UNIVERSITY OF CALI FORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916 THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN 'BASED ON THE VOCABULARY OF DE LA CUESTA BY J. ALDEN MASON UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIV I OF OALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS DEPAlTMENT OP ANTHROPOLOGY The following publications dealing with archaeological and -etnological subjects issued der the diron of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publications of anthropological departments and mums, and for journals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, which Include postge or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The-Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addresed to the University Press. European agent for the series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, Educatoin, Modem Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowits, Lipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Physiology, Zoology and Also American Archaeology and Ethnology, R. Friedlaender &. Sohn, Berlin. AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.-A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Prices, Volume 1, $4.25; Volumes 2 to 10, inclusive, $3.50 each; Volume 11 and following, $5.00 each. Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates 1-30. September, 1903.................................................... $1.26 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. March, 1904... 3.00 Index, pp. 369-378. Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904 . .. ......................... . . . ...... .40 X 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 .... .......................... .60 3. Types of Indian Oulture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 1904 ..25 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905 ........... ......... .75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central Californa, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 165-377. January, 1907......... ............ . 2.25 Index, pp. 379-392. Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344 pp. June, 1905............... 3.50 Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall. Pp. 147. April, 1906 .. . ............. .50 2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on collections in the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka. Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906. .75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 65-166. February, 1907 ........................................................... 1.50 4. Indian Myths from South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 167-250. May, 1907................................. . . .76 5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L. Kroeber.Pp. 251-318. September, 1907 . ........................................ .75 6. The Religion of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319- 356. September, 1907................................ ......... .50 Index, pp. 357-374. Vol. 5. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny.Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 ......35 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63. September, 1907 ....... .75 3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle oddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December, 1909 .25 ........................... 2.50 4. The Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Northeastern Califoria and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 239-292, plates 10-25. June, 1910 ..... ...................... .._. .75 5. The Chimariko Indian and Language, by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 293- 380. August, 1910. . .. 1.00 Index, pp. 381-384. Vol. 1.1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908 .3.25 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3. 3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in ono cover. February, 1908 ........... ... .. ... ...... 50 Index, pp. 381400. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916 THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN BASED ON THE VOCABULARY OF DE LA CUESTA BY J. ALDEN MASON CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................... 400 PART I. STEUCTURE ....................... ............................ 402 General Oharacteristies ........................ ............................... 402 Phonetic System ....................................................... 402 Parts of Speech ................................ . 405 Nouns ................................ . 405 Etymological Suffixes of Nouns ........................... .... 406 Morphological Suffixes of Nouns .............. .................. 408 Pronouns ................................. 411 Verbs ................................. 411 Etymological Suffixes of Verbs .............. .................. 412 Morphological Suffixes of Verbs . . ................................ 415 Adjectives ................................ . 425 Particles ................................. 426 PART II. CLAssiriED LIST OF STEMS ............................. 427 Nouns ................................ . 427 Animals ........................................ 427 Botanical ........................................ 429 Body Parts ........................................ 430 Manufactures, Instruments ................. ...................... 433 Natural Phenomena ............... .. ...................... 435 Words of More Abstract Significance ....................................... 436 Terms of Relationship and Personal Categories ............................ 437 Numerals ..................... ....... 439 400 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 PAGE Pronouns .................... , , ... 439 Demonstratives ....................,... 440 Adjectival Pronouns40 ........................,,. ,, .,,,.,., . 440 Interrogative Pronouns ...........................,,,,,,,....,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.440 Verbs -441.. , , , , . ............. . _.,,,,,,,,,,,,., 441 Adjectives ......-,,,. ........ 461 Adverbs .................................................. 466 Locative Adverbs ................................................,..................,,,,,,,,.. 466 Temporal Adverbs ...........................466.................................................. 466 Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbs . ...... . .......... 467 Interjections ................ .,,,,,,,,,,,, 468 POSTSCRIPT .......................................................................................................... 470 INTRODUCTION A century ago Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, one of the most earnest and indefatigable members of the order of St. Francis, collected a mass of 2884 words, phrases, and sentences from the language of the Mutsun Indians, spoken at his mission of San Juan Bautista near Monterey, California. At about the same time he composed a grammar of the language, which is one of the branches of the Costanoan linguistic group. These two manuscripts were sent by Alexander S. Taylor to the Smithsonian Institute, which loaned them for publication to John G. Shea, in whose Library of American Linguistics they appear as volumes iv and viii, 1861 and 1862. Together they form one of the fullest and most complete collections of data extant on a Pacific Coast language. , There is little doubt that the missionary knew the language well and interpreted its psychology and spirit fairly correctly. In his grammar there appears less strict adherence to the form and structure of Latin grammar, less subconscious premise of Latin as the standard par excellence than is generally found in grammars of this time and type. Nevertheless, in spite of the comparative excellence of the grammar, but because of its lack of scientific arrangement, unphonetic orthography, and the foreign tongue, it is deemed better to rearrange and formulate the grammar, using as a basis the phrases of the vocabulary. The phrase-book is likewise unfortunate in that it is at present almost inaccessible to the modern student, due to its faulty ar- rangement. This is done alphabetically according to the initial 9Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan letter of the sentence, the various stems being scattered through- out the nearly three thousand sentences. The same difficulties of unphonetic orthography and Spanish language likewise obtain here. Several years ago Dr. Kroeber had the majority of the phrases comprising the more important of the sentences copied to a card-index. I have recently spent some time in working over the material thus secured, arranging cards according to stems and isolating grammatical particles. The following paper embodies the results of this research. While the grammar of De la Cuesta is the most complete ever published on a Costanoan language, several more scientific treatises have been produced in the last few years, principally by the University of California. These are, "Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, ' and " The Chumash and Costanoan Languages."t2 Other pertinent works are "Pho- netic Constituents of the Native Languages of California,"8 "The Native Languages of California,"4 and "New Linguistic Families in California. '5 The present paper consists of two parts, first an exposition of the etymological and morphological elements upon which the structure of the language is based, and second a list of the various stems of all classes found in the material, though, since not all of the phrases were transferred to cards, this does not entirely exhaust all those in the original phrase-book. These are appended partly as reference for the examples of morphological and ety- mological word-structure previously cited, but more particularly as an aid to the larger work of comparison of Mutsun with kindred Costanoan and other extra-group languages. The recent proposal of the "Penutian" linguistic family, to which Mutsun would belong, renders such a glossary invaluable for purposes of comparison. 1 A. L. Kroeber, present series, ii, 29-80, 1904. 2 Ibid., ix, 237-271, 1910. 3 Ibid., x, 1-12, 1911. 4R. B. Dixon and A. L. Kroeber, American Anthropologist, n.s., v, 1-26, 1903. 5 Ibid., n.s., xv, 647-655, 1913. 1916] 401 402 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 PART I. STRUCTURE GENERAT, CHARACTERISTICS The surprisingly close similarity between the general morpho- logic structure and Sprachgeist of Costanoan and other languages of its type and Indo-European has already been noted but is none the less striking. The main characteristics of the language may be thus summarized. Phonetic simplicity and comparative unimportance of rules of phonetic change; complete lack of in- corporation, either nominal or pronominal; complete absence of prefixes; independent pronouns; nominal case endings; and com- parative simplicity of categories of mood, tense and number, necessitating an immense number of dissimilar stems of relatively slight difference in significance. PHONETIC SYSTEM The phonetic system of Mutsun and of Costanoan appears to be relatively simple. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, all appearing open in quality. The Spanish orthography is perfectly satis- factory for expressing these sounds and no change has been made in transcription. Rarely a vowel is found in the phrase-book with circumflex accent and very rarely with acute accent, but as no uniformity in thus spelling any word is evident, and as the phonetic variation thus expressed is not described, such marks have been disregarded. The consonants seem to be only w, y, m, n, 1, r-, s, c, x, h, p, t, f, k, and tc. m, n, 1, r, s, p, and t (dental or interdental) are probably correctly expressed in De la Cuesta's Spanish orthog- raphy and are left unchanged. w is generally expressed in Spanish by hu with following vowel. De la Cuesta writes hua, hue, hui, and once huo. He further uses often gua, giue, gui, and guo which denote in Spanish gwa, gwe, gwi and gwo. There is no sonant g in Costanoan, though the k has an intermediate quality. We find, however, that, though the hu- and gu- ortho- graphies are each generally used consistently for certain stems, Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan there are occasional cases of identity, e.g., gualtun, huallun, huolon, "be envious;" huilo, guilo, "signal 'yes' with the eyes;" huipa, giiipa, " invite"; gileren, wveren,6 " rabbit." Similarly the gu- orthography without the diaresis, gue, gui, is found often. This denotes pure sonant g in Spanish, a sound missing in Cos- tanoan. Instances of a stem both with and without the diaresis are common, e.g., gueiero, giieierogmin, "great," and it is prob- able that such omissions of the diaresis are accidental. Therefore all hu- and gu- orthographies have been changed uniformly to w. Medial w is probably expressed by u with following vowel, but it often is difficult to decide whether a given u is vocalic or consonantal. y is expressed correctly except in certain combinations; De la Cuesta's A probably denotes ny. (In a few cases of doubt it has been retained as ni, as in suffix pani.) i and y are sometimes inter- changed, as yttug, ittug, "a seed." Here also it is often difficult to distinguish vowel and consonant. c (sh) is not definitely distinguished by De la Cuesta but is suggested by certain sh, sch orthographies. Had he distinguished the sound he would probably have written it with an x in accord with older Spanish usage. x (palatal surd fricative) presents some difficulties. Initially it is doubtless represented by ja, ge, gi, jo, ju. Medially the same orthography is utilized. Final x seems to be represented by g, e.g., uming, mitiix,6 "wolf;" eg, ex,6 "squirrel." De la Cuesta's g in consonantal combinations offers the most uncertain of the phonetic problems. tigsin, "skunk," is checked by Kroeber's tixsin,6 rendering it practically certain that g in this case repre- sents x. On the other hand, g before m and n probably represents k. Thus cma and gmna are both used as a plural suffix. gne is a common passive suffix. Kroeber has nimikne wakai," "he hit me," doubtless the same suffix. Kroeber transcribes tansagte, "ten," tansakte, but atsiagnis, atsiaxnis.2 Substitution has here been made on the theory that g before a surd represents the con- tinuant x, while before a sonant or intermediate it represents the palatal stop k.7 6 A. L. Kroeber, MS. 7 See postscript below, p. 470. 