UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETH NOLOGY Vol. 1 1, No. 2, pp. 177-188 April 30, 1914 PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF THE DIEGUE1O LANGUAGE BY A. L. KROEBER AND J. P. HARRINGTON UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVERSITY O? CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY The following publications dealing with- archaeological and ethnological subjects issued mder the direction of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publications of anthropological departments and museums, and for journals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, which include postage or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University Press. European agent for the series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Classical Philology, Education, Modem Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowits, Leipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Physiology, Zoology and also American Archaeology and Ethnology, R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Berlin. AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.-A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Price per volume $3.50 (Vol. 1, $4.25). Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates 1-30. September, 1903............................................................... $1.25 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. March, 1904 .......-.. 3.00 Index, pp. 369-378. Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William 3. Sinclair. Pp. 1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904 . .................................. ......... .40 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 ......................... .60 3. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 1904 ..25 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905 ..............-...........75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central Calfornia, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 165-377. January, 1907 .. ................................................. 2.25 Index, pp. 379-392. Vol. S. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344 pp. June, 1905 .......... ...... . -. ..................3.50 Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall. Pp. 147. Apr1l, 1906................._ ...... . 50 2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on collections in the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka. Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906 .......... ... .75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 65-166. February, 1907 ................ ................................1.50 4. Indian Myths from South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 167-250. May, 1907 ...... .75 5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 251-318. September, 1907 . ................................ .. .75 6. The Reflgioir of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319- 356. September, 1907....................................: .50 Index, pp. 357-374. Vol. 5. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 .35 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63. September, 1907 . .... .75 3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December, 1909 .2.50 4. The Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Northeastern California and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 239-292, plates 10-25. June, 1910 ..... .75 5. The Chimariko Indians and Language, by Roland B. DIxon. Pp. 293- 380. August, 1910 .1.00 Index, pp. 381-384. Vol. 6. 1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908.3.25 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3. 3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians, by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in oae cover. February, 1908 ........... . . .... 50 Index, pp. 381-400. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 177-188 April 30, 1914 PHONETIC ELEMENTS OF THE DIEGUENO LANGUAGE BY A. L. KROEBER AND J. P. HARRINGTON An opportunity afforded A. L. Kroeber to hear Diegueino as spoken by Rosendo Curo of Mesa Grande, San Diego County, California, in June, 1912, revealed great resemblances and some striking differences between its sounds and those of its sister tongue Mohave, likewise of Yuman family, of which a laboratory analysis had previously been made.1 On the whole, the experi- ence gained with Mohave made the phonetic elements of Diegueno seem easily recognizable.2 Independent observations on the phonetics of the language courteously furnished by Mr. J. P. Harrington, who has had a brief opportunity to hear Diegueno, have been added as notes initialled by him. POSITION The points of articulation for consonants in Diegueno are the same as in Mohave. The palatal and velar stops, k and q, kw and qw, are perhaps less clearly distinguished. The dental-and palatal-alveolar stops, t and t, are formed as in Mohave, and 1 Present series, x, 45-96, 1911. 