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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 215-234                      April 12, 1922

THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF

NORTHERN YANA

BY

E. SAPIR

INTRODUCTORY

It is some time since the Northern and Central Yana texts, collected
in 1907, have been before the public.1 Now that we know Yana to be
no completely isolated Californian language, as had been at first sup-
posed, but a divergent member of the so-called "Hokan" stock, it
became more than ever a duty to do something to help the student of
comparative linguistics in the analysis of the published material. At
the time that the texts were being prepared for publication considerable
progress had already been made in the analysis of the language. Un-
fortunately the data then arranged had utilized only a part of the
Northern Yana texts and grammatical notes, while the Central Yana
material remained almost entirely untouched. It so happens that Yana
is one of those complexly synthetic (polysynthetic) languages that
need to be exhaustively studied in lexical, as well as purely grammat-
ical, respects before an adequate presentation can be made of their
structure. For this reason the material incorporated in this paper,
which may be described as a selective summary of my still fragmentary
Northern Yana collectanea, is far from constituting an adequate intro-
duction to even the Northern dialect. This particularly applies to the
lists of verb stems and verb suffixes, which are very far from including
all the Yana elements available in my texts and notes. Nor are the
lists of more strictly formal elements measurably complete. I hope
in due time to give the complete grammatical account of Yana that
this interesting language deserves. Meanwhile I trust that the present
materials will serve a useful preliminary purpose, as an aid to the
analysis of the Yana texts and as a possible lever for the further
elucidation of Hokan relationships.

1 E. Sapir, Yana Texts, this series, ix, 1-235, 1910.

216     Univer8ity of California Publioations in Am. Aroh. and Ethn.  [Vol. 13

A few further remarks may help to make the lists more useful.
The phonetic symbols here used are precisely the same as in the texts,
with one exception-the sign for the glottal stop, e, previously used
is here replaced by the more current '. Though only the Northern
Yana dialect is here considered, the lists may also be employed for
the study of the Central Yana texts, provided it is remembered that
Northern Yana p and t at the end of primarily closed syllables cor-
respond to Central Yana m and nq respectively (e.g., Northern Yana
tti'psiwandja and -bitdja- are paralleled by Central Yana t'i'msiwandja
and -bindja-) ; this Northern Yana -p- becomes -bi- before 1 and y, while
before w syllabically final -t- appears in Northern Yana as -ru- or -ri-
(-du- or -di-), before y as -di-, -ri- (Central Yana -m-i-, -m(i) -y-, -n-w-,
and -n (i) -y- respectively).  Northern Yana -p'- and -t'-, however,
appear as -p'- and -t'- also in the Central dialect. It is well to re-
member, also, that Northern Yana often has -di-, -ri-, where Central
Yana has -di-, -ri-. There are, of course, other differences of detail
which cannot be enumerated here.

This is no place to go into the details of Northern Yana phonology,
but the observance of the following more important phonetic laws will
facilitate analysis:

1. Syllabically final p and t (Central Yana m and n) are assimilated to m
and n before nasals; p' and t' become voiceless m' and n' before nasals.

2. -tl- (Central Yana -nl-), -t'l-, and -In- are respectively assimilated to -II-,
-l'l-, and -l-.

3. Syllabically final- p and p' (Central Yana m and p') assimilate with fol-
lowing w to mm and m 'm respectively.

4. Before elements beginning with -' - .(e.g., -' gat-, -e da-) long vowels are
shortened (this is true also in other primarily closed syllables), while short
vowels (after the first syllable) disappear; e.g., 'e- + -'gat- becomes 'efgat-,
-dja- + -eda- becomes -tceda-.

5. Certain suffixed elements have a long vowel if the preceding syllable is
light (i.e., ending in a short vowel), a short vowel if the preceding syllable is
heavy (i.e., ending in a long vowel, diphthong, or consonant). Thus, 'a-sd'-, but
' 6'-sa-, -' na'i-sa-, ' a't-sa-.

6. Final short vowels become voiceless in absolute position and before con-
sonants, in forms used by women. Preceding b, d, g, dj, w become pe, te, ke, tc',
voiceless w respectively (male pea'di "place," female pea'tti). Other feminine
forms are noted below. Before words beginning with smooth vowels, final short
vowels are elided in both male and female forms. Elided forms of syllables are
also used in certain grammatical forms for both sexes (e.g., dalwi'wi "hands,"
but dalii'wlke i( 'a) " another 's hands"'; -si, present indicative, but -s-ke i-, present
indicative with possessive -kci-).

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

The student may rely on one rule with absolute safety-there are
no prefixes in Yana. All verb forms begin with an element of the
type listed in Part I. As many of these elements are rather vague or
elusive in significance, -it is possible that a certain number of homony-
mous stems are really identical elements. An important percentage
of the verb stems are objective, i.e., refer to the handling of particular
classes of objects (e.g., bo-, lui-) or, in their "static" form, to the
position of such classes (e.g., bd-, lai-). The fundamental importance
and extensive development of objective verbs in Yana were brought
out very clearly in my Yahi researches with Ishi. Certain verbs are
instrumental (e.g., 'e-, bui-), i.e., they refer to activitives performed
with certain objects or parts of the body.

Part II includes all non-formal verbal elements that are suffixed
to the stem, with the exception of incorporated noun stems. These
occur after certain of the listed suffixes, before others. It is possible,
indeed probable, that some of the suffixes are really incorporated stems
in origin. The suffixes include "stems" of secondary position, ad-
verbial elements, local elements, and other types, but it is difficult to
draw hard and fast lines between the various types. Their order is
rigidly determined, but the rules governing this order are too complex
to be even touched on here. The verb "suffixes" make up the most
difficult and fascinating chapter in Yana grammar. It is quite likely
that the total number of Yana non-grammatical suffixes is greater than
that of the initial stems. The combination of elements of the two
classes presents a most interesting analogy to the verbal structure of
the Algonkin languages.

I. NORTHERN YANA VERB STEMS2
a-, if

*a-, *a-, have on oneself, become covered with
*a-, go (one female)

ea-bd-, shake (intr.)
ea-bit-, go after

ea-djil-, dance round-dance
e a-k!au-, chop

'a-s uts'-, go off
*'a-, trail runs

2 * indicates that the stem cannot be directly followed by grammatical (i.e.,
tense-modal and pronominal) suffixes, but must have its meaning completed by
one or more derivational suffixes.

Entries of form ea-ba-, such as can be shown to be compounded of two or
more elements, but in which no clear significance has been found for the first
element or " stem. "

Entries of form eau- . . . 'a-, such as never occur without the derivational
suffix - 'a-, which, however, may be separated from the stem by other elements.

1922]

217

218      University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and, Ethn.  [Vol. 13

*' -, sink (intr.)

a-ba-, be old

*ai-, time elapses

ai-, be white-haired
*!ai-, fall down

ai-k!u-, be sick, sore
ak-s'aps'i-, yawn

ak !p' a-, clap one 's hands
'al-t da-, shake (intr.)

falukk!ma-, be happy, willing
*amma-, keep
apbi-, who?