1916] 403 404 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.11 Initial and medial h may be silent, as in modern Spanish, but since it is regularly employed in certain stems, and as both h and x are found in most Costanoan texts, it is retained. t is the tongue-blade t found in the Costanoan and neighbor- ing languages. De la Cuesta wrote variously tr, th, thr, thrs, trs, etc. It is often difficult to decide whether the last consonant of the complex is a distinct sound or not. Following Spanish usage, k is denoted by De la Cuesta by c before a, o and u, and by qu before e and i. The aifricative tc is regularly written by De la Cuesta ch but often confused with t. Doubled letters, both consonants and vowels, are frequently met with in De la Cuesta's orthography. As these are foreign to the Spanish language, except in the cases of 11 and rr, it is as- sumed that the device is employed to express length or duration of the sound and is therefore expressed in the present paper as the simple sound followed by inverted period, in accord with modern usage. The Spanish language is, on the whole, a far better medium for the recording of unfamiliar languages by an untrained ear than the unrevised English. In the great majority of cases there is no question as to the exact phonetic rendering of the native words, and in a great number of cases they may be left in their original forms. Only in cases where sounds unfamiliar to the Spanish ear occur is difficulty found. Such are w. the peculiar tongue-blade t common to certain California languages, and un- Castillian combinations of sounds. Little difficulty has therefore been encountered in transcribing the native words to modern phonetic orthography, which is doubtless an advisable procedure. The chances for frequent error in so many transcriptions and changes in authorship are too great to allow any phonetic dis- crimination or any elucidation of the finer and less evident points of the language. Shea's impression is replete with errors of transcription from the Padre's manuscript, and these may be increased in the present digest. Many words are spelt variantly, sometimes on the authority of the original, at other times mani- festly due to improper reading of the manuscript. This is par- ticularly true with regard to the easily confused m, n, u, and i. Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Nevertheless, a few pertinent remarks may be made on Mutsun phonetic laws. The language is phonetically smooth and simple, the average word being an orderly alternation of consonant and vowel. Either consonant or vowel may begin or end a word, but consonantal combinations seem to be missing initially or finally, the few recorded cases being probably due to error. Medially certain combinations are permitted, though it is not easy to de- termine these. Thus, latak-na, "go for geese," becomes by meta- thesis lalkana. Similarly, certain suffixes are varied in order to avoid unwieldly and harsh complexes, as kai-s, but men-se (in- terrogative) ; uta-kma, but inis-mak (plural). There appears also to be a feeling for vocalic harmony, and some suffixes are varied to the end that their vowel may correspond and harmonize with the characteristic or stem vowel of the word. Thus sumi-ri-ni, but towo-ro-ste; xana-ksa, but tare-kse. Again certain vowels seem to be dominants and survive in assimilation or elision. Thus the past tense suffixes -is and -in are dominant and -kne-is be- comes -knis; -pu-in, -pin. A thorough phonetic study of the lan- guage would doubtless codify all these rules and elucidate many others. PARTS OF SPEECH Mutsun recognizes as parts of speech the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective and particle, though, as in English, the division is a more or less artificial one, the lines of demarcation are not hard and fast, and it is sometimes difficult to assign properly a given word, which may not uncommonly function in several categories without change in form. NouNs The great majority of Mutsun nominal stems are dissyllabic or trisyllabic. A few of the most common stems, such as many body-parts, are monosyllabic, and a very few apparently poly- syllabic stems are found. Nominal stems appear never to be compounded and are varied only by the addition of a few suf- fixes. Stems appear to begin and end with either vowel or con- sonant without discrimination, and there seem to be no categories of stem types, such as for animate or inanimate, natural or arti- 1916] 405 406 University of California Publications in Arn.Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 ficial. That is, it is not possible to infer from the form of the word or from its suffix the category to which it belongs. Yet there are a few etymological suffixes in occasional use. Those making verbs are given below; those forming nouns follow here. Etymological Suffixes of Nouns 1. -n, resultative, infinitive. Suffixed to verbal or other stems denotes result or phenomenon of an act. noso-n breath, spirit, soul sike-n flatus paine,n menstruation ots.io-n wound sawe-n song Possible cognate: tor-on amole xasi-om shame mira-mi-n gift es (x) e-n dress isme-n sun 2. -s, -s*e, (-se, -si), causative, abstractive. Suffixed to verbal or other stems denotes cause or phenomenon of an act, and is generally used with words of abstract significance. una cure una-s remedy ritca speak ritea-s.e language isut dream isut-s.e a dream kapal(a) embrace kapala-si an embrace kai hurt kai-s pain ete sleep et-se sleepiness xase become angry xa-s anger xemtso silent xenkotst.e silence Probable cognate is: 3. -pis, (-mis, -sis), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or other stems denotes instrument or means for the performance of an act. xewe cast shadow, re- xewe-pis shadow, reflection flect wateh at-as-pis beard, shave eyes-pis lookout beard-napkin at-ue eye Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan itok cleanse itok-pis table-cloth, napkin roro (s) play roro-mis toy isme-n sun isme-sis clock sukumu smoke sukumu-s-pis end of eigar 4. -msa, (-nsa), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or other stems denotes instrument or means for the performance of an act. humiri baptize humiri-msa baptismal font ene write ene-msa eraser, blotter ama eat ama-nsa meals teala urinate tcala-msa bladder iisi owe isi-msa debts Probably also: unupimsa handkerchief rotemsa papers siamalpimsa confession yisuwaninsa corns 5. -pan, -pan-, agentive. Suffixed to verbal stems denotes the more or less habitual doer of an act or the exponent of a quality. yume-pafi liar maxer-pan one who makes sport of another with the eyes notio-pan one who denies the truth nimi-pani beater yoso-pai lustful, lecherous latue-pan one who is always making signs with the tongue ol.ue-pafi one who signals with his hand pitciwi-pan cleanser of hair li-pan hider nimi-pan striker, hitter Other isolated examples of etymological nominal suffixes are: ruk cord ruk-esma doubled cord upu buy upu-nsatpa payment usupu fast usupu-hai Lent, time of fast- ing mai-xi laugh mai-t a laugh, laughing mira give present mira-x, mira- gift mi-n koxo load of meat koxo-enis bringer of load of meat pux-ta make bread pux-uts bread 1916] 407 - 408 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 krak-e name, call krak-at a name soko-te laurel soko-tci laurel fruit rite decorate with rite-ni feminine adorn- beads ment mukur-ukispu act like a mukur-ma woman woman Reduplication seems to play an unimportant role in Mutsun morphology. A few words are found in which the first syllable is reduplicated but there is no evidence that the phenomenon is of any morphological importance. Practically all of the instances occur with names of animals or plants. mumuri fly mumulaluk butterfly lalak geese lukluk geese kakari raven soksoliian sensonte porpor cottonwood totolua plantain Morphological Suffixes of Nouns The Mutsun language is a comparatively simple one morpho- logically, being quite comparable to modern European languages in this respect. But few changes in inflection for the declension of nouns and the conjugation of verbs are found. These will be noted below. The noun is inflected for differences in number, case, and in some cases even for person. Gender is, as commonly in Ameri- can languages, not recognized, unless in sporadic etymological categories. Many, if not all, animate nouns take a pluralizing suffix. This is: 6. -kma, -mak, plural. sini boy sini-kma, sin- boys ksma ataspis-mak lookouts uta-kma parents uhinis-mak fishermen uras-mak hole.diggers atsia girl atsiai-kma girls Ma8on: Muteun Dialect of Costanoan pasear (Sp.) pasear-is-mak passers-by wateir.on-mak the Guachirunos ka daughter ka-kma daughters inis son inis-mak sons It is also used with substantive adjectives. -kma is doubtless the original form and is used after a vowel, -mak being employed after a consonant to avoid harsh complexes, though there are exceptions. There appears to be no dual number. The various nominal case relations are expressed by suffixes which may be interpreted as postpositions, but are probably as correctly explained as true case inflections. These are: 7. -was, -uas, compositional, partitive, material. ores-was tap hide of bear xut.-was tote meat of belly xurek-war ruk cord of sinew orpe-was etse middle of night 8. -me, termrinative. patre-me into the house of the Padre me-me to you, with you 9. -se, -s-e, -ne, -he, objective. aisa-ne (see) them kairka-s.e (try) pinole moro-s.e (hunt) moles krakat-se (know) name kapxan-ne (strike) three inu-se (take) road soton-he (blow) fire etc. 10. -sun, -sum, -um, instrumental. ak-sun (die) of hunger mait-sun (die) of laughing tala-sun (die) of heat ekwets-sum (conceived) in sin, (choked) with sin xai-um (speak) with the mouth urkan-um (thresh) with the mortar 1916] 409 410 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 11. -tka, -taak, locative. tapur-tak (hung) in tree urkan-tak (grind) in mortar xumes-tak (hidden) in grass ote-tka (speak) in ear wima-k-tak (wound) in wing ekwaesti-tak (wallow) in sin -tka seems to follow vowels, -tak consonants to avoid com- plexes. 12. -tu, comitative. tanses-tu (eat) with younger brother ap.a-tu (dance) with father A possible suffix with more the force of a postposition is: 13. -tun, -tum, regressive. tina here tina-tun, tina- from here tum In the case of terms of relationship there are sometimes di- verse endings according to the grammatical person. Thus: 1 2 3 14. -s(8), 15. -t(8), 16. -n(8), n, ''my" ''thy'' "his" apa father apsa ana mother ansa taka elder brother taksa taknan tare younger brother tarekse tarekte taha elder sister tahasa tahanan papa grandfather papsa et.e grandfather et-se tcire grandmother teirsi teinin xan.a wife xan.aksa xan.an sit child sitnun me (ne) grandmother mense menen The basis of this is plainly an infixation of -s- before the char- acteristic vowel for the first person possessive and the substitu- tion of -n8n for the third person, where 8 represents the char- acteristic vowel. The 8k of tar-ek-se and xan--ak-sa are sporadic. This may be the vestige of a once fully functional genitive case. No other instances are found in the language. The -t- of the second person is very dubious. 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan PRONOUNS The pronoun, as before stated, is independent and never mor- phologically welded with the verb or other part of speech. The six representatives of the two numbers and three persons are dis- tinct and those of the third person seem to have little or no demonstrative force. The case endings, particularly the -s of the objective, are suffixed also to the pronouns. The possessive pro- noun is often identical with the subjective form, though generally one form is exclusively subjective. The pronoun has a tendency toward combination with other pronouns and particles. Thus we find such forms as ka-mes, " I-you, " this being the most frequent; kat (ka-et), "I in future time"; kas-hiha, "I also." The pronominal stems are monosyllabic or at the most dis- syllabic and quite dissimilar for the various persons. The first and second personal plural pronouns, however, commence with the syllable mak-, doubtless cognate with the pluralizing suffix -mak. Demonstrative and adjectival pronouns are numerous and invariable. Detailed lists of all classes of pronouns will be found in Part II. VERBS The typical Mutsun verbal stem is dissyllabic, ending in a characteristic vowel. This may even be the invariable rule, ap- parent infractions and exceptions being due to error or presence of unsuspected etymological or morphological elements. The characteristic vowel is not inalienably welded to the stem, since certain infixes are added between stem and characteristic. Like nouns, verb stems take no prefixes, all morphological mechanism being attained by means of suffixes. A few solitary examples of possible verb-stem combination have been found which may be differently interpreted on fuller acquaintance with the language. up-xi(ni) roll, fall (scissors) xin(e) go, walk up-uru(ni) slip, fall (person) uru(ni) fall up-ki roll, seize (log) at-ki break, seize (log) at.e, atse break 1916] 41 412 University of Calif ornia Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 Reduplication of verbal stems is practically unknown in Mut- sun. A few sporadic cases are found, however, which seem to have the iterative significance frequently denoted by this means in American languages. polso painted polpolsi dotted, streaked tule knock tultul.e palpitate pulpul.e palpitate tipe wander tiptipe wander It is a difficult and largely an artificial task to separate verbal particles into etymological and morphological elements. Never- theless certain of these appear to belong to the former category and others may be placed there merely for the lack of evidence of morphological significance. Etymological Suffixes of Verbs 17. -te, possessive. Suffixed to nominal stems denotes pos- session of