PAPAGO NOMINAL STEMS BY JUAN DOLORES PAPAGO NOMINAL STEMS JUAN DOLORES EDITED BY J. ALDEN MASON INTRODUCTION BY J. ALDEN MASON The Papago nouns here given have been gathered mainly from the texts of Juan Dolores written for the University of California in the years 1911-1913 and 1918-1919. This considerable body of material was typewritten by the editor and all nouns excised from the carbon copy, arranged, and compared. To these nouns was then added the large number of nominal stems published as a part of the author's Papago Verb Stems' and, to make the list as complete as possible, the nouns collected by the editor, in text and grammatical notes, in the winter of 1918-1919, were added. The various render- ings were then compared, the standardized stems divided into natural groupings, and the manuscript typed. The seven general groups of animals, body parts, botanical terms, natural phenomena, artifacts and manufactures, personal categories, and abstract terms have been observed, and within each the stems have been arranged in the phonetic order a, e, i, o, u, m, n, 1, s, c, h, v, w, b, p, d, t, dj, tc, g, k. Words of doubtful form or meaning and all hapax legomena have been starred with an initial asterisk and words derived from Spanish or other languages put in italics. A brief key to orthography and pronunciation is all that can be attempted here. The phonetics of Papago have been described by A. L. Kroeber in his explanatory note to the author 's abovementioned contribution, and the orthographic system there developed has been here adopted with slight variations. They also differ in very slight degree from those of Tepecano described more fully by the editor.2 'Present series, x, 241-263, 1913. 2 Tepecano, A Piman Language of Western Mexico, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sciences, xxv, 1917. 20 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 The symbol e has been used in place of the ii written by the author and the o preferred by the editor. This has been done pri- marily for typographic reasons, but the substitution is not a random one, inasmuch as the o of the Piman group of languages relates to the e of the other Sonoran and Uto-Aztekan languages. 1 as an initial sound is found solely in words of Spanish origin. The writer frequently heard and wrote it as r. The question of the sonant stops and affricatives is a most difficult one. As in Tepecano, the difference is very slight and confusion certain. The editor was frequently at fault in his renderings while the author was never fully convinced of the existence of sonant stops. Taught at first to write all as surds, he was never able accurately to distinguish between them. However, the surd stop is always preceded by a voiceless sound, generally either the aspirate h or a voiceless vowel, while the sonant stop is as invariably preceded by a voiced -sound or a glottal stop. This then is a certain criterion when the determining factors have been correctly noted. Unfortunately this was frequently not the case. The criterion, moreover, was useless in the case of initial stops since, in the author's texts at least, words were written with their phonetic values when isolated. Consequently it has been impossible in many cases to determine whether a given stop is surd or sonant. Only when the testimony was overwhelming -uniform phonetic rendering, or sonant rendering by the editor together with a sonant correspondent in Tepecano-was the author 's surd changed to a sonant. In all doubtful cases, the stop has been left written as a surd, though generally the preceding sound is sufficient to identify its nature. An effort has been made to give each noun in its simplest form. It will be noted that the orthography frequently differs somewhat from the form given in the author's Verb Stems. There the stems were given in the phonetic forms they take when isolated; in this case all changes due to phonetic laws have, as far as possible, been eliminated. The editor must plead guilty to numerous inconsistencies in the preparation of this article. While most of the nouns