.- I I t j?A , -1 I ? I, - ,'? I "'? , - - ,, ,6 "" _" __ ", --1 - I --_jr I --',??,,??'??,?f-V,.'?''-l'';,-?,,,-?.,,'%I -: _; -11'.- ", ,4?1- 11 I "i -1 - I I _11?1 II, I,? 'I ? -'I ? --".re?_I, -, -_ .? - .; ,?I"!,..? , ", -, I- I- ,_? "-,-? -,t ",;-?V?.?: -. -I .?, -- I 1, ,", ? 11 ".- ?r, -j, ,,,-_,:-',,?,`,t N-I"I- ?',?,?;,"""? ,?., _-,_, Me *,;.o - -.rIk, -,.?',-I" -,?0) T (:?,'- , ,- "', 'O,, .-" -'' I? *, --.1?I I, 't- -??', .'r.-.I,3', :,- ?,,,q , , -4-, j, i -, - -,?' ??,,?, ,_11,;VI -1- ,i , , .OI- , " ,,, 1,-,-,?-, --,--?-__ 11 _?, 1?-, _ _??;-,, -,--? I--_ ---1. ?Ilil.l ?", . ..?-_ . 1, -, ,? - ?, ,??, ..I? ,- ?-,?_ 1, -, -,.,'%?,_? , *,., _?,--? t- ll!:? I.- -II ??- -1-Vt, I _-,??,I:?,??,.- " il 1_? _?71 ?_,_.l ?.;,?, 1'.?-?? ,I 'I,,?1-1 ? , , ,.:,.k. - '' ,-A;lk-l -?, ,,? --,, " * `,'?? --- ,,,?- ,??,.'_' " I - , ?? , ,- ?-- , ,- ,, ,:?,-,-..^ '' "._,.", ?r ?') ? -t ,.4 A,,?k: '-"'- ,- 47i,o; - ,? ., -, ', ,I--1"??_ . ?. . ?__ " 1?;_ ?? ,4,"? `? "a?,,,?.,,,,,, _.? _ I_?,.,?-,?? ,-,(, ;-l -, ", ?_- 't-..,?,,-1r, ?`;? o_? I_?l .,?-..?, ,? ..-,, -, -?- . ,,I .,- ,--, _,- - , 1-.. ?4-4. -"',--" , "t, ?0:,c;,I. '1'7?1 I 11 .", , ;I- -", , 1, ?1. I?'' , " '' ? w?!Ljl*_??," ?? ,_4 ," .--, ?,,??,t, _',?- ?, -_":??..,--' , A*jw?"-" ?d? ,-14" ? I 1?_ _14T k; ?,S_ "',. , ,-., -1 --?_7,?'," .-, ?1,? ,w % ?7.-. ,.1??- I'',,,.'; ", I,,?,n :, _ , ,? ??,-?,l 1.?, ?,, , -,, , .,-'A t,i? .1 1. e"', ',,--,-?--?, ,?,',,, -, :*-- , ,, .,? L , ,?? ?_,- ?? ?i? -- I-- --?- ,--i -i.??z, ,,,,; -1-,?--? I?, "1?.-,-,,,, , ;:.? -,? ._:?I,,,I-? -. ?-1??-, -1--; -iI,_-1, .. -,.--, -.,, ,,? ?_,,- - ",:,. -1?,. .:?.,?-?..-1 - ? -U,:I,I_,. -- ? - I ,?' ? .?-.--,, ?,,?"..,, -_. ??l ??;l II ? ?l ,? "-? -,., ? ,11, ,. _9-1--I? I' iP? - .?_ -?, ? - ,,??t .'' . -I. ,? 1,,- ,_? ,???,?7li?, .- ". ?,-,.:-,':_,-_,,?? :,?, .I I _,?, , "-,, _- ? .41 11-.K.".?- ,?,"M ?, ,?. _.",.: ? 5? `,_"r? ?.l ? -:, r, ,,,;, il-.1 11. 1". i II? I??I, ,?, ??,.-i* I1?? `?t. ? 1? ",-?l t7,:?, , ?.-??r,1,4o?_,.,, ;,.,-."i, --.II .--'I" __ - -?,, , ,- - ll'????, 1? I - ,r-_ ..-, -1? 1- ??-_,??V? "..?-,-, _? .? -1 .. " , 4- ,;, ; ,-, " , ,- -- ? , -,A-?, -, ? ,,,,--t, . ?': Al,?, *?,-" ?_, _, -- -,.-II- , -- ?,I ? ,...,"' ,,--_ zl? " "-.1, ':? I ,-??l- -L ,,-- ,,,--II__? i,,- -.:, '. .. lx_ - zl'.M,?*:?I,?, 1, f:??, ?4,, ,,g 7 it,-A '??I,- "--, 'I-,' I- ?, ?-- ?*," ,"', ?, ,I.I, ,?, ,i- ??_??--- _ -,),-I,'i$-- ?I , - 14?,`, ''I----?? -,kT_,'I? - "--. 1 4.? 'i ?,,?-,,,. ,.I, -e,,?,_?l "- __ -I ?11 __.. -, -??:?;_w ," - ,. -.I--,'. _ _?.l , ? "I,_!?'? .; AV _i 6-,?-*#_1;00?, "4-- ,,,+ ", " -, ".?-? - ?-, ,-rv,- '. " ,, " ?. - I-,;, ?V- , 11.,,;?,.-?,&,*- --,,-t-It,V? ??- -4--'. - ?-.' -II,?ittl .? -? _,? --.- ,?% , ,? ,_--I_?"-It? -i-? ll? , C. - - -,?, _:-?--??-?, i_?? ? A- ,,, V;?,,,- -?I1__,r,-,'17, ,;?,' -1 ???,,-,, ;??,_- -_- --?, ,?-?.', -, '1-11 I",, "_-?-_' - -??,,? .__ ", .,? r? ?-, ? 13, 'I, __-?,-?. --- -- ?, .?_. I'k _?-,"I?, ,?"_- "-1.? N --,----, ,.. .t, " ,-,? --? -, ? ?;..,_ . -,-?-- , ,,IK ,, ?? '. -1- -, ? 41? __ -W,,, ".",,;? -?, - - ;, 1??, .,,- --, ,- ?, I 4-4. ?1, ?,? ?: ?,?,i?, ,",,? 'i??&.iW_?, 1_?,. -;. .,.,_- I,"' I,?,.,,.- -II-F _? 2?I ., bI- ,. -I- ?,__-?- 1?-, , -- -,- ?-:,---,_??,,,I ?.-,:. ,,?,? f. .;1.?. ."'j.L-4? .g",?k.-_? -- -1- - _?? ?- ?. ;?-_? - ??- ---1- --___ 1.1-1 11 ,7:??.. ?, , "? -,,?, - , 7'. ??_;,- -,--",, 7- W, -,,-,,-?. 7.? L,I, ,??_4? '1?",- , _. ??, I,__ ?,,?,--- -,-- I,V,-?., -i?; .?- 7, - - -,?-i??,,_ , ,1 ?,:-?., --l", "'-' ''.- ?__,4_ti?k7-;?l "I-, ,.- ., , ,4?7,;-.? ;??! .,??7":--:,Ii " ?4 .-,1,,? _?".?- - '--'-'-, ". , ,?, ?'L `? ? "" ?_ ,.. ???I-71 ?,-I- ?.,lil-? ? ,,? ?z-_77- ,?.l , -..??.- ,-, .1- -, -111?1??- .."I.-i, J,-, ,? ?_ __ ..,I" I., 1444-1 ,," ---?,,. . ?-,?r__'-,;4 -- ?-',_, ? ?.,.I,,?','7,--X?,?-- j,4'-7; II-` I,-,__? ,;??, ', r .,.,, ,?l ?. ?., f,'7-,;ti,-??_---? J.;,, ;. -, -I- I-, -- -?,,?-""II I --'T 1?4? 1-1;, lilrl---"?,1111:, .1?1. 'If I, ,:I? -- -_ -, ,- 4,?. "I ?_ , ?-- -,,?? -.? I -:,: ,-1 -1I?,, ., _?,,L, ? 1- ?z -,,I- ,. .?, ': .:??,?-,,, _?._ ,, . 1__,"-?II- __?-1 - 11,.?,, ? , .- -7 ? ? -?,-- -S* , . "---:''- --?_ X? _;:, 14?, 1? A. . -?7-,-_, 1__'"??,S, -- A,7- ??, Z,?- i,w_ ?? _":_? _?": ,, ?71',,,.1.1-1.1 _1 _;??, z _?:p -_ ,,?, _-_ , 1; ,.- ?? ,? I'll , " i,;?l , . " , __ -., &c?! I? ll? ?, ?,;I;e "I I.- I. A_-,I -,I -,,,.,____ t?__ "I'-- 'Y', _ -? -- _,::?IllI., ,-,?', -? 1?1, " 1. _P?I"I?l ,1? - - I -"III -. -, , -: ??,--,,- ??, ,7: "",-?,? - ?;_-'I i- _?, i> ?-, " ?---il-, -,'?-, 'r;?4, _". . -.- ?- ? .9- _;.1-I_0,,??--I?? -'3 IL ,-_? ?,?-,1?,,?.,.- ,,?I?i , .---,,.,? I ,- _?.l ?l I"-,Z----,"!?,?, - ",,- ", --'..., , , ,-", __ -T,,"- "??,,---v ?? ,-,;;, ,? T?), r",-k ", ??.I-I ?, ,, '1_1?i ---- ?',i. -,!. __ ?:- ,:;, , - ?_,?_ .-, _;,,oe?', - z ? -, ,, -- -----,?;? ?! ??? ?? 1,---,-"??:??: ,-,: ? 7.", ?. -??, -- ,' ?' If _?? V,- -- ?,? ?,;?",:??,.; _-1 I., I'fl,? .. ?,I_,?_. I, I,-,_ I I.:1- ", ?._?, ? ,-- -,--'T?< ,,,?, :, --; -, ?? ,-;,-. cZ., -'? ;,?? -, ,--, 'D-??-,?? - ,'.i":, ?'?,`;- ..,:?? .- ?,, -,?,: ;.'??, :, _- -,_".t"-, ',--, --I-Y-1- ??,k 'k 13 ., ,?-:,. ?_?,,? ?,-??, _--,3'--,-l,_.-.,. __-, ?,.,. __ e'_??_-7__,_. ?? ??l ".Ir____f-1 - _??.., , tI ?LI .,'? -- "-,?-- "',?,,.,?;:I: ? "- L--_ ':? ,;4F71i??l ,? _,"_? -- ? , ._?? .-11-?. -"-,-?. ?_,?,??,'. ? " ?, .7',? - ,-I., -,?-,- -",C"I ,.;7?e,_?.?, , ?, I - .? -1..fi,104 .-': ? , -. ? ?; , ?., _,: , , -R? -- - - ,-? - ??': 6? ,?, - ,?? ,,, ?, ? - ;l _- -?-, % ---?',:7 '--'?7-', , "; - -,?': ??l 4- ---i?,-ll?f ,I,I., _,? ",-- ?,* ..*-.JL .?"-,.,-? .,??c' ?' ---. _? ,? , , - , :?n,4. 'I, ? ., ? ;, :?.:_ .IF??-""-4; , ??- ii??, ? ? 4? _?: "-. ,_- --- . ?_?,_K_'..,---?i,--'i, ,tt ,I I I ??,t, "-, , -- -?Ir,_z,_,. .,- 4 -,-- ,.,? ?, -;`? I ---II1--I,-, ?4 _??-e?,,-. .? , .- ? , ,,. I-%ZI ,.,,?,?',-` -i- --A ??- .,K:,- , ?_ ij;?:, ?_?? - 7?t-;-,_,? _;11:?_ ,_,?? _ ?',??., ._.? ?, c, - IC- - ." ??- .- .?w`,_?;!??_,I ,- -Z ,,I,4, :,"'. - -?? ,'__?,?', ?-, i, ?, ,? ??, -,, ---,-- ?-- ,,,- _.,)?. ) ., _L?,N,,?-?? ., . ., - "?, .,_,?? -,? -- .?7-7.-. '.?-, , ?, "tc . - ,? I"...?-t?? 9, '? .. , - ? " -i , 71t', - , ??,', - ",2-?, -,f 'A-,-,.-t',,?? "' -? -K -, ,?.?, .,.,:.? , ;??, ? ?'?, ?v--", " ? ,-, ?- - -?? , , '. -, ??.. ??. ? ??'i. , --k_Y -_1_11 _`711"y , -,_?;, .",. ,--???-4?-?-,?,??_, ,_,pi,,? --1-11I:?, -,.?-,?,:??,,.4 "_ _?? ?l w?. , ,<,. ?_,?,1?? I:,-,. ?,-?.,;4 ?- 4o.,-. ,. I_?_l - ?Li, ?,?' ., 1. -!"',--?--l'_ ? .I?",-?-,?-?:,?,?"!"'-,-?.???.,? '. ?-1, ":?--':- 'N N:? ,_!??-: _, "" -4- , ,, , -V , , ,-.,??_; ?;? -, .-_ " -, ,I, -,"-, -, _.,-- ,-,? 1,6,?,?? - ` '-' -, ; ": ,?K ,,Z',_ _* " t?- -,<-!N?? _??),;, -, ,., -,,-,- ? 1( , -r-,..-?. ? -,',".?.-- ,'. ,I ??l - -,-__ -. ,. .1--, 1,?-_1?",.. _1 11", __,"?.1 ?_.-___,." --- IN,-, 1-,- 1, ---1) , ?l.. ?,, ??,- ,J, P:L?? ? )"-,:;?-,-,_. ,? ,;? __?? ,?? .-,4,`,:Z?:4:,? ,?,Il -? - ,,-,;?,,-I? -'-,.,? . -,- ?,??ti?.'.-.T-??!?4?,? '; ,,?,,?,-- -,,---,! .. ,4??'?;',,-',' , .??, . _! M,.' 1- -., -V,,,",? I- ,??. . 0,_??-?,4??,,- ,?, -?';?- -`*?? ,.,. Jr., "-,-,- ? -?`? Z_? ?- ?, x-, L.,-,;?t , -,,I. ?--,. , ?__; `?---' -1,""? -- a: "'c'-?._ ,-?,.--?I- ?l?,? ??i ,- , - 't,-- , ? a ',.':- , ?- .-- -I, -2,,?-,t. 1. - , -J" -, -,, -,,,,,.-? "'?-,,-,??-" ?- ? ?? ,,,".,-,,?? 4c, - !?? ..". , ,?, li , ?- - ,,i-,?-, " T,t ?? ,-l? ?, -0,,-?.,?g?,, ? ,,??t, -?, ??,I, "` I.;"-. ---?? -- -,,?, ? ? . ?5, ,4.1 ,,,. ,,,,,, ?, *,? . :F,;ilI?,?I, ?,.--,-. .? - ,,,_ -? .,- , ", ._::??,? Z;, _J_ '' -?,?Y, -- --. ,? IF-,--,, ? ,:??i ?, ?? ?-_- " 7, ?77 - -- -- ",,?? , --L -- -, -'i ;? " ,!_???? -'-I ?l t",?, ,'' -:? :,,:?,t,, -_ ,- --- .- --; V-,?,?, z ?,?,? ?i.?--?, ,"---:,-, -"- ,, ? -.?l.-I,. ??_, y ,-? .. " ? ?? il- ??_- , -.? ,-g'; ?6,-" ,- -i -,.-- ?,' ,- , .", i,- ", -? ,t 17? .,.--?I, I.1i "I?I -., ?? _,; ?-"-, --,L .?,- - -,"- ,','?'. ? -, .,-,, _, ,: ". --- - S?..- " ')?_ _?`7- .' .;? ' "--, -?, , ;-7f "', .,??,.-,? _-:. _71? .--'.,- , ",--i, 1'_?,_?' I;r-, , --?- -, ,?l,,? LI'? - J?:?''_? ? tI.. ,". ?,. - ---- ", ?, ",? :;,?,_-? ?,,-,-?_,:,- ",,v-??-?,4-----';??-- '.3. '*, ,-?.- ? ,,r,- -i X ?,,?, ,? A'At.?-, ;? -,-. ? .-,,?. ?-.?,t? :k!?, -,,.?- ?. - ;?-??--? ?:;?4 4_,??,? , ,yk '. ?- --? --,- - -- "' "I ,-,?- - 7,,L_ _?_??..%--,--,- -,,:?-? ?- , , , ,? ?,". , --,_??,?'11'1??,:- ..?_'j;?, - :??,ti!r-,,. ,; ?. .: , ??, - ,1- , - .?,.,_ -, -, .,:,- ?4 ._?, , ".I-- ?L, 11 .'. - ll? I?i,Fl -.---.:4 Ir'; 1-?-,. I - -.4,_ -,", , ',,?__,, ,?,??-:`-??,_"", -::?,,, "_-_ -, - ? ?i- " , .-,A At ,zivv--;? .;;_"L. ,,, -,,I- ---, -.11 ,.? -4 ?. N." ?-__, ?.??_;_?- 1, , -,-.- ?.= "C ,"7i V, I, I -??- ?- -.-. ?l -.I,- ,,--_-7t, , -?'l ,," '---'.'-- - ?".p??: I'Ll?_7 !v --:; L-i???I - -- ?". _?,, ?w -:.?, k -?' --, . ..I, -?"?_Z' ,,51'k_4?g?,, ??, - ,-?,,,, ,-; -.,:k??', --?-?_I?. ?2??,,??%- ?. -..,,,- I_' TtIt-" -.1-,. ??A.1--j -? ?-_-;-, , ,,?IS ;?,?i.'? ?..- -?,4-,:'A, ". ? ?!' , ? '?.:,.?jI.?C??I.??i , - - -,. ?? ,-? -, '?:,-,-;4-- ;t_,!M ,.,rI,,, -- '. , , 1,?l - 1? '?'" ??''"I11- .-? -?, ,,__ '. ,?4- ? ?- ,?.-I,- -,,?, ?,? Am I .9, ??; ? I??, -i -Z,,- -??__?, !__-Z?r-,S, '..".-?,.- _,??,-?_-" -,-,-i- ,_-, t. ,? - - - -I- ?-?l,.-;"??7F ,,I.(?;' I.-..?- -- '.,-__-?,. !;?;- -4'?-- ,?,-?,-? -, ,- -,"-, :!?? ,'-c z4; , ? -I'g; -, ,.;.. , - .,. , ,. ? - - -,, ,_ ,"', - `. .?l `ril - ;?_ I_ ?t , , " , " "I I- ,I?.1? F-I 11, ?, ? 1_; , ,;, 1__?Zj;ilI-. .? " ?.._ .._.1-7,-, -,F __,__-- I-l'u""",.