the object. otco-te possess ears kraka-te possess name sitnun-te have children pultei-te have full breasts 18. -kis-, (-wis-, -pwis-), imitative. Suffixed to nominal or other stems denotes imitation of person or act. The reflexive suffix -pu is normally added. mam.anxa-kis-pui act like a fool mukene-pwis-pu act like a man mukuru-kis-pu act like women monsie-kis-pu, (-wis-pu) act like a sensible person sawe-wis-pu pretend to sing 19. -na, purposive. The verbal suffix -na, "go to do," func- tions also as an etymological suffix to noun stems, denoting in this case "go for." lalak geese lalka-na go for geese sirak nuts sirka-na go for nuts weren rabbit were-na go for rabbits Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 20. -mi, dative. Likewise the verbal suffix -mi may be suffixed directly to nouns, functioning as an etymological suffix and de- noting gift of the object. It is generally or always used with the imperative and the first person singular object. ruxe arrow ruxe-mi-tit give me arrows ma-ter tobacco ma-sue-mi-tit give me tobacco setne acorn-bread setne-si-mi-t give me bread 21. -ti, substantive. A possible substantive suffix is found once: tanses brother tanses-ti-(s) be a brother 22. -u-, oppositional. Infixed before characteristic vowel of verbal or other stems denotes significance opposite to that of simple stem. xit.a sew xit.ua rip pit.e tie pit.ue untie pat.i seize, grab pat ue loose rotko knot rotuk untie knot kitca lock with key kitcua open with key rotcio enveloped rotciwe(wi) freed teuni, tunuu fold, pleat teunuhwi open, unfold 23. -r-, excessive. Followed by the characteristic vowel ap- pears to denote a psychological cautse for the condition described. sumi be content sumi-ri-ni sleep from satiety siwi burn siwi-ri-ni sun:ocate from heat towo be rigid towo-ro-ste be stiff from cold seso shiver seso-r-po, shiver from fear (seso-n) 24. -t-, corporeal. Followed by a vowel in harmony with pre- ceding one generally refers to action with or on parts of body. latue-te long tongue, (he) extends his tongue l.el.uer-te roll (eyes) too much kai-ti tighten (it)I make (it) fast! rau-ta-smin with large occiput mup-tu shut your mouth! pelte, pete shut eyes pete(ni) keep mouth elosed poto pluck hairs kapata cross hands 1916] 413 414 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 tere-ti-s nam-ti, nam-it kili-te yata-ti, xop.o-ti, ilsi-mi-ti, olte-mi-ti insu-ti, insu-te upxi-ti (or upxi) wipa-ti ole-ti ina-ti-s esoni-ti lopx-ti-ni-n (you) have cut (your hair) (I have not) understood, heard (it) sparkles (did he give you) anything, a drink, meat, pinole? (you) know (it) (let me) drink a little (will) invite (you) (I) seized (it), (what) could (you do?) (I) became sick (you) hate (the language) grew mouldy (wheat) Possibly the same suffix is found in the imperative with first person singular object, -t or -ti-t. It is a doubtful suffix; no at- tempt is made to explain it. 26. -wi, -we. inu-wi-me-i remind (him) I rus-u-wi-kne spit tip-wi (you) shorten (confession) nansa-we (he went) to try pak.a-we (may they) gather (them) I lala-wi-s he threw him 27. -si. xasiwa-si xeksio-si-n xima-si-kun mexe-si pati-si nan-mi-si pak.a-si puti-si uta-si-mi-t at-se-i xelue-si-tit musi-si (xelue-mi-tit) scratch the boys ' heads I (have you) satisfied (him) ? (we) have searched for (them) (let me) be seeing; lookl (that which) he has in his hand (I) was listening (to them) he seeks (us) (I) am blowing (the fire) guard me! break it! flay, strip for me! (child) is sucking This suffix may be cognate with the mandatory -si (No. 45) but the resemblance is not evident. Other possible etymological suffixes are: 25. -te, -ti, (-it). 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan a doubled eord a bag house tobacco fish amole shame wife mussels rukesma-te make countless in- terweavings xotio- (si) -nme (order to) make a bag ruk-sap- (in) (they have) made houses mat-uk-(ti) give (me) tobacco mat.-ere-gn-in (he) was intoxi- cated wi-ni catch fish tor-ke bring amole xasi-mun be ashamed xan.an-mi-(n) (was) married xakua-ikus I went for mussels Morphological Suffixes of Verbs The verbal stem is variously modified for considerations of tense, voice, various modal significances, and to some extent for number. The unmodified stem is used alone for the present tense and with temporal adverbial particles to express the future. The most frequent temporal suffix is -n. This is generally translated by the Spanish preterit, but frequently also by the present. It may have an indefinite or aoristic sense, or denote incompleteness or continuance of action, and is found mainly with intransitive verbs. 28. -(i)n, indefinite. (whenever I) err (I) shoot (with my left hand) (whenever a house) burns (you will be) frozen (I) argue (with him) (he) follows (you) (I) am dying (rain) is ceasing (he) is cold (I) have peppered my throat (soon the river) will dry up (he) nauseated (you) (I) liked (that) (when they) rest rukesma xotio ruk-a mat-er wi-xi tor-on xasi-om xan.an xakua totio-n tio-n ilo-n towo-n ketio-n yati-n xati-n xirwL-ni-n tursi-ni-n terpe-ni-n tempe-ni-n loe-ni-n letse-ni-n isiwe-n 1916] 415 416 Univer8ity of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 29. - (i)s, past tense. This is less common than -n. It appears to be a more definite past and is found mainly with transitive verbs. yoreti-s (he) chased (me) katia-mi-s (he) gave (you) mistu-s (you) warmed yourself mexe-npi-s (I) have seen (them) wipa-s (I) invited (you) 30. - (i) kun, past tense. This is the less frequent past ending and appears principally with transitive verbs. It is probably the most remote of the past tenses, but as all three of these are regu- larly translated by the bare Spanish preterit, it is most difficult to delimit their respective spheres. The examples seem to imply completion of action. uxsini-kun (you) have increased ut.ui-kun (I) guarded (it) uxei-kun (I) have guarded (it) oioi-kun (he) seized (it) oisio-kun (it) happened again The distinction between the categories of intransitive and transitive is not as close as in many Pacific languages, and there is no invariable designating particle for either. Certain suffixes, however, pertain to one or the other type. One of the commonest suffixes in the language is -ni, which appears on the whole to be a kind of intransitive suffix. 31. -ni, intransitive. orko-ni-n, (orko-ste) mu-ni-n in.u-ni-n istu-ni-n (wate-na) xamu-ni-n (wate-na) lak.e-ni-n eme-ni-n inxa-ni-n muk.ie-ni-n semo-ni-n tursi-ni-n tupu-ni-n suiu-ni-n (suiu-ste) tisku-ni-n xupse-ni-n xasli-ni-n ad infinitum kwe) were frightened (you could not) imagine (me) (I) awoke (I) dreamt oL (you) (fire) is dying, (is-going dying) ksun) is rising, (is-going rising) (I was going) to forget (it) (I) am sick, have become sick, (you) are sick (I) am old woman (it wants little time for me) to die (he) is cold (I) put my finger in my eye it was finished, consumed, used up (did this) breakt (my hair) is fixed and prepared (be ye not) sad Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan The nearest approach to a transitive suffix is -np, which seems to express action directed toward another person. 32. -np(e), transitive. titi-np-in itco-np-itit tolso-npe Milui-npe ruima-npe munsu-npe mus.i-np-itit-yut mene-npe mane-np-in tupu-np-in he defended (me) pull me out! (I will) break (your feet) (we will) amuse (you) do not disturb (him) (ye have) soiled it warm ye me I (how can I) forget (yout) (has he) forgotten (ye?) (I) put my finger in (his) eye Reflexive relations are very frequent and expressed by the suffix: 33. -pu, -p-, reflexive. lix-inpu lix-p-in ita-pu eyes-pu tcai-pu axa-pu xat.a-pu-i tak.e-p-is orko-p-in-se-me un-pi-na I will kill myself she killed herself (do you) wash yourself? shave oneself praise oneself (have ye not) combed yourselves? hit yourself (I) measured myself did you frighten yourself ? (I) am going to cure myself In many cases -pu appears to be used idiomatically, the re- flexive function being obscure. buy crave, wish awake, remem- ber teach speak upu-s-pu uni-s-pu inu-s-pu nip.a-p-in ritca-pu sell consent observe, know, see, feel they will teach (him never) play, entertain Reciprocal relations are expressed by the suffix: 34. -mu, reciprocal. xata-mu let us fight lix-mu we will kill each other keye-mu (do not) trample each other is.u-mu play together I hutcu-mu-t lift each other! uni inu nip.a ritca 1916] 417 418 University of California Publicationts in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 The passive voice is of considerable importance in Mutsun morphology and seems to be preferred to the active as a method of expression whenever possible. It is expressed by the suffix: 35. -kne, passive voice. mexe-kne (me) (you) will be seen mira-kne (me) (you) will be given a gift mupa-kne (nep.e) (this) is sucked ole-kne (they) are (not) caught like-kne (me) (you) will be killed lokuk-kne (xin) (the eye) is put out lala-kn-is (haka) (he) was thrown down ut.u-kne (nep.e) (this) is guarded liwa-kn-is (arrow) was hidden mat.-ere-kn-in (he) was intoxicated Probably cognate with this is the suffix -ne with which it is in cases interchangeable. -ne often denotes a future passive, at other times its exact use is not clear. 36. -ne, future passive. nansa-si-ne (when we) try mexe-si-ne, (you) will be seen yume-si-ne (you) will be cheated xiraste-pu-ne will (you) be reprimandedt eise-kte-ne-s have (you) shaved yourself? Another suffix with a passive force is -stap. This seems to refer entirely to completed passive action, and a great number of the examples noted have a first person singular subject. 37. -stap, perfect passive. ruta-stap (feathers) recently pulled pele-stap (with what) was (this) stuck? potsie-stap (I) was censured katia-stap they gave rations ixtci-stap (he) was bitten by a snake liki-stap (I) was killed xise-stap (the fat ones) have been selected mutiku-stap (I) have been tickled The modal categories are considerably less extensive than commonly in American languages but rather better developed than in Indo-European. The imperative is expressed by suffixes varying for number and person of subject and object. Thus: 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Imperative 2d pers. sing. subj. 2d pers. plu. subj. xima-t ima-t oltemi-tit ip.e-i oio-i xima-i ok.wo-i ot.emi-tit-yut sumua-ti-yut oto-yut otciko-yut laisaisi-yut at.e-ti-yut ara-ti-yut huteu-m-ut Intransitive or 1st pers. obj. 3d pers. obj. 38. -t,-tit 39. -i 40. -tyut, -tityut 41. - (i) yut seek me ! show me (it) ! give me pinole I turn around I seize it I seek him I send them I give me pinole ! give me wood I go for atole I be quiet I sing slowly I give him! give him! lift each other I Arnother suffix with an imperative force is -is. This implies going to some other place to accomplish the command and may be termed the 42. -is, missionary imperative. monse-is go and tell (them) ! sak.a-is go and bring (pinole) ! taska-is go and walk (in the field) I etue-is go and release (it) I oi-is go and get (it) I xi-is go for fire! There appear to be some terminations having the effect of a subjunctive. These are: 43. -tkun, subjunctive, hypothetical. ara-tkun kati-tkun ko-tkun ko.-tkun, kwo.-tkum on.o-tkun oi-tkun 44. -kane, conditional. ole-ti-kane toko-kti-kane tax-kane ak-niu-kane (you) should give (him) thus should (I dress) (you) should tell (me) (he) would have made sport (of you), speaking (of you) after death (I) would get (it if I wanted it) if I could only catch them! if the bed is of . . .. when it is asked when he is thirsty 1916] 419 420 University of California Publications in Ant.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 There may be some relation to the passive particle kne. Iterative or frequentative relations are expressed by the suffix or infix -s, placed between the stem and the characteristic vowel. 45. -s, iterative. ak.u enter aksu many enter ele-pu go else-pu many go epe pass epse many pass semo(n) die semso(n) many die De la Cuesta pays considerable attention to this suffix in his grammar, suggesting that it is frequent with every verbal stem. Strangely, very few unquestionable examples of it are found in the phrase-book. Probably the same morphological element is that found in many cases following the characteristic vowel, particularly before the reflexive -pu, denoting in that case plural or iterative re- flexive. It is also commonly found in words denoting occupations, i.e., one who performs an act continually. Compare the nouns denoting personal categories in Part II. amae-s-pu (do not) amuse yourselves roroi-s-pu (do not) disport yourselves like boys siole-s-p-is (we) were talking among ourselves xewe-s-pu (we) both look together into the mirror Other usages are more idiomatic and less evident. ritca-is-pu recount, converse (ritcapu, play) upu-s-pu sell (upu, buy) siole-s-pu (they) are solitary and sad mexe-s-pu (like as he) looked The mandatory or causative relation is expressed by the suffix: 46. -si, (-se), mandative. xotio-si-nme you have ordered that they make a bag mana-si-s (you) commanded to extinguish it ata-si-s (you) commanded (me) to steal pina-se-s did (I) order this I Three relations implying motion are of importance in Mutsun. The first, -na, denotes motion to a distant place or outdoors. Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 19. -na, purposive motion hence. lixni-na (he) is going to kill (it) xiisi-na (I) am going to catch (them) paita-na (let us) go and catch (them) wate-na (lak.e-nin) (sun) is rising; (going-rising) wate-na (wetere-nin) (it) is increasing; (going-inereasing) ereksi-na-ka I am going to bathe The second, -su, denotes motion to a nearby place or indoors. 47. -su, purposive mortion hence. nam-isi-su (I) am going to hear (them) ertse-su (I) am going to supper were-su (I) am going to catch rabbits nearby etste-su (I) am going to sleep The third, -inyi, denotes motion hither. 