UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 241-263 August 30, 1913 PAPAGO VERB STEMS BY JUAN DOLORES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVERSITY OF AIFORNIAPUBLICATIONS. DEPARTENT O ANTHROPOLOGY The following publications dealing with archapological and ethnological subjects Isued mder the direction of the Depirtment of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publications of anthropological departments and musms, and' for journals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, which lnclude postage or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University Press. European agent for the series In American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cs Philology, Education, Modern Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Phyiology, Zoology and also American Archaeology and Ethnology, B. rriedlaender &; Sohn, Berlin AERICAN ARCHAOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.-A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Price pbr volume $3.50 (Vol. 1, $4.25). Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates 1-80. September, 1903 ............................- -$1.25 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. Mdarch, 1904 .......-..3.00- Index, pp. 369-378. Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904 .... ..... ....-............... .40 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South Of San Francisco, by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 ......................... .60 3. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 1904 ..25 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905 .............. ......... .75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 165-377. January, 1907 ...................... . ........2.25 Index, pp. 379-392. Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344 pp. June, 1905 ................ . L..... 3.50 Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved In Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall., Pp. 1-47. April, 1906 ............ .50 2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on collections in the Department of Anthropology of the University- of Califomia, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka. Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906...... .75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 65-166. February, 1907 .................. ...................... .................. 1.60 4. Indian Myths from South Central California4 by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 167-250. May, 1907 ................ . . . .75 5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 251-318. September, 1907 . . .756 6. The Religion of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319- 356. September, 1907................... 50 Index, pp. 357-374. Vol. 5. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 .....-- - .35 2. Navaho M-yths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Transations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard, Pp. 21-63. September, 1907................... _ _ .75 3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December, 1909 . . 2.50 4. The Material Culture of the Elamath Lake and Modoc dians of Northeastern California and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 239--292, plates 10-25. June, 1910. ... .75 5. The Chimariko Indians and Language, by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 293- 380. August, 1910 ... 1.00 Index, pp. 381-384. Vol. 6. 1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indi by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908 .3.25 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-68, map S. 3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions b the MIwok Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. February, 1908 .......... .- ..- .50 Index, pp. 381400. Vol. 7. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, With 38 text igures. June, 1907 ................. ..... _.. 1.25 2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Mam in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 ........... .35 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 241-263 August 30, 1913 PAPAGO VERB STEMS BY JUAN DOLORES CONTENTS PAGE Explanatory Note ................................. . .................. ........... 241 I. Simple Verb Stems . . .................................. 243 II. Verbs Derived from Nouns ... ..... .......... 251 A. Without Change ..............................251 B. By Suffix - 'kah, to have or claim ..... ........... 253 C. By Suffix -T, to make ............................................................. 256 D. By Suffix -TCU, to make for ... ....................... 259 E. By Suffix -wuah, to let fall ............... . . ................ 261 F. By Suffix -xi, to shake ...................... ................ .. 262 G. By Suffix -am, im, to go to get ..------------------- 262 H. By Suffix -Pi, to take off ....................... ............. 263 EXPLANATORY NOTE The list of Papago verbs constituting this essay was compiled by Mr. Dolores to facilitate the analysis of a number of texts recorded by him, and to serve as a basis for future grammatical study. As the Papago and Pima languages are practically identical, the list may also be of value in the further elucidation of the Pima texts published by the late Dr. Frank Russell,' as well as in comparative studies in the Uto-Aztekan group of languages. The system of orthography was worked out by the under- signed after phonetic investigation of the language. For the spellings used in each word, M[r. Dolores is however responsible. The following notes may make the orthography sufficiently clear for grammatical purposes. 