` -1 ?,?,,,?-.., , 1?-?,,:_,?-' , _'?,,, -, -,.", ?_,4"I!-1--.I -?1,4 ,-k?-r??II, 1?_l?. - ''? -.:? '.,I.I,,--??,, - ',-,.3, -,.,?,.- , ? ? -:;-,, ?,-,--__- ,4,#_-?, --? ,-,- "I".- ?,,. _- `?,-?: ?at ----? - -,,- , ,',?-,. '-, -_, -s I-.?.?. ,?'j 7 '-jj-?? , -1-1?- ,;,-?.w-" ??, ,_1I,- ,-"; ,? V,- - , , ?? .,-I__ ? ,-,,,'?,N?,_ ,_.?_' '?I' ?, ,4'-. ,, ,IL '1? ,,. I-- ,-- -,-,,;-,_,??,_T ?? _?Il_--.,-11I,-.! -: 0? -C:A--blw OIN1A PtJBLI IONS -- ;- DEPARTET FAKTSM 0LG TheOllowing publications dealing wth r l a ologlc1 sublectsued wider thie dor'ctiqn ofthe -Dep t of 4Athropogy a snt inxhange for th publlS. c>-eatlons of-anthrogc epartre'ss and mus.eu, and fo os devoted to general e-;nthr,oogy or-:t arc-helogy D ethology. hey for saeat tbe prices atd Exchanges:shoul bediretd to The 2E;xehamge DOpartmeit, k7iesiyLbrary Brkele ACaliforiiias---L 8. . Ai: -rdereaad remittances el] be 4ress to the Uiverdity ofo Caornia - Pre -o s,x a : _aEnropeantbforolhe i derian ha tad dEt OaIca P-Ifl- llogy, tduaa1ionModer P Phsp and e Pil Oi LeIpaig. For thein sere in Btay (logy,- PathOlogy! Phyaolg Zolg ad alaiAer ica ArhwIg and S Btxplg!, Frle4aende & Son 3er114.r<0 -AM AN .RCg OWY AND wo oLr-.- oL. liKr - Editor. es, Vo;Blume; 1, $48250Volumes 2 to 11, inclusive, $3. }h; VouIeI12 and wig V -- o.L. 1. 1.h Life ar 7t2 b;aiw Aeli.Etlin - Pric. lzxch~ges- 1 ted o 1-Q $pe- Zxhp;10 12 2.s -Ip -ets by Pln Ean T4lor.- P. 02468 Man, 190 ....~... 80 Tdex, pp. 36978.0 ;- - S 1. AT. l o Cave, y W 8. . : Pp .1.2, P t- , il 2 .1..-. k S 0 . Tile Lanugs f the Coa st of0lIo, South *f 9 n Pranao by ::* e AL - Aoe - Pp. 9I wit maP. J 1904 -. 0 -vir .1 tp f -Idi--an. uin -a-i hriia, I dby A. L. lroeberp._:P14103.; 'P t wsZoW,"- -0k 4 or-tst s lesigs s of the ndiansh of thwti ail by A. L Kr' ' eL-ber . Pp. 105164; plates 21. Jary, 1905 * .. "P 5 -~~~5 .-- -- -:- -The::V:okut anug f Sotioh Cntal Olifria byi AW L. -Koe. .V- - P. 16-3 January,1 190O7 .X....... .... . 2.25 . < - 0 . . ,} . t bs20 f.5 7 u L A b 0 VoL. - Tb, I:r.logy- a Language, ey 1lny Earle (o4rd. VoL- 1. The Earliet tni ltion bet eic ad - xfrom ......... toio tiona eteic adfrom ; 2. C-MbiuttithePhy nopology of-Cvi oma,I-a; :n b ; S.;0 ''-W-* :'leet ions I th Dearktme,t fAthrp ology o .th&iT.inive$uf,, t .'-, ,.o'- - - 7 >- 0Californ;a, and Inthe U. 8. NatIona Musiu by Ale Hdicka Februar., 19Dt . tt.. .... - l 1.50 . , , ~~~~~~A .* ;'' p'492;s$t1Qtmal gK -. -ndIan -yths -rom -outh Centl eSaliforni b A -L r Pp.O -5 1B 0 b :;~~~~ ~~~ v : =m lW t-abf* ****-i*th,w-Z-w wZ w -~~~5 h Wash- Lagug of-- Eas 4..En.;-aI California and NevMa- A. L. - - ~ ree. :p 2541. - : t: er 16Q7'.. . 1.... .. .._..:.2._. ... ......... ..-. .5 8. _TheReligon Of~lie Idia of, b~1fri,1yAL xee.P.39 Index, pp0 357474. -; VoL 5. 1. The Phouy of t he upa L-t gttsge; Par' 1< 4The Indiyid1 Sounds, . 0 - 0; 4, -r-; ~0, iby Py rle d. Pp. l.2ltwes -1' . M 190 . . -. 0aao Mths, P a , wias and. Tranatilons,i by ; ~~~Wasf gon MatheA-rws ,edl 6ted- .i~ plIn Ear1 - odda. P. >1-- 3 ;~~ | ;20 1' ' ' 'T O*q~* F>-*>~Ai t ~~- Sep;- ;tember*TSi, 190 :.- -.....p . 2. a at' Texts, by Pliny Earl Goddad. op. 65-2 l December cafr d t heahasn aln an rn S.t Al Bret. - Pp.~ 239~292. 0e - June, _191 " Ia -> -t *<- 56. The- Chimrk SIndiana ad L?nuage, W ltoland- B> DIxon P. 293- 'he- der, pp.6 f44 VL 0 . 1e he E rio of t a ; I zuel;_ lfrd rre tt. 1 142,maps. 14.e , 19 0 l * b. 2 T. The gp d Dlalectofe kiaa b 0au a'. T 'h ffQ -t -6 :- md P- A.t > j ,/ 2; LTo A __;E d1 E 0/i / >t :ar6 t Fp 32( - - n a 3. Indians - , y A. L droevber. p. ;0, o. 2 and : In oaer; in~ p.8840 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 153-173 March 12, 1918 YANA TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP BY EDWARD SAPIR While engaged at Montgomery Creek, California, in collecting Northern Yana texts and working out the grammatical structure of that dialect in the summer of 1907, I succeeded in obtaining from my main informant, Betty Brown, a fairly comprehensive, though by no means altogether satisfactory, set of relationship terms. The oppor- tunity did not present itself of obtaining a corresponding set of terms for the closely related Central Yana dialect,' though a small number of supplementary Central Yana terms turned up incidentally in working up the texts. A much fuller and more satisfactory set of relationship terms for the Southern Yana (Yahi) dialect was secured at Berkeley, California, in the summer of 1915 from Ishi, the only survivor of his tribe, since then deceased.2 The Yana orthography used in this paper is the same as that already employed in my Yana Texts,3 except that the glottal stop is here represented by an apos- trophe ('). For simplicity's sake, moreover, ts. and ts*! are here regu- larly written as tc' and tc!, of which they are merely phonetic variants, s. as s. Stress accents are omitted. 1 Sapir, E., Yana Texts, Present series, Ix, 2-4, 1910, also footnotes 3a and 202. 2 Terms of Relationship and the Levirate, Am. Anthrop., n. s., xviii, 329, note 4, 1916. "Ishi, the informant, spoke very little English, but I consider the full data on kinship terms that I obtained from him, aside from a few doubtful points, as thoroughly reliable. This is due to the fact that the terms were collected very slowly and with the utmost care and circumspection, with repeated checking whenever opportunity was offered; further to the fact that data already obtained from the Northern Yana helped me to follow the informant. The many agreements in nomenclature between the Yahi and Northern Yana systems are in no case due to suggestion on my part. The work was rendered possible by the use of counters, differing in appearance for males and females, arranged in the form of a genealogical tree; this device put the whole investigation on a directly visible footing. My familiar- ity with Northern and Central Yana (by that time also of Yahi) naturally also helped, though the language of the discussion itself was a crude jargon com- posed of English, quasi-English, and Yahi.' 3 Yana Texts, 4, 5. 154 University of California Publications in Am. Areh. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 I. NORTHERN (AND CENTRAL) YANA TERMS 1. tc!igal-la "father" (assimilated from *-na, absolute noun suffix for all monosyllabic nouns and for all nouns ending in long vowel, diphthong, or consonant); vocative tc!igal-ld or gaisi-na (-hi assimi- lated from *-nd; this vocative -nd is probably merely lengthened -na and is not confined to terms of relationship, cf. k!ai-na "rock ! "4 from k!ai-na). I may state here once for all that Yana terms of relation- ship are treated precisely like other nouns as regards possessive pro- nominal affixes (e.g. dji tc'igal-'lidja "my father," dju tc'igal-'luma "thy father, " dji tcrigal-'ligi " our father, " dju tcigat-'luga "your father," ai-k' tc!igal-la "his, their father," like dji bal-'lidja "my mouth" from bal-la " mouth"; similarly, dji nina-ndja " my mother" like dji wawi-ndja "my house"). Vocative gaisi-nd is probably di- rectly related to Yahi galsi "father" (see below, II, 1), of which gal- is at least possibly related to -gal- of Northern Yana tc'i-gal-la. 2. nina "mother"; vocative gan-nd (regular vocative of Yahi gan-na "mother," see below, II, 2). 3. p!aun'i "son"; vocative p!aun'i-nd or t!inisi-nd. Inasmuch as t!inisi-nd means also "daughter" (see no. 4) and t!i'ntnsi is used in Yahi for both "son" and "daughter," it seems plausible to infer that Northern Yana t!inisi means "son" or "daughter," i.e. "child." This is supported by its etymology; cf. t!ini- "to be little." 4. t!inisi "daughter"; vocative t!inisi-ni. Probably may also be used for "son" (see no. 3). According to this, there would be no ex- clusive term for "daughter." This agrees well with Yahi, in which there is no term for "daughter" strictly corresponding to p!au'ni "son" (see below, II, 5 and 6). One may also use dji wa'ala- mari'mnindja "my girl" for "my daughter," if it is necessary to be explicit, but wa'ata-mari'mi (like its male correspondent wa'ana-isi "boy") is no true term of relationship. As plural is used, in both N. and C. Yana, famaits!gi (or lamaits!its!gi) "children" (without regard to sex) ; yuwunts!gi is used for "boys, sons," vocative yuwuntsgi-nfdi. -ts!gi of these forms is diminutive plural suffix. In Yahi 'amaits!gi seems to be confined in use to girls (see II, 6). 5. C. Yana dat'i " child," used for both "son" and "daughter"; vocative dit'i-nd. Plural dat't'iwi. It corresponds to N. Yana t!inisi. 6. unm4ya-na "older brother" (male speaking); vocative umaya-nd. This term may be readily analyzed into u- "to be," -ma- "in company 4 Yana Texts, 25, 1. 16. Sapir: Yana Terms of Relationship with," and ya-na "person," i.e. "person who lives in company with one." That it is a secondary descriptive term is indicated by the fact that Yahi has an unrelated term meaning "being older" (see below, II, 7). Its plural is umi-yariwi. 7. wayemai'mda- ('nidja) " (my) younger brother" (male speak- ing); vocative wvayemai'ma'-nd. This term may be analyzed as wa- "to sit," -ye.mai- (ri-) "in the middle," and -'md- of unknown meaning (unless it is another form of -ma- "in company with"), i.e. "one who sits in the middle (of the house)." This also is a secondary descrip- tive term, as indicated by the fact that the corresponding Yahi term, meaning "being younger" (see below, II, 8), is unrelated. 