48. -inyi, (-im), purposive motion hither. liw-inyi (I) come to kill (you) monse-im (I) come to advise (you) nesep-inyi (we) come to beg permission pasip-inyi (I) come to salute (you) warep-inyi (I) come to visit (you) A very rare and doubtful suffix, -knit (misspelled in the gram- mar as guit, or wit), has been termed "prohibitional."8 This may be the passive kne plus the future adverb et; i.e., "you must not be struck. " 49. -knit, prohibitive. tamta-knit, xata-knit he must not strike you A second very obscure suffix, -ksi, is translated by De la Cuesta "perfectly well," perfectamente bien, and is termed by Kroeber " excellentive. ' '7 50. -ksi, excellentive. xeksio-ksi (let me) satisfy (him) ruisiu-ksi do not (ye) tremble ruisu-ksi (your hand) trembles nipa-ksi (we) are teaching (him) rinsi-ksi (they) take the lower (key) siaksu-ksi-t (speak) to me softly (in my ear) xaune-ksi (would that) someone would bring (water) siru-ksi-ste (it) is pulverized polso-ksi (what is this) paintedt 8 The Chumash and Coptanoan Languages, op. cit., p. 253. 421 11916] 422 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 The verbal suffix -mi (cf. nominal suffi -mi) seems to denote an indirect personal object or an action done for the benefit of a person. It is most frequently found with the imperative and first person object, "do this for me.' 20. -mi, -me, beneficial. katia(stap) gave (food) xelu(ksi) monse (t) monsie riri iisi musi-si tika etc. strip off bark advise (me) relate put selvage on owe suck chew katia-mi(s) gave (clothes to thee) xelue-mi(tit) strip bark (for me)! monse-mi(tit) advise (me) ! monsie-mi(tit) recount (me) I monsie-me relate to you riri-mi(tit) put selvage on (for me) ! iisi-me (you) owe (me), (I-you) musi-mi suckle, give suck tika-mi(t) chew (for me)! Two suffixes of the greatest frequency are evidently cognate. These are -kte and -ste. The former is listed by De la Cuesta merely as a preterit tense suffix, the latter, though of frequent occurrence, not mentioned at all, though a suffix -miste, probably a hortatory, is described. Both seem to have the sense of a past participle, and, like the latter, are frequently used adjectively. They express completed action or achieved condition. Though little difference is discern- able between the two, it would appear that -kte is used principally for transitive relations, -ste for intransitive ones. They are fre- quently translated by the Spanish ya, " already. " 51. -kte, (-xte?), perfect transitive (participle), adjectival. mit.ci-kte esko-kte rite-kte laki-kte tolo-kte lip.a-kte, lixwa-kte liisu-kte posio-kte riski-kte sitl.u-kte niotsio-kte husiero-kte nutiri-kte (bow) is unstrung (it is) torn, impure (it) is decorated with beads (it) is lifted, hung (they) have donned their regalia it is hidden toothless hairless pug-(nosed) small short big (mouth) big-nosed Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan 52. -ste, perfect intransitive (participle), adjectival. xiwa-ste semso-ste toilo-ste pelke-ste xutcu-ste kome-ste wane-ste siksa-ste, mikna-ste sesuk-ste, sumu-ste unxu-ste, (unxu-smin) natka-ste rinta-ste noioro-ste ad infinitum (they) have (not) arrived (they) have died (they) are seated he was displeased (at me) (he) has eyes (I) am tired already (I) am satiated it is soiled (it) has decayed snotty black lean large (feet) The interrogative is expressed by the suffixation of the en- clitic -s, -se. This may be suffixed to other words than the verb. more commonly to the initial word of the phrase. Thus: 53. -s, -se, interrogative. kan-se is this m ....? kai-s it is painful? ekwe-s did not .... ? lalka-na-s did (you) go for geese? men-se did you . . . -s regularly follows a vowel, -se a consonant, thus avoiding terminal consonantal complexes. The negative is formed by the independent particle ekwe. epsie is sometimes used with negative imperatives, but the more common method in this case is the use of the bare pronoun men. Some of the isolated and unexplained suffixes, indicated by italics, are: siru-mpi, siru-mpe (siru-ksi-ste) man-ti-kte; man-tci-s.te (man-sa, man-as) yoko-rte menso-rte mup-il.u-rte ainwe-iam paka-inini-s ole-mospo ton-se-s ton-enp-is tisku-kse-i grind (salt); (ground) it went out; is going out (put it out!) (cigar) has become ash (they) have drowned (boy) keeps his mouth elosed (you said you) went to see (him) (he wanted) to find (us) (he) can (run) well (I) met (him) (I) lost (this) split it! 1916] 423 424 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 kil-e, kil-ile, kil-pulme, kil-ite kipi-ni-pu-i kai-nawin kute-kets.i satar-a, satar-e, satar-pu teite-sin-i sam-ursi sam-aipu; sam-iante xute-punk xit-kin nansi-ke xeksio-ie-i xase-sen xat-xasti; xat-xatsi nip.a-pin lop-kti-nin, lop-xe-ste ipi-re-i (ip.e-i) ina-ti-s; ina-k-pu we-solo-kte, we-yero-kmin, we-sare-kte we-tan; we-tere-npe-i yer-oepin matala-mu-i; matalu-ni-stap; matula-ni mene-npo mir-ma-mi-t mup-i-pu-i; mup-e-i; mup-il.u-rte; mup-us-pu-i; mup-tu mai-xi-ni-ste tcorok-pummk ii-ps-is; ii-si-me ak-eni-ni-n; ak-niu-kane ekwe-na uni-spu, uni-spate, umi-spak ole-ri inu-wi-me-i itma-ni-t; itma-nu-i it-uime mu-i-ni-n rui-su-ksi; rui-siu-ksi; rui-sin-ksi; rui-ma-np-in; rui-nga-t; riu-ki-np-in umsu-mi-n wax-tci-i ele-mau-pu et-oe sparkle wink (your eyes) narrow, difficult very well tied, very strongly bound open the mouth dance for meI (they all) have long hair (I), (they all) cut their front hair fire is made (I will not) cleanse myself (you will soon) be known satisfy (him)! (teach me before I) get angry! it is well swept; very clean (they will never) teach him (wheat) moulded turn (this)! (turn around!) (I) became sick; (will you not) be- come sick? large, great is great; inerease it for mel (he is) growing old place face downward; (I) was placed; (wait for him) to place himself (I will not) forget give me that which you were given! shut his mouth! shut his mouth with your hand! (he) keeps his mouth shut; shut your mouth! (they) laugh at (your speech) we become sad (when - - .) (I) owed; (I do not) owe (you any- thing) (I) am thirsty; (when) one is thirsty (I) have, no (. . . .) (he wished) to agree (you) can (not) remind (him)! lift me! lift him I (we have) corrected them (I) am tired of journeying (your hand) trembles; (do not ye) shudder; (who) trembles? he moved him; move me! I moved (they) flew scratch (him) ! (you) will arise (early) (he) slept (little) Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan ADJECTIVES Adjectives display close relations with both verbs and nouns. A few of them appear to be definite adjectival stems without terminations, a small number seem to be derived from nouns, but by far the greater number are akin to verbal stems. As allied to nouns they may take the pluralizing suffix and stand as sub- stantives, as weyero-mak, "the big ones." As allied to verbs they commonly take the verbal perfect suffixes -kte and -ste and may be interpreted either as verbs or as adjectives, e.g., "the cloth has been soiled," "the cloth is soiled," or "soiled cloth." In addition to the verbo-adjectival endings -kte and -ste there are two others, evidently cognate, used solely with adjectives. These are -kmin and -smin. The distinction between them is not evident, as, for instance, both nutka-kmin and humulu-smin mean "black" (sing.) and notka-mak and natka-ste "black" (plu.). Other suffixes likewise seem to be interchangeable under certain circumstances, as both orko-ni-n and orko-ste mean " he was frightened;" unxu-smin and unxu-ste both mean "snotty." -kmin is probably cognate to -kne and -smin to -ste. 54. -kmin, adjectival. patka-kmin heavy, deep white pelo-kmin bald nutka-kmin black hihul.i-kmin something cut, as a pole isiwa-kmin newborn kuti-kmin very small kipinyi-kmin a winker kits.u-kmin twisted 55. -smin, adjectival. selpe-smin xop-tie-smin an.e-smin ritea-smin waksa-smin ritcua-smin rauta-smin samili-smin humulu-smin unxu-smin pelso-smin paisa-smin xase-smin ad infinitum (are you) intoxicatedt elimber turtles liberal, generous miserable, vile silly, foolish with large back of neek and occiput putrified black snotty large-tongued, garrulous runner brave, fierce 1916] 425 426 Universityof CaliforniaPublications8inAm.Arch.andEthn. [Vol.11 An infix -ti- is occasionally found before adjectival endings. It is placed between the simple stem and the characteristic vowel. Its import is not clear but it seems to imply an adjectival- agentive sense. 56. -ti-, adjectival-agentive. xop.e climb xop-ti-e-(smin) climber tcala urinate teal-ti-a- (smin) urinator muxe suspect, mux-ti-e-(ste) one who makes misconstrue wrong judgments wilo signal "yes"I wil-ti-o-(n.in) one who signals with the eyes "yes" with the eyes Another etymological element giving an adjectival signifi- cance is: 57. -se, -si, adjectival. in-se tear-ful yer-se torn polpol-si dotted PARTICI.S Particles are independent and invariable. They range from monosyllabic to polysyllabic, the longer ones being probably com- pounded. For purposes of reference they are divided into loca- tive adverbs, temporal adverbs, descriptive adverbs, and inter- jections. Two enclitics are met. The first is a conjunctive, -hiha or -hia, "and, also, as well." kas-hiha me also The second is an adjectival pronoun, -sia, "alone, only, solely. " men-sia you alone wak-sia he alone 6Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan PART II. CLASSIFIED LIST OF STEMS The following lists are arranged in the order of the phonetic alphabet. First the vowels, a, e, i, o, u, then the semi-vowels w and y, the nasals m and n, the liquid I and the trill r, the spirants s, x, and h, the surd stops p, t, t, and k, and the aifricative tG. NOUNS Animals aiarat auni-smin, an=-smia are asurian, asit atat akat elei-min ex, hex eksen intkx ipiwa omkon ores otol., oton okom uminx unteu-smin uraka wawisaes, -ses, -soes, wakisaes wal.en wasaka wakarat-smin weren wilo-pan wireskan wixi wipsur yurah maian marite mitis mumul.al.uk mumuri muniek, musiek magpie turtles bird like a heron sparrow magpie conch goshawk squirrel quail large hare (rattle) snake maggot bear red ant bird wolf black beetle salmon coyote owl eagle frog rabbit blackbird bat fish fleas black duck coyote young deer little moulting bird (jestingly) butterfly fly small bird with blaek feet 1916] 427 428 University of California Publication8 in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 niwes notot lalak lesokwa lisana l.uopo lukluk rames rax rinya risui rumai saiae sanraruk sakar siol.ekon siuyuts siul.il.uk sisin sitikna, sitcikna, sikikna sikot soksokian swesusu xakua, (xaakan) xun.un hutce (kinis) paratu penie, penik perisiana pil.okian piteina polokis polten por poskoi-min potol pukwie, pukwi pukului-min tamala tatci tiwiem tiwituk tira-smin tixain tipih-smin tominis toroma torpaes, torsiepa faun blackbird with yellow head geese earthworms snake yearling calves geese weasel white louse rat young coyote young hare jays large geese nits mole like a dormouse sea-otter butterfly small bird young squirrel mole bird like sensonte large ducks mussel small dove dog woodpecker cat young quails martin maggot, insect grasshoppers young rabbit flea black ant blackbird with yellow head young deer, young fallow-deer toad leopard (puma?) a small animal fallow-deer bird spider skunk earthworm seal wild-cat gray blackbird 9Mason: Mutsun Dtalect of Costanoan tote tayankal taiaskal tiwak time tuilun kaul.epat kaxai kakari kaknu kotewes kulian teaxi tceies tcil.iskan teirit-min teorena, tcolteolua teurutu aisaae, inkis.e ama-knis anii arwe ahamen enena it.ux owos ortor-kmin uwena uner upit wara yarkas yukis momox morot muren lumuimin ransona rapak repit reteti riris ripin rore ruskes sawana sasuk deer, cattle, meat blackbird blackbird with watery eyes bird whale vulture bird with large mouth black louse raven hawk snakes blackbird hawk hare hawk bird cricket woodpecker Botanical acorns seeds a white tree oak bundle of fire-wood blackberries a seed seed, fruit hay very pink flower wild onion acorn shell an herb an herb acorn a small, salty seed acorn shell an edible herb an herb an herb oak acorn shell blackberry bramble vine oak an herb an herb a thicket moss 429 1916] 430 Unier8ity of California Pubication8 in Aim.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.11 sapa sak siutotok wetemak sirak sipuruna somon sokote sokotci sumna, sumua xale xireni, (xirena, xiremi) xipur xit.iani xitna, xitia xikot xolopis xop mimes xumi-smin xur patax pat.i pat pakir pit.ui porpor porpor onien pururis tamet tarax tapur tinwis toinon tuxe tapis taki totolua kamer kamun ketex kirit.-amin, kirit-skin teasuni teatia teisnan awis eyes in herb with a dark, hard seed small pinenut poisonous plant filberts, hazelnuts a white root hole in a tree laurel fruit of laurel sticks of wood green tule large pine-nut a tree tuna elderberries pine shell, chaff of acorn larch, a red tree hay wild rice seed willow chia tuno plant like tule seeds cottonwood tree like white cottonwood small fruit a dark edible root small, white willow tree, wood flowers a small fruit oak reeds, straw fruit tree plantain sweet herb tuno leaves an herb hay a well-known tree, testicles of hog alder Body Parts left hand beard tears Mason: Mutsun& Dialect of Costanoan isu, is#u ihatu itcie, itcik olot otco, ote ots.io-n una unux uri us watex wel.ewel(min) wima, wimak wilopa yisuwani-nsa yutxa marax maxul mak.us mitla moxel moxot mus mutis muktiokris, (muxtioxris) noso-n las.e lasin lit.akwa lom lopohs, lop-ots lup.us raras ritok rikex piliu romos, rutcu rumes rus sama sanan sarka sapa-n sinpur sire sip.Os sit sik.en somsom sok-o-s hand ear-cavity pudenda back of neck ear bullet wound bangs, hair on forehead mucus from nose hair nostrils stomach point of the lips wing the red head of the blackbird corns tumor on neck skin spittle, phlegm knees thigh head skull bosom, oreasts front teeth ankle breath, spirit, soul tongue finger-joints veins brain navel anus molar teeth intestines prepuce of penis pimples, wart spine, backbone saliva right hand groin blind eye pupil of eye eyebrows heart, mind feathers teeth wind broken, flatus armpits testicles 1916] 431 432 University of California Publication8w in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 soko-rena, sioko-rena sute xai xahie xat.a xakana xelien xeser xin xorko-s xop.o xumut xunyois xurek xupur xutu, xut.u paine-n pat.ian pakar pak.a poteor pusi, piliu, pat.os, patsa, pelsi put.u-s put.us tankar tap.is tak.e takutspis tima tiras tolso, toolos tote tokol turis turtunin tuksus tup.ui, tupui tutper tukai tukmur tamus tap tat.i turum karkas kapis katak, katcak, katak kateitei scrotum pudenda mouth voice palm and sole tail (of snake) skin birth-mark, scar eye throat back, upper part of back skull arm ligament carbuncle belly, abdomen menstruation blood rash shoulder-blade scalp sores pudenda belly, abdomen thumb roof of mouth crown of head ribs shin-bone forehead buttocks knees flesh, meat syphilitic sores nails throat, neck ears tail lips chest bosom Adam's apple cheeks, face hide bone skin molar teeth little finger nape of the neck, occiput pudenda 9Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan koro (kukas), xukas teapal teiri tc.oxo tcukuri foot anus, buttoeks kidneys horn pudenda evacuations Manufactures, Instruments an.ipu aren axe-s ata-s-pis-mak at.e atin akat eyes-pis ene-msa one-kmin, enko-kmin erests esxen et.cer ets eksen iiot imini iru-kmin isme-sis itok-pis oxot ot.eme unupi-msa, un.opi-msa ulis urkan usek utis utel uteir-min walexin ware warsan weteok yatan, lasun yoxo mas mater, master lawan rires ritai pillow knot comb watch-towers acorn-bread feminine ornament ornament of conch shell napkin blotter, eraser writing, letter real, a piece of money dress, clothes iron bed nest sacred stick, fetisht pinole arrow-point clock, watch table-cloth, napkin basket with handle pinole handkerchief basket mortar whistle, flute arrow-point (arrow-shaft) ear-ornament of feathers small needle small basket feather ornament small basket small basket net load of meat beads tobacco bow arrow-cord, spear-cord rabbitskin clothes 1916] 433 0 434 University of California Publications in Ain.