1 Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethn., xxvi, 3-389, 1908. 242 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 The vowels are a, i, o, u, and u, the latter the back-tongue, non-rounded vowel found in many Shoshonean languages. C is similar to English sh, tc to ch. V is bilabial. T is a more alveolar or palatal sound than t, which is distinctly dental. N before i and u is a different sound from n before a, o, u, being nearly equivalent to ny, that is, palatalized. This difference is invariable when the sound is initial. It did not seem necessary, therefore, to employ distinct symbols. Subsequently a number of instances of medial unpalatalized n before u were found. In these words n has therefore been indicated by italic n. Several instances of palatal n before a, o, u have been written ny. Several consonants seem to depend on the adjacent vowels. Thus, at least initially, s occurs only before i and u, c only before a, o, u; t before a and o, tc before i, ii, u. V and w are hard to distinguish. Mr. Dolores has written v before a and i, w before o, u, u, which seems correct to the writer. The spelling wua might, however, be regarded as representing wa with heavily labialized w. T has been found, initially, only before a and u. All Papago sounds, vowels and consonants alike, have two pronunciations; one sonant and with weak breath, the other surd2 and strongly aspirated. The former has been indicated by ordinary small roman letters, the latter, for convenience in typewriting, by small capitals. The rules governing when the same sound is respectively sonant or surd cannot be examined here; the main determining factor, however, is position in the word, surd aspirated sounds being normally found at the end of words. S and c alone seem to be invariably surd: they have therefore been represented throughout by small capital letters.3 Mr. Dolores also writes 1 as always surd, even when intervocalic. This may be because of a normallv stronger breath pressure than in English; the sound is certainly sonant for at least the greater part of its duration in some positions. 2 Vowels here designated as surd may in reality be whispered. At any rate they show no trace of laryngeal vibrations in ordinary mechanically made tracings. 3 Consistency would have required capital H instead of small h; but this has not been done. Surd v of course is bilabial f; and w is much like English wh. Stops and the aifricative tc are sonant only during the explosion when initial, entirely surd when final or followed by surd vowels. Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. In the vowels there is a third class of sounds: sonant and aspirated, represented by following h. It is thus necessary to distinguish between sonant unaspirated a, sonant aspirated ah, and surd aspirated A. It seems likely that something similar may apply also to consonants. In kah, to look for, and kah, to hear, there is undoubtedly a difference in the initial sounds. Both are sonant during the explosion, but the second contains a stronger breath. Compare similarly kih, to become fat, and kih, house; tciyah, to arrive, and tclyah, to settle down; tcuh, to do or to rain, tcuh, to stop burning. In each case the initial consonant of the second word is more strongly aspirated, though the difference is not indicated in the orthography used. A similar aspiration probably explains the spelling kahvai (with surd v and sonant a), where kahvaih (the whole last syllable sonant) or kahvAI (the last syllable entirely surd) might be expected, and Mr. Dolores' uLi3lK, uLihNI, OLihc, where L perhaps stands for lh related to 1 and L as ah is to a and A. Accent is very weak in Papago, and apparently of no gram- matical significance; it has therefore not been written. A. L. KROEBER. I. SIMPLE VERB STEMS4 A thorough distinction is made in the Papago verb between completed and continued action, or as it might be called, accom- plishment and progression. The obvious translations in English are by the infinitive and present participle respectively. Most verb stems, as here given in their shortest form, denote completed action, and their "participle," or form signifying continuing action, is made by the addition of one of a number of suffixes. Other verbs add no such suffix: in them, incomplete action can be expressed only by using the form denoting repeated action, namely, the reduplicated stem. These two classes have not been separated or distinguished in the list. 4 The alphabetic order is the same as in English. T and te follow t, ii follows u. No distinction of order is made between small and capital letters, nor between aspirated and unaspirated vowels: a and ah come in the same place and am precedes ahp. The glottal stop is also not taken account of in alphabetizing. 