8. isi'yau-na, isi'yau-na "older brother" (female speaking) ; voca- tive isi'yau-nd. Central Yana 'isi'yau-na. This term may be analyzed as 'isi "male, man" and -yau-na suffix of verbal nouns, i.e. "being male." Its Yahi correspondent 'i'si-'yau-na (see below, II, 12) is used to refer to "woman's brother," whether older or younger. 9. k!atcut "younger brother" (female speaking); vocative k!atc'u-nd. This and k!atdai-na (no. 11) are the only terms for "brother" and "sister" which are not clearly analyzable. It has no Yahi equivalent. 10. mari'miyau-na "older sister" (male speaking); vocative mari'miyau-nd. Central Yana mari'miyau-na. This term may be analyzed as N. Yana mari'mi, C. Yana mari'mi "female, woman" and -yau-na (as above, see no. 8); i.e. "being female." Its Yahi cor- respondent mari'mi'yau-na (see below, II, 9) is used to refer to "man 's sister," whether older or younger. 11. k!atdai-na "younger sister" (male or female speaking); voca- tive k!atdai-ndP. Central Yana k!andai-na. This term is not analyz- able (cf. no. 9 above). It has no Yahi equivalent, which has a specific term for "woman's younger sister" (see below, II, 11) corresponding to ' man's younger brother" and fails to distinguish between "'man's younger sister" and "man's older sister." 12. umamari'mi "older sister" (female speaking); vocative umdmari'mi-na. This term may be readily analyzed into u- "to be," -md- " in company with," and mari'mi " woman," i.e. "woman who lives in company with one. " It is a secondary descriptive term entirely analogous to umaya-na "man's older brother" (see no. 6), to which it is related precisely as the Yahi term for "woman's older sister," which means "older woman" (see below, II, 10), is related to that for " man's older brother " (literally " being older ) 1918] 155 156 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 13. adjui "father's mother"; vocative adjui-nd (male speaking). Comparison with Yahi 'a' djuwi "mother's mother" (see below) and with N. Yana terms for "woman's son's child" (see no. 14) would lead one to suspect that adjui (read probably 'adjuwi) means "mother's mother," not "father's mother," as recorded. However, as tu'ai-na (see no.18) was given for "mother's mother," it may be that adjuwi in N. Yana has departed from its original meaning ("mother 's mother") and that amdwi, originally "father 's mother" and "woman's son's child," has become confined in meaning to the latter. This, if correct, would mean that "father 's mother" and "woman's son's child" are not reciprocal terms in N. Yana, which is exceptional for Yana and far from likely a priori. 14. amdwi "woman's son's son"; vocative am&wi-nd. Comparison with Yahi 'amdwti (see below, II, 14) strongly suggests that this term properly means or originally meant also "father's mother." 15. arndwimarim'i " woman's son's daughter"; vocative amndwi- marim'i. Compounded of no. 14 and marP'mi "woman." 16. t'ugu-na "father's father"; vocative t'ugu-ni. Also, though doubtfully, recorded for "mother's father," for which no other term was obtained. Should tCugu-na actually mean "grandfather" (pa- ternal or maternal), it would be easier to understand Betty Brown's rendering of 'adjuwi as "father's mother" rather than "mother's mother" (see no. 13). 17. tCugundsi "man's son's son"; vocative tCugundsi-nd. Evi- dently derived from no. 16. No term for "man's son's daughter" was obtained. Analogy witlh tu'ainm,arim 'i (see no. 20) suggests that man 's son 's daughter" is t' ugunimarim 'i (cf. also no. 15). -si of t'ugndsi is used in several other terms indicating relation to.one of a younger generation (cf. t !inisi, no. 4; tCu'aisi, no. 19; p aiganasi, no. 29). No terms were obtained for "man 's daughter 's child." 18. tCu'ai-na "mother's mother"; vocative t'it'ai-nd or t!u'ai- marim'i-nd (doubtful). Cf. Yahi tCo'oi-na "mother's mother," but only when her husband is no longer alive (see below, II, 17). 19. tu 'aisi "'woman's daughter's son"; vocative t'u 'aisi-nd. Evi- dently derived by -si suffix (see no. 17) from no. 18. 20. t'u 'aimarim 'i "woman's daughter's daughter"; vocative t'Cu'aimarim'i. Compounded of no. 18 and mari'mi "woman." 21. muxdi "father 's sister"; vocative muxdi-nd. 22. C. Yana untc!ayau-na "father's sister." This term must be of secondary origin, as N. Yana muxdi (see no. 21) agrees with Yahi Sapir: Yana Terms of Relationship nmuedi (see below, II, 19). It canrnot be satisfactorilv analyzed, though -yau-na is evidently verbal noun suffix, as in several other terms of relationship. It is etymologically identical with Yahi 'onts!a 'yau-na see below, II, 47), which was rendered by Ishi as "wife of (paternal or maternal) grandfather" (not kin grandfather). If both Sam Batwi's and Ishi's information is correct as noted, this means that there has been as to its significance, either in C. Yana or in Yahi, both a generation shift and a shift in reference to consanguinity versus affinity. Would a maternal grandfather's (second) wife be identical with one's father's sister, i.e. would he marry one of his son-in-law's sisters? 23. un 'ima "father's brother"; vocative u n 'ima-nd. There is some doubt as to whether un'ima means "paternal uncle" or "mater- nal uncle" in C. Yana. un'imanigi "our uncle" (Yana Texts, p. 55, 1. 12) was explained by Sam Batwi as meaninlg "mother's brother," though in this context there is no reference to true relationship; which contradicts N. Yana testimony. Moreover, N. Yana udji'yaa-na " mother 's brother " (see no. 26) agrees with Yahi u' dji'yau-nta (see below). Silkworm, who is called "uncle" in above passage, answers with waddtPimauyariwiid "'0 nephews!" (Yana Texts, p. 57, 1. 11); but wadJt'imau-na means "man's brother's son" in N. Yana (see no. 27). We must therefore assume either that C. Yana un 'ima and waddt'imaqtula have respectively changed their significance from " paternal uncle " and " man 's brother 's son " to " maternal uncle " and "woman 's brother 's son, " which seems unlikely, or that C. Yana unn'ima was misinterpreted and is another form of w.an'imasi (see no. 24), with which it is etymologically connected. 24. C. Yana wan'iruisi "father's brother." Evidently- related to unl'ima (see no. 23), u- being replaced by wa- "to sit" or "to con- sider as, hold for"; -si is agentive. This term is clearly identical with Yahi wa'nimisi "stepfather, man's stepchild " (see below, II, 44). Perhaps its real meaning is something like "one who is considered as un i'ima" (i.e. is true u n'ima "paternal uncle" or, like or instead of him, marries my widowed mother). 25. garai-na "mother's sister"; vocative garai-vd. 26. udji'yau-na "mother's brother"; vocative utdji'yau-n&a. This term is to be analyzed as udji "to be old" and verbal noun suffix -yau-na, i.e. "being old." Possibly this refers to the peculiar status so often enjoyed by the maternal uncle (even in tribes without maternal descent or maternal clan organization) as "guide, counsellor, elder." 1918] 157 158 Untiversity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 27. wadlt'imau-nca "man's brother's son"; vocative waddt'imau- ntd. Plural wadit'imau-yarlwi; vocative wadWt'imau-yartwi-na (for -yarlwi cf. no. 6). According to Sam Batwi waddt'imauna means "man's brother's child," whether boy or girl. Its analysis is clear: wa- "to consider as," ddt'i " child" (see no. 5), and passive participle suffix -mau-na, i.e. "considered as own child." In other words, one's brother's children are potentially one's own by virtue of the obligation to marry their mother on the death of her husband. In Yahi (see below, II, 21) its exact correspondent wa' ddt' imau-na was interpreted as "sister's child." 28. waddt'imauniarim'i "man's brother's daughter"; vocative waddt'imautnmarim'i. Compounded of no. 27 and mari'mi " daughter. " 29. p' aigana or p' aiganasi "man's sister's child; woman's brother's or sister 's child "; vocative p' aigand or p' aiganasi-nd. Possibly p' aigana refers to " woman 's sister 's child," p' aiganasi to "woman 's brother's child" and "man's sister's child," but my notes are not clear enough on this point to warrant certainty of statement. Plural p' aiganasi-yariwt. 30. iwJ 'nait !inisi "(man's) brother's children, nephews and nieces" (Yana Texts, p. 184, 1. 17). Evidently compounded with t!inisi (see no. 4). 31. iltatyd-na "cousin"; vocative il'auyd or il'auya-nd. Evidently compounded with yd-na "person." Plural il'au-yartwi. In Yahi (see below, II, 13) ilautyd-hi (-hi corresponds to N. and C. Yana -na) was interpreted as "man's sister," but was said by Ishi to be used in that sense only by Coyote, Panther, and other mythological char- acters. 32. garak' aiyd-na "cousin"; vocative garak' aiyd or gardk' aiyd-nd. Evidently compounded with y&-na "person." I do not know how this term differs in range of significance, if at all, from il'auya-na (no. 31). Possibly it is related to garai-na "mother's sister" (no. 25), in which case it may indicate "children of sisters." 33. C. Yana yariwi "relatives, friends." Translated by Sam Batwi as " cousins" in its widest sense, as synonymous with "relatives, kinsfolk. He distinguished between such " cousins " and " real cousins," whom he called il'auyd-na, plural il'au-yariwi (see no. 31). 34. C. Yana miwagai-na "friend"; vocative mawagai-nd. Plural mdwagai-yariwi. 