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 riteni rit.s rote-msa ruris ruxe ruk ruk-esma ruka sak.in setne sianexan siotok siwen simirin sinpie, siupia sipirek sipuksan soxoi sokwe supik sutia xasa-pis xats.ian, xas.ian xel.emok, xel.emon xitca-mis, xitsia, xiteha-mis xotio zotox xurpu homoron humeren humiri-msa palsi-n parsex pakuts-mis pelo-maes piroi puxut, puput, puyut tio-x, tio-s tiwix, tiwi tilai tirtisen tipsin tor-on toko, tok.o tuyuwa tupen tainwen, taiuwen talis feminine ornament coarse pinole portfolio bow-string arrows, spears cord doubled cord house broom bread of acorns and moingo skirt of tule or plants basket for holding water basket with a pyramid in the bottom seed-gatherer handkerchief bone awl large comb, brush comb ornament of beads and feathers atole small cloth poker, digging-stick opening of pocket ornament of conch-shell cloth, rag toy bag shoes beads, feather ornament potsherd bar baptismal font muller of metate belt, sash ball for game comb of straw net bread spear, arrow without point beads, feather ornament basket with a good base belt, sash small basket for amole amole bed broom sweathouse bread of acorns and momgo wooden awl 9Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan temox tip-e kitirox, kitinox, kitirxo kit.cas, kiteas kurka, kurea tcakar, tcawar tcakini teiles teopoma tcokon arrow with point knife skirt key pinole seat, chair stringless bow bell fret, bric-a-brac sacred stick, fetisht Natural Phenomena awar am.ani at.ar, atar ak.e ak.es, awes inu irek isin, isiin isme-n ixutun urani upak wakani wakis wixax wika yopok yokon yumus isir mun mun.s murtei, murteis, murtoeis murtcu notson latun raxopa rokie, rokse rutis Si soton suw, sus skoxe xewe-pis xitus xutepa pelek north (dedo de carazon) rain mud, mire day salt road, trail stone hole (of animal) sun drop hole lump, clod, white paint dew? river, torrent lightt afternoon hail cinders, ashes dirt on hands earth, dirt dirt, filth night night food drop rays of sun powder, dust open hole, cavity water fire charcoal drop shadow, reflection wind conflagration, great fire fine dust, atoms 1916] 435 436 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 world, atmosphere, weather, etc. lint, dust mole-track whirlwind hill seashore plain thunder day seashore smoke spring of water red paint hole in ground sky light hole in ground place full of holee clod, lump of mud Words of More Abstract Significance ak etina puatis et-se ekets, ekests, ekaest iwe, ik.e impe-s isut-s.e on.o oroe-s otciko us.ix mai-t morke muisin, yenko layaya laxi lat.iaya rakat ritca-se samili sat-e senena siamalpi-msa thirst a game sleep sins a method -of making fun of a per- son sign dreams a method of making fun of a per- son hunger silence sadness smile a method of making fun of a per- son love? length, height game of revolving until dizzy great height child's game language, speech putrid matter a method of making fun of a per- son sting of an insect confession pire pitak pitil.an pusninyis tamar titin taska, tatska tura tuxis kau kar, kat koloi kure kutui tcarak tcarko teape tcopolotesi tcok 1Mason: MJUtsun Dialect of Costanoan suwene sunk, sune xamapu xas xasi-om, xasi-un xenkotst-s.e xuti paya peleta taula-si tursi tala tis, tihs tuma kai-s kapala-si kapnen kotcopo krak-at, (xrak-at?) tcakir tcopopiswai teukuri song hunger proof anger shame silence game lightness children 's game something held in the arms cold heat life scent, pleasant odor pain, misery, sorrow an embrace Wednesday a method of making fun of a per- son name odor Friday bodily evacuations, movements Terms of Relationship and Personal Categories ana ana-knis ap.a apapat. atia, atsia-knis, atcai-nis atsiai-kma at maku-kmin ete, et.e inis inxoksima, yuxoksima intiste-mak isiwa-kmin ixatute itxine urxes-mak uxi. uta mak.u, makas mene meres, moeres mirte-mak, mitte-mak mos mukene mother stepmother father nephew, grandson girl girls widow maternal grandfather or uncle son (father speaking of son) adult men, elderly men elderly men newly born child godmother man (address term) bride and groom mother-in-law parents husband maternal grandmother nephew, grandson adult men, elderly men son (father speaking to son) man 1916] 437 438 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 mukur-ma mukniue-sima, mukienin sini, sinyi, sin-ksma sit-nun sit-sus xan.a, (xau-nan) paitcu-kte parane papa taure, tauro ta, taha taka, tak.a tanses, (tauses) tare teto-min tares, teares tuta ka teire teorsi an-pi-s ali-s iwo-pan ika-s-mak onei-a onei-kma-s-e un.e-mu ura-s-mak uhini-s-mak uten-mak waixi-s-pan wayas-mu werxo-s-mak yawisun lisieni-s rite-pan sirka-s-mak xawa-pis-mak xixon, koxoeni-s humaia teye-s tikiro-mak kotcino-knis, -kma tcite-s-mak women elderly women boy, youth, boys child, (foetus), baby (mother speaking) stepchild (mother speaking) wife man, person, cultured person grandmother mother's grandfather (maternal grandfathert) child (mother speaking) elder sister elder brother younger brother or sister, elder brother younger brother or sister sister-in-law men young man daughter (father speaking) paternal grandmother maiden cook, toaster, roaster competitor liar, cheat, bully millers companion neighbors friend hole-diggers fishers wizards, witehes angry donor, unwilling giver enemy deer-hunters Tularefios walkers toreador nut-hunters callers, shouters meat-carrier countrymen cook, roaster, toaster kneelers, those on knees servant, boys dancers 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Numerals emettea, emetka, hemettca, one hemetca, emestea emetspu onc emetotea the utxin, ustxin two utstina twi usxinya the) kapxan thr usit, utit fou parues, parnes five nakitci six takitci sev taitimin eigl watsu, pak.i nin( tanat, tansa-kte, matsu ten PRONOUNS ka kan kan.is, kanis, kas, (kak), (kax) kat kames kanmes me men mes met waka, haka wak, hak haks, hakas makse mak mak.e, marke mak.et, makset makam, ma.m makams aisa, ai aisan, aiske nuk I (subjective) I (subjective), my (possessive) me (objective) I (subjective with future particle) I.... you you-my thou (subjective) thou (subjeetive), thy (possessive) thee (objective) thou (subjective with future par- ticle) he (subjective) he (subjeetive), his (possessive) him (objective) we (subjective), our (possessive), us (objective) our (possessive), we (subjective) we (subjective) (dualt) we (subjective with future par- ticle) you (subjective), your (possessive) you (objective) they (subjective), their (posses- sive) them (objective) it (neuter objective), him (ob- jective) ',e * one ice y both -ee ir ,en ht 0e 1916] 439 440 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 Demonstratives ne, nep.e nepean nane, nina, nemis, nenis, unta, ister, nep.er nisia nunis, nunisia, nup.i nupean numan pina this (close) these this this (farther) that those whieh, that which (relative) this (more distant) Adjectivat Pronouns aipire aimukte, aixames aman ams.e ani, anyi at.ia exil.iste imin, imiu, imi.u iruk wasi(a) yasir niat, nihia, nuia, nua l.el.uerte hisha siok, siokwe, siwene pisnie tolon teyo ke.se, kes.e some all, exclusively so many the other another only, alone alone all (personal) all much much, very only, no more too much any himself, itself nothing much much much Interrogative Pronouns an.. anpi, ampi at.e at.ekin, at.ekinta in.at, inuat inxam, inxan intis, (imtis) inka inkai ista wheret whicht who ? whom? (singular) who? whom? (plural) when? how manyt what? why? where? what?I (do) w-hat?I (say) whatt (thing), why? Ma8on: Mut8un Dialect of Co8tanoan VERBS The stems preceded by the asterisk are those occurring only onee or and which therefore are more or less doubtful. A aiw, ainwe, aiuwe, axuwe, aixu, aipu, arxuwe *aisa.e, inkis.e aixuwes *auye ayi *ayimi-ni am *am(a) ama *ama-ni ameis, amaes ami, ami-si amiu(m), amoi amne-ni, am.a-ni amsa ana *ana *ana-pu *anure *ansam *ansemi *ale luwi ara, arsa *arespi *ars.e *arke-n *arki-ni *asa *asi-n asinu-n, as.nu *asiknene aski, askin, askun axa axe-niak.e-n *axi, arimi *axtu-n *apere at ata *at.e *at.ia atue see desire, crave withdraw, depart awake, awaken come lose, stop be (substantive) speak truth eat appear play give, bring, hold, carry, preserve teach rain, wet endanger, injure pardon desire to, long to be injured bend, bulge backward paint keep watch, be vigilant break and leave place give quarrel, fight (between women) observe, conceal increase, grow take the road part the hair flow in (water) sneeze hate cut comb flee give again break a tooth chase flies with a branch break, split examine insult, grumble, quarrel cease talking, be silent view, watch 441 442 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 correct, put right quarrel, fight (boys) seize steal, cheat congeal mend, fix crack, split (earth) leave, depart leave, permit look up rise, jump, get up enter make, finish eies, eis.e eme, emse, enen *eme-ni emre-n, hemren ene eno *enusi ele, else *elie *eraes *ere *erenmite ertse, ertste *ese *esier esoni, esosoni *exenmi epe, epse *etueis ete-n *iweke, inke *iwini iwo ima ime *imu in ina, inxa-n (una) ina-n, insa-n inanme shave forget wait, detain be envious write, paint stay, remain signal with the finger raise, lift, arise goad, spur, hurry praise one's self bathe finish, end, complete eat supper dress say hate leave, depart pass by disentangle, extricate, free sleep I gather plants do dispute, quarrel show join arise do sicken fall rain *at.uemi *at-mu *at(ki) at *ata *atua *atski ak.a *akan *ak.ara *ake, ak.e ak.u at.cun E 6Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan inu insu *inkai *inke-ni ilo llUWl, llply ili ilsi-mi *ilkun irko isento, is.inte v 8 @ 151 isia isiwa, isiwi isiwe, isuwe isi-m, ispan, iisi-me, iipsi isu iSllU, iSU istu, isut iskani, itskani *iske-ni xitske-ni ixime *ixironi *ixiras ixisa *ixuk.a ixwi, iuie *iXtci ipili, ipile ipire, ip.e *it.iu itok itma ita, itu * i *itanai ite, itu ite *iti-ni ito, it.co *itui *itso, itu, itsku *itcile itco-ni observe, feel, conjecture, remem- ber, recall know speak, talk, say seize, grasp burn put on sash or cloth give meat lift skirts defecate walk carefully, watchfully await be hungry give birth, be born rest owe play at hand game follow, imitate dream pay hiccup tremble sprinkle kick walk in mud shout, cry go, walk (many) sting, be stung by (snake) lie down, lay down turn around get the better of one cleanse, purify lift, raise wash arise spur, incite, urge disparage bruise, mangle hand leave, depart spread (acorns in the sun) doubt be ashamed come out 0 oio, (oit), oiis *oiwi *ouso *owe seize, take, bring tie, clasp, bind order, instruet return a favor. give the thing dreamt 1916] 443 444 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 *one *oneia *on.ome *onsie ole olo *ol.ue *olhs.e olte-mi orso-n orko *osehe *oswe * opiweis ot.o *oto(po) ot.mo *oto ot5.io oispe-n ok, oke, ok.o *ok.e, *otcenuix otciko *otciko sit down, seat accompany hunt deer ask, inquire can, be able, gain become blind signal kill many give belch frighten speak, reply also scatter manure discover, bring out mend, fix dirty, render filthy piller regain wound have a pain in the penis send confess, be exposed discharge, dismiss de deaf, be quiet desire, have desire, covet U *uwin *uwi-ni *una, unpina *un.e uni ule ule, (uel) ura *ura(pin) *uru-ni *urusi *urse, use *usa-ni use usete, useti, usute *usiu-n *usiule *usui-mi *usulu usxi-ni kill someone flee eure quiet, cause to be silent desire, covet stop, cease be sad, cry, be unable dig holes make sport of, anger, feel, cause feeling fall have, carry learn (language) have hang-nails on the fingers smell, have an odor conceive (child) depart go out (fire) give seeds surpass, conquer be sad 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan uspu, usupu *ustu *uska *uske uxe, uxue, (uxwe) uxsi-ni *uhisoni up *upi upu upxi, upxiti *utisi *utix utu *utue *utku uta-si *uke *uk.ini-ni uk.isi, uk.esi, uk.osi, uknesi *utei *uteu uteu, utu, hutcu fast whistle cure by removing stick (sucking by shaman?) mend, fix, repair guard; bring the object guarded increase desire, crave, covet roll cover one 's self (clothes) pay, buy, sell sip, drink a little bargain, trade, buy, crave, desire, covet crave, covet guard, place, sow (seed) make a grimace double, fold guard, protect (child) bring water wish to fall, walk around (dizzi- ness?) drink water close open carry someone, raise, lift w waian wane *wane-ni *walektis wal.u-n, wolo-n wara, warsa warak, warka *warepi waris warse, warsi warta, wanta *was.e *wasi * wasi *washski, (waeki ?) waxa, waktci, wak, waxu *waxaiam *waxa-ni *wata wate miss, err satiate, cloy wound one's self follow in file be envious cut weep, cry visit, salute dislike follow, perform hide behind cut and dry meat beg a great deal hate, abandon pulverize (with the teeth) scratch, scrape be thirsty do an act slowly seize, bring, take atole come, go 1916] 445 ,446 University of California Publications in Arn.