2 Some Dieguefio words recorded a number of years previously from Salidon and Onorato of San Felipe, then at Pala, were also available. T. T. Waterman has a phonetic key in the introduction, and a number of words in the body, of his "Religious Practices of the Diegue-no Indians" (Present series, viii, 271-358, 1910) and J. P. Harrington some notes in Journ. Am. Folk-Lore, xxi, 324, 1908. There are said to be two Diegueffo dialects, the southern being spoken at Manzanita, Campo, and La Posta. The northern dialect is the only one referred to here. 178 University of California Publications in Am Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 occur in the same stems; only in the word for earth, number 49 in the appended list of words, was palatal t heard in Mohave and interdental t in Diegueino. No general transposition of any sound to a more forward or backward formation is noticeable except the uniform change of Mohave 8 to Dieguefno y. STOPS The Diegueno stops, which are p, t, t, k, kw, q, qw, with which can be reckoned the affricative tc, are subject to the same rule that applies in Mohave and in a number of other native American languages: when initial or medial, they are half voiced, the explosion but not the occlusion being sonant; when final or followed by another consonant, they are entirely unvoiced and more strongly aspirated. The stops on the whole show little change between the two languages. There are a few instances of stop and nasal inter- changing; but they are uncommon. Such are: Mohave t becomes Diegueino n (nos. 1, 2 of the list)8; and Mohave m becomes Diegue-no p (3, 4, 15, 30).4 NASALS M, n, and ny also usually coincide in Mohave and Dieguen0o. Compare numbers 5, 10, 13, 18, 21, 22, 27, 29, 36, 37, and others in the list. FRICATIVES In this class of sounds the two dialects show more difference, Mohave 9, 8, and v being lacking in Dieguenfo. 8 Or may it be that Dieguefio nx.inn, recorded by me in its predicative form as Ex.innk or nx.inn"k, contains an n-sound cognate with that of Mohave asentik, it is onet Mohave sito, Cocopa cit, would then be regarded as a separate word, although perhaps of the same origin. Or perhaps the Dieguefno nn stands for the Mohave nt; this would be the reverse of what happens in no. 30 of the list, where a long nasal in Mohave is represented in Dieguefio by nasal plus stop. As regards Dieguenlo Exann, it is probably the representative of Mohave ahot, Yuma axot, but one might also think of connection with Mohave ta-ahana, real, good.-J. P. H. 4 Perhaps this change occurs most frequently at the beginning or end of a word. Cf. the change of v to p mentioned under Fricatives below. The change also occurs within Mohave (cf. -motam and -potc, negative suffixes) and probably also within Diegueio.-J. P. H. 1914] Kroeber-Harrington: Phonetic Elements of the Diegueio Language 179 Mohave surd interdental 6 is always s in Diegueino (4-10, 51).5 Diegueiio s, however, corresponds also to Mohave s (11- 16). But in a few words (1, 17, 18) Mohave s becomes x in Dieguenio.6 This x seems to be formed more anteriorly than the ordinary x of Dieguenio, which has a k or h articulation. It might therefore be distinguished as x-. It should be stated that the word for eagle was heard as Espa as well as Ex.pa from two of the Diegueino informants. Mr. Waterman writes expa.7 Diegueno s seems "sharper " than Mohave, that is, less like sh. The Mohave sonant interdental fricative 8 is y in all cor- responding Dieguefno stems determined (19-21, 51, 73). Another voiced fricative of Mohave, bilabial v, was normally heard as w in Diegueino (23-27, 58). Dr. Waterman also writes it w. When the ending auva becomes au in Diegueino (33, 64), it probably stands for auw, which would be regular, final vowels being frequently slurred or lost in Dieugeno. In some instances (67, 73) Dieguefno p seems to stand for v.8 The word for no (72), umau, Mohave vara, appears to show the equivalence v > m; but this is probably fallacious, as the correspondence o > au is well established, which would give as the Mohave equal umo or mo, and this is apparently represented in that dialect by the negative suffix -mote. It should be added that the single word "where" (22), Mohave maki, was heard in Dieguefio as maive, with distinct bilabial v.9 The surd palatal or velar fricative x must also be mentioned here. In Mohave a corresponding sound was written both h and x, but was finally regarded as a breath accompanied by some pos- 5 Mohave is the only Yuman language of the Central group whieh has O instead of s.