*?at-, go (plur.), be many

eart-gil-di-, fall down
ate? !-, what ?

e au-... 'a-, believe
a,uwi-, take, hold

auwil-ya-, stay long with

'awap-, be full of acorn mush
*ayat-, rock

*ba-, move quickly, run
*ba-, call upon

*ba-, sun moves

ba-dii-t!ap-, come to life again
ba-gat-gu-, be short

ba-gul-, be tired out
ba-krii-, spill (intr.)
ba-lau-, plant grows

ba-ts !i' di-... 'a-, shout
*ba-, ba-ri-, rain
badjal-, be large
bai-, one

bai-, hunt deer (denominative from ba-, deer)
ba'ni-, be full

basl-, be night, yesterday

bat-di-, spherical object falls out, bounds
bat-ptal-, be flat

bawi-sa-, be night
be-, be he who
bedjap-, urinate

be 'na-, eat (mush) with hands
b6yau-, when?

b6yu-, take food along
bi-, rocks lie
birK-, where?

b6- (static ba-), hit with fist

*b6- (static *ba-), handle a round hard object; ba-, rock lies
bop-dja-, look about

b6tstt!ip-, laugh out loud
*bu-, dance

*bu-, be unable to urinate

bil-, hair comes out

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

bui-, kick, do with the foot
*bul-, three

da-... sa-, be... in appearance
*da-, look

da-, much water lies, ice is spread out
*da- (*da-), jump, fly
da-dam-ma-, bleed

dasi-, catch salmon (denominative from dasi-, salmon)
dat'-, be much, many

dau-, count, handle set of things one after another
daumi-, four

*de-, peel, shear
*de-, see, know

de-ts!git-di-, be ahead of, beat
dedji-, nevertheless
*det-, shell, mash

*dl-, move, run on in a line
dimdn 'ai-, just

dil '-xai-, eye waters

*dit-, put out one's hand, touch
d6-, hook

*d6-, do with the fingers
d6-nit-, whip, beat
dui-ts'!inai-, scold

du-llai-, smear (pitch) on (cf. d6-, causative of dd, liquid lies)
dum-mana-, hug, fondle

dut'-, be older, be doing much (cf. dat'-)
*dja-, eat, have in the mouth
*dja-, dance, move on

*dja-, dja'-, hang (intr.)
dja-k!i-, be sullen

djadji-, sit with drooping eyes
djal-, laugh

djau-, get grasshoppers (denominative from djau-, grasshopper)
djaudut '-, hire

djawa-, weep in mourning
*dje- (static *djf-), fill into
*dje-dja-, handle door, seat
*dje'-, run

dj&djap-, dji- . . . 'a-, shoot

djedjau-p!a- 'a-, be ready to go

*dj-, *dji-, move about, water flows, smoke streams
dji-ts'!ut-dja-'a-, look on at others eating
*djf-, taste (intr.)

dji-djurai-, freeze to death
*dji'-, ice is on ground

djidj&-, watch for salmon
djik!u- .. . 'a-, listen
djimat-, five

*dj6- (static *dju-), handle food, flesh, mass
*dj6- (*dju-), offer as pay
dj6-yu-... 'a-, shake

1922]

219

220      University of California Publicationts in Amn. Arch. and Ethn.  [Vol. 13

*dju-, wind blows

*djia-, *dju-, tree stands

*djat-, much water moves

djii-, spear (salmon), use digging-stick

djii-, *dju-, sharp point gets stuck in part of body
*djjj-, leaf, hair moves

djux-wagal-, fingers are interlocked; djut -ld-, lie curled up
djui-, carry on one's shoulder
djul-, be long

djulla-, walk bent

djun-ma 'wi-, feed (cf. *dj6-)
dju'nd-, carry water

e-, wait on woman in confinement
*e-, handle roots, nuts

*f6-, sing, make a sound
*!e, do with one's hands

e'-, shell acorns

'ek!i-, act as shaman
'emu-, stop crying
enit-, be a widow
et!-sa-i-, sneeze
*ga-, *ga, talk

ga'-'il'ai-, be foolish

gaits'-ts'eit-p !a-, feel well
get -lau-, make angry
gena-'ai-, forget

*gb, he in a certain state of mind
gi-t!ap'-, tell
g6-, hear

g6k!a-, take one's part

ha-keftrul-, be coarse; ha-mlk!i-, be pounded fine
*hd-, be wet (cf. ha-, water)
hat dai-, dream
hadjat-, ten

hal-lu-, be dark

ha 'lai-, dawn; hanai-p !a-, be daylight
hMmutdi-, be warm
hatc!it-, be cold

x6-sa-'a-, swallow

*hui-, wash (causative denominative from ha-, water)
hui-, hop

*i-, put on article of clothing
*e-, go, move (sing. subject)

'l-mui-ri-, cut meat

i'-gal-dja-, cough; le-ts-!il-, hiccough
'ibi-, build a house
Fdja-, be tired
ie djat-, grow

'il-, there is thunder

il-s&idi, rub feet against each other
ie ad-, have objection

'in '-, be hardly able to breathe

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

*'ip-, drive away, tell to go

fit-, look for
'itda-, make

'iwa-, burden-basket lies
'iwai-, carry wood
lyai-, be day

keilap-, be blunt, cut off square
*keip-, let go

keit-bit-, let alone

ke'u-, not; kefiyau-gu-, do not...!
keunu-, not yet
*k!ul-, feel dry

keul-dja-, feel lazy

*k Wd-, feel sore, uncomfortable
k !ai-, be strong, bitter

k!al-ts!au-, scratch with claws
k!a'nai-, be near
*k!/-, be slow

*kW1-, swell, rise
*k!u-, be long

k!uni-, and, but
*k!ut-, like, want

k!utdit-, return quickly
lau-, be strong

liV-, turn one's head back
lMli-, blow one 's nose

mui-, hit with hard round objects; *lui- (static *lai-), handle several hard

round objects; lai-, several hard round objects lie
lulmai-, be blind
*ma-, climb

mddi-, be sick

mad jup-, fire is out
mah&-, melt "

maits--gini-, foot, hand sleeps
mal-, be worn out, hurt
mala-, refuse

malla-, stay away for a long time
malla-p!a-, be bad

mdri-, fire is covered with ashes
mds-i-, be ripe

m&s'i-dja-, be glad

m&t!adju-i-, be winter

map'-dja-mai-, have supernatural power
*mat-, summer, spring

mat'-dja-, get new acorns
matdja-, be sharp
mau-, tell

mau-, be about to

mawsupekfidi-, put on leggings

*m-, handle wood; ml-, wood lies

*m-, look in a certain way at; *m-, be... -eyed, ... -faced
me-gil-ya-, take pity on

1922]

221

222      University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.  [Vol. 13

me'it-, not allow

*met-, handle sticks; mit-, wood lies
met-dja-, handle garment
mi-, cry

mi-lap-, wake up

mi-djat-tc !u-, clothing is torn; mi-ts!u-, be scratched
mi-k!ai-, be angry
midja-, be heavy

mil-, hit (with a stick)

*mil-, handle lump, loglike object
mildja-, run
minit-, look

mit-, drill, whirl

*mits !-, have (with incorporated object)
m6-, eat

*m6- (static *mii-), reach, hold
mo-yi-, teach

moe-, take along
m6dju-k!da-, like
m6t!i-, roast

mu-rul-, person lies
*mfz-, work
mui-, bite

mul-t!ap-, blotches, pimples break out

*mUt-, move along on one's haunches by aid of hands
na-gu-, therefore; na-ke1u-, therefore not
nee-, step, do with the foot
ni-, ni-, go (one male)

n6-, dissever two pieces
o-... 'a-, there is...

