ,. - . . . ? ., I-. -" ;' ??I .,:?,__-I" -W???. I?.II;, ? ":7 , "" lu.'int , ii,I,? ,I.. ,I ?, 01ted- "c;---? ? Iq, , L.-'II,,..?..I? ,?, I_o,;ru t"" , ,"zl,,rI 'L,..1.,. ItIL ? II??-? -'' 1 ''4_1. I., 1.?,,j .-"":, 1?' ?':. ?''' 'I.."_,?:, ,?,.?-,':,,I,,. . i ,-?r.--1 .-I ,.:?,.?LI. ,.I?14.,.?",II-'?,, .I,, ,?". -,'.-." '': ;", ,,,, ???'7.??III;,. ." "I ''".: -,--, I ?? ? . The second is of red basalt with small vesicles. The third (pl. 54c) is a conglomerate, principally of quartz sand and calcareous cement. Perforated "sinkers. "-Perforated "sinkers" found at the cave were far more perfect and symmetrical than any found in Humboldt valley. Plate 55d, e are distinct in that the perforations are small and uniform in diameter from one side of the disk to the other. For this reason the objects are better adapted as spindle whorls than any others. Plate 55f is of unique rectangular form and of a unique stone material, crystalline limestone with a fine grain and sufficient ferrous matter to give it a pale brick-red appearance. Plate 55c: is made of a peculiar igneous rock, probably an ancient tuff of pre-Tertiary age. It is comparatively hard for tuff, is fine grained, and of a bluisih tinge. Plate 55h, has four incised lines on each side of the specimen. It is an uncrystalized argillaceous limestone of slate color. Pipe.-The partially manufactured pipe shown (pl. 55i) is a beautiful specimen of soft, shiny, translucent calcium crystal, very easily cut. 1929] 10-7 108 University of Californmi Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 Problematical stone objects.-Plate 55j shows a well polished ehisel- shaped object, with incised zigzag lines upon one edge. It is too blunt and of too soft a stone to serve as a chisel. It is made of a slaty tuff, a tuff which has been given a slaty grain by compression. It is lentic- ular in cross-seetion. The upper end is broken. Plate 55k of the same plate shows a flat rectangular object of uniform thickness. The sides are rough, as though it were an object of nature. However, the edges have been cut and polished. It is of slaty argillaceous limestone. Calcium crystal.-A fragment of a large calcium crystal, similar to the pipe described above, was found. It is 37 mm. in length. Quartz crystals are commonly found in the shellmounds of San Francisco bay and are considered to have been used for shamanistic purposes. Hammerstones.-Plate 54b is a fragmentary specimen of quartzit,e, doubtfully classed as a hamerstone. A second specimen, a naturally shaped pebble 8 cm. long, may have been used at one end as a hammerstone or paint pestle. Knives.-Plate 55a shows a very thin knife of white flint variegated with streaks of pink and red. The specimen has a fine sharp edge but is irregular in outline. It is of sufficient length, 27 cm., to be classed with the ceremonial blades of northwestern California which are used principally as articles of wealth and display in dances. Plate 55b shows a knife made of a material which, if obsidian, is of an unusually opaque quality. It is bound with sinew to a handle of wood. The dimensions of the knife blade are 80 mm. in length, 36 mm. in width, and 11 mm. in thickness. Plate 551 shows a well shaped knife of obsidian, whose dimensions are given in the explanation of the plate. Plate 55m is an illustration of an unusually attenuated form of knife made of a drab colored flint. Plate 55n, o shows fragmentary specimens of what are appar- ently very large ceremoni,al knives. The only other knife found at the cave is of white flint (pl. 56i). It has, in proportion to its width, an unusual thickness. Spearpoints.-Orly three specimens were found at the cave, two of obsidian, and one of a yellow flint mottled with brown (pl. 56h, p, q). Arrowpoints.-All of the arrowpoints found at the cave are shown on plate 56. Seven are of obsidian and four of flint. Five are of the 3-notch type. Two have two notches and three have the single basal notch. One specimen (pl. 56j), is unfinished, the notches being absent. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Drills.-The two specimens of drill found at the cave are shown as plate 561, m. The first is of very opaque obsidian. The second is a broken drill of a very attenuated form made of white flint. CLAY AND PAINT The few objects of clay and paint are listed below. Pieces 1-19229, globular clay ball ................................................. ...... 1 1-19230, globular clay ball (pl. 53g) .--------------------------------------------- 1 1-19231, elliptical clay ball (pl. 53h) ........ --- 1 1-21212, red paint in a tule bundle (pl. 43p) ------------------------------ 1 1-21213, yellow paint in a tule bundle (pl. 43q) .--------------------------- 1 1-19232-19236, red paint ..-------------------------------------------------- 11 Total .- 16 Two well baked clay balls (Northern Paiute, widuno'o) were found in the cave in apparent association with a skeleton (12-2652, lot 32). Another clay ball was found elsewhere. Of the three speci- mens two were globular with diameters of 33 to 37 mm. The third specimen with pointed ends (25 mm. diameter, 42 mm. long) is closely similar in size and appearance to specimens found in shellmounds of Humboldt bay, California. Those at Humboldt bay and Smith river, California, and on Rogue river, Oregon, are described as used in playing a guessing game.22 Gilbert Natches thought the cave speci- mens were used in a game such as the Northern Paiute play. One of the players is blindfolded while pebbles are hidden in sand. After removing the blindfold the player attempts to locate the pebbles hidden by drawing in the sand a circle several inches in diameter. Specimens of paint found by the writer include two bundles of tule containing red and yellow paint which are shown on plate 43p, q. The red sample is an iron oxide obtained by burning yellow ocher. The yellow paint is a ferric-sulphate oxide. Red could not be pro- duced from this sample by burning. Eleven small lumps, 48 grams, of red paint were found on the dump and elsewhere. Other specimens from the cave were seen in the possession of various individuals. Mr. I. P. Richardson had a sample of green paint about the size of a finger. 22 Preseat series, 14:377. 1929] 109 110 University of Califormia Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 III. NEW TYPES OF ARTIFACTS FOUND IN 1924 BY M. R. HARRINGTON The collection of artifacts excavated for the University of Cali- fornia by Mr. Loud was similar in most respects to that secured by the expedition under my charge. There were certain types, not found by Mr. Loud, which merit description here. The first to be discussed pertain to the Early Period of the cave's history, and include such things as atlatls or spear-throwers, the darts used with them, and a series of curious crooked clubs, all of which resemble products of the ancient Basket-Maker culture of the Southwest. a b Fig. 18.-Pieces of spear-throwers, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. We found no complete atlatls in Lovelock cave, although one, was discovered during the guano digging and was given by Mr. Hart to a private collector in California, after whose death it was lost. This had a grooved top, aecording to Mr. Hart's description, a ridge along the bottom for greater strength, and notches near the butt to accommodate the user's fingers (see fig. 16). Our expedition, however, was fortunate enough to find several broken pieces of atlatls (fig. 18a, b). None is precisely like the spear- throwers we have from the Basket-Makers, although resembling these in a general way. Figure 18a is 11 inches long and has a short groove, like most Basket-Maker atlatls, but the spur is projecting instead of Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave flush, and the shaft is a simple round stick, slightly flattened only on the top. Figure 18b is flat like a Basket-Maker weapon and is exceed- ingly well made; but the spur is projecting, and very near the distal end, and the groove is very long, extending the full length of the fragment we have, all of which features differentiate it from the Basket-Maker style. The spur is missing from another specimen in the collection, but the flat shape and the long groove are similar to the preceding. The wood of which these atlatls are made has not been identified. Of the darts that were cast with the atlatl, we found no perfect specimen of the shafts and no specimen showing feathering; but featherless fragments of the cane shafts appeared occasionally, and one piece of wooden shaft; while wooden foreshafts for the darts were fairly abundant. Two of the best of these, still retaining their original points, are show-n in plate 45c, d, one of black obsidian, one of a grayish flinty stone, bound to the foreshafts with sinew. The wood has not been identified. Especially interesting a.re a series of bunts or blunt points, some of wood, some of bone (pl. 46a, b), used either as stunning points for the atlatl darts, or for practice purposes in place of the foreshafts with easily broken stone points. Kidder and Guernsey describe and illus- trate one of these wooden. bunts23 found in place on the shaft in a Basket-Maker cave, Pepper24 figures three examples of the bone-tipped type of dart-bunt from southeastern Utah, and in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, are a number of these from Basket-Maker stations in Grand Gulch, in the same region. The bone tips in our Lovelock cave specimens were cut from the ends of deer (?) tibias. The longer of the two shown in our figure measures 73/4 inches, while the longest wo-oden bunt is 41/4 inches. Turning now to our crooked clubs (pl. 16a, b) we find them to furnish still another link with Basket-Maker culture, as they resemble strongly the typical club of that people as figured by Kidder and Guernsey25 except that they are somewhat slenderer in form and have no longitudinal grooves. The proximal ends of our four clubs are missing except one, which terminated in a flat knob. The wood is considerably disintegrated, for the place where they lay, beneath the 23 S. J. Guernsey and A. V. Kidder, Basket-Maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona, Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 8:86, pl. 34, 1921. 24 G. H. Pepper, The Throwing Stick of a Prehistoric People of the Southwest, Internat. Cong. Americanists, Sess. 13, N. Y. 1902, 126, 1905. 25 op. ott., pl. 36. 1929] ill 112 Unitverity of California Publioation in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 large rockfall northwest of the stratigraphic section at a depth of 95 inches, was slightly damp. The clubs shown are about 19 inches long and about 5/8 inch thick. The wood has not been identified. Another implement found in the older levels of Lovelock cave (72 inches deep), which is also associated with Basket-Maker remains farther south and east, is the sickle-shaped implement of mountain sheep horn shown in plate 164. Its spread from tip to tip is 13 inches and the greatest thickness about Y/16 of an inch. The whole implement is flat with a slight twist, and is made from a piece split from a large horn. The edges are thin, but near the distal end of the horn, which was the proximal end of the implement, they are rounded enough to make a comfortable hold for the hand. The outside periphery of the curve or convex edge also shows a rounded but somewhat thinner edge; but the concave edge, has apparently been sharpened like a sickle, and shows much wear. A very similar "sickle " was found by Nusbaum in a Basket-Maker cave, and is figured and described by Kidder and Guernsey in their appendix to his report26 published by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, for which institution the explorations were carried on. As to the use of this implement, if it is not an actual sickle for gathering rushes or some- thing of the sort, I should suggest that it may have been a bark- shredder or a tool for preparing plant fibers for cordage. Of probably similar use is the mountain sheep horn implement shown in plate 16c, measuring in spread 16 inches. It is thinner and better made than the preceding; it has more twist, and the concave edge shows wear, but no sharpening. For a distance of 13/4 inches from the butt it is painted white. Judging from the level of origin of the grave pit in which it was found, it probably belongs to the transitional rather than to the early period. Belonging to the early period, and coming from the sixth level of the stratigraphic section itself, is the headband shown in plate 52c, which is unique in the writer's experience. To make this, rather short human hair was braided into a rope about 3/8 of an inch in diameter in such a way that the ends protrude on one side only in the form of tufts averaging 11/4 inches long and 3/4 inch apart. This was coiled upon itself to form the headband, and bound together with Indian hemp strings in such a way that the tufts are all on the outside. The 26 J. L. Nusbaum, A Basket-Maker Cave in Kane County, Utah, with Notes on the Artifacts by A. V. Kidder and S. J. Guernsey. Indian Notes and Monographs, 1%useum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, p. 122 and pl. 61. New York, 1922. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave completed headband has six rows of braid and is a little over two inches wide. Pressed together the whole thing is 11 inches long. It is shown partly spread in the figure. Tucked under one of the, bind- ing strings is a slender double-pointed bone object, well made and polished, about 1'/2 inches long, possibly the barb of a fishhook. Of the wooden pendants (?) shown in plate 48d, f, 48d is 3'/16 inches long and 3/8 inch thick, and 48f is 37/8 inches long and 1/4 inch thick. The other flat wooden object (pl. 48e) is of unknown use and is 21/2 inches long. The fourth object (pl. 48c) is 41/4 inches long and between %6 and 1/8 inch thick. This last, which was found at a depth corresponding to our third level, is made of the stems of a small fili- form sedge, bound together with Indian hemp cord. Its use is problematical. Of tubular form, like Basket-Maker pipes, but differing from them in having a long bone stem, is the pipe shown in plate 52a, found at a depth of 70 inches. The bowl is of fine-grain, grayish stone, prob- ably a limestone, and is 1%/,6 inches long and 3/4 inch in largest diameter. It contained charred residue, but whether from a real tobacco or a substitute was not aseertained. The bowl was attached to the stem with a binding of sinew, covered with a dark colored gum or pitch, and in this gum were stuck two irregular bits of shell by way of decoration. The stem was made of a thin tubular bird bone with the mouthpiece end nicely rounded off. This was %6 inch in diameter, and the whole pipe measured 83/8 inches in length. The stone balls shown in plate 57b, ranged in size from 1/2 to 1'/2 inches. One of them appeared in our fourth or lower transition level, the others were found elsewhere in the older pits and deeper refuse layers. Perhaps they were used in games, or as shamans' charms, which was the most plausible use suggested by our Indian helpers for the ovoid and the bi-pointed stones shown in plate 57d. The material of the balls was usually fine-grain sandstone or limestone. They were often nicely finished, but not polished; while the ovoids and bi-points although of similar materials were sometimes highly polished. Another suggestion for the use of the latter two classes, especially the ovoids, is as "weights'" or charms to attach to the backs of atlatls, as illus- trated by Kidder and Guernsey.27 The largest of these objects, plate 57c, is 2%6 inches long. 27 Op. oit., pl. 33. 1929] 113 114 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL.. 25 Considering now the transition and upper levels, we find the decoys among the most remarkable and interesting of artifacts. Eleven were found in pit 12. Plate 7 shows the bundle that contained them, both in place and after opening. The decoys found in the Lovelock cave fall into two types, the painted and the stuffed. In the former the body was formed by bend- ing a bundle of 25 or 30 large bulrush (tule) stems (Scirpus validuw) and binding them together as shown in plate 33b. The ends were then cut off to simulate the duck's tail, and a head was cleverly constructed of rushes and smoothly bound with the same material split, then sewed fast to the body, with evident care to attain a realistic pose. After the bend of the rushes has been smoothly bound over with split rush to, form the breast, we have a result like plate 33a. To complete the decoy it was then only necessa.ry to pa.int the head, breast, and tail to represent the bird, using black and reddish-brown native paints, and to cover the body with white feathers, the quills of which were stuck under the breast-wrappings, and held fast elsewhere with fine native cord of Indian hemp, (Apolcynum cannabinusm L.). The com- pleted decoy, representing a canvasback drake, is shown in plate 34b. This is 11 inches long. Only ducks seem to have been represented by these painted decoys; but ducks, .geese, and other water fowl were imitated by the stuffed type, which was commoner, easier to make, and is still manufactured by the Northern Paiute. The body of the stuffed type was made in approximately the same way as the painted type, but the breast was nolt bound, and instead of a rush head, a sort of rush stub or nipple projected from the body to which a complete stuffed head of the bird was fastened, with its natural skin, feathers, and beak. Sometimes there was enough body skin attac.hed to the head to cover the rush body, but usually it had to be more or less supplemented by small bunches of feathers, the quills of which were stuck into the rushes. Plate 59a represents a female canvasback decoy of this type, made by the Northern Paiute of the Stillwater band. The bottom view of the same speeimen is shown in plate 59b, and proves how closely the modern Indian decoy-makers follow the ancient patterns. This decoy is 141/2 inches long. Some of the ancient decoys still show a loop of cord on the breast for the attachment of an anchor, and one had a short string under the tail, the loose end tied to the middle of a bit of quill, which doubtless served as a toggle for the attachment of an anchor cord on this end also. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave The making of decoys seems to have caused such a development of the taxidermist's art among the Later Period dwellers in the Love- lock cave that they even mounted small birds as shown in plate 34a. This specimen, which is 41/4 inches long, has been nearly destroyed by insects, as were the other examples of this sort found. Possibly these were decoys also. The sna.res shown in plate 48a;, b, were found with the decoys in pit 12, and are therefore probably of the later period. They consist of a square-ended loop of twig, possibly willow, a piece of cord about 10 inches long, made of Indian hemp, and a wooden peg about 3/4 inch long. The cord is attached to the end of one arm of the willow loop, runs freely through a knot tied in the twig itself at the end of the other arm, and terminates in the peg. These snares, of which the exact method of use is unknown, are somewhat similar to a Basket- Maker type, found in the Southwest, yet in this cave they appear in the Later Period deposits down to the upper Transitional level, and in one pit originating in the lower Transitional. The wooden object shown in plate 16e, which was found with a mummy in pit 46, is 131/2 inches long, and has been carefully made of hard, heavy wood. The work has been obviously done with stone implements. Unless it were a handle for s-ome implement,. its use would be difficult to imagine. Another characteristic and interesting product of the Later Period is the. woven rush sandal, described and figured by Loud. Tending to confirm the Northern Paiute legend of the assault on the cave are the fire-arrow foreshafts shown in plate 46c, d. The inflammable parts are dry reed in one instance and grass in the other. Several were found in a partially burned condition, including one in which the inflammable part was a piece of dry rotten wood or punk which would glow and smoulder. The longest specimen shown is 71/4 inches. A very large .number of arrow fragments were found in the crevices of the rockfall blocking the mouth of the cave, as if they had been shot into it, and in the rare cases where a part of the latest cave floor was found intact, the rush-es and grass had been burned to the depth of a foot or so, as if fired by the flaming arrows mentioned in the legend. The legend is confirmed thus far; but tending to, refute.it is the fact that the specimens of the Later Period are much more like Northern Paiute products than like those of the Pit River people who, the legend states, were the cave dwellers. In fact, if we wish 1929] 115 116 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 to find soft rush basketry like that produced by the Pit River, Modoc, and Klamath we must turn to the lower levels of the cave. A type of bow belonging to the Later Period is shown in plate 45a. The material is probably the so-called mountain cedar (Juniperus uqtahensis), which is a favorite bow material of the modern Northern Paiute. As may be seen in the figure, the nocks are irregular and much worn and there is sinew binding about 3 inches below the tip. The fragment is 71/4 inches long. Of especial interest for comparative purposes is the fact that the belly is rounded and the back flat; and that it is narrow, resembling modern Northern Paiute bows, instead of broad and flat like northern California forms. A hairbrush is shown in plate 52e. It is made of a bundle of quills so stripped that only an in.ch or less of the feather remains on the distal ends. The individual feathers are light brown, about six inches long, and from the tail of an unidentified bird. Many of the quills were split at the end used as a brush, but others were left intact for the sake of stiffness. About an inch and a half from the proximal end of the feathers, where the bunndle is about 11/4 inches thick, is a binding of Indian hemp (Apocynum) cord over which was placed the long 2-inch binding of willow basket-splint with the bark on, as seen in the illustration. In the brush end are still entangled long black and dark-brown hairs. Another curious specimen is the brown scoria ring shown in plate 57a, the length of which is 51/8 inches, the width 31/2 inches, and the thickness 2 inches. The perforation in the center, which is smallest in the middle, varies from 11/8 inches to nearly 2 inches across. The projections on the ends are probably intended to represent bird heads, which are seen more plainly in the specimen itself than in the photo- graph. The pores of the scoria contain considerable yellow pigment, as if the object had once been painted yellow. It is rather light for a club head or a digging-stick weight, yet these are the only uses that suggest themselves. The last Later Period specimen to illustrate is the bear claw shown in plate 52a, which evidently formed part of a necklace, judging by its two perforations. Its extreme length is 27/s inches and it appears to be a claw of a black bear, rather than a grizzly. The objects described below were purchased and are unaccom- panied by data as to the depth at which they were found. The set-line, 22 feet long, shown in plate 51a., is a fine strong line, apparently of Indian hemp. Strung along its central portion at Loud-Harritngton: Lovelock Cave intervals of about 71/2 inches is a series of 5-inch snells made of still finer cord, to which are attached 12 fislhhooks. Each consists of a shank of split rush and a barb of bone; the snell being attached at the junction of shank and barb, instead of at the extremity of the shank. To make the hook the stripi of split rush was bent about the bone barb and wrapped tightly with fine cord. The finished shanks are 118 inches long and the barbs; 1 inch on the average. There is the possibility that this line was used for catching wild fowl instead of fish, but Northern Paiute Indians have described to me the use of such set-lines for catching fish. Plate 51b illustrates another type of fishhook, with a shank of wood to which the bone barb is lashed, the barbs averaging about an inch in length and the shanks an inch and a quarter. These were not attached to a set-line, but each had a line of its own, a loosely twisted two-strand line, apparently of Indian hemp. Barbs were lashed to the shanks and shanks to the line with fine native cord which might be called stout thread. A number of wooden ha.ndles for knives were found during the course of our digging, but the blades were missing. Among the pur- chases, however, was a fine complete knife (or perhaps spearhead), shown in plate 45b. This is 73/4 inches long, of which the blade, of mottled gray and yellow flinty stone, oceupies 33/4 inches. The handle, apparently of willow, is round in section, except near the butt, where it is flattened. It is attached to the blade with pitch and twisted fiber cord. Near the middle of the handle is a transverse groove. It is difficult to imagine what the flattening was for, unless to facilitate the attachment of the knife to a long shaft for service as a spear, in which case the transverse groove would serve to prevent the cord lashing from slipping. Probably the finest single, specimen from the Lovelock cave is the remarkable, composite, ceremonial plume, illustrated in plate 20. The stem or foundation of this is the wing bone of a large bird, possibly a goose or a pelican, which shows at the bottom of the plume. To the end of this is fastened a large stripped quill extending to the top of the specimen, which is nearly 20 inches long. A tuft of beautiful white down covers the upper six inches of the quill, barring the last inch and a quarter. A little of t.his down may be seen near the top of the plume as shown in the picture. The quill and the down are sur- rounded by white feathers of swans or gulls or both, the inner ones twisted, the outer ones loose, neither of which appear in the picture. 