-J. P. H. 6 Cocopa has c or palatalized s, showing an intermediate stage between s and x.-J. P. H. 7 Present series, vm, 314, 1910. 8 This change appears to occur frequently at the beginning or end of a word. Cf. the change of m to p (under Stops above)'.-J. P. H. 9 Mr. Isidro Nejo of Mesa Grande pronounced the word maipe'e, with p, when articulating slowly. Perhaps we have here to deal with some change such as in Shoshonean, where an informant will insist that such a word as pa, water, never can become va, and yet in talk will be heard to say va when the conditions require it.-J. P. H. 180 University of California Publications in Am.Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 terior narrowing rather than a true fricative, as appears to be like- wise the case in a number of other Californian languages. Hence the orthography h was adopted. In Diegueno the corresponding sound (2, 4, 9, 36, 38, 44, 47, 55, 56, 58, 75) is much more clearly of fricative character, and was therefore written, as also by Dr. Waterman, x.10 The labialized fricative xw corresponds to x as kw does to k. Perhaps X and Xw, paralleling velar q and qw, should also be distinguished. A sound similar to xw was found in Mohave, but seemed to be only h followed by a short o or u (32, 56, 62, 69). Possibly the orthography hw or xw, as in Dieguenio, would be more accurate. LATERALS Mohave has two 1 sounds: 1 and ly. Diegueino has at least three: 1, ly and L. Possibly Ly should be added." Mohave sonant palatalized ly corresponds, wherever the same stems could be compared, to Diegue-no surd L, either unpalatalized (9, 11, 28-31, 34-37) or possibly palatalized (32, 33, 38). The only exceptions found, numbers 21 and 56, were recorded as sonant in Dieguenfo. These may be errors. The L, it should be added, is a spirant, not an aifricative. No regular Mohave equivalents have been determined for Diegueiio voiced 1 and ly, which occur both medially and finally (4, 7, 13, 14, 39, 40, 41, 52, 63).12 That they have not been found 10 The Dieguefio x, like that of the neighboring members of the Central group (Yuma, Maricopa and Cocopa) is much more fricative than its Mohave counterpart. A Yuma Indian living among the Mohave once very naively volunteered the information that the Yumas say axa, water, while the Mohaves say aha. These Yuman developments are almost exactly paralleled by the sound of Spanish j in various dialects of Spanish. In Californian and New Mexican Spanish the j is very h-like, and a Mohave renders this sound perfectly when he uses his Mohave h in talking Spanish. In certain dialects of old Spain, however, the j is very fricative, and I have felt when hearing it, as also in the case of the Yuma and Cocopa x, that it is articulated farther back in the mouth than is the x of German "ach.I -J. P. H. "1Yuma and Cocopa have both voiced 1 and ly and voiceless L and Ly.-J. P. H. 12In 4, 7, 52 Dieguefno has -ly, and Mohave has nothing. The fact that both EWi and Ewily were given as meaning stone led to the supposi- tion that -ly is merely a separable suffix, but the informant insisted that Esily(7) is the only word meaning salt, and that Esi(8) can mean salt under no circumstances but means to drink. The word meaning fly is 1914] Kroeber-Harrington: Phonetic Elements of the Diegueio Language 181 initially is not surprising, since very few Mohave words begin- with either 1 or ly. TRILLS Diegueno and Mohave r occur in the same stems, as in num- bers 3, 6, 61 of the list, but are differently formed. Diegueno r lacks the characteristic trill of the Mohave sound; it is soft, untrilled, and resembles English r. Dr. Waterman, who writes it R, calls it surd."' It occurs also in the following words: kwE-rau, hot; pitekara, two stand; meri, penis; menura, hear; kosmirai, crazy; ekurr, far. In the last word it is lengthened, that is, prolonged, like Mohave rr. Another r, which is distinctly trilled and very much like Mohave r, though the precise point of articulation was not deter- mined, was found only in the words karap, hit him (imperative), and Expa uru, bald eagle. Dr. Waterman describes this sound as trilled and made with the tip of the tongue close to the front of the palate.'4 He writes it r, but gives it in only a few words. Of these, kwinyor, red, was not found by the author, and sair, buzzard, was heard as sa'i.'5 SEMI-VOWELS Diegueino y sometimes represents Mohave 8. In other stems it apparently is not the equivalent of this sound but of some other, probably y. No common stems in which y corresponds in the two languages have, however, been found."' Disregarding words in which y is not certain on account of neighboring i, it occurs in Diegueino in yaip, wind, YUWiL, thigh, oyuk, outdoors, kwayuk, a lizard, 'uyeL, flea, and perhaps also in yimi, wild cat, very irregular, appearing as xalesmo in Yuma. In 39 Dieguenlo has -1, Mohave nothing. In 13 Dieguefio appears to have either 1 or n; Isidro Nejo gave the pronunciation kwanemesap. Nos. 40, 41, 63 appear to be very irregular.