95

II. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE RODRIGUEZ SITE

(CA-LAS-194), LASSEN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

J. F. O'Connell and R. D. Ambro

PREFACE

Presented here is a prelimary report on research carried out during

July, 1966, at the Rodriguez site (CA-Las-194) in Surprise Valley, Cali-
fornia. It details one part of a research project concerned with the

archaeology of this area which was sponsored jointly by the Archaeological
Research Facility and the Department of Anthropology, University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley.

This report is intended as a presentation of excavation data, and prac-
tically ignores comparative analysis. Despite this limitation, we believe
the information that was secured during our work in Surprise Valley is

important and should be made available to interested persons, particularly
in view of the scarcity of published archaeological data on northeastern
California, as well as on stratified open sites in the Great Basin as a

whole. We anticipate that a final report on this research will be prepared
upon completion of the project.

Many persons and organizations have contributed in one way or another to
the field research and to the completion of the present report. We wish to
express our deep appreciation to the following persons.

Mr. Robert R. Rodriguez, owner of the property on which the site is

located, who gave permission for the excavation and allowed the field party
to camp on his property for the duration of the work.   Further, he donated
the artifacts collected to the Lowie Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley.
We are indeed grateful to Mr. Rodriguez for his cooperation and generous
assistance.

Dr. Robert F. Heizer, then Coordinator of the Archaeological Research
Facility, provided the funds which enabled us to carry out the research.
He further assisted us by his advice and guidance during the analysis of
the data and by a critical reading of the completed manuscript.

Dr. Wilbur A. Davis, then of the University of Nevada and the Nevada
State Museum, generously informed us of the site and provided initial

liason with the owner. He also made available to us the results of his
investigation of the site in the late fall of 1965.

96

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Excavation of the Rodriguez site was carried out by a volunteer student
group from the University of California at Berkeley. Included were Noel

Baggett, Carolyn Bodley, Gail Gardner, Caroline Hills, Burton Moyer, Pamela
Sexton, and the authors.  In addition, valuable assistance in the field was
provided by personnel of the Lassen and Modoc counties road departments,

and by Mr. Bill Reeves and Mr. and Mrs. Dave Grove of Eagleville, California.

Analysis of material in the laboratory, while primarily the responsibility
of the authors, was facilitated by the efforts of undergraduate students who
volunteered their time for such tasks as weighing and measuring artifacts,
and preparing maps and drawings.  This group consisted of Pamela Horner,

Barry Kales, Kathy Novak, Pamela Sexton, Rochelle Siegel, Mardi Swords, and
Hazel Wald.                                *

Dr. Helen Sharsmith of the University of California Herbarium identified
the meager botanical specimens collected, and Dr. Robert A. Cockrell of the

Department of Forestry was responsible for the identification of wood samples.

Our first radiocarbon date from controlled excavation was provided by

Dr. Rainer Berger of the Institute of Geophysics, University of California
at Los Angeles. Dr. Theodore D. McCown, Coordinator of the Archaeological

Research Facility, made available funds for two additional radiocarbon dates.

Helpful advice on the analysis of bone and shell artifacts was given by

Dr. J. A. Bennyhoff. Mr. Eugene Prince of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology
was of great assistance in the task of photographing the collection.

Typing of the first draft of the manuscript was done by Barbara Samuels
and Evelyn Seelinger.

To all of these persons we wish to express our appreciation for their
assistance.

ENVIRONMENT

The Surprise Valley area with which this report is concerned is located

in the extreme northeastern corner of California, on the western edge of the
Great Basin. Its geography has been described in detail by Russell (1927)

and only its more general features will be discussed here. The valley floor
is relatively flat; it is long and narrow, measuring 60 miles north to south
and averaging 8 miles wide east to west (map 1).   The dominant features of
the terrain are three playa lakes, remnants of Pleistocene Lake Surprise.

All are dry throughout most of the year, but are filled seasonally by melted
snow.

98

To the west the valley is bounded by the sharp rise of the Warner Moun-
tains , whose rugged peaks reach elevations of almost 10, 000 a.s.l., more

than 5000 feet above the valley floor.   To the east are the lower., but no

less spectacular, ridges of the Hays Canyon Range, which break down gradu-
ally to the rolling New Year Lake country to the north.

Russell (1927:324-325) places Surprise Valley on a climatic border be-
tween Cold Steppe (BSk) and Microthermal (Ds) climatic regimes. West of

the Warners climate is humid, with warm summers and cold winters. Precip-
itation occurs primarily in the winter months; little or no rain falls in
the summer. To the east temperature conditions are more rigorous and pre-

cipitation lessens. Heavy summer thundershowers tend to reduce the contrast
in seasonal precipitation.

The average annual temperature at Cedarville, 30 miles north of the

Rodriguez site, is about 49 degrees.   Summertime highs in excess of 110

degrees, and winter lows of -20 degrees, have been recorded.    Precipitation
averages 12-13 inches annually, although this may vary considerably.

At the present time, the dominant ground-cover in uncultivated areas of
the valley is sagebrush, though a variety of grasses may be found near

springs and in marshy areas along the lake shores. Juniper, aspen, and

poplar occur in scattered stands, the latter having been introduced by white
settlers.

In the past, however, the floral community was apparently somewhat dif-

ferent.  Kelly (1932:75) notes that much of the valley was formerly meadow-
land, but was reduced to its present state through the introduction of

sheep and subsequent overgrazing. Long term local residents have mentioned
dense stands of willow and shrubs such as wild plum -neither of which is
present in any quantity today.

The lower slopes of the Warner Mountains bear juniper and sage, with

aspen occurring in sheltered stream canyons. At higher elevations, these
species give way to pine and fir forest. The arid ranges to the east of
Surprise Valley support only sage and small, scattered stands of juniper.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Research on the archaeology of Surprise Valley has been minimal. Brief
site survey operations were conducted by field parties under L. S. Cressman
in the 1930's (R. L. Stephenson, personal communication), and by D. W.

Lathrop in 1949, and F. A. Riddell in 1957. Apparently little was found,
since to date nothing has been published.

99

More recently, M. A. Baumhoff and W. R. Brown excavated Bare Cave, a
rock shelter located about one mile north of the Rodriguez site on the
west side of the valley. Results of this work have been reported by
Brown (n.d.).

ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND

In aboriginal times, Surprise Valley was part of the territory occupied
by a band of Northern Paiute Indians known as the Gidutikadu (groundhog

eaters). Long Valley, just east of Surprise Valley, and the Coleman and

Warner valleys to the north, made up the remainder of their range. To the
west, across the Warner Mountains, lay the territory of the Achomawi, and
to the northwest, that of the Modoc. On the north, south, and east were
areas occupied by other Northern Paiute bands (Kelly 1932:70-72).

Ethnographic research among the Surprise Valley Paiute has been reported
by de Angulo and Freeland (1929), Kelly (1932), and Stewart (1941). The

life-way which these authors have described is generally similar to that of
other Great Basin groups, involving seasonal wandering in search of food.

Edible plants, which constituted a major portion of the diet, were collected
as they became available, and either immediately consumed or stored for

later use. Hunting was a year-round occupation, though the species taken
often varied on a seasonal basis. Fish were taken in early spring in the
Warner Lake area, but not in Surprise Valley (Kelly 1932:95).

The food quest required that band members be scattered over the territory
in small groups throughout most of the year. In winter, however, they

gathered at fairly permanent camps to subsist on stored foods and the prod-

ucts of the hunt. Such camps tended to be larger than those occupied during
the summer, averaging five or six houses. Kelly (1932:77-78) has recorded

the locations of winter camps used within the memory of living band members.
Of particular interest in terms of the present report is the southernmost
site, located near the Bare Ranch and identified by its proximity to the

stream called Wigipahuu (sideways-water-running), or, more recently, Bare
Creek. It is this camp which we have designated as the Rodriguez site
(CA-Las-194).