given are true stems, a few cannot qualify under this title and are given merely because they are important and occur in texts or notes. In this class are words, usually pertaining to artifacts and manufactures, ending in the instrumental suffix -kuht, and others ending in the suffixes 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 21 -kam or -tam. Occasionally two stems are united to form a noun, and, less frequently, prefixes are found. In all such cases of certain complexity, the integral parts have been separated by hyphens and, in the case of prefixes, the noun tabulated under the alphabetical order of its stem. Probably other cases of combination have passed unnoted. In general however, nouns formed by regular means from verbs or other parts of speech have not been considered in the present list. 22 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 NOMINAL STEMS BY JUAN DOLORES ANIMALS a'ahto, peacock ahto, sing o'ocoht, tigers ohkohkoi, wild pigeon u'uhi'k, birds uhimali, a kind of bug *maiho'ki, centipede mavi't, panther, lion muvali, mu, varum, fly mu, ra, mule, mula *nan * ahkamal, bat nahkEceli, nahkcerem, scorpion neboht, whippoorwill nyuvi, buzzard *sihki, white-tailed deer (?) *s * uam-muaram, butterfly *cacani, blackbirds coi'ka, pet animal *co'o, grasshopper culikE, ground squirrel cu I 'k, mocking bird haivani, cow *hauhpali, a kind of hawk *hiohpEtci, louse hiwehtcu, belly hiwehtcuwe'ki, small black and red spider, poisonous hikivitci, woodpecker *hohohkimali, butterfly huavi, deer huh'u'taki, bumble bee *va ma't, any non-poisonous snake vahpEkya'i'k, ducks vahtohp, fish visa'kF, hawk vihpc, vi hpEcum, wasps, hornets vipisemali, humming bird wopco, rats 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 23 wu *u, donkey, burro ba'a'k, eagle ban, coyote baba't, frog *pihsin, bear ta * tai, road runner toah-kam, animal (alive, whole) to lo, bull, toro to * va, turkey tohtoni, ants tohki'tuht, spider djuw, hare, jackrabbit djutumi, bear tcemama'ki, homed toad *tcehe-kam, woodpecker tcehwo, gopher; pl. tce'tcehwo *tcivihtcuhte, killdeer *tcuavi, fox *tcuhtculi, hen tcuhkuht, owl tcuku'keevah -, cricket gaw, badger *gehwo, wild cat gohtci, wild boar, peccary go'ks, dog kaso, fox kaviyu, horse, caballo kakaihtcu, topknot quail kisuhpi, small bird ko'oi, snake, rattlesnake komehktcet, turtle kohson, wood rat *kohkovah, ground owl kokoht, geese, crane kuata'k, ant kulivitci-kam, a brown singing bird *kuvi't, large yellow deer BODY7PARTS a'an, feathers, wings aht, anus, bottom eli-ta'k, skin, bark e'eht, blood ibe'ta'kE, heart, spirit o, back o'o, bones o'o'kE, tears um, thigh *mahtE'k, palm of hand *mahtcevita'k, large feathers mo'o, head, hair 24 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 mo'oh-tEk, scalp mu - hs, vagina *muh, wound nahk, ear noNha, egg novi, hand sih-se-vata'k, saliva sic, elbow sihpuht, rump, buttocks coh-ca, nasal mucus *coco'pah, wrist guard hi'i, urine hiwehtcu, groin hiwe-'tak, hiwo-'k, sore hon, body ho'ki, hide, buckskin huhuli-ka, menstruation hu * tci, finger or toenails viha, penis vi -hpe'to, testicles viki, down wohpo, body hair, fur wo hk, belly, abdomen wui, eye wuhyoh-cah, face bahi, bai, tail baco, breast, chest bi't, excrement da * hk, nose ta - htami, teeth tahtai, sinew taht, foot ton, knee tcini, mouth tcini-wo, beard tcu li, hip tcu hu'k, flesh, meat kahyo, leg *kai-ca'ki, crotch ka m, cheek ke tca, semen koa, forehead komi, back, shell koc, nest *koceva, skull *kohki, footprint kuhco, back of the neck 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 25 BOTANICAL TERMS a, n, desert willow i - sevi'k, species of cactus ihu, gathered cactus fruit ihu'k, devil's claw, martynia iva'ki, weeds, greens ibahi, ibai, leaf cactus, tuna i - hkovi, a food plant i * hkuli, a medicinal plant (peyote?) ohpon, a food plant u I mu'k, species of yucca us, stick, tree u'u'se-bavi, alimana (tree bean) uhtko, stalk of soapweed uhtko-tce tci, soapweed u'teva'k, tule mi -ranyu, miuin, muskmelon mu -noi, beans *mudata'k, corntassel nahw, nauv, leaf cactus na -ka'k, species of