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 wate *waterei, wetere *wak.u wakun wakna, waka-ni wel.o wesi, xuksi wexe *wetso Wi wiya wilki wilo *wiltu wilkwo, welko wire *wirwe wisa *wis.a *wisen *wisen *wisol *wispe wixe wixi, wini, uxi-ni wixia wipa *wit witi *witu wik.e, wiwe *woso-ni *wopo lack, fail, be wanting augment, make great open the stomach and entrails drown at childbirth freeze cover the head kindle, light shield, cover take out the belly commence, begin light, enlighten unfold affirm with the eyes slope backwards above swell up (tule) blow upon, cure illumine with a brand display, show, teach scratch (birds) dress a person spill, scatter uncover, disclose flash lightning split feathers for arrows fish, turn about, cure dispute, question invite bow, stoop, jump fall, be thrown break a fingernail tremble, shake choke (with pinole) boil y *yam *yan *yanu-ni *yasa *yat.ia yata-ti *yatan, lasun yati * yats.e *yeikmi, yere-ni *yenko catch (moles) boast have pain in the stomach from running not take frighten give anything be full (net) follow, accompany be urged, impelled remain, continue, be suspended divide love (?) Mason: Mutsun Dialect of (Costanoan grow old, become torn happen, succeed turn seat around commence,, enter (season) pick, prick grind in metate cut hair chase, pursue pile up loosen, slacken, ease have carnal intercourse inter se make, manufacture hail make sport of one make ash, become ashes remain, stay bathe, swim deceive, cheat kill by hand hope to break the bottom off run, fall, flow (tears) M *ma mai *mai-a, mai-x man mala, male *mali *malu-n *maxe *maxer maxi, mawi maxu *max-tei *map-is matal-, matulani matmu, matnui *mak.a makai, maki maku *maku mene, (mane) *menomi, monomi *meno-ni, menso *mensie *merke look laugh, smile view, behold quench, put out soak, wet cover the genitals come down for the night look down, view beneath make sport of one with the eyes close open be blind, unable to see put hand over or in mouth place face downward stink, have bad odor be indistinct cover, place in order to clean get married go to eat forget sink to the bottom of the water drown in the water be ignorant of, not understand move from the house yer *yiusie *yim-, yumile *yilu *yira *yika yono, yons *yoreti *yoron *yoxon *yoso, yusu *yoporon *yopok yoke yoko *yuwL-ni *yuya yume, yame yura *yuxi(s) *yupki-ni *yutu-n 1916] 447 448 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 mexe, maxe mete *miwe, miwik, mixu *milan *milka mira *nure *mistu *mixira *mipti *mito-n *mike mit.ei, mitcui, mintcui *moil.el.e *moitce, moiti mome-n, (monie-n) *momo *monoi monse monsie *moro morke (morwe) *moxo-n moho, molio *motiolpese *motuhe-n moko *muisi-n *muiku muma, mapu (mupa) *mumi munse, munsu *mure mursu-n musi musi *musi *musiuru-ni *musuk.te muxe *muxi *muxuki, ixikan mup- mut- *mut.ie *muku *muteipi look, see hide (in the grass) strike I spread on the ground (bread) rob one without apprehension give presents, regale fix the head like newborn chil- dren warm oneself pluck the skin on the hand, graze brood in nest fall (bread) test with the point of the finger sharpen, temper, blunt (arrow) run in a crowd gather, collect, come together be late, delay place something face downward enmesh, entangle advise relate, recount beg and accumulate (grain) make sport of one by shouting submerge, sink dance above (women) make a reverence appear, grow (hair) be born, leave love, desire, covet swallow without chewing suck join, combine, meet (roads) soil, dirty camp, prepare for night ache in molar teeth suckle heat, warm like, covet tickle in the nose rub, pulverize in the hands suspect, misconstrue be hot (weather) finish grinding pinole close the mouth tickle in the hands and feet eat pinole hawk, cough eat breakfast Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan N *nayate nam, nanm *nane, nene nansa (nausa, namma) nansi *nasu-ni *natka-u *neike nesepa niatin nimi nipa noso-po noxi notio noto *nue * nuiri nulsin *numa-ni nusa-ni *nuski go gathering, get hear, listen to, understand count, pass in list, miss experiment, test know, reeognize fall, break (fire, brand) blacken, cause to become black be quiet, gentle ask permission cease doing, quit strike, beat, kill teach breathe guard, hide lie, deny the truth slap face, box ear be desire to, wish to love increase (pain) pant, breathe heavily snore L *laisaisi lala lalei *lalu-n *laski(nis) *latue lak.e, lawe laki laku-n, lauku-n, lusku-n *lakwa-n *lakpom *latcia *lelte *lek.o letsen, lessen, lelsem liwa, lixwa liwi, (lik(.)i, liewi, likni, lixin, lix, uwi) *l.imuok lilui lisko-n, lisa-n sing rapidly fell, throw fan, winnow lose, miss the road, wander depart for another place signal with the tongue rise, climb (sun) hang gulp, eat without chewing change from one to another trip, fall, roll and lose something remain in one place turn the eyes too much stink, have a bad odor like, enjoy, please. hide in the grass beat, cudgel, kill steal, run, return and not catch amuse, entertain slip, slide, scrape, graze 1916] 449 450 University of California Publicatiobs in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. lipa *lik.wa loe *lole *l.olio *l.opopoi *lopxe, lopkti lok(oi)s, loksio, lokosi *lokuk *luismu *lulpus luxu-n, lux.u-n *lut.apa *lutie *luka *lutcuma *ranu-n *rats.a *ratcami *remomae *rensik *rete, rekte *retie *reke *riwi riri *ristest ripa *ripu, roteiwewi ripu *ripsa rita *rite ritca roroi-s, (roro-s) rote roto *rotuk, rotko *roko i rotcio, rotcue, rotciwe ruisu, ruisiu, ruisin, ruima, riuki, ruinxa runa rusu *ruxi hide in any place plaster, daub, smear, gloss loath, nauseate, repudiate cause to speak, break a speedl be content, appeased, cease ant pass between become mouldy (wheat) lie, make a mistake put out (eye) fall from weight play the flute stick in mud or clay, be stuck wallow (in sin) hang (like a swing) soften the hair get wet, soaked R have pain in the neek increase, crackle be swelled up with plants go from one place to another interrupt, confuse gather, collect hang in a hidden place change oneself, move transform, change put selvage on cloth serve, do hit with the fist release, disentangle, cleanse, purii prick open with a knife cry, shout make dried meat speak, talk, converse, recoun play, entertain play, entertain, divert, amuse be (substantive) drown untangle, untie knot, knot, tie kn put in the embers enmesh, entangle, free, disentang] move, stir, tremble, shake dance spit, expectorate hide in the rear 9Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan speak about a person, or thing, re- fer to cut, gather (wheat, feathers, etc.) conceive (child) signal " no " with the head surround by water, isolate S sawe saya *sayal *samai, samia *sanae *salu-ni salpa *salki *sare saromI sarpa *sasa sate satar(a), siatar(a) sate sak.a sakeri-ni *satcepume seye semo-n, semso-n, (Semxo-n) sele, sehele selpe sese seso-n *sesort-po sesuk sepe (spepe) *sepie-n *sialwini siaxu, siaksu *sieteo-ni siole siotio *siokole-n *siurire, similile *siuspu-ni *Siuto sing shout, cry lie face upward cut the forelock approach, draw near get a cinder in the eye hang, place in a cleft or fissure split, fall apart pray in one's room administer extreme unction patch, disappear from view discover, find (land) make sport of one by naming him open the mouth toast bring a little stiek in the uvula bring coals, embers lengthen, expand die look backward intoxicate with tobacco or liquor, be crazy walk in file shiver swell with pride, become haughty decay cut hair satiate, cloy split a flute speak softly hit (in stones) talk, converse among selves, be sad tie hair in a tuft become hoarse, unable to speak have a ringing in the ears be blinded by the sun hunt moles ruta ruta rutus *rutuk *rutu-n 1916] 451 452 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 siwe-n, sik.e-n *siwi-ni, sixri-ni siwi(ri-n) sin-a-n *sinmekpi sinsi *sintcu, suitcu sinkuru, siukuru *silku *siru *Sixu-ni, suxu-ni *Sitia-ni *siti-npe site siksa, sikila, (sika) *siteitce *soinwe soro *sorpo *soter-pu-ni *sokoro *sokto-n *suman, sumula *sumril-ni sumixi-ni, sunii-n, s.umiu sumu su-n, swi-ni *sulu-ni *surire-n *sur-ni susu *Susxe *supe-ni supi *sut.u-ni *sutwi *sutki, sut.e *suka sukumu suksi, sukis swi-n, swi-u *swisia-ni swixe, sinxe *switcu *stcekele (cekele?) break wind disappear (smoke, thirst) suffocate with heat, burn become bald kiss act like a boy, otacer toast, cook in earth-oven tickle in the body lift skirt, pull shirt-tail grind salt rush, gush have feet asleep crumble, chip, make small spread (fire) soil, dirty cry with pain or weeping enmesh, entangle flow, gush disappear, dim, recede, vanish, fade extend the feet darken, become night get a drop of water in the eye become soiled, dirty sleep from satiety be content decay die drop or cinder fall in the eye die out, go out, extinguish (fire) heat, warm oneself be afraid, fearful act foolishly, play the fool dream, of one tie, bind break, crack pinch the mouth stretch the ears go to meet smoke (tobacco) think, watch, observe, disapprove consume, use up, finish, die singe the hair skin, take off hide toast set, place Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan x xaisku, xasku, (xaise-n) *xaune xawa *xawei *xawimi *xawi-ni *xamu-ni xa-mpin, xa-npu *xan-ni *xalawe xalas *xaleti *xalsi-npe-ne xalki xari *xarxare *xarpa *xarteute xas.a xase-n, xasese-n xasiwa xasi-mu-n xasli-n (xarli) xastitinme, xatirinine *xapu zata *xatu *xatki *xatki-ni xata *xatuel.e *xake-ni *xakwa-iku xatci-n, xatsi-n, xati-n *xeiwele, xeixeie xewe, xewi xemko *xelue xelxelte xeksio, (xeisio) *xiete xii, wi, xihi, xiixi, xiisi xiwa *xiwis xima *ximsu xine, (xinkone) tickle, itch draw, fetch water call put on a veil enclose, lock in still, quiet, be quiet die out, go out (fire) eat again desire, crave, covet strike sparks lie, make a mistake play kindle, light (flint and steel) stretch, extend begin, commence befall ill, happen badly disappear, fade away, become in- visible lack a bit, a little missing desire to, want to become angry scratch be ashamed, shame fear, be afraid enter wind and cold cleanse, withdraw dirt sweep gather, assemble (fleas) cleanse, purify go to the other side hit grumble, complain be flatulent, full of wind go for mussels die of hunger, thirst, laughing, etc. earthquake, tremble (earth) cast shadow, reflect set (sun) strip off bark float satisfy hiccup go for fire, light fire arrive, bring take off rope around neck seek, search roll the head go, walk 1916] 453 454 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 *xile xiras, xirat xiri *xirwi-ni xise xisie, (xitsik) *xisli-n *xixwi xipu *xiteti xiti, xitui, (xite) *xitu-ni *xita *xite *Xite pet.o xitia, (xita) *xiti-mi xrito, (xrita, xikto) *xitorpi *xitske-n xiksi, xiwis, xikoi *xitsik xoin-we, xoixu-we, xoaxu *xoWO *xOmo *xon(.)o(ti) *xonkote, xonxote *xolome, xauni xorko xope xopo *xot.oro, xot.ori *xotpo *xotcolon *xuma, (xutna) xu-mi *xu-ni xute *xuta xuti *xut.u-n *xutski, xutoki *xuka *xutcu be wounded, have wounds scold, quarrel, lift the voice make dried meat lessen, be ceasing (rain, wind) select, choose, elect make have pain in teeth disdain, reject carry rub together cleanse oneself catch the hand in the door make dried meat spur, prick, goad, stick stop (wind) sew become indebted stretch, crawl throw, put, carry outside be contented tie, bind make cotton cloth carry shout ho! ho! skin, take off hide evolver al arco bundle, collect in a bundle ignore, not invite gulp, swallow climb, mount give water, give drink put hand in vagina set (sun) make a hole (water) grind (mortar or metate) give anything finish life, approach death kindle, light fire place inside play game remove dust, powder seize, withdraw, remove change (song) carry on shoulder H *hairmurnik.ui hius.e, hinse, wise, ihuse-n *hiuti lift with one hand wish, desire, want throw, cast 9Ma8on: Mutsun Dialect of Co8tanoan *hihe(pim) *hume *humi-n humiri, (umiri, tumiri) humu-n, humsu-n, (umsu-n, unsu-n) *hun.i p paita *paye paya *pala *palsi-mi-n *parsa parki *part.cipu *pasipi *paskei paxat, paxtea *patiami-n pati *patue *patsxin, patski paka *pak.ak *paka-ksi *pakeit *pakere *pakul *pa5ka patci pele, pelke pelte, pete pesoi(po) *pepena *pet.e *pet.e *pete-ni *pe0ole *piisokri pio *pinawai *pilpul.e, pulpul.e, tultul.e pira *pirka-n *pisieks.i pixi, pixe be defiant join, impinge, strike wash oneself baptize fly mix, stir hunt (geese) be pregnant run slap, hit with the palm toast, cook gleam, appear light weigh saw a pine visit, salute secure fire with flint and steel know, recognize bet, wager have, hold in hand release, loose strike sparks seek, call, crack mussels marry beat obtain fire, make fire start (tears) give hand, shake hands shine, lighten (fire) fall dew, sprinkle stick, join together, loosen, sep- arate shut eyes remember, think espigar castellanamente guard fried fish escape, flee, fly, go keep mouth closed keep feet together knock with fingers cleanse teeth have pain (neck) beat, palpitate (heart, pulse) inhume, bury scratch (birds) grind, pulverize split, open 1916] 455 456 University of California Publicatwns in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 *pixu-ni *pitilu, pistu pitipu, pitui-ni *pitu-ni *pitsi pite, pitue, pitui *pits.a piteiwi *poistco-ni, poitco-ni *poiko-ni *polo pol.o *porpore posio, pasio *pos.o *posol.o ats *pOSO(poi) *poxoro-n poto *poko-ni potsie *punsi-wi *punsi-ni pulki-ni *puriure pusa *pusi-n *puxi *put.i put.in *putu puta puti, pute, put?i-ri putski *putske *putsiule, potsinle burst pus pinch, squeeze cleanse intestines of excrement flow, gush (tears) frighten, frighten away tie, bind, unloose, untie signal "no" with eyes shake, cleanse the hair break wind without knowledge frighten, scare .sunt sodomicici paint, draw doze cut, singe hair with brand check, suspend, equal intend to dispute be drunk, intoxicated get the hives pull out down, fine hair, pluck swell, puff up grumble, censure catch (birds) view with close attention break off bottom quake, tremble, earthquake