1929] 117 118 Uniwersity of California P4blioation in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 The exterior of the large plume is composed of many small composite plumes, about fifty in all, each made on a twisted sedge (perhaps Scirpus caespitosuws). The exposed part of each is about 11?/2 inches long. The lower 4 or 5 inches of each small plume is wrapped in duck skin, especially the iridiseent green plumage of the male mal- lard's neck. The foundation is wrapped with bobcat fur. At the tip of each small plume there is a bunch of small feathers, of many kinds and colors, among which are usually two upright stiff strings of twisted sinew, extending higher than the feathers. On one of these is strung an OliveUa-shell bead. When found the whole plume was encased in a cover made from the skin of some animal, apparently a young bobcat. It seems probable that it was carried as a wand in the hand, possibly by a shaman, rather than worn on the head or attached to a staff. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave IV. PROBABLE HISTORY OF THE CAVE By M. R. HARRINGTON Use of the Cave The theory has been advanced that Lovelock cave was merely a place of ceremonial deposit and a cemetery, and not, in any sense of the word, a dwelling place; but with this I disagree. To my mind it was, first of all, a dwelling place, and secondly a, storage place for supplies and valuables; but only incidentally and occasionally a burial place, and possibly once in a while a shrine for ceremonial deposits. Every possible variety of camp refuse was found in the cave, ashes, rush, and grass bedding, rags of old fur, and feather blankets, bones of food animals, scraps of worn out baskets and mats, deer hair, cast-off sandals, disearded "quids" of rush fiber chewed by the Indians, and even the dried excreta of the ancient dwellers. The pits in many cases had been used again and again for storage purposes, each time having been emptied and refilled, which would probably not have been done had the deposits been of a ceremonial chara.cter. Certainly no primitive people living in a place could have left more to prove that they had really dwelt there. The argument that no Indians would live in a cave full of dead men's bones falls down when we realize that the occupation of the cave was not continuous. A death might occur, an interment take place, and all the dwellers leave the cave in consequence. But nothing was left to mark the spot, and another band might. come along and take possession without ever knowing that such a thing had happened. The earlier period of the eave undoubtedly belongs to the Basket- Maker horizon, and may well represent a period three or four thousand years ago. We found the remains of only 12 individuals; Mr. Loud reports about 45 in 1912, so probably there were never more than 60 burials in t.he whole cave. Certainly an average of two burials per century would have very little effect in preventing residence within the cave. 1929] 119 120 University of Califormia Publiations in Amn. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 And finally, how do we know that the Indians preceding the present Northern Paiute had the same feeling regarding the dead that they profess today? Speaking of the Northern Paiute, we have their own tradition to support the contention that the cave was used as a dwelling place, although by another tribe. Probable History From my own observation in the cave I should think that when first occupied it was still a rockshelter, for the great roekfalls blocking the mouth rest for the most part on beds of aboriginal camp refuse laid down before they fell, shaken loose by some forgotten earthquake. From the fact that this camp refuse lies directly on the white lacustrine deposits left by Lake Lahontan, or at most is separated from them by a guano layer not more than 20 inches deep, it certainly looks as if the cave were first occupied soon after the subsidence of that body of water, perhaps within a hundred years, although of course there may be faetors in the situation of which we are ignorant. Kidder28 estimates the Basket-Maker period along about 1500 to 2000 years B.C. Now the Early Period of our cave belongs to the Basket-Maker horizon, and therefore if Kidder is right an estimate of 1000 B.C. would be a conservative guess as the date of first occupation of Lovelock cave. But when did Lake Liahontan subside? We find authorities29 dif- fering widely as to the age of Lake Lahontan, Jones dating it at only 1000 years ago and Antevs at 30,000 or 35,000 years. The first estimate seems far too low in the light of our archaeological knowledge, and the second even farther too high. Perhaps however conditions prevailed in the Lovelock cave for many thousands of years, conditions of which we are ignorant, which prevented the accumulation of debris upon its bottom before the bats and then the Indians took possession of it. It must be remombered in this connection too, that we found no bones of saber-tooth tigers, horses, or eamels in even the oldest of our human deposits, although remains of these animals have been recovered from the Lake LIahontan shore gravels. The fauna we found, even in the deeper levels of the cave, was substantially the same as at present. 28A. V. Kidder, An Introduetion to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology (New Haven, 1924), 119. 29 J. C. Jones, Geologic History of Lake liaontan, p. 4. Ernst Antevs, On the Pleistocene History of the Great Basin, p. 77. Both papers in "Quaternary Climates," Publ. 352 of the Carnegie Inst. of Washington, 1925. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Who were the first occupants? They had basketry and woven bags somewhat like those of the ancient Basket-Maker culture of the Southwest, but not so well made nor so well decorated; they used the atlatl (or spear-thrower) to throw darts, as did the Basket-Makers, instead of the bow and arrow; they carried curious crooked clubs somewhat like those of the Basket-Makers, and used mountain sheep horn "sickles" similar to theirs. But these early Lovelock cave people, although so, similar in many ways, knew nothing of Basket- Maker agriculture; in fact they had no agriculture at all, but were purely hunters, fishers, and, especially, gatherers of the natural products of the desert. They made more extensive use of rabbit and fish nets than the Basket-Makers seem to have done; and while their culture was much poorer than that of the latter people, they possessed some things, including one form of soft twined basketry but little stiffer than the twined bags, apparently unknown to the Basket- Makers, but resembling strongly the modern split rush baskets of northern California and Oregon. For that matter the twined bags of the Early Period in Lovelock cave resemble the modern twined bags of northern California and Oregon as much as they do Basket- Maker products. Kidder on looking over our Lovelock cave collection was convinced that our Early Period "belongs to the Basket-Maker horizon," even if the products were more primitive. and a little different. It may well be that this culture exemplifies the hitherto hypo- thetical "basic culture" of the Southwest from which the typical Basket-Maker is thought to have developed after the acquisition of agriculture. Still, it might convey a mistaken idea to name it "Early Basket-Maker" for in this peripheral region a less-developed form might have been contemporaneous with the typical Basket-Maker culture farther east. The term " Sub-Basket-Maker" might be more appropriate, or the name " Basket-Maker 1" suggested at t.he Pecos archaeological conference held in August, 1927, which the writer was privileged to attend. If this last term is generally accepted the typical Basket- Maker culture will be known as "Basket-Maker 2" and what has hitherto been called "Post-Basket-Maker" will be called "Basket- Maker 3." At all events these early people lived in the Lovelock cave, probb- ably not constantly, but from time to time when convenient, when the quest for food brought them to the shore of the lake, or during very 1929] 121 122 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 bad weather; and they stored their seeds, dried fish, and various possessions in it. As time went on the deposits of camp refuse were built up to a depth of four or five feet in favorable places. Then a foreign influence began to, creep in, seen first in the presence of new kinds of basketry; but whether this means the actual presence of a strange people between the visits of our "Sub-Basket-Makers" or whether the latter simply acquired some new ideas is not made clear. This was the beginning of our Transition Period. This foreign influence grew stronger and finally the bow and arrow entered. The atlatl and dart lingered on for a while but finally died out, leaving the bow and arrow supreme by the time the deposits had piled up a few feet more. Then follows the beginning of the Later Period. When did this later period begin? We have no way of telling even approximately, unless we assume that the rate of deposit of refuse was reasonably uniform, and that there was no guano above our stratigraphic seection. If we also assume that the; date of the lowest level was about 1000 B.C., we are allowing 3000 years for the accumu- lation of 12 feet of refuse, or four feet per thousand years. Now the beginning of the Later Period is four feet deep; therefore if the above is true, it began about 1000 A.D. But of course this is mere speculation and may be far from the truth. In the Later Period the culture was somewhat different, although many of the standard things continued much as before, such as rush matting with twined rush warp, one sort of coiled basketry, fur-eloth blankets, and fish nets and rabbit nets. But the bow and arrow was now the standard weapon, the arrow being usually made of cane with a greasewood foreshaft, the pointed distal end of which formed the point for the arrow; though once in a while the foreshaft is squared off and slotted for the reception of a stone point, and one-piece arrows of wood appear occasionally. In addition to the usual coiled basketry we now have a single-rod coiled type, sometimes pitched; and a stiff rod-and-splint twined, or a rod-and-splint wicker basket mostly in the form of pack baskets, which take the place of the earlier coiled pack baskets. Soft flexible split-rush baskets and soft twined bags disappear entirely, and sandals woven of rush appear. Belonging to the Trans- ition and Later Periods are the decoys, already described, which were made in two styles, one of which persists at the present day among the Northern Paiute, especially the Stillwater and Walker Lake bands. 1929] Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave 123 Most of the classes of articles found in the Later Period deposits have counterparts among the Northern Paiute, and conversely, I have seen very few Northern Paiute products that do not find their counter- parts in the upper levels of the cave. Whatever their connection with the early inhabitants may have been, the latest dwellers in Lovelock cave were either Northern Paiute or their cultural, although possibly not linguistic, kinsfolk. In its original state Lovelock cave was a real souree-book of pre- history, probably unique in its richness and its scope. It is most unfortunate that some institution could not have made a complete study of it, and transcribed the information it had to offer, before irresponsible hands destroyed so many of its pages.81 31 A remarkable coiled basket water bottle, found at a depth of 15 feet in the Lovelock cave and illustrated on plate 67, is on exhibition at the University of Nevada Museum. The diameter of this basket bottle is, in the mean, 18Y2 inehes, its height is '14% inches, and it has eight vertical rows of twined reinforcements. The diameter of the lip is 3% inches and of the neck 2% inches. 124 Untversity of California Publioations in Am. Aroh. and Ethn. [VoL.25 APPENDIX 1. ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMBOLDT VALLEY By LLEWELLYN L. LOUD THE GREAT BASIN The Great Basin of interior drainage comprises most of Nevada and large portions of Utah, Oregon, and California. It is bounded on the west by the Sierra Nevada range whose higher peaks range from 8000 feet to 14,898 feet in elevation. Even the mountain passes are above 7000 feet. On the east the Great Basin is bounded by the Wahsatch range which is as lofty as the Sierra Nevada and far more extensive. The area of interior drainage is separated by a low indis- tinct rim from the drainage basin of the Columbia river on the north and from that of the Colorado river on the south.. The Great Basin might be regarded as an elevated plain cut up by numerous distinct, parallel mountain ranges of general north and south trend. In western Nevada, the level floors of the intervening valleys are about 4000 feet above the sea, and generally about twice as wide as the mountain ranges which rise two to five thousand feet above them. The elevations of the principal mountains and mountain passes are given on the map of western Nevada, plate 68. RIVERS The longest river in Nevada is the Humboldt, which rises in the northeast corner of the state at an elevation of over 7000 feet. After flowing in a general west-southwest direction two-thirds of the way across the state, it finds an elevation of 3920 feet in Humboldt lake on the eastern side of which is Lovelock cave. At seasons of overflow the waters continue for a distance of twelve or fifteen miles and empty into Carson sink, where they evaporate. At the water gauge station near Lovelock the river varied with the seasons in 1914 from 20 to, 49 inches in depth, while the amount of water passing per second varied from 341 to 1080 cubic feet.32 The 82 U. S. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Papers, no. 390, 1914, published 1917. Lomd-Harrington: Lovelock Cave drainage basin above that point is 14,200 square miles in extent and the annual discharge of water is sufficient to cover 344,000 acres to a depth of one foot. Usually the entire flow of Humboldt river is used for irrigation in the valley just south of Lovelock, so that no water reaches Humboldt lake. The Humboldt river carries a larger volume of water on its upper stretches than near its mouth, the waters being dissipated by evaporation, by irrigation, and by sinking into the under- lying gravels. Carson river rises in the Sierra Nevada and flows northeasterly for about 150 miles into Carson sink, six miles south of Humboldt lake. Thus it will be seen that Lovelock cave and the Humboldt valley archaeological sites lie near the center of a drainage basin, into which two rivers flow from opposite directions. LAKES Humboldt lake is merely an expansion of Humboldt river caused by a gravel embankment thrown across the valley by the currents of the ancient lake at a time when it was several hundred feet deep. The usual dimensions of the lake are about 2 by 6 miles, but in seasons of flood it is much larger and overflows into Carson sink. In 1882 the area was about 20 square miles with a maximum of 12 feet in depth. Carson sink, just over the mountain range from the cave, and almost as accessible to the cave people as was Humboldt lake, is a shallow playa lake usually about 20 miles in diameter, but in some years it is only a broad mud-covered plain. Its waters were sufficiently fresh so that the Paiute band living on Humboldt lake regularly watered their horses when crossing the plain on the way to the pine nut mountains. Pyramid lake, the largest lake of Nevada, is 30 miles long, 12 miles wide, 215 square miles in extent, and 361 feet deep. The ancient Lake Lahontan at this point had its greatest depth, at least 886 feet, not counting an unknown depth of sediments. Several hundred years ago there occurred a complete desiccation of all of the lakes of northwestern Nevada, including Humboldt lae.33 This desiccation was followed by a covering of the precipitated salts with silt. The new flood waters which later filled the basin and formed the present lakes were at first as fresh as river waters. 33 I. 0. Russell, Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada. U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph 11, 1885. 1929] 125 126 University of California Publications in Aim. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 Various waters of the Great Basin have been analyzed to determine degree of salinity. One liter of water from Humboldt lake weighs 1000.7 grams, compared to 1026 grams per liter of oeean water or 1230 grams per liter of water from the Dead Sea. The; following list shows the number of grams of solids per liter of various waters from the Great Basin and elsewhere. The order of arrangement is the order of increasing salinity. Lake Tahoe, Oct. 1872, .073 grams of solids per liter; Humboldt river, .362 grams; Humboldt lake, .929 grams; Carson lake, Oct. 1863, 1.473 grams; Walker lake, Sept. 1882, 2.516 grams; Pyra.mid lake, Aug. 1882, 3.499 grams; Winnemucca lake, Aug. 1882, 3.603 grams; ocean, 160 samples, .36.10 grams; Mono lake, July 1883, 51.9 grams; Great Salt lake, Aug. 1873, 147.9 grams; Great Salt lake, 1850, 260.7 grams; Dead Sea, Ma.r. 1864, 308.9 grams. Pyramid lake is just reaching a degree of salinity suffieient to prevent human consumption, except near the mouth of Truckee river. Two independent mathematical calculations can be made for the age of the present lakes of Nevada. First, the total inflow of water for a period of 300 years, at the present rate of rainfall, would bring the same number of tons of salts as are now estimated to be contained in the waters of Pyramid, Walker, and Winnemucca lakes-lakes having no outlet. Second, at the present rate of evaporation on the lake surfaces, that is over 90 inches per year,34 it would take 300 years of evaporation of river waters to leave behind the number of tons of salts now contained in the waters of the lakes. However, the period of complete desiccation should be placed 600 or more years ago instead of 300 years because following the period of complete desiccation the annual precipitation would gradually increase to the present relatively large amount. Submerged trees on lake shores prove that waters have gradually risen during the past century. The analysis of waters, given above, show that Great Salt lake was twice as salt in 1850 as it is now, or. in other words the lake has been freshened by a larger inflow of fresh wat;er. CLIMATE Temperature.-In summer the thermometer seldom rises above 950 Fahrenheit. The average number of days per year when the ther- mometer goes below the freezing point is 138. In 26 years the lowest temperature known is -28? F. At Winnemucca the mean annual tem- 34 A. W. Greely, Irrigation and Water Storage in the Arid Regions, House Ex. Doe., Se. 2, 51 Cong. 1890-91, vol. 38. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave perature is 480, the mean maximum 620, and the mean minimum 350. The mean for January is 270, for July 710.85 Snow is seldom over a foot deep in the valley and it never lasts long. On the river the flow in winter is seldom affected by ice. Some winters Humboldt lake freezes over. The swans, which ordinarily frequent Humboldt lake, then go to Carson sink which gradually freezes around the shore and in exceptional years even freezes in the center, after which the swans go to Pyramid lake which never freezes on account of its sailtness. Rainfal.86-The average rainfall in inches at Winnemucca, the recording station nearest Lovelock cave, over a period of 26 years was as follows: spring (2.4), summer (.5), fall (2.5), winter (3.1), total (8.5), highest (18.2), lowest (5.5). Wind.-In some parts of the summer season winds arise with considerable regularity every afternoon. Whirlwinds, hollow dust columns a thousand or more feet in height, are then seen in consid- erable numbers moving across the valley, raising a sufficient amount of sand and alkaline dust to hide from view the whole landscape, including the mountain ranges towering on each side. Even with goggles the irritation to the eyes is unendurable. FLORA In the vicinity of Humboldt lake there are several distinct botanical zones. To the northwest of the lake between the railroad and the gravel ridge (pl. 1), there is a hard baked playa six or eight miles in length which is absolutely devoid of vegetation. Another playa of less extent is situated to the northeast of site 4 (pl. 1). A third extensive playa is near Lovelock, while the largest of all is around Carson sink. In addition to the playas, which are always without vegetation, there are several square miles of drifting sand to the north of Humboldt lake, also without vegetation. To the north of the drifting sand lies a flat many miles in extent, covered with a rank, nearly impassable growth of tule, principally Scirpiss lacustris, which stands high above one's head. During the writer's stay at Lovelock cave fires raged for several days at a time in thickets of tule at the north and south ends of the lake. Such fires present an imposing spectacle in early evening when they burn with 35 U. S. Weather Bureau, Bull. Q, 87, 1906. 36 U. S. Weather Bureau, Bull. D, 1897. 1929] 127 128 Univeriity of Cflifornia Publicatons in Ain. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL.25 greatest fierceness. Later in the night they may die down to some extent only to be revived again under more favorable conditions the following morning. Part of the floor of the Humboldt valley is covered with salt grass, which supports large herds of cattle and wild horses, while formerly it supported possibly equally large herds of antelope. On these grass plains is also tumbleweed, a common plant growing to a height of two or three feet-owing to numerous branches it has a globular form and is easily blown about when dry. It is said by the whites that the Indians made use of the seeds. Botanical lists give tumbleweed, Amaranthuws graecizans, as an introduction from tropical America. Adjacent to the salt-grass area lies the gently sloping aluvium skirting the mountain ranges. It is distinguishable by a strip several rods wide covered with bushes and small tree-like forms 5 to 15 feet in height. The bushes include several species of greasewood, rabbit brush, rayless goldenrod, and other compositae and Chenopodiaceae. These stands of bushes are so thick that there is difficulty in finding a passage for a wagon through them. The remainder of the alluvial fan, as well as the entire gravel- and sand-covered mountain ridges is clothed with a scanty growth of bushes, mostly 1 to 3 feet in height. In many localities sagebrush, Artemrsia tridentota., is predominant, perhaps nine-tenths of all vegetation. Trees are lacking in the imme- diate vicinity, though the nut pine grows on the Stillwater range 20 miles to the east of the cave. The nut pine was an important source of food. FAUNA Mammals.-Small game is so abundant that some trapping for furs is conducted in the valley to the north of Humboldt lake. One resident of the valley spoke of the large amount of gunpowder supplied to Indian hunters between 1880 and 1890. However, large game was probably never more than a minor source of food supply to the Indians. The smaller mammals, especially rabbits and ground squir- rels, undoubtedly furnished a much more abundant food supply in primitive times. The animals seen by the writer during his four months stay included coyote, jackrabbit, badger, muskrat, and a small rat. The evidence afforded by the deposits in the cave shows that bighorn sheep, deer, and antelope were formerly to be found in the region in the order of abundance named. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Birds.-Song birds were plentiful in the thickets bordering Hum- boldt river. On the barren hills birds were not often seen by the writer, though a song bird built within the cave a nest which was robbed by rats. A hawk also reared a brood on the cliffs overhanging the cave. In early April the honk of the Canada goose was a familiar sound on Humboldt lake. In spring and summer many thousands of pelicans are to be seen at the lake or in large flocks high overhead. Fis-hes.-Natches said that Humboldt lake yielded suckers and several kinds of minnows. It had great numbers of small fish which is confirmed by the thousands of pelicans who live upon its shores. The lake has no trout at present, though some Indians said that for- merly there was a small mountain trout similar to the one now found at Elko. Reptiles.-Rattlesnakes are quite common in Nevada, though none was seen within two miles of the cave. Several other snakes were seen sunning themselves near the entrance to the cave. Several species of lizards were seen on the brush-covered hillsides. These included a dull brown species, a highly colored, long, round- bodied species, and the horned toad. Mollusks.-Several years ago a large part of the valley was flooded. In consequence shells of fresh-water mollusks were exceedingly abun- dant. Samples secured were identified as Anodonta oregonensis, Helisoma trivalvis, Stagnikola paustris nuttctliana, Lymnaea stag- nalis wasatckensis, and Physa ampullacea. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Seventeen sites of former habitation by the Indians were found on or near the level floor of Humboldt valley. From the surface of these sites bones of 16 individuals, and 1464 implements, were found. All implements were found on the surface of the ground, uncovered by the shifting sands. In the case of the human remains sometimes only a bit of bone showed on the surface, and the remainder of the skeleton was excavated. However, all work of excavation on these sites was limited to only an hour or two one afternoon. Skeleton remains were obtained from sites 8, f2, 13, 14, 15 and reported from sites 4 and 17. The sites are shown on plate 1. Measurements of crania from both the valley and the cave have been previously published.37 A comparison with living Northern Paiute is discussed on page 32. 37 E. W. Gifford, Californian Anthropometry, present series, 22:382, 1926. 1929] 129 130 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 The following table shows that the most numerous class of artifacts comprises 1052 chipped implements, most of them found on one site. The objects used in the preparation of seeds for food include shellers, grinders, "rubbing stones, " metates, pestles, and large mortars. There is a total of 324 of these articles. This leaves a balance of 88 objects which include paint and medicine mortars, ice picks, sinkers of two types, hammerstones, flint crackers, pipes, various articles of stone, bone objects, and shell ornaments. Among the stones used for shelling and grinding seeds it was found that sometimes one side of a stone was used as a sheller and the other side as a grinder. Of the shellers and grinders retained by the University there are 4 shellers to 1 grinder. It is assumed that nearly the same ratio would hold for the specimens which were sent to the Nevada Historical Society before being critically examined. Site 1 was not visited by the writer, but he was informed by Mr. John Reed, of Lovelock, that Indians occupied the spot when he was a boy. He located it in section 29, township 26 north, range 31 east. Sites 2 and 3 are quite large mounds or sand dunes on the Big Five ranch. Although both had been cultivated no one could be found who had done the plowing. Hence it is not known positively that they are archaeological sites. It may be said that a several-foot rise in the lake level would flood many square miles of the valley. Hence, any eminence, be it a sand dune or a gravel bar must at some time or other have been occupied by Indians. Site 4 is a flat, rather widespread mound, perhaps some four or five feet higher than the general level of the plain. It is much less conspicuous than either 2 or 3, and is occupied by farm buildings. At one time the owner excavated a skeleton. About 1910 this mound was submerged by unusually high water, which gives further reason to believe that if site 4 were an archaeological site, the better situated and higher mounds 2 and 3, a mile away, were archaeological sites also. To the east and northeast of site 4 there is low barren playa land, near which, and at the edge of the gently sloping alluvial fan washed from the mountains, is site 5, a low-lying patch of obsidian refuse, the remains from implement making. The Pugh brothers have obtained a cigar box full of specimens after much search but the writer was unable to find more than a half dozen. The Northern Paiute lived near the railroad station at Toy, which constitutes site 6. The site appears to be only a few rods to the northeast of the station. Various implements at the station, including several large pestles, no doubt came from this site. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave P. t_. _. _. t_. _. t_. _. _. H. _. t_. gD eF oF oF oF cF eF cF cF cF cF eF eF c O Ct (D CD O O XD (D O O Ct (D F3 0 CO 00 s o cn o g o > v X S o . . . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . en ,i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo C*. oo~ : - jn MorC.ta>Selrs . . . . . ... . . . . . 4- Paint A n I oGrinders . . . . . ~~~~~Rubbing O) C) *- ?O cn CC o *0 ; .stones Of c~~~~~~~~~Mrtackrs CJ "D - . .sikr - ND Perforates sainker co * m *, impnortars . . . . . . . . . Hammer- stones Flint o: : :~ : : : : acrackers . . . . . . . . .I.p. . . . . . . . . . . Grooved On * .sinkers . . . . ~~~~~~~~Perforated o * * * co S . * . . ~~~sinkers v . < .. < .. - .... ....... .Pipes . . . . . . . . . . Problemat- cn C:> l~~~~~ FAz ~icaPb c ? . . <:, . . . . t Chipped cn~~~~~~{ * - * 5;.CJ impylements . . . . .. . . IBone c:> | ;> | ~~~~~~~~Shell | | ~~~~~~~~~~Total ot I D C4 I." c coD artifacts - I : : : : : : Human O c o *Z 1- P * *Ii dIs remains ~~~~~~~~. . . . . . U F3 w Q p 0 S 0 0 o CD qO CD ?h 1929] 131 132 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 At site 7 there is a patch of ground covered with obsidian and flint refuse and it was here that the writer found 16 chipped implements, besides a modern shoe button having a concretion of limestone about the iron eyehole. This would be an indication that the site was occupied by Indians in quite recent times, and even after they had adopted the civilized dress, as the chances for a white woman to have lost a shoe button exactly on an Indian campsite in the midst of a wide expanse of desert is rather remote. It is quite probable that careful search would reveal Indian relics at most any point along the ancient Lahontan gravel bar reaching south from Granite point. However, it would be only at certain spots that implements would be most common. A few objects were obtained from the end of this ridge near the lake, site 8 of the map. Sites 9 to 16 are to the north of Humboldt lake. They are patches of ground several hundred feet in diameter strewn with artifacts and rock refuse fragments. In some cases the area of the site is one or two feet above the general level of the drifting sands. With a slight rise of water in the lake they are flooded. The pestles and mortars are then moved about by the waters over a radius of a quarter of a mile or more. There are, no doubt, other sites in this area, not located by the writer or buried in drifting sand. While all of the sites are much alike several ha.ve marked individual characteristics. Site 13 was noted for the manufacture of chipped implements, of obsidian and brightly colored flints, probably either siliceous sinter or chal- cedony. There were many bushels of refuse chips exposed and the writer collected about a thousand worked specimens. Another site, located in 1924 on the Decker ranch, was apparently a manufacturing site for objects of slate, the source of the material probably being in the Humboldt range a few miles to the south. Site 17 is a burial ground at the foot of a cliff on a rock outcrop 9 miles northeast of the la.ke. (Sec. 13, T 25N, R 31E.) In pros- pecting for nitrate deposits at the base of the cliff half a dozen skeletons have been found. Pictographs on the cliff were also uncovered. Northern Paiute Indians formerly visited the place to lick the nitrate salts from the face of the cliff, hence it was known as "Medicine Rock. 2 38 38H . S. Gale, Nitrate Deposits, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 523, 1912. Gale also reports a cave (or more properly a rockshelter) a mile to the southwest, used as a burial ground. The writer confirmed the report by a visit in 1924 and found human bones. Lod-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Site 18 of the map is Lovelock cave, previously described, while site 19 is Ocala cave, 10 miles to the southwest. Textiles, cordage, decoys, etc., were obtained from the latter cave and will be described later. ARTIFACTS 4IF STONE Mineralogical Classification Like the stone artifacts39 of San Joaquin valley, many are incrusted with a layer of limestone precipitated at times when Humboldt lake has flooded the valley. In some; cases this crust is as thick as an eggshell; in other cases it merely fills the pores and has the effect of hardening the surface of the stone. In a few of the finer specimens this coating was dissolved away in an acid bath. The encrusted objects make clear that Indian occupation of the valley must have been interrupted by rises in the lake level. Typical examples of stone were selected and taken to Professor George D. Louderback of the University of California for identifica- tion. Three microscopic slides were made, as follows: 1-17494 (pl. 64e), a hammerstone of hornfels, a metamorphic slate or shale, produced near the contact of granite diorite or rock of similar type probably during the Triassic period; 1-17620 (pl. 63a), a grinder of coarse granular diorite of pre-Cretaceous age; 1-17629, a shelling stone of quartzite. By comparison with 30 specimens from the valley sites and a few specimens, from the cave identified by Professor Louderback, the writer has increased the identified specimens to 221, as shown in the following table. Approximately half of each class of implement was sent to the Nevada Historical Society before the mineral identification was made. For this reason the following table lists only slightly more than half as many specimens as the preceding table, but it includes some twenty specimens sent away whose mineral composition is known with sufficient accuracy. Rhyolite is the most commonly used stone material and is the favorite material for pestles, about three-fourths being made of the various varieties, while the remainder are made of a compact basalt. Rhyolite tuff is commonly employed for shelling stones, although rapidly wearing away with use. A small sized mortar and pestle, perhaps carried when traveling, were made of a fine-grained tuff material of unusual compactness. This use of tuff is exceptional. 39 E. W. Gifford and W. E. Schenck, present series, 23:115, 1926. 1929] 133 134 University of California Publioxations in Amn. Arch.. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 03 c= -4 " 4 eq xor 1 4 eq N orll '-Iq -4 eqa-e q eqi " r-4 cq P-4 eJ4 Cq Ci 'eJ4 ga~aJO3 Ja)J -1 -4 -4 e. 4 c odAl-A smaliIu eq, eqv-- 4 -4e SJBPUl!o 0i r- N q e-q r- -l v- eq Sul '-4t-0-4-- '--4 v'-4 Cf.)0 4i ~ ~ * : 4 4 :~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~- 4 Ca~~~~~5 00 0 0 0 04 0 4) 0 ? ? 4) 0 4) 54 ? O?i-? ? C12 t 0 1 r. a 4 m to A em cq U!:l t- 1 1-4 00 .0 j 0 CD .0 ' c .3 IQ a I'.4 Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Perhaps the only artifact for which tuff is well adapted is the tobacco pipe. Gilbert Natches spoke of marble as the favorite Northern Paiute material for this purpose. However, the kind of pipe known in Northern Paiute as atsa-tohizA, "red-pipe, " was made of brick-red tuff. Only two pipes of tuff were found (pl. 65o, p). One is brick- red, the other is drab. Practically all other specimens of tuff are gray. Vesicular rhyolite is hard, almost glassy, yet easily worked into shape, as a light tapv with a hammerstone breaks down the walls of the vesicles. Two fragmentary specimens of diminutive metates (pl. 62a) were made of this material. It ranks third in favor as a material for shellers, and the crudest of all these implements are made of it, as is seen in plate 61c. Quartzite is one of the most common materials used. It is durable and not easily broken. Shelling stones of quartzite are generally roughly rectangular and used on both sides. In only a small minority of cases does there appear to be a definite attempt to fashion these implements into pleasing form. Quartzite is however, along with marble, a favorite for making small objects of aesthetic form. It also makes the best small hammerstones used for the cracking of flint. Granite was preferred for grinding stones. Natches said volcanic tuff and lava did well enough for shellers, but that rock such as granite (muatepI) was needed for grinding. In the preceding table one-third of the grinders are listed as granite. This is misleading, since the greater wear of the granite grinders indicates more extensive use in comparison with the scant wear of the grinders of other mate- rials. Granite grinders are also more carefully shaped. Quartzite grinders stand second to granite grinders in frequency, but are much inferior in workmanship. Close-grained basalt was a favorite material for pestles. The large V-type mortars, with but few exceptions, are of very hard, durable, coarse vesicular basalt. The steam holes near the rim in some specimens are over a centimeter in diameter, while at the bottom they are much smaller. Doubtless these holes interfered with the perfect grinding of all the seeds, but otherwise the material is well adapted. Vesicular basalt of brick-red color is commonly employed for shellers, of which two specimens are shown (pl. 61a, b). Specimens of slate consist of one ice pick, 1-17823 (pl. 64g) and two perforated sinkers, 1-17644 (pl. 65d) and 1-18630. The three specimens from the valley sites, as well as several from the cave, are 1929] 135 136 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL.. 25 black in color and so tough that they break with great difficulty. Another specimen is a hammerstone (pl. 64e) made of flinty hornfels altered from slate. The seven specimens made from various metamorphic stones are among the finest specimens in the collection. The two grinding stones, for instance, are in no wise inferior to those made of granite. Seed Grinding Implenents Stone shetters.-Nearly two-thirds of the shellers (tusu) are used on one side only. As a rule the side used is flat. Four specimens, two of which are shown in cross-section in figures 19a and 19c, are convex on the side used. These had been used to shell seeds on the concave surface of a metate, while as a rule shelling was probably done on a perfectly flat basket huller and in consequence the surface of the sheller would be worn perfectly flat. In five specimens one side of the stone is flat for use as a sheller, while the other side is rounded for use in grinding the seeds after being shelled. Plate 62a shows a fragment of a small metate used as a sheller; figure 19c shows a cross-section of the same. Besides this specimen there were two other small metate fragments similarly used as shellers. Plate 62b shows a fragment from a large V-type pestle. It is another illustration of the tendency to use broken implements for some new purpose. It had been used on a concave surface as a sheller. In few cases are shellers beautifully and symmetrically fashioned. Those shown on plates 61 and 62 are picked specimens, rather than average. The majority are roughly rectangular or elliptical, but irregular shapes are frequent. In specimens where only one side is used there is seldom any shaping of the upper surface. Plate 62c shows the finest specimen in the entire collection both as regards beauty of form and quality of stone. It is of beautiful fine- grained rhyolite of pea green color. Two or three other specimens approach it, but have less pleasingly rounded upper surfaces. The accompanying text figures show cross-sections of the largest and smallest, the thickest and thinnest of shellers, as well as grinders, in the collection. There is in these regards great variability. If the seeds were small with comparatively soft shells then the shelling stone was of small size, while for larger and harder shelled seeds a heavier stone was used. The specimen of rhyolite mentioned above is Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave the largest, having the dimensions of 232, 153, and 56 mm., and weigh- ing 3003 grams (106 oz.). It was identified by Natches as the kind used to shell the seed of the triangular-stemmed tule. The second heaviest specimen, 2313 grams (82 oz.), 1-17495, was suitable to shell the seeds of bunch grass (wai). It is of hard compact gravel con- glomerate, and roughly rectangular in form, with the dimensions of 247, 170, and 33 mm. Typical specimens made of rhyolite tuff weigh about 30 ounces. Ten specimens of quartzite average 21 ounces, while those of vesicular rhyolite are lighter. a. i. J. k. 1. m. Fig. 19.-Cross-sections of shellers (a-g) and grinders (h-r). a, plate 61a; b, pl. 65h; ?, 62a; d, 62a; e, 62f; f, 61e; g, 61g; h, 63f; , 63b; j, 63a; k, 651; 1, 63d; m, 63h. Three of the five lightest specimens are shown on plates 61 and 62 and weigh as follows: 1-17432, red vesicular basalt, 328 grams; 1-17521, black vesicular basalt, 321 grams; 1-17720, quartzite, 254.3 grams. Natches said that the last was probably used when traveling. Both sides are perfectly flat and parallel (fig. 19g). The dimensions are 126, 74, and 15 mm. A specimen of sandstone, 1-17527, which is probably a sheller, has the peculiarity of notches or finger holds on opposite edges. The dimensions are 122, 70, and 22 mm. Its weight is 305.5 grams. It resembles a Californian disk-shaped, notched sinker. The edges of shellers have no regulation form. In the case just noted there is a notch on opposite edges for the accommodation of the thumb and fingers. One specimen, plate 61d, has serrate notches, 8 on one edge and 14 on the other. Many specimens have definitely shaped vertical edges of which text figures 19e and g are good 1929] 137 138 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 examples. A great number have irregular edges sloping toward the bottom as in plate 62b, d. A few have rounding edges like plate 62c (also fig. 19d). Some shellers have had long use and are worn very thin with sharp edges as in plate 61c. The smallest sheller weighs 73 grams. It is shown on plate 65h., also figure 19b. It is so diminutive, 55 by 50 by 21 mm., that it may be a child's toy. Its lower surface is perfectly flat and highly polished by much use. It is made of gray vesicular rhyolite. Grinding stones.-The muller or grinding stone (Northern Paiute, wikwano) for grinding seeds into meal, is not flat on the used surface, but is rounding, as shown in figure 19h, i, j, 1, m. While the sheller is employed with one hand, moving lightly over the seeds with a rotary motion, the grinder is used with both hands, bearing heavily upon the seeds with a rolling motion. The seeds are placed on the narrow end of a metate (see pl. 60), and as they are ground, the meal is gradually driven by the rolling, pushing motion toward the opposite end of the metate. The grinder is usually an elongated rectangle, as shown on plate 63d. Humboldt valley, however, shows an unusual number of elliptical and nearly square grinders. Plate 63j is a convex grinder on one side and a flat sheller on the other. Primarily it is a shelle'r for use on a small flat basket. The grinding surface is but slightly rounding and probably had been used to but a limited extent as a grinder. Five others were put to similar double use being shellers on one side, and grinders upon the other. In three cases both sides were used to some extent for grinding. Plate 63i shows one of these. It is of pale granite with ferrous stains. The Northern Paiute used this type to crush medicinal roots and also to mash a small red berry (weyupuie). Plate 63b shows an example of a hammerstone used on one side as a grinder. Figure 19i shows the extent to which it has been flattened by use. The upper side has lost a little of its original symmetry due to the weathering and flaking of the stone surface. Plate 63e, shows what appears to be a fragment of a pestle used as a grinder. In plate 63 all figures except i and j show the upper face rather than the used surface. Plate 63d is symmetrically triangular in cross-section, as shown in text figure 191. It is the finest specimen of the collection. The dimensions are 172, 77, and 47 mm. It is of granite and weighs 1028 grams. The average weight of the 10 specimens shown on plate 63 is 945 grams, the range being from 1690 grams for figure b to 452 grams for figure j. Louc-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Fig. 20.-Outline and cross-seetions of metates. Small crosses indicate three highest points on upper surface; straight lines, the places cross-sectioned and the relative position of the plane of the three highest points in reference to the cross- sectional drawings. a, 1-17756, site .10, length 600 mm., width 320 mm., height 84 mm., depth of basin below plane of 3 highest points 55 mm. (pl. 60n); b, 1-17758, site 10, length 440 mm., width 306 mm., height 85 mm., depth 36 mm. (pl. 60q); c, 1-17733, site 11, length 560 num., width 227 mm., height 90 mm., depth 3 mm. (pl. 60p); d, 1-4197, "said" to have been found in 1862 under 20 feet of caJcareous tufa in the auriferous gravels of Gold gulch, Tuolumne county, Calif., associated with other stone artifacts and with fossil bones of the mastodon and other extinct mammals, deseribed and illustrated as no. 13 of C. D. Voy collection by W. H. Holmes, Ann. Rept. Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1899, pl. 3, length 470 mm., width 375 mm., height 108 mm., depth 74 mm.; e, 1-4199, from auriferous gravels (?) of El Dorado county, Calif., mentioned by Holmes (op. oit.) as no. 15 of Voy collection, length 450 mm., width 230 mm., height 123 mm., depth 80 mm.; f, 2-9691, from Silver creek, east central Arizona, length 600 mm., width 420 mm., height 55 mnm., depth 22 mm. 1929] 139 140 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL.. 25 When either grinder or metate becomes smooth, it does not perform its functions so well as when rough. Hence, among the Northern Paiute, from time to time, their surfaces are pecked. Metates.-After seeds have been hulled and the hulls winnowed out, the kernels are placed on a metate (Northern Paiute, mata) to be ground into meal. The metate was usually oval in shape and was placed on a buckskin or in more recent times on a piece of canvas. The seeds were placed on the narrow end of the metate, which was toward the person grinding. As the grinding progressed the meal was pushed away, the finished product falling upon the buckskin. There were 11 complete metates, of which 5 are shown on plate 60, ranging in length from 16 to 24 inches, in width from 8 to 16 inches, and in thickness from 2 to 4 inches. Figure 20a;-c shows forms and cross-sections of three typical specimens. It will be seen that there is no symmetry of form, such as is usual in the Pueblo region. Some are roughly rectangular, although the oval form is a favorite. The end toward the operator is thicker than the opposite end. The Klamath Lake Indians appear to have had metates not essentially different from those of Humboldt valley. In the table of "Artifacts and Skeletons" three specimens are listed as metates which after being broken had been put to secondary use as shellers. One specimen is shown on plate 62a and figure 19c. Natches said that small metates of this type were used for grinding roots or leaves for medicine. Mortars.-The two classes of mortars (Northern Paiute, paha) are shown on plate 60. The large mortars are with few exceptions made of a coarse-grained, black, vesicular basalt. The largest and finest mortar is shown in plate 60f, a cross-sectional view in figure 21a. It is 47 cm. high, 42 cm. in diameter, and weighs 188 pounds. The inside diameter of the bowl is 26 cm. and it is 31 cm. deep. The bowl has a peculiar shape, running to a point in the bottom. Although there are many variations in the form of mortar pits, most of them can doubtless be placed in four types which we will designate as the V-type, the 0-type, the U-type, and the W-type. All mortars of the Great Basin region., used for grinding seeds, are of the V-type, so far as known. They are used with a pointed pestle which produces a deep V-shaped pit as shown in figures 21a to 21d. In the 0-type the bottom of the pit is rounded as in figures 22b-f. Many Californian mortars are of the U-type, that is, with a pit having Lo4d-Harrington: Lovelock Cave vertical sides and a comparatively flat bottom, or of the W-type with the bottom of the pit flat but the sides sloping like the sides of the letter W. The V-type of mortar is known in eastern Oregon. Specimens of the same shape though smaller in size are found on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in at least ten counties-Modoc, Lassen, Tehama, Yuba, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Tuolumne, Mariposa, and Fresno. e. x w- Fig. 21.-Vertical sections of large mortars. a, 1-17713, depth of pit 315 mm. (pl. 60f); b, 1-22214, unknown provenience, brown vesicular basalt, diameter 425 mm., height 535 mm., depth 330 mm.; c, 1-22213, unknown provenience, red rhyolite, diam. 450 mm., height 540 mm., depth 315 mm.; d, 1-17830, Humboldt valley, Nevada, vesicular basalt, diam. 375 mxn., height 390 mm., depth 250 mm.; e, 1-4902, Big valley, Lassen county, Calif., compact basalt, diam. 241 mm., height 290 mm., depth 248 mm.; f, 1-4205, Gold Springs gulch, Tuolumne county, Calif., rhyolite, diam. 300 mm., height 240 mm., depth 195 mm.; g, 1-4214, Shingle springs, Eldorado county, Calif., sandstone, diam. 16(1 mm., height 230 mm., depth 114 mm. All figures drawn to same scale, about /12 natural size. This probably means that the type is found throughout the entire length and on both sides of the Sierra Nevada. Whether it reaches the lower levels of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys is not known, though it has been found in Tehama county, at Vina, near the junction of Deer creek with the Sacramento river. West of the Sacramento the type is also found in Yolo, Napa, and Sonoma counties. 1929] 141 142 University of California Publioations in Ain. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 Specimens have been derived from San Nicolas and San Clemente islands off the southern Californian coast. The type is widespread, though Californian specimens do not exceed medium size. The very largest, such as those shown in figures 21e, f, are quite diminutive compared with the enormous specimens typical of Nevada. Among the older collections of the University of California are two mortars of unknown provenience, though perhaps from Nevada, shown in cross-seetion in figures 21b, c. The first, made of a brown rhyolite with large bubble holes, stands 211/2 inches high and weighs 170 pounds. It has been symmetrically fashioned outside as well as inside. It was only roughly blocked out with a heavy hammerstone, leaving rough faces several inches square. The second specimen, made of red rhyolite, is of the same height and weighs 212 pounds. Like the large specimens from Nevada, it was made from a natural boulder and has never been subjected to any precess of shaping on the outside. As regards the use of large mortars, Natches said that after eat- tail seeds had been gathered and the "wool" burnt from them (see page 159), they were placed in a big mortar "two feet high" and the largest sized pestles used in cracking the shells. Then the seeds were again subjected to heat and the shell separated, after which the meal was ground fine on a metate. A band of people, men, women, and children, could produce four or five scks full of meal by a day's strenuous labor. Often meal from two or three kinds of seeds was mixed with it when it was cooked into porridge. One of the smaller mortars of vesicular basalt is shown in plate 60e. It is 30 cm. high and 37 cm. in diameter, with a pit 21 cm. deep. Plate 60g, shown also in cross-section in figure 22a, is 23 cm. high, is made of rhyolite tuff, and was said to be of the regular type used by the Northern Paiute when traveling. Two perforations near the rim, 8 mm. in size, were for the purpose of suspension. The weight of the mortar is 14 pounds, and of the associated pestle (pl. 60k), 2.56 pounds. V-type pestles.-The Northern Paiute name for pestle, regardless of size or type, is podano. The characteristics of the pestle here described are (a) the unusually large size of many specimens; (b) a great bulging in the center with a tapering toward both ends; (c) the V-shape of the end that is used for grinding, a shape adapted to fit the V-shape pit of the mortar; and (d) either a rounded or flattened top suitable for fitting in the palm of the hand while the extended fingers cling to the sides, much as the rays of a starfish would grasp a stone. . Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave The largest complete specimen obtained in Nevada (pl. 60d) is 43 cm. long, 42 cm. in circumference, and weighs 23.5 pounds. Like many pestles of this type it is slightly elliptical in transverse cross- section, with diameters of 12 and 14 cm. Although the table lists 77 pestles, most of them were broken. On the basis of 8 typical specimens which are nearly complete it is estimated that the average pestle would weigh about 20 pounds, would be 37 cm. in length and 40 cm. in circumference. The greatest length of any specimen is 45 cm. The greater circumference, unfortunately that of a broken specimen, is 47 cm. As a rule the circumference is from 2 to 6 cm. greater than the length. Fig. 22.- Vertical sections of small mortars from IHumboldt valley. b, a, e, paint and medicine mortaxs made in broken ends of pestles; f, also outline of medicine mortar. a, pl. 60g; b, 60in; a, 601; d, 64f ; e, 60j; f, 60s-. All figures drawn to scale of about :Vs natural size. The specimens illustrated (pl. 60b, k) were selected because of their abnormally small size. The smallest (pl. 60k) is 25 cm. in lengh, 31 cm. ina circumference, and weighs 6.81 pounds. The very smallest V-type pestle was found ins-ide of an inverted mortar, which had perforations near its rim, so that itK might be suspenaded when traveling. The two specimens are shown as plate, 60g, h. The! pestle is crudely fashioned of an unusually compact rhyolite tuff. Its dimensions are: length, 23 cm.; circumference, 22 cm.; greatest diamneter, 8 cm.; least diam-eter, 5 c-m.; weight, 2.56 pounds. Plate 60i is one of two specimens which be-long to, the older collec- tions of the University. Their provenience is not known. They, as well as one of: the mortars pre-viously described, came from an arid region and had lain upon a playa bed, as, they are saturated with alkaline &-dts. Therefore, if they axe from California, they must either have come, from east of the Sierra Nevada or fro-m the. axid regions of southeastern California. The specimen illustrated weighs 1929] 14.3 144 Uni'eriity of California Publioatins in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 26.5 pounds. It is 65 cm. long, with major and minor diameters of 13 and 14 cm. It is illustrated because so large and perfect, and because it is so typical in every respect of the common pestle of Humboldt valley. Cylindrical pestles.-There are only two specimens of the cylin- drical type of pestle, although three other specimens which we have classed as hammerstones might perhaps be regarded as pestles. The specimen illustrated as plate 60a is uniform in diameter from one end to the other. It is elliptical in cross-section with diameters of 7 cm. and 6 cm. The length is 28 cm. and it weighs 2066 grams (4.5 pounds). It is made of quartzite. The second specimen, 1-17792, now in the possession of the Nevada Historical Society, is of similar proportions, 21 cm. in length by 6 cm. in diameter. Both have flat ends. Natches said that the Northern Paiute used both the small cylindrical flat-end type of pestle and the large V-type of pestle. Paint and Medicine Mortars As is shown on plate 60j, 1, m, paint mortars were often made in the broken ends of pestles. The longitudinal sections of these speci- mens are shown in figure 22e, c, b. Figure 22d shows also a sectional view of a paint mortar made from an irregularly shaped pebble of red rhyolite; it has an encircling groove as is shown on plate 64f. Plate 60s and figure 22f show a flattish stone of pink rhyolite, on the side of which there is a shallow mortar depression for the grinding of medicine, according to the statement of Natches. Implements of Percussion Hammerstones.-Five hammerstones are listed in the table of "Artifacts and Skeletons. " Where an object was put to two uses, it is listed with the rarer. Thus, 1-17388 is placed with the hammer- stones though it has been illustrated on plate 63b (also fig. 19i), and partially described as a grinder. It is made of granite, has a length of 16 cm., a maximum diameter of 5.6 cm., and weighs 1690 grams. A second hammerstone, 1-17494 (pl. 64e) has been mentioned as being of a tough black hornfels. Despite its exceeding toughness, it has been subjected to such hard usage that large chips over 7 cm. in length have been broken from one side as is seen in the illustration, which also shows the marks made by the mineralogist's hammer when he broke off a small chip for a microscopic slide. Four or five blows Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave were required to break off the little fragment. The specimen is a naturally shaped pebble, except for the striking end which was worked down to a convex pestle-like surface. Such work must have required considerable skill and labor. The object has a length of 16 cm., a maximum diameter of 7.5 cm., and a weight of 1280 grams. Plate 64d shows a hammerstone of gray rhyolite, 13.5 cm. long and weighing 1557 grams. In cross-section it is not round, but has four convex sides. The minimum diameter is 85 mm., the maximum diameter 92 mm. A hammerstone of closely similar size and propor- tions, 145 mm. long, 85 mm. in diameter is now with the collections of the Nevada Historical Society. The fifth specimen of hammerstone, 1-17493, is a natural pebble of red rhyolite, 19 cm. in length, elliptical in crosssection, with diameters of 73 and 58 mm., and weighing 1200 grams. Flint crackers.-Flint crackers are very small hammerstones. Though they might possibly be put to other uses than cracking flint, this is undoubtedly their chief use. There are 10 specimens, all found on site 13, the great chipped-implement manufacturing site, where nearly a thousand worked specimens of obsidian, chalcedony, etc., were found along with bushels of flint refuse. The largest flint cracker, 1-17648, is a naturally shaped, flattish, elongate, oval lime- stone pebble, 88 mm. in length, weighing 163 grams. Next in size are two similarly shaped pebbles about 8 cm. in length, 1-17650, and 1-17651. One of these is made of quartzite, and is 80 grams in weight. The other is of gray rhyolite and is 70 grams in weight. Four flint crackers are shown on plate 65i, r, s, t. Size and weight are given in the explanation of the plate. Plate 65i is a knife-shaped object of somewhat problematical use. Natches was unable to say what it was. It may be a fragmentary object or the fractures seen at the widest end may have been caused by its use as a hammer. Plate 65r shows a beautifully shaped object of marble, which is unquestion- ably a flint cracker used in light work, as it has bruise marks at both ends caused by hammering. It is the lightest specimen of the flint- cracker class, 27.2 grams. Plate 65s s;hows a naturally shaped pebble except for the ends. One end has been flattened and shows pecked marks over an area 16 mm. in diameter, while the other end shows similar marks over a somewhat smaller area. Plate 65t shows an object of quartzite which has b-een deliberately shaped. It has a flattened area 15 mm. in diameter at the end, where it was employed in hammering. No. 1-17649, in the possession of the Nevada His- torical Society, is of closely similar shape, but flattened at both ends. 1929] 145 146 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Bthn. [VOL. 25 From site 13 there are 7 specimens each catalogued as "cylindrical pebble, 21/4 inches long," or "round, elongate, oval stone, 31/8 inches long," or in words of similar meaning. Some of these sent to the Nevada Historical Society may be natural pebbles used as flint crackers and showing such evidence at their ends, or they may not be artifacts at all. A reexamination would be necessary to determine the facts, but at any rate at least ten objects found on site 13 are undoubtedly flint crackers as would be judged not alone from an examination of the specimens, but also from the testimony of Natches. a. d. c. Fig. 23.-Ice picks from Humboldt valley. a, pl. 64g, purchased at Toy; b, cross- section of a at arrow; o, pl. 64i, restored; d, lower end of c. Ice picks.-Fishing in the winter often required that holes be broken in the ice. Three specimens of ice picks are illustrated on plate 64g, h, i. One is undoubtedly from site 6 or some near-by locality in the valley. The other two specimens were found on sites 13 and 16. A fourth specimen from the cave is shown on plate 54a. The three specimens from the valley are of tough durable stone. Natches said that such stone belonged to the Pit River Indians, or in other words, the traditional ancient people. Natches stated that specimen 1-17823 (pl. 64g) was attached to a stick for a handle and used to break ice or anything that was difficult to break, that is to say, it was used as a sledgehammer. Sometimes it might be attached to a handle and used as a pestle for grinding seeds in large mortars. Loud-Harnington: Lovelock Cave All three of the specimens illustrated on plate 64 have both longi- tudinal and encircling grooves for the purpose of attaching handles. Plate 64g is shown again in figure 23a, b. In addition to the grooves entirely girdling the pick near the center, it has one longitudinal groove in front and another in a corresponding position in the back. Plate 64i shows a fragmentary specimen. Figure 23c is a hypothetical restoration. It has a very deep encircling groove and one, probably two, longitudinal grooves in similar positions to those of plate 64g. The striking end of the pick has grooves arranged in a pattern as shown in figure 23d. Plate 64h appears to be an ice pick, but is of different construction from the others. The pointed end is undoubtedly the end that was used, as it is slightly bruised. It has one encircling groove and one longitudinal groove. Sinkers Grooved sinkers.-Natches said that the specimens, shown as plate 64a-c, were sinkers. They lie still upon the bottom of the stream in eddies where the water is swift. The largest is 23 cm. long and weighs 3.8 pounds. It has a roughly pecked encircling groove 4 or 5 mm. in depth for the attachment of a cord. The smallest specimen, 155 mm. long and weighing .82 pound, has a slight constriction in the center. The third specimen is described in the explanation to plate 64c. A fourth specimen, 1-17824, is in the possession of the Nevada Historical Society; is 21 cm. long, 8 cm. in diameter, and is shaped like plate 64c, but has an encircling groove 4 or 5 mm. in depth. The fifth specimen, 1-17712, is fragmentary and doubtfully classed as a sinker. Perforated net sinkers.-The first seven figures of plate 65 show the perforated type of net sinker called natepI by the Paiute. An exami- nation of plate 65 and its explanation shows a considerable range in size. The object of smallest diameter, plate 65f, is one of the thickest. Natches said it was intended for a sinker, but the perforation had not been completed. The specimen in plate 65g was broken before the perforation was completed. Plate 65n shows a fragmentary specimen resembling the net sinkers. It is a well polished, symmetrically shaped piece of marble with a small perforation at the broken edge and a longitudinal groove on one side. It is thin and light in weight. Natches could not identify it. As seen in the preceding tables, perforated net sinkers are very common and are made of a variety of minerals. The most perfectly 1929] 147 148 University of California Publioation in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 shaped specimens are of marble and slate. The average diameter of 20 specimens from both the valley and the cave is 64 mm., and the a.verage thickness is 14 mm. The average weight of 15 of these is 85 grams. Closely similar objects from Arizona and New Mexico have been described as spindle whorls. Pipes Pipes, Northern Paiute, tahizA, are among the rarest of objects in the valley north of Humboldt lake. Three specimens are illustrated on plate 65o, p, q. The same are shown in longitudinal section in figure 24a,-c. Natches stated that the Bannock had crooked pipes thus implying that the Paiute had only the straight-bowled type. |8. Mh 1 C >~~~~d. eX Fig. 24.-Sections of pipes, and abalone ornaments. a, pl. 65q; b, pl. 65o; c, pl. 65p; d, 1-18656, abalone ornament showing manner of tying to hair braid and of attaching feather ornament; e, 1-18654, ear ornament of abalone. The bowls are often very short. For this reason a stem of willow is inserted. Plate 65p is an incomplete specimen, while the perforation of the specimen shown in plate 65q has only been begun. Problematical Objects The table of "Artifacts and Skeletons" lists 5 problematical objects, all shown on plate 65. The dimensions and weights are given in the explanation of the plate. Plate 65j is an object of quartzite pecked and ground into rectangular shape. The maximum thickness is 14 mm. but the object is somewhat lenticular in both cross and longitudinal section, the minimum thickness near the edges being 7 mm. It cannot be surmised for what purpose it could have been used. It has never been used as either a sheller or a grinder, as pecked marks show on both faces. Plate 65k is a limestone pebble black in color and having a shallow groove encircling it. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Plate 651 is of the shape and size of flint crackers, but it shows no bruised marks upon either end and one side is flat as shown in the cross-sectional drawing, figure 19k. One suggestion is that it might be a child's toy grinder. Plate 65h has already been described as a possible toy sheller, though plate 65h, 1 might be abrading implements. Plate 65m shows a fish-shaped object made of marble. It has two longitudinal grooves and a groove encircling it at one end, as if it were intended for suspension by a cord. There is a short groove at the other end shaped like a fish's mouth. The object is probably a pendant. Plate 65n has been described with perforated net sinkers which it superficially resembles. ARTIFACTS OF BONE Bone awls.-The Northern Paiute name for awls, needles, punchers, and drills whether made of stone, bone, or wood is witE. Of the objects called oho-witE, "bone-awls," 15 were found on site 13. Although no attempt was made to identify the animals from which the bones were derived, they are undoubtedly from one of the three artiodactylian species common to the region, deer, antelope, or big- horn sheep. Seven specimens of bone awls from site 13 are shown on plate 66. They are in general rather crude in design. Plate 66e shows one with a spiral incision making six turns. There are also about twenty short notches on opposite edges of the upper portion of the awl, making about forty notches in all. Problematical bone object.-Plate 66h shows a flat rectangular piece of bone having the dimensions of 43, 26, and 4 mm. It is polished on all sides and has 10 faint notches on one edge. A frag- ment has been broken from the other edge, but it still shows 5 notches. ARTIFACTS OF SHELL The following list shows 13 objects of shell. All except one per- forated olive shell disk came from site 13. The single exception was found on site 16. Pieces Olive shell bead (pl. 66i) .-----------------------------1 Perforated olive shell disks (pl. 66j) 5 Abalone earring (fig. 24e) .....................1................1 Abalone hair ornaments (pl. 661, m; fig. 24d). 4 Abalone ornament, fragmentary .-------------------------------------------------------1 Mussel shell hair ornament (pl. 66k) .----------------------------------------------- 1 1929] 149 150 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 Olive shell bead.-Olive shells, Olivella biplicata, were derived from the Pacific coast by trade with intervening tribes. The entire shell is used as a bead by removing the top of the spire, so that the shell may be strung. Perforated olive shell disks.-The sides of large olive shells are broken out and perforated for beads. In California they have the form of concave disks, rectangles, or irregularly shaped bodies. The 5 specimens from Nevada are all roughly circular in form. AbaZone earrings.-Abalone, Haliotis, like the olive shell, was derived from the Pacific coast. Both men and women among the Northern Paiute wore a considerable amount of abalone shell orna- ments which were obtained by trade from the California Indians. Figure 24e shows the outline of an abalone object with a single per- foration. This is an ornament for the ears, naaka-goa'a, "ear-ring," or perhaps more correctly "ear-disk." Abalone hour otmment.-Plate 661, m shows two pieces of abalone shell, each with two perforations. When shell objects have two holes they are intended as ornaments to be tied to braids of the hair. Feathers ean also be lashed against the shell between the holes, as shown in figure 24d. Mussel shell hair o ament.-Plate 66k shows the only specimen of hair ornament made from some unknown shell, presumed to be fresh- water mussel. Dead shells of Anodomta oregonensis are very common in the parts of the valley which are sometimes flooded. The peculiari- ties of the specimen illustrated are its extra long rectangular form and serrated edges. OCALA CAVE Ocala, cave, situated 3 miles southeast of Ocala (pl. 1), is of small size compared to the large Lovelock cave, yet it yielded two carloads of bat guano in 1912. After the guano crew had finished their work the writer visited the cave and in a few hours obtained 77 artifacts as follows: matting Pieces Tule (pl. 58d) ............-........... 18 Tule warp, Junsous woof -2 Tule warp, woof of cord -.1 Junows ..B-8 Cat-tail leaves .-.................--------- 4 Salt grass --------------------------------------------------1 Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Other textiles Tule sandal .............-1...................................... Tule earrying ease ......1 W icker basketry .........................1....................1.................. ...... 11 Coiled basketry ..-3 Twined basketry, openwork --------------------------------------------------------------3 Cordage Rope, round tule ......................6.............. ..... 6 Rope, round tule, type e1 . .. Rope, triangular tule (pl. 58f) ...-2 Rope, Junus .........-3. . Braid, 3-strand, Junos1 ................................................ 1 Braid, 5-strand, tule (pl. 58e) -1 Net, 7 em. mesh, .6 mm. twine ....................................................... 1 VarioU8 Stuffed heads, mud hen (pl. 58a, b) -4 Stuffed head, gull (pl. 58) -1 Bundle, eat-tail leaves ----------------------------------.... 1 Bundle, willow twigs ------------------------------------------------------1 Digging stick, 55 cm. long, Sa'roobatus ------------------------------------------1 Cat-tail down, sandal lining --------------------------------------------------------------1 Total -------------------------------------------------------------------77 In general the types of artifacts are identical with those found in the Lovelock cave. The rarer types in Lovelock cave are also rare in Ocala cave, for example: (1) tule matting, with woof of cord (pl. 25k), (2) matting of grass (pl. 43n), (3) triangular-shaped mats (pls. 24d, 58d), (4) tule carrying ease (pl. 26c), and (5) split tule rope of type e (pl. 21b, c) . It is of interest to note that the stiff split tule rope was considered as belonging only to the older cultural strata of Lovelock cave. The objects new to Ocala cave are stuffed heads of mud hens and gulls, five-strand tule braid, and rope of exceptional size made of triangular stemmed tule. The stuffed bird heads were found wrapped in cat-tail down. The sandal also had some cat-tail down for lining. 1929] 151 152 University of California Puboatiomns in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 APPENDIX 2. NOTES ON THE NORTHERN PAIUTE BY LLEWELLYN L. LOUD The territory within the limits of Nevada now inhabited by the Northern Paiute includes the counties of Washoe, Humboldt, Pershing, Churchill, Lyon, Storey, Ormsby, Douglas, and Esmeralda, a total of 37,239 square miles, or one-third of the area of the state. Within these counties there was, in 1910, an Indian population of 3353, including 536 Washo and 60 Mono.s,a This would make 9 Indians per 100 square miles. How the present population compares with the population of primitive times is a matter for speculation. NORTHERN PAIUTE BANDS The Northern Paiute were divided into numerous bands of one hundred or more individuals each, so that individuals of one kin kept together in their seasonal travels in search of food. The Handbook of American Indians lists 61 of these bands,40 but only about half of them are really Northern Paiute, the others being located in Mono or Shoshoni territory. Natches gave a list of bands, or "families" as he called them, as follows. sai'i, short form of sai-duka'a, "tule-eaters," a mythical people formerly living in various parts of Nevada. The Handbook gives what appears to be the same name, Saidyuka, as a band of eastern Oregon. neme, " people " or " person, " the Northern Paiute name for their own people from Walker lake, Nevada, to Snake river, Idaho. They call their language numa. Another name for themselves, at least those from Humboldt lake to Oregon, was agitsi'i. 39a Indian Population United States and Alaska, 1910, pp. 23, 28. U. S. Census Bur., 1915. 4o Handbook of Ameriean Indians, Bull. 30, Bur. Am. Ethn., pt. I, 1907; pt. II, 1912. Names of bands and data regarding them are found in articles as follows: Mono-Paviotso (including Snakes and Saidyuka of Oregon), Paviotso, Sawaga- tiva, Itsaatiaga, Toiwait, Kosipatuwiwagaiyu, Kuyuidika, Pamitoy, Laiduka- tuwiwait, Genega, Watsequeorda, Winnemucca (The Giver), Waxartika, Tonoyiet, Torepe, Wahi, Tupustikutteh, Tubianwapu, Hadsapoke, San Joaquin 's Band, Odukeo, Petodseka, Tosarke, Poatsituktikuteh. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave sawa-kate, "sage-tip, " name of Winnemucca mountain. Handbooik gives Sawagativa, "large hill," as the band about Winnemucca. idza'a-teaga-tekade, "Coyote-canyon-eaters." Name taken from a. canyon near Unionville, where there are many squirrels. Equivalent of Itsaa-tiaga of the Handbook. kepA-tekade, "squirrel-eaters" of Granite Spring valley. toi-tekade, "cat-t.ail-eaters," the Indians of Stillwater slough. Natches knew of Indians living on a sand hill in the level plain near the stage station. Within half a mile of the slough there are many sand hills which were formerly inhabited, especially by the people who, fought Wolf and Coyote (see page 161). The Handbook gives Toi-wait as a band of 400 living in 1870 about the lower sink of the Carson. kusi-pa'a-tepiwakayukU, "muddy-water-village," is a more correct orthography of Kosi-pa-tuwiwagaiyu, "muddy water place" given in the Handbook as a band, but more properly a village. woitsi-teka.de, "Wadsworth-eaters," the people living on Truckee river near Wadsworth, which has the Northern Paiute name of woitsi. kuyui-tekade, "sucker-eaters" of Pyramid lake. The Handbook gives the same name Kuyui-dika as a band living near the site of Wads-worth and otherwise known. as "Wunamuca 's band." podi-tekade, "Mason valley-eaters," probably the saame band as those called in the Handbook the "Pam-mi-toy, 'west;ern tule eaters.' A Paviotso band formerly in Mason valley, W. Nev.; so called because a lake in this valley, now dry, formerly yielded tule." However, toy is the cat-tail, Typha la,tifolia,, not tule. agai-tekade, " trout-eaters, " of Walker lake. MANNER OF LIVELIHOOD Gilbert Natches, the Northern Paiute informant, said that he was born to the north of Humboldt lake, at Toy. The name of the place is 0-ti-ga-du-tU, which is presumed to be site 6 of plat.e 1, although 0-ti-ga-du-tU is also the name for the gravel ridge opposite Toy (see sites 7 and 8 and dotted areas of plate 1). The band of which Natches was a member lived at this point and sometimes at the outlet of the lake. From these bases the band journeyed far and wide with. the seas.ons. Hunting.