1913] 243 244 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 A third class of verbs denotes only incomplete or continued action. These stems cannot express completion or accomplish- ment. Consequently their translation by the English infinitive would be misleading, and they have all been rendered by the present participle. They have been further distinguished by an asterisk. Thus sa'ahsiM, to laugh at, but *ahc, laughing at, or to be in a condition of laughing at. In the same way there is an absolute difference in meaning between huh, to eat, and *ko'ah, eating, or to be eating. *cavaNT is "looking for horses"; the idea being that when one goes to look for the horses he is continually looking until he finds them. *cahw is "rattling the gourd" in accompaniment of a certain class of songs. When a song is commenced, there being only one verse, the song with the same words is repeated many times over. The rattle starts with the song and never stops until an entirely new song is to be introduced. The gourd continues to rattle even while the singers pause to catch their breath preparatory to singing the song over again. The rattling keeps the same time, and makes the connection from one repetition to the next. It is clear as soon as the full meaning of this word is understood that the idea of continuation is implied; and the same idea prevails in all the verbs of this class. *hapahTKu and *nahpahTKu have been included in this "participial" class because being from adjectives they have no complete action or "infinitive" form. *Kiihc, *nawo'T, *ski'iT have also been starred and translated as participles because, while they possess forms denoting completed action, these are longer than the "participial" forms given. ah point, tell *ahc laughing at ai reach, overtake, pass ammoh talk loud ammihTCU know, guess right a 'PuTCU accuse caca'Ki mix *cacahm groaning caI drive (cattle, horses, etc.) *ca'I hanging (like clothes on line, on brush) cahxu hold in the palm Dolores: Papago Verb Stemqs. make a rustling and scratching noise splash looking for (usually horses) buy rattling the gourd sew cry hit with the hand cut by striking stop roast grain in the basket melt, thaw stop, quit crack, destroy lying flat (hapahT, flat) copulate in ano blunder sprinkle paste, stick on belch cut hair, cut grass, etc. go, walk, move bury yell, bark turn from flower into fruit (cactus fruit) soak by burying sprinkle with the mouth cook by boiling braid depending on rubbing look for by stirring load in a carrying basket wrap hurry some one 'eat be gone (liquid) grease become warm show evidence of bearing mesquite-beans pull out go down chase laugh hang clothes for drying, to dry fruit pile, assemble, gather bloom become cold, cool (no more pain) be cold cam ca'rpt *cavaNT ca 'val *cahwu coh cohcah cohNi CONYTCI c6p1 hah hah ha'ahsah hai *hapahTKju hasuhtcu'ih ha'Ts hahT'c hatiiwuah hih hih hiahc hihhiN hihKu hiOvihTCI hihptcuh hltoh h!Tpah *hlvi'R-U *hihwtv hoah hohhah hO'piNnoh h6tiimmuh huh huh huh huikah hiiLihka'T huhT huh hiihu hiimmahpai hiioh hiihpih hiiuM 1913] 245 246 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 huiva'Ki smell hiiva'TcI become cool ih drink ih call a person's attention by naming his relation- ship to oneself iahpu'T catch flour as it falls off the grindstone iah'to'KI tell a lie lawuah spill ihhammuh delay, disturb ihu gather cactus fruit i'ihhoh cough 'KI shake a plant to make the fruit fall off iNnaM hunger for meat iohLi fry i'ovih become sweet ihpi retract the foreskin *jpjih breathing lhT put grain, or anything composed of many separate bodies, into a plate or basket ihvi make fire with a drill kah look for kah hear kai cook meat on coals kaihc catch and hold between the legs *kaiTcI saying *kakuitah selling, wanting to sell kaM put in the mouth kantahT scatter kahpu pOP kahvA quarrel kawuLihkai separate, change kahyo'pi cross kih get fat, gain flesh kiah couple ki'ihc bite and hold with the teeth kikihwu tremble kihku'TcI whistle, whistling koh hug, hold against the breast *ko'A eating kohcohTKt be loose *k6hhim limping koi sleep (sing.), die (pl.) koi bleed kohkoh sick (pl.) k6hKi dig; sleep (pl.) kohpo'TKt be heaped, raised kohpu explode ko'to'KI yell in victory kohwu rattle like tin cans Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. close, shut singing (a bird), neighing (a horse) get wood burn and stick to the cooking vessel chase game for killing be dry and stiff make jelly or jam cook meat on the end of a stick annex heat the body for curing rheumatism put wood in the fire, for carrying the fire away bother, disturb whine count (Spanish) call an animal or a bird by imitating its voice stand (man, animals) scratching the body bite, sting fall feed whip, earn, win beautify, make good shell corn, pick berries reach full growth cool and form a scum, like greasy food lay against, lay on top step on give cook yucca in the ground learn, know cover hit by throwing get sick by eating too much fat meat break through swinging the arm experience the act of giving birth to a child be stiff jointed become light untangle gather seeds load on the head (moo, head) shoot (with bow and arrow) die break by bending sharpen run (sing.) kill burn something, blaze kuh *kuh ku'A kuhc kfica'T kuhca'TKt kuhcuhLl kuhha'KI ku'ihNo'KI kuhKuTpah kUiT kutuh kuyihcahT kUyiNT kuyihTCI kiuh *kuihc kii kiix kiikuhs kiixM kii'KiTCI kiihml kiu'ii'tah kiihvA kiivihc kiiyihc mah mah mai ma'ihc ma'ihhih maiM ma'kahT *makuihwu mammiitoh mANnihkoh mahsih mahtoh moh moT muh muh muhLI mu'uhkai miih miuah mUI 247 1913] 248 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Eth&n. [VOL. 10 mfikoh nahc nai nahkoh Dnam *naNnawiihKii naNnuhkihTCU *nahpahTKt nahtoh navai *nawo'T noh niiah niut niiii nulIN nuihN,i niuoh *nyflku'T oh OA ohckoh OI 6LahT oLihc 3hmi 0o9 o o'oh o'ohhah 6tcii'iihwtr pah pa'ihhah pa'ivihTCI pakahT palMmu'T paNniM pih piah pihhah pihhiNoh PIP' pihSTCI pill piipii'T sih slhc sirt sihrti sihsxi Si'TCI be gone far (distance or time) (mflKt, far) fold make fire endure, raise meet sparkling tease a hungry person with food lying or sitting in a dead-like position make, finish make wine make a friend, making a friend bend beg see sing fly up, fly away (pl.) speak, talk keeping, taking care of gather cactus fruit, harvest corn erase skin a sore place follow coil, shorten, take up hook break (pl.) drop (liquid) write, paint find the thing lost swallow inclose (pl. obj.) get ahead get mad, get angry ask for help creep, crawl give cooked food