-J. P. H. 13 Present series, vm, 272, 1910. 14 Op. cit., 272. 15 Recorded as sa'i, with no -r.-J. P. H. 16 May it be that Mohave Kwayu and Dieguefio Kuyahomar, name of a mythic being, share y in common -J. P. H. 182 University of California Publications in Am. Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 and yamatai, panther, though the latter has also been recorded as nyimatai, which may be more correct in view of a probable relationship to the Mohave stem nume.17 W occurs in Dieguenio as the equivalent of Mohave bilabial v, probably also otherwise. While found in Mohave, it is rare in that language, and no certain correspondence of stems containing w have been determined between the two idioms. Thus Diegueiio itcix, heart, seems to have no connection with Mohave 'iwa. It need hardly be pointed out that kw and xw, like ly and ny, are only orthographies, and not combinations containing a simple w or y. BREATHS AND GLOTTAL STOPS The soft, faint h sound of Mohave, written ', and frequent as the sign of the third person, recurs in Dieguefno. The body- part terms written with it all contain the possessive element indicative of the third person. Mohave h is represented by Dieguefno x, already discussed. The difference between the sounds is not as great as the ortho- graphy might imply. Glottal stops occur in Diegue-no (16, 73), but were not noted as very vigorously formed.18 LENGTHENED CONSONANTS Prolongation of consonants is a feature shared by Mohave and Dieguefno. In addition to numbers 1, 2, 39, 46, 50, 60, 66, pro- longation was observed in Esann, younger sister, ekurr, far, Expannk, whale, amokwinn, pipe, axoLL, string. It will be observed that nn of EX-inn and Exann (1, 2) corresponds to Mohave t, while on the other hand Mohave hammulye is repre- sented by Dieguefno empiL. 17 With the change in the last syllable of Mohave numeta, Diegueflo nyimatai, cf. that in Mohave kwa6i8W, medicineman (51), Dieguefio kwisiyai.-J. P. H. 18 A glottal stop after a final vowel and followed by a very short but fully voiced vowel of the same quality was heard in kima)', sleep thoul, maipe'e, where?, and probably also in piya'a, this.-J. P. H. 1914] Kroeber-Harrington: Phonetic Elements of the Dieguei&o Language 183 TABLE OF CONSONANTS The articulation is not always identical for all the sounds represented by letters on one line. p~~ 0 0~ o a Csa asa a'a t a a a ? 2 A ?Ci 5 m , A a 0 . 4a a B0 s Labial p m w Dental t Alveolar t s n I L Prepalatal t x. ny ly (Ly) -r r y Postpalatal k x Postpalatal, labialized kw 2rW Velar q (0?) Velar, labialized qwp ( mw) Glottal t VOWELS A characteristic trait of Mohave is the slurring of unaccented vowels, especially initially and finally. The same tendency seems even stronger in Diegueno, as numbers 9, 28L 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37e 47a 49t 61x 62, 68, 71 show. It is true that many of these words were at first heard without the final vowel in Mohave also; but, on the other hand, the slighted vowels were expected and listened for in Diegueno, so that their absence can hardly be exrplained by unfamiliarity alone.wX It is quite likely that these and other similar stems really begin or end in consonants, and that the additional neutral a which Mohave shows is merely a euphonic increment. This colorless and unaccented a was at first frequently heard as e in Mohave. The same was true of Diegue 2no. In fact, the sound generally continued to be so heard, and if recent impres- sion were the only available guide, the author would have little hesitation in saying that Dieguehno e (written sE) correspended to Mohave a as the neutral vowel, as in 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 15, 17, 23, 26t 28, 29a 33, 34s 35l 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, of the list. But in the 19a did not note any final vownel corresponding to the Mohave -a.s J. P. H. 184 University of California Publications in Am.Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 records from the former informants a was often written instead of E in these same words. Dr. Waterman also writes xatca for xEtca, awl for EWi (though he agrees in expa, Mohave aspa). It must therefore be left open whether A, as this colorless sound might be written, or E, is the more proper designation for the unaccented neutral vowel of Dieguefno; but the writer inclines to the belief that there is the suggested difference between Mohave and Dieguefno on this point.20 The Dieguenlo vowel system seems also to differ from the Mohave in the occurrence of sounds of close quality, at any rate i and u,21 in addition to the open values; and perhaps of a third, still different i. This may be the sound that Dr. Water- man has indicated by u. More certain are several definite correspondences with Mohave. Accented a generally recurs with distinct quality in both languages (3, 6, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25, etc.).22 Unaccented Mohave a is sometimes i in Diegueflo: numbers 12, 14, 15, 21, 43, 51. On the other hand i becomes a in 28, 39. 20 The determination of the quality of the vowel in these unaccented syllables proved so baffling that I determined to operate with a large number of characters. I soon found myself using nearly all the symbols for mixed vowels provided for by the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association. Before non-palatal sounds I heard the sound of A or E, usually as the former when I listened carefully, but I was impressed, as was Dr. Kroeber, that the sound is often more E-like than in Mohave. Before palatal sounds I heard the sound even as I. Thus inya, sun, xitca, Pleiades, miyulyk, sweet. But I heard the word for eagle only as Fxpa or Axpa, and find that I did not mark or note the x of the word as being different from the ordinary x. The p cuts off the offglide of the x and thus partly obscures the x. On the other hand, the Mohave i is certainly represented by a more open vowel than i in many Dieguefio words. Thus Diegueflo Ekwi, cloud(53), tEtu, belly(54), 'Exu, nose(55). Cf. Yuma and Cocopa Akwi. But in Mohave the first vowel of these words is i. Tinyam, night (48), retains, however, its i as in Mohave, perhaps due to the following palatalized nasal. Can it be that r also exercises this palatalizing influence in such a word as kwirak, old man(61), Yuma kwFra'ak? In Walapai r sometimes takes the place of Mohave ly and Mohave ly is a palatalized sound. The first vowel of this word in Mohave is sometimes A, sometimes o (due to preceding kwl). Also Dieguenlo atimm, bow(66) has its first vowel rounded in Mohave. In Dieguefio au, fire(64) (Mohave a'auva) the first vowel of the Mohave word seemed to be entirely lacking in the Dieguenio word. Certainly the number of more or less distinct vowel qualities is very large and it remains to be determined how the variations should be grouped and to what extent they are the result of contiguous sounds.-J. P. H. 21 Close i was heard in tinyam, night(48), piya'^, this(73) and Emily, leg(52), perhaps due to the following ny, y or ly. In several words a moderately close u was heard.-J. P. H. 22 This a, as in Mohave, often has considerable A-quality.-J. P. H. 1914] Kroeber-Harrington: Phonetic Elements of the Diegueino Language 185 Mohave e and i become respectively i and e in Diegueno about as often as they retain their quality. Thus, e equals i in numbers 5, 26, 32, 40, 45, 52, 53, 56; i becomes e or E in 8, 11, 18, 19, 42, 52, 53, 54, 55; while i recurs as i, or e as e, in 1, 7, 8, 9, 16, 20, 23, 31, 48, 51, 65, 66, and 73. Of the back vowels, o is uncommon in Dieguenlo. Mohave o is represented most frequently by u in Diegueino (4, 20, 34, 35, 41, 46, 54, 57), or sometimes, at least when final, by au (3, 19, 56).23 Mohave u is less often altered in Dieguelno. It is preserved in numbers 21, 42, 55 of the list. When Dieguefno alters Mohave u, it is usually to a front vowel (13, 30). ACCENT So far as aural impression may be relied upon, the stress and pitch accents of Diegueino seem to be identical with those of Mohave. COMPARATIVE LIST English Mohave Diegueiio 1 one sito Ex.inn24 2 good ahot Exann 3 fox marho parxau 4 fly Oilyahmo mesxapu-ly 5 woman eenya'&ka sinyE 6 five Oarap-k sarap25 7 salt ae'l Esi-ly 8 drink i6i Esi 9 ocean (a)ha-8o'ilya xa-siL 10 raccoon namaOa nxmas 11 hand isalya ESEL 12 liver I ipasa tc-ipEsi 13 star ha-muse kwily-mesap26 14 mockingbird sakwa-0a'ilya sakwi-lau 15 white nyamas-m kwE-nimsap 16 buzzard asei sa 'i 17 eagle aspa EX.pa27 23 With the equivalence Mohave -o = Dieguefio -au, cf. Mohave -e= Dieguefio -ai in no. 51.-J. P. H. 24 Also given as umx.innk, it is one.-J. P. H. 25 It is stated that the proper Dieguefno term for five is 'EsaLxakai.- J. P. H. 26 The informant gave kwanemesap, evidently a variant form.-J.P.H. 2Txpa ?