cactus lantcehki, lentil, lenteja ca)'i, underbrush, rubbish ca * t, wild potato cekoi, greasewood *cu'uvahtE, chia ha * li, ha* r, squash, pumpkin hacani, giant cactus, sahuaro haha'k, leaves ha't, a food plant heosi'k, flower ho'i, thorn *ho'itE-kam, palo fierro hovi'tci, Spanish bayonet hunNI, corn hulikata'k, first stage of mesquite bean before blossoming va'u'k, stalks, vines, chaff vacai, grass, hay vahpk, reeds, cane, cactus-ribs viho'k, mesquite bmans viw, tobacco vi * bam, milkweed (chewing gum) bahidak, sahuaro fruit bavi,.white bean *pawui, species of wild bean pilihkani, pirkanyim, wheat *pu li, clover tai'kah, sprouts of vas plant for basketry tahpk, seeds of a small plant tahtk, roots tahkewei, tree yucca 26 University of California Publications in An. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 tohawes, species of brush *tua, whole oak djiawul, devil cactus, bisnaga tceolim, DJ1orim, species of cactus, choya tce * mi, species of cactus tcuni, dried cactus fruit tcuhtcuis, pitahaya kaitc, seeds kalivac, species of pea (garbanzosO) *ka'kahtE, cut and burn brush to clear land kehpi, watermelon kisohki, species of cactus koawul, berry brush kohte'tohpi, toloache *kokemahtk, palo verde ku'a'ki, wood kuhi, kui, mesquite ku'kia, kaitc'kah, seed corn NATURAL PHENOMENA ahki, river bed; arroyo e'ehs, anything planted oyit, oit, farm o'oht, sand on, salt o la, gold, oro uca'pi, pitch mai, food cooked in ground maca't, moon, month mahtai, ashes lantcu, rancho *sehpi-djehtE-kam, winter seva'ahsike, dew siwuli'k, whirlwind *cacka'tci, morning mirage ca * gi'k, cafion, gulch cu * da'ki, water heweli, wind heht, red paint hi'kuc'pi, mist ho'dai, stone, rock hu'u, star huteni'ke, evening, sunset vainomi, iron, metal va'i'ki, water in a jar va - muli, marsh vahya, well vaw, solid rock *vahkola, water-gathered rubbish va'ta'k, juice *vahtciki, artificial pond va'k, hole *vi -o'ohya'k, fine sand 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 27 wo'o, natural pond *wo'ocani, valley wo 'k, road, trail *wehpe'ki, lightning we'ki, red pottery paint bi, food in a dish bi't, mud, clay, dirt pelomo, lead, plombo tai, fire tac, sun, day tohono, desert to * nehk, hill to'a'k, mountain djuhki, rain tceho, cave tceva'ki, clouds tceweht, earth, land, dirt, soil, world tce'k, prairie, hole, opening tcuhu'k, night, darkness tcuta'ki, charcoal, coals giohoht, rainbow *kahtcim, ocean kev, snow, ice *komaiwua'k, fog kowohtk, hollow *kohkohteki, shells ku ps, smoke, dust ku'ku'tcuihki, mirage, heat waves *kutcki, firebrand ku'ki, a rumbling noise ARTIFACTS AND MANUFACTURES ahtoli, atole ahtoca, loin cloth enyi'ka, clothes, property et'pa, grass door i * na'ki, ancient skirt i vi'tah-kuht, fire drill ihpuht, modern skirt *o'ohana, painting ola, women's double ball ovi'tci, awl u'u, war arrow u'u-mhata'k, arrow feathers u * c, arrow point, insect's sting u'knca, windbreak mayin, main, woven mat *maihkuht, earth oven no longer in use manata'k, hobbling-rope maNtcehki, lard, manteca mahtcuht., grindstone, metate mahkota'k, coupling implement mihtpia, cinch stirrup 28 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 navai't, sahuaro wine ne'ih-kuht, singing-ground liali, money, reales li aht, lariat, reata lomiata'k, grass saddle *sisedoih-kuht, sticks for toasting corn si * wo'ta, feather tassels sihtoli, syrup ca'ali'ki, brace for carrying-basket ca * livi, trousers cavih-kuht, rattle ca * hkim, nose halter celina, straight stick for arrow coni'kiwuli, racing-ball contcki, war-club co'piaht, doll cu ck, shoes ha'a, jar, olla ha'u, gourd cup, jicara hace'ta, woven basket hahpoht, arrow ha'ko, cushion for head load *hewosi, decoration hihi'ani, cemetery hinevali, grass mat hi'totah-kuht, cooking-jar hi'toht, cooked food hoa, sewed basket hoasa'a, plate, dish, saucer ho'oma, best shooting arrow hua-comi, buckskin sack *va'ahki, house va'i'k-kuht, water jar va 'o, cactus-tongs vaca, basket with cover vacomi, storage basket vawenata'k, ridgepole vahtciho, large wooden dish vahko, water jar, canteen vahkus, mat, carpet, blanket vinoi, mescal, vino