O-... 'a- (static d-... 'a-), dig up roots
6-ke ui-, sew

* 6-, hit with a stick

6-mai-, track

w6-dja-... 'a-, handle long object
6ni-, fetch

e6ni-na 'wai- (static ean!-na'wai-), try, practice, look after
e 6nu-, dig a hole

'op- (static wap-), wait for
op'dji-, (static ap'dji), kill
6tct a-, dig annis roots

6wai-, get on one 's back

w6wai- (static wdwai-), miss
pe a-, snow lies

peat!gd-, have sore eyes
peaii-, be distant

*peX, sharpen, peel off stick

pfe-, flat object, shallow basket lies
p 'e-ga-'a-, snore

p 'e-ts'ei-, shake (basket, sack)
*p'-, several go (plural of ii-)

pef-ts'!ilai-, be afraid because of unseen presence

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

pfiyuk!ui-, have fits

peit'-, break wind, boil, burst, snap

pf6- (static pru-), blow, do with one's mouth
pe 6-, put pitch, paint on

pf6wat-... 'a- (static pfawat-... 'a-), put beads around neck
*peu-, smoke (cf. peo6-, blow)
*pe,a-, swim, bathe

peui-tctai-, pound roots to make mush
peuie-, be fat

pfu-lIai-, smear pitch over (cf. pe6-, put pitch on)
pfun'si-, be a widower

p!uts !na-mai-, be narrow

*sa '-, sleep; *s o'-, close one 's eye

s'aps'i-, sleep
s i-, drink

*shit-, water leaks

s'6-ts!uida-, crack shells off with fingers
s u-... 'a-, several run

teai-lau-, take out of one's mouth
t' ap-p !a-, seem
t'i-, say

tel-, do, act in a certain way

t'unna-ptc!i-, break in two (intr.)
t!alap-, be white
t!amma-, even if
t!ini-, be little
tcil-, be big

tct 6-, eat uncooked roots
ts'eup-, make bilious

ts 16- 'a-, make a noise

ts'!en'nama-k!oi-'a-, there is nobody
ts- !ha- 'ai-, love

ts 16k !-lau- 'a-, be dumb
ts !up '-, be good
u-, be

*u? -, two

wuidja-, copulate

ui-t!at-, pile up acorns in columns
'Ui-, whistle

*ul-, hit with a stick; *ul-dja-, hairdle person, stick
*ful-, smell (intr.); ful-ma-, smell (tr.)

'al-, liquid lies in receptacle; t!ul-... 'a-, handle receptacle with liquid
ul 'i-, not to hear, not to understand
unna-mai-, imitate

ut-, take out a torch, handle a light
*wa-, sit; *wa-k!-, stand

*wa-... 'a- (with incorporated noun), have (person) as so and so
wa- 'ym-, be afraid

wd-, pound (acorns)

wai-, think in a certain way
wai-ts lut-, burst

wairut-, be full of raw acorns

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wak!i-, defecate
wannup-, borrow

wash-, hit with a knife, handle with a sharp point
wayal-, not to get enough to eat
*we-, take, fetch
w6-bu-, dig roots

we-ri-, shooting star falls
weya-, doubt

wime-dja-, hit the mark
witc 'u-, be sweet

ya-lau-, have blood running out of one's mouth
yae ... 'a-, tattoo

yae -wl-, sweat; yam-ma-ptc!i-, sweat in the sweat-house
yd-, hit the target
*ya-, people move

yd-, play a musical instrument

*yai-, several sit; *yai-k!-, several stand
yapbidjai-, play
y6gai-, ask

y6hai-, be pregnant

yui-, object burns; yut-... 'a-, build a fire
*ya-, fire burns; *yo-... 'a-, burn (trans.)
yui-'la-, be rotten

*yui-, handle doughy, mushy mass
*yul-, crush, mash

II. NORTHERN YANA NON-GRAMMATICAL VERB SUFFIXES

-'a-, causative (contracts with certain tense-modal elements; see Part III, B)
- 'a-, to be (with noun stems)
-'ai-, in the fire

-'ai-, indirect object (with verbs of putting on)
-'aigu-, oneself

-'at-, up to, arriving at
-ba-, completely

-ba-, all (quasi-plural)

-ba-, -ba-, to pull, put aside

-badi-, -badi-, to stop making a sound
-bal-, up (from ground)
-balla-, to push, knock

-bil-, about, here and there

-di-bil-, at random, all over, to pieces
-bit-, following

-bitdja-, ready to, to be about to
-'ba-, also, too

-'batdi-, to be lost

-_ bi-, -e bi-, to go first, be ahead
-dada-, -teda-, to shake, tremble

-dap-, rap-; -dami-, rami-, out of the house
-raps i-, -raps-ui-, red

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

-di-, -di-, to clean

-di-, -di-; -ri-, -r-, down

-du-, -ru-, to go in order to

-du-, -dfl-, -teu_, back home, retracing one's steps
-du-, -dut-; -ru-, -ru-, straight down, moving down
-duru-, to be left over

-duni-, one after another

-du-nitdi-, back, backwards
-rul-, to lie on the ground

-dummai-, again, once more

-dut'-, much (cf. primary stem dut'-)
-Ida-, straight ahead

-_ da-p' au-gu-, too, excessively

_ dadja-, very, sound (asleep), plumb (tired)
-'datdi-gu-, continuously, without change

- damai-, perhaps

-' di-, to leave behind, abandon
-'di-, to come loose
-' di 'a-, to shout

-dja-, -djd-, to go while - ing

-dja-, away; general movement (particularly used with certain verbs of

handling)

-djari-, rising from the ground (refers to houses)

-'djap-, -djap-; -edjdmi-, -djdmi-, to the north, in the north
-djat-dja-, to fetch, take along home

-djau-, to get ready, practice before going
-djau-ri-, underneath, at the bottom
-djawai-, to help, take one 's part

-djiba-, everywhere, in all respects
-djil-, around, in a circle

-dju-, often, from time to time
-'dja-, to rest

-'djd-, to answer

-'djai-ri, on top, on a surface
-'e-, with (instrumental)

-ga-bil-, to stumble, move zigzag
-gal-e di-, skin, bark comes off
-gap-, -gami-, from the north
-gat-, to roll, eddy