THE SITE

Bare Creek enters Surprise Valley at its extreme southwestern corner

through a small, narrow canyon, forming an alluvial fan at the canyon mouth.
From this point the stream turns northward, running along the foot of the

Warner Mountains for about two miles before emptying into a broad, shallow

100

marsh at the southern end of Lower Alkali Lake. The Rodriguez site lies on
the northern half of the alluvial fan formed at the canyon mouth, covering
a roughly circular area 150 yards in diameter about 50 yards north of the
present course of Bare Creek. The site is about 15 to 30 feet above the

stream bed, and 100 feet above the level of the lake bed to the north. The
surface of the site is covered with occupation refuse, including bone and

shell, as well as countless scattered fragments of chipped and ground stone
(map 2, p1. 1).

About 150 yards north of the center of the site are the headquarters of

the Bare Ranch, established in 1864 by Thomas Bare, an early settler in this
part of the valley (Fairfield 1916:341). The ranch is presently owned by
Robert R. Rodriguez, after whom the site is named.

Though the site has been well known to amateur collectors in the area

for many years, it was not until the late fall of 1965 that it attracted a
substantial amount of attention. At that time, the section of the Surprise

Valley road which ran through the Bare Ranch headquarters, north of the site,
was abandoned, and work on a new section, involving a cut through the site

itself, was begun. As bulldozers sliced through the deposit, several burials,
house floors, and caches, along with large amounts of general midden refuse,
were uncovered and scattered about. Most of this material was either des-
troyed or removed for fill, and the artifacts were carried off by local
residents.

This process of destruction was well under way before professional arch-
aeologists were informed of the situation and were able to visit the site.

By the time Dr. W. A. Davis and associates at the Nevada State Museum arrived,
the cut had been nearly completed, and there was little they could do beyond
recording general data, taking carbon samples, and removing the 17 burials
then exposed.

Early in 1966, Dr. Davis spoke with Dr. Robert F. Heizer of the Archaeo-
logical Research Facility at Berkeley about the importance of the site. Dr.
Heizer in turn dispatched one of the authors (O'Connell) to visit Surprise
Valley with Dr. Davis in April.   As a result, arrangements were made for a
party from Berkeley to conduct excavations the following summer under the
field supervision of J. O'Connell.

In July, 1966, when the excavations described in this report were carried
out, the situation at site CA-Las-194 was essentially this. Road construc-
tion had been completed-a 600 foot long, 30 foot wide swathe had been cut

through the site to a depth of 9 feet. Midden deposit at least 5 feet thick
was exposed in the walls of the cut.   Further, the recent use of the area as
a feed lot for cattle had resulted in the removal of plant cover, and subse-

101

quently, in the loss of the top few inches of midden through wind erosion.
Beyond this, however, and with the exception of the immediate area of the
road cut, the site was relatively undisturbed.

Excavation Procedure

Several factors influenced the conduct of excavations at CA-Las-194.

Time and available resources were limited, tending to preclude the possibil-

ity that anything more ambitious than an initial test could be completed. In
determining the form such a test would take, we were aided by the fact that
the barren, slightly ablated conditions of the surface, as well as the long

profile provided by the road cut, gave a good indication of the areal limits,
and the depth and stratigraphy of the site. There still remained, however,
the problem of the nature of the midden content, cultural sequence, and age
of the deposit. We attempted to approach these problems through intensive
testing in that area of the site likely to produce the longest sequence.

Initially three pits were dug: Stratigraphic Pits Nos. 1 and 2, and Test
Pit No. 1. The deposit was deepest and heaviest in the area of Strat. Pit

No. 1, and attention was focused there. A 5 x 5 foot grid system was estab-
lished; Strat. Pit No. 1 was designated E-3 in the system, and expanded in

the form of a short north-south trench, E-1 to E-6. Pits D-0 and F-O repre-
sent the beginning of an east-west cross trench which time limitations pre-
vented from being expanded as planned (fig. 1).

E    F

7
6
5
4
3

I1

D    E     F     G

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of E-trench.
Pits are designated by SW corner stake.

102

Pits were all dug in essentially the same fashion. Fill was removed in
6 inch levels, measured from the ground surface at the southwest corner of

each pit, and passed through a one-quarter inch mesh screen.   All artifacts
and identifiable faunal remains were saved, as well as grab samples of the
unidentifiable bone and non-diagnostic chipping refuse. In the strati-

graphic pits the procedure differed slightly in that all material which did
not pass through the one-quarter mesh screen was retained. Further details
on the refuse from these pits are presented in Appendix I.

Data on the stratigraphy of the midden and underlying deposits were

obtained both from excavations and from the long profile provided by the
road cut. Five stratigraphic units were recognized, the latest two of

which produced cultural material. Figure 2 is a schematic representation
of these strata as they were observed in the area of the road cut nearest
the E-trench. Detailed profile drawings with emphasis on the cultural
deposits in E-trench are presented in Figures 3 through 7.

Gray sandy midden
Brawn sandy midden
Coarse yelltow sand

Yellow sand

Fine bedded sands

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of strata
in E-trench area.

103

* The topmost stratum of the Rodriguez site is called the gray sandy

midden. It rests unconformably on the stratum beneath-the brown sandy

midden. In addition to color differences, the middens are distinguished
by the relatively coarse sandy soil of the brown as compared with the

finer, more heavily ash-laden sand of the gray midden. Both components
contain large amounts of occupation debris in the form of stone, bone,
and shell artifacts, and refuse. The precise characteristics of these
remains are somewhat distinct in each of the strata.

The two middens are further differentiated in that they are markedly
unequal in area (map 2). The more extensive gray sandy midden is coter-

minous with the limits of the cultural refuse on the surface of the allu-
vial fan.  In contrast, the brown sandy midden is more restricted.    It

appears in the area of the E-trench and in the east end of the north wall
of the road cut profile. It could not be traced along the west section

of the north cut profile, nor in the profile of Test Pit No. 1 and Strat.
Pit No. 2 (fig. 8). In these areas gray sandy midden lay unconformably

on the non-cultural deposits beneath. Admittedly, the brown sandy midden
may have been present, though markedly reduced in thickness to the point
that it was no longer recognizable.

Based on these observations, we surmise that the brown sandy midden is
restricted to that part of the fan constituting the highest ground north
of the road cut, and that it covers an area of perhaps 50 yards in diam-

eter. The dotted line on Map 2 represents a graphic estimate of its extent.

Gray sandy midden is roughly uniform in thickness over the site, its

lower limit ranging from 15 to 40 inches below the present ground surface
and averaging 18 to 24 inches in the E-trench area. Brown sandy midden
ranges in thickness from 20 to 45 inches in the E-trench area, and aver-
ages about 20 inches in the north profile of the road cut.

Beneath the brown sandy midden are three non-cultural strata. Though
a few artifacts and bits of refuse were found within these strata, their
presence was accounted for by disturbance originating in the overlying
midden, primarily in the form of animal burrows.

The uppermost non-cultural stratum is a relatively thin zone (maximum

5-7 inches) consisting of a coarse, brownish-yellow sand containing a large
number of stream-rolled cobbles, some the size of a baseball. Beneath this
is a thicker layer of well sorted yellow sands, markedly finer than those

in the stratum above. The lowest component consists of a series of bedded
sands with alternating zones of relatively finer and coarser material.

These sands are very well sorted and are markedly finer than those in other
strata on the site. The individual bedded layers range from 0.5 to 2 inches
in thickness and are generally light in color.

