TV-, F W, I Al" , 'i . v?? 7`7 A 'I 'T 'j. W, tA rk 73 jth CY, A -xvx- ?4' M", kil, il?? 4:: v,.. 'A Al" V- V. I.A .1 t,)TI VN' V wr As, j W, X4, -01A)T4 ni .Ole FZ-Nl 19N A N";W1 i ol, 7.1 ?y ov + -Z MV7 'v.' Me P" -,ox, -r -TN x 27 4w, ? F?? I I `4 lWk, --k 2o 7,0 4.4 V41 :?7 _04 iN ?y, 1T FA7 , ?P` The f1 ng pd0 wh ce AegW bjet - ttider'the- frecton of,o Aepplt At pp al'ae en I texhgfor th - puu- ; '~ ~~~~~cpt~et andoZ g mnZeuma$, and if6 jouxual .devoed to geai : a ; ;trop1ogy or oto a ed ad eb y ;t ae f:o se at the pe -staled. 'Irchanigo sheil be direted to ;1~ ;iZ lJU.AN;W: DEPAP; U 8Z .RS1TW ctBiAs -B' an 6A D S. A Ordubst - - o Pu- caJ s Oi tu X~vWlt7 of ifQranda o Is.Og ro W be Tbts-ne fo," Tfo(AM l3D~UtV~SZ7YESS, fTF. L4S LOfll -. 4 'G~) hc orer orlgtatin 1z< (>oa 3leli sn liln shi4 be sL -:,OAN A1 ELI[AEOOGY4 AUD XlNOOGb6@.-4. LL Kroeber and ,$bor DE. -ows. - dtos Pries ' Volle " l, $4.; Vo ume 2 tO 11 inc1istgde, $5.50 oeh; -fomm :;; - volume 12.Otg on, $.0 ea4. Vouxnc, 22, 2and 24, inp~rs.> -X-.H' sVolme 1. $78 taos 1044 - I - ;!Volume't 2. 32 pages, 21 pltes ~19007 -v 3.*--Xt*-4~-~*t i5Q VouO A . 374 paes 10 plte, ap ~9O6S1907 - 3.5 t, Volume 6. '34 S8, ;gea,1 25, plts.3907-40 w-+_ 3.+*;*__ 560; Voum 7. 44 pae* 5p0 p1slat 19(h7-4910 ..,* _ .-_.-5!pjf8''r7f8 iVOL8 1.I A Mifl9oi Eoot oft*; Caiori I{da;s frou a Maausriti theX8 ;; < - B -c-ofl s ibr$xyfby A -L. Krebr Pp. 1X-7.s May, 1908 >_ ''" ; ~~~~. .h .ego of .the .usel andX Diet e o I?id4iao. of ouhr CDuRif>ora^,: by (1ensafe Godar Dbols- Pp. 6*188,A VaeIO-19. 3a*i, 3.08 .... S * ;. *~~~~4 Th Cutr of the ,iz ~o, In/ dian, ............... by t.iWp StsdAa .7t Bparkn........an.. ;Pp. 187.> .~~~6 20otos on -hs~oaa l0alt 0 6 iofs$ .ot~e~ .alon5 6y A.Ire X ; ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~d Stho 9 j "aoI& 173.-35% plates ~~1.22. cb,X1910 .80 :i - -Roland B. lnxon.- Pp. 13.- Webruary, 3.910 _ _._ Q *- ,;ry',-X, '; B. The Chuwae^h and Co,taoait anga$ges, by4 L. Eroebot.-,Pp!tt''' 23?. '.,,.'', ' ! 0 ' ; o,embor, 1910 ,. .S5...................................#- n~< - *z1? ; 3-,:-. ;& ThI Language ofi the Coast of C,ahior North ofSa *0mclco byi" A. L. ; ;r --04 -2 ;- Idex; -cpp, 437-4 _. vol. 1 20 1 : Phnec Co Mit,tt of the 22a'tl L e f CI , by A . in: 0~~robr Pp 142. R b x1 ay, 1913 t .* -_tt;-*-*r ; ! '' W' t . The Pho,.t' momnt of3-.^the .ro.he Plte 'LW, p '1g, b T' '~ Wa-'ter.? 5, . - D Papago Vp Stems, er b . luanloleres $41.263. - u. 1013 ..A. . ... * ; 6. Note on the hoe C:bila Indan'Xgf Northwest0ru 0aUf4rnia' '. Pli' Z', - -~~~~Gdad Pp.t f 5-2, p }1ates384 Apil 191 ...-........- *0---<*?-t* h - - fCbilu#Stt ter la|| ~'ex by P'n Earl 'o4r. Pp. 28-39 ombr/ 191 .....g 1, it 2. Phone~Ic 1liem3Ltof the Zi.gio arsg, b--. L ZrSber an. P.; ,,g, X, Pp. 1!7.182- 4 ril, 110 - Y' - '' 4W inslo Gff?i .o 1,'8 2;S91-4. Webtu( 9w*4,si', 1916, ~-- ... Q i ; 0 s^s^kIxde*, pK 41S40 * -4~~~~~~~~~ l , Tm.. t*. W q ;S 8 f' ,ma i,P,w l,t?,s= i ;;~~~~~ ~ I b n O * t * t a B#VZ2h v af w l ; r ; : ,.f :,C.: . . A , , ,b .:t n , '9 - ;j. _ X , ,, _ .........................................'P ... , , ,/1', s ...................................................................................................., ,..!'s+I*f ,'80 - t,, t'r,,O ~~~~9,.Z ' m ,oU , ,tq/rf*w;,,j; r,5,; ' f,. se '.;S' , X,/t1 .0',' '';' ; . !; 00 f, 0 t s ?,'| !S 00 t,-~t.