35. k !utp !amau-na (N. Yana.) "husband"; vocative k !utp !amau- yi. This term is to be analyzed as k!ut- (C. Yana k!un-) "to like, Sapir: Yania Terms of Relationship love," -p !a- voice suffix expressing status, condition, and passive par- ticiple -mait-na, i.e. " (he) who is loved, desired." It is noteworthy that in Yahi (see below, II, 24) "husband" is rendered simply by "male, man." 36. wak!alpZ!amau-na "wife"; vocative wak!alp!amau-nd. Passive participle in -mau-na of verb wak!alp!a- "to keep" (wtua- "to consider as, hold for," -k !al-p!a- "to keep"), hence meaning literally "kept, owned." In Yahi (see below, II, 25) "wife" is simply "female, woman." 37. tc'ap'dju'i ''(man's or woman's) father-in-law"; vocative tc 'ap 'djt 'i-nd. 38. tc'ap'djuiph!lun '-na " (man's or woman's) mother-in-law"; vo- cative tc'ap'djiIp!un-nd. Compounded of no. 37 and stem -p!ut'- ''4woman" (cf. plural p!ut'diwi "'women" and -p !di "'woman" in certain compounds). 39. n igd 'i " (man 's or woman 's) son-in-law"; vocative nig, 'i-na. 40. {c'a'wai-hna " (man's or woman's) daughter-in-law"; vocative tc' a'w?ai-nda. 41. C. Yana wania " (man's or woman's) son-in-law"; vocative wavid or ai'wana, ai'wand. This term in its specific sense of "son-in- law" se-ems peculiar to C. Yana, which has no term corresponding to N. Yana n igd'i (see no. 39; Yahi, however, has exactly corresponding Ve!ga'i, II, 30). C. Yana wana, at least in its vocative forms, refers also to "(man's) mother-in-law." Its use as incorporated subject or object is very curious; examples are: djuma'wvanawi'i' "do you (pl.) give it to (my, man's) son-in-law! " (Yana Texts, p. 58, 11. 7, 15), p'!usd'wantasi'i " (my, man's) son-in-law will smoke" (ibid., 1. 8), dol'lip!a nn el ait'iwanak'ihanldj "I (woman) have covered over very thickly (my) son-in-law's (sleeping place)" (op. cit., p. 111, 1. 1), k !nt n djtntaip !amtc !iwana 'ask' inigi "we, father-in-law and son-in-law, like each other." In Yahi (see below, II, 27) wana is used as com- pounded element in terms of affinity involving taboo relationship. It is not unlikely that originally tc ap 'dju 'i meant "father-in-law" (of man only) ; wania, "mother-in-law" (of man only) and reciprocally "son-in-law" (of woman only) ; tc' ap 'djiup !nn'-na, "mother-in-law" (of woman only)' nigd'i, "son-in-law" (of man only), but that these terms gradually extended their meanings so as to overlap in part. Note that nos. 37 and 38 are specifically used also in C. Yana for "father-in-law" and "mother-in-law" respectively. 42. C. Yana 'awaudjd " (rnan's or woman's) daughter-in-law." As N. Yana tc'a'wai-na (no. 40) directly corresponds to Yahi tc'a'waihi 1918] 15S9 160 Unicversity of California Publications in Anm. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 (see below, II, 31), this term is doubtless of secondary origin. It may be analyzed as 'a- "woman goes," -wait- "to," and -dja- "off, away," i.e. "woman who goes off (from her own house) to (her husband's people)." 43. C. Yana wiman'mau-na " (woman's) son-in-law" (Yana Texts, p. 109, 1. 7; p. 112, 1. 3). -mau-na is passive participle suffix; in form this term is merely passive participle of verb wimat'-. This verb is explained by Ishi's Yahi data. According to these, wtmat'- means "to avoid certain ones of opposite sex to whom one is related by affinity"; in other words, a man must neither look at nor speak to his mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, a woman to her father-in-law and son-in-law. wimana'mau-na thus properly means "avoided because of affinity taboo" and very likely applies not only to "woman's son- in-law" but also to "woman 's father-in-law," ''man 's mother-in-law," and "man's daughter-in-law." 44. ' gai-na, ligai-na "wife's brother"; vocative 'igai-nd. 45. dji'mawyau-na (C. Yana djimayau-na) "man's sister's hus- band"; vocative dji'matyau-nd. Seems to contain verbal noun suffix -yau-na, but its further analysis is unclear. 46. djidjadja'tvayau-na "husband's sister"; vocative djidja- dja'wayau-nd. In view of Yahi -wi- of corresponding djidjadja'wi- yau-na (see below, II, 38), N. Yana -wa- is doubtless to be corrected to -wai-yat-na as in no. 47, but further analysis unclear. 47. gdmaidjawai'yau-na "woman's brother's wife"; vocative gimaidjawai'yau-nd. -yau-na as in no 45, but further analysis unclear. 48. u!naiya-na "brother-in-law or sister-in-law, when speaker is of opposite sex, " i.e. " wife's sister, " " husband's brother, " " woman's sister's husband," and "man's brother's wife." It is analyzable into u- "to be," -'nai- " other, elsewhere," and ya-na "person," i.e. "per- son who is of. other (sex)." Its exact Yahi equivalent oxnaiyd-hi (see below, II, 41) means "wife's sister" (possibly also other terms listed under u' naiya-nta), but was not used in ordinary speech; it was used only in myths by Coyote, Panther, and other characters. Sapir: Yania Terms of Relationship II. YAHI TERMS 1. galsi "father"; vocative galsi-nd (male speaking), galsi (female speaking). Also "father's (older or younger) brother." Ishi recog- nized tc'igal-la (see I, 1) as garimauna, i.e., belonging to N. and C. Yana dialect. 2. gan-na "mother"; vocative gan-na (male or female speaking). Also "mother's (older or younger) sister." According to Kroeber, nina (see I, 2) was also used by Ishi. 3. t!i nisi " (man's or woman's) child; son, daughter" (cf. I, 3, 4). Does not properly correspond to our "son" and "daughter," as it is applied to one's child when he is not yet grown up, though able to run around. 4. p!au'ni " (man's or woman's) son." 5. 'i'sip!a " (man's or woman's) son" or ' i' sip!ai 'amauya-hi; vo- cative Yi'sip!a-na (male speaking), 'i'sip!d (female speaking). Also " man 's brother 's son" and "woman 's sister 's son." These terms are to be respectively analyzed as 'i'si "man, male" and -p!a diminutive suffix, i.e. "little man"; and 'i'si "man, male," -p!ai- incorporated form of -p!a-, -'a- "to be, " -mau- participle suffix, and yd-hi " person" (Yahi -hi is used in certain cases for N. and C. Yana -na, see I, 1), i.e. " being-little-man person. " As plural is used yuwunts!gi " boys, sons" ;-ts!gi is diminutive plural. 6. mari'mip!a "(man 's or woman 's) daughter" or mari'mip!ai- 'amauya-hi; vocative mari'mip!a-nd (male speaking). mari'mip!d fe- male speaking). Also "man 's brother 's son" and "woman 's sister 's son." Analysis as in no. 5, except that for 'i'si is substituted mari'mi "woman, feinale." As plural is used 'amaits!gi " girls, daughters"; for -ts!gi cf. no. 5. 7. dut 'yau-nia "man's older brother"; vocative dut 'yau-na. Also "man's father's brother's son older than self" and "man's mother's sister's son older than self." To be analyzed into dut'- "to be grown up, older" and -yau-na verbal noun suffix, i.e. "being older." Plural dut 'yewi (-yeuwi is plural correspondent of -yau-na). 8. t!et'yau-na "man's younger brother"; vocative t!et'yau-na. Also "'man's father's brother 's son younger than self'" and "'man's mother's sister's son younger than self. t!et'- may mean "to be younger," but I have not come across it in any other connection; -yau-na as in no. 7. Plural t!et'ye'wi. 9. mari'mi'yau-na "man's (older or younger) sister"; vocative mari'mi'yau. Also "man's father's brother's daughter" and "man's 1918] 161 162' University of California Publioations in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 mother 's sister 's daughter." To be analyzed into mari'mi "woman" and -yau-na (see no. 7), i.e. "being woman." Plural mari'mi'yewi. 10. dut'mari'mi "woman's older sister"; vocative dutt'mani'mi. Also "woman 's father 's brother 's daughter older than self" and "'woman's mother's sister's daughter older than self.'" Compounded of dut'- (see no. 7) and mari'mi "woman," i.e. "older woman." Where no ambiguity would result, it seems that dut'yauna can be used instead of dutt'mari'mi; thus, in explaining oxnaiyd-hi (see below, no. 41), Ishi paraphrased it as mari'mi k' dut'yauna, which can only mean "wife her older sister." Plural dut'mari'miydhi (ydh,i "people") is equivalent to N. and C. Yana yariwvi (ef. I, 6, 29, 33). 11. t!et'womdri'mi "woman's younger sister"; vocative t!et'wo- mdri'mi. Also "woman's father's brother's daughter younger than self" and "woman 's mother 's sister 's daughter younger than self." t!et'- as in no. 8; -wo- I cannot explain; -mari'mi compounded form of mari'mi "woman." Probably t!ct'yauna can also be used for "woman's younger sister" (cf. no. 10). Plural t!et'wop!di (for -pldi cf. C. Yana p!udi-wi " women) . " 12. 'i'si'yau-na "woman's (older or younger) brother"; vocative 't si'yau. Also "woman's father's brother's son" and "woman's mother's sister's son." To be analyzed into ei'si "man, male" and -yau-na (cf. no. 7), i.e. "being man." Plural 'i'siwit'yewi ('iesi-wi ''men, males"; -t'- plural infix, as frequently; hence plural or col- lective suffix -wi seems to occur twice). 13. ilaty&-hi "man's sister" (interpreted by Ishi as mari'mi'- yauna, see no. 9). Used only by mythological characters, such as Coyote and Panther. Perhaps its range of meaning is wider, "mari'mi'yauna" being merely illustrative of its significance. Cf. N. and C. Yana il'auy&-na "cousin" (I, 31). 14. 'amdwi " (man's or woman's) father's mother," also "woman's son's son, daughter"; vocative 'amdwi "father's mother!" "son's daughter!" "son's son!" (woman speaking), 'amdwi-nd "father's mother" (man speaking). 