104

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ARTIFACTS COLLECTED

The descriptions and analyses which follow deal with all artifacts re-
covered at the Rodriguez site, including pieces found on the surface and

those encountered in the excavations. The tables which present distribution
of artifacts by depth are concerned only with the E-trench area, including

Pits D-O and F-O, and the general surface of the site. Artifacts from Strat.
Pit No. 2 and Test Pit No. 1 are not presented in such charts because the

stratigraphic picture in these areas is somewhat unclear and because very few
artifacts were recovered; for example, only two typable projectile points
were found in Strat. Pit No. 2 and Test Pit No. 1.

Artifact distributions are presented in terms of 6 inch levels measured
from the ground surface at the southwest corner of each pit. It should be

noted that the break between the two midden components, gray and brown, tends
to fall between 18 and 24 inches below the surface in the E-trench area. We
were early aware of the presence of these two components and attempted to

keep artifacts separate by natural layer, as well as by 6 inch level. Success
was limited by difficulties in recognizing the contact between the zones,

particularly when it had been disturbed by the activities of man and/or rodents.
Nevertheless, we were able to keep most materials separate by midden component.
Though items from 18-24 inches are lumped in distribution charts, they are
separated by midden component in discussion when necessary.

In considering the artifact distributions and interpretations drawn from

them, it should be noted that the thickness of midden is not uniform, even in
the E-trench area. At depths in excess of 48 inches, volume of midden per 6
inch level is reduced, as is the total number of artifacts recovered. This
reduction in sample size sharply limits our picture of artifact inventory

during the early period of occupation at the site, and lessens the certainty
of inference concerning it.

Table 1 summarizes the distribution by general class of all artifacts re-
covered on the surface and in the E-trench area. In general, little change
is represented in artifact inventory through time.

Prjectile Points

A total of 235 complete and fragmentary projectile points was recovered

from site CA-Las-194. Of these, 228, or about 97 per cent, are of obsidian.
The remaining 7 are of non-glassy, silicious material, either chalcedony or
chert. The presence of several obsidian sources in the vicinity, notably
near Cowhead Lake, at the north end of Surprise Valley, and in the Warner
Mountains above Lake City, probably account for the predominance of this
material.

106

TABLE 1

Total Artifact Distribution, E-Trench and Surface

(Depth in inches)

|Sur-j 0-I 6-I12-I 18-I24-130-136-142-148-I54-l60-166-172-178-I
Ifacel 6 112 118 124 130 136 142 148 154 160 166 172 178 184

Projectile points    1 54 125 120 130 112 118 120 116 |15 1 5 1 1     4 1 5 1    |  |
Knives               | 16 1    11   9 110 | 9 | 8 1 5 1 9 | 9 1   5          1 3 |  |  |  1 |
Scrapers             I 4 1     11  4 1 5 | 3 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 2 | 1   1   |   |  |

Drills

Gravers
Manos

Metates
Pestles
Mortars

Hammers tones

Ochre- s tained

cobble

Bone & antler tools
Bone beads & tubes
Misc.bone & antler
Shell beads

Items of European

manufacture

Totals

11  12111   1 Ill  111 I

5 15 14  2 15 16 14  4 41

I  11  13  1  7  1  3  1  3  1  2  1  3  1  1

111221         1 1111 11

1 41111           11 1

1           1    1  1

1     '1   1   1  2 1  1

l112 1l1 3 106161   Il
111l |4 |1|lI11 |l1|l|2  I|l |
12 12111      1  2 1  1
I1   1  1   1   I  I1

I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I 1
2 1 1 21

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

9

1 80 173 1S5 163 138 155 154 141 145 117 1 8 1 9 1 7 1           1 2

Grand total        547

107

The method used in classifying projectile points is essentially the same
as that suggested by Krieger (Cressman and Krieger 1940:41) and Heizer and
Baumhoff (1961:123). The specimens were spread out on a table and grouped
according to size and shape. In general, terminology follows the binomial
system employed by Harrington (1957), Heizer and Baumhoff (1961), and

Lanning (1963), and discussed in detail by Clewlow (1967). The only excep-

tions are the numbered categories (Types 1-6) that include projectile points

which are not clearly related to previously established types yet which occur
in such small numbers that they do not warrant the establishment of new,
named types. It is likely that further excavation at site CA-Las-194 or

other Surprise Valley sites will produce new data which will either tie these
points to already established categories or justify new ones.

Table 2 is a descriptive summary of the metric characteristics of the

points. Both this table and the written descriptions that follow refer to

all the classifiable projectile points found at CA-Las-194, including those
from the surface. Appendix II provides data on provenience and weight of
each projectile point recovered.

Bare Creek Eared (7 examples, all obsidian; pl. 2a-f, fig. 9a). Large

points, lenticular in cross section, with long, relatively narrow triangular
blades and slight, square shoulders. The short stems are straight-sided or
slightly tapering with broad, deep basal notches. The "ears" formed by the
basal notch are short and stubby. The points are generally well made, the

surfaces being covered with roughly parallel oblique flake scars which orig-
inate at the edges of the blade and meet along the median line. Blade edges
are slightly convex. The edges of the ears are roughened on some specimens,

probably by grinding. At least one specimen appears to have been resharpened.

Elko Series. After Heizer and Baumhoff (1961) and Lanning (1963). These
are large, triangular points, short-stemmed and broad, with a lenticular to
flat appearance in cross section. Blades have straight to slightly convex
sides.

Elko Eared (41 examples, 40 obsidian, 1 silicate; pls. 2g-x, 3a-n, fig.
9b-i).  This is the most common projectile point type at CA-Las-194, being

corner-notched with expanding stems basally-notched to produce a characteris-
tic eared appearance. Some specimens are serrated. Three intergrading sub-
types can be distinguished on the basis of shape: (1) both basal and corner

notches broad and deep, giving the ears of the point a stubby, nub-like appear-
ance; (2) similar to (1), though ears tend to be shorter, with outside edges

more parallel to the axis of the point; (3) corner notches very narrow and deep,
basal notches relatively shallow and V-shaped, and ears tend to be relatively
long and pointed. These subtypes are distinguished for descriptive purposes
only, they appear to have no temporal or stratigraphic significance.

108

TABLE 2

Projectile Points from Site CA-Las-194

Weight (gr.)      11   (Length (cm.) ?     |    (Width (cm.-) ||
I Max. ! Min. !  Av. || Max. f Min. I Av.   j| Max. I Min. ! Av. ||

Bare Creek Eared
Elko Series

Elko Eared

Elko Corner-notched

Elko Contracting Stem
Northern Side-notched
Humboldt Concave Base
Little Lake Series

Pinto Sloping Shoulder
TPinto Single Shoulder
Willow Leaf

Rose Spring Series

R.S. Corner-notched

R.S. Contracting Stem

Eastgate Expanding Stem
Surprise V. Split Stem
Cottonwood Leaf Shaped

Unnamed Types

No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6

113.901 6.751

1 9.601 2.201
1 5.501*1.801

1 -  I  -  I
1 4.001 2.201

-  I  -

9.201

11
4.041
3.341
3.10
2.80

11

11
6.80
2. 15
4. 251

9.601

6. 901
4.80!

-   I
4.901

-   I

I
3.201
4.901

I

-   1

2.60!
4.701

1.90
0.501

-   I

1.301

I
1.701
3.80

5.40 I

3.00 1
3.40 1

-     1
3.201

-     I

I

-     I

2.80 I
4.30 1

2.30

1.70 1

1.80 1

6.80 11

11

4.60   1
4.13   1

4.50   I
3.70   I
3.60 11

11

4.10

3.00   1

4.60   11

11

2.70

1.93   1
2.90
2. 30

2.70!