} ; DsO-Xn PITCH ACCENT IN HUPA BY PLINY EARLE GODDARD UNIVRSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Volume 23, No. 6, pp. 333-338 Issued January 28, 1928 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND PITCH ACCENT IN HUPA BY PLINY EARLE GODDARD While I was a member of the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, I devoted considerable time to the develop- ment and application of laboratory methods to the recording of Indian languages. The first work was on the Hupa language, for which there were excellent facilities owing to a Hupa boy's being a member of my family during the school year 1902-1903. This boy, Julius Marshall, had spoken Hupa as his mother tongue, he knew English equally well, and was extremely patient as a subject for study. Many Hupa words were traced with the aid of the Rousselot apparatus. The phonetic results of this study it seemed best to publish in parts. The individual sounds were first described,' and illustrated by tracings, palatograms, and photographs of the lips. The main consideration was to employ every means available for conveying to a person who had never heard and who never would be able to hear Hupa a correct picture of the sounds that compose it. For a European ear the most difficult points in the simple sounds of Hupa were the degree of sonancy in the stopped consonants, the movements involved in the glottalized con- sonants, and the time relations of these movements. It was my purpose to follow this with a paper devoted to the phonetic problems involved in the combination of the individual sounds to form words and sen- tences. Such a study involves the assimilation and elision of sounds brought into close relation and the very difficult matter of the relatioins of stress, pitch, and duration in syllables when combined into words and sentences. Since the Athapascan verbs are also sentences, it was possible by using verbs for the study to curtail the work somewhat. The present paper is based on records made in January, 1904, during a visit of Julius Marshall to Berkeley. The highest of the three speeds of the Rousselot machine was used and the glass diaphragm illustrated on page 3 of the paper cited was.employed. Tracings so made give the vowels in a form easily measured for duration and pitch. Nearly complete conjugations of several verbs were made. These tracings were pasted on cards on which the words spoken were 1 The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds. This series, 5:1-20, 1907. 334 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.23 typed and on which the speed of the cylinder was noted in order to facilitate comparisons. Many of these vowels were measured at the time, the number of waves were counted, and the pitch calculated. In the lists below, for the sake of convenience and uniformity, the number of waves in a space of two centimeters was obtained by count- ing, and the results obtained used to show the relative pitches of the syllables in the same word. A half-wave is noted as a decimal, .5, and lesser fractions ignored. The speed of the cylinder was deter- mined by the use of a 256 tuning fork. A large number of words were tra.ced on the same smoked paper and at the same speed. The variation for successive sheets was .004 of a second for the length of two centimeters, so small that it may be ignored. Glides are indicated by the use of > and < between numerals which indicate the range in a single vowel. Present tense nauw'a', I have nain'a', you have na'at, he has nate'o'a'", let him have nai'o'a', let it have nai'a', it has nada'a', we have na"'at, you (plu.) have naya'a', they have nayai'a', they (neuter) have nayatc'o'a', let them have nayai'o'a', let them (neuter) have Past tense nauwai, I had naniai, you had na'ai, he had nai'ai, it had nada'ai, we had na"'ai, you (plu.) had naya'ai, they had nayai'ai, they (neuter) had 14:11<9 14:11<9 15:10<9 12<13:11>10:9 14:11:9 14<16:10>9 14<15:11:10 14<15:11>10 13<15:12>9 13:14<15:10:9 Future tene nauw'ate, I will have 12:12:9 nafiate, you will have 13:11:8 na'ate, he will have 13:11:9 nai'ate, it will have 13:10:9 nada'ate, we will have 12:11:8 na'ate, you (plu.) will have 14:13>12:10:9 naya'ate, they will have 13:14:12:9 nayai'ate, they (neuter) will have 12:12:1Q:9 12<13:10:9 12<13:14:11:9 12:12 12:12 12:12 12:10>8 13:11:10>8 13>9.5:10>8 12:13:11>9 12<13:14:10>9 Customary na'iuw'a', I used to have 12:10:9 na'lft' a', you used to have 12:12:9 na'a a', he used to have 13:12:10 nai'a'a', it used to have 12<13:12:9.5 na'ttda'a', we used to have 12:13:10:9 na'o" 'a', you (plu.) used to have 12<13:11:9 naya'a'a', they used to have 12<13:10:9 nayaia'a', they (neuter) used to ha.ve 11:12:9 Goddard: Pitch Accen.t in Hutpa3 Present tense iuwtsan, I find Lltsafi, you find tC'ltsaCf, he finds ydltsan, it finds Ltdiltsan, we find ottsan, you (plu.) find ya.Lltsafi, they find yailtsan, they (neuter) find tc'oltsani, let him find yate'oltsani, let them find yaioltsan, let them (neuter) find Past tense iuwtsan, I found dltsan, you found te'ltsan, he found ypltsan, it found Ltdiltsan, we found oltsan, you (plu.) found ya.Lltsan, they found yailtsan, they (neuter) found Present tense iuwte'Lt, let me die tnte'tt, die tC'otc'Lt, let him die ote"'t, let it die. LtdLttte't, let us die o' te"'it, die ye. yate'ote't, let them die ya'ote"'t, let them (neuter) die Past tense iuwte"'t, I died tntc'it, you died tC'Ltte'Lt, he died te'Lt, it died *tdttc'Lt, we died o tc'tt, you (plu.) died yatC'Lt, they died ya.tec't, they (neuter) died 13.5:11 13.5:11 14.5:11 14:10>9 11:14:10 13:10 13.5:10 11<14<15:11>10 13:10.5 13:12:10 14:13:9.5 12:11 11:10 11:10 12<14:12>9 10:12:10 Future tense iuwtsante, I will find 12:14:10>9 dltsante, you will find 15:13:9.5>8.5 te'tltscante, he will fiRd 14.5:12:9 yLltsante, it will find 14:12:9 ttdiltsante, we will find 12.5:14:12:9 oltsante, you (plu.) will find 13:13:9 ya.ldtsante, they will find 14:14:12:8.5 yailtsante, they will find 13:15:11:9 Past tense iuwtsLs, I saw it 12:10 tltsss, you saw it 12.5:10 tC'tlts5s, he saw it 12.5:10 Ltdiltsts, we saw it 11:13.5:10 oltsts, you (plu.) saw it 13:10 ya.-ltsts, they saw it 11:13:11 11:10 11:10>9 12<14:11>9 12:10.5 12:10 12:9 12:10 11:13.5:10 13:10 11:11:10 Future tense iuwte"'tte, I will die 12:14:11 tnte'ttte, you will die 12:10:10 te'Lttc'Ltte, he will die 12:11:10 Ltdttte'Ltte, we will die 11:13:11:10 o' te'Ltte, you (plu.) will die 13:10:10 yate'ttte, they will die 13:11:11 14:11:10 12:12 12.5:10 12:9.5 12 11:13.5:10 12>10:10 12:10 11<13:10 1928] 335 336 University of Caltifornia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 Past tense naselxat, I tore down nasdlxat, you tore down na.isxat, he tore down naisxat, it tore down nasdilxat, we tore down nasolxat, you (plu.) tore down naya.isxat they tore down naya.isxat, they neuter) tore down 14:12:10 14.5:12:10 14<15:13:10 14:16:10 14:14:10 14:14:10 14:14<15:14:12 14:14<16>14:10 Customa.ry tense na.iuwx,at, I used to tear down na.dxat, you used to tear down na.dlxat, he used to tear down nai.Llxat, it used to tear down na.ttdilxat, we used to tear down na.olxat, you (plu.) used to tear down 14:12:12>10 14:14:10 14:14:10 14<15:12:12>10 14:14:12:].1 14:12>10:12>10 yawtmnias, you rolled over yawLmmas, he rolled over Present tense yeiuwda', I carry in 14:15:10 yedlda', you carry in. 13:14:10 yetc'Llda', he carries in 14:16:10 yeydlda', it carries in 13:14:10 yeLtdilda', we carry in 13:15:10 ye'olda', you (plu.) carry in 14:14:10 yeyadlda', they carry in 13:14:10 yeyailda', they carry in 12:13:10.5 Past tense yewelda', I carried in 13:13.5:10 yewdlda', you carried in 12:13.5:9 yetc'uwdlda', he carried in 13:13:14:9 yeyuwLlda', it earried in 12:12:14:9 yewttdilda', we carried in. 13:12.5:14:9 yewolda', you (plu.) carried in 13:13:9 yeyawlda', they carried in 13.5:13:14:9 yeyaiwLlda', they car- ried in 13:14:11:9 yetc'uwdLdate, he will carry it in 13:14:14:10 