'amdwvi is further used for "(man's or woman's) father's mother's sister" and, reciprocally, "woman's sister's son's son, daughter." It may also be employed to refer to "father's father's wife" (not kin paternal grandmother), though 'a 'yansiya (see below, no. 22) seems to be more properly used for this affinity. Plural 'amdwiyd-hi. 15. 'awawi "(man's or woman's) father's father," also "man's son 's son, daughter"; vocative 'awduai-nd " father 's father! son 's son! " (man speaking), 'awdwi " father 's father!" (woman speaking), "son 's Sapir: Yana Terms of Relationship daughter!" (man speaking). 'auwJwi is further used for "(man's or woman's) father's father's brother" and, reciprocally, "man's brother's son's son, daughter." Plural 'awawiya-hi. 16. 'a'djuwi " (man 's or woman 's) mother 's mother, " also " wom- an 's daughter 's son, daughter"; vocative 'at djuwi. Plural 'a' djuwi- ya-hi. This term is used if maternal grandmother 's husband (ma- ternal grandfather) is alive, otherwise no. 17 is employed. 'a'djuwi may also be used to refer to " mother 's father 's wife" (not kin maternal grandmother), though 'a'yansiya (see below, no. 22) is more appropriate. 17. t!o'oi-na "(man's or woman's) mother's mother," perhaps also reciprocally "woman 's daughter 's son, daughter." Cf. N. and C. Yana t'u'ai-na (I, 18). This term is used if maternal grandmother's husband (maternal grandfather) is no longer alive. 18. ma'dju " (man 's or woman's) mother's father, " also " man 's daughter 's son, daughter"; vocative ma' dju-iid "mother 's father! daughter's son!" (man speaking), ma' djfl "mother's father!" (woman speaking), "daughter 's daughter!" (man speaking). Plural ma' djuyi-hi. 19. mucdi " (man 's or woman 's) father 's sister," also "woman 's brother 's son, daughter"; vocative mucdi. Plural mrucdiwiyd-hi. 20. u'dji'yacu-na "(man's or woman's) mother's brother," also "man s sister's son, daughter"; vocative u'dji'yau-nd "mother's brother 's brother ! sister 's son ! " (man speaking), u! dji'yau "mother 's brother!" (woman speaking), "sister's daughter!" (man speaking). It is to be analyzed as u'dji- "to be old" and verbal noun suffix -yau-na, i.e. "being old" (cf. I, 26). This term is used further for " mother 's sister 's husband " (but see ' a 'dju 'wiyau-na below, no. 46) and, reciprocally, "wife 's sister 's son, daughter"; "father 's sister 's husband," but apparently not "wife's brother's son, daughter" (see umdwagai-na below, no. 45); "father's mother's brother" and, reciprocally, "man's sister's son's son, daughter"; apparently also "m Can 's father's sister 's son" (see 'o 'yannmtu-na below, no. 23). Plural l'u' djiwit 'ye'wi. 21. wa'ddt!imau-na "sister 's son, daughter"; plural yeiddt'imawi. For analysis see 1, 27; Yahi yei-, N. and C. Yana yai-, is plural stem corresponding to singular wa. Ishi did not specify whether "man's sister 's child" or "woman 's sister 's child" was meant. Comparison with N. Yana (see nos. 25 and 26) and Ishi's habit of using "sista" for both sister and brother (he had always to be very carefully con- 163 1918] 164 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. anld Ethn. [Vol. 13 trolled on this point) make me suspect strongly that this terin really means, as its etymology and levirate reference ("held as own child") would imply, "man 's brother 's child" and "woian 's sister 's child," thus including 'i'sip!a and mari'mip!a (see nos. 5 and 6) in their reference to "nephew" and "niece"). 22. 'a'yansiya, plural 'a'di'yansiya. This term covers several types of cousin relationship, also several remoter consanguineous and affinity relationships. It is used to refer to "woman 's father 's sister 's daughter," "man 's father 's sister 's daughter," and "inan 's mnotlher 's brother's daughter'"; to '"father's father's sister'"; to " (inali's or woman 's) mother 's brother 's wife"; and to " father 's father 's wife" (not paternal grandmother by kin; 'amdtvi imay also be uised, see no. 14) and "mother's father's wife" (not maternal grandmother by kini 'a'djuwi may also be used, see no. 16). 'a'yansiya may be analyzeed as verb stem 'a'yat- (of unascertainable meaning), agentive -si. and feminine suffix -ya). Its reciprocal term is in every case '6'?yalnwanma (see below, no. 23). 23. 'o'yanmau-na, plural 'u'di'yandtiawi; vocative 'o'yaitviau-fla. This term covers several types of cousin relationship, also several affinity relationships. It is used to refer to "man 's inother's brother 's son," "woman 's mother 's brother 's daughter," "woman 's mother s brother's son,' and "woman's father's sister's son"; to "woillan 's brother's son's son, daughter"; to " husband 's sister's son, daughter"; and to " husband 's (not owna) son 's son, daughter " and " husband 's (not own) daughter's son, daughter." 'o'yavnmau-na may be analyzed as '0'yan- causative or active form of verb 'a 'yan- (see no. 22) and -mau-na passive participle suffix, i.e. approximately "made to stand in (reciprocal) relation to 'a 'yansiya." In only one recorded case ("man 's mother's brother's son") is its reciprocal other thain 'a'yansiya (see no. 22). For this reason I am strongly inclined to believe that there is some mistake here and that u'dji'yauna, in its sense of "man's father's sister's son" has as reciprocal not 'o'yanmau- na, as recorded, but u'dji'yau-na (see no. 20). 24. 'i' si "husband, husband's brother." Possibly also "woman's sister's husband," for which no term was recorded. 'i'si means properly "man, male." 25. mari'mi "wife, wife's sister." Possibly also "man 's brother's wife," for which no term was recorded. mari'mi means properly "woman, female." 26. ydhi general term for "parent-in-law" and "child-in-law." Plural yat 'hiwi. Sapir: Yanca Terms of Relatio?nshil1) 27. alts!ila 'wana general term for such " parents-in-law " and "children-in-law" as must not be spoken to or looked at (wvimat'- is verb indicating such attitude to one, cf. I, 43), i.e. "woman's son- in-law, mana's mother-in-law; man's daughter-in-law, woman's father- in-law." This term is compounded of alts!ila (cf. N. Yana alts!ila-na "dead person appearing in one 's dream, ghost," hence probably "tabooed person" generally) and waita (cf. I, 41 and see below, nos. 28-33, 40), i.e. "tabooed (father-, mother-, son-, or daughter-) in-law." Plural Jdilts!it1wi'wana. 28. tcap'dju 'i " (man's or woman's) father-in-law"; vocative tc' ap 'dju 'i. Also "woman 's sister 's father-in-law" and "man 's brother 's father-in-law. " Plural tc' ap 'dju 'iwi. tc' apdju 'i'wana, com- pounded of tc' ap 'dju 'i and -wana (cf. no. 27 ) applies to "tabooed father-in-law," i.e. "woman 's father-in-law, woman 's sister 's father- in-law." 29. tc' ap 'djup!un '-naa " (mai 's. or woman 's) mother-in-law." Also "woman 's sister 's mother-in-law" and "man 's brother 's mother-in- law." Compounded of tc'ap'dju('i) "father-in-law" (see no. 28) and -p !at '- "woman." Plural tc'a p 'djup !ut 'ya-h i. tc' ap 'djup !ut '- wana, compounded of tc'ap'djup!ut'- and -wana (cf. no. 27), applies to "tabooed mother-in-law, i.e. "'Mnan 's inother-in-law, man's brother's mother-in-law." 30. nie'ga'i " (man's or woman's) son-in-law"; vocative ne'ga'i. Also "brother of son-in-law." Plural net 'ga 'iui; vocative net 'ga 'iwi. nIe ga'i'Pwana, compounded of ne'ga'i and -wana (cf. no. 27), applies to "tabooed son-in-law," i.e. "woman's son-in-law, woman 's son-in- law 's brother." 31. tcea'waihi "(man's or woman's) daughter-in-law"; vocative tc' a 'waihbi. Also "sister of daughter-in-law." Plural tc' at 'waihiwi; vocative tc!at'waihiwi. tc'awaihi'wana, compounded of tcra'waihi and -wana (cf. no. 27), applies to "tabooed daughter-in-law," i.e. "man 's daughter-in-law, man 's daughter-in-law 's sister." 32. ne'ga'imari'mi "(man's or woman's) son-in-law's sister." Compounded of ne'ga 'i (see no. 30) and mari'mi "woman, female," i.e. "son-in-law woman." When compounded with -wacna (cf. no. 27), i.e. ne'ga'imari'mi'wana, it applies to "tabooed son-in-law's sister," i.e. "'man's son-in-law's sister.'" 33. tc a'waihi'i'si "(man's or woman's) daughter-in-law's brother." Compounded of tc'a'waihi (see no. 31) and 'i'si "man, male," i.e. daughter-in-law man." Plural tc' at 'waihi' i' si. When 1,918] 165 166 Untiversity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethni. [Vol. 13 compounded with -wana (cf. no. 27), i.e. tc!a'waihi!i'si'wana, it applies to "tabooed daughter-in-law's brother," i.e. "woman's daughter-in- law's brother." 34. bul-la (assimilated from *-na) "(man's or woman's) son-in- law's or daughter-in-law's father"; vocative but-ld. Plural bulyd-h,i. 35. bulmari'mi " (man's or woman's) son-in-law's or daughter- in-law's mother;" vocative bulmari'mi. Compounded of no. 34 and mari,'mi" woman, female." Plural bulmari'miy&-hi. 36. djima'yau-na "man's sister's husband"; vocative djima'yat- nd. Plural djit'mat'yewi. For analysis, cf. I, 45. 37. ya'gaihi "wife's brother"; vocative ya'gaihi-nd. Plural yat'- gaihiwi; vocative yat'gaihiwi-nu. 38. djidjadja'wiyau-na "husband's sister"; vocative djidjadja '- wiyacu-nd. Plural djit'djadja'wi'yewi. For analysis cf. I, 46. 39. gdmaidjawi'yau-na "woman's brother's wife"; vocative gdmaidjawi'yau. Plural gat'maidjawi'yewi. For analysis, cf. I, 47. 