take cooked food off the fire wind put things in the skirt or apron defecate sneeze take (sing. obj.) make a pattering noise suck pin, touch with the end drizzle, to drop in drops break open of itself (a sore) sift rattle (rattlesnake or bell) Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. skihhu5 fear skuyihTcI5 yell in defiance of the opponent *skiiIT5 scolding, being angry at s6hhoi love, like, agree so'i'kii'iihLI pity stahMoh5 abhor, dislike suivahhu sweat (Spanish) *tah sitting tah fly, jump (sing) tah wrestle tai borrow, ask for tahmai have a toothache from eating sour fruit taMiihtcuah cause to pain again tapiuh smoothe tahpt split taT touch, feel tatah arrive (pl.) tahtahNi thunder nearby tahT spread *tahtcuah wanting, needing, desiring toA be alive, be well, get well toahhih thunder far away tohA put away, put down (pl.), pour water to I bet (pl. obj.) to'ipiah rescue, save tohkah play the woman's ball game tOMmi'T bear fruit out of the regular season toN shine toNnoM be thirsty t6'Pt twist tohskoh swell toT cohabit to'TS excite, frighten tohT groan, snore tcihKl4PiU work tcihpcuh lick, using the fingers tcihpiah move the whole family *tcihtcivih playing tclyah arrive (sing.) tciyah make a home, to settle down tcuh stop burning of itself tcuh put the baby on the back tcuh do, make, prepare tcuh rain tcuammah cook by burying in the ground 5 Stems do not begin with two consonants. s- commences many adjectives. These four verbs all denote states of mind. They are there- fore evidently adjectives. 249 1913] 250 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VoL. 10 punch with a stick or with the fingers grind put out the fire ask a question try sink standing (pl., inanimate objects) make a lunch catch and drag under wink see, find put away taste go up, climb, ride say put on the shoes be there (at a certain time, in a certain place) fight think, remember undermine mark, make a line make bread, tortilla stop by obstruction, go all over make a fire to heat cooking rocks smoke tobacco name, call drag notch the end of an arrow take (pl. obj.) shake hold out something for somebody throw the baby up and down plant being afraid, fearing stop crying steal find having, owning go in make tough, irrigate call rise from lying pull get blisters, become blistered stay, be left leave something purposely lick with the tongue twist, make a hair rope burn the hair teu'aMmuh teUI tcui tdu'ihTCI teuM tciihpi *tcfihTCI tcuyihc tcuyihc tcuyihc teiih teiuh teiih teiihc teii teiihkah teiihkah teii'kiah teii'Kitoh teiihkopih teiihKtcahT teuMmai teuMmoh tCiiMmu'T tcfU'TCI tciUhTCI telivaim uhhU'KI UI ukiTCI ULihNI UiLU'KI ii' *U'pi'T U'Pt uhs iita'KI *UitiUki'T vah vah vai vahMi va'Nnyoh vahpCCU'T vih viah viNnyuh Vi'TCI wohi Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. woi w6h'poi wohsuh wuh wuihc wuhhA wuhsoh wuyihTCI wiihhoTcI wuNna 'T lay, put down take away from by force run (pl.) pull out the hair brush, sweep tie come out, rise from sitting awaken blow with the mouth race a long distance using a wooden ball certify, to make true put with II. VERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS A. WITHOUT CHANGE Many nouns are also used as verbs, the idea of "have" being then understood. Thus, ha'ah, a jar, or, to have a jar. Such verbs are here given. Other nouns which will be listed separately later, are made into verbs, with the meaning "to have," by the addition of the suffix -'kah. But the nouns in the following list cannot add the suffix -'kah; and those which are given as adding the suffix -'kah, cannot be used as verbs without it. Coyi'kah and uNni'kah contain this suffix, but being them- selves nouns, their verbal forms are here included. Noun or Verb a'ahN aLita'lKt aMmoh ahT ahtohLI CaLIhVI cavihkuhT CON CONnikldwhLI co'piahT coyi'kah ha'ah hahcii'tah ha'koh hahpohT hi'i hiwo' K Meaning as Verb to have feathers to have a child (a man) to have some one to work for to have an anus or bottom to make atole, to have atole (Spanish) to have trousers to have a rattle to have a starting point or trunk to have a wooden ball to have a doll to have a pet to have a jar to have a woven basket to have a cushion for the head to have an arrow to have urine to have a sore (the skin broken open) 251 1913] 252 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 Noun or Verb hiwiihcaN hiwiihteuh hoah hoahsa'ah hoNni'KU huhhuLikah h&TCI ivi'tahkuhT kaiTckah kaLicahNi kahT kih kohc kohtohNI kuKt kuN kuhsiiwoh k'utcah LiahT mahkotaKt maNnata'KU mahT mah'tcuhT mayiN mo'oh nahKu noNnah ovih OVi'TCI OyiT pohcohu sihpuhT sihsiivata'iKt sihtohLI tahTKU tahT tohNu tcihNi tciuohkuhT tciihpah tciupitiikuhT tCU'TCKI uhc uI U'umhata'Ku uhsakah Meaning as Verb to have a groin (a woman) to have a groin (a man) to have a sewed basket to have a plate to have a wife to have menses to have toe or finger nails to have a co-wife (a woman) to have a fire drill to have seeds for planting to have trousers (Spanish) to have a bow to have a home or a house to have a nest to have a shirt (Spanish) to have an end to have a husband to have a neck to have semen to have a raw-hide rope (Spanish) to have something with which to couple to have something to hobble with to have a child (a woman) to have a grinding stone to have a mat to have a head to have an ear to have eggs to have an opponent to have an awl to have a farm to have pohcohLI (corn and beans cooked together) to have a sitting part to have spit to have syrup to have root or roots to have a foot to have a knee to have a mouth to have a cane to have a mortar to have a pestle to have a dream to have a flint arrow point to have wind on the bowels to be feathered (speaking of the