yetc'olda', let him carry it in. 12.5:14:9 yeyolda', let it carry it in 12:13:9 The simple Hupa verb consists of the stem which is the final syllable, and of the subject pronominal prefixes which are the first syllables. The first person plural form of the verb has three syllables and so does the third plural. When the dissyllabic forms, of which there are twenty-four examples, are considered, we find either an even or a falling pitch. There are four cases of even pitch, but three of these were spoken consecutively and are probably not to be considered normal but due to some emotional or self-conscious cause. Excluding these, variation in pitch ranges from 15:11, which may be expressed 14:14:10:9 12<15:12:10 1Goddard: Pitch Accent in Hupa as 1.36:1, to 11:10 or 1.10:1. There are five examples of ra.tios lying close to 12.5:10 or an interval of a major third. There are four instances of 12:10 or a minor third, and four cases of 11:10, about a minor second. The average is 1.21:1, or approximately a minor third. It happens that the second person plural subjective prefix ends in an aspiration, for example, o'tc'tt, you died. This begins at 12, slides to 10 at the close of the first syllable, and continues at 10 during the second syllable. The first person plural has three syllables. The word begins on a syllable of medium pitch, rises to high, and falls t.o low. There are three examples of 11:13.5:10, one of 11:14:10, and one of 10:12:10. There is another verb given with the same number of syllables, tlhe verb "to have." In this verb a prefix na, has combined with the subject prefixes, so that the number of syllables is not increased. The tone differences are similar to those given above for the simpler verbs. There is one extreme case, nai'a', "it has," in which the normal initial pitch begins at 14, slides to 16 before a glottal closure, and then drops to 10, giving the greatest change in tone noted. When the future suffix -te is added to the simple verbs, three syllables result., with four syllables in the first person plural. Instead of medium-high-low as in the first person plural, we have in most ca.ses high-medium-low or high-low-low, as nafi'ate, 13:11:8; yltsante, 14:12:9; tntc 'ite, 12:10:10. In the first person plural with four sylla.bles, the second syllable is higher than the first, a.s is the ca-se when the suffix does not occur. It seems that the suffix is felt as some- thing added on, an enclitic and not an integral part of the word. A similar inference may be drawn from the adverbial prefix ye- in yEiuwda', "I carry in." The prefix is, in most cases, of medium pitch, followed by the subjective prefix with high pit-ch. As might be expected, the pitch is not held at a constant level throughout the vowel or diphthong with only a step up and down between the syllables. There are glides in the longer vowels, in the direction of the change. For example in nai'a, "it has," the diph- thong is 14<16 and 'a' 10>9. The striking fact and the significant one is the jump from 16 to 10. The primitive nouns in Hupa, as in all Athapascan languages, were monosyllabic. There is no evidence that such nouns are dis- tinguished by tone. Homonyms, even when the quality of sounds 1928] 337 338 University of California Publications in. Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 23 a-lone is considered, are few and these are distinguished by the pres- ence or absence of the glottal stop. It is not intended to imply that this was due to a conscious process. The polysyllabic nouns are in many instances formed from verbs. It happens that the tracings of the Hupa nouns were done with a rubber diaphragm and the vowel waves are difficult to count. The few which have been counted give results similar to those obtained for the verbs. Just what, happens as regards changes in pitch in the Hupa verb system is adequately presented in the above tables and comments. The question of the significance and importance of pitch changes to the Hupa speaker or hearer is another matter. It does not seem that pitch or pitch change is used to differentiate between words similar in other respects. At one time the writer believed that to be the case, but later it seemed that the differentiation was brought about by glottal stops or by methods not related to tone. Hupa hearers correct mispronunciations which are due to ignoring of glottal elements and sometimes to misplaced stress, but do not correct a white speaker in regard to pitch. That pitch is significant in a less definite way would appear from the prevailing pract.ice of using high pitch on certain syllables and low pitch on others. Its use certainly lacks the freedom of English, in which modulations of pitch are used to express fine shades of both sense' and emotion. I"..I11, - ?, '? -"11 -I .? - ,,,1;. ". II? I . ; , ?.I--?1.._ ?, .?. , - ? 11-:, , I. _, I IIII. ;q- ,." 1. ,.III?,- -? ,- ,- ;Ii .''I1??.I?; "I AII?, ? I.,??,? ,... - -.II.1.I ?.-;, .. ,,, I?l ,',",, ,? ,??,?,,,-,. ,. ,- ?,.?I??, -,.-, 71,e,,11,'_ I?.jl,?tI.?k-, 4.- .I-.-I.I1'?i: .Ii..i?,,?: ?_? ,? , ;,,?II.I .1, ?Ii.?- ?.?- .11.Ij.-I.,I.,.,,??I ., 4 -.--1.?.lo-.61., .,I..,,.. :, I?I??.III? ? .. ?_ 1? , ..1,?I,?,. ,II..11,?,,r, - .,?-??.. I?7.I, .11?I,IIII,iI:?: "VI??;'.,I.A,;,,?IIJ1?I., I.,.-q?.?l?I"I?,.,,?1,I;!"Ir. ,.I.,,?.I-I IIr,I.1I?..I-:..?ItIIA, I,-I,?I?, ,,,?;,?,I ,.?.I.'I1.I,,,II-?,I.I.I- II ..???--11III.I.?I??lI.I,,-,,,-.,-,,,I,--?I.I.11II,i?,? ,?-,..,I? , k..II?.II11. I-II?;I ;l,,?I",: ., ; ?l,: ,?III.1I?.,.?,, ;r.I ...-1. , ,,.?1,?%,, ,, . ?, ?I, ,II? I-,,.??.fl ?.,?.4?, ? ,,,?I?:I?I? ,,,.1, I 11 . ,, ,III II:-:,. "I,,IIrI.?--I.,,..17--... II?,,II?,,??.?lI, ?,.?,,,IIII?.I ,II..I",I,I..,I, ,I,?.,.I-?I.??.,.?,I.?,?:,-.4.?.I-III;I-I .?.: .:,,.II-I,II,-,,1, ..??. .?,..I?I.,. II?',. ,??,.?,?,I-,, , ,, , ,,,,?,,,,:,,,II? ? -? , ,? - ?, ,,. .?,? ,I?,.7 ,.,-,?IIIIII.5..-LI .I,?,.,I?."."!,,,,-II?, ,, ,-,,-,,.,4,?_I??.? ? .I1?, ?', ,,, II?.,,Oi,. I.III.'.II?l I ,,..,1,I?.,, ,?II1..III?I?1?.I?IIII,?I ?II.ff).,., .?I'.,1.I,?I",,--,".,? ", II.II"'. ( II.;,.i -,,: -?Ii;?"I ?.?..: ,II I.1, 1".i?I?, -I:?."IIt"-IIPI II,",,"-?,?;".,-I-,??,?..-",I..:-I,, I- II-i..I,.,,.II?I- .,.??,?,I?,'.,,,.,-?.. ..?1:d,I, ?,.,II11I..?1,I1.I?II!_.,.II:? ,;??I;,.,,II.-:"?,,?.?.- I.i,.,i I,?_I.-.III?lI, ?-, I,II,,4?,,I ? ,,11:..,.?I ,,, II,I.. -. II.,,-II,..,?Ili-i?lI,,..I?IIII ". - 11 . It,4??,--?;!I , ? ;I I?,.II.I -?I.I?I? ,?!I?,I,?II,. ." ,,,..,,,I?II,1.,I...d? ..I.?II II,I I ,?.?I",,II??,?"?,i ,:,, 6: , ,i III. .,??I,:,?i,I`I I-I..?,,III,.I,.,?,I?? ,?.,?.iI..,I?, ,,I i11I;I,.,.?I.I.I?,,?,L,.I. II?I.I??-I?,;,o:;,,,I?11 ?, I:I.wI???,. I; ?. .% I?II.1 -1I.1"? ?,;cI-.i:11, ..",.. ;?",I?? - I ,-?ii: ?,II,I,?Ifi,III?"?.,IIII.,;,411.I I? ??It:1...?I.?cI,? I- ,i.?!, .? I..I..I . .?I': ,I"I..II ;-I,I, t- ?,,?I ;l,,I 11.I?,.II..- . 11IIiI?I,?,%. .-?,.?IIIIr?". ?,? ?I,,, .I , ,, I:,II,'I, ?'l?,,.11.".iIi?.I,,.,II ?f. I1?I.ll?l,I? .,I. II ,.I?I ?.1, ,.i,?, j,?I-I " ,, .II. ..,,? "r?II. .- iI ?'.I.? .. .IIIII?1,III,? 11 I !,I??I??0,?-, .?iII..,.1I,.IIII,"?? "? ,,I .1 ,? I.I,,., ? IIi:?,k,,I 0? ,..,.?.?.,? ,,, ,.?,::?,, .I, : ,,?, .. I...-.,"-I,II?,,,-II,I- ., '. I-I .?..? -I-,I.,.i?". I-11I? ,I?.??ItI, 1,-?I?,.,I, I??-I I,?. -. , ?,,.I. ??I, ,?, II.,,, -,..,,III, I11.?-1.. ,: ,???'?I,,? -1.. ..- ? , ,I I.I ,.. %?;-,I .I,I?I.I.I ,.I,- .?I", ,, --,.III..II,:, I,. -?I .1? ,,li??-:. .?.? I.II?- ?-?..;.I. ,I.II.I ?,!j,".1?????II"? ?I..,,,I,,I -,I.I?-,?!I? .II1,II..-. I,;,;-- -?-..?I,,, . I.I 11 ?_ -,-I... II I,9 if, ul-TIOM .. ?. ?, .- 1? I ??, ?