-Game was hunted more or less in all seasons. In early spring they went to the mountains to get ground squirrels. It was not 1929] 153 154 University of California Publications in Aim. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 stated what mountains, but it is presumed that the Pine Nut moun- tains east of Carson sink furnished their principal supply. Granite Spring valley, northwest of Lovelock, and Coyote canyon, near Union- ville to the northeast of Lovelock, were noted for ground squirrels, but appear to be the territory of other bands of Indians. It is prob- able that various mountains were visited to get small game. Two Tips was especially mentioned as a place where they got woodchucks. In shooting birds, rabbits, or any small ground animal, arrows tipped with the hard greasewood, Sarcobatus, were used; never arrows tipped with stone, which were reserved for large game. Different tribes made their arrows differently, so as to know them. Natches was of the opinion that Northern Paiute arrowpoints were always small. He thought that the spearpoints obtained in the valley must be the work of another people, who will be mentioned later under the heading Myths. The Bannocks had spears, but Natches never heard tell of Northern Paiute using them; neither did they spear fish. Sarah Winnemucca. Hopkins4' mentions the hunting of bighorn sheep, deer, and antelope. The antelope, which fed on the low grass plains in herds during winter and in the spring as late as April, were said to be "charmed" by two men who went around the herd on five successive nights with torches made of sagebrush bark. Half a dozen large mounds of sage brush were built, near which at early morning and again at evening smoking, drumming, singing, and other magic acts were resorted to. On the fifth night the antelope were said to be charmed so that they followed the men with the torches up to the piles of brush where they could be easily killed. Though the Indians believed that success was due to magic, in reality the animals were made victims of their own curiosity. After the Indians came into possession of horses they would chase deer and antelope into the valley, and when one horse gave out another man with a fresh horse would be ready to take up the chase. Trapping.-It would seem that much of their small game was obtained in traps. Traps were also made weighted with stones suffi- cient to kill coyotes, wolves, and wild cats. For the smaller animals a single large stone with a fiat undersurface was tilted and set with one edge against an upright post so as to easily become loosened and crush the animal beneath (fig. 25a). "1 Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Cla-ims. Edited by Mrs. Horace Mann, and printed for the author. Boston, 1883. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave The same principle was used for catching coyotes. A post was firmly set in the ground, against which was tilted a large platform of poles covered with stones; figure 25b will convey a better idea than words of how the weight was released. Natches said that bears were never seen in central Nevada, not even in the timber of the Pine Nut mountains. The Northern Paiute never wore robes made of bear skin, although the Bannock wore them. It is said that the ancient people at the cave had blankets made from Fig. 25.-Traps. a, single large stone for crushing ground squirrels and small game; b, trap for coyote and wildcat: post set in ground; bait is atta.ched to unstably set trigger; cord wrapped once about the post and attached at lower end to trigger, at upper end to pole, unstably balanced on top of the post; platform of poles covered with rock to crush the entrapped animal. twisted strips of mud hen skin. Only poor people would dress that way. Usually the Northern Paiute wore rabbit skin robes, also robes of the skins of mice and other small game. After the acquisition of the horse a few of the richest Northern Paiute, those who were good hunters and great travelers, came into possession of buffalo skin blankets. But these were obtained from the regions to the east. Panthers were never seen in central Nevada and although plentiful on the timbered mountains of California, were so difficult to kill that no one could hope to possess a blanket of panther skin. To catch jackrabbits the whole band of Indians, men, women, and children, lined up across the valley, beat the bushes, and drove them into a corner near the river. The rabbits would not swim, but would follow the bank till they were caught in a seine net stretched across a 30-foot gap between the stream and a hill. 1929] .155 156 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 Cottontail rabbits were snared as they passed along their trails under willow bushes. A willow was bent over and secured with a string which choked the cottontail when the willow was released. Eggs and young birds.-After the Northern Paiute had obtained a supply of ground squirrels in the mountains, they returned to Hum- boldt lake in late spring to secure bird eggs, and young ducks before they were able to fly. The greasewood bushes near Perth were espe- cially mentioned as a good place for the securing of duck eggs. At this season also pollen from the cat-tail rush was gathered to make candy. Fis'hng.-As soon as the willows began to put forth their leaves, the Northern Paiute went to Truckee river. At just about the same time that the young birds began to, fly, the kuyui fish that wintered in Pyramid lake went up the river as far as Reno. The river is so steep that the fish got tired after spawning and hence did not go all the way up to Lake Tahoe. During the entire summer the Indians stayed on Truckee river and at Pyramid lake and dried large quantities of fish to take to their homes at Humboldt lake. After ice had formed in the river a stone ice pick was used to cut an opening across the stream in which was placed a seine net. A few men would be sta- tioned at the net, then all the remainder of the band, women and children as well as men, would go up the river and then come down over the ice stamping and pounding with stones to, scare fish down- stream. When the crowd reached the net each person participating in the drive took a fish from the men stationed at the net. From the names employed, it would appear that the Northern Paiute recognize four classes of fish and about nine species, doubtfully identified from the description by Natches as follows:42 1. awago.-Red sucker, 6 to 10 inches long in Humboldt lake, and 12 to 14 inches long in Pyramid lake. Catostournu8 tahoen8i. 2. tui-pagwI.-A minnow or sucker, 3 inehes long in Humboldt lake, and some- times 5 to 6 inches long in Pyramid lake. The last part of the name is the root word, as Na.tches said, for all kinds of fish, while the first part seems to be descriptive of a variety. Siphotetes obesus or Lencidius pieotinifer. 3. hu-pagwI.-Minnow, 2 to 3 inches long in Humboldt lake; found also in Truckee river. Riohardsonius egregius. 4. kow-pagwl.-Minnow, 2 inches long in Humboldt lake; also in Truckee river. Agosia robwstao 5. agai.-Mountain trout, found at Elko and said to have formerly been in Humboldt lake; 10 to 12 inches long, weighing 1Y2 pounds. In Lake Tahoe it is larger weighing 2 pounds and having a maximum diameter of 4 inches. Coregomu wil amoni. 42J. 0. Snyder, The Fishes of the Lahontan System of Nevada, in Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,, 35, Document 843, pp. 3.1-86, 1917. Ten genera and 14 species of fishes native to the Lahontan basin are described. Lod-Harrington: Lovelock Cave 6. agai.-Big trout of Pyramid lake, the very smallest weighing 2 pounds and commonly 25 to 30 pounds, 4 feet in length, with the maximum diameter of 7 to 8 inches, the body being lens-shaped and narrower from side to side than from back to belly. Sa2mo henshawi. 7. tana-agai.- " Spring-trout, " at Pyramid lake, so named because it is caught in the spring, 18 inches long. Sahmo henshawi. 8. kuyui.-Black-skinned fish of Pyramid lake, gray-skinned variety of Winne- mucea lake, body round in cross-section, 4 inches in diameter, 20 inches long. Chamistes oujws. The following quotation from Snyder shows the great importance of the last mentioned species as food: In former times the coming of the "cui-ui" was a great event, not only for the Pyramid Lake tribe but also for other Paiutes from far to the south, who sometimes reached the fishing grounds in such a starved condition that many were unable to survive the first feast. At present numerous little camps may be seen along the river during the spawning period. The fishes are caught in large numbers and tons of them are dried for later use. Mollusks.-Whether or not mollusks were sufficiently numerous to constitute a source of food supply was not learned. The river mussel (osapE), Andonta oregonensis, was made into ornaments. Natches said that if California Indians who traveled to the borders of the Northern Paiute country wore any ornament of abalone or olive shell, the Northern Paiute would desire it the minute they saw it and would trade for it. The shamans had so great a use and desire for olive shells that they would dream about them. Both men and women wore abalone and olive shell ornaments in considerable quantities. The abalone, HaZiotis, is called puidua'a. Olive shells, Olivella biplica,ta, are known as potE. Possibly the word potE or pote may be generic for any species of univalve, since the local fresh-water Lymna.ea stagnalis wasatch-ensis and Helisomna trivalvis are also called potE. Plants.-Following is a list of a few Northern Paiute names of plants and their uses as learned from Gilbert Natches. The Gosiute equivalent as taken from Chamberlin43 is also given whenever it is in anywise similar. pamahape, bog-rush, Junnoa. Gosiute, pa'hwap, pa-ma-w'up. pipobE, triangular tule, Soirpus nevadensis?, seeds eaten. sai, tule, Soirpus laowtris. ' Gosiute namnie, saip. sawipi, siwapI, sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata. Bark used for sandal pad- ding, also to carry fire from place to place; compa.re Shoshoni word wa-ap, to burn, and Gosiute words, wap, wi pi, juniper. 48 R. V. Chamberlin, The Ethnobotany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Mem. Am. Anthrop. Assoc., 2:329-405, 1911. 1929] 157 158 University of Califoria Publoations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 sebI, willow, Sal2a, used in making baskets. Name shortened to se in com- position; for example se-osa, "willow-bottle," or bottle-shaped basket. Gosiute word for willow si-opi. sikopi, sikupI, rayless goldenrod, Chrysothamnw. If a worm gets in the stem of a young plant it causes a bulbous swelling just above ground. Girls will search diligently for these, in order that they may obtain a chewing gum. suno, tumble-weed, Amaranth4s graevLzans. The small, filat, leaf-like seeds are hulled and eaten. Gosiute su-no is the name for Atriplex. Tumbleweed is sup- posed by botanists to be an introduced species of modern times. taEpi, greasewood, Atriplex torreyi. Short seetions of the crooked, hard, thorn- like twigs are pealed and attached at a crook to a string for use as a fishhook (ohotetema) for catching mi;nnows. A great many of these hooks are left in the water overnight. In the roots of this bush there are yellow worms an inch in length which "smell good and axe good to eat." They are also used as fish bait. tibipi, nut pine, Pinus mophylta. The nuts which are gathered on the Still- water range, are called tibi. Gosiute, ti'-barwa-ra, nut pine, and ti'-ba, pine nuts. tegapo, for making of coarse string. Compare Gosiute tin'-ai-gop, nettle, Urtioa holoserwa. toi, toy, cat-tail rush, Typha latifoUla. The pollen, tsima, is gathered, inclosed in the leaves of the rush and roasted in the ashes, eausing it to beeome hard and sweet like candy. Pollen is also used for face paint. The down is used for sandal padding. The seeds are eaten. The Gosiute name of the plant is to'-iump. toibE, spike-rush, Eleooharis palustris. tonobI, donobi, greasewood, Sarcobatu vermioulatus. Fishhooks are made from the twigs, which however, are inferior to those made from the twigs of Atriplex. The roots are also infested with the same worm as found in Atriptex. Arrow points for small animals and birds were made from greasewood. Sarcobatus was a favorite wood for the manufacture of various articles found in the cave. It is very hard and close grained. Gosiute, to'-no-pi. wai, bunch grass with a small seed which was eaten. Gosiute wai signifies mountain rice, Oryzopsis cwpidata. wekwekobE, cane, Phragmites oonmuniws. weyupuie, a red berry smaller in size than sma1l peas and containing little seeds. The berries are washed before using. They grow upon a gray-leaved thorny bush, -6 to 12 feet tall. The description agrees well with that of the buffalo-berry, Shepherdia argentea. wiha, a plant growing along the rivers under willows. It has a straight stem the size of a peneil with branched top about 312 feet high. The fiber is used in making fish nets. Chamberlin states that the spreading dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifoliwm, a plant answering our description, is that from which the Gosiute obtained a strong fiber for string and rope. Natches also gave the name tegapo for cord 4 mm. in diameter. Possibly this is the word for eoarse cord rather than the name of some other fiber plant, as he stated that wiha was made into cord 4 mm. in diameter to be used for the top of a fish net. The fiber is reddish when new but is colored a deeper red with pine bark which floats down Truckee river. 1Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Gathering seeds.-By October various seeds were ripe. The seeds of the triangular-stemmed tule, Soirpus nevadensis., were especially mentioned, also the seeds from the eat-tail rush, Pypha latifolia. The fine down to which the cat-tail seeds are attached is spread upon the hard ground of a playa to the depth of 1 or 2 inches and over a space of 5 to 10 feet in diameter. It is then burned. More of the down is gradually added and continually stirred with sticks in order that it may be fully consumed. At the end of a hard day's labor there may be a sufficient quantity of seed upon the ground to fill several sacks. The method of removing the nut-like shell of these and other minute seeds is explained in discussing the various implements. It was a common thing to make porridge of several seed meals- mixed. The one-leaf pin-on, Pinu,s monopkylta, a tree 8 to 25, or rarely 45, feet in height, is found on the range east of Carson sink at an eleva- tion of over 1000 or 1500 feet above the valley. It formed so important a source of food that different bands of Northern Paiute held pro- prietary rights to certain tracts. Winnemucca claimed the par- ticular mountain on which is located the mythical "Weasel trail," described later (p. 160; no. 1, pl. 68). Late in autumn the nuts were gathered and secreted in piles until opportunity presented itself for transportation. Basketry.-The typical Northern Paiute hulling basket (tema) is a flat triangular tray, while other tribes, as well as the cave people, had circular hulling trays. A layer of seeds is placed upon such a basket, and pressure applied with a circular motion with a flat stone. This cracks the nut-like seed. coverings, after which the kernel and shells are separated by winnowing. A hulling basket may be of coiled (pl. 30a) or other weave, but it must be a tight weave, as it is used to hull small seeds. Tema baskets are also used in roasting seeds, either before or after hulling, by placing them on the basket with coals and shaking. For the hulling of pine nuts and the larger seeds a coarser basket called yata may be used. A flat wicker tema basket, triangular in shape, 24 by 30 inches in size, was found several miles north of Lovelock cave, at the base of a cliff, at an elevation of some 300 feet above the level of the plain. It is undoubtedly a Northern Paiute specimen left on the spot in recent decades. It is made of willow, there being 32 warp rods and 40 courses of woof to 10 centimeters. The woof is single, unlike that in baskets found in the cave, and passes over two warps at a time, giving the basket a superficial appearance of being of diagonal twined weave. 1929] 159 160 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 At the base of the basket, for about a dozen courses, as well as a few decorative courses elsewhere, there is twined weaving. A patch, 10 by 15 cm. in size, sewed on the basket with a coarse cord, is also of twined weave. The basket has a decorative design in dark brown, consisting of narrow bands six inches apart. Water-tight baskets for soup and other fluids are called tsida. Bottle-shaped baskets made of willow and coated with pitch from the nut pine are used for water, and are called seosa, a compound of the words sebi, willow, and osa, bottle-shape. MYTHS Besides myths regarding geographical features, a few references to supernatural beings and extinct peoples were obtained in the process of showing specimens and making inquiry regarding the material culture of the Northern Paiute. For example, when Natches described the clothing of the Indians, he stated that they never wore robes of bear skin. Then he went on to say that bear meat was never eaten, because bears are just the same as a person. They understand our language and know when they are being talked about even at a distance. They are respectfully called "aunt." The Weasel Trail About the center of the Stillwater range is a mountain 7800 feet high, or 3800 feet above the level of the Carson Sink plain. The mountain lies just back of the Copperreid mine due east from Carson sink (no. 1, pl. 68). There is a white streak, many miles in length and so high up the sides of the mountain that it is said to be visible over the gap in the Humboldt range as far away as Lovelock, 25 miles distant. Quite likely the explanation of it is that it is either a fault line or an exposed stratum of some white rock such as limestone or gypsum. Back of this mountain lies Hare canyon at the head of which is a' spring called su-pa-A, "vulva-water." The sides of the canyon look very much like the parted legs of a person in a recumbent position. The Northern Paiute explanation is that Skunk and his younger brother Weasel were at play. Skunk ran after Weasel who went into his small hole in the ground. Skunk dug in after him and so opened up a diteh many miles in length over the mountain side. The Indian name for the ditch is babigip3 or pabitsipo. The whites, hearing the story from the Indians, call it the Weasel trail. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Wolf and Coyote The chief theater of action of Wolf and Coyote in the story to follow was in the Shoshone creek region. Once when a boy, Natches had visited the place, going by horseback. He made some rough sketch maps, recalling as best he could the location. There was a cave in the mountain range next east of the Stillwater range, from which one could look across a basin and see several tolumns of stone. The basin is undoubtedly Humboldt salt marsh into which Shoshone creek empties. On the west side of the marsh, a mile or so from the mouth of Hare canyon, there are known to be hot springs (no. 3, pl. 68). Hence there is a high degree of probability that the stone columns are situated here, they being a deposit of lime from the springs. If this supposition is correct the cave would quite likely be to the southeast of the marsh on Willow creek, the water seepage of which would account for the presence of trees which are mentioned. The entire basin in Pleistocene times formed a fair-sized lake with- out outlet. All the people from Carson sink and Humboldt lake, in fact all the people from the Pine Nut mountains (Stillwater range) and all those to the west, came to fight Wolf and Coyote. It would appear that Coyote was the youinger brother and was considered too young to fight, so Wolf shut him in the house while he went out to fight alone. The people stayed on one side of the basin, while Wolf fought them from the other side. He killed some of the people. They can be seen to this day as rocks, some standing and some fallen just as they were when killed across the basin from where Wolf's house is situated. The people were clothed in robes made of twisted strips of skin from the mud hen, woven together with thongs of buckskin. There were scattered about over the ground fragments of black rock, looking just like the skin of the mud hen. Wolf himself was killed in this engagement and his head cut off. You can see his headless form and his entrails all scattered about (no. 5, pl. 68). Meantime Coyote was a prisoner in the house, but he made repeated attempts to get out by climbing up through the smokehole. At last he succeeded in getting out just as Wolf was killed. When Coyote saw what had happened, he fell over and rolled down the slope, pretending that he was dead, and for further deception he also made some weeds grow out of his head. He can be seen there now with the weeds, which are trees, growing around him. The house 1929] 161 162 University of California Publioations in Am. Aroh. and Ethn. [VoL.25 is now a cave with trees in the opening. They are the obstruction that Wolf put up to keep Coyote in (no. 4, pl. 68). After pretending to be dead for a while, Coyote got up and chased the people. In their haste to escape the people took Wolf's head and threw it over the Pine Nut mountain. It landed on the plains north of Carson sink, a distance of 20 miles or more, and now is a rock about 200 feet high called mosi'i (no. 6, pl. 68). Coyote chased the people gut of the country, brought back his brother Wolf's head, put it back upon the body and brought him to life again. Somewhere in the vicinity of the cave called Wolf's house is a natural bridge of rock over a canyon. This is known as Coyote bridge (no. 7, pl. 68). On that same mountain is a rock known as isa-kwe'a, Wolf penis. There is a second isa-kwe'a, described as the highest mountain in the chain west of Pyramid lake and visible from Reno, 30 miles away. It is undoubtedly Tule peak, 8700 feet in elevation. The Ancient People The Northern Paiute have accounts of an extinct people living in various localities in Nevada which recall the beliefs in northwestern California regarding an ancient now extinct race of supernatural beings. However, there seems to be the difference that the former people of Nevada were ordinary human beings living an entirely rational human life. It is barely possible that further inquiry might bring out supernatural traits, but of all the numerous references made to them, there are no characteristics mentioned but what might well be possessed by some tribe hostile to the Northern Paiute. All mention of them partakes of the nature of historical tradition, yet the author is not prepared to accept the accounts as real traditions. They should be regarded as an attempt by the Northern Paiute to explain the archaeological remains of a cultural period preceding their own. Characteristics of this ancient people are that they made some of their implements differently from the Northern Paiute a.nd of different stone materials. They had spears and no arrows, while the Northern Paiute had arrows but no spears. They were mean, contemptible, foolish, degraded cannibals, had red hair which they were excessively fond of decorating with bone ornaments, and yet were so poor that they dressed in robes made of the skin and feathers of the mud hen. In a collection of specimens from Nevada every object which is unfamiliar to a Northern Paiute is attributed to them. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave In the mind of the Northern Paiute they are often associated with the Pit River Indians among whom a remnant are even supposed to exist today. The Pit River Indians are called by the Paiute sai'i, which is also the name of the ancient people, but the possible reason for this is that both peoples are held in contempt. Of the ancient sai'i there were two bands. The first band, which is conceived, like any band or "family" of Northern Paiute, to consist of only a few hundred individuals, lived at Humboldt lake until exter- minated by the Northern Paiute. The second band lived on Pyramid lake and at a later date were driven toward Pit river. The story is that the Northern Paiute used to capture these people, cut off the fingers, penis, and ears, and tie these to the blankets of the girls, or throw them into the midst of a group of girls playing games, to tease them. After the ancient sai 'i were driven out of Nevada, the Northern Paiute and Washo fought together against the Pit River Indians. An incident illustrates how the ancient people are associated in the minds of the Northern Paiute with the Pit River Indians. One day while the writer was at Toy packing stone specimens, some Indians passed in a wagon. Although the specimens were typical Paiute implements the Indians disclaimed all knowledge of them, saying that they must have been made by the Pit River Indians. NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY Besides the places described in the myths, Natches mentioned a few other points of interest. The figures refer to locations on the map, plate 68. 