arrows) to have the stick with which girls play the double ball. Dolores: Papago Verb Stemns. Noun or Verb u'uh iiLita'KU iiNni'kah vahcah vahcoml vthKus va'oh vipii'toh vltii'kuhT w6hKt wo'KUcah WONnahMi w6hT wuakah Meaning as Verb to have war arrows to have bark or skin to own or to have (iiNni'kah =property) to have a woven trinket basket to have a sewed storage basket to have a mat or anything used as a mat to have a pair of wooden tongs for gathering cactus fruit to have testicles to have a pestle for grinding to have a stomach to have a quiver to have a hat to have the foreshaft of an arrow to have a wuakah song B. BY SuIFIx -'kah, TO HAVE OR CLAIM Nouns a'ahN, feathers ah'Ki, river-bed (without water) aLih, baby AhNt, desert-willow ca'I, brush cAhT, wild potatoes cui'KU, mocking-bird cuta'KI, water hUhcahNm, giant cactus haivahNi, cows hahLi, squash, pumpkin ha'T, a kind of plant used as food ho'Ki, deer skin stripped from the body ho'tai, stone hovi'TcI, Spanish bayonet h-lahvi, deer huNI, corn hiimma'TckaM, people hiihT, red face paint ihhu'Kt, devil's claw (Marty- nia) lhkohvi, a plant used as food lhkuhLI, a plant used as medi- cine ipahi, leaf-cactus Verbs a'aNnu'kah, to have feathers ah'ki'kah, to claim a river-bed aLi'kah, to have a child aNnii'kah, to claim the desert-willow ca'i'hak, to claim brush catii'kah, to have wild potatoes cu'kah, to have a pet mocking-bird cAta'kah, to have water hahcaNni'kah, to claim giant cactus haivaNni'kah, to have cows h&Li'kah, to have squash, pumpkin ha'tii'kah, to have ha'T ho'kah, to have deer skin (buck-skin) ho'tai'kah, to have a charm stone (medi- cine man) hovi'tci'kah, to have the fruit of Span- ish bayonet huiavi'kah, to claim deer huNni'kah, to have corn hiimma'TckaMmii'kah, to claim people as one's own hfuhtii'kah, to have red paint for the face ihhu'kah, to have devil's claw ihkovi'kah, to have ihkohvi ihkuLi'kah, to have lhkuhLI ipai'kah, to have the fruit of ipahi 253 1913] 254 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 ihsiivi'KI, a kind of cactus iva'KI, greens or weeds kaiTCI, seeds kaLivahc, a kind of peas (Spanish) kaviyuh, horse (Spanish) ki'Ki, tallow kihsoh'Ki, a kind of cactus kohLai, corral (Spanish) kuhi, mesquite-tree kiiLih, old man kiihpi, watermelon LaNtcuh'KI, lentil (Spanish) LiahLI, money (Spanish) mahca'T, moon, month mahkai, one who cures sickness without medicine maNtcuh'KI, lard (Spanish) mTihNI, beans nahka'Kt, a kind of cactus nahwt, any kind of leaf-cactus ohkohkoi, wild pigeon ohKs, old woman fLah, gold (Spanish) ON, salt o'o'taM, a person o'ohT, sand ohpohnt, a kind of weed used as food o'pt, cruel and warlike people paN, coyote pahvi, a kind of bean piLihkaNi, wheat PiT, mud, clay for pottery SULiTCI, a baby boy tahc, sun, day, time tai, fire tahktwui, tree yucca tahtai, sinew tAtai, road-runner to'a'uK, mountain tohhawiihs, a kind of brush toLoh, bull (Spanish) ihsiivi'kah, to claim ihsiivi'lI iva'kah, to have greens kaiTcI'kah, to have planting seeds kaitci'kah, to have cactus seeds kaLivahcii'kah, to have kaLiVahc kaviyu'kah, to have a horse ki'kah, to have tallow kihsoh'ki'kah, to have the fruit of kihsoh'KI kohLai'kah, to have a corral kuyi'kah, to claim mesquite-trees kiiLi'kah, to have an old man (a woman speaking of her husband) kupi'kah, to have watermelons LaNtciih'ki'kah, to have lentils LiaLi'kah, to have money mahca'tii'kah, to have a moon (a woman speaking of her sickness) makai'kah, to have a doctor maNtcuh'ki'kah, to have lard muNni'kah, to have beans nahka'kah, to have the fruit of nahka'Ktu nawii'kah, to claim the nahwu ohkohkoi'kah, to have a pet wild-pigeon ohKsii'kah, to have an old woman (a man speaking of his wife) oLakah, to have gold ONnu'kah, to have salt o'o'tammii'kah, to claim people o'o'tii'kah, to have sand (a woman speak- ing of sand used in making pottery) ohpoNnii'kah, to have greens 6'pii'kah, to have enemies paNnu'kah, to claim coyote pavi'kah, to have pahvi piLihkaNni'kah, to have wheat pitii'kah, to have clay for pottery SuLitci'kah, to have a baby boy tahcii'kah, to have a date tai'kah, to have fire (matches) tahkiiwuyi'kah, to claim tree yucca tahtai'kah, to have sinew tatayi'kah, to claim the road-runner to'a'kah, to claim a mountain tohhawiihsii'kah, to have chewing gum made from the pitch of tohhawiihs toLo'kah, to have a bull 1Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. tONnuh'KU, hill teihhu'Kt, meat tcuhNi, dried cactus fruit teita'KI, burning coals, char- coal teihwtu, jackrabbit teiihho, a cave teil'Kt, mesquite-bean flour tcfiMI, a kind of cactus tciioLihmu, a kind of cactus tCiioTCI, man, male tciiva'KI, clouds tciiwiihT, dirt, earth, world tciihyah, girl uhca'PI, pitch uhhiMmahLI, a kind of bug, one of four Papago totems nMmU'Ku, a kind of yucca uhsakah, the chief's stick, also a crooked stick used by girls in playing the double ball game (uhs, tree in general) uhTkoh, stalk of the soap-weed uhTkotcUfTCI, soap-weed u'tiihva'Ku, tule u'uhhi'Kt, birds uhvi, woman uLita'KU, skin iiNni'kah, property vahcai, grass, hay va'Ku, hole v&hPrt'Ki, cane, or ribs of cactus vahyah, well viahpo'o'kii'iihLi, a yo\ung man vihho'Kt, mesquite beans vipahMu, milk-weed (chewing gum) vihwt, tobacco WO'KU road, trail wo'o, pond wuLuih, burro (Spanish) wUi'I, red paint used on pottery t6Nnuh'ku'kah, to claim a hill teuhhu'kah, to have meat tcuNnikah, to have dried cactus fruit tcuta'kah, to have coals tciiwii'kah, to have jack-rabbits (killed) tciihho'kah, to have a cave tciu'kah, to have mesquite-bean flour tcuimmi'kah, to claim tciihmi tciioLiMmil'kah, to have the fruit of tCUoLihMU tciiotci'kah, to have a man teiiva'kah, to have clouds (imitations of clouds) teiiwii'tii'kah, to