-gidi-, -girf-, fire goes out

-gil-, moving over the crest; -g lau- (  -gil-hau-), east over a hill

-git-, to a neighboring house; -glnau- (  -gin-hau-), east to a neighboring

house

-git-bal-, to fall unintentionally, stumble to the ground
-gu-, just, a little

-gul-, to be tired, obstructed
-gu-mma-, truly, indeed

-gunai-, uninterruptedly, without fear
-' gai-, to roll, reel about
-'gat-, to break

-'giyui-sa-, to stumble along (blind, very sick)
-'git-, early in the morning

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-hai-, -xai-, to rest, be quiet  *
-haina-, also, as well, likewise
-xaledi-, to make cold

-hat'-, -xat'-, merely, to no purpose, nothing but

-hau-, to the east (contracts with preceding u to 6-: dj6 -<dju-hau-, dwelling

in the east)

-haudju-, from the west (-d6dju-, back from the west<-du-haudju-)
- 'haya-, - 'haya-, - 'xaya-, - 'xayd-, alone, secretly
-i-, removing; -idi-, away from, to leave

-'i-, -1'-, after, in order to reach; -'i-wa-, moving over; - 'i-sa-, - 'i-sa-, moving

away in pursuit; - 'i-me dja-, -'ime dja-, coming behind in pursuit; -'i-
-'-, more of, another (referring to object of transitive verb)
-'ilap-, -lap-, to wake up

- 'immai-, -mnmai-, to move along with, to help

-'ini-gqu-i-'a-, to have nothing but (makes denominative verbs)
-k i-, toward the speaker, hither

-keu-u, -ke f-, crumply, gravelly, finely divided pieces
-ke ui-, to sew

-ke unu-, still, yet

-k!upda-, to tie up
-'ktit-, to be slow

-k!-di- (to stand, step, sit) on; -k!- ... bal-, -k!i-. .. bal-, to get up; -k!-waldi-,

down on

-k!arat-, bare and dry, on a hard surface

-k!ai-, only one (refers to subject of intransitive, object of transitive verb)
-k!al-, to keep

-k!al-di-, to wash; -k!al-edi-, to clean out (by beating, brushing)
-k!allau-, well, entirely

-k!al-sa-, moving through

-k!ap-, to oneself, toward the speaker
-k!at-, to whirl, flutter

-k!au-, to sever, cut out a piece
-k!da(t)-, rather well

-k!it-, unwillingly, not with one's full heart; -k!itdi-, angrily
-k!sururui-, with close attention, undeviatingly
-k!,u-, one after another, in a series
-k !ui-, crookedly

-k!ul-, sideways, slantwise

-k !u 'na-, -k !u 'nd-, to stay, dwell
-k!fut-, to slink (up to, away)

-lak!i-, -lak!-, stopped up, obstructed

-lai-, to cut off (a slice), break off (pieces)
-lap-, to gleam, glimmer

-lau-, out of an enclosed space: out of the mouth, (looking) out of one's

eye, (dipping up water) from a spring, from the plain up to the moun-
tain, (growing, digging) out of the ground, from the water on to land;
-16- (<-lau-hau-), eastward up the mountain; -l6dju- (<-lau-haudju),
going up the mountain from the east; -l6-rp' a, southward up the
mountain
-lil-, to turn

-lili-, -lili-, smooth, slippery
-llai-, to put pitch on

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana2

-lu-, dark; -halu-, in the darkness
-'la-, -'la-, messy, sticky, wet
-'lai-, to warm

-'lak7!i-, to shut, close

-Ili-, -1-, to cover, dress
-1 lu-, in the head

-mi'-, to be alive (I)

-ma-, -ma-, in company with; -ma-p!a-, dit.
-ma-, there, from there

-ma-mi-, -ma-, added to (five) (used in verbs for 6, 7, 8, 9, also 60, 70, 80,

90)

-ma-, to, for (indirect object, only with object of first or second person)
-mai-, to, for (indirect object, only with object of first or second person);

-mai-, for that reason (suffixed to verb that follows interrogative stem
in sense of "why?")

-mai-, over the same ground, following in one's footsteps; for good (after

unsuccessful attempts)

-mari-, -mtari-, down in a hole, pit, basket
-magd-, -mdga-, about, concerning, with
-mal-, to be shot, hurt, beaten
-mal 'li-, just outside the house
-m' dja-, to come in order to

-me dja-, to be wont to (usitative)

-medji-, to the west; -dji- (after -git-, -wil-, -wal-, and -rK-)

-megu-, near the house, right there (probably <-ma-gu-, there-just)

-miri-, -miri-, to, as far as (particularly with verb following interrogative

stem for "where?")

-mil-, slightly, to a small degree

-mitegu-, too, also, any (refers to object)

-mits-!i-, with one another, each other, (after consonants, long vowels, and

diphthongs; cf. -pts Ii-); -mits !'- (after ue -, two), -mits !i- (after bul-,
three), frequently used in numeral verbs for 2 and 3
-mma-, -'amma-, almost, to try to
-mminak!i-, behind

-mu-, between two flat surfaces, between the palms, soles
-mU? dui-, yellow

-mui-, just about to, just past, young
-muk!gu-, to keep     ing
-muts !i-, to pretend to

- 'mal-, too late, after everything is over
- 'mats !u-, a little bit,. somewhat
-nai-sa-, all over the house
-namai-, -nmdi-, narrow
-nau-, food, much to eat

-ba-nauma-, everybody, everywhere

-nnaiwa-du-ra-, -'innaiwa-du-ru-, to go and find one -ing
-nu-, to make a hole

-'nim! gu-, to be left, remain

-'nai-, another (object), once more; -'nai-dja-, to another place

-p-, to (indirect object for first and second persons, particularly in t!i-p-, to

say to); -p' -gu-, each
-peal-, flat

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-peal-, black

-ptau-, to, for (indirect object for first and second persons; for third

person, see -wau-)
-peft!i-, blue

-pts' i-, with one another, among - selves (only after short vowels;

elsewhere appears as -mits- i-, q. v.); -ba-pts Ii-, one another (reciprocal
direct object); -da-pts-!i-, moving together, toward each other
-'pea-, -epea-, to burst, open up

-p!a-, to be so and so as result of activity, to do to oneself
-p!d-, for a long time, long ago
-p!annai-, very

-p!ii-, not completely, imperfectly
-p!it-, to trim (hair)

-p lit-, a long time elapses
-sa-, -sd-, off, away

-sa-sini-gu-, always, continually
-sawa-, -sawd-, to start     ing

-s'dja-, -sidja-, (so and so many) times
-sdja-, going up (refers to houses)
-s.i-, to be ripe, satiated

-s'ira-k Iai-, -sird-k Iai-, white-headed

-s'idi-, to tickle, rub lightly with the hand (or foot)
-s-iri-bal-... 'a-, so and so many days, nights

-mu-s ut-, to rub fine between the hands (or feet)
-'s ui-, raw, unboiled, unripe

-te-ma-, to reach something to
-t'-bal-, to start from

_tea-, (to talk) a southern dialect of Yana

-tdi-, -'atdi, already in progress, now; -ba-tdi,. to be through    ing
-rtedja-, -rts'dja-, up in the air
-tegul-, to fold over
-tei-, -t'l-, to bend