3.101
2.701
2. 10!
2.401
2.10!

I

1.90
1.80j

2.70!
1.30!

2.701
1. 90!

2.00!

1.80
1.80
2.10
1.701
1.401

-   1

1.60!
1.60!

1.40!
0. 90!

2.40 11

11

2.45 11
2.28 II
2.10 II
2.14 Il
1.70 II

11
2.40 1
1.75 1I

1.70 11

11

1.70 II
1.10 II

I      11     I
0.90!  1.3511 3.30!
0.501 0.5011 2.10!

I

0.401

1.5011

0.9411

-

2.80

1.701 1.95 1
1.301 1.58 1
1.101 1.181

1 1.301 1.001 1.2011 3.201 2.50 1 2.80 11 1.201

1       1      11      I

-   I   -   1 2. 1011  -
-   I   -   I 8. 5011  -

0.601   0.601   0.6011 2.001

-   I   -   1 5. 9011  -    I
0.901 0.801     0.8511 2.60!

-           1 -  -  1  -    I

1.80
2.40

3.50
5.30
1.90
6.00
2.50

I         I        11

I !       I 2.2011
I         1 2.4011
1.001     0.901     0.951!

-     I    -    1 1.80!!
1.401      1.001    1.20 1!

-     I    -    I 2.50 1

* ECN No. 14, 1.80 gr., next lightest ECN 2.70 gr.
T Low average weight probably due to small sample.

The 1.70 gr.

piece is worn and abraded. It may have been larger at one
time, or may be a reject.

109

Elko Corner-notched (14 examples, all obsidian; pi. 3o-y, fig. 9k-m).
Similar in general form to the Elko Eared, this point is distinguished from
the latter by the shape of the base. Corner-notched forms have straight or
slightly convex bases, while the eared forms are concave.

Elko Contracting Stem (2 obsidian; p1. 3z, fig. 9n).     Corner-notched,
with a narrow, tapering stem. The tangs may be broader and more pronounced

in this form than in others of the Elko series. The stem on one specimen is
convex, the other is bifurcate.

Northern Side-notched (6 examples, all obsidian; pl. 4a-f). After Grunn

(1961:129-131). [Riddell (1960:18 ) uses the term Madeline Dunes Side-notched
to refer to the same type.] Large triangular points, side-notched, with

straight to convex sides, lenticular in cross section. The notches begin low
on the side of the point rather than at the corner, and extend straight or
diagonally upward into the body of the point. These points may intergrade
with the Elko Corner-notched.

Humboldt Concave Base (9 examples, all obsidian; pl. 4g-o). Lanceolate

points with straight to slightly convex sides and with indented to markedly
concave bases; lenticular in cross section. Some examples are diagonally
flaked, with the scars meeting along a median ridge. The fact that all

examples of this type are incomplete makes separation into sub-categories
A and/or B virtually impossible.

Little Lake Series. After Harrington (1957). Large, roughly-made points
with straight to convex sides, lenticular to plano-convex in cross section.
Both stemmed and unstemmed forms are present.

Pinto Sloping Shoulder (1 obsidian; pl. 4p).    A large point, shouldered
and stemmed, with a slightly indented base. Shoulders are rounded.

Pinto Single Shoulder (2 obsidian; pl. 4q, fig. 9o). Roughly triangu-
lar, single-shouldered, basal-notched points. One of these points is poorly
made, the other is well finished.

Willow Leaf (2 obsidian; p1. 4r,s). Large, relatively narrow points

with slightly convex sides. Specimens have maximum width midway between tip
and base. The base on one example is rounded, that on the other is pointed.

Surprise Valley Split Stem (13 obsidian; pl. 4t-e', fig. 9p). Small points,
basically triangular in shape and corner-notched. The stems expand slightly

and are notched at the base. Blades have straight to convex edges and are len-
ticular in cross section. Though these points are similar to Heizer and Baum-
hoff's Eastgate Split Stem, we note that in describing the latter type the

110

authors state, "If the stem were not notched, the points would be classed
with the Eastgate Expanding Stem points" (Heizer and Baumhoff 1961:128).

Were the Surprise Valley Split Stem points in our sample not notched, they

would still not fall within the range of points that we classify as Eastgate
Expanding Stem at the Rodriguez site. More specifically, Surprise Valley

Split Stem points lack the quality of workmanship, the remarkably thin cross
section, and the squared tangs of the Eastgate series points.    Further, they
tend to be corner-notched rather than basal-notched, as are Eastgate type

points.  However, Heizer and Baumhoff (loc. cit.) also call attention to the
similarity between Eastgate Split Stem and Elko Eared points, the former

appearing to be simply a smaller variety of the latter. The same relation-

ship is apparent between Surprise Valley Split Stem and Elko Eared points at
the Rodriguez site.

Rose Spring Series   After Lanning (1963). These small, triangular points
are short-stemmed and lenticular to flat in cross section.

Rose Spring Corner-notched (16 examples., 15 obsidian, 1 silicate; pl.
5a-o, fig. 9q). Small triangular points, corner-notched, with rounded, ex-
panding stems. The blades have slightly convex edges. Rose Spring Corner-
notched points differ from those of the Eastgate series in that the former
are not quite as well made, are thicker in cross section, and do not have
the characteristic tanged appearance of the latter.

Rose Spring Contracting Stem (3 examples, all obsidian; pl. 5p-r).

Very small , asymetrical triangular points with square shoulders and short,
tapering stems.  These points are quite poorly made in comparison with the
Rose Spring Corner-notched pieces.

Eastgate Expanding Stem (8 examples, 6 obsidian, 2 silicate; pl. 5s-z).
After Heizer and Baumhoff (1961).   Small, triangular points, with a rather
large length:width ratio. Corner or basal notches give the point a tanged

appearance.  Stems expand slightly; bases may be convex, straight, or slightly
notched. Points of this type are characteristically quite thin in cross

section. Blades are straight-sided or slightly convex. These points are
notable for the care and precision with which they are made.

Cottonwood Leaf Shaped (3 obsidian; pl. 5a'-c').    Small, sub-lanceolate
points with convex sides, widest between the base and mid-point     Bases are
rounded. Points are lenticular in cross section and carefully flaked.

Type No. 1 (1 obsidian; pl. 5d').   Monderately large, triangular point
with broad notches on one side and in the base. The point is quite thin,
almost flat in cross section, and well made.

111

Type No. 2 (1 obsidian; pl. 5e'). A large, single-shouldered projectile
point with a straight-sided, basally-notched stem. Plano convex in cross
section and widest at the mid-point.

Type No. 3 (2 obsidian; pl. 5f',g').    Small triangular points with slightly
rounded bases. There is some evidence of side-notching. While these pieces

bear a slight resemblance to the Desert Side-notched type, a firm judgment is
difficult because of the poor workmanship which they exhibit. Given the fact
that no clear Desert Side-notched points were recovered during work at site
CA-Las-194, it seems best to leave these specimens unassigned until further
information is available.

Type No. 4 (1 obsidian; fig. 9r). A single lanceolate point, lenticular

in cross section and basal-notched. The sides are convex, widest between the
mid-point and the tip. Along the lower one-third of the blade the edges have
been smoothed, probably by grinding. This point is quite similar in appear-
ance to the McKean series, defined by Mulloy (1954)

Type No. 5 (2 obsidian; pl. 5h',i'). Small triangular points with square

shoulders and long, straight-sided stems. The bases of the stems are straight.
These points are similar in form to the Rose Spring Corner-notched specimens,
but the length and squared appearance of the stem set them apart from the
latter group.

Type No. 6 (1 obsidian; pl. 5j'). A carefully flaked, triangular point
with sloping shoulders and a long, slightly expanding basally-notched stem.