-J. P. H. 186 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11 English Mohave Diegueiio 18 sleep i-sma E-x.ma 19 tooth 'yau 20 eye iyu 21 sweet ma5uly-k miyul-k 22 where maki maive28 23 stone avi Ewi29 24 house ava awa 25 south kaveik kawak 26 rattlesnake ave Ewi 27 you (p1.) m&tcva minyawaptc3o 28 tongue ' ipalya 'anapEL 29 ear ' amalya I EmaL 30 ash hammulye empiL 31 hot, day ' ipily-k 'UpiL 32 skunk ilyhue kwiLyexwirusl 33 rabbit halya'auva xELiau 34 spider halytota xnLtut 35 roadrunner talypo tELpU 36 gourd, turtle ahnalya axnaL 37 rat amalyka maLk 38 moon haly'a xELya 39 arrow ipa apall 40 beard I iavume I alemi 41 mortar ah-mo kaly-mu 42 see iyu EWU 43 sun any5a inya 44 Pleiades hatca xEtca 45 metate ahpe zXpi 46 mountain-sheep ammo nmmu 47 dog ahata axat. 48 night tinyam tinyam 49 earth amata amat 50 sky ammaya ammai 51 medicineman kwaei8b kwisiyai32 52 leg, foot 'ime 'emi-ly 53 cloud, rain ikwe Ekwi 54 belly ito etu 55 nose 'ihi 'texu 56 nail kelyuhoss silyexwau 57 white man haiqo, hiiqo xaiqu 58 two havik xawok34 28 Given as maipe'e.-J. P. H. 29 Given also as Ewily.-J. P. H. 80 Given as minyawap.-J. P. H. 31 Given as kaLyiXwi'u.-J. P. H. 82 Recorded as kwasiyai.-J. P. H. 33 Mohave ho < hwo ?-J. P. H. 34 The pronunciation is practically identical with the Cocopa.-J. P. H. 1914] Kroeber-Harrington: Phonietic Elements of the Diegueiio Language 187 English Mohave Diegueno 59 mouth 'iya 60 knee memepAka mexetunn 61 old man kwora'aka kwirak 62 blood ahoata axwat 63 snow I upaka alap 64 fire a'auva au 65 dance ima ima 66 bow otisa atimm 67 tobacco auva up 68 deer aqwaqa aqwaq 69 badger mahoa maxwa 70 bird teiyAre asa 71 raven aqaqa ax&q 72 no vara umau33 73 this vi8a-nya piya'38 74 bad alai-k WiLitC 75 cane ahta axta CORRESPONDING SOUNDS Mohave Diegueiio p p t t t n (occasionally) t t k k kw kw q q qw qw tc tc m m m p (sometimes) n n (usually) ny ny (usually) 5 s (usually 8 x. (occasionally) a y v w (always when medial) v p (sometimes) h ( tinge) x ho (-xw) xw x (1) Xw (?) ly L (_) 1 35 Recorded as I umau.-J. P. H. 36 Recorded as piya-a.-J. P. H. 188 University of California Publications in Am. Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11 Mohave (?) I r (trilled) (?) rr y w Diegueiio ly (I) r (untrilled) r (trilled) (?) y (?) (?) a a a (unaccented=A) e e i i 0 o (final) u u (I) a (normally) i (occasionally) E e (frequently) i (frequently) i (frequently) e (frequently) a (rarely) u (usually) au (sometimes) u i, e (occasionally) o (rare) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS- (CONTINUED) Vol. 7. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with 38 text figures. June, 1907 . ..................... ...................... 1.25 2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908............. . . .35 8. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A Barrett. Pp. 133-306, plates 15-30, 231 text figures. December, 1908 .1.75 4. Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region, by N. C. Nelson. Pp. 309-356, plates 32-34. December, 1909 ..50 5. The Ellis Landing Shellmound, by N. C. Nelson. Pp. 357-426, plates 36-50. April, 1910. .................................................... 75 Index, pp. 427-443. Vol. 8. 1. A Mission Record of the California Indians, from a Manuscript in the Bancroft Library, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-27. May, 1908..25 2. The Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29- 68, plates 1-15. July, 1908 ................................. ... ..................... .75 3. The Religion of the Luisefio and Diegueflo Indians of Southern California, by Constance Goddard Dubois. Pp. 69-186, plates 16-19. June, 1908 .1.25 4. The Culture of the Lulseflo Indians, by Philip Stedman Sparkman. Pp. 187-234, plate 20. August, 1908 .50 5. Notes on Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 235-269. September, 1909 .35 6. The Religious Practices of the Dieguefo -Indians, by T. T. Waterman. Pp. 271-358, plates 21-28. March, 1910 ..........-........-............................. .80 Index, pp. 359-369. Vol. 9. 1. Yana Texts, by Edward Sapir, together with Yana Myths collected by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 1-235. February, 1910 2.50 2. The Chumash and Costanoan Languages, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 237- 271. November, 1910............................................................... 35 3. The Languages of the Coast of California North of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 273-435, and map. April, 1911 1.50 Index, pp. 437-439. Vol. 10. 1. Phonetic Constituents of the Native Languages of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-12. May, 1911 .10 2. The Phonetic Elements of the Northern Palute Language, by T. T. Waterma4. Pp. 13-44, plates 1-5. November, 1911 .45 3. Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 45-96, plates 6-20. November, 1911 .65 4. The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 97- 240, plates 21-37. December, 1912 1.75 5. Papago Verb Stems, by Juan Dolores. 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