-t il-, to slice off, to have an advantage over another
-teimai-, again, (somewhere or somebody) else
-tekei-, -rtekei-, from the east
-tepea-, -rtepea-, to the south

-tepeau-, one's own (object), for oneself; -ba-tepeau-, oneself (direct re-

flexive object)

-eteaVu-, flat expanse, in the plain
-'t i-, to put pitch over

-t!arak!i-, to be very dry, thirsty

-t!ai-, to blaze; -t!ai-si-, (to warm oneself) by the fire
-t!ai-, (to smear pitch) all over (hands and feet)

-t!al-, to come through, get torn, leak, make a hole; -tIal-ts-!i-, asunder,

apart, separating from one another
-t!ap-, to mash, crush

-t!ap'-, to emerge; to tell
-t!at-, to crack, mash
-t!at'a-, to pat, slap

-t!gd-, -t!ga-la-, (to be in bad condition) through and through
-t Iui-, -t!Iui- .. . gu-, otherwise, in distinction from others
-tcea-, -tctd-, at night

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana

-tceai-, to pound roots or acorns for mush

-ts-'djai-, to be glad, impatient with pleasurable anticipation
-tcegu-, too, also (refers to object)

-tceit'-; to go off to the woods; straight out, way off; -tcit'-laau-, out of the

water

-tsts!irat-, in a zigzag line
-tc' ul-, great, excessively
-ts!al-, to scrape out

-ts !at-, anything, to a slight extent
-ts-!at-, to make a speech

-ts-!atdi-, to peel off, flake (flint)

-ts'!au-, to get stuck in a cleft, claws, teeth
-ts!gai-, blue, green
-ts !gai-, loud

-ts!gi-, alone, unaided

-ts !gil-, in the water, to the, water

-ts-!i-, to cut up, divide into fragments
-ts-!inai-, to scold, talk meanly
-ts-!it-, to crush

-ts !u-, -ts hi-, to tear

-ts .'ut-, to split, make a hole, break into, burst through

-ts!4aya-, -ts!xaya-, quietly, to oneself, under one's breath
- 'uldi-, down from a height, down the mountain
-wa-, -wa-, over (see - 'iwa-, - 'Iwa-; -wa-sa-)
-wadju-, to cause to, to bring about
-wad ju-, -w&dju-, from the south

-wagal-, -wdgal-, through a hole, opening
*wasa-, above, over

-wai-; -'wi-, -'wi-, to see, perceive, expect, try
-dja-wai-, to do for one, take one's part

-wal-, on the ground, in the country; -wdlau- (<-wal-hau-), in the country

to the east

-wal-di-, down on the ground

-walmi-, in hiding, in the woods
-walsa-, hidden in the house

-du-walsa-, to be left over, survive

-wanai-, belonging to some one (other than subject of verb)
-wate -, red

-wau-, to, for (indirect object for third person only; for other persons, see

-p-, -ma-, -pe auX-, -mai-)

-wil-, across (a stream), crosswise; -w,flau-, -wilau- (<-wil-hau-), to the east

across a stream; -wil-sa-, moving across

-wil-mi-, on one side, only one of a pair, half-finished
-wini-gu-, similarly, in the same way, furthermore
-wul-, into the house, into an enclosed space
-wult'ai-, under a covering, in the shade
-'witdja-, fast, to proceed quickly
-ew-, to press

-'wil-, to break a flat object

-ya-, to stay out camping, go awa.y from home (to hunt, dance)
-yagal-, quickly, in a hurry
-yai-, female

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-yasi-, -yasi-, to feel dizzy, drunk, ill (from too much activity)
-yau-gu-, surely (also in prohibitive ke i-yau-gu-)

-yimai- ... (ri-), -yemai- ... (ri-), in the middle, between

-yu-, -yui-, to move along gradually; to pull, rock, shake; -yiz-sa-, further,

ahead

-yu-, -yut-, in the daytime, all day
- 'yu-, -'y-u-, to be afraid

- 'yut-, both, together with (refers to subject)
- 'yut'-, to slip (down)

III. NORTHERN YANA FORMAL ELEMENTS

A. PRONOMINAL ELEMENTS

-ndja   lst pers. sing. (subjective in verbs, possessive in nouns)
-'nidja~

-um(feii ) 2d pers. sing. (subjective in verbs, possessive in nouns)
-nigi, 1st pers. plur. (subjective in verbs, possessive in nouns)
-nuga, 2d pers. plur. (subjective in verbs, possessive in nouns)

-kei-, -keia- (before past -ha), immediately prefixed in all forms involving

1st pers. plur. to pronominal endings proper, except in certain future
and hortatory forms

-kei, i-ke ia- (before past -ha), "his" (indicates subject of verb is possessed

by some third person)

-ke i (a) " another 's " (indicates in noun that possessor is different from

subject of verb)

-k!6 ('a), 1st pers. sing. (and pl.) fat. (see future paradigm)

-wa-ndja "he me"

-wa- 'nu(ma) "he-you"
-wa- 'nigi "he-us "

-wa- 'nuga " he-you (pl.) "

- (wd) 'ma " I -you," " we-you "
- (wd) dja " you-me "

-(wa)wfdja "vou (pl.) -me"
- (wd) gi "you-us"

-(wa)wigi "you (pl.) -us"

- (wa) m'ga " I-you (pl.)," "we-you (pl.)"

i >3d pers. imperative
-'q (fem.)~

- a       (3d pers. imperative (after a-vowels-only N. Yana)
- 'a (fem.)

-dja' imperative with 1st pers. sing. obj.

-kei-gi' imperative with lst pers. plur. obj.

-wi-, -wl- prefixed in imperative, in forms with 2d pers. plur. subj., to pro-

nominal endings proper

Sapir: The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yama

1. Paradigm of Present Tense (-si-)

you              (him)
-slwd 'ma          -sindja

-si 'nu (ma)

-siwa'nu (ma)      -si (fem. -s)
-sk' iwa 'ma       -ske i 'nigi

-si 'nuga

us        you (pI.)

-siwdm 'ga

-sk' iw&gi

-ske iwa 'nigi
-ske iwaqw,igi

-siwa 'nuga

-ske iwam 'ga

2. Paradigm   of Future Tense (-si-)

me             you             (him)

-sik !6wd 'ma    -sik!6 'a

-sik.'6wddja                    *-si'nu (ma)

-sik!6wandja   *-siwa 'numa      -si'i (fem. -si)

-sik !6k iwd 'ma  -si 'nigi

-sik !6wawidja                  *-si'nuga

-dja '

-widja '

us

-sik !6ke iwdgi

-sik !6ke iwa 'nigi
-sik !6ke iwawigi

you (p1.)

sik !6wam 'ga
*-siwa 'nuga

-sik !6k iwdm 'ga

*   same as in present tense.