The sides of the blade are straight and the tangs have a squared appearance.

Stratlgraphic Relationships

In view of their relative abundance in the midden at site CA-Las-194, and
their appreciable sensitivity as time-markers in the Great Basin as a whole,

projectile points have been a primary factor in the interpretation of strati-

graphic relationships at the Rodriguez site. However, the reader is cautioned
that the temporal periods inferred from projectile points, as well as other

artifact distributions, are provisional and subject to modification based on
any new data which may be derived from the site.

Data on the distribution of points recovered from the E-trench and from

the general surface of the site have been summarized in Table 3. In review-
ing these data, and in the summary below, it should be remembered that the

contact between the brown and gray midden components falls in the 18-24 inch
level in the E-trench area. Regardless of the fact that specimens are lumped

by arbitrary level in Table 3, those from the 18-24 inch level, with few excep-
tions, can be ascribed with certainty to one or the other midden component.

112

TABLE 3

Distribution of Points from E-Trench and General Surface of Site

(Depth in inches)

ISur-1 0-1 6-1 12-1 18-1 24-130-.136-142-148-154-.160-166- I

Ifacel 6 112 118 124 130 136 |142 1|48 1|54 [160 1|66 172 N|TotalI

Bare Creek Eared         111 |   | 1 |                  1    |
Elko Series

Elko Eared               7   2   2   6   1   3   6   6   8
Elko Corner-notched      2   2 |     3   2 |     2 12    1

Elko Contracting Stem             1                    | 1 1
Northern Side-notched   1    1   1     3 |         1  1   |

Humboldt Concave Base      7      I       |    1 I    I 1    1
Little Lake Series

Pinto Sloping Shoulderl  1     1|1         1   1   1
Pinto Single Shoulder I

Willow Leaf                 I       I   I       I   1   11
Surprise V. Split Stem     2   2   2   3 11      12      1
Rose Spring Series

R.S. Corner-notched   1 5 1 6    3   2     I

R.S. Contracting Stem I 3 1    I   1   1       1   I   I
Eastgate Expanding Stem| 41 21 |                  1     I
Cottonwood Leaf Shape   I    1   |     1 1     2
Unnamed Types

No. 1                  1    1  1       I       |  1 |

No.2                   1       1           1         '|
No. 3                    1         1   I           I |
No. 4

No.  5                   '1   |            1 1             1
No.6                       1       I       1   f    |

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2 1  2  1 7 1

I       I 1

41

I   I  1

11  61

91

1  6i

I'l 111
I   Ii1
I1  111

1       I 1

I 11 161

I31

1  81
1l   31

II 11
II 11

I   1  21
1   '1 1
II11 'I

Unclassifiable frags.        | 20 Ill |10 112 1 5 112 | 7 1 5 | 3 1 4 | 1 1             2 || 921

1 54 125 120 130 112 118 120 116 115 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 5 112251

Total1s

113

Bare Creek Eared and Type No. 4 (McKean-like) points are restricted to
the lower portion of the brown midden. Little Lake and Northern Side-

notched forms are found throughout the brown midden, with the latter type

apparently persisting in the lower portion of the gray midden. Elko points
are found in the upper portion of the brown midden. Humboldt points and

unnamed Types Nos. 1, 2, and 6 appear to be restricted to the upper portion

of the brown midden, though the small sample makes a firm statement difficult.
Also present in the upper part of the brown midden are the first of the small
types -the Surprise Valley and Cottonwood Leaf Shape points. These forms

persist through the gray midden. The remainder of the small points at the

Rodriguez site (Rose Spring, Eastgate Series, and unnamed Types 3 and 5) are
restricted to the gray midden.

The only point which is clearly out of place in this sequence is a broken
Bare Creek Eared specimen from the 6-12 inch level, whose worn and abraded
appearance definitely suggests redeposition.

One further problem is the presence of the Cottonwood Leaf Shape type

point in the upper portion of the brown midden, apparently contemporaneous
with the earliest of the small projectile points at the Rodriguez site.
Data from other sites in the Great Basin, notably Rose Spring, indicate
that the Cottonwood Series generally succeeds, rather than precedes, or
accompanies the Rose Spring and Eastgate series. Among the explanations
which might be offered for its stratigraphic position at CA-Las-194 are:
rodent disturbance, incorrect typing of the specimens, and insufficient

numbers of specimens to give a clear picture of their temporal distribution.
In addition, one might also suggest that the Cottonwood Leaf Shape type

represents an intermediate form between the Humboldt Concave Base and the

later Cottonwood forms, specifically the Cottonwood Triangular (Clewlow 1967).
In this case, Cottonwood Leaf Shape could mark an adaptation of an already

existing form (Humboldt Concave Base) for use with the bow and arrow, through
a reduction in size and slight modification of the shape of the base. Such a
suggestion is, of course, conjectural and subject to future testing.

In view of the above outlined distribution of projectile points, we have
defined three successive phases at site CA-Las-194. Distribution of other
artifact types will be summarized in terms of these phases. Definition of
phases by depth within the brown midden is applicable to the area of the

E-trench only, and is subject to modification (as are the phases themselves)
should there be further work done at the site. The phases are as follows:

Rodriguez III    The gray midden.  Elko, terminal Northern

Side-notched, Surprise Valley, Rose Spring
Eastgate Series, Cottonwood Leaf Shape,
and unnamed Types 3 and 5;

114

Rodriguez II     The upper portion of the brown midden (to

a depth of 54 inches). Elko, Northern
Side-notched, Humboldt Concave Base,

Little Lake, terminal Bare Creek, Sur-

prise Valley, Cottonwood Leaf Shape, and
unnamed Types Nos. 1, 2, and 6;

Rodriguez I      Lower Portion of the brown midden (54 inches

to subsoil). Bare Creek, Little Lake,
Northern Side-notched, and Type No. 4.

Projectile Point Weights

The problem of "large" versus "small" projectile points, their strati-

graphic relationships and functional significance, has been debated at some
length by authors involved in Great Basin Research. Because of this inter-
est, we have included the following remarks on pertinent data from site
CA-Las- 194.

Projectile points from the Rodriguez site fall into two groups or clus-
ters by weight:   small, with weights of 1.9 grams or less, and large, with
weights in excess of 2.2 grams. No examples of intermediate weight were
found, with the exception of the single Type No. 1 point, an apparently
aberrant form weighing 2.1 grams.

The remaining point types, established with some attention to size and

weight but primarily on the basis of shape, conform quite well to the weight
dichotomy. Eastgate, Rose Spring, Surprise Valley. Cottonwood. and Types
Nos. 3 and 5, all fall within the small category; while Elko, Little Lake,
Northern Side-notched, Bare Creek, and Types Nos. 2, 4, and 6 are clearly
large. Humboldt Concave Base cannot be clearly assigned because of a lack
of complete specimens.

Two points, defined as large on the basis of shape, fall within the

small-by-weight category: one is an Elko Corner-notched (1.8 gr.), and the
other a poorly made Pinto Single Shoulder specimen (1.7 gr.). In spite of

the fact that these pieces do not conform precisely to the metric definition
large, they are considered as such because of their overriding formal simi-
larity to the types with which they are grouped.

Types defined as large occur throughout the midden at the Rodriguez site.
Small points make their first appearance in Rodriguez II in limited numbers,
but are of increased importance in Rodriguez III, where they make up more

than 50 per cent of the total sample of typable points.    Clearly the sequence
indicates increased popularity of smaller types in the later phases of the
site, combined with a corresponding decline in large points.