10.-Near the Pyramid lake agency buildings there is said to be a cave once occupied by the sai'i. Around Pyramid lake there are many rockshelters and in the vicinity of Pyramid island a cave (no. 11, pl. 68), where legend says this "other" people used to live. They are called fish eaters, agai-tsi'i. 12.-On the west side of Winnemueca lake, back from a point projecting into the lake there is a eave, in front of whieh was a village of the aneient people, occupied before the Northern Paiute drove them from the country. Their houses of stone can still be seen. 13.-To the southwest of Perth there is a cave or perhaps more properly a coneave cliff which is easily seen from the railroad. It is understood there are pictographs there, some of them crudely resembling letters of the alphabet. The name of the place is tohateka. 14.-A few hundred feet northeast of the station buildings at Toy there is a village site, called otigadutU, where Natches was born. The gravel ridge shown as a dotted area on plate 1 is also called otigadutU. On both sides of the ridge 1929] 163 164 University of California Publications in AM. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 there are absolutely barren level playas. The size of the ridge was not aseer- tained, but from memory the writer would say it is 10 or 15 feet in height, several rods in width, and 10 miles long. It is covered with sagebrush and is visible 6 or 8 mites away. It was caused by a gravel wash in the Pleistocene lake. In fact Humboldt lake itself owes its existence to a gigantie dam of gravel wash, over a hundred feet in height, built entirely across the valley by the old lake. 15.-There are two eaves to the south of the lake, opposite Ocala. On the ridge near the cave, marked 19 on plate 3, Natches said that there is a "stone house." In the hill to the west of this is situated the other cave. 16.-Near Hazen on the side of Black butte there is a cave of considerable size called pusia-tipogI, "louse-cave." 17.-Soda lake, near Fallon, covers an area of 268 acres and is 147 feet deep. It has a crater rim built up above the level of the desert, so that the total depth of the old crater is 312 feet. Natches said that there was an old story that it once burst open in an eruption. This may be a historical tradition, as Russell shows that although voleanic activity began before the Dendritic stage of Lake Lahontan, its last outbreak is post-Lahontan in date. 18.-A mountain nine miles northeast of Wadsworth and famous for its supply of woodchucks is called waha-kutakwA, "two-tips." The English name, Two Tips, is a translation. 19.-The southern end of the range in which Two Tips is located is called pahino-motsata, "hot spring rock-point." The word for the rock deposited by hot springs is pahinopE. 20.-At present there are several hot springs at the base of Pyramid island, from which steam issues with a noise. The island is knob-like in form with an elevation of 320 feet, composed entirely of rock deposited by the hot springs. There is a tradition that there was formerly a hole in the top of the island which is now entirely filled by the steam deposit. Loud-Hfarrington: Lovelock Cave APPENDIX 3. SARAH WINNEMUCCA'S ACCOUNT OF LOVELOCK CAVE Northern Paiute tradition peoples Humboldt valley with another people, sometimes identified with the Pit River, or Achomawi, Indians. The story told Natches by his grandmother, who, got it from her grandfather, is that anciently both the Northern Paiute and the other people lived north of Humboldt lake. The other people lived on islands in the lake, doubtless meaning the gravel ridge shown on plate 1. They also lived on tule rafts. They spoke a language dif- ferent from Northern Paiute. When the Northern Paiut.e hunted ducks in the tules about the lake they fell a prey to the other people. Individuals who, became isolated never ret.urned. In consequence warfare between the two peoples continued for many years and at last the Northern Paiute burnt the tule and drove the other people into the lake. Later, when they took refuge in Lovelock cave, the Northern Paiute smoked them to death. Sarah Winnemucca writes of this ancient people and their extermination.in the cave as follows :44 Among the traditions of our people is one of a small tribe of barbarians who used to live along the Humboldt River. It was m,any hundred years ago. They used t.o waylay my people and kill and eat them. They would dig large holes in our trails at night, and if any of our people travelled at night, which they did, for they were afraid of these barbarous people, they would oftentimes fall into these holes. That tribe would even eat their own dead-yes, they would even come and dig up our dead after they were buried, and would carry them off and eat them. Now and then they would come and make war on my people. They would fight, and as fast as they killed one another on either side, the women would carry off those who were killed. My people say they were very brave. When they were fighting they would jump up in the air after the arrows that went over their heads, and shoot the same arrows back again. My people took some of them into their families, but they could not make them like themselves. So at last they made war on them. This war lasted a long time. Their number was about twenty-six hundred (2600). The war lasted some three years. My people killed them in great numibers, and what few were left went into the thick bush. My people set the bush on fire. This was right above Humboldt Lake. 44 Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Life Among the Piutes, 73-75. The book was written while the author was on a lecture tour of the East, sent by her people to protest against the corruption of the Indian agency system. The book, while enlightening, shows the handiwork of an editor unfamiliar with the geography and ethnology of Nevada. 1929] 165 166 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL.. 25 Then they went to work and made tuly or bulrush boats, and went into Humboldt Lake. They could not live there very long without fire. They were nearly starving. My people were watching them all round the lake, and would kill them as fast as they would come on land. At last one night they all landed on the east side of the lake, and went into a cave near the mountains. It was a most horrible place, for my people watched at the mouth of the eave, and would kill them as they came out to get water. My people would ask them if they would be like us, and not eat people like coyotes or beasts. They talked the same language, b,ut they would not give up. At last my people were tired, and they went to work and gathered wood, and began to fill up the mouth of the cave. Then the poor fools began to pull the wood inside till the cave was full. At last my people set it on fire; at the same time they cried out to them, "Will you give up, be like men, and not eat people like beasts? Say quick-we will put out the fire." No answer came from them. My people said they thought the cave must be very deep or far into the mountain. They had never seen the cave nor known it was there until then. They called out to them as loud as they could, "Will you give up? Say so, or you will all die." But no answer came. Then they all left the place. In ten days some went back to see if the fire had gone out. They came back to my third or fifth great-grandfather and told him they must all be dead, there was such a horrible smell. This tribe was called people-eaters, and after my people had killed them all, the people round us called us Say-do-carah. It means con- queror; it also means "enemy." I do not know how we came by the name of Piutes. It is not an Indian word. I think it is misinterpreted. Sometimes we are called Pine-nut eaters, for we are the only tribe that lives in the country where pine-nuts grow. My people say that the tribe we exterminated had reddish hair. I have some of their hair, which has been handed down from father to son. I have a dress which has been in our family a great many years, trimmed with this reddish hair. I am going to wear it some time when I lecture. It is called the mourning dress, and no one has such a dress but my family. Certain features of the cave may have given rise to the Paiute story in case that story is pure, fiction. (1) There are strata of grass and tule in the cave which are carbonized. Fires started by sparks from torches of bold explorers may have smouldered for days in such deposits. (2) Much of the hair found on the mummies in the cave is reddish. Similar hair is known from mummies from the Pueblo region, Peru, and elsewhere, the color being due to age or chemical action. (3) The smell of the cave with its immense deposit of bat guano suggests burnt bodies, and made Ishi, a Yahi Indian, reluctant to enter a room at the museum where cave specimens were stored. There is some doubt that Say-do-carah in Sarah Winnemucca's story means "conqueror " or "enemy." The Northern Paiute applied to the ancient people the name sai-duka'a, "tule-eaters, " a name which might be applied to any people with this habit. This may account for the application of the name or its shortened form sai'i to the Pit River Indians and the form Saidyuka to Indians of eastern Oregon. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave APPENDIX 4. JOHN T. REID'S ACCOUNTS OF LOVELOCK CAVE John T. Reid,45 a mining engineer in Lovelock, Nevada, gives the following history of Lovelock cave. I recall that along about 1887, when I was about 16 years old, Captain Natches, two other Indians, one known locally as "Coffee Charley," the other as "Mustache Charley," and myself had undertaken to catch some wild horses that roamed in the neighborhood of the Carson and Humboldt sinks. In due time we eame in contact with the wild horses, and then the chase was on. After running those horses all day long we were obliged to camp over night near the southern end of the Humboldt sink and on its eastern shore. The next morning we resumed the chase, following the horses over into the Carson Sink desert. But here we had to turn around, homeward bound, since we had no fresh saddle horses available to pursue the mustangs further. On the way back we passed Lovelock eave, and the hour being late we decided to camp there for the night. Later, Captain Natches related to me the great calamity whieh had oceurred in that cave to another race of people who had been exterminated by the Piutes. In the tale that Natches related, with the other two Indians aiding him in bringing out all of the material facts that had any connection, I was informed that about four or five generations baek the Indians had fought to extermination a people who were redheaded and who spoke their own language. The fact that these two people spoke the same language suggests that they had lived together for a long period of time. Natches assigned no reason for the origin of the trouble between the two races, and I doubt if he knew or had a history, although his sister, Sarah Winne- muaca Hopkins, states that these people were cannibals and ate the Piutes.45 This is hardly compatible with her further statement that the Piutes had taken some of these people into their own families.46 Annie Lowry, a half breed, who married an Indian named Mr. Sanny, assigned as a reason for the trouble between the two races that these people had stolen their women and taken their wild rice see-d away from them. I rather think that the matter of food was the trouble and the Piutes decided after a period of droughts that they would exterminate the other people who were consumers of the small amount, that was all the while getting smaller and smaller, of food that was available in the form of wild seeds and wild fowl that visited the lakes. Natches stated that these people had come from the southwest. A battle had waged for a long time on the Carson sink at somne sand hills on the east and west 45 Reid 's father ran a general merchandise store at Lovelock from 1883 to 1895, in which the son worked as a clerk. Through this work he came into intimate contact with all of the In?ians of that region, old and young. 46 Life Among the Piutes, pp. 73-75. 1929] 167 168 Universi.ty of California Publiotions in Am. Arch. and Ethn.. [VoL.25 side of the Carson river, after which the Piutes had driven these people northward into the region of the HLumboldt lake, thence across the lake to the cave, some going into the cave while others went northward. From what I learned through Natches, and from numerous others of the old Indians, I have deduced that this redheaded people had long occupied. the territory about the cave before the Piute Indian had come from elsewhere. Natches further related how the Piute Indians had gathered sagebrush in great quantity around and about the hills adjacent to the eave and assembled it on the bluff above the cave. Then they had lighted and thrown it down immedi- ately in front of the cave. The Piutes staid on either side of the cave, at a safe distance, and watched for the people within to come out for food or water, or to escape the smoke which in part penetrated the cave. As they eame out they were dispatched with well-directed axrows. The following account was obtained by Mr. John T. Reid from James H. Hart in regard to the first excavation of Lovelock cave. In 1911 I heard David Pugh of Lovelock tell of an old Indian cave some twenty miles south of Loveloek. He said that it was full of bat guano in which he had dug down four feet. When a boy he had learnt from the Indians where the cave was.' There had then been fires in it for there was much smoke on the walls. Realizing that if the cave was as large as described the guano might be of value, I arranged with Pugh to file a mineral location upon it and ship out the guano. This we did, working from the fall of 1911 to the spring of 1912.47 We drove a small tunnel into the mouth of the cave, or rather to one side of it, the natural opening being too small to work through. We took out about five car- loads of guano which were shipped to the Hawaiian Fertilizer Company of San Francisco. We soon began to discover Indian relics, and notified Dr. J. C. Merriam of the University of California, who took the matter up with the Univer- sity of Nevada and the Nevada Historical Society. We also wrote to the Smith- sonian Institution, but they advised that they had no funds for collecting, receiving only donations. After some of the best specimens had been destroyed, we received word from the State Historical Society that, in conjunction with the University of California, they would send an investigator. This was Mr. Loud. We gave him all possible facilities for collecting. Many objects had been destroyed by the weather and others had been taken away. I reall many boas or ropes of fine feathers. As these lay strewn about in the open end of the cave in the way of the workmen they were irreparably damaged. Some of these boas were found perfectly preserved. All the Indian objects began to appear about four feet below the surface of the guano. In the south end of the cave, "about twenty feet deep," we unearthed some skeletons. In the north-eentral part of the cave, about four feet deep, was a striking looking body of a man "six feet six inches tall." His body was mummified and his hair distinctly red. There was a grass rope about his neek with a knot under the left ear. The rope was about eight feet long. The feet were bound together from the ankle to above the knees with stout rope. The mummifieation was complete except for a part of the abdomen. The other mummies all had red hair-I think there were either four or five. Those that appeared to be women were small, something like a Japanese woman in height. 47 The original says 1912-13, but as the Loud excavations were made in 1912 the actual dates must have been as given. 1929] Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave 169 This was not altogether due to the shrinking of the bodies in mummifying, because the man was "a giant." The women had on moccasins which reached clear to the knees; the buckskin was beaded with shells. Two of them had on a kind of buckskin eoat (gown) that came down to the knees. These bodies were from the deep south end of the cave. There were no bats in the cave when we went there to work. Besides David Pugh there worked in the cave Samuel Pugh, Hanson, Cum- mings, and perhaps one or two others. We screened the guano through a three- quarter inch mesh, discarding everything that did not go through the screen. Probably all objeets that pased through the mesh were shipped away with the guano. After we got through working the cave one George Stautts worked on what was left in the cave for a while. He probably shipped out about a carload of guano. i70 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 EXPLANATION OF PLATES WITH MUSEUM NUMBERS AND DIMENSIONS OF SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED48 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP Plate 1.-Map of archaeological sites in Humboldt lake region, Nevada. LOVELOCK CAVE: PLAN, VIEWS, EXCAVATIONS Plate 2.-Ground plan of Lovelock eave. Scale shown in feet along base lines A-B, E-F, and G-H. Lines A-BW and G'-H', of plate 3, are the same lines as A-B and G-H. Heavy black lines indicate limestone walls of the cave as found April 1, 1912; diagonal lines, rock, including fallen boulders. University of California excavations of 1912 are shown in red; those of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, in 1924, in black; in both cases the "lot" areas and numbers are given.49 Plate 3.-Lovelock cave, cross-seetions in lines A-B and G-H of plate 2. a, longitudinal section along back wall of cave, showing numbered lots and line A-C-B as in plate 2. Line M-N, probable original level of guano before exca- vated by Hart and Pugh. Line P-Q, probable original level of guano along the back wall of the cave. Lot numbers indicate excavations near the back wall by Loud in 1912. b, cross-section in line G`-H' and its projection to include the talus slope exterior to the cave. On this talus slope a platform was erected for sifting the guano. Boulders brought from the cave formed a rock pile at the upper portion of the talus slope, while halfway down the slope there is a dump of straw, tule, stieks, etc., brought from the eave. The poeket marked 37 indieates exca- vation 37 in 1912 as in plate 2. The boulder at e is in cross-section. Line R-S, probable original level of guano before excavated by Hart and Pugh. 48 Prefix 1- indicates University of California Museum of Anthropology; prefixes 12- and 13- indicate Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, except that prefix 12- on skeletal material indicates University of California Museum of Anthropology. All lot numbers in plate explanations refer to 1912 excavations, pit numbers refer to 1924 excavations. 49 Messrs. Hart and Pugh excavated in 1911 that portion of the eave south of a line running through the following points, leaving a vertical wall of straw and guano four to five feet high, beginning in the northernmost part of lot 3 (1912 excavations), running easterly through lot 9 and its extension, passing through boulder north of the 70 foot mark, curving thence through lot 10, then swinging in a semicircle southerly nearly to the 60 foot mark, then turning abruptly north- ward and crossing the line H-G just south of the 10 foot mark, and after one slight dip southward terminating near the big boulder east of the line G-H. Loud-Harrinrgton: Lovelock Cave Plate 4.-Humboldt range, Humboldt lake, and Carson sink. a, looking SW from a position on the Humboldt range several miles north of Lovelock eave. The position of the cave is indicated by the cross. Eumboldt lake is in the distance above and to the right of the cross. To the left is a sharp peak about 900 feet in elevation above the level of the plain. The top of the peak intersects the shore line of Carson sink, faintly shown by white lines in the distance. A small white playa of several acres extent is seen among the mountains to the right of the peak. The triangle marks the position of a high basaltic mountain from the top of which the photograph in b was taken. b, looking west from the position indicated in a by the triangle. To the right is seen Humboldt valley through which the river meanders and spreads out its flood waters in irregular shallow pools. To the left is Humboldt lake. Trinity range is seen across the valley. To the left is a portion of the Humboldt range. Near the center marked with a cross is a low-lying limestone hill which contains Lovelock cave. Plate 5.-Views of a small limestone hill containing Lovelock cave. Crosses in a and b indicate the position on a basaltic mountain, about 800 feet above the level of Humboldt lake, on which the photograph shown in plate 4b was taken. a, white limestone hill as seen from half a mile to the west. Entrance to the cave is at the top of the talus slope. To the right are seen several terraces marking the beach of Lake Lahontan as it existed at various levels during the Pleistocene age. To the extreme upper right corner is seen a cliff of red rhyolite eroded by wave action when the lake was at its upper levels. In the foreground are also terraces marking the beach of the aneient lake at various levels. b, view from the southwest. o, view from quarter of a mile to the northwest. Note in the background the red rhyolite cliff with talus slope in front and a beach line of the old lake below. l, a near view showing in the center the dump of straw, tule, etc., taken from the cave. Plate 6.-Views of Ljovelock and Ocala caves. a, view of the cliff in front of Lovelock cave, showing the dip of the stratified limestone which was under- mined by wave action at the time when the ancient lake stood at this level. Later as the lake rose to a still higher level debris was piled in front of the cave as the waters swirled about the submerged hill. c, entrance to Oeala cave and specimens of tule mats, rope, etc., obtained from the cave. Plate 7.-Duok decoys. a, bundle of duck decoys in nitu. b, duck decoys with wrappings after removal from cave. LOVELOCK, CAVE: BURIALS Plate 8.-Mummy bundle. a, baskets over mummy, pit 16. b, mummy of child after removal of basketa. Plate 9.-Mummy bundle. a, baskets over mummy, pit 35. b, mummy after removal of baskets. Plate 10.-Two views of burial of a child (six-year molar not yet cut), 12-2670. Partially mummified body was resting on a twined basket tray, 1-20088, 1929] 171 172 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 and completely covered with 1497 grams weight of fish nets and 934 grams of other twine. This net and twine eonstitutes 59.3 per cent of the net and twine obtained in the cave. There was also a quantity of dilapidated garment of bird skin and a large rattle, 1-19341, the whole constituting lot 26. Plate 11.-Skull of man and mummy of baby. a, two views of a male skull, 12-2653, found with lot 32. b, new-born infant, 12-2669, found buried beneath a dilapidated cradle of willow sticks, 1-21318 (pl. 47), lot 33. Measurements in Gifford, this series, 22:382. LOVELOCK CAVE: OBJECTS ]FOUND Plate 12.-Bone pendants and bird bones. a, d, found with lot 3; e, with lot 37; f, with lot 38; and all other figures from unknown portions of the cave. a, length 113 mm.; b-j to same scale. a, 1-19307, right thorazic rib of a carnivore, probably wolf, Canis gigas, with a notch and a cord 1 mm. in diameter attached. b, 1-19266, perforated rib, probably of a female bighorn sheep, Ovis oanadenis nelsoni, but possibly of a deer. c, 1-19265, perforated bone pendant with decorative incisions. d, 1-19306, shaft of the ulna of a pelican, Pelicanus erythrorhynchos, with decorative incisions. e, 1-19315, perforated and calcined bone. f, 1-19319, shaft from the left ulna of a pelican. g, 1-19267, pieces from the lower bill of a pelican wrapped with fiber. h, 1-19264, perforated bone pend- ant with incised decorative dots. i,j, sections from the shaft of bird limb bones with decorative incisions, i, 1-19262, to be worn as an ornament in the septum of the nose, j, 1-19263, as an ornament for the hair. Plate 13.-Limb bones (a-i) with ends out or broken off; awls and other implements (j-t) made from the scapulas and limb bones. a, length 126 mm.; b-i to same scale. j, length 212 mm.; k-t to same seale. b, e, f, g, h, j, found with lot 30; c with lot 25; d with lot 18; k with lot 6; 1 with lot 3; m with lot 11; and other figures from unknown portions of Lovelock cave. a, 1-19261, left humeras of wildcat, Lynx ereinius. b, g, 1-19273, 1-19268, right humerus of coyote, Canis latrans lestes. o, 1-19323, right femur of coyote, used as hair ornament. d, 1-19312, femurs of coyote attached by a cord 1.6 mm. in dia.meter to a bundle of tule. e, 1-19296, left tibia, probably of goose, Branta oanadensis. f, 1-19271, left tibia of coyote. h, 1-19272, left radius of coyote, used as an ornament in the septum of the nose. i, 1-19251, left tibia probably of deer, Odocoileus hemionus, cut so as to form a small cup suitable to contain hair oil (cf. pl. 46a). j, 1-19301, notched scapula, probably antelope, Antilocapra americna k, 1-19311, awl made from the shaft of a scapula, probably of the deer, Odocoilew hemionus. 