3. Imperative Paradigm

me

you

you (p1.)

we (hortatory)

Subj.

ai indefinite 3d pers.

aidje le (male) lC{ta
aidje (female)5

aiye 'e (male)  "that yonder"
aiye (female)5

dji article with following pos-

sessed noun of 1st pers. sing.
or plur.

aidji article with following pos-

sessed noun of 1st pers. sing.
or plur. (more emphatic)

dju article with following pos-

sessed noun of 2d pers. sing.
or plur.

(him)

i- 'i' (ferm. - 'i)
|-'a' (fem. -'a)

-wi 'i' (fem. -wi')
-ha 'nigi

us

-k!igi '

-wik' igi '

4. Syntactic Elements of 3d Person

Poss.              Obj.

k! "his, her,   gi (used with following

its, their"     noun when it is non-

subjective or is not
possessed by t h i r d
person)

aik'

aidjek'
aiyeke

aigi

aigidje 'e
I aigidje

{aige'e
aige
gidji

aigidji

gidju

I

you
he
we

you (p1.)

me

-siwadja

-siwandja

-siwawidja

I

you
he
we

you .
(pl.)

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aidju article with following pos-                      aigidju

sessed noun of 2d pers. sing.
or plur. (more emphatic)

aits' "the" (somewhat more                             aigits'?

emphatic than ai)

aidja (male)    "here, there,                         faigidja
aits" (female)   thus"                                 aigits-f

5. Independent Pronounts of 1st and 2d Persons
Sing. 1 a'i'nidja

2 a'i'nu (ma)

Plur. 1 a'i 'nigi, a'ike i 'nigi

2 a'i'nnuga

B. TENSE-MODAI SUFFIXES

-Si (3d pers. -si), present tense

-si- (3d pers. -si'i), future tense

-ha, -xa (3d pers. -ha), past tense, implies personal knowledge on part of

speaker

-t'i (3d pers. -tti), quotative

-wara (3d pers. -wara), perfect (may also be suffixed to -tfi)

-'ni-, -n'-, remote past (generally prefixed to other tense-modal elements):

-n 'ha-, "quite some time ago," on personal knowledge of speaker
- 'niwara, remote non-quotative past

-n 'ti, "long ago, as they say" (used in myths)
-n 't' iwara, remote quotative past

-ha, hortatory with 1st pers. plur. (see Imperative Paradigm)

-ma-, used with interrogative stems (prefixed to tense-modal elements

proper)

-ma (3d pers. -ma'a), usitative; -ma'ni, past usitative

-gara- (generally prefixed to other tense-modal elements), "pray!"

appeal

-magar(a'), appealing imperative

-sha (ra), "true enough, as it turns out," inferential
-kc!ara'(a'), imperative ("let 's see you   !

-kItu (3d pers. -kk!u'i), dubitative; -mak !iU, usitative dubitative
-(ma) -sik!u, future dubitative ("I don't know ... will...")
-p'a-(3d pers. -pea'a), potential

-spe a (3d pers. -sp' a 'a), past potential ("should, would have")

Yau(na)    l1st pers. sing. intentive ("I shall  , let me    ")
-yaub (f em.)

NOTE.-Several tense-modal elements contract with causative - 'a. Such are:

-prd-=-'a- + -pfa-

-m-    - 'a + usitative -ma-
-gard-   'a- + -gara-

-mdgar (a ') =- 'a- + -magar (a')

-s&- (3d pers. -s&'a) = - 'a- + fut. -si-

Sapir: The Fundamental Elemnents of Northern Yana

-tf 6- (3d pers. -t e6'a) = 'a- + -t' i-

-n 't? 6, - 'n6wara- = - 'a- + -n 't? i-, - 'niwara-
- 'n6ha-  - 'a- + -n 'ha- (-- 'ni-ha-)
- 'ha-- 'a- + -ha-

-k !6- (3d pers. -k ! 'a) =-'a- + -k !u-

-'a' (fem. -'a)  -'a- + imperative -'a' (fem. 'a)
- 'a (fem. - 'a)= -'a- + infinitive - 'a (feem. - 'a)

C. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE FORMS

Where possible, stem vowel (vowel of first syllable) undergoes change in
passive forms:,

o becomes a, a
o becomes a

6 becomes i, i
e becomes i

All forms with first or second personal object are treated, as regards vocalism,
like passives, as are also certain other "static" forms, e.g., forms with suffixed
-p!a- (see under Part II).

Conversely, when possible, stem vowel (vowel of first syllable) takes on
" causative " or "active " vocalism in causative and certain other transitivizing
forms:

a becomes o6 (in open syllables); o, u (in closed syllables; always o in Yahi)
a becomes 6

ii, X (in open syllables) becomes 6

ut (in closed syllables) becomes o, u (always o in Yahi)

i becomes 6 (in open syllables); e, i (in closed syllables; always e in Yahi)
i becomes 6

Diphthongs (ai and au) remain unaffected. Secondarily passive forms of causa-
tives derived from verbs with "active" vocalism to begin with retain their
causative vocalism. Examples:

Primary 6: m6'sindja, I eat (it)

ina'siwa'a, it is eaten

ma'siwandja, he eats me
ma'siwadja, you eat me

m6"asindja, I cause him to eat (it)

m6"asiwandja, he causes me to eat (it)
Primary a: 'asd'si, she goes away

?6'sa'asi, he causes her to go away

fas'"asiwandj(a), he causes me (female) to go away
Two passive elements are found:

1. -wa- (3d pers. -wa'a); all forms in transitive paradigm with -wa-, -wa-,

are really passives

2. Lengthening of final short vowel; or suffixing of - ' to final consonant,

long vowel, or diphthong, e.g.:

passive of perfective -wara- is -ward-
passive of infinitive - 'i is - i

passive of verbal noun -yau (na) is -yau 'i

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234      University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.  [Vol. 13

D. SUBSTANTIVAL DERIVATIVES OF VERBS
- 'i (fem. - 'i), infinitive; passive - '1

-'a (fem. -la) after a-vowels (only in N. Yana), infinitive; passive - 'a
-yau (na) (fem. -yau), verbal noun; passive -yau 'i

-mau(na) (fem. -mau), participle (passive in force in transitive verbs)

-wa, -w (fem.), participial or nominal suffix used with preceding article

(dji... -wa " my"; dju... -wa "your"), particularly to subordinate
after interrogative stems

E. INTERROGATIVE ELEMENTS
-n (used by men)

-i after consonants, -yf after long vowels and diphthongs; or lengthening

of final short vowel of male form (used by women)
{-na (male) requires negative answer

-ga (female) requires negative answer

-kei-                -itn1 -(ale), emphatic affirmative (e.g.," I did...")
-keia- (before -ha) *--long vowel (female)

IV. NORTHERN YANA NOUN SUFFIXES

-na (male only); -la      added to all nouns ending in consonant, long

(after -I-)              vowel, or diphthong, and to all monosyllabic
or no ending (female)J l noun stems

-si, -djiis i, agentive; -dj'iya, female agent

-ya, female (all names of females are included)
-djuwa, found in some animal names

-k!u forms small number of derivatives from verbs in -di-, -ri- "down"

(e.g., bare'k!u "rain" from barn- "to rain"); forms adverbial nouns
from "colorless stem" i- and local verb suffix -di-, -ri- "down" (e.g.,
irl'k!u "below")

-madu, locative element suffixed to nouns ("place of; at")
-p!a, diminutive

-ts !gi, -ts !&gi, diminutive plural
-p!d(na), result of activity (1)

-ri'mau(na), -di'mau(na), place of activity (suffixed to verbs)
-ts !i, "scattered pieces'" ('I)

-wi, -t'. ..-wi, plural, collective

NOTE.-Many nouns in -yauna and -mauna have lost most of their verbal
force (e.g., m6'yauna "food" from m6- "to eat").