claim some place as one's own tcuihya'kah, to have a girl (a young woman) uhca'pi'kah, to have pitch uhhiMmaLi'kah, to claim uhhimmahi clanship uMmu'kah, to have the leaves of fiMmu'Ku uhsakah, to have an uhsakah uhTko'kah, to have uhTkoh for making arrows uhTkotciutci'kah, to have soap-weed u'tiihva'kah, to have tule used in mak- ing baskets u'uhhi'kah, to have a bird or birds uvi'kah, to have a sister who has passed the age of girlhood and is known as uhvi and not tciihyah iLita'kah, to have skin of some animal liNni'kah, to have vahcai'kah, to have grass or hay va'kah, to have a hole (animals) vAhPW'kii'kah, to have cane or ribs of cactus vahya'kah, to have a well viahpo'o'kii'iiLi'kah, to have a young man vihho'kah, to have mesquite beans vipammii'kah, to have chewing gum viwii'kah, to have tobacco wo'kah, to have a road or trail wo'o'kah, to have a pond wiuLu'kah, to have a donkey wii'kah, to have red paint 255 1913] 256 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 The changes made in the noun stem by the addition of this suffix -'kah are regular. As sonancy predominates in the begin- ning of words, and surdness at the end, o'pu naturally becomes o'pii'kah. Aspiration is related to surdness. Therefore toloh makes tolo'kah, and pahvi pavi'kah. Nouns ending in T, T, N, M, s, or c, add ii before -kah. No exception to any of these rules are to be found. Most of the nouns ending in 'KI or 'KU lose this ending before -'ah: cuita'KI'kah becomes cata'kah. But there are a few nouns ending in the same syllable, which retain it before 'kah. These are ah'KI, kihsoh'Ki, LaNtciuh'KI, maNtCUh'KI, tONnuh'KU, and vahpt'Ktu. C. BY SUFFIX -T, TO MAKE It will be seen from this list that -T can be suffixed to all names of things that are made. But when a noun is changed to a verb with the suffiX -T, it is not understood whether work has been done, is being done, or will be done, so that all nouns changed to verbs with this suffix mean either make, making, or made, and can be fully understood only when used in a sentence. Thus: N toh hiiMmah klhT I will a house-make hiimma' aNT kihT a I-have house-made a'Ninih k!hT I-am house-making When -T becomes the ending of words having the suffiX -TCU, -T always changes these words to a "participle" expressing con- tinued action. Nouns Verbs aLih, baby aLi'T, to become a father almmoh, the boss, master ammohT, to find some one to work for ahT, the beginning of a basket ah'T, to make the beginning of a basket or a jar or jar ahtohcah, the skin or cloth that ahtohcahT, to make the ahtohcah is worn by men around the waist ahtohLi, atole (Spanish) ahtoLihT, making atole Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. Nouns ca'aLi'kih, a forked stick used to brace the carrying bas- ket and make it stand cAhkihmu, a rope or a strap that goes around the nose of a horse CaLihvi, trousers con, the starting point, trunk CoNnikiwuhLI, a wooden ball co'piahT, doll coyikah, pet CULiNnah, a stick straightened to be made into an arrow ha'ah, an olla hahciitah, woven basket ha'koh, a cushion for the head hahpohT, arrow ha'uh, gourd drinking cup hiNniivahLI, a mat not woven nor sewed, made of grass hoah, sewed basket hoahsa'ah, plate ho'KI, the skin, after it is taken off an animal (buck skin) ho'ommah, the best shooting arrow; a horse most used hoN, body hMNni'Kt, wife huhhuLikah, sickness of a woman hii'Kt, relationship of two women who are married to one man !Nna'KI, ancient skirt ihpuhT, over-skirt (modern) kaikiah, sandal string kaihTckah, seeds for planting kaLihcahNi, drawers (Spanish) kAhT, bow kih, house ki'ata'xt, handle kihcoh, cheese (Spanish) kihhoh, carrying basket kihhiih, brother-in-law, sister- in-law klhKI, plow, or a sharp stick to dig with kitcu'Kt, door ("house-open- ing ") k1wuhT, belt kohc, nest Verbs ca'aLi'kihT, to make a ca'aLi'kih cdhkiMmifhT, to make a cAhkihmt caLivihT, to make trousers CONT, started or commenced coNnikiwuLihT, to make a wooden ball co'piahTT, to make a doll coyikahT, to make a pet CuLiNnahT, to make a ciiLiNnah ha'ahT, to make an olla hahcutahT, to make a basket ha'kohT, to make a cushion hahpoh'T, to make an arrow ha'uhT, to make a gourd drinking cup hiNniivaLihT, to make a grass mat hoahT, to make a basket hoahsa'ahT, to make a plate ho'WT, to make buck skin ho'oMmahT, to make a good arrow; a good gentle work horse hoNT, to make the body hUNT, to marry (a man) huhhuLikahT, to get the huhhuLikah hii'KUT, to get a hii'uKt iNnaKIT, to make an ancient skirt ihpuhTT, to make an over-skirt kaikiahT, to make a sandal string kaihTckahT, to prepare seeds for planting kaLihcaNnihT, to make drawers kAh'T, to make a bow kihT, to make a house ki'ata'KtT, to make a handle k1hcohT, to make cheese kihhohT, to make a kihhoh kihhiihT, to get a kihhiih k1hKIT, to make a plow or a digging stick kItcii'KtJT, to make a door kiwuhTT, to make a belt kohcT, to make a nest 1913] 257 258 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 Nouns kohtohNI, shirt ku'kiah, corn with the husks pulled up and hung up for planting seeds; erectio penis kflKttah, a hanging shelf made of sticks tied together kuLahNI, medicine (Spanish) kips, smoke or dust LoMmiata'KU, a saddle made of two bundles of grass tied together (Spanish) mahkai, one who cures without medicine mahkota'KtY, a rope or a strap to tie two things together maNnata'Ku, a rope or a strap used to hobble a horse mahT, child of a woman mahtcuhT, a grinding stone mayiN, a woven mat mihT'piah, a cinch used as a stirrup mo'o, head nawo'TCI, friend noNhah, egg OLah, women's double ball 6vih, opponent OVi'TCI, awl oyiT, farm, garden pahcoh, breast pahhi, tail piT, mud, clay for pottery sihtohLI, syrup slwo'tah, tassel