1, 1-19240, awl, probably shaft of the left sca.pula of a bighorn, Ovis candensis nelson-i i, n, 1-19245, 1-19247, awls made from the scapulas of deer, antelope, or bighorn. O, 1-19304, awl from the distal end of a right radius of a bighorn. p, 1-19303, awl with decorative incision. q, 1-19242, awl from the distal end of a right radius of a deer, bighorn, or antelope. r, 1-19243, awl from the distal end of left tibia of a coyote, Canis katran-s estes. s, 1-19241, awl probably from the proximal end of a cannon bone of a deer. t, 1-19250, tanning implement from the front cannon bone of a deer. Plate 14.-Two views of rattle of horn, hoof, and bone from antelope and big- horn sheep. 1-19341, found with skeleton of a child (pl. 10). For explanation of individual objects marked a to p, see text figure 11, "a" of which is 242 mm. long. Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave Plate 15.-Objeets of horn and wood. d, e, f found with lot 31; g with lot 6; k, I with lot 25; and other figures from unknown positions in the cave; a, b, o, g from the bighorn male; j, k from the bighorn female or more probably from a juvenile male; e, f, h, i and probably d from the bighorn, sex unknown; I of wood. a, i, 1-19330, 1-19328, flat pieces of horn. b, g, 1-19325, 1-19335, spoons of horn. h, h, 1-19326, 1-19327, pendants of horn. d, 1-19340, perforated disk of horn to be worn as an earring. e, 1-19339, pendant or ornament with perforations in end inserted with cord. f, 1-19338, pieee of horn probably carved to repre- sent a fish. j, k, 1-19331, 1-19342, horn with perforations for securing and straightening sticks. 1, 1-21468, one of four scoured sticks of greasewood, Sarco- batws verimioulatus, found in association with k. Plate 16.-Born and wooden objects. a, club from lower levels, 19 inches long, 13-4802. b, club from lower levels, 191/4 inches long, 13-4803. c, mountain sheep horn implement (13-4524) found with mummy in pit 35. d, mountain sheep horn implement with 13 inches greatest width, found at depth of 72 inches. e, wooden implement (13-4610) found with mummy in pit 46. Plate 17.-Blanket and receptacle from lot 12. a, 1-20794, blanket 38 by 40 inches in size, chiefly of twisted fur strips from the meadow mouse, Miorotws montanw. Border at both edges of twisted fur strips from the muskrat, Fiber zibethecu. b, 1-20795, receptacle, 16 inches long, 8 inches in diameter, made of tule, Scirpus. The recepta-le contained two blankets, 1-20793 (pl. 18), and 1-20794. Plate 18.-Muskrat and bird-skin blankets. a, 1-20793, blanket, 26 by 36 inches in size, of twisted muskrat fur strips, Fiber zibethecus, found with objects shown on plate 17. b, 1-2074.7, garment of twisted strips of bird skin. Plate 19.-Aprons and fur belt. a, 1-21068, woman's apron of plant fiber, 9 by 10 inehes in size. b, 1-21070, girl's apron of fiber and netting, 4 by 4 inches in size. o, 1-21069, girl's apron made in part of plant fiber and in part of netting, 5 by 5 inches in size. d, 1-20800, belt of woven twisted strips of meadow- mouse fur, Microtus8 montanus, 6 by 20 inches in size. Plate 20.-Feather plume and skin receptacle, 12-4151. Length of plume 197/8 inches. Plate 21.-Bladders, footwear, and objects of feather and hair. a with lot 3; b, o, d with lot 6; other figures from unknown parts of Loveloek cave. a, 1-21074, feather with Junos rope 6 mm. in diameter. b, 1-21075, feather with split tule rope, type e, diameter 9 mm. o, 1-21075, feather with split tule rope, type e, diameter 6 mm. d, 1-21076, feather with split tule rope, type e, diameter 5 mm. e, 1-21079, bundle of feathers wrapped in tule. f, 1-21080, bundle of feathers tied in cat-tail leaves. g, 1-21140, bundle of cord, 2-strand, left twist, 4 mm. in diameter, made of human hair. h, 1-21151, two bladders wrapped in a piece of skin. i, 1-21640, leather moccasin ornamented with Olivella-shell beads. j, 1-21231, down from the cat-tail rush, said to be used as sandal lining, and found in some- what doubtful association with sandal 1-20117 (pl. 23f). k, 1-21233, eat-tail down for sandal lining. Plate 22.-Sandals. a, 1-20143, lot 25, covered sandal of rush (Junous), 20 cm. length, top and bottom shown. b, 1-20135, lot 6, covered sandal of tule (Scirpus), 25 cm. length, top and bottom shown. o, 1-20127, lot 9, covered sandal of rush of coarser type, 25 cm. length, top and bottom shown. a', b', c', undersides of a, b, o. d, 1-20131, lot 3, fragmentary sandal of tule. e, 1-20144, lot 22, child's covered sandal of deer skin, 19 cm. in length. 1929] 173 174 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 Plate 23.-Sandals mostly of coarser type, from Lovelock cave. a, 1-20132, covered sandal of rush (JTunu) of finer type, length about 26 cm., found with lot 3. b, 1-20114, sandal of tule (Soirpus). c, 1-20115, sandal of tule (Soirpu). d, 1-20113, sandal of tule. e, 1-20126, fragmentary covered sandal of rush. f, 1-20117, sandal of tule, length 28 em. g, 1-20126, fragmentary sandal of rush. Plate 24.-Matting. a, 1-20200, tule mat, 48 by 20 inches, woof courses 120 mm. apart. b, 1-20236, tule mat, 13 by 11 inches, woof courses 11 mm. apaxt. c, 1-20245, tule mat, 24 by 24 inches, woof eourses 33 mm. apart. d, 1-20202, tule mat, 19 by 13 inches, found with lot 31. Woof courses 5 cm. apart. Selvage at upper edge of type c (fig. 12c). e, 1-20173, tule mat fragment with woof courses 9 cm. apart. Border of Junow. f, 1-20218, mat of cat-tail (Typha latifolia) leaves, 17 by 7 inches, woof courses 120 mm. apart. g, 1-20155, tule mat, 9 by 5 inches, woof courses 4 to 5 cm. apart. Half of woof twisted in the unusual clockwise direction. Selvage of type e. Plate 25.-Matting. a, 1-20205, mat of tule (Soirpus), 15 by 12 inches. Woof courses 6 to 9 cm. apart. Selvage of type c (fig. 12o). Found with lot 31. b, 1-20219, mat of tule, 10 by 7 inches. Woof of 3 strands braided, courses 30 mm. apart. Found with lot 34. c, 1-20206, mat of tule, 18 by 10 inches. Woof of 3 strands, courses 36 mm. apart. Found with lot 31. 4, 1-20166, mat of spike rush (Eloohari8 palustris), 13 by 5 inches. Woof courses of Junous, 4 to 6 em. apart. e, 1-20223, Juncu mat, 6 by 4 inches. Selvage of type a. Woof courses 4 cm. apart. Found with lot 16. f, 1-20147, tule mat selvage of type a. g, 1-20146, tule mat selvage of type d. h, 1-20146, tule mat selvage of type e. i, 1-20146, tule mat selvage of type g. j, 1-20209, Junou mat selvage of type G. k, 1-20210, tule mat 18 by 10 inches. Woof courses of cord 3 to 5 cm. apart. Final warp of border is 3-strand braid, 10 mm. wide and 25 inehes long. Found with lot 31. 1, 1-20196, mat of cat-tail (Typha latifoaa). Woof courses of cord 16 mm. apart. Border warp of rope 1 inch long, 5 mm. diameter. Found with lot 6. m, 1-20152, tule mat. Selvage with ends of the warp twisted into a rope 15 mm. in diameter. Plate 26.-Matting. a, 1-20108, tube of Juncus, 10 to 15 mm. in diameter, 60 cm. long. Woof courses about 4 cm. apart. b, 1-20092, beginning of a tule receptacle. a, 1-20099, tule receptacle, 7 cm. in diameter, 34 cm. long; woof courses 8 to 10 cm. apart. Found with lot 31. d, 1-20107, receptacle of Junmus, 5 cm. in diameter, 15 cm. long. Woof courses 12 to 25 mm. apart. Found with lot 13. e, 1-20106, receptacle of tule, 5 em. in diameter, 18 cm. long. Woof courses of Junous 2 to 3 cm. apart. f, 1-20100, receptacle or conical carrying basket of Juncus, about 21 cm. in diameter. Woof courses 7 em. apart. Found with lot 31. g, 1-20104, carrying case of tule, 40 cm. long. Woof eourses 6 cm. apart. Handle of rope 8 to 15 mm. in diameter made of tule and rush. Found with lot 23. Plate 27.-Wicker basketry, probably fragments of burden baskets. a, found with lot 18; b and e with lot 30; and a and f with lot 31. a, 1-19962, to d, 1-19930, show types of basket borders, two courses of twined weaving followed by the border with double warp which turns backward at the rim to become the woof. b, 1-19940, c, 1-19954, typical wicker weave is shown below the two twined courses. Warp rods 28 to 10 centimeters speced singularly. Average of about 36 woof courses to 10 eentimeters consisting of thin superimposed splints. e, 1-19938, example of unusually loosely woven specimen where splints are but slightly superimposed. f, 1-19958, example of tight weave with 22 warps and 56 woof courses to 10 centimeters. Example of neat mending. 1929] Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave 175 Plate 28. Typical fragment of a wicker burden basket, 1-19978, found with lot 34. 22 warp and 38 woof courses to 10 centimeters. At the apex are a dozen courses of twined weave typical of all burden baskets. Design emphasized by inking in. Size 18 by 25 inches. Plate 29.-Coiled basketry. a, 1-20021, obverse and reverse sides of a sample of split stitch weave, a fragment from a tray about 26 inches in diameter. Twenty- two coils and 30 stitches to 10 centimeters. A completely faded design is revealed by irregularity of stitches on reverse side. With herringbone rim. b, 1-20042, sample of tray with stitehes similarly split on both sides. Thirty coils and 24 stitches to 10 centimeters. o, 1-20012, sample of 1-rod foundation shelling and roasting tray. Sixteen coils and 14 stitches to 10 centimeters. d, 1-20053, sample of a shelling and roasting tray with split stitches. Eighteen coils and 26 stitches to 10 centimeters. e, 1-20014, specimen of bowl-shaped basket with 1-rod founda- tion. Forty coils and 16 stitches to 10 centimeters. f, 1-20029, specimen of bowl- shaped basket with 1-rod foundation and narrow stitches. Fifty-two coils and 64 stitches to 10 centimeters. Stitches alternately black and white except for central area where all white. g, 1-20027, specimen of b-owl-shaped basket with narrow stitches. Forty-two coils and 94 stitches to 10 centimeters. See figure 14f for design. h, 1-20024, specimen of bowl-shaped basket, 9 or 10 inches in diameter, with narrow stitches and herringbone rim. Thirty coils and 70 stitches to 10 centimeters. Band and "bead" design on 4th and 5th coil. i, 1-20043, bottle- shaped basket, 4 inches in diameter, found with human remains; lot 32, decorated with feathers, herringbone rim, 28 coils and 28 stitches to 10 eentimeters. Plate 30.-Coiled and twined basketry. a, 1-20044, eoiled tray found with lot 32 over the pelvis and femurs of partially mummified human remains, 12-2652. Two-rod and splint foundation, split stitch, diameter 26 inches. For detail of one of the 17 designs radiating from the center see figure 14h. b, 1-20083, frag- ment of a plain twined basket with decorative courses of three-strand woof. Warp and woof of cat-tail leaves, Typha latifolia. Found with lot 32 near the chin of human remains 12-2652. Both .58 natural size. Plate 31.-Twined basketry. b and f of cat-tail leaves, Typha latifolia; G and d of tule culms, Scirpus; a and e of undetermined pliable materials; and g to I of willow. a, length 197 mm.; b-f to same scale. g, length 208 mm.; i-i to same scale. a, 1-20070, plain twined weave. Warp of two twisted strands. b, 1-20085, plain twined weave with decorative course of three-strand twined woof. Found with lot 32. o, 1-20066, woof of three strands braided. d, 1-20091, plain twined weave with warp of two twisted strands. With lot 29. e, 1-20063, woof of three strands. Warp of two twisted strands. f, 1-20084, plain twined weave with decorative courses of lattice twined weave. With lot 32. g, 1-20067, diagonal twined. Woof courses 12 mm. apart. h, 1-20086, twined border to a burden basket. The warp after aseending to the rim makes a horizontal turn and becomes woof. With lot 34. i, 1-20073, diagonal twined. Woof courses 2 cm. apart. With lot 11. j, 1-20075, rim of an openwork basket 2.5 inches in diameter. With lot 6. k, 1-20058, typical plain twined weave as found in a few burden baskets. 1, 1-20062, diagonal twined weave. Plate 32.-Duck decoy heads and mink head. a, b, o, and h found with lot 34 as part of a cache of 13 bundles of stuffing without bird skin, 7 stuffed heads of Canada goose, and 5 bills of the same species. Other figures from unknown parts of the cave. All .31 natural size. a-d, 1-21130, 1-21127, 1-21129, 1-21642, Canada goose, Branta coanadeis. e, 1-21643, white fronted goose, Anser albifrons. f, 1-21103, merganser, Mergus amnerioanus. g, 1-21644, sprig, Dafila 176 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 aouta. h, 1-21115, bundle of tule, Soirpus, such as a-e are stuffed with. i, 1-21639, mink, Mustela vison, skull and skin sewed with cord 1.5 mm. in diameter. Plate 33.-Tule body of duck decoy, 13-4513. a, side view, 12M4 inches long. b, bottom view, 11 inches long. Plate 34.-Deeoys. a, 13-5010, decoy of passerine bird, eomposed of grass, tule, and a bird skull, from tip of tail to top of beak 414 inches. b, 13-4512, decoy canvasback drake of title and rush, eovered with feathers and paint, 11 inches long. Plate 35.-Rope of tule (Soirpus), cat-tail leaves (Typha latifolia), and of undetermined materials. o and p right twist, all others left twist. b found with lot 30; f with lot 6; j with lot 31; p with lot 3; other figures from unknown parts of the cave. a, 1-20249, rope of tule, type a, 2 stalks, 8 mm. diameter. b, 1-20345, rope of tule, type a, 2 stalks, 10 mm. diameter. One strand takes half hitch on other strand. o, 1-20260, rope of tule, type b, 3 stalks, 10 mm. diameter. d, 1-20250, rope of tule, type c, 4 stalks, 14 mm. diameter. e, 1-20248, rope of tule, type a, 2 stalks, 18 mm. diameter. f, 1-20372, rope of split tule, type e, 6 mm. diameter. g, 1-20371, rope of split tule, type e, 7 mm. diameter. h, 1-20371, rope of split tule, type e, 3 mm. diameter. End whipped with vegetable fiber. i, 1-20251, rope of tule, type o, 4 stalks, 8 mmn, diameter. j, 1-20429, rope of split tule, type e, 4 stalks, 4 mm. diameter. k, 1-20272, rope of undetermined material, 7 mm. diameter, overhand knot in one end. I, 1-20276, rope of unde- termined material, 5 mm. diameter. m, 1-20334, rope of cat-tail, 2-strand com- pound, 40 mm. diameter. n, 1-20263, rope of tule, type c, 7 stalks, 25 mm. diameter. o, 1-20297, rope of split tule, 2 stalks, right twist, 6 mm. diameter. p, 1-20364, rope of split tule, 2 stalks, right twist, 3 mm. diameter. q, 1-20265, rope of tule, type d, 3-strand compound, 9 mm, diameter. r, 1-20264, rope of cat-tail, 3-strand compound, 15 mm. diameter. Plate 36.-Rope of rush, Jnnous, except for h and k, from Lovelock cave. All left twist. a, 1-20290, rope, 2-strand, 6 stalks, 8 mm. diameter, with a loop. b, 1-20339, rope, 3-strand (5, 5, and 7 stalks each), one strand being itself a 2-strand rope of 7 stalk with an overhand knot in one end. Diameter 12 mm. o, 1-20381, rope, 2-strand, 17 stalks, poorly twisted to about a 20 mm. diameter, with lot 6. d, 1-20479, rope, 2-strand, 9 coarse stalks, 15 mm. diameter, with lot 38. e, 1-20365, rope, typical of well twisted 2-strand, 25 small stalks, 10 mm. diameter, with lot 3. f, 1-20381, rope, 2-strand, 6 stalks, one stalk makes an overhand knot in one end, diameter 10 mm., with lot 6. g, 1-20293, rope, 4 stalks, 4 mm. diameter. h, 1-20296, rope make of bark of sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata. Diameter 10 mm. i, 1-20418, rope of very greatly frayed Junous, 3-strand, 17 mm. diameter, with lot 31. j, 1-20493, rope, 3-strand, with one strand making an overhand knot in one end. Other end with a loop 13 inches in circumference. Diameter 20 mm. With lot 25. k, 1-20398, two ropes of grass with one making an overhand knot over the other. Diameter about 20 mm. With lot 17. Plate 37.-Braid of rush, tule, and grass. Three-strand braid, g to s; 4-strand braid, t; 5-strand braid, f; 6-strand braid, d, e; 7-strand braid, o; 16-strand braid, a; and 18-strand braid, b. a to I of rash, Junou; n to o and t of tule, Sopwus; r and s of grass; p of cat-tail leaves, Typha latifolia; and q of unde- termined fiber. a, 1-20503, 50 mm. wide. b, 1-20504, 40 mm. wide. c, 1-20505, 35 mm. wide. d, 1-20507, 10 mm. wide. e, 1-20525, 15 to 25 mm. wide. f, 1-20552, with lot 16. Width 25 mm. g, 1-20513, loosely braided 10 to 25 mm. wide, with end twisted and whipped. h, 1-20530, with lot 30. Width 30 to 35 mm. i, 1-20548, with lot 14. Width 10 mm. j, 1-20508, 6 mm. wide. k, 1-20511, 4 Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave to 8 mm. wide. With loop. 1, 1-20528, two pieces 25 mm. wide bound by a third piece 7 mm. wide. m, 1-20542, with lot 6. Width 8 mm. n, 1-20517, 5 mm. wide. o, 1-20519, 18 mm. wide. p, 1-20520, 30 mm. wide. q, 1-20(523, 12 mm. wide. r, 1-20545, with lot 18. Width 15 mm. 8, 1-20524, 25 to 30 mm. wide. t, 1-20549, circular cross-section, 10 mm. diameter. Plate 38.-Knots of rush, J,nou. (a, b, 1, o, q); of tule, Sirpus (d, f, g, h, k, n); of cat-tail leaves, Typha latifolia (a, j); and of grass (p). f found with lot 18; g with lot 6; other figures from unknown parts of the cave. All .40 natural size. ae, mesh knots. a, 1-20301; b, 1-20301; c, 1-20319; d, 1-20325. f-i, reef knots. f, 1-20411; g, 1-20385; h, 1-20330. g and h made in 2-stalk tule rope of 12 and 7 mm. diameters. j-m, granny knots. j, 1-20320; k, 1-20327; 1, 1-20305. n-r, overhand knots. o and q, made in Junuw rope of 12 mm. diameter. n, 1-20326; a, 1-20310; p, 1-20322; q, 1-20310. Plate 39-Knots of rush, JTunm8, except a and g of tule, Scirpus. c found with lot 34; g with lot 16; other figures from unknown parts of the cave. a, length 149 mm.; b-k to same scale. a-d, slip knots. a, 1-20328; b, 1-20309; a, 1-20457. a, made in type a tule rope of 12 mm. diameter. e, f, "wrap"I knots. e and f, 1-20308. g, 1-20466, clove hitch, the technique of which is shown in the drawing below. h-k, 1-20307, "neckties," a modification of the timber hitch. The drawing shows the detail of i. j and k also have each an overhand knot in the standing part. Plate 40.-Cord. a-o, two strands twisted to the right (cloekwise). a, three strands twisted to the left. e, two compound strands twisted to the left, but the original cord from which they were made is of two strands twisted to the right; k and primary strands of g twisted to the left, all others twisted to the right (clockwise). a, 1-20660, cord, 1-5 mm. in diameter. b, 1-20721, found with lot 26. Cord 2.5 mm. in diameter. G, 1-20685, with lot 3. Cord 1.5 mm. in diameter. d, 1-20676, cord, 7 mm. in diameter. Each of the three strands 3.6 mm. in diameter. e, 1-20671, cord 2.5 mm. in diameter. Each of the four strands 1 mm. in diameter. f, 1-20677, with lot 9. Cord for most part two-strand, 6 mm. in diameter, but central portion three-strand. g, 1-20700, with lot 6. Two cords (each 3 mm. in diameter and of left twist) loosely twisted together. h, 1-20675, three-strand cord, 5 mm. in diameter. , 1-20718, with lot 37. Three-strand cord, 3 mm. in diameter. j, 1-20742, with lot 26. Two-strand cord 2 mm. in diameter, woven into a six-strand chain. k, 1-20734, two-strand cord, 3.5 mm. in diameter, knotted about small lumps of Juno-s rush. , 1-20735, two-strand cord, .8 mm. in diameter, attached to ropes of rush 5 mm. in diameter. m, 1-20736, with lot 18; two-strand cord, 1.5 mm. in diameter, tied into a pair of loops 25 cm. in circumference. Plate 41.-Hair nets made from cord about .8 mm. in diameter. b found in association with the mummy of a child, 12-2670, lot 26. All other figures from unknown portions of the cave. a, 1-20557, mesh, 17 mm. square. b, 1-20613, mesh, 7 mm. square. c, 1-21142, human hair with net having a mesh 5 mm. square. d, 1-20588, triangular mesh, 30 mm. in length by 8 mm. in width, smaller meshes, 5 mm. square. e, 1-20587, triangular mesh, 22 mm. in length by 10 mm. in width. Plate 42.-Fish nets and old nets utilized in making cord. a, found with lot 31. All others from unknown parts of the cave. a, 1-20603, net made from cord .6 mm. in diameter, mesh 55 mm. square. Net made into cord 6 mm. in diamneter by twisting to the left. b, 1-20563, net made from cord .6 mm. in diameter, 1929] 177 178 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 mesh 30 mm. square. Net made into cord 6 mm. in diameter by twisting to the right. c, 1-20561, net made from cord .4 mm. in diameter, mesh 30 mm. square. Net made into cord 2 mm. in diameter by twisting to the right. d, 1-20582, net made of double lines, from cord 1.4 mm. in diameter, mesh 60 mm. square. Plate 43.-Miseellaneous bundles and diminutive mats. a, 1-21210, bundle of cat-tail leaves, 14 cm. long. b, 1-21175, bundle of tule, 15 cm. long. c, 1-21211, with lot 13. Bundle of tule, 18 cm. long, wrapped with cord of 3 mm. diameter. d, 1-21164, spike rush wrapped with Juncw, 9 cm. long. e, 1-21208, with lot 13. Bundle of tule, 10 cm. long. f, 1-21163, 3-strand braid of J.unus wrapped with Junou. g, 1-20772, ball of fur strips bound with thongs and cord. Diameter 4 em. h, 1-20773, bundle of leather thongs. i, 1-21257, with lot 18. Coiled willow basket splints wrapped with Juncus. j, 1-21153, diminutive triangular mat, 4 by 6 cm. k, 1-21154, diminutive triangular mat, 6 by 6 cm. 1, 1-20111, spoon-shaped objeet of wicker weave. Willow warp and woof of cord. Size 42 by 87 mm. m, 1-20112, miniature model of a sandal. Twined weave, warp of Juncus, woof of tule. Size 40 by 85 mm. n, 1-20193, with lot 3; mat, warp of salt grass, woof of cat-tail. o, 1-21083, with lot 37. Mat made of quills twisted into cord 3 mm. in diameter. p, 1-21212, bundle of tule containing red paint. q, 1-21213, bundle of tule containing yellow paint. Plate 44.-Snares and bundles used in games, etc. b, c, e, h with lot 3; a, g, i with lot 6; j with lot 11; k with lot 17. a, length 110 mm.; b-I to same scale. a, 1-21283, bundle containing 8 sets of willow snares, one of which is shown separately. A bent twig is attached to a wooden needle by a cord .8 mm. in diameter and 20 to 30 inches long. b, c, d, 1-21216, 1-21217, 1-21215, bundles of cat-tail leaves (Typha latifotia) used in cup-and-ball game. e, 1-21198, ball of tule (Soirpus) and spike rush (Elooharis paluwtris) possibly used as a cork for a bottle-basket. f, 1-21197, elliptical bundle of tule. g, 1-21203, globular ball of cat-tail and Juncus. h, 1-21200, elliptical bundle of cat-tail, possibly a float for a seine net. i, 1-21202, globular ball of tule. j, k, 1-21218, 1-21219, rings of cat-tail. 1, 1-21174, coil of tule. Plate 45.-Bow and darts. a, 13-4532, end of bow, length 714 inches. b, 12-4193, knife or foreshaft of spear with stone point, length 79% inches. c, 13-4960, foreshaft of atlatl dart, length 714 inehes. d, 13-4552, foreshaft of atlatl dart, length 7% inches. Plate 46.-Dart and arrowpoints. a, 13-4551, 2 atlatl dart foreshafts with stunning ends of bone, longest 7% inches. b, 13-4518, 6 wooden bunts, longest 41,4 inches. o, 13-4579, arrow foreshaft bound with grass for ignition, length 7 inches. d, 13-4579, arrow foreshaft bound with tule for ignition, length 714 inches. Plate 47.-Arrow shafts, pointed sticks, bow fragment, knife handles, etc. a and r found with lot 30; c with lot 31; d, o with lot 18; e, g, q with lot 6; i with lot 11; t with lot 33; others from unknown parts of cave. a, 1-21477, hard wood foreshaft inserted in cane. Diameter 7 mm. Length front of cane, 340 mm. One- half painted red. Three wavy "blood grooves." b, c, 1-21427, 1-21475, frag- mentary arrows of hardwood. Diameters 9 and 10 mm. d-4, 1-21458, 1-21443, 1-21422, 1-21445, 1-21435, 1-21442, arrow foreshafts probably all of greasewood, Saroobatus vermnioulatus. Variation in diameter 6 to 8 mm. d-g foreshafts inserted in cane. d has black painted stripe near the head. j, 1-21485, double pointed, red painted, hardwood stick with sinew holding small feathers. Diameter 7 mm. Length 193 mm. k, 1, 1-21479, 1-21480, butt end of arrows. Cane with Loud-Harrington: Lovelock Cave feathers attached. sa, 1-21418, fragment of sinew backed b,ow. n, 1-21503, knife handle of soft wood. Diameter 20 mm. Length 124 mm. a, 1-21384, notched and sawed piece of willow. p, q, r, 1-21494, 1-21493, 1-21499, objects described as possibly being net weavers (but cf. with atlatl darts, pl. 45o, d). Diameters 10, 13, and 11 mm. Lengths 160, 120, and 167 mm. r of soft wood with decora- tive "lightning marks." Other specimens of Saroobaftu.. s, 1-21500, sinew- wrapped, soft-wood stick, a possible arrow foreshaft, but of unusual type. Diameter 11 mm. Length 87 mm. t, 1-21318, cradle, length 595 mm, found covering infant munmmy, pl. llb. Plate 48.-Various. a, bundle of snares tied with piece of rush found with (luck decoys in pit 12, length 4 inches. b, 13-4517, two of the snares, each 33/4 inches long. c, 13-4570, flat rectangular basketry (7) object, bound with cord, length 414 inches (cf. pl. 431). d, 13-4930, wooden pendant, length 31/16 inches. e, 13-4545, small wooden tablet, length 21/2 inches. f, 13-4929, wooden pendant, length 3T/8 inches; o to f from 6th level, stratigraphie section. Plate 49.-Fire drills, hearths, and various articles of wood and horn. d, k found with lot 9; e with lot 27; g, m, o with lot 30; h, p with lot 6; 1 with lot 35; n with lot 25, and f, i, j, q from unknown parts of the cave. a, 1-21320, fragmentary soft-wood fire drill, 10 mm. diameter. b, 1-21319, fragmentary soft- wood fire drill, 10 mm. diameter. o, 1-21322, complete fire drill (?) of Saroabatus, 10 mm. diameter, 216 mm. long. d, 1-21346, fire hearth, 127 by 27 by 16 mm. e, 1-21357, fire hearth, 84 by 27 by 25 mm. f, 1-21342, fire hearth, 118 by 78 by 10 mm. g, 1-21348, fire hearth, 170 by 16 by 13 mm. h, 1-21353, fire hearth, 125 by 22 by 14 mm. i, 1-21343, fire hearth, composed of four pieces of split cat-tail stem bound by cat-tail leaves, 113 by 16 by 14 mm. j, 1-21344, fire hearth, same material as i, 205 by 27 by 12 mm. k, 1-21347, fire hearth of cane bound in Juimus rush, 260 by 22 by 18 mm. I, 1-21306, fragmentary digging stick of Saroobatus, diameter 22 mm. m, 1-21378, piece of wood lenticular in cross-section like a bow. Dimensions 123 by 41 by 8 mm. n, 1-21388, bent stick of willow, 440 by 30 by 10 mm. a, 1-21376, bont stick of willow, 13 mm. in diameter, 330 mm. long. p, 1-21381, much weathered piece of horn, 218 by 48 by 8 mm., wrapped in cat-tail leaves. q, 1-21284, model of a fish trap (?), 40 cm. long, 6 cm. diameter, made of willow. Plate 50.