-, -I?.11? I 1, . ??? ?l ..I.1 I .:,()Aj?. ?_ ?, -0-I'll.-I?-, 11II- .1 X?'..:adutI% II I.,1, 1?I I , ?, .'. ? I.?LWAVI, ON$_?_lL-?, ?? "I.?vr''IL 1,71111? 'I , ? .I.?.,i ,,?,.. . ,??,, :,,,-? .,, ,,...1,I-,-?,,?". ? ?,I, , 7,,.II?,II IIIII??"I .,II(-?I,,?,, ?LI.II??i1.,??.?I.?1.? ?,,zf1I.,?;I:,,.. 1,,.1?,IIII?II!;." I.'.,,.?11.??.?I,,,?, ?-III.? I.',I?i"";?,?.,I.?cI., .10, :I?? i;,,? ??l,;-t?:.? I?? ?.?,I.I , . ?,,?,,-,?. ?vi .2 -:,-.2 wvv,&.??'_,Cg_-.?..,, ?,,;, . ?!, ,:,.f?',,.ai-?'S.- -.-..(.. . UMWWI Vul" , , ??. ,? ?,; ?.,': "? ?- "? !L' t? ?- .I.?.,P W,Ii:,..-, ,-I- ;.1 V49. liLlLII,?.-&#.v,,jM!MW-4 WA&-I'llI?. 1,?I-Oftla , ?L-I1.I,i?I??lI I?.?-I?I:,,?. Li,III;I1.?.-,,.I II-1II?. I .?:I"?I? It?) '.?LI ? p.I1'?I.?;?l?.?--,.K -??,I.I I,I, -,,-,,II!"II...I,:II,IF LII,I?-,?.?-___ _. I-I-.II,-- ? ,?', I11I-, "?I,qi 1, , ?'. I- ? ???,III".? ,-.I1,I40,I!??, ?-; .-?I11 , -.I, ,-.'. .?.& .?,, .1, II , 1FOrtaryll?_I II,I.,I. ''I ?- ,., ?l,,'''-L . '.,- IL - ,., .1.IIII..'.?I, ,.?l,I .,,.4I,I.1.?,?I.,1? c?.I i.;,?1?1.1 " "iI.., ?-?: %"'Cfmll??&,,VOIACO 1? ??, ,M?- mtd. 1, "A., 1, 1, , I??.--"?'11, ,I "I' ''`11 ?1? 1, "??,? ?, ?.,, I I I11-I??;Go TM -W ?. ? .i In In .1 I ,_, 'i41. ?, ??; ?'. "I 1.I III..?,.-.IIIIII?.: J." "I,-1 ,,, -1I11 " , , ?I-,,?I:Ill? .I,j.?.,II-, ?4, ,,11 - I?I?. "I?,,Ii???,?r,, , j,'? ", " ?'j,I?-I11.I ,?,, -,, ,? I- ILI ,,.III_ ; I, - -I ??,, ; ,""I :?., " ,,?,,, IIC1?,?'l,I "lftkl? 103??,,II': ?, 1,I, , , ?. 1.I? ?, .,?, ?'",? ,- - -''?1. L w?I . I.t -, , -.,J - - -_-I .--,, ?. .."III.1,'. "'"O"...'-, -,---I I.",11 .1I,? 1.."': I 1. -'7-' ?? ?. ,??, ..?.--,-- 11.,-?,?..,-I. II..., , .,, .II-.1 . -I-? II,III? ,, -1, '?, "_,? ?.' 1,? , ?,:?? , I,I11.6.li, I?,.iI.."It ,?I??11 ?-i"I I?I,-.., ? 11. gm-'O ? .'! _f,?1` ,? ).1. - ?& I .Ap,_lKr,lc*lb- - *Im.." I,; '- ili ? ?6V&b:16-:Pl*l8ctOt,-`? L119" IZ , "O' -.1,.I'll. ,,,II', , ,. ,-? ,I II?, .I, -,",,-, II ?., . ,_ I.? ", iA,?,?l ...e.1.110i.,.? ".4? .O??I`1'.?'.!4?' ? .? " I'll, ?l 1?,, , ":,? 0 ,', *," As',"',1?1'11_?'Ili? '_;_?.,!?:6;?-;,? I.? i- " W,' - ,-vttlioooI ?l14. *4 x IW66' -.?'bT?: , ". - '.I ,;.. ". ?i -?; . ! , , " t- .-I:"III,I.?I.? ,,-' ?,.";, ? `4": ? , ,-, , "':,-. ,I;. -4.I iiI,?..t,h*,. ,,,':", ,I,?,.I?., ?\? ""'' :?,?. I-, Vplottl '&,&6;?!?,? ,I fl? 4 I ,I., C, 16.na. I ?1'11,.,?? 1; I I...I IIA,.I- -"" .... ,I,,I .. I, .,I1.. ?. -`,'?` I-- I ? , I -,'-, i. i.,:, I ? '' _2 ?_l ; ?,-: ,, , ,,;,. -, -.,---.?__ I " liit" -. 1? '' " i. 11 11 ? 1.II I-?.II?.;."I".I-.1I.Ii ;";I?- ?lI1-11-, ? ". ?-_--l- _- .. ___I! .,i': II:I ,"1, I ?I. .? . L' -tfw- I-. .- " . L?-7.'-.. -?--I'. f IIIF. ,??, i.s, p-,io?-I ,?I? -.III ,. j.4;0?-d`?-.?.I. -I1. : ?..I: k., ,.;".,d._II141 , ?Imrl I ,.? 4. i.,1'? ?, '4 F.. ?l 1,-iI.It. ? I ?'. , I,,AI?-111;,''., ?'I, ? .1. " ?- 1, !, ': --I,-I,,T:??,? ,; ,I.? i"," insio1*11: , W" ,w?Trl ? ,,,. _? ?_? I --: ; 1. 6. 'T I 11-Iln Itt.II.1 ? ''..I???,. ?l -:. Aboltulibm, II'. "". ???, '' -- " IIIAI ."- i I-I:1W wilioO- ;?.., ?,-? , ?.. P I--? .,IP11'' 9 . ''I,I II,- . .".". I .I1,?II, .- 1,; .1 , ,' '?,"?l I?l 11''?.?,?''.,- ,?I.". . .. ". ;";,???, - -, ?- ?, ... II??'i , I,I..'. ? J?p.? gL?' --'-?- ?. - --.I _;: - :_ - i _,_'2? __l -, .mi --- -:?L-_? ,,, 11I?, ..1;?,.10-24EL."F917,',_.---6?m , ", I , '?. ?';,?,.? ,I ? ,,-?, ,.41.1.-...1.,e 1.1 III"-11, ,?,,II.I .11.11I.??.i.?"PI,.1?I ,'I I?.11?'. 1?I.?-' ,? - -. ?- I I.?I.?" ,,. 1, 1, 11 '1..- I" 1, ? . w . II?I11 . ?.i,?.ilw.I,I-, "I :I timI. I Cllfttw,II'' IIII;, ''; .T.1.113MW or e. Cauttibu8-II.:. .l,-au -??_' - -?O?,' ..- ..?? ". ;I,, . -! ,,? ?I,1? ? ?-?,? ?, ,9$I.? 11?,1. 'A ? 1? ''? ,.-1. -241911. -I.., I., i '';, I?;-I ?I ??:.-,--ft -1- -_?.?'l ..-._-"..1. il I t'.'; , , 1? 11II II ? ?wII ,I .WiLt I'' % ", Ill lw,I 1. ?-": ? , . --,- ,, I. I,'61 -';, ??' ? ?