vite'-kuht, pestle for grinding vi'tcina, twisted rope weuh-kuht, sling wegita, bull roarer wonami, hat *wosun ah-kuht, broom, sweeper woca'k, pocket, bolsillo wo - ht, foreshaft of arrow wo'kca, quiver wuliwe'ka, grass bundle target *wu lih-kuht, cradle bayohka, bayuhka, necklace, beads *pilisa, blanket 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 29 pocoli, posole, hominy *daih-kuht, chair talivin, rope-twister tceoh-kuht, cane *tcemait, bread djenyih-kuht, smoking-place, cigarette stub *tcehtcemaihtah-kuht, griddle, comal tcehpa, mortar tce -pite-kuht, pestle for pounding tceh'to, fireplace-stone tcehtoneta'k, center pole of house tce *'k, mesquite-bean flour tce'ke'ta, race track *tcehtcEkoceta'h, ankle rattles tcuakia, saddle-net tcu'i, flour ga ht, bow kaikia, sandal string kalicani, trousers, drawers, calzones ki*, house, home ki'ata'k, handle ki -co, cheese, queso *kicumehk, knitted handle kiho, carrying basket ki wuht, belt ki * dje'k, door ki'k, tallow ki - hki, plow kolai, corral kohtoni, shirt, cotones kulani, medicine (curar) ku * kEta, hanging shelf PERSONAL CATEGORIES a -mo, boss, master, amo ali, baby, little one ahpahp, name of clan ahpEki, name of clan stcu-es-kam, thief imi'k, relation o'o'tam, person, people, natives o * vi, opponent o'k, father o'goli, name of clan o 'p, tribal name ohks, old woman ohkEsi, father's elder sister us-a'gah-kam, judge uvi, woman, female ma'i, niece, nephew mam, name of clan maht., child of woman stcu-ma - htci, shaman, wise man 30 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 20 ma - hkai, shaman, medicine man mo'o'-betam, hunter mo *s, daughter's child (woman speaking) mu.hki, corpse, death *mumuhku'tam, invalid navi'tcu, clown at ceremony nawo'tci, friend *nye'ohki'-ka'ke'ta-tam, interpreter neholi, slave si *s, elder brother, elder sister sulitci, baby boy cehpitci, younger brother or sister contali, soldiers, soldados ha'djuni, relations ha'kimaht, nephew or niece ha'kimatce'E, sister-in-law *ha'kiht, father's younger brother hema'tckam, people he'k, co-wife ho'ohk, semi-human monster honi'k, wife hu'uli, maternal grandmother va * vi, name of clan viahpo'o'ge'eli, young man vicaht, great-grandparents vihpia-me'dam, hunter vihpiohp, young-men, boys vikoli, great-grandchild wemeh-kam, companion, partner wemeh-kali, leader in relationship wena'k, assistant *wowoiht, father's younger sister wose-maht, son's child (man speaking) wosk, paternal grandfather ba'a-maht, daughter's child (man speaking) ba'a-me'd-o'k, father-in-law ba *'p, maternal grandfather pima, Pima da't, mother's elder sister tahtali, mother's younger brother topetam, one who calls hunters or racers dje', mother *dje'es, mother's elder brother djisk, mother's younger sister djiawuli, devil, diablo djioc, God, Dios dju'djih-kam, Mexicans tceo'tc, man tcehya, girl tcehpa'ahvi, wanderer *stcu-tcehtce'gia'de'-kam, great warrior ge'e, adult, elder ge'e'dji'k, chief 1923] Dolores: Papago Nominal Stems 31 ge * li, old man, father's elder brother gowenale, governor, gobernador ka'a-maht, son's child (woman speaking) ka * k, paternal grandmother kihe, brother- or sister-in-law kitahyo-kam, war-party kohkoi, ghosts kun, husband ABSTRACT TERMS ahhita'k, year abam-tak, luck *eli'ta, plan, guess ebenyi, fear eda, interior, center ehkata'k, shadow *iah'to'ki, a lie ibe'ta'k, spirit, heart ma s, appearance, sight, light, color matci'k, knowledge *mumehkita'k, sickness ne'i, song si'ali, east, dawn, morning sihkoli, circle co'i'ge'ta'k, poverty con, bottom, beginning, trunk hime'ta'k, ways, actions, life hu'k, ends hu'ki'tci, edge, side, shore, bank *vaka, mixture, dough vahkoliwe, south *vi'ihkam, remnant weho-kam, truth *woki'ta, fate wuaka, girl's puberty ceremony *wuyihkam, fate pihu'ki'k, hunger toneli'k, light tonome'ta'k, thirst tculi, corner tcupin, north *tcuhhu'u'tculi, zigzag tce'kia'ta'k, war, battles tce'teki, dream gewehke'ta'k, strength *giwulihk, bend *kaitam, sound *kaitcim, saying kewekohkik, tiresomeness s-kekatc, beauty kita'k, life, living s-ko'ohk, pain kosi'k, sleep hohsi'tah-kuht, sleep-producer