U>ERSITX rX' OALZ? OP*I PV3L1CATIONS.-(C0Ut1UUe)

1  CeremonieOsiof-the Pomo,lZdi*ns, Xby! S A.Bkrtett Pp.41 97-441, 8 tert

. : '-f:u11. Po_no:Boar ;ocor -by & A.- BarretPp 4   plte 75 J
Vo 18. p.i- The Po1to :of ganu fIn the HIoko Stock, 1by EN Sapr4 ;Pp 1.44. J-uIy, -;-;

2.- W,-.lie Ya3laIn,U$:;-,by 1. T.. Waterman.-Ppw. 8540, pltes 120. FOrbruay, -'-

3. TahI Arery, bye Sato- YT. op- Pp. 1085 plates '2147. X ;-l:, 1918  ".7
41. Rman Terms Qf  t        by Bdwrd a    Pp 1t3.17  Ma1ch; 191  .25

- '  -5. The MeIc  iloyfsh, by- St- T. Po1O.' Ppl,. 175-213, plates ; 34,, - --,

t 6. 0TheeFmd'amezital.E euts -of NothrnTawbyEdwardSaplr. Pp. 15
O,         J *234. Apr, 1922..

R-'-{- --7. '-''FufletilM,i1i~s of the Pati, bjy W.C.if.- lcer.O P., 235-2. April, --

1922"..    .   ...  .4--* ^  @*---..-----..-.----- - --.35 _ _  *

Vol. 14.; 1L The ;Lanta-e of t*i  alinn- Xnd , by I. AlXde ;Mason  Pp.- 1454.-'-,-

19-J;S1t.;-                                                     ..........._ ..;j5  .......-

-- -2. Clan4 and X tIes In- Southern Calfornia, ty  dw t- Winsbow Giord.- ;-

Pp. 155.219, ~ figrein text. )gaIct-19  .'. . .-  ...t.e....2.7

;-'~           -"                        -      5      -- r, ;1919 wX ; b?*t-X*

- -   Et Eimogeography ad *Arel?eoloy fth, WIyo Tentry, byZi*sewelyiL

i0- -p 221d*-P436, pats -2,15-teXi fgiaes., Decemb%er 19,18. .................................. M-'O0
-  The WIntu -i     re, by SY. A. Barett.  p 437488, plates 22.23,O

&11gures Itext . March,1919.--x- -..t....    .....

- --;- --5 . -Thef 1genetc; fltlnshp o f thse Wort Aie*c I nd ian Laguags; by

Or- Swi he'run;X}  -n Y=d42,90+>-*-g-                        -      A

, < ,hdeF > S~m  to -               d Aid-'      e; U  <;

" -VoL 15, -'1 Igao ,Lsw,-'by-R. P. llrton.> Pp 1-   plates 143. Fobruy 1919 ;,.... ,2u0,00'-

2 ,. K; abalol; sogs, ;by; 0.3. Moss ant- A. L. Er-~  Pp. 1,87-208. May 1919  2 0-

-'3.abli Law an-d Xlual, by 0,-, 3.. Moss. Pp.- 207342,plates 34c37. October

7.            1a            V    -,  f  ; ut byL

...0 ..... .... . . ..............17

,", r4. E.an-a Ceremenies,' by- 0. Z Mose. Pp. 34-34  Oct,ob'er,F 920- . .t. *. .65
-V-O-L--5. If Tgao Economics,  lnby> .. P. Baitoi,   P. 5-4 plas -45 April, -1922 1 .0
V;-ol. i06 1. Myths 'of--* the Sothr Sira3 Ewky 8.' A-K 3aBet -< Pp 1.28. M'rch,,

2 ' , -?. The >Latr1Iiea1--Coplex by RLobert' UI.- Xi'. ,Pp. -945. Marcli, '1919.....- .15
- -8. The I4nuit- Familie- of CaliforW-a, -by Itolandl B. Dt*ou andi A.K ?; --

-rebr     Pp 47^-11, mW- ap, 1,, 1 flgu,re ln teX.' Stemnbei, 1;-9184.9'  .' .7-5'-
' -- '"4. Galenldars' ofthe Indians 4o?tbof M o; by. L>ona' tope. Pp. 1W1976, -

-  -ith $ maps. N    e 1q19, *---.                              .75. *i -
5.    6 Yrok r xpb  b  ' T. T. -Watrman; Pp. 1771, -plaes 1B -  1 text -Y

....          -       .'~~~~D-ieib tj_11I

4 - - -, 'ot -- "W   UAL ,iw -Sb  B ' O ...*..  ...,'M,+<  374. ..-,'t*.'.  'w  .

-8- ih-I-Ca. uilla I4ans, y Z.ull  oOper. Pp. 3815480. April, 1.920.   .7................................ 5
- ,  -7. TIe-Aitbograpy oSf'  V inbg In^dian b PulZaimz. P.8,81-47.'''-,

r . r  < t  *   *P ew*e Bw* ** _ ... -'-..--.. .   -. .. ,. .  1.0

# ,- - - 8. T=uman Tri,besf t1he Lover0 Colr(, b,y A. 1. K-roeber., 'Pp 475,,48-,

- August, 1920   .A.....----..-

Y1rol. 17. 1 ,The t*~ouxrcsa~i g 4thuict d o  the Iltory of the A^cieut elicansby ;'~- -7

; ~Pau lidn       ;Psi.- 1-1, 17 plts. -un, -1920 * ... . . .   ..................... -  -  N . 1.752

T2.- C alfr Culture  vnMsb by A. L. Ereer. Pp. 15169, 2 maps.

; -;-- --Septeber 1920-.      -................                 ..... ...- ,* -..*-.... - .25.... . ...

VolueS-no - ompeted

- - Vbbm6 gI  lm                -  - 41   -  -  6 --;-

' --;olumo-- 1.'" 193-1904.' 378 'pages ad 30 ptes,_.;'. -. ._...>   $4.2

Volume 2. s 190497. 393 pages and 21 plates -...._._.-              3.*0
V;buxle '. 1     h mopolg ,, l  -of-, the lips Language, 344 page -._..to.r' 3.50

Volum,e 4. 19,6,1907. -374 pages. wMit S- t,ble, 1O pl ate; and ap......._........ 3.5ff0
..-- Volu- e 56.  07-1'910., 384pages, with 2 ltes..s7....342,.50.