_,O...,, , 61- ?r?I-! -? -1, : , ?_p , ,, ? .,IIr.IIlk,..1.117? 1-? . ..U0,14 by, Tf?!V*,- ? V*.,.: L, rob.I'', ,m; ,117,??, -,? L.I?III,?.,? 1, 1) I.I.? .?I,,,.1law,i,. q, .,??I.lok zwu?, ,,?;I***.II, ? 't :yI"., '8.'?l ?, ?t?,., ?:?? ,? ::I ?,,'..-; 1,-,*?,..I-I II-I??1.II '. .1 I ?.;,,-?.."I ? , I"i --I,I?' ?",,, ,?? ?".N?, i ,,,,, . ,. I;,I,,I_ A" ?,," ,, ,);I ,?-??- ?,?J, I?.?.;. :1 ..?.?-,I -I- -_. .- ,_ - ?-_ _KI. ,. I?:I,?.?I..., -,-"?" I. ,.., ? .;. 0*,.?Z?".?_'-i."- - I--1,,1--- _?_-1 -.,,?i- II- I????I-__ -_ -_ -IMI"I?? ?,,.I-.1I.I,?1,.,?,I11 ., II.- ,.1 I.., :-? ?.II.11II I I ,?I,I,"I, .1 .1III.I-,..2?,2 II.?? ?111 1) _191T?.I- .660.r, ,? ii? .1, ?,."'IP-1, .,;,,,Ca A,Xitm_ip?,'?. ? m ??,?. "I'. 1 "'.1'. -'." ..II.,Uf..6MI : ?h.-A 39-W-,,? - ad 4 I? 11I?-f_l I I, I,..?_ ._.?,.,I11,? IIII., Ire ?Iwo, t 'Of , IIt . s ? "I?lI,4q. ,': ,?-I-?.:11. ..?.Ii?1'' ' 6. ' '' ". ? ,"r,,?.?',?, i I ? 'I ?l.I.I? 1? - III,I?...? , lil. , I,,,, II?I?` '"' lo'LCI-,?... I.. .. ..,.0, 'o 'AT ? IIIII, pIII?'J . -1, I.I I.'' wia P ota .II.".-1I.1 ? ?! , ?:. I?I?I,., . "- -4 117,?I?'' L P. . I?I!,?..?l. I.?_ _'".?. I??! -,,,I ,; - .?. ,? 1?." II.,,III"-.1 1,,I..,, ' ,.1I,-? ?'L.'4 ,? - -I '`". I I .IiI.,? I-1,I?., ?.I-II?' '-' _ __'- ---- --- - -,-,I-. ?????,,_,,,. ,'a IIfiguregi j*7,j ,'I J--" ", .. ,4! II.L.?I ?'. ,QIIT'-?.-- .) ?I;? .?_Il,?-?:;. ? ?.; ?,., 11- II1.?1. , ..' ?II.,,??:, O",,, ,j,,-L.,.iI I 4- 11L' --, I"I? .?_?I -?,I .. - i,. II?. 011 II''.?..2w 7, -, -_ IIW,.....? .- I \_ ?,,. i -rott,-A-t, "" 1,:. II? .14; ?,,,14; I., !, ,? --..ea'r' tto - -i, ;fi._rbul,?'Itt?, .I ..:,-OM ye?.-1 dy, .11.?..I,.. :.I -I. ,,,?. I?II 1.?,?'. I1.,,-1, I,,, ,? .1 ?li.,?I- , ??I . ": ?l __'l. I I ? ?l I "! , _?_nii,4 ? I`, .,,.I?,?"','I, ?:?` '! -1 I ?, .1 I., 1?'--i ?: ,,.,. ,,,, - ,," -_?,,I? .?? . , ,.,? ""?l , .I.63, " ? ,.,?..1 I-??'. ?? ll? - W. 674?'' ?, "", II,I:? I_ ? 1? -, ??" ?: ,,? . ?.,? ?,..?, ,I, ?' " I, e ?-41 --,:, I -I .I?,,??lI.; ?!?!I,?.L I--,-:K;-,,,-1- 1.II ?t..I-; ?l?1.?.?III ,?, I. I, '_ , ,.,.,I?.'II ?,."-' I., :,,I.. ? .1/?' I?.1, ? --.?.,,_,- . I .II?,?, ? III. ?,,, 4"l .1 , , ,, I,?_', ,"I,? ?.II_? ? ,I?-1 ? !. , ??,I 1..I ,?,?,,? "11,... ?.. . " " ' , .,I . -? a? ,,?J I"-.? --. I.?A'"Ift I4kI,? .: II?.1440,I.,"-iI- ..?I ,?! ",, II, .1. ?'. i ?thi '' il or ,?P04tio?1.1,,lll?.4..,. II? I v6L,lj.$ !0r.,?, -,9-?I ..I-.. 1,7,1?I,?I? ,.'."I.,:'', I-I.:? .. ?,I? -1..wl, I 1, ;11 ?, -. ? ?' I ?11 . ? , ,? I1...,, III- .?I01Y ?' I 11 . iI,,,- :-1;II .I.;.?I? II.I I. ,I I.? I?. III . -??l _?, ,? ,??I, 1,? ,,, , , ?l?,11I.1 ??, . ., .II-I- It-"I?L , - -W!-- ?"_ I"(_ -_ I ??-----?? ?'lI- ?. ..,4 .I??- --Ii.-1- 1,I-1- --. .. .-,--1";?m?,.,? II I"I ..-?: .1 , ,11917.?? __ -_ --- -I- -. i,I1..II _A '.I?. `?,!','i ?--?? ?,,,.L :",,-?` I??II, ,,4, ,14' :,,I I II I1? , I? ,:,?,, ,? .7 ,.- .?,ofta.:.- ,II?',4jI..I cl. ..1? 1, ,- -"',I?? ,. ?-,,: ,,?I. , ,I ,,:I?,U*?:l ': 11 ",,.,I ". I,I. ??:? 2., *9116 an Al J* 6"',"I'',I "I,?I.i-.V., '' ..1 1; 'o 'I" -i ,,,?, ''I,. ?_II:.1,--.? ?_. ,'':,? ?,??? ;;I ?, ,II,. . ?I I.-Ill -. 11I11.1 ;I.,,,?,',?a 1. ?? ?l 1- ?I I..- II.I ? I '41,,, " ,'; I ? _. -1. 1, ? .?. ? , I ?' -1 Eii .... . .. 1- -5 ,-- III --..'' -.--- - " 1,- I '. ?t? ..? , ,.i;?iqls, 0_2___ __ I ----- ..1-"__.?_..._,_.,4.;_. I -"'. o. ",.". ,'.-? II,_II..,-.II?L'III.I ..I..I, ,, .--- .I?_ ty ?: is.:.-1-, .._#, ,I11 '111? -4 I)Ixto ? 1147 -, 6" ?M.,? : "', ?? ,,; .? -. ??, II.:. .. ,,?,l -?,?1101I-xtIV401.1 108 ? 14ot4 .',,lo?_?_I IIIII, S. Ir ,iiir-t * 11,..-, "'Ili, ??. " ?- ,?I?I?..1 ''..-- ,ftjC?,."?I?- ,"I , I,? II.I,, ftI-?- I1,Jr , ". +? ?, . .I,.- I ,I by. . ?- _p 473,,"I, ,?'." '.? IIII?i i .L'-:_.11I., IIP'1?. ??.?'", 'Ir'., "? .,:, -tyais?II",.1.I-?,II ? - * , _,X .26 ?6?,` ",5 .'.'