40. k' utc' disi "daughter-in-law" (after death of son originally married to her), "son-in-law" (after death of daughter originally married to him), "parent-in-law" (after death of wife or husband who has been their daughter or son). This term seems to be used also for "new wife, sister of deceased, " as applied to her by her new husband and her parents-in-law. Plural k'itt'tc'disiwi. When com- pounded with -wana (cf. no. 27), i.e. k'utc'disi'wana, it applies to "tabooed child-in-law or parent-in-law" (after death of person whose marriage has brought about affinity), i.e. " man 's mother-in-law " (after his wife's death), "man's daughter-in-lawv" (after his son's death), "woman's father-in-law" (after her husband's death), " woman s son-in-law" (after her daughter's death). k' utc' disi may be analyzed into k'u-, k' u- " to be not, " -tc'di- " to leave behind " (com- pounded of -dja- "off, away" and N. Yaiia -'di- "to leave"; cf. N. Yana tultc'di- "to leave" from uldja- "to throw away"), and agentive -si, i.e. " one who is left behind without (wife, husband, son, or daughter). "5 41. oxnaiyd-h,i "wife's sister." This term is used only by such mythological characters as Panther and Coyote. Its analysis is given 5 Not properly terms of relationship are: ke umiip!&ya "widow" (N. Yana k' umd !aya; ke u- "to be not," -ma "along with," -p !a- verb suffix indicating state, -ya "female," i.e., "woman who has not [her husband] with her"); peun6si (also N. Yana) "widower" (-si agentive); diegaisi "man whose child has died" (-gal- indicates removal of part from whole, e.g., N. Yana d6gal-'di- "to peel off skin," -si agentive, i.e., something like "man who is deprived of [his offspring]"); die galwaya " woman whose child has died" (-ya " female"); tcW!umum 'amauya-hi "male or female whose father or mother has died" (-mau- participle suffix, yd-hi " person "). Sapir: Yana Terms of Relationship above (see I, 48). Very likely, as suggested by N. Yana uWnaiyga-na, its proper range of significance is wider; it may have embraced all meanings of !i'si "husband" and mari'mi "wife" but their literal ones (see above, nos. 24 and 25). 42. p'emo 'o " (man's or woman's) father's brother's wife," also "stepmother"; vocative p' emo'o-na (man speaking), p' emo'o6 (woman speaking). Plural p' en 'mo 'oya-hi. 43. dat' ip !a "husband's brother's son, daughter," also "woman's stepson, stepdaughter"; vocative dat'ip!a. To be analyzed into dat'i (cf. C. Yana dat!i "child," I, 5) and diminutive -p!a, i.e. "little child." Despite its literal significance, ddt'ip!a is used even for a grown-up man or woman. 44. wa'nimasi " (man's or woman's) stepfather; man's stepson, stepdaughter"; vocative wa'nimasi-na "stepfather! stepson!" (said by man), wa'nimrisi "stepfather!" (said by woman), "step- daughter!" (said by man). Cf. N. Yana un'ima "father's brother" (I, 23), C. Yana wan'imasi "father's brother" (I, 24). 45. unmawagai-na "wife 's brother 's son, daughter"; vocative umawagai-na. Its reciprocal is u'dji'yac6-na, which, among other uses, refers to "father's sister's husband" (see above, no. 20). Its analysis is unclear, but u- "to be" and -ma- "along with" seem plausible. It is clearly related to C. Yana mawagai-na (see I, 34). interpreted as "friend"; there is, however, no clear relation in meaning. 46. 'ap 'dju 'wiyau-na '"'mother 's sister 's husband"; vocative 'ap'djiu'wiyau-na. Analysis unclear except for -yau- na verbal noun suffix. Plural 'at'p 'dju 'wiyewi. Ishi stated that one 's "wife 's sister 's children" (reciprocal to above) were addressed as one's own children, but he was not altogether intelligible here. "Mother's sister's hus- band" is apparently also covered by u'dji'yau-na (see above, no. 20). 47. 'onts Ia 'yau-na "mother 's father 's wife" (not kin maternal grandmother), "father 's father 's wife" (not kin paternal grand- mother), perhaps only after kin grandmother's death; vocative 'onts!a'yau-na. This term was not defined altogether satisfactorily; it leaves some room for doubt. Observe that its assigned meanings have already been covered by 'a'yansi-ya (see above, no. 22). Its C. Yana etymological equivalent, untc!ayau-na "father's sister" (see I. 22), differs considerably in meaning. Plural 'odents!a'yau-na. 167 1918] 168 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 III. DISCUSSION OF YANA TERMS The number of Yahi terms of relationship corresponding etymologi- cally to Northern and Central Yana terms is considerable. In many cases the meanings are identical, at least in part; in comparatively few, others they diverge, though generally along sociologically intelligible lines. The following table presents a summary of the facts of linguistic relationship of kinship terms: N. (AND C.) YANA gaisi-na (voc.) gannd (voc.) nina p!aun 'i t !in isi d&tt i (C.) e amaits !gi yuu7unts !gi isi'yau-na mar 'miyau-na adjuwi ramawi 1amawimarim 'i {tt u 'ai-na t u 'aisi t' u laimarim'i muxdi MEANING father! mother! mother son daughter, soni (?) child children boys, sons woman 's (oldler) brother man 's (oldler) sister father 's mother (6?) woman is son is son woman 's son 's daughter mother's mother woman is daughter 's son woman 's daughter's daughter father 's sister un tc!ayau-na (C.) father's sister unf'ima, wan 'im&si (C.) udji 'yau-na father's brother mother's brother rwad&t' imau-na man 's brother 's son - wadat' imauimari- man 's brother 's t m'i daughter il 'auya-na cousin miiwaqai-na (C.) friend tce ap 'dju 'i father-in-law YAHI MEANING galsi father; father's brother ganna mother; mother 's sister nina (Kroeber) mother p !au 'ni son t !i' nisi child ddtVip!a husband's brother's child; woman 's stepchild amaits !gi girls, daughters yuwunts!gi boys, sons ' ie si 'yau-na woman's brother; woman 's father 's brother 's son; woman's mother's sister 's son mari'min'yau- man 's sister; na Inan 's father 's brother 's daughter; man 's mother's sister's daughter 'at dju wi mother 's mother; woman 's daughter 's child 'amdwi father's mother; woman 's son's child; father 's mother 's sister; woman 's sister 's son 's child tt o'oi-nia mother 's mother (after death of mother's father) mnuedi father's sister; woman's brother's child 'onts !a 'yant- mother 's father 's wife; na father 's father 's wife wa nimasi stepfather; man's stepchild te dji 'yau-na mother 's brother; man's sister's child; nother 's sister's husband; wife 's sister 's child; father 's sister 's husband; father 's mother 's brother; man 's sister 's son 's child; man 's father 's sister 's son wa' dat' i- mat- " sister 's ' child na ilauyd-hi man's sister (mythological) um&waqai-na wife 's brother 's child tctap 'dju 'i father-in-law; woman 's sister 's father-in-law; man 's brother 's father-in-law Sapir: Yania Terms of Relationship N. (AND C.) YANA tc' ap 'djuFp !un '- na tig& 'i tc!a 'wai-na wlaa (C.) uTman 'mau-na e igai-na dji(')mayau -na djidjadja 'wayau- na giamaidjawai 'yau- na ue naiyd-n a MEANING mother-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law son-in-law; man 's mother-in-law woman 's son-in-law wife 's brother man 's sister's husband husband 's sister woman 's brother 's wife wife's sister; husband's brother; woman 's sister 's husband; man 's brother 's wife YAHI MEANING tc' ap 'dju- mother-in-law; p !un '-na woman 's sister 's mother-in-law; man 's brother 's mother-in-law nee ga'i son-in-law; son-in-law 's brother tce a 'waihi daughter-in-law; daughter- in-law 's sister -wana tabooed parent-in-law or child-in-law wimat'- "to have taboo relation toward affinity" yae gaihi wife's brother djima 'yau-na man 's sister 's husband djidjadja '- husband 's sister wiyau-na g6maidjaw' '- woman 's brother 's wife yau-na oxnaiyd-hi wife's sister (mythological) There is undoubtedly at least some element of error in comparing the northern with the Yahi terms. Were this removed, we should probably find even fewer discrepancies in meaning between the two sets than are revealed by the foregoing comparative table. In par- ticular, the Northern Yana terms adjuwi and amawi (amaiwi-marim'i) have, quite likely, been fallaciously defined. Some of the more dis- tinctive features of the Yana kinship system are listed in the following paragraphs: 1. Distinctive term for " son," but not for " daughter" (I, 3 = II, 4). "Daughter" is included in " child " (I, 4 = II, 3). Yahi " little man" (II, 5) and "little woman (II, 6) for "son" and "daughter" respec- tively are hardly true relationship terms, their proper interpretation being probably as "boy" and "girl. " 2. Recognition of difference between " older brother" and " younger brother" and between "older sister" and "younger sister" (I, 6: 7 = II, 7: 8; I, 2: 1=II, 10: 11; I, 10: 11). In Yahi there is no difference recognized between "'woman 's older brother" and "'woman 's younger brother " or between " man 's older sister and " inan 's younger sister." I am not at all certain that Northern Yana differs radically in this respect from Yahi. My notes are not as clear on this point as I could wish, but it seems not altogether unlikely" that N. Yana k!atctu (I, 9) 6 From incidental remarks made by Betty Brown in connection with Tsfyau "woman's brother" (Yana Texts, 176, 1. 12), I concluded that it was doubt- ful if isi 'yau-na necessarily meant "woman 's older brother" alone, but that it was possible that women said 1d!atceu-nd to their brothers before these were of age, isi'yau-nd "being man" after puberty. 