satiate, fill, cloy twist like a whirlwind recover, feed, give to eat cover and guard involve, wrap, gather return and go from place to place bring acorns, etc. blow pull hair make the sound "put, put" burn brightly, make no smoke (fire) T *taula-si *taye *tamin, tan. tamu *tamxa-ni tamta *tanu, tanyu, tan. *tanta hold in arms go quietly double, fold warm oneself in the sun, take the sun have earache strike, beat lift skirts embrace, lift in arms 6Ma8on: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan *talu-ni taltu *talku *tasiute *tastu *taxara tax(e) tapa *tapi tata *tatska *taka-ni *tak.e taku-ni teme-n, temo, temso tenpe, tempe tere terpe tie, tik tio *tiusi-n *timire-ni *timu-ni tinke-ni *tilo *tiru *tirsu-n *tisi *tixi *tixiro-ni tipe, tiptipe *tipur *tipso-ni *tipki *titi-n *tit1q *tituk *titu *tit.ci *toutosi *towo-n tone, tonse *tolso tor-ke *toxere-ni *topope totio-n *totoro-n make blisters on hands extend the palms of the hands spring, jump watch, dance display palms of hands follow, go after ask, question turn the tables, pay back in own eoin measure touch extend hand burn measure choke, strangle sleep by fire, warm oneself by fire dry up (water, river) cut hair smart, pucker (pepper) grumble, complain shoot arrow flower, be in flower have headache trip, stumble jump, spring, leap don regalia miscarry cut, break cure the itch slice meat, make dried meat slip, slide, fall wander, walk about cut hair rattle, make a noise (bone) cut hand cover with shoulder fray, unweave lie on one side extend hand drown harden, strengthen remain rigid, frozen lose, find break knees bring amole be constipated extend fingers and do top, top err, mistake, lie put in salt, salinify 1916] 457 458 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 *totue tokso, (tokse) *tuine *tuisu, tuiu-rure *tume-n, tume-mels tun.e, (tunk) - tunute, (tanute) tule, (tulk) *tuluk tulku tur-si *tusi-n *tusu-n tupu-n *tuta *tutiu-n *tutisi *tukitce T *tayuwire tala *tasak *tata *tatu-n *tatuhule *takarpite teyo *temelele *tele tetesi *teke *tien tiwi *tinai *tiniwi *til.usi *tis.ektene, tcirsextene tisku *tixta tipe *tipe(spi) *tip-wi *titi tika *toilo ton(o)me *tonko-n put on shawl rumble, make great noise, snore make wooden bridge tremble (hand, belly) make food finish, complete, end conceive (child) knock at door, call cover one (for the night) give rap, fillip be cold, chilly watch a dance await, expect finish, complete, end cover one, put on hat die? string a bow lift earth, (encorrar) smile, chuckle, half laugh be hot (weather), put in sun clear, clarify (sky, weather) possess much, own much cease pain speak between teeth sit down, sink blaze, heat, be afire burn much go in file, follow push, jostle, squeeze, hold tip-toe, walk on toes kick put in bag, pocket tighten, constrain milk listen to attentively, hear cover with ashes split, break, smash hide in sand, be hidden thresh grain make thongs, straps for the capote cut, shorten, clip, abbreviate defend chew, masticate be seated seek a dead animal wither, become ury (seeds) Mason: Mutsun Dtalect of Costanoan *toxoro *tox(pe) *tu tuma-s, (tumas, tumsa-n) tunku, (tunuk) *tulu *tura *tursu, tutsu 1upu-ni tuka kai, (kayi, kaixi) *kai-ti *kawak *kam kama(i), kamexe *kamu *kamutce, xamutee *kane *kanxi kale *kal.u *kar *kara *karapu *karka *karki kase *kaxi kapal(a) *kapata *kapi katia *katu *katu-ni *katca, kateue *kat.ci *keie(k) kewe, keinwe *kelete, kelte *kelok(mo), kelox(mo) *kenem ketio kil-e pass, go by (water) dry up (water, river) strike in the eye like, enjoy, please signal "no" with nostrils, con- stricting them make a hole thunder walk continually, never stop put finger in eye beg, ask K smart, be strong, bitter, bite tighten, constrain advise, notify do, make look, watch, see, behold lend (wife) lack a bit, be missing a piece go to the quarrel, fight dry up defend bite be fortunate, happen well grind, rub in the palms give tobacco kindle fire with small sticks bargain, trade, barter bite louse, expel lice embrace cross the arms, hands carry a large bundle under the arm give (clothes, food) kill with teeth (lice) dry up (water) be full of crickets, insects; expel them drown gather, collect, come together obstruct, intercept frown upon, watch with disap- probation play by pinching put in proper place argue, dispute, contradict shine, glare, glitter 1916] 459 460 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 *kiriwire, kiripire *kixti kikti kipi *kipuhs kitpa *kita *kitca, kiteua ko, ko., kwo., kwa, kua kome *koliole *kwie, kuie kunile (kupile) kusa *kusinw *kuxa kuta(s), kuta(r), kutcuru, kuturu *kut.a krak(.)e, xrak(.)e TC tcai (es) tcaora, tcausara, (tcaura) *tcauri *tcantcane teala, (tcalsa, teasali) *tcahel.e, teehel.e tcapu *tcaka, tcaksa *tcak.i, tcaxki *tcaku-niti *tcakna-n *tcimun, tcaimun *tcimu-ni *tcile teirpi *tcikri-n, tcixri-n tcite *tcitmo *tcoliote *tcorowe tcorok *tcotle tcokse, tcos.o teunu, tcuni, tunu; (teun.), teunuhwi tculu write have pain in throat wink inflate, swell cheeks hide in hollow of a tree make fire with two sticks close, lock with key; open, unlock say tire, become tired rumble, grumble (intestines) whistle smoke (fire) wash meet, encounter, see hide among rocks double, bind, tie tolerate, suffer, endure name, call praise be seated, be (positional substan- tive) stink, smell bad walk with shoulders raised urinate take the higher part (song) prick, stick, pinch bring, arrive leave, depart hate, desert go ahead treat ill, hinder, impede bump the head ring bell cry, shout reside, live dance prick, punch the eyes water moves in intestines moisten, dampen sadden, become sad be in file or line have pain (in mouth or ear) wrap, extend, shorten, double, lift, fold, unfold jump, spring, leap Ma8on: Mutgun Dialect of Costanoan *tculki *teuspa *teukuri-ni strangle, choke by squeezing neck hide defecate, void excrement ADJECTIVES aul.i austu auxe amaya amank ansi antiwin asia apsie, apsik ateitak ateien ateiwa euti el.emo elepis, elewia emxe etsxe ina in-se irk-ti-o, irx-ti-o isiwa itas, itsa itce owos omxol.e olsie umulu unxnu unkum ursi usula, (usuna) ukumi uteili wartci was.a, waska, waksa wasiwe we-solo, we-yero, we-saro we-tan wetemes.ate wiman witina witcuktel, witeuxtel, Wits#u salty, saline sweet-toothed, gluttonous high, tall nude, naked famous left-handed small distinct, different good so great thievish silly, filthy sweet soft (ground) straight, in file very soft, gentle, easy lewd, unchaste leafless, bare ill, sick lachrymose flatulent newborn new small, little obedient, faithful light, without weight soft, easy filthy, vile snotty, filthy thin, rare big-headed deep-set (eyes) crippled full-lipped, thiek-lipped difficult, narrow, small (road) streaked, soiled playful large, great large, great lean, gaunt, thin lazy sticky narrow, small 1916] 461 462 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 womo wot.olo yamutsi yateomas, yateeme yer-se yolto, yot.a yopono yusulu mam.oxa, mam.oka, mam.anxa maxul.u mata matini, matil.i meilo me-el, max-ele metske minua misi-min, misi-mpin, misi-a mitile mom-ti-e muretu, murteu, murtu, murt.cu muse mutimte mutcira natka niotsio noioro noti-ti-o nop-ti-o nuxurikonin, nuxurixonin nutiri laita laskan latem lakte, laxte lexete l.e-ti-0, I.e-t.i-o, loito, l.ok-ti-o lisu, liisu lisnie lit.imo lopote loptco luplupsi luteuma, luspi, l.uspi, lutcspi, lutspi luteti bearded deep-set (eyes) unequal, different torn, full of holes torn, old, broken big-eared ruptured fat, pot-bellied foolish, stupid, silly catarrhal, expectorant long-haired large, great large-mouthed blear-eyed cloudy, clouded narrow, difficult (road) pretty, nice, pleasant, beautiful, good curved, crooked, bent slow, late, tardy dark, black, like night full-breasted fat-buttocked pleated dark, black short, bob-tailed big-footed lying, untruthful short in time, quick flat-nosed big-nosed long in time, tall, high, long even, smooth, plain long, large-tongued big-headed long, tenuous, stringy (phlegm) soft. easy, loose, not hard toothless, gums empty, clear wet (hair) firmly resolute ruptured equal, straight, untwisted wet hair big-bellied, hairless 1Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan rauta rinta riski ritca ritcua rikti romso ropto roteitco, ritera, rotciko rutis rutai saure, (sauri) saru saxirinme satara siat. cara sieperero simke sitl.u, sit.ia somsie sotolo, sokolo, sotitco supiri sup.u xan.an xalea xas, xase xaska xat-xatsi, xat-xasti xemtso xene xel.wen xetoesi xetsxe Xitsu, ditsiu xontee, xonxontce Xos-ti-o, xoiskore xo-ti-es xo-ti-o, xoie xotpe, xot.iko xotsu xokoi(o) hituktei, hituxtei howos hoxehen humulu husiero with big occiput, back of head thin, lean flat-nosed liberal, frank, generous, bene- ficent silly, foolish, stupid protruding (eyes) granular dirty-eyed blear-eyed open, uncovered, excavated congealed fat, greasy ruptured sweet, odoriferous unclean clear, rare, thin woolly, fleecy, hairy silent small, young lewd, unchaste big-lipped, large-mouthed watered like a bladder, blister married blind brave, fierce brunet, dark-skinned clean, well-swept silent unequal content, satisfied leafless, sharp-pointed, keen tired, worn-out insipid, tasteless empty, void . (mussels), melan- choly, crestfallen light, with little weight foolish, smy loose, hanging bare, without fruit with deep-set eyes and bushy eyebrows scabby, itchy mixed, intricate well-served tardy, late black big-mouthed 1916] 463 464 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 huklemesate paine paisa pal(.)ka patka pel.emo, pelsiek, pelek pelo (Sp. t) pelso pertewe pitko polso polpol-si porsie porko poxolo potsinle potxe potco puntu, putur pultci-te putarte put..u, pultu, polto puteete tamteite tasiri taxarute taxara tap.an tapta tepte tirsi, tirtci tirsia tixima, tilto tikili titira, titiru towo-ro torte to-ti-o tokolo tokororoi tumuru tupsiu taila tanara tasku, tasas delicate, fine, light bloody good at running white pink, flesh-color, red, cream soft bald, hairless garrulous soft (bread) pot-bellied painted, colored pinto, spotted, full of points, streaked trained (maker of unusual things) artistic prominent, bulging, protruding (eyes) smokeless (fire) light, little weight quick, active big-bellied, with much intestines full-breasted newly-born extremely protruding, bulging (eyes) anxious, desirous partly painted, colored hard, tough drunken, reeling in file, in a line, straight good serious shady clear, limpid, pure large-buttocked high-browed, with a large fore- head large-eyed twisted, rounded shivering with cold ashy, ash-colored silly, foolish, lying, untruthful syphilitic smooth, straight, even fat humpbacked, crooked, bent, curved dwarfed spotted pink, flesh-colored, red 9Mason: Mut8un Dialect of Costanoan taxiale tata tak.i takurute tesele tomto tonko tok.i-ti-e tuiuru tutuare tutuna kai-nawin kayi kalteitee kasl.u katitu katili kakxa, kax.a kel (sie) kelte kero kexil.on keteiwesi kirsi, kits.i kipi, kipiri kipuroro, kiwuroro kititae kits.u koro kuinu, kwinu kuti kutis kutcs-kets.i teal-ti-a tealka tearka tearki teakulsi, teuki teese, tcixu teekere teirti teisire tcomelei teoxisi, teopsoxsi, tcopsoksi teoxorore, tcokere teopolotesi tcuierte teupea tcutsu, tcutu clear, limpid, pure rich, well supplied with garments heavy with fruit (trees) clear, thin, full of holes pink below with loose clothes big-footed good at running, swift wrinkled blunt-nosed small-eyed narrow, difficult, small strong, pungent loud-voiced small-headed pot-bellied, fat with prominent teeth bitter raw opaque-eyed, blind twisted (tree) hoarse ready, prepared well-painted twisted, not straight, (feet, road) twisted, streaked creaking, grating one-eyed, squint-eyed thin, gaunt, lean narrow (road) small clear very well tied, bound urinous, fond of urinating white clear (sky) quiet, restrained downcast, head downward blue (eyed) torn open, ripped yellow moro provoked, angry, in bad humor cowering, squat pock-marked full of holes open, uncovered adorned, decorated white, flesh-colored green 1916] 4ff5 466 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 ADVERBS Locative Adverbs an.it, anit, an.i, an.epe, where? anta, an ansia distant, far axe apart, another place emxe far down, very distant, indistinct enenum out of sight esen behind intis, into where? iti there, distant itian, it.ayate backward orpei in the middle usiun, usionte further on, further winimui (wirimui) below, under naxana, nuxana, nuxu there (farther) ne, ni, nia, nitun, niatun, here, hither nime nu, nua there (nearer) lewetes low ramai (resmai) within rini above rinsiksi high sanae, saeanae hither sinki end, edge xut.ui before, preceding tapere above ti there, behind tina (pina), tina-tum, right here, close, hence tina-tun, titun tipilikte, tipilile, tikilakte round about titu on one side kari outside Temporat Adverbs auxaie ameren ar, aru aruta, (arua) artiskun, atskun at, ara emen et, ete, yete, (yote, ikte, iste) imi, ima. in.at, inuat yet, still a little time, little while already (past time) tomorrow suddenly shortly, soon (near future or re- cent past) still, yet, although soon (indefinite future) always, all the time when? Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan inya, inyaha, (yu 'aha) ipsiun iti itixsina itma itsia, it.ia, itsia, itian, it.iomtum, it.aiate osioi, oisio ume, uni ule wisi wika yas yeteste maran, markum, markutkus maha mes, met naha nua xapuhu, xaputca hokse, hoks huyakse, wiyakse pinawai tabax, taba kane, kaneme ketciwesi, (kotciwesi, kepiresi) koteop, (koph) kus kutis, kuti tcien teira shortly, at once, (immediate fu- ture) a little while, a short time after some time at last, today early in the morning afterward, soon, shortly again, another time when, whenever yet, still, as yet past time yesterday ever, at any time shortly, soon, in a short time future time at once future time today yet, still, although never a long time ago, formerly this afternoon then, therefore, in that case today, day before, earlier than soon, at once, ready when, whenever in the olden times, once upon a time presently, very soon, a little while now, at once always, continually Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbs aereis, eraeis aman amane amanis.e amun, amu, amn asaha atpesi ats, ati ewe, ene ewoye, eye, etmoye enohek es.e so, thus, truly so many in truth, truly uninvited (?) in order that, concerning, because truly, certainly good, truly without, no and, but (past desiderative) but (apposition) just as if 1916] 467 468 University of California Publications in Am. A rch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 esiensen, esiersem exe, xehe, he, lxi, hi, hexe, sexe epaeis, aoepaeis epsie, epsik ekwe imatkun, imaten. isap, isu ipsen, utix orteo, yenko usi uksi walte wele wisi yas.e yekere yuta .... yuta ma mots muisin nan, nami, nani nu at.ia nuhilu, nitshim sata sire xatxatei xene-kte xenkots.e xeheresi xetskere xitepu hai, hahi, aiu, aia, hia, hiha pini, pinyi, (pinya) taxe tukne taman kaitis kati, kata, katam kua, kuai, kuawe tciel.e (indirect discourse) yes perchance, perhaps no! do not! no, not if (contrary to fact condition) truly, certainly more equally why, because without more ado, heedlessly feet to head and head to feet (substantive?) because also, as well more, much more either .... or truly tell me! (interrogative) (among them?) perhaps, maybe yes, of course cachibajo like, as if strongly stepping high unequal silently low (voice) crawling strongly and, also (endlitic) perhaps, perchance (interrogative, final position) would that! (past optative) half with this, no more like, resembling, just as if thus high (voice) INTERJECTIONS ain., aiun, auin., anin atena rautik et iske it.ie, iuie give me it! bring me it! shout at middle of dance shout at gambling game wait a moment! come on! let's go! 9]Mason: Mutsutn Dialect of Costanoan iklamini oto uruksia(ne) yela, yelamini yuma yupe, yu waras nami, nani lalei linei ranx sotoi sukai xep xine 'ouwo xuti tuii tiu kama kari ke kie teaorak teit, tcitsk wait a moment! run! goI would that! (vehement desire) wait a moment! come on! let's# gol run! go ! upon my life! let's seel we'll see! get out! shout at gambling game shout at beginning of dance shout at gambling game shout at gambling game shout at gambling game lookl shout at end of dance shout at gambling game shout of gambling game shout of gambling game lookl shout of gambling game listen! lookI who knowsl shout at gambling game shout at gambling game 1918] 469 470 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 POSTSCRIPT At Pleasanton, California, live a small number of Indians, members of various central Californian groups, gathered here by reason of community of interest. They speak Spanish and Plains Miwok among themselves. A visit was paid them for a few hours in January, 1916, for the principal purpose of securing terms of relationship and notes on social organization. One of the two informants visited proved to be an elderly woman from San Lorenzo and from her a vocabulary of a hulndred odd words was secured. A comparison of this with De la Cuesta 's Mutsun shows actual identity in many cases. The practical identity of so many words proves first, the phonetic simplicity of the language, the care with which it was recorded and the value of the Spanish language as a medium for the recording of such aboriginal speech; second, the slight change which has taken place in this unliterary language in the past century, and third, the correctness of the recent transcription from Spanish to phonetic orthography. As regards the latter point, the correctness of the transcription of gm and gn to km and kn is demonastrated, while that of gs to xs in accordance with tigsin, tixsin is discounted by the record of tugsus as tuksus. No data were secured to elucidate the problem of gt and other g combinations. The glossary secured follows here for purposes of comparison: orig bear hun wolf oto'imin snake pirewig rattlesnake ma'i.yan coyote urcukuti' dog ha'mui fish a'rwext oak Ta'Por. wood yu'kig live oak TiW!A flower in tears si're liver isu hand XU.S nose urix, uri hair heyek' beard welper mouth hifi eye mi.'nyix h eart horko'sa throat motel, mo.tel head Ta.mas eyebrows muc breasts Tim.auxf forehead las.e tongue Tumis, tumg leg, loins eran.ait back of neck U.xR. nail ri.Tuk irtestines TUK?U? ear Si-T, Sit teeth koro' foot Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan inuxW road hu't.i bow and arrow apa. father ana. mother aici paternal aunt aiTaKiA woman a'ToiaKiC virgin eTe. uncle or aunt InIs son uetreg chief, shaman u'xi mother-in-law mele.' grandmother mak.o husband mayin wife of chief mer6'i father-in-law me'ris daughter-in-law mueKmma people a.we morning star irek' stone omu'w, omulxw sea, arroyo o6.e'I stars war6'p' land yo.ko live coal uiK.ani yesterday ne Tuhi today eri'slmu hill near town maki?mo'.To makis at.mene yuwa'kne makliamne herwe kauwil 16s'k6wig, lo'sko'ig sirkewis pultewis we'teT kutcu'is gumikig man-i r6ti ri.Tcikmin hu'-tukne ka'.nak hu'tusin me-nem hu-tusin wa.ka hu-tusin maki.n makhu'tusin makam kamhu'tusin wa-kamakeahu'tusin hu'.tukne'K erulwail house tepla'i' basket ginin si'nmatce sulTa'wu haluak' hu'nTatc' Papa Taka. Ta-ris Tale. Ta'.nan Tangikig Katenetc' Kot-co tcotco" yuk.i 51 esli.Tiel hi'yis hismen Kormei hiwe' hu-9i'A ka'n.o daughter, child small child white people wife old man paternal grand- father elder brother man younger sister elder sister younger brother old woman young man grandson ashes water fog fire sun moon shaman 's dance tomorrow north it is cloudy it is raining it ceased raining it is hot it is cold it is white it is black it is red it is large it is small give me! where is itI shouting of shaman at dance he died I am going to die you will die he will die we will die you (plu.) will die they will die I have died 1916] 471 472 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 o'.mi's ni'm il ka'.na ekni'mi ori' me.nek' snimi ma'kam kisni'mi wa'.kamaK makisni'mi'sim Kat.nak t5'f.he ka.na ektca'.uvra ne.ca tca.u'ra Ka.na Ka'yin pi.n ka'in ka.'iKsiKSiT ka.iksikmo.tel kigka.iKTum5 KanaK u'tkani ka.naksa'wi ka.naeKi'si ka.na kwarka ka.na eki"l wi ka.'nakra'pona ka.'nakio'Tcyen a'TCismente ekit' KanKana anini.k' hi'ntoka'masin akwet' kin'suite takaa'ma ka.nak tcatce ka.nak.emle ka.nak ete Ka.nak i'tma Ka.nak ho'pe Ka.nak e'son Ka.nak yoken I am going to kill you I am going to kill the bear you will kill me you (plu.) will kill me they will kill me I run I sit now I sit I am ill he is ill my tooth aches my head aches my back aches I am playing I am singing I am dancing I am weeping I am shouting I am going to stir I am laughing I want to vomit I am hungry I am thirsty I am going to eat I don't know what I will eat I am standing I am lying down I am sleeping I got up I get down I am tired UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS-(CONTINUED) Vol. 7. 1 The Emeryville Shellmound, by Mx Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with 38 text figures. June, 1907 .................... _ . .. 1.25 2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 . .......-. .35 3. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 133306, plates 15-30, 231 text figures. December, 1908............................. .... 1.75 4. Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region, by N. C. Nelson. Pp. 309-356, plates 32-34. December, 1909.. 50 5. The Ellis Landing Shellmound, by N. C. Ndson. Pp. 357-426, plates 36-50. April, 1910 ................. _.75 Index, pp. 427-443. Vol. 8. 1. A Mission Record of the California Indians, from a Manuscript in the Bancroft Library, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-27. May, 1908..25 2. The Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29- 68, plates 1-15.. July, 1908 ..75 3. The Religion of the Luiseflo and Diegueflo Indians of Southern California, by Constance Goddard Dubois. Pp. 69-186, plates 16-19. June, 1908 .1.25 4. The Culture of the Luisefio Indians, by Philip Stedman Sparkman. Pp. 187-234, plate 20. August, 1908... ............... .60 5. Notes on Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 235-269. September, 1909. .35 6. The Religious Practices of the Dieguefio Indians, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 271-358, plates 21-28. March, 1910 ............................... .80 Index, pp. 359-369. Vol. 9. 1. Yana Texts, by Edward Sapir, together with Yana Myths collected by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 1-235. February, 1910 ..50 2. The Chumash and Costanoan Languages, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 237- 271. November, 1910........... 35 3. The Languages of the Coast of California North of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 273-435, and map. April, 1911 .1.50 Index, pp. 437-439. Vol. 10. t. Phonetic Constituents of the Native Languages of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-12. May, 1911 ..10 2. The Phonetic Elements of the Northern Palute Language, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 13-44, plates 1-5. November, 1911 ....... ....... .45 3. Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 45-96, plates 6-20. November, 1911 .. 5 4. The Ethnology of the Saliman Indians, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 97- 240, plates 21-37. December, 1912 . . 1.75 5. Papago' Verb Stems, by Juan Dolores. Pp. 241-263. August, 1913 .. .25 6. Notes on the Chilula I'ndians of Northwestern California, by Pliny Earl Goddard. Pp. 265-288, plates 38-41. April, 1914.. .30 7. Chilula Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 289-379. November, 1914 ................................................................................................ 1.00' Index, pp. 381-385. Vol. 11. 1. Elements of the Kato Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-176, plates 1-45. October, 1912 .2.00 2. Phonetic Elements of the Diegueilo Language, by A. L. Eroeber and J. P. Harrington. Pp. 177-188. April, 1914 ..10 3. Sarsi Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 189-277. February, 1915... 1.00 4. Berian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 279-290. February, 1915 ..1............................................0................. 5. Dichotomous Social Organization in South Central California, by Edward Winslow Glifford. Pp. 291-296. February, 1916 ........................ .05 6. The Delineation of the Day-Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 297-398. March, 1916 1.00 7. The Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Based on the Vocabulary of De la Cuesta, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 399-472.- March, 1916 .70 Index in preparation. Vol. 12. 1. Composition of California Shellmounds, by Edward Winslow Gifford. Pp. 1-29. February, 1916 .. .30 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS-(CONTINUED) Volumes now completed: Volume 1. 1903-1904. 378 pages and 30 plates..... ........... ........... . _ _. $4.25 Volume 2. 1904-1907. 393 pages and 21 plates ..... ............. 3.50 Volume 3. 1905. The Morphology of the Hupa L ge. 34 pg .ii..... 3.50 Volume 4. 1906-1907. 374 pages, with 5 tables, 10 plates, and map .......... ........... .3830 Volume5. 1907-1910. 384 pagesi with 25 plates . . .............................. .............. 3.50 Volume 6. 1908. 400 page, with 3 maps ....................... _3.50 Volume 7. 1907-1910. 443 pages and 50 plates .3.50 Volume 8. 1908-1910. 369 pages and 28 plates .3.50 Volume 9. 1910-1911. 439 pages .3.50 Volume 10. 1911-1914. -385 pages and 41 plates .............................. ........................ 3.50 Note.-The University of Oalifornia Publications are offered in exchange for the publication of learned societies and Institutions, universities and libraries Complote list of -all the publications of the University ll be sent upon request.- For sample copie, ist of publications or other information, address the Manager of the University Pres, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All matter sent In exchange should be addressed to The xchang Department, Universty Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES.-E. B. Babcock, 3. W. Gilmore, and C. B. Lipman, Editors. Price per volume, $3.50. Volumes I and II in progress. ASTRONOMY.-W. W. Campbell, Editor. (Lick Observatory, Mt. Hmilton, Cal.) Publications of the Lick Observatory.-Volumes I-XI completed. BOTANY.-W. A. Setchell, Editor. Price per volume $3.50. Volumes I (pp. 418), II (pp 360), III (pp. 400), and IV (pp. 397) completed. Volumes V And VI in progress. CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY.-Edward B. Clapp, William A. Merrill Herbert C. Nutting, Editors. Price per volume $2.00. Volume I (pp. 270) completed. Volume : in progress. EDUOATION.-Edited by the Department of Education. Price per volume $2.50. ENGIINERING.-Edited under the direction of the Enineering Departments. This series will contain contributions from the Colleges of Mechancs, Mining, and Civil Engineering. Volume I in progress. GEOGRAPHY.-Ruliff S. Holway, Editor. Volume I in progress. GEOLOGY6.-Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Andrew 0. Lawson and John C. Merriam, Editors. Price per volume $3.50. Volumes I (pp. 435), II (pp. 457), I (pp. 482), IV (pp. 462), V (pp. 458), VI (pp. 454), VII (pp. 504), and VIII (pp. 583) completed. Volume IX in progress. MO3DERN PHILOLOGY.--Volumes I (pp. 400) and II (pp. 373) completed. Volumes III and IV In progress. PATHOLOGY.-Frederick P. Gay, Editor. Price per volume, $2.50. Volume I (pp. 347) completed. Volume II in progress. PHIILOSOPHY.-G. H. Howison, Editor. Volume I (pp. 262) completed. Volume II in progress. Price per volume $2.00. PEYSIOLOGY.-S. S. Maxwell, Bditor. Price per volume $2.00. Volumes I (pp. 217), II (pp. 215), III (pp. 197), and IV (pp. 228) completed. Volume V in progress. PSYCHOLOGY.-George M. Stratton, Editor. Volume I In progres ZOOLOGY.-W. E. Bitter and 0. A. Kofoid, Editorsr Price per volume for volumes I-X, $3.50; for volume XI and following, $5.00. Volumes I (pp. 317), II (pp. 382), III (pp. 383), IV (pp. 400), V (pp. 440), VI (pp. 478), VII (pp. 446), VIII (pp. 357), IX (pp. 365), X (pp. 417), and XI (pp. 538) completed. Volumes XII to XVI inclusive in progress. UNIVERSIT OF CALFORNIA ONICLE.-An official record of University lifo, issed quarterly, edited by a committee of the Faclty. Price, $1.00 per year. Ourrent volume No. XVI Address-all orders or req for in tion concerning the above publcatios to The University Prs, Berkeley, aoni