115

While there are some problems with distinctions between "large" and

"small" in various areas of the Great Basin  a similar shift in popularity
from larger to smaller point types has been recorded at several sites; for
example, Rose Spring (Lanning 1963), Wagon Jack Shelter (Heizer and Baum-
hoff 1961), South Fork Shelter (Heizer, Baumhoff and Clewlow 1968), and
the Karlo site (Riddell 1960). In their report on Roaring Springs Cave,

in the nearby Catlow Valley, Cressman and Krieger (1940:41-47) describe a

transition from large to small points which corresponds closely to that at

CA-Las-194, even to the metric definition of the terms "large" and "small."

In accounting for this trend, some authors have followed Cressman and

Krieger (1940:46-47) in proposing that the large forms are associated with
the atlatl, while the small forms are indicative of the use of the bow and
arrow. Thus the trend is seen as indicating a gradual shift from atlatl to
bow and arrow (cf. Lanning 1963:249; Clewlow 1967:145-146). Granting that
this is the case, data from CA-Las-194 can be viewed in support of the

trend, showing a period (Rodriguez I) when only the atlatl was in use, fol-
lowed by the introduction and limited use of the bow and arrow (Rodriguez

II), and thereafter a gradual increase in its popularity and a corresponding
decline in that of the atlatl (Rodriguez III).

Knives

Ninety-four knives were recovered from the excavation at CA-Las-194.

These artifacts are distinguished from projectile points, which they resem-

ble in over-all form, by the fact that they are generally larger and heavier.
Sixty-two (66 per cent) of the knives are made of obsidian, while thirty are
of siliceous material. Two basalt specimens were found. The greater use of

basalts and crypto-crystalline silicates in the manufacture of knives as com-
pared with projectile points may be due to the less brittle character of
these non-obsidian materials.

Attempts to categorize knives by type have been hampered by the low number

of complete specimens, only four having been recovered. However, a provisional
typology has been attempted, using thirty pieces (table 4).

Type 1 (23 specimens, 14 obsidian, 8 silicate, 1 basalt; pl. 6a-f). This
type is similar to Lanning's (1963:255) Type 2. Given a greater number of
complete specimens, it might have been subdivided. Implements probably

ranged in size from 4 to 8 cm. in length, 2 to 4 cm. in width, and 5 to 18
grams in weight. In shape they were probably pointed, with straight or

slightly convex sides, and with the greatest breadth either just above the

base or at the mid-point. Bases are straight to convex. Most examples are
relatively thin in cross section and well made, with a fine edge retouch.

It is interesting to note that some of these specimens are broken diagonally

116

TABLE 4

Depth Distribution of Knives from E-Trench

(Depth in inches)

ISur-I  0-f  6-f 12-f 18-f 24-f 30-I 36-1 42-f 48-f 54-I 60-f 66-f
Iface|  6 1 12 1 18 f 24 1 30 1 36 1- 42 1 48 1 54 1 60 1 66 1 72 1
Type 1     31   3    1    31    2| 4f     1    21   2f    -    i    il-f
Type2f     -1   -I   -    -|1 i       if-f     if   1     i    if-f-f
Type3f -f-f-f-f                -     - 1-f      1 -f-I-I-I-

across the middle of the blade. This may be indicative of hafting technique,
since knives may have tended to break along the margin of the haft if they
were accidentally struck or dropped. Knives of this type were found in

moderate yet consistent numbers throughout the midden, with smaller speci-
mens tending to occur stratigraphically higher than the larger forms.

Type 2 (6 specimens., 5 obsidian, 1 silicate; pl. 6g, h) . These are broad,
thick knives, ovoid in shape, with rounded bases and convex sides which
taper to a point. Complete specimens probably ranged from 5 to 8 cm. in
length, 3 to 6 cm. in width, and weighed from 20 to 30 grams.    All are

roughly flaked, with some retouch near the tips. They appeared only in the
lower component of the site.

Type 3 (1 obsidian specimen; pl. 6i). A thick, parallel-sided blade, with
a portion of the striking platform still showing at the base. It has been
roughly flaked and shows little evidence of retouch after initial shaping.
There is some wear along one edge, and the tip is broken. Original weight
was about 16 grams. It measures 2.5 cm. wide and is 6.0 cm. long. This

specimen is similar to 34 obsidian knives recovered by an ammateur collector
during construction of the county road which cuts through the site.

Drills

Seven stone drills were recovered at the Rodriguez site. Of these, five
are made of obsidian and two are of basalt. Only three of the specimens are
sufficiently complete to be described and typed on a provisional basis.

Type 1 (2 examples, both obsidian; pl. 6j,k). These are somewhat similar

to Lanning's (1963:256) type 4 and Cressman's (1942: 85-87) type 3. The pieces
have long, tapering bits, with irregularly shaped, crudely flaked bases.

117

Bits are lenticular to piano-convex in cross section. Both specimens were
found on the surface of the site.

Type 2 (1 basalt specimen; pl. 61). This piece resembles Cressman's

(1942:85-87) type 5. It is carefully flaked over-all. Both the bit and

the base are lenticular in cross section. The base is broad and straight-
sided, with a slightly convex butt and shallow side notches. It was found
at a depth of 0-6 inches.

Gravers

These two pieces (pl. 7i,j) are sharp-tipped, slightly asymmetrical,

triangular points. One example is the reworked tip of a silicate projectile
point (probably Rose Spring Corner-notched), while the other is on the edge
of a broken obsidian blade fragment. The tip on the former shows some evi-
dence of use, that on the latter, none. Both specimens exhibit wear in the
angle at the base of the graver tip. The obsidian specimen is from 0-6
inch depth; the silicate piece, from -12 inches.

Flake Scrapers (pl. 7g,h)

A total of 38 flake scrapers were found at site CA-Las-194. Twenty-

seven of these are of obsidian, while the remainder are of silicate. No

consistent patterning in size or shape could be discerned. The implements

may be distinguished from utilized flakes only in that they have edges which
have been purposefully retouched. They occur throughout the midden.

Notched Scrapers (pl. 7a-f)

These implements may be described as flake scrapers which have a concave
cutting surface, intentionally shaped. With the exception of this feature,
they are irregular in form. Ten examples were recovered, nine of obsidian
and one of silicate.

Core Scrapers

Two specimens of this type were found, one of obsidian and one of quart-

zite. Only the obsidian piece is sufficiently complete to be described. It
is roughly discoidal (4.5 x 5.4 cm.) and lenticular in cross section (1.5 cm.
maximum thickness). Some cortex remains on both sides of the piece. Each of
the scrapers is characterized by broad percussion flaking over-all, with a

slight pressure retouch along the edges. The edges are battered from use in

such fashion as to indicate that these tools may have been used for light duty
cutting or chopping as well as scraping.

118

TABLE 5

Depth Distribution of Scrapers from E-Trench

lSur-1  0-I  6-1 12-I  18-I  24-1 30-j  36-I  42-J  48-I  54-1 60-1 66-I

face|  6  | 12  | 18  | 24  | 30  | 36  | 42  | 48  54  | 60  66  1 72
Flake    l              I      Il  l   ll      l

Scrapers  3  7  3  5  1  3 1 4  3 |5  2 |1  1l-I
Notched  1  l  l  1  1         1     l 1    I    I

Scrapers  1 '141  11-  2  2|-|-|-     -  -I-|-I
Core     1                  111l1111

Scrapers    -    I--  l-I-I1     --|| -|-I-t
Plano-convex   1  1  I l          1  1  1   I l

Scraper  l-I   - | - |  -I- |  |IlI            -1

Plano-convex Scraper

A single example, made of silicate, was found at a depth of 23 inches.
It is 7.5 cm. long, 4.2 cm. wide, and 3.0 cm. thick. Roughly percussion

flaked over-all, it has a slight retouch on both the plane and convex sur-
faces.