-Various objects of wood. a, b, d, e, and m-r of willow; o of soft wood; f-j probably of greasewood, Sarcobatus verm"iaultus; and k, I probably of greasewood, Atroplex to'rreyi. o found with lot 19; d with lot 6; f with lot 31; g with lot 30; h with lot. 14; j with lot 16; m with lot 34; and q, r from unknown parts of the cave. a, 1-21293, twigs of willow wrapped with human hair. b, 1-21369, carved figure incised with dots, 92 by 23 by 7 mm. c, 1-21385, plummet-shaped stick, probably blunt point for atlatl dart, 21 mm. in diameter, 79 mm. long. d, 1-21383, carved talismanic effigy, 58 by 30 by 25 mm. e, 1-21361, willow stick, 114 by 12 by 6 mm., wrapped with fine strong vegetable fiber. f, 1-21491, bluntly pointed stick, 11 mm. in diameter. g, 1-21375, comb sticks, each about 3 mm. diameter, 13 to 17 cm. long. h, 1-21386, arrow foreshaft for flame throwing, 7 mm. in diameter, 12 cm. long, bound with a Junous rush in a bundle of grass. i, 1-21374, same, 6 mnL in diameter, bound with tule. j, 1-21387, twig, 7 mm. in diameter, wrapped in a ball of tule and grass. k , 1-21371, twig wrapped with tule. 1, 1-21372, twig wrapped with JuTnous rush. m, 1-21292, split willow twig in a coil. n-q, 1-21286, 1-21286, 1-21286, 1-21287, willow twigs twisted into knots. r, 1-21296, peeled willow twig sharply cut perhaps with a metal knife. 1929] 179 180 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 25 Plate 51.-Fishlines and hooks. a, 12-4181, set line with 12 hooks with bone barbs and fiber shanks, line 22 feet long. b, 12-4177, 2 fish barbs with points averaging 1 inch in length (cf. fig. 8). Plate 52.-Various. a, 13-4531, tubular stone pipe with bone stem and inlay, length 8% inches. b, 13-4897, ball of leather strips, diameter 1/2 inches, from 4th level, stratigraphic section. o, 13-4944, head6and of tufts of hair, diameter 8 inches, from 6th level, stratigraphic section. d, 13-4568, perforated bear-claw pendant. e, 13-4678, hairbrush of stripped feathers tied with strip of root, length 6% inches. Plate 53.-Objects of shell and clay. oa e, f with lot 6; a with lot 26; g, h with lot 32. a, 1-19345, necklace of Otivella-shell beads found about the neck of a 5Y2-year-old child, 12-2670. For detail of stringing see figure 17a, b, 1-19343, string of Olivella shell beads. See figure 17b. c, 1-19347, abalone shell (Hatiotis) ear ornament, 30 mm. diameter. d, 1-19346, abalone shell hair ornament, 43 mm. in diameter. e, f, 1-19349, 1-19348, ornaments of mussel shell. g, 1-19230, globular clay ball, 32 mmn. in diameter. h, 1-19231, elliptieal clay ball, 42 mm. long and 25 mm. in diameter. Plate 54.-Ice pick and shellers. a, 1-19176, obverse and reverse sides of slate ice piek, and cross-section at position indicated. Dimensions 330 by 107 by 72 mm. b, 1-19183, fragmentary hammer of quartzite, 86 by 45 by 40 mm. o, 1-19179, fragmentary sheller of lacustrial conglomerate, 117 by 95 by 30 mm. d, 1-19178, flat side and cross-section of a sheller of brown basalt, 144 by 137 by 50 mm. e, 1-19181, sheller of black basalt, 145 by 135 by 42 mm. Plate 55.-Various stone objects. a, b found with lot 32; o with lot 30; f with lot 25; j with lot 3; and k with lot 6. a, 1-19220, white flint knife, 274 by 57 by 9 mm. b, 1-19219, black flint knife, 186 by 36 by 25 mm. o, 1-19195, sinker made of a greenish ancient pre-Tertiary tuff. Diameter 82 mm.; thickness 12 mm. d, 1-19191, sinker of slate. Diameter 71 mnm.; thickness 11 mm. e, 1-19190, sinker of slate. Diameter 60 mm.; thickness 13 mm. f, 1-19196, sinker of red limestone. Diameters 80 and 60 mm.; thickness 9 mm. g, 1-19193, sinker of quartzite. Diameters of 69 and 49 mm.; thickness 11 mm. h, 1-19192, fragmentary sinker of argillaceous limestone. Diameter 60 mm.; thickness 10 mm. i, 1-19197, cross-section and view of a partly finished pipe of calcium crystal, 41 by 23 mm. j, 1-19186, incised chisel-shaped stone of slaty tuff, 77 by 36 by 8 mm. k, 1-19187, rectangular stone of slaty, argillaceous limestone. 1, 1-19208, obsidian knife, 140 by 47 by 11 mm. m, 1-19213, drab flint knife, 126 by 26 by 7 mm. n, 1-19216, fragment of chocolate flint knife 56 mm. wide. o, 1-19215, fragment of a knife, 40 mm. wide, of mottled flint. Plate 56.-Chipped implements. d, m found with lot 37; i with lot 22; j with lot 11; other figures from unknown parts of the cave. a, 1-19206, obsidian arrow- point, 51 by 25 by 6 mm. b, 1-19210, black flint arrowpoint, 52 by 18 by 6 mm. c, 1-19211, black flint arrowpoint, 56 by 23 by 4 mm. d, 1-19221, obsidian arrow- point, 41 by 26 by 5 mm. e, 1-19201, obsidian arrowpoint, 18 by 13 by 4 mm. f, 1-19207, obsidian arrowpoint, 45 by 27 by 5 mm. g, 1-19204, obsidian arrow- point, 44 by 22 by 7 mm. h, 1-19212, yellow flint spear point, 84 by 26 by 6 mm. i, 1-19228, white flint knife, 110 by 21 by 8 mm. j, 1-19217, mottled flint axrow- point, 63 by 21 by 5 mm. k, 1-19205, obsidian arrowpoint, 32 by 16 by 5 mm. 1, 1-19203, obsidian drill, 41 by 13 by 6 mm. m, 1-19226, white flint drill, 46 by 10 by 7 mm. n, 1-19202, obsidian arrowpoint, 36 by 18 by 7 mm. o, 1-19209, brown flint arrowpoint, 49 by 18 by 6 mm. p, 1-19223, obsidian spear point, 76 by 40 by 7 mm. q, 1-19222, obsidian spear point, 60 by 35 by 6 mm. Loud-Harrington: Lovelocik Cave Plate 57.-Scoria ring and balls. a, 13-4667, scoria ring, possibly a club head. b, 13-4781, 6 stone balls, diameter of largest 1% inches, of smallest Y2 inch. O, 13-4784, cylindrical polishing stone. d, 13-4786, 2 bipointed stones. OCALA CAVE Plate 58.-Objects found at Ocala cave (site 19 of pl. 1), Churchill county, Nevada. All figures about one-third natural size. a, 1-21594, neck of mud hen, Fulica americana, stuffed with salt grass. b, 1-21593, head and neck of mud hen, stuffed with salt grass. G, 1-21590, head of gull, Larus oaliformius, stuffed with grass. d, 1-21563, triangular-shaped mat of tule, Soirpus. The pointed end is broken off. e, 1-21576, about 54-inch length of 5-strand tule braid rolled up in a coil. f, 1-21587, rope 70 mm. in diameter made of triangular tule, Scirpus nevadensis. MODERN D,ECOY Plate 59.-Modern duck decoy of canvasback skin over a tule form, 13-4189, length 14/2 inches, Northern Paiute, Stillwater, Nevada. a, side, b, bottom. HUMBOLDT VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGY Plate 60.-Mortars, pestles, and metates from the valley north of Humboldt lake (except i of unknown provenience). j, 1, and m., pestle fragments put to secondary use as paint or medicine mortars. a, 1-17760, cylindrical pestle of quartzite, 280 mm. long, 70 mm. diameter, 4.56 pounds weight. b, 1-17488, basalt pestle, 320 mm. long, 110 mm. diameter, 10.56 pounds. c, 1-17735, rhyolite pestle, 345 mm. long, 127 mm. diameter, 13 pounds. d, 1-17666, red rhyolite pestle, 433 min. long, 145 mm. diameter, 23.5 pounds. e, 1-17789, basalt mortar, 290 mm. high, 395 mm. diameter. f, 1-17713 (fig. 21a), vesicular basalt mortar, 460 mm. high, 420 mm. diameter, 188.5 pounds. g, 1-17731, mortar of rhyolite tuff with perforations for suspension (fig. 22a), found bottom up with pestle (h) inside; 235 mm. high, 185 mm. diameter, 14 pounds. h, 1-17732, pestle of rhyolite tuff, 235 mm. long, 85 mm. diameter, 2.56 pounds. i, 1-22219, pestle of brown vesicular rhyolite. Provenience unknown but from an alkaline region, 655 mm. long, 140 mm diameter, 26.5 pounds. j, 1-17815, paint mortar of rhyolite (fig. 22e), 90 mm. high, 120 mm. diameter, 2.3 pounds. k, 1-17380, pestle of gray rhyolite, 260 mm. long, 103 mm. diameter, 6.8 pounds. 1, 1-17662, paint mortar of rhyolite (fig. 22o), 200 mm. long, 130 mm. diameter, 7.2 pounds. m, 1-17491, paint mortar of rhyolite (fig. 22b), 255 mm. long, 130 mm. diameter, 10 pounds. n, 1-17756, metate of rhyolite (fig. 20a), 31 pounds. o, 1-17759, metate of basalt, 420 mm. long, 300 mm. wide, 37 pounds. p, 1-17733, metate of quartzite (fig. 20o), 47 pounds. q, 1-17758, metate of basalt diorite or hornfels (fig. 20b), 28 pounds. r, 1-17367, metate of rhyolite, 485 mm. long, 355 mm. wide, 28 pounds. s, 1-17777, medicine mortar of rhyolite (fig. 22f), 275 mm. diameter, 9.6 pounds. Plate 61.-Stones for hulling nut-like seeds, from Humboldt valley. g from site 12; all others from site 14. a, 1-17434 (fig. 19a), red vesicular basalt, 194 by 128 by 12 mm., weight 336 grams. b, 1-17432, red vesicular basalt, 132 by 107 by 18 mm., 327 grams. o, 1-17436, vesicular rhyolite, 253 by 120 by 18 mm., 501 grams. d, 1-17396, rhyolite tuff, 163 by 123 by 15 mm., 434 grams. e, 1-17439 (fig. 19f), vesicular rhyolite, 197 by 150 by 22 mm., 697 grams. f, 1-17430, quartzite, 137 by 95 by 16 mm., 392 grams. g, 1-17720 (fig. 19g), quartzite. Small size for use when traveling. 127 by 74 by 15 mm.; 254 grams. 1929] 181 182 University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 25 Plate 62.-Thick heavy stones for hulling hardest shelled seeds. Objects from sites north of Humboldt lake. a is a small metate fragment and b a pestle frag- ment put to a secondary use as shellers. a, 1-17702, vesieular rhyolite (fig. 19o), 165 by 118 by 22 mm., 465 grams. b, 1-17398, rhyolite tuff, 173 by 113 by 42 mm., 826 grams. c, 1-17399, greenish rhyolite (fig. 19d), 232 by 153 by 56 mm., 3004 grams. d, 1-17710, veaicular basalt, 112 by 108 by 55 mm., 366 grams. e, 1-17637, rhyolite tuff, 157 by 120 by 30 mm., 963 grams. f, 1-17772, gravel conglomerate (fig. 19e), 166 by 106 by 40 mm., 1220 grams. g, 1-17521, basalt, 98 by 80 by 27 mm., 320 grams. h., 1-17422, granite, 168 by 150 by 28 mm., 1310 grams. Plate 63.-Stones for grinding seeds, from Humboldt valley. d, obtained from telegraph operator at Toy, all others from sites 13 and 14, north of Humboldt lake. b primarily a pestle or hammer, one side of which was used for grinding seeds. e primarily a pestle fragment. j used both as huller and grinder. a, 1-17620, coarse granular diorite (fig. 19j), 130 by 105 by 55 mm., 1499 grams. b, 1-17388, granite (fig. 19i), 160 by 92 by 56 mm., 1690 grams. o, 1-17393, granite, 144 by 92 by 56 mm., 1122 grams. d, 1-17828, granite (fig. 191), 172 by 77 by 47 mm., 1028 grams. e, 1-17526, quartzite, 137 by 75 by 37 mm., 570 grams. f, 1-17390, granite (fig. 19h), 140 by 96 by 44 mm., 1022 grams. g, 1-17444, basalt, 117 by 96 by 35 mm., 588 grams. h, 1-17621, possibly basalt (fig. 19m), 102 by 80 by 52 mm., 766 grams. i, 1-17391, granite, 100 by 83 by 47 mm., 719 grams. j, 1-17522, quartzite, 100 by 85 by 29 mm., 452 grams. Plate 64.-Stone objects found north of Humboldt lake. a., 1-17717, heavy sinker for fishing in swift eddies. Rhyolite tuff, 236 mm. long, 77 mm. diameter, 3.8 pounds. b, 1-17825, sinker of rhyolite or possibly decomposed granite, 155 mm. long, 47 mm. diameter, .82 pounds. c, 1-17783, sinker of rhyolite tuff, 200 mm. long, 70 mm. diameter, 2.3 pounds. d, 1-17827, hammerstone of rhyolite, 135 mm. long, 90 mm. diameter, 3.4 pounds. e, 1-17494, hammerstone of hornfels, 160 mm. long, 75 mm. diameter, 2.8 pounds. f, 1-17826, small paint mortar made from a pebble of red rhyolite, with vertical groove on sides and bottom, 90 mm. diameter, 1.25 pounds, cross-section fig. 22d. g, 1-17823, pick of slate for breaking holes in ice for fishing (fig. 23a, b), 355 mm. long, 103 mm. diameter, 8.2 pounds. h, 1-17597, ice pick of hornblende granite or granodiorite, 202 mm. long, 88 mm. diameter, 3.47 pounds. i, 1-17822, site 16, ice pick of hornblende syenite with incised design (fig. 23c, d), 193 mm. long, 85 mm. diameter, 3.23 pounds. Plate 65.-Sinkers, pipes, flint crackers, and problematical stone objects found north of Humboldt lake. e, from site 9; h from site 15; j from site 12; n from site 5; q from site 16; all other figures from site 13. a, 1-17529, sinker of vesicular basalt, 90 by 77 by 15 mm., weight 125 grams. b, 1-17530, sinker, lime- stone, 90 by 80 by 15 mm., 186 grams. o, 1-18632, sinker, quartzite, 90 by 53 by 19 mm., 160 grams. d, 1-17644, sinker, slate, 75 by 53 by 15 mm., 86 grams. e, 1-18599, sinker, red rhyolite, 51 by 14 mm., 40 grams. f, 1-18629, sinker, gray rhyolite, 49 by 45 by 22 mm., 72 grams. g, 1-18628, sinker, rhyolite tuff, 64 by 30 by 27 mm., 48 grams. h, 1-18622, sheller (?), vesicular rhyolite (fig. 19b), 55 by 51 by 22 mm., 73 grams. i, 1-17655, flint cracker (e), quartzite, 86 by 37 by 10 mm., 56 grams. j, 1-17719, rectangular stone, quartzite, 147 by 60 by 14 mm., 239 grams. k, 1-18635, incised limestone pebble, 28 by 23 by 20 mm., 18 grams. 1, 1-18633 (fig. 19k), flint cracker (?), basalt (P), 64 by 30 by 25 mm., 76 grams. m, 1-17531, pendant, marble, 83 by 20 by 13 mm., 32 grams. n, 1-18589, fragment of perforated stone, marble, 33 by 29 by 8 mm., 11 grams. o, 1-18639, pipe, red rhyolite tuff (fig. 24b), 43 by 23 mm., 19 grams. p, 1-18640, pipe, Lod-Harrington: Lovelock Cave rhyolite tuff (fig. 24o), 37 by 28 mm., 25 grams. q, 1-19167, partly made pipe, marble (fig. 24a), 65 by 30 mm., 92 grams. r, 1-18634, flint cracker, marble, 42 by 22 mm., 27 grams. s, 1-17646, flint eracker, quartzite, 64 by 30 mm., 77 grams. t, 1-17532, flint cracker, quartzite, 72 by 32 by 27 mm., 90 grams. Plate 66.-Objects of bone and shell from site 13, north of Humboldt lake. a, length 97 mm.; b-g to same scale. ag, awls made from bones of deer, antelope, or bighorn sheep. 1-17838, 1-18644, 1-17533, 1-18645, 1-18641, 1-18643, and 1-18647. h, 1-18648, flat rectangular bone object with the dimensions of 43, 26, and 4 mm., one edge has 11 notches, other is broken, but shows 5 notches. i, 1-18652, olive shell bead, Olivella biplicata. j, 1-18653, bead made from the side of an olive shell. k, 1-18659, serrated shell object made from fresh- water mussel, Anadonta. The two perforations indicate that it was probably used as a hair ornament. 1, 1-18655, m, 1-18657, doubly perforated hair orna- ments made of abalone shell, Haliotis. WATER BASKET Plate 67.-Coiled basket water bottle from Lovelock cave, said to have been found at a depth of 15 feet, now in the Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada. Diameter, in the mean, 181/2 inches; height, 14?2 inches. ETHNOLOGICAL MAP Plate 68.-Map of western Nevada showing points of mythological interest, 1 to 12, and points of ethnogeographical interest, 13 to 20. (1) Weasel trail or ditch, pabitsipo, made by Weasel and his brother Skunk. (2) su-pa-A, "vulva-water," a spring at the head of Hare canyon. (3) Hot springs, probable location where people were killed by Wolf and turned to stone. (4) cave called isa-kani, "wolf-house." (5) headless body of Wolf turned to rock. (6) Wolf 's head, mocia, a rock some 20,0 feet high. (7) natural bridge, location doubtful but near wolf house, idza 'a-posake, " coyote-bridge. " (8) Tule peak, isa-kwe 'a, " wolf-penis. " (9) Lovelock cave where the " Ancient People" took refuge and where the writer made excavations. (10, 11) eaves occupied by the Ancient People. (12) eave in front of which are houses of the Ancient People turned to rock. (13) eave called tohateka, near Perth. (14) otigadutU, birthplace of Natches, near Toy, also a gravel ridge in the lake opposite Toy. (15) 2 caves near the southern extremity of Humboldt range. (16) cave in Black butte, pusia-tipogI, "louse-cave." (17) Soda lake, said to have once broken out in eruption. (18) Two Tips mountain, waha- kutakwA, "two-tips." (19) pahino-motsate, "hot spring rock-point," at the southern extremity of the mountain range. (20) Pyramid island, 320 feet high, of hot spring formation. 1929] 183 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 R. R. 30 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES HUMBOLDT LAKE REGION NEVADA + Archaeological Sites. S ;'.:*; Lahontan Gravel Bar. u ii LLake Shores in Flooded Yeara. 4s Ct lw C AI MAP OF HUMBOLDT' LAKE RE,GION Ve [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE I UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 O' l0 20' a I I PLAN O P- ')C-LOC A CAVEM NEVADA U. C.Excavati0ns, 1912.rin Red. M.A.I., H.E, 1924, ir riack. PLAN OF LOVFUWCK CAVE F,~~~~~~ [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 2 c z 0- r '1 -u r 0 01 rr z 0 r H ill w H -j IL z 0 H U) z I 1 D 0 -J 1 LO J 0 z I LI Ud T j m D a- IL z D I II I :r. x C) -!il. ?4 'i E-4 ?4 L- 14 1-1 c z -u c co r 3 21 I I z 0 r N Ln 0 c 0 I ;2 z G) -1 0 z -u r -1i m rl IL z o I 0~ 0 ~~~~~~~~s- ELwE D- *1 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 EXCAVATIONS OOF b 1924-DUCK DECOYS [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 7 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I LOUD-HARRINGTON I PLATE 8 (1 b EXCAVATION'S OF 1924-mum-my B1UNDLE, PIT 20 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 9 a b EXCAVATIONS OF 192k-AUMMAiY BUNDLE, IPIT 35 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON I PLATE 10 PARTIALLY AMUTAIMIFIED CHILD UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 it b SKULL OF MAN AND MUMMY OF BABY [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 11 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 12 b d I a s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ h BON PEDAT AN IDOE a g C)$ .4 2(12 -3 :4 (1 t r 0 c 0 :0 z C) 0 z -o r m a92 w c z 0 r -n Wc r 3 9 P1 H I z r ro (A t- cn r- I% &??U - ;3 hI - 4 IL z 0 I- z 2 :1 z 6 0 i K) m In N J 0 hi I 4: u zi uto UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 C b i ua d h i . OBJECTS OF HORN AND WOOD p [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 15 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a b d OBJEOTS OF HORN AND WOOD [ LO.UD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 16 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 17 (I b MEADOW M,LOUSE BLANKET' AND RECEPTACLE 4) -J I z 0 H z 0 -J if) (NJ -i 0 z I I- U Ct5 I m 1J- IL -J z -4 z P: ? E4 z ? c: UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I, ., - - i.. . - N a ML . b , . d APRONS AND FUR BELT [LOU.D-HARRINGTONI PLATE 19 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I a b FEATIHER PLUME AND SKIN CASE [LOUO-HARRINGTON] PLATE 20 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a b R.. FS_ t C, * e *- f .. . *{e -S Cooc-a>w<,-w78 i I Kr d h g ht k j SKIN AND FEATHER OBJECTS e [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 21 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTONJ PLATE 22 L r ' a b a' '% d SANDALS OF FIN'E TYPE UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 lb d f SANDALS OF COARSE, TYPE [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 23 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a e AMATTING [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 24 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I "Vr fI b g I1 I smV d 1 i MATTING [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 25 G UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 J ( C a g MATTING BAGS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 26 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 b a WICKER BASKETS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 27 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 WICKER BASKET [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 28 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a f a g h i COILED BASKETS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 29 Nok- AM1?a UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 30 (I t3. X 141 I - AIl COILED AND TWINED BASKETS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 C b f h 1 TWINED BASKETS g i [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 31 I v UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 32 . <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W DUCK DECOY HEADS AND MiNK HEAD c UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a DUCK DECOY BODY OF TULE [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 33 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 X kl a b DECOYS OF PASSERINE BIRD AND CANVASBACK DRAKE [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 34 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I e r9 n 0(47> r q ROPE. OF TULE [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 35 iw a b UNIV. CALIF PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 4 a d 3 ~~~~~e g c b i I ROPE. OF RUSH, GRASS, AND BARK [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 36 I I r? 7 -.0 . UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a -I t- d I k BRAID OF RUSH, TULE, AND GRASS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 37 I % -- AO UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 e a b I f g k - p m A'I KNOTS-MESH, REEF, GRANNY, OVERHAND [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 38 i UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 39 d ab b~~~~~~~~~~~~~ h e ~~~~~~~~g e f *tA'0 KNOTTED RUSHES 0 F- a- I- 0 z 04 0 z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cJ -I o ID UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 41 b c HAIR NETS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 42 FISH NETS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 -e a b l I, m k n if L A BUNDLE,S AND SMALL MAT'S [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 43 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [ILOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 44 7'' /~~~~~~~__. N c 1' r a e d g n I SNARES, GAMES, AND BUNDLES 40*lr Idy Nilll I I "W UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 BOW,1 SP_: ; , AN - T ,. , -D . - BOW,, SPEAR,, AND ATLATL DARTgS [LOUD-HARRI .NGTON I -PLATE - 45 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 46 a b c d W ATLATL DART AND ARROW FORESHAFTS UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 47 U m I i j h b g e C f d p a !p ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r U A k I q s ARROW SHAFTS, KNIFE HANDLES, CRADLE, ETC. I UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 48 a b c d e f SNARES, WOODEN PENDANTS, ETC. UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 d D D ;fI_ -h q FIRE DIRILLS, IIEARTI-IS, ETC. I e f a - .: bFEi j., j. z <,: iI ij i a ik A A [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 49 j, I i z I ? "-, 9 I j I i jiM g: i .. ;l*Z?- - .?s I t t I UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 Cf* f _~~~~1 _ g g k I d n or m p MISCELLANEOUS WOODEN OBJECTS b * e i 0 I | t r . | E l . . q [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 50 I ?l ?l i UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 FISHHOOKS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 51 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 b d a e PN PIPE~, BALLI, HE:ADBAND, FEATwHERLS, ETC. [LOUD-HARRINGIrON] PLATE 52 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 .a - b 1.''*0 d e f SHELL AND CLAY OBJECT'S h [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 53 .r UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 b d d ICE, PICK AND SHELLERS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 54 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 d C I i I VARIOUS STONE OBJECT'S f b a g A nL m 0 K L'LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 55 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 b c e I4 i m k I CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS h [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 56 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a C b -d SCORIA RING AND BALLS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 57 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL AM ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 e b d OBJECTS FROM OCALA CAVE [LOUD-HARRINGTON I PLATE 58 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a b MODERN NORTHERN PAIUTE DUCK DE,COY [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 59 0 (0 w -J 0L z 0 - z E 6 0 -J 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z ? T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ F- w L z _. UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 b a e HUMBOLDT VALLE,Y HULLERS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 61 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 I, aL d C g n HUMBOLDT VALLEY HEAVY IIULLERS [LOUD-HARRINGTONI PLATE 62 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH & ETHN. VOL. 25 V d g I HUMBOLDT VALLE,Y SE-ED GRINDERS [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 63 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a c e h g L HUMBOLDT VALLEY SINKERS, ICE; PICKS, ETC. [LOUD-HAFRINGTONI PLATE 64 a UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 a e a g h i k n 0 r q HUMBOLDT VALLEY PERFORATED STONES, PIPES, FLINT CRACKERSS, ETC. m [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 65 u p UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. 8& ETHN. VOL. 25 f j , X :s i . .: :. j i . . , S i; ;0N t S\ * * 8 0 iCf 00 X }.: _ i: s s:: | ':i k ''} < Xj >' s -o ? S j I LOUD-HARRINGTON I PLATE 66 j i A I,j VALIJA IMNE AND SlIVI.I. UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. AM. ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 25 ~~~~1 ~ ~ 1 .43 --E ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ _. . . A, , MAP OF WESTERN NEVADA [LOUD-HARRINGTON] PLATE 68 C z c I- r * 3, ,0 I-. C. 0O -4 0 .z ".II?.II?? I;I?I, I,I :N 1- ? '. ,'. '.,, I .11 ,?,,- ?I :,,,?-?:-?II.-,`,?,..I;.I? -,??O?-, ,.,?II ,??I?"I'. 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