of down feath- ers tied on the head taLivihNt, twister for making rope tahTKu, root tcuakiah, a net for carrying things on a horse tcuta'KI, burning coals or char- coal tciuhho, a cave tCU'KU, mesquite-bean flour tcii'kii'tah, race track tCUOTCI, a man, male tciihpah, a mortar Verbs kohtoNnihT, to make a shirt ku'kiahT, to make ku'kiah kfIKttahT, to make a kfiKttah kuLaNnihT, to make medicine kfiPsT, to make smoke or dust LoMmiata'KUT, to make a grass saddle mdhkaihT, to teach one the secrets of curing without medicine mahkotaKtT, to make a mahkotaKt maNnata'KtiT, to make a maNnata'KU mahTT, to give birth to a child mahtcuhTT, to make a mahtcuhT mayiNT, to make a mat mihT'piahT, to make a mihT'piah mo'ohT, to make the head nawo'T, to make a friend noNhahT, to lay an egg (also applied to human beings) oLahT, to make the oLah 6vihT, to make an opponent ovi'T, to make an awl oyi'T, to make a farm or garden pahcohT, to make the breast pahhIT, to make the tail pi'T, to get clay in condition for pottery making sihtoLihT, making syrup slwo'tahT, to make a feather tassel taLiviNT, to make a taLivihnt tahTKtT, to become rooted tcuakiahT, to make a tcuakiah tcfita'KIT, to make burning coals or char- coal tciihhoT, to make a cave tcie'KUTT to make mesquite-bean flour tcii'kii'tahT, to make a race track tCUOTCIT, to make a man; to castrate a horse tcUpahT, to make a mortar Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. Notuns tciih'toh, a rock to hold the cooking jar above the fire teiihtoNniitaKt, the center pole of a house tciiva'KI, clouds u'Kucah, a wall put up for a wind-break u'uh, a war arrow u'umhata'Ku, the feathers on an arrow uNnikah, property ihT'pah, a mat of grass used as a door for the house vAhKus, whatever is used to sit or lie on (skin, blanket) va'oh, wooden tongs for gather- ing cactus fruit vahtcihhoh, a big wooden dish (Spanish) vawuNnata'KU, a pole which holds up the roof vahyah, a well vitii'kuhT, a pestle for grind- ing w6hca'Ktf, pocket (Spanish) w6'Ku, a road wo 'KUcah, a quiver woNnahMI, a hat wo'o, a pond w6hT, foreshaft of an arrow wuLiwii'kah, a target (a little bundle called a bird or rab- bit made of grass, tied with bark) Verbs tciih'tohT, to make a tciih'toh tcUhtoNnfitaKuT, to make a center pole tCiva'KIT, to make clouds (imitations of clouds) u'KtcahT, to make a wind-break u'uhT, to make a war arrow u'uMhata'KT, to make u'umhata'KTu fiNnikahT, to use as one's own, to wear fihT'pahT, to make an iihT'pah vahKusT, to make a vahKus v&'ohT, to make tongs vahtcihhohT, to make a vahtcihhoh vawuNnata'Kru,T, to make a vawiiNnata'Kfi vahyahT, to make a well vitii'kuhTT, to make a pestle wohca'K-UT, to make a pocket W6-'KUT, to make a road wo'KtcahT, to make a quiver woNnammihT, to make a hat wo'ohT, to make a pond w6h'T, to make a foreshaft wuLiwu'kahT, to make a target D. BY SUFFIX -TCU, TO MAKE FOR aLi, a baby ahT, the beginning of a basket ahtohu, atole (Spanish) caLihvi, a pair of trousers cavihkuhT, a rattle CON, trunk; the starting point coNnikiwuhLl, a wooden ball used in long distance race co'piahT, a doll ha'ah, an olla alITcu, to act like a child, to make a child ahTcu, to make the beginning of a bas- ket; to make an anus ahtoLITcU, to make atole for some one caLivihTCU, to make a pair of trousers for somebody cavihkuhTTcu, to make a rattle for some- body CONTCU, to begin coNnikiwuLihTCU, to make a wooden ball for somebody co'piahTTcu, to make a doll for somebody ha'ahTcu, to make an olla for some one 1913] 259 260 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 Nouns hahciitah, a woven basket hahkiMahT, niece, nephew ha'koh, a cushion for the head on which to carry baskets or Jars hahpohT, arrow hoah, a sewed basket hoahsa'ah, a plate hoN, body hi'Kt4, relation between two women who are married to the same man ivitahkuhT, fire drill ka'ammahT, grandchild of a woman kaiTckah, seeds for planting kaLihcaNI, a pair of drawers kUhT, bow kih, house kihhiih, brother-in-law, sister- in-law koho, nest kohtohNi, shirt ku'kiah, an ear of corn, with the husks pulled up and left on the cob, and hung up to be used only for planting seeds kuhNVU, husband kurs, smoke LIahT, a rawhide rope (Span- ish) mAhkai, one who cures without medicine mahkota'Kt, a rope or strap used to tie things together maNnata'Ku, a rope or strap used to hobble a horse mahT, child of a woman mahtcuhT, a grinding stone mayiN, a woven mat Verbs hahciitahTcu, to make a woven basket for some one hahkiMmahTTcU, to make a niece or nephew for some one ha'kohTcu, to make a cushion for some one hahpohTcU, to make an arrow for some one hoahTcu, to make a sewed basket for some one hoahsa'ahTcu, to make a plate for some one h6NTCU, to make a marriage for some one (a man) hiiKuTCUT, to make a hii'KtU for some one ivitahkuhTTcu, to make a fire drill for some one ka'aMmahTTcu, to make a -grandehild for some one kaiTckahTcu, to make planting seeds for some one kaLihcaNTcu, to make drawers for some one kAhTcu, to make a bow for some one kihTcu, to make a house for some one kihhiihTcu, to make a brother-in-law or sister-in-law for some one kobcTclf, to make a nest for some one kohtonTcu, to make a shirt for some one ku'kiahTcu, to make ku'kiah for some one kuNTcu, to make a marriage for some one (woman) kuPSTcu, to make smoke, to turn into smoke L1ahTCU, to make a rawhide rope for some one m&hkaihTcu, to make a medicine man of somebody mahkota'KutTcu, to make a coupler for some one maNnata'EutTCU, to make a hobble for some one mahTTcu, to help as a midwife mahtcuhTTcu, to make a grinaing stone for somebody mayiNTcu, to make a mat for some one Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. Nouns mo'o, head noNhah, egg 