Utilized Flakes

Flakes that have not been intentionally shaped in accordance with a

recognizable pattern, but which exhibit slightly retouched edges, are in-
cluded in this category. They are distinguished from flake scrapers in

that their retouch cannot be definitely called purposeful.    Utilized flakes
occur throughout the midden and are slightly more frequent at all levels
than are flake scrapers.

Grinding Tools

We deal here only with artifacts recovered in the process of excavation.
Distribution of tools by level in the E-trench is presented in Table 6.
Both complete and fragmentary specimens are counted as whole artifacts.

Manos. Forty-four manos were found in the midden at CA-Las-194. All

were made of basalt, a material readily available in stream washes in the
immediate vicinity of the site. The classification used here follows that
of Harrington (1957:43-44) in distinguishing between shaped and unshaped

119

manos. We have chosen to use this system because of its simplicity, and

because other potential descriptive criteria (e.g. number of grinding sur-
faces, specific shape, etc.) fail to show any consistent temporal pattern.

Shaped manos (23 examples; p1. 8a,b). These are basalt cobbles with

edges carefully shaped by pecking and grinding. They vary in over-all form
from squarish to subrectangular, though three specimens are circular or

slightly oblong. All are bifacial, with flat to convex grinding surfaces,
and all but one are flat to biconvex in cross section.    The sole exception
is triangular or wedge-shaped. On one piece the grinding surfaces are at

right angles to one another. Several of the shaped manos exhibit markedly
flattened ends, perhaps through secondary use as pestles. Riddell (1960:
35) attributes a similar wear pattern on manos from the Karlo site to use

as hammerstones.  Size range:   9.0-15.5 cm. in length, 7.0-9.9 cm. in width,
and 2.5-6.0 cm. in thickness.

Unshaped manos (16 examples; pl. 8c,d). These are irregularly shaped
basalt cobbles, unmodified except for the presence of one or more grinding
surfaces. They vary in form from circular to elongate or subrectangular.

Eight specimens are unifacial, the remainder are bifacial. Five pieces show
additional flattening at both ends, similar to that found on some of the

shaped manos.  Size range:   5.8-13.0 cm. long, 5.8-10.5 cm. wide, and 3.6-
7.2 cm. thick.

Both shaped and unshaped manos were found throughout the midden at the
Rodriguez site.  Though the sample is small, there seems to be a tendency
for shaped forms to be slightly more popular than unshaped.

Metates

Forty-two metates, whole and fragmentary, were recovered. Description
and classification of these pieces are somewhat hampered by the fact that
only one complete specimen was found.   Nevertheless, they may be grouped

according to the system employed by Haury (1950), which distinguishes between
slab and block metates. The former have a thickness of less than 5 cm.,

while the latter are more than 5 cm. thick. Haury's subcategories -shaped
and unshaped-have been omitted. Most specimens from site CA-Las-194 are
not sufficiently complete to allow this distinction to be made.

Slab metates (22 examples; fig. lOa). All pieces in this category are
fragmentary. Two appear to have shaped edges, the others are definitely un-
shaped. Nine are bifacially ground and 13 are unifacial. Working surfaces
appear to be circular or slightly ovoid. One specimen is sufficiently com-
plete to allow measurement:   23 cm. long, 4 cm. thick, 21 cm. wide.    It has
a grinding surface 18.0 cm. in diameter and 1.2 cm. in maximum depth.

120

TABLE 6

Depth Distribution of Ground Stone Artifacts from E-Trench

(Depth in inches)

0- 1 6- 1 12-1 18-1 24-1 30-1 36-1 42-1 48-1 54-1 60-1
6   1 12 118     24 130 136      42 148 154 160 166

Manos            I     1                                                 1    1

Unshaped         3           1     1    2     1j   31         31

Shaped           2 1   5     2       12 1     4    1     4 |l
Frag.               1     I1 '     1  '    ' 1        I |1

Metates          I                           I    I     I     1          1    1

Slab           16      2 14             21    3       I  3|         1 i ll
Block          |5          12    12     1          2        111          21
Frag.            '1     1    1     1       l    l

Pestles          |        '1    21   2 |          1   1    1       I     1    1
Mortars                I          I    I     I     I    I     I    I

Bowl-shaped      2      1       I    I        1      l    I

Block            1        I         j                 I     1   I          I
Frag.            l    1              I     I          I    I     I    I     I

Block metates (14 examples; fig.

lOb).

One complete specimen was

ited as the slab metates. None

found, though the remainder are not as fragmer

bears evidence of shaping or other modification beyond use in grinding. All
are unifacial, with roughly circular grinding surfaces varying from 16 to 20
cm. in diameter.  These surfaces are flat to slightly concave, with a maxi-
mum depth of 2 cm.

Both slab and block metates are found throughout the deposit at the

Rodriguez site. While slab metates are the more common type, and therefore
apparently the more popular, their numerical superiority might also be

accounted for in that the slab metate seems more likely to break in several

smaller fragments than does the larger, bulker, and presumably sturdier block
form. Thus the presence of a number of slab metate fragments from a given

level, each said to represent a separate artifact, may in fact mark the result
of the breakage of a single metate and the scattering of its pieces.

A check of both slab and block metate fragments from all levels indicates
that the basalts from which they are made are generally quite varied in

appearance, and that few fragments are sufficiently similar to others that

they could be said to be pieces of the same single artifact.    This fact servei

121

to strengthen the contention that the slab metates are generally more common
than block metates at the Rodriguez site.

Pestles (pl. 8e,f)

Seven basalt pestles were recovered at the site. They are cylindrical

in shape and round to slightly oblong in cross section. On all but one exam-
ple the sides of the pieces have been smoothed by grinding. Ends vary from
flattened, with well defined edges, to rounded.   A single pointed specimen

was found at a depth of approximately 42 inches. Complete pieces are worked
at both ends. One pestle, from the 43 inch level, clearly served double duty
as a mano, exhibiting a single well ground face on its long axis. Size range:
16-19 cm. in length, 5-9 cm. in diameter.

Pestles were present in both the gray midden and the upper portion of the
brown midden, being more frequent in the former. They were absent in the

lower portion of the brown midden, though given the small number of pestles
from the site as a whole, as well as the relatively low artifact yield from
the lower brown midden, it may be that they were in use at that time even
though they are not present in our sample. However, the absence of stone

mortars from the lower portion of the brown midden tends to negate the latter
possibility and to lend support to the idea that the mortar/pestle complex is
restricted to the upper portion of the brown and to the gray middens; that is,
to Rodriguez II and III phases.

Mortars

Eight stone mortars or mortar fragments were found. All are made of

basalt, in most cases of a coarsely visicular nature. Mortars fall readily
into two categories, based on external shape: bowl-shaped and block.

Bowl-shaped (5 examples; fig. 10c). These are spheroidal or globular

mortars with rounded bottoms. Their shape is primarily the result of stream-
rolling and/or weathering, with purposeful alteration of the exterior surface
at a minimum. Depressions are U-shaped, with rounded bottoms and slightly

concave sides. Inside surfaces are quite smooth near the top of the depres-
sion, rougher near the bottom.   One fragmentary specimen, from the 0-6 inch
level, has a depression which appears to be V-shaped. Depression depth
varies from 9-13 cm., diameter from 13 to 17 cm.

Block (2 examples; fig. 10d). These pieces may be distinguished from
the bowl-shaped mortars in that they are made from markedly flatter rocks,

closely resembling those used for block metates. They differ from the latter
in that their working surfaces are pecked and roughened rather than ground

smooth. Only one specimen is complete; its measurements are 36 cm. in length,

122

width, 34.0 cm. and thickness 15.0 cm., with a slightly oblong depression
20.0 by 24.0 cm. in diameter and 4.5 cm. deep.