Volume 0.  1908; 400 page,wit 3  aps.     .       .      .      . m  ;r50
Volume ' ;. e;  7.   1 i902I4O  '4b4es. and              19 pates ... -.'...3.50

.,-Volume 8.  19081910. 369 pags and 28l.at,..             .     . *3.5
Vle .     1910-1911. 439 pagf#e *.,..393.50
Vo-lume 10. -191E14914'. 385 pages a. nd:41 plaWte s-  ' _. .Z. 3-'50

V olume 11., 1911-1916. 479 pages and ,45 plates......         .      3.5*---",**;*+ 0
V      folurnea1.: 1-i61.  e73!age apd,  plates ..45.... ....... .....00

--Volume 14. 1918.1X19. 505 pages awl 21 pate0 S.... ,........................ .........-!~-- 5... -- 00

- Note-Th niversity.- of. Calforiiia Pbicationsare offeredin exchange for. tiho fpubl-.
-ca.tions of le.arned soceie.ndlstitutious, iirstiesan'lbrrie.lomletits!ofm-

S.-the publitiofs of -theUiverst1y wil b-e Aset upon re' e  For sample' copies, list

:of -publicatios orother information,- addrege th MANAG;Z OF THE  IVERSfrY --
PBE8S, 8ERZ1'LEY, CA, 0eUQ. S>. 8A-. :.,'A .tter set -An ;echane hi uxd be .
ddressed to -THE- EXCIUWGE DI     T 1UxIvr.kSITg Y -LBEAUZ- B L

UxiVBZIYOF OAIOIL PU8tOATOB(*t3u)

So low  Iadinn 3aakOtmym  & A. Ba   1806, plte 150, 231

te$t figumte ehsinb           - -                  1.75
4 Sheim  d o -the, aan Tra s c a. Beglou- bs       0

85 Plt1 32. Dpeembe 1909            ._0
5 3. Tb. Elll1 Landing Sbell , bYN~. 0. )reln.; Pp. 53742 plates 36650.

Ine,pp. 24,

Vol.8. :1. A  ou Recordof theCalfornia ndians, fr*m a scrptin -the

-: -Baicrot. Libraty by A. 2k .r r Pp, 1;27 .................. -ay :~0  .B ,  .25 *
2.             of T togapy of th0 a  bndiaOs, b-A4.. rroeber.O  P -2948,:

pe l5. Jyi,     J     .. -27-

5. -  h -  Relilin: of thY:e LVUleflo an Dl.gueoInis of{ SoutherF .GaII - rl --
bt - 69on;ac Goddard D1ilS. Pp. 69-8s, p   1619'. Je1908 .-. 1.25
4. -:-:- -The Culture ofth Luaff Idins bt P:hili Stda1"rm.P. 187..-.-

-  pleHs  20.  August, 108 e  . .  .  . I.. -. . . .o5
. , : R:X  otesUrl -asYeulleto tr Oalf  b A..L,Kr:ber.

Pp. -235-269t September, 1909 ~ .....   .    . ....... .

8. The Illglu Pratl.esof 'the DiegeoIdas by -T. T. Waterman. Pp.

271.35 8, ple 2L1-28l ................... ,~rh 191..  ... .....  .!80*

Index, pp   t-. -3m6e9

VoL   1 Tan Texts, by Edd, ae rtgether. with Tan. MYths clestePbP.

~~~~ol! ;l DIxon. Pt).@ 14.2A-f F~ebray,1-910.~ > . . ......

a--- ^2. Th* 0htuaimad otadzXL-gaes y A.~ Lk roebor., p. 2S7.271.-:w

3. TeLNgu~esot,0.. ....... .w- thees'f0Zfri )*t of @9**an@ww* Fraciso,@ byv A............. --
..,Ts .- roseber. .'Pp.2Z73438, an. Zdttia-Apri, 11a1.,..  .X..*.  -.'

t 0 ~Inex, pp.487439.

-l.*: 10. 1. PhonetIc Cdonstltueus ofX th at1  anguages of.: Ofoia, bro A. L.-

0 ) >Kroehr,. Pp.12. Myg,. 1911  * .     -      .         .1-X! -* -- )s
2--t. Th2-ontEc :Blezunt of theI1rErn Painte- Langage7 b TT.1-.Wja :e-

ma: . Pp. 134, plste 1.5 Ro0             ...em.e.,.011..... ........ . 45
. . $ Phonet lemnt 01t Mobave Ianigbage, bY A. L. }re   Pp 4596,

-~~~pae 8. - :20.7F l~ewber 1911 ......... ..~................ . ..... ..... * . -.. .65

pltoeer 17 Dece~mber~An, 112-.i11

5. 0 @ Papago Verb'Sems, by Jun Dolor-s. ePpf 241-f2~ .AUgut 1913 ............. .2

;-.f N*tes-o the Chilula Indian OF NoQrthesten Caitnia, by lIny Ea:rlek-

7. -C.. ul,-.Tex-s, by lPliujy Earle^ Goda4 lIp 289479. Novebex 1914 .....1.00'
V oli.' It I.Eleet of th K*aoLanguag -byPtin Earl Goddard. Pp'178 plat'' es

- - :C 2.--Phoneic 7Eleets of? t.he ieuLl 0Lagge. 10bYd A.- L. &eean. 3^-.1.

:  -r - :t-n.  Pp.  17.18  Apr11, 1914   . ..| ..........S._. ... |  .1

13. Sal Tt, by PlO lod. Pp. 12         'Fbrr1915

: >4. Serla, Tequi teca, an skn, by:.A. I.. 2>Q1robet. Pp 2920. er.

2. Ofi      o   Ora       j:.8Suth etral Catfona, by- Edard

'Wnso GIfrd Pp 291-296,1 Fbruary, iPIG .................~. ............_.. ._; .05
T- The Delneationofh   n  teAe     anArt by T.ae

an. Pp 273          xo6 Ma-r  -1916..              1.00
7. The Mttu I~aeeo 0oat-nea Wbased on B$heO VO-abUlary of 5Do Ia Cuesta, --

: y 3 J. Aldena. P 894V2. Match;61916  -...... :.7
-  0  W  -  - ndex, pp. 478479  S

L12.. Com epomton of galio elo     by EdwArd WiowrGfrd. Pp.

- X- C^liFoshla> d I p  -   -- -- ---

-. C-liforniaceF  es of.                         7-i g, . . K . Pp. 1-40

*-by;p Jun L.....................-                  .40

4.> M'  o 0-fit'Moitie, bydard WIn;o Gifod  gp.13-14.June, I11  '.5

5. On Plotn th Indecion of th V , by Conlu B. Bradley. Pt ts9; :

Pp-:. 219-248b   ,  3117.         .0                 ._0
7 3a. ets Cth      ttetdy b o PI*    Ir   o; Orgasa.

tlQ by T. Te Wa:          . -t -er. .4-~*-- ebruar-1117 ...  .5

:    -t K*F Ed rdot 7 ,48S.  ; fo, 1;1--.

8. 31wbk ~ths,. ~ ~dwar4 Winslow -mr..P.2848 pao8.M

- .  fornia insL$. Systm16r. L,                  ........._ .60