191.8] 169 170 Untiversity of Californvia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 and kfatdai-nta (1, 11; at least when used by inale) are really pre- pubertal terms and that marit'miyau-na (I, 10) and is 'yau-na (I, 8) are respectively inclusive, as in Yahi, of "older atid younger sister" and "older anrd younger brother." These terms themselves suggest by their etymology not relative seniority, but sex contrast. However, Northern Yana and Yahi do not need to correspond in detail. 3. Recognition of difference between inale and female speaker. This applies to brothers and sisters (I, 6, 7: 8, 9=II, 7, 8: 12; I, 10: 12=II, 10, 11: 12; I, 11 seems to contradict this principle, perhaps only through misleading character of data as recorded) ; to men and women in relation to their nephews and nieces (as necessary consequence of principle of reciprocity, see 4, below) ; to men and women in relation to their grandchildren or grandchildren of brothers and sisters (again as necessary consequence of principle of reciprocity) ; to certain termns for " cousin " (II, 20: 23 " father's sister's son "; II, 22: 23 " mother's brother's daughter") ; to spouse (I, 35: 36 - II, 94: 25); to certain affines (see 8 below for classification of brothers-in-law and sisters-in- law; II, 20: 23 "spouse's sister's child"; II, 45: 43 "spouse's brother's child") ; and to stepchildren (II, 44: 43). It seenis not unlikely that in the case of brother and sister terminology, the recog- nition of the sex of the speaker is a reflection of the semi-taboo relation that in many American tribes subsists between brother and sister, particularly after the maturity of the latter. Thus, among the Yana, social intercourse between brother and sister, after the playing days of childhood, was not free. To avoid the implication of too great familiarity, brother and sister addressed each other in the plural instead of the normal singular (Yana Texts, note 139). Both social custom and kinship feature are paralleled among the Nootka. How- ever, the hypothesis here suggested needs to be followed up in detail among many tribes before great weight can be attached to it. 4. Reciprocity, i.e. application of same (or etymologically closely related) term to both members of related pair of individuals (e.g. paternal grandmother and woman's son's child, man's mother-in-law and woman's son-in-law). This principle is exemplified, though not always completely, in grandparents and grandchildren (II, 14; I, 16: 17 = 11, 15; I, 18: 19, 20 = II, 16; II, 18); in granduncles (grand- aunts) and grandnephews (grandnieces) (see references for preceding category; further II, 20 " father 's mother 's brother, man 's sister 's son 's child"; II, 22: 23 "father 's father 's sister, woman 's brother 's son's child"); in uncles (aunts) and nephews (nieces) (II, 19; II, 20) Sapir: Yanta Terms of Relationiship in cousins (I, 31, 32; II, 22: 237) ; in man's mother-in-law and woman's son-in-law (I, 41); in certain other relations of affinity (II, 20 "moth- er 's sister 's husband, wife 's sister 's child"; II, 22: 23) " mother 's brother's wife, husband's sister's child"; II, 27; II, 34, 35; II, 40) and in step-relationship (II, 44; II, 22: 237 "father's father's wife, husband's son's child; mother's father's wife, husband's daughter's child "). 5. Recognition of difference between relationship via father (re- ciprocally, son or brother) and via mother (reciprocally, daughter or sister). This applies to grandparents, reciprocally grandchildren (I, 13: 18= II, 14: 16, 17; I, 14, 15: 19, 20=11, 14: 16;'II, 15: 18); to granduncles and grandaunts, reciprocally grandnephews and grand- nieces (see references for preceding category; further, II, 20 "father's mother 's brother, man 's sister 's son 's child"; II, 22 " father's father's sister ": 23 "woman 's brother 's son 's child") ; to uncles and aunts, reciprocally nephews and nieces (I, 21, 22: 25 = II, 19: 2 "mother's sister"; I, 23, 24: 26=1I, 1 "father's brother": 20; I, 27, 98: 29 "man's sister's child"=II, 5, 6, 21 [?] "man's brother's child": 20 " man's sister's child"; II, 19 "woman's brother's child": 5, 6, 21 [?] "woman's sister's child"); to cousins (Il, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 "father's brother's child, mother's sister's child": 20 [?], 22, 23 "father 's sister 's child, mother 's brother 's child" ; to certain terms of affinity (II, 46 "mother 's sister 's husband": 20 "father 's sister 's husband ' ;8 II, 20 "'wife's sister's child'": 45; II, 22 "'mother's brother 's wife": 42 "father 's brother 's wife"; II, 23 "husband 's sister's child": 43 "husband's brother's child') ; and to certain step- relationships (II, 14 "father 's father 's wife": 16 "mother 's father 's wife "9)). 6. Merging of paternal (reciprocally, fraternal) and maternal (re- ciprocally, sororal) lineage (reverse of 5). This feature is not funda- mentally characteristic of Yana, and it is doubtful if all recorded cases are genuine (I, 16 [?]; I, 29 "woman's brother's or sister's child"; I, 31, 32; II, 20 "father's or mother's sister's husband"; II, 22 "father's or mother's father's wife"; II, 23 ' husband's son's or daughter's child "; II, 47 [ ?] ). 7. Secondary sex discrimination (in contradistinction to such pri- mary discriminations as grandfather and grandmother or uncle and 7 'a 'yansiya (II, 22) and '6'yanmau?-na (II, 23) are etymologically related and form in effect a reciprocal kinship pair. 8 II, 20, however, seems to include also "mother's sister 's husband'' (see 6). 9 II, 22, however, may be employed for both of these relationships. 1918] 171 172 Untiversity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 13 aunt, in which cases etymologically unrelated stems are used). These embrace certain cases of brother and sister (I, 6: 12 = II, 7: 10; II, 8: 11); of grandchildrenl (I, 14: 15; I, 19: 20); of nephew and niece (I, 27: 28); of terms of affinity (I, 37: 38=II, 28: 29; II, 30: 32; II, 31: 33; II, 34: 35). Note also 'a'yanisiya (II, 22), which is a feminine derivative of the stem contained in its reciprocal term '6'yanmau-na (II, 23); the latter term, however, would seem to in- clude several feminine references. Particularly noteworthy is the secondary origin of "'mother-in-law, " literally " father-in-law wolmian " (I, 38 = II, 29). The same feature is found also in Chimariko :1) -maku " father-in-law," -mako-sa " mother-in-law " ( Chimariko -sa corresponads to Yana feminine -ya). 8. Classification of brothers-in-law and sister-in-law according to whether speaker and relative are of same or different sex. When the speaker and relative are of the same sex (man's sister's husband, wife's brother, woman 's brother's wife, husband 's sister), a distinc- tive term is used for each of the four relationships (I, 44 = II, 37; I, 45 = II, 36; I, 46 = Il, 38; I, 47 = 11, 39). When they are of opposite sex (man 's brother 's wife, wife 's sister, woman 's sister 's husband, husband's brother), they are either lumped together under a single term (I, 48 = II, 41) or, in Yahi, identified with husbanid or wife (II, 24, 25). 9. Merging of terms of consanguinity and affinity (including step- relationship). Generally these two classes of terms of relationlship are kept rigidly apart, but there are certain cases of merging in Yana (I, 14, 16; II, 20; II, 22, 23). 10. Merging of distinct generations, apart from cases of reciproc- ity. This does not happen often (II, 20, 22, 23). 11. Distinction in terminology dependent on whether third party (connecting link in terms of affinity) is alive or dead. (a) In terms of consanguinity (II, 16: 17); (b) in terms of affinity (II, 28, 29, 30, 31: 40). It is possible that this principle operates to a greater extent than would appear from recorded evidence. 12. Reflection of taboo relationship (man's mother-in-law, mnani's daughter-in-law, woman 's father-in-law, woman 's son-in-law; also certain remoter relationships) in kinship terminology (I, 41 "maln's mother-in-law, woman's son-in-law" ;11 I, 43; II, 27; -wan-a formiis in II, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40). 10 Dixon, R. B., T'he Chimariko Inidianis anid Languitage, Present series, v, 374. "But also "man 's son-in-law." Sapir: Yana Terms of Relationship 13. Reflection of levirate custom (marriage of widow by brother of deceased, marriage of widower by sister of deceased) in kinship terminology.'2 The cases involved may be grouped into two classes: (a) those which depend on what may be called the sociological equiv- alence of brothers and of sisters; and (b) those which represent step- relationship in terms of the levirate. Under (a) come the following cases: identification of paternal uncle and maternal aunt with father and mother respectively (II, 1, 2); of mana's brother's children and of woman's sister's children with own children (II, 5, 6; I, 27 =II, 21); of cousins on paternal uncle 's or maternal aunt 's side with brothers and sisters (II, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) ; of grandfather with grand- father's brother and of grandmother with grandmother's sister, re- ciprocally of man's grandchild with his brother's grandchild and of woman's grandchild with her sister's grandchild (II, 14, 15) ; of husband with husband's brother and of wife with wife's sister (II, 24, 25); of parent-in-law with man's brother's or woman's sister's parent- in-law, or son-in-law with son-in-law's brother, and of daughter-in- law with daughter-in-law's sister (II, 28, 29, 30, 31). Under (b) come the following cases: identification of father's brother's wife with stepmother, reciprocally of husband's brother's child with woman's stepchild, itself meaning literally "little child" (II, 42, 43); etymo- logical identity of N. and C. Yana terms for paternal uncle with Yahi term for stepfather (I, 23, 24: II, 44). It should be noted that the dependence of these facts of terminology on the custom of the levirate was throughout quite clear and practically self-evident to Ishi. It is worth noting that of the four recognizable cases of kinship terminology reflecting some feature of social usage (3, 11,13 12, 13) three are symptomatic of a taboo or semi-taboo. 