-', III,,.1II.II,...?.?l 1. .,I?I'", '-... -I ,II iI- 1,, .., r.II. , ". 11, 1..?I,I .,3 ?p "; " " ?,-I''I ? ill I."- ?-?,?. 51?, "!,laxt?IS,- ,'.l'Ib.111-Tjl6r , ?,i*4 I-.1 ? ."I..I 1. ;A ., ?.?'.!-'?"I.,I.,,_:,,,.I,I:''. -???.., I.: t,'?' ;4.II?i.1 .,,. :1 :1 i.I-I",. ?' 4 4' : ;,?,?",, I....11 ?,?;,.?bI,,? I.?? ,?I?? I...- I;.I- ..II?11 1??I-1 _-?-?: _? , .O, --?-.?I?"I-". ...""I?I- I .. ,,?? I !-1 % IIi6,-?? - ?. I? 1,IA. go , Ili %it-,?711 -.Iti I .I-1 I II ??.4?? ,. 117I_..?.I1; CCIIi.; 1,",I.,IIII.;. .?:., I ?l .I?.'?,_: ?l I ?,,I?, ,?,_.?.?I_. ?-,?,,? '. I- t'???I -, 1. ..?-I ,-'ir ". 0, -?- .,?.- -?_. ?I'' III??_ 96,332ft ..&..- , ., www" I? IsAoit, , ,.A- 1.11.I IIIIA . ?,I:,, , :,-,- ''I, . ,1,& "ThI6 :0-un, ?? i, ,,-; .?".. II t?` -. I0Vf, 3 ?I??,:?. ;.- ". ?,"-:,?.I. I ?. I,, ,,I- ??I .II .I I1;I,.. .,??.,????4, 1 1?."I ?l .1II..,1? ?.,,;? ,?I..-I . ?" iI.,? ,?-I?III,I-I-,?".. ,- --?,, ?; - ,o? - " ,,,I, ;_,! II---".I ?I;r ,_L_)? , - `?_--1 -:.,,t I.ilI,V I.I.I..?"-I.. ,,? -41,;.? -1I. 1, ', ? ", 2 i? ? - A_ 0AIL _l*--.; ?...".?"M.." ? -.0 II .. m. .,!, ?? I ??I1.I-. Ii,.? .1 , I I? 1.?I.-?-f -,. , ?;?-II.-?,,, ,.. I,? . -11.I, ., . ?.'.I,I.- ? ?, ? ?. ..!...,im I I11.1?-.,.,I.?,I1,?-,,?l,,, ?,?... , ??,;!. ASM I ''II,??,2t-.? ? I!I,:;, 1.?"" ,.,".j,, ..-V,.., I%- "- ?? ,.-R.at Ft% I!,. ,., 58. 1, ?,-WOP,.1, .11-VI,Itulti 1, - ?.l :,,,I ??tI- ?.I-1."j?,I,,I?? -) -)I,p__ ?,?O;*I"?_? ,,,"1? 1_. 4-7-,,,,I.,.?,? L;??,-, : ",,.I, ,, .. .. 1-1 lm 1, .UA ? ?? _?#4-?.1,1 ?l ,,_ ,-?? ??, .1 ,. ?'l " ??,II -..,I, ?l?,?,, , ??7 ,l !?,!? -I -?? ?, ,? II?-IM?`, , ,-v -.? , ", ??I.I .'i : ?',.I IM-??.I?II I-- -"?. -a.*??..,._,...'""a..'?,,.. ,,?-`:" .. ..?tIIII"? ,I, ? -, -!?!. .1iI-_ .--- _- -_-L .,. I :?l? . . t - ?_ ? - . - -.1 ?I''.1 11,I. ?." ? 11I------------ ,-- ------'I.?.L...,,.,...I". ,?,, , .,;. -4 ? ----- .-g-11I?? ,, , -, ? ,,, ,? " ?;I I?I,?.I1".I;'I.,I.."r",?,II?, ,.''_': ?; ,I?? ??..py, ?.&,4"'?O, 't. ;, -.1 . ._-?,.-'-_ i -. W., t,"4.428;"?. ,,?, ,.:,."ITI,' ''. ,ft I,W ''', ,.. ?I;, V-C, _,II I ,I" I- I ,,_ . _,.?!,... Of '',Wifti*- ,U4 I.1- L, ,iig ?, ,.11 I?_I,r :., I.1.?? - , ,,;v` , "' ? _? 'r,,I.,I,?,.1.;-,,?,,. .I -.-. I? ,I? .,-_?.7-P ?,II ? .., ? 1.31(1 1 .. I .. II-,A. ;?! ,L??-I.i .,..,? I, ,- -'t. ?,,,?, ,? " I -???."4. ?,?,,- J., .1?11 .I ?.I ?.,,,,1?., ' ?-II ...?,,.? ?fi- '""" -??--..-?--r-?--II. 'I", .- 1, , ?.,;, i, , 3 *? 3 ~.VoL'17., -L The sourceso au uhu1iyo h itr o h.A.iu ezc.s P` aul a1o pA1% ipats Jn, 90 I 4 habi-atecftePthIdas Waidak D,Isou byWa 'Lny~de(Odr Pp.A 01725 8' 10zri I et Pbnay 12 Pp. 873-.408, plto012fgrsI et ~ubr 95 ~ . , . Index ~ln prepa.rdtiou~ wIth 29 mps. Decebe~,1922 ~..- 4.0 VOLMarch,j*: 198I.. - Oy.....--.-.~18 2. Po4io Pdkwayw byIwi I Le.P.1940,pa! .-.Speb Inex; p 0.49 VOL 20. The Phoebe A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~peraon ~~~~~~esrat Metnoriq~~~~~~~~~~ Volume, rri + 889 pp, t plates,~~~~~~'USa ftMOi6, T&M. ~ os. I nd~ 81 6nscov. ptbe,12 ...LO 2-0, 7fgie ntet )5nbr 19r4 102-.-..~-.. 8 5. The miePt &yCUdtosfomMc , by . L 0robe.P19-5, plates ~-89 5 lgurth In text 85. The ili.Pttr oe trona from) ~ievra yA i 0yo.P. 329, p1 6,19~11guigs. in 1~t erzr712 - 8 3. W~sho Texts, by Grece Dauogerg Pb144. erury 92-.-6 7el 2 .-L Archaelgy 'a h Southrn Sa ~ TZbxiz `Valle,Olfna y .W Giffor ane.3br Shb6P.112;pai -4, a.My, 2. aito t Abrgnl-oJp fteO ionl et ein,b :oge Scheck.Pp.12344., 2 gurs i tet. ovemer,192 - .~.1.t.3 I iur n tet 2( Pnp ~nAy 12 -. ~ 6; Pith Accet ig Hp1~ by Plin -drl GWmo*dr.Pp 3-3S Thuay 1928--- by,-0-V- sor Vol24 1.Th mae ottryOoleeios fom~aza,~b A.U.GayonandA.:a Zroeber. Pp., 1-46 plates 1-1,2_ g e inu tetSor,ay 97~ .60 _ Note.--Tbe Uid:st fClionA uJcaln eoeedk xh%g frtepbi ad4ressedto TF13 RCIIAWIH 13PA~TMB~7, JU1llST IIa BAT WiKBB