6vih, an opponent pohcohLl, hominy sihtohLI, syrup tcuta'KI, burning coals, or char- coal tCii'KU, mesquite-bean flour tei'kiitah, a race track teiihpah, a mortar uhc, flint arrow-point; the stinger of insects uhsakah, a stick used by women in their game of the double ball U'uh, war arrow fiNnikah, property vahcah, a woven trinket basket with a cover vahcohMi, a sewed storage bas- ket vahkoh, a small olla, a gourd used to carry water in, a canteen. vAhKus, a mat, skin, blanket, or anything that spreads, used to sit or to lie on va'oh, a pair of wooden tongs vii-'kuhT, a pestle for grinding wohca'Kt%, a pocket (Spanish) wo'K{cah, a quiver woNnahMI, a hat wohsiimmahT, grandchild of a man wohT, the foreshaft of an arrow E. BY SUFFIX Nouns ahT, anus hilTcI, finger-nails, toe-nails Verbs mo'ohTcU, to make a head for something noNnahTCU, to impregnate ovihTcu, to make an opponent for some- body pohcoLihTCu, to cook hominy for some- body sihtoLhTcu, to make syrup for somebody tcuta'EITCU, to make coals or charcoal of something tCii'KtUTCU, to make mesquite-bean flour for somebody tcii'kii'tahTcu, to make a race track for somebody tceihpahTcU, to make a mortar for some- body ilhcTcu, to make a flint arrow-point for some one uhsakahTcu, to make an uhsakah for some one u'uhTcU, to make war arrows for some one uNnikahTCU, to make something the property of some one vahcahTcu, to make a trinket basket for some one vahcommihTcu, to make a storage basket for some one vahkohTcU, to make a small olla for some one vahKusTcu, to make a mat for some one va'ohTcu, to make a pair of tongs for some one vitii'kuhTTcU, to make a grinding pestle for some one wohca'K-UTcu, to make a pocket for some- thing wo'KucahTCU, to make a quiver for some- thing woNnaMmihTCU, to make a hat for some- body wohsiiMmahTTcU, to make a grandchild for somebody (a man) wohTTcu, to make the foreshaft of an arrow -wuah, TO LET FALL Verbs ahtiiwuah, to hit with the buttocks hutciwuah, to hit with the toe, to stumble 261 1913]- 262 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [VOL. 10 Nouns khM, cheek koA, forehead kiltcah, semen mo'o, head mfihs, vagina nahKfi, ear oh, back sihc, elbow sihsiivataKt, saliva tAhKtU, nose tahT, foot teihNI, mouth UM, thigh vihhA, penis w6hK%, stomach wUI, eye Nouns a'aN, wings ahT, anus hoN, body mo'o, head, hair pahhi, tail tahT, foot Verbs kammiiwuah, to hit with the cheek koawuah, to hit with the forehead kiitciwuah, to emit seed mo'owuah, to hit with the head muihsiiwuah, to hit with the muihs nahkiiwuah, to hit with the ear 6wuah, to hit with the back sihciiwuah, to hit with the elbow sihsiiwuah, to spit tahkiiwuah, to hit with the nose ta'tiiwuah, to put the foot in something tciNniwuah, to hit with the mouth uMmiiwuah, to hit with the thigh vihhawuah, to hit with the vihhA wohkiiwuah, to hit with the stomach wuhhiwuah, to hit with the eye F. BY SUFFIX -KI, TO SHAKE; Verbs aNnii'Ia, to flap the wings ahta'KI, to shake the buttocks hoNnii'xi, to shake the body mo'o'Ki, to shake the head pahhi'KI, to switch the tail tata'KI, to shake the foot G. BY SUFFIX -aM, -iM, TO GO TO GET Nouns hi'i, urine hoNni'Ki, wife hilN, corn ihhu'Ktu, devil's claw (Marty- nia) ihu, cactus fruit after it is gathered in the basket ku'a'KI, wood nii'i, song ON, salt pihT, manure pi'T, mud tayih'kah, the sprouts of the vahs plant used in making baskets after being heated (tai, fire) va'i'KI, water after it is put in the jar wuakah, girls' adolescence cere- mony Verbs hi'am, to go to urinate hMNnim, to go to get married (a man) huINnyam, to go after corn ihhu'kam, to go after the ihhu'Kt iyam, to go after cactus fruit ku'a'kaM, to go after wood nu'iM, to go to sing oNnaM, to go after salt pihtaM, to go to defecate pi'tam, to go after pottery clay tayih'kaM, to go after the vahs va'ikam, to go after water wuakam, to go to the singing and danc- ing Dolores: Papago Verb Stems. H. BY SUFFIX -PI, TO TAKE OFF The following words are in common use; but, figuratively speaking, -PI can be suffixed to all nouns: that is, to the names of those things which are firmly attached to something else. The name of the thing taken off, with the suffix -PI, indicates that that which was taken off, did not come off willingly, nor easily, but was taken off by force. For example: hoNnihPi, (his) wife taken away. The girl who loves her husband will not willingly leave him, but sometimes the girl is taken away from her husband by her parents. Hience the expression, hoNnihPi. miiLihpi, took off the running powers of a man, or of a horse; exhausted, made tired, so that the animal, or man, cannot run any more. Nouns ho'i, thorn kaiTcI, seeds kF'Ki, tallow kohMi, back, shell, outside bone mo'ohTKi#, the scalp nAhKt, ear ON, salt o'ohT, sand teu'i, flour tciwwihT, dirt, earth, world uLita'KU, skin, bark utah, the inside part of fruit vihho'Kt, mesquite-beans vihpiu'toh, the testicles wohpoh, the hair on the skin Verbs ho'ihpi, to take off thorns (gathering cactus fruit) kaihpi, to take off seeds ki'ihpi, to take off tallow komPI, to take off the back or the shell of insects mo'ohTpi, to scalp nahuKtpI, to take off a part of the ear (ear marks on cattle) oNnilPI, to take off salt o'ohTPI, to take off sand (cleaning seeds) tcu'ihpi, to take off flour that is stuck to clothes, etc. tciwiwihTpi, to take off dirt (cleaning clothes) iLihPI, to take off the bark iitahpi, to take off the inside part of the fruit vihho'Ktri, to take off mesquite-beans from the tree vihpii'tohpi, to castrate wohpohPi, to take off the wohpoh Transmitted February 3, 1913. 1913] 263 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS-(CONTINUED) 3. 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