12 For a general treatment of this matter, with use of Yahi data, see Sapir, E., Terms of Relationship and the Levirate. Am. Anth., n. s., XVIII, 327-337, 1916. 13 Change of term undoubtedly connected with mourning taboo, i.e., taboo of explicitly or implicitly mentioning the deceased person. 1918] 173 J-:--NIVEJSITY OF CALIFORN IA PU BtICATIONS- ( C0r U -ru J 'Voi. 7.' .- h Em-1eryife Sheflio d, b UZUle. Pp. 1-10, plates -1k, wit - 38| . : > tM&t rEs. Je r* --- ...: 1.2 . -;;;~'' ::2. Receh&et Inesigtln b:earing-upon te ueti,n' of- thf O'ee?eB,ce-of':,'--: 09~~~ --&tm Man ,n 2 -the Auries; Gra#oLsFof alilrna, by.?s W4 liam -3.jfx8 ^'8 Pomno Thdla Basltet~ry byr S. A. Srnett. Pp.t 133-0 ttB 1549, -4 i ;;4. Sl>l ns1 ~f ~tl an- :Fra:li Bay regin by -N, 0,,. ^N . : o ;; PS 00.SS ,p 67e 2-34. Decebe , 5 6. The Slltp =anding Sh FeIoungI, y S. 0. No~xL Pp. $- 5-42p, p I4e, pp. 427.443.x, VoL 8. ,;.] 4 MIsio Dte~ o te Caleri Iwlian, frui~MIscril,tT >nh ''= A ,''Bat1 r , byA 1,. H.roebe Pp. 1. M 190- .e25Luf = -;:->. -2. aThe fthgapby o tho afiuG Iniana, by A:. I. Koee Pp.-. 29 < ;0 -68, plates-e 1945. 3tLYA 1905 -2..... *.."-. ..y 0 Ji. - '-S. The -eleWigione ot,h Lubeto anid Diegufo -Iudia of .$outer Cll '~~~~fri, -''-''' ' ''s ' \teby: Co te (odar D)ubo1e. Pp.>1981, 2papsI6.19 . 4,'_ '.'-. Th ,it~ _$ thet'---'-@0*b.- Luis-wfie udi5ns,.*__ by PLi 'tdatSprm - ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y - _If _N S :6 Pp. 1 3, X - 4. Pugur 190 w .t... .. . ber~ Pp.230-26w.~ReptDmer 1909.9.9..- '3 & --.e .s .el:>.L lgio Praties-''f U0a ZDiguefl Iu.di'm9giT. T~Waterm --a~:" , ' ' . ; ,J," , ndex,,a p~p 359.3 * i -, ';.9 * ,' t ., -o 9. 1. Yawa 1;- - xts,- by ,E,wam Sapl, tgeter- with - - :iythcUtd Ey^ -- ln . ~~u Pp. b --- w-'-123- eb.-ruary, I9...--.... -J-,,..... -...9.5 9 t. ,W0 2ie Ohumah and cestarioap tagme, by ASS. L Kober. Pp. 237 -; - t Y . 0.^ * \.t ......271... 1* o .e.Xber 101 .~..... ...... .,...... ........ . - .. ,,, y,,w- iS. e Lagaes o2fi the oaet of Gaioi nor, , of Sa .w, Y ca--by K ' ' ,. --YA -'--h. L> Keber ~'ji 273455 $.a,d n map. .ArI 11. .. i }*ww@ -'> . .1tI,. Kbe. Pp. 1-12. May W1I . . ow.. . Watrn;n ,p $4,L plates 1-5 >-ft-.N-9*4o--.*ember, 1.1 * s t me e-* Xmu~~~~~~~~~ # X 3 ;v * t~~P th :~ ~~4-8 p; ~ 8-20 .~Ar IOU . ......P-........ ... -'6 the Iat'olm$gy f rth Sitaa ' Ilans, by 3. A1ie e Mason. P-p. 7-.* 0,.-- ->> ;240,A plaEteso 21~7- t4crner 11 .....=ib,,,.. ass.,.- F --- 5, - ,Papago Verb Stejn -t"eJ-an Dols.- P.24i1.23. August, 1913 - ,25 6 >.; 6 Sbt,ee on he, OWlillia 1ndan of Norhveser (~IfCalls, bya Plii - 'am~ (-oddrd;.kX g4w Pp.. 265.283,, late 3841, Aprti~ 191 . . -.30 7., .hilula r;zt b, '. y P y l ,r P 4914.- ~ .... ~ ~ 1.0 fs tInd-ex,; pp. 8-- ---5 V>.oLil11<- 1.-Elem,ents ofth.Kti-'I-angnagt:byPln re odad. Pp. 1478, -:,,,,W;,., * s 0e r ; p ates '145 Oct*er 1912 . ........, . .. . ............... . 2.0 2. -.ntiYenit of thf,-e.ti.Sw - e Dl,eguodoLaguaeby:A. L. Zoober ad -" . '8'-,0F.' - .'rst Tets, by; Plin ltl tQd4. Pp. 159Th Februa-- -', -, 1915.... 1.*00'$ 4. Beln 1sSA- tea,4 ,- d Eo~m by A. L. Eroeber. Pp 279-290-- ;: : - . ebrutry, iei#*s-w,*i.a........ . .-...* ;..- - '' - .10 -. DLcho?oisr - foia1t O3ganit fonpintSouttwl C.a_f by t .d- r * . - , -S ,^- ,war4 Winslo10w- GItT. ,,291-28 rerar 1916 s-....-....-... .05M -. -h =-ie~to of the Zy.SigXs oi-n the-tX-gl AstE4ee ManuscrIpl.......................s... -by-y T.: T-.- WaS--Vterman.-. Pp. 297398. MOx-,;1~6-.-....._-----...-.. --.-.. * 1.-0 -; / 7. Tlie Mtittsu Daialect of -( Xotaia oas the0 Vocabnary of De I ;a- f s js \ esta.nF, by 3....... b4l,e &a@son.Pp 39472 MarCh,1916.....-##t b,.. Ine,pp. 21..7 eVoL 12. 1. Qoiositenosf Clf-'ornaSelm4is by'we4 xan:.es .-f'.Ludilap rgn,,-'a- ;by A. L.' Krebe * 31693ue,lOiG.r......0 3. Arph - 1-i. aleit1s, by A........................ 'I, -rebr Pp.71y-13.t Jux, 191 ** ............................... , ,, ,,r -1 95-218, p1-te 1." Oct%b8-r, 1918 . . .25 s 77t~~~~~~'\ , *'\A, UN IVERSITY Of -CGALIFORNIA PUJLICATION S- (CoNTINuED) 8. Ttlbatulabal and Kawaiisu nsblp Terms, by Edwad WIsoWi- -- f-ord -Pp. 219'248. Febrry, 191- -r........ .....30 7, Bandelier's Coutribution- to t Ahe o i Anient oMeican Socia Qrga-ization, by,T. T. Waterznan. Pp. 249-78., February, -1917.. - .35 B. Miwok Mytlp, by Edwardx Winslow - iffrd. :Pp. 283-3,; te 8 - - 0 > Ma~~~~sy, K*V . ......... ; .*. . . ... .. -5 9. Calima K2i. A.L-I Xroeber. P. 339B6. .May, 191'?. .60 -0 C n - - oa. kieth-o e or ian by $ A. Biartt. Pp:. 39741,3 -te-t- fge .s .. . .. .......4. IIt1. Pomo sear tctor., by S. A. bp. 44 , pl 7. July, 1917 .25 Ixd~eX, 467-473. -Vol. 1 1hf n ofea i tStoc by S.Sapr. P. 4-34. 30 T it. ' - - ' r X;4w~~~~~~~~fll7 8*~.c*........... . ...................s;..._*t@*@-* ruary, 191n, b -T T.- Waterman. Pp. 35-102, plates 1-20. F- 2-. Te Yana In -.-.-.--.-7....... .75 a- : . 3.Y-bArchry,by Sxt onT.Pope. Pp. 1-152, plates 21-T.- M~3a -dh, 1913-.......75.. 4.0 0 4ana 1iTris of e o ib ard ir . 153.-73. M7rh - VoL. 14. I. e Langgeo the Saglma Tndips,i by 3. ;Alde )aSoA.o Pp. 1-154.7W Volame t ~ ~1903 1104I 37 p ge d 30 pae ..,. ... .... ...... .................. #425 V --ol me4-L 2 0;41 393 pages any 21 plts- . R2. .- -.. - .._ Voliume 3. 1 965i. The (rblg ofWt 1th E?ep >~augagO t44 pages --...-.----.. -3.5 ,oum 4. 1806-100]7. 37 paes with ~6 tabls.1 plaes, and map . 3 .5-8S Vopme 5.r 1907.1910.; 384 pages,wih- 25pItea.s-.... 3.50* t **^o*_S 0 Volume 5- 1908. 40 a$s i th 3 -ma psw 6 s . .. ..2 ;;.... _ 3.50 Volni 7e 1907-14910. 44 pae Pand l. *0 -pla, .- -- ...... . ~... 3.-50$ - Volum 9. -1908410 309 pages am 28., plts..... .~... . h........~................... w._.._ 8.50 Vohlm 9X- 19i0.1911. 439 pates . ....., ......-- -. . - 50 -~.Volue 10. 19114014.* t38 pages and 4$p1e . s. .~..........................,........ s.\ so5 Vo Wlume ii.L 1911-19E5 479 pages and 45 plates. ............... .........-.... 3x*s .50 -Volue 12. 19s16-01. .7- pag publicatno or other infod W, ess t h V(nger Qf the nity 3rys Berkeley, Caltria., .- S.. A. AlMl majtt4r sent in- exchangeshold~ be ndressedo The B:cbange -Departmeint Universty Libra? y,< Bekee, iforna,- UR. S. A. :- .: : .:-- ;. ~ AGBICYTIZAL S6IEl4QES:.-.-E B.. Zabooc,. -W Glmuors, anid C. Lpnan Edtors.- Price prome $8.. Voi I, 3, Kad 1f in 5 rre.- ; ; AS3TROlWW.-W W- Cambel,; Edfitor. (Ic ObsOatory, M(t.--tn4to, Cat) ~. : :lblcationn of the ;ick .Obse vatry.-.-4olans I-XII cog p4eted.-: -BO -W. -A. 0SecellEditor. :-- P.rice.per~ volume, -Volumes I.IV i*clusive, $3.50; Vol. ume V andWUow $8.00. V es 1 (pp. 418), iI: (pp. 3.1.),. .(p 400) and TV 0 <(pp. 3.97)j completd. V..r. e V,wVI, Wap VIIit progires.- : : .-- CLASSICAL LQ90 40 ames *t ' llen, Wiliam A. M e r C tiig, Ed- os -hlc - -:>per olme $200.VolnwXses:- D (p;p.-), and U pp. 3Y:, omleed V l I09 in. pr...s-. EI)UCATI?ONL-Editeid byk th Departet of E3ducation. Priepe- r :olum $2.0- -. -- V*I: n 9R .-1ite& uner td tion of th Eng ng Dpar ts. This9 sere wi-ll onain.sontribut, f th Golleges .of: Me4lics, Mng and- 0ivlEngi- 5 neering. - Vosluie. -I in -prgres s.l @EOuR i;1ty.-Rliff S. ;b9-wgEditor.45 Volume It(pp. 51)oompleted rict $s.00. GEOLOGY.,Builtf of the Departmnt of Geology. Anre C..- La.wson and- .Tohfl0. -; Merriam,: :editorst -Pic p-er oollue for vSolumesI-EVI, $3.0 for vuesVIIIand -- following, $5. Volumes I (pp. 04{3) I (p 457), I (p. 482), Ia (pp. 462), -V - ( pp. 45M8)s, VI Xpp. 454), VII(;pp. 504),s VIII.(pp. .583), tand X(p.p.' 545), ompeted. - Volume in progres . e -t O DERN.. PUIO GY.-'OVolu I (pp. 40.0'Q )r -I (. 373A, - I (p. 10) IV (. 498), an --- i ,.(pp. 478)- co pe td . . ,- '.'--'-- :,,-' .-.'''---- '-;,'"- .PATSO OGY,-Fedeik P. Gat Editr. Pric per volu $2.5. Volume-I: (pp. 347) . comleted.- Volume lI in progress. I . of PH1SOIY.-. t- iber -Editor, -Vohlme X~ (pp. 262t) completeXd. sVolume -II in- f : progress. >Price per volume 4$2.00. ;e --;dt P,T8IOLOGY A5*A5. 4 ttrell,4itr Preper volume$20. Volums I (pp. SI?)- . tI (p. 0213), m (pp. 12l7) af4 )V (pp. 228 comWpleted. Volume V I prrs. PSTCO Y eorge .Shrt Editor- VolumesIi-an II in pr e.. -- 2iIVER8ITY O-P CDALZFORNIA e. ROPNICI - otcal Lrecord. of' Uiety e, l i ; issued quytededitedby a mittee o feaculty. rie,0 $1.00-e yar.Cu-':> rent vlume o. - ,_ .;7 - --- K I _ ,, _, ~~-M 6. ok Ob , ator,.*0;f-!, r Addresstio cJ reso eussfrifrainenen thedaoepbiatst h Univerit7 o (~aliin3iaPress Bereley r rogfornia.