Stone mortars of both types are found in both the upper portion of the
brown midden and in the gray midden. Mortars with V-shaped depressions

appear to be restricted to the gray midden, though the evidence is admit-

tedly limited. The presence of a pointed pestle-a type presumably associ-
ated with the V-shaped mortar- in the upper portion of the brown midden

seems to indicate that both were used at the Rodriguez site at that time.
As noted above, the fact that neither pestles nor mortars are represented
in our sample from the lower portion of the brown midden tends to indicate
that this tool complex was not used by the earliest occupants at the Rod-
riguez site.

Hammers tones

Four hammerstones were recovered at CA-Las-194. Two are quite similar
in form, being subrectangular basalt cobbles, biconvex in cross section.
Each is battered on one end and one specimen shows additional use on its

edges. One measures 13 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, and 5 cm. thick; the other is
slightly larger, being 14x8x6 cm. The first is from the 43 inch level, the
second from 40 inches.

Of the remaining two pieces, one is a cylindrical basalt cobble, 13.5
cm. long, 5.5 cm. wide, and 5.0 cm. thick. Both ends of the piece are

rounded and bear evidence of use. It was found at a depth of 36 inches.

The last is a basalt cobble fragment, measuring 4.5x6.7x5.0 cm., and recov-
ered at approximately 7 inches. One end is rounded and heavily scarred by
battering.

Ochre-stained Cobble

The concave surface of a fist-sized basalt cobble found at approximately
18 inches is covered with a thin deposit of red ochre. This is the only
evidence of the use of ochre at site CA-Las-194.

Bone and Antler Artifacts

Artifacts of bone were not as abundant as stone artifacts at CA-Las-194.
In all, 61 complete and fragmentary examples of worked bone and antler were
recovered from the midden. The occurrence of these specimens is presented
by level in Table 7. Despite the small size of the sample, the fluctuation

appears to conform to the curve for total refuse (Appendix I), and to reflect
the degree of intensity in occupation. Thus, more artifacts were found in

the gray and upper brown midden components than in the lower brown component,

123

The presence of artifacts in the 78-84 inch level resulted from an intrusive
cache deposit.

Any statement concerning the occurrence of bone artifacts would be subject
to error due to the small size of the sample and, to an unknown degree, pre-
servation. In general, preservation at the site is fair, bone and antler
tending to exhibit only moderate demineralization.

TABLE 7

Occurrence of Bone and Antler Artifacts by Level

(Depth in inches)

No  ISur-I 0-I 6-112-I18-124-130-136-142-148-154-160-I66-172-178-11        I
Prov.Ifacel 6 112 118 124 130 136 142 148 154 160 166 172 178 184 IlTotall

1     -   4  1 9   1  2   1 4   114   112   1 4   1 4   1  1   1  1   1  1   1  2   1 -   2   11  61   1

Technology. Working in bone involved several simple techniques: cutting
and incision certainly required the use of obsidian and/or siliceous flakes,
of which utilized examples abound throughout the midden. Smoothing and

polishing involved scraping the surface with a flake or grinding on a stone
surface, both methods producing parallel striations. Further smoothing or

polishing may have been accomplished by rubbing with leather or, more often,
resulted from use.

Bone beads. Twenty-one tubular bone beads and bead fragments were recov-
ered from the midden. All share a common method of manufacture whereby a

long-bone of one sort or another was scored with at least two circumferential

cutting grooves to facilitate snapping of the bone into sections. Three types
of beads can be distinguished.

Type I (7 examples; p1. 9a-c). Tubular beads made from the smaller
long-bones of rabbits or rodents. The range in diameter is 0.30-0.40 cm.,

with an average diameter of 0.36 cm. The range in length is 1.50 to 1.80 cm.,
with an average length of 1.64 cm. Little or no further modification of the

bone tube sections is indicated, as most of the specimens still bear unaltered
cutting scars and/or an occasional irregular edge where the cutting process

was faulty.  Several specimens, however, show varying degrees of rounding and

polishing at the edges, although much of this smoothing is probably due to use.

Type IIa (10 examples; pl. 9d-f). Tubular beads manufactured from

rabbit tibiae in the same manner as Type I, and with the same range of amount

124

of further modification of the edges and surfaces. However, polish through
use is evident in all specimens, even in the cases of items with irregular
edges. The range in maximum diameter is 0.40-0.70 cm., with an average

diameter of 0.59 cm. The range in complete lengths is 1.1-4.0 cm., with an
average length of 3.0 cm.

Type IIb (4 examples; pl. 9g). Tubular beads of bird bone closely
resembling those of Type IIa, with a range in diameter of 0.40-0.60 cm.

and an average diameter of 0.48 cm. The two specimens allowing measurement

of complete lengths are 1.7 and 2.3 cm. respectively. One specimen exhibits
very crude workmanship; while both ends bear marks of attempts to cut a

groove, the edges are irregular and unmodified. As no signs of polish or

wear are present, it may have been lost or discarded shortly after manufac-
ture.

A rabbit tibia section (LMA 1-169827) 6.5 cm. long and 0.7 cm. in diam-
eter was found in the 24-30 inch level. Both ends are irregular with no

signs of cutting grooves. The surface has numerous longitudinal striations
and considerable polish, as do the ends, presumably from use.   Its dimen-
sions would suggest that it might be placed in Type IIa, but the lack of

cutting grooves sets it apart from the other tubular objects under discussion.
It may have been an ornament, or even a pipe stem, and is shown in Figure lla.

Types I, IIa, and IIb have been referred to as tubular beads. This

designation is certain for Type I and relatively certain for the others. The
longest examples of Type IIa could have served as very short pipe stems, but
the range of the rest of the type, along with the absence of pipes from the
site, support their being referred to as ornaments, presumably beads.

TABLE 8

Occurrence of Bone Beads by Level

(Depth in inches)

1 No  I 0-| 6-112-118-124-130-136-142-148-154-160-166 172- |

Type |Prov.I 6 112 118 124 130 136 142 148 154 160 166 172 178 || Total |

I              I     11     2 2        1 2     I 2 |l               7 1
IIa  |  1  |                1  4   |   3  |                      |  10  |
IIb  |                      13111        1  1111                     4I

Total                                                           21  |

125

It is interesting to note that the bead types cluster in the upper brown
midden component (Rodriguez II) and thus may have a limited temporal range.

However, it is just in this area that the concentration of bone artifacts is
greatest, and thus a sampling error could account for their absence before
and after this point in time.

Bone Tubes (fig. llb-d)

Three fragments of tubes made from the long-bones of animals the size of
a bobcat or porcupine were recovered. Their manufacture employed the usual
circumferential cutting to produce the tube, which was further modified by

scraping and rubbing to round the edges and polish the surface. Their lengths
range from 1.9 to 2.0 cm., while estimates of the original diameters of two

specimens are 1.2 and 1.5 cm. The remains of a third specimen are only suffi-
cent to suggest a diameter in excess of 1.5 cm.

Two of the three specimens bear incised decoration on their surfaces.
Specimen LNA 1-169841 has an incised circumferential groove 0.3 cm. from

each edge, with short perpendicular lines about 0.35 cm. apart running from
the edge of the tube to the circumferential grooves. The second decorated

fragment (LMA 1-169823) has two vertical series of short (0.20-0.25 cm.) diag-
onal nicks which presumably occurred on the entire surface of the complete
tube. The third fragment (LMA 1-169804) is undecorated.

The form, workmanship, and decoration of the bone tubes suggest ornaments
of some sort, perhaps large beads.

A poorly preserved fragment of incised mammal bone (LMA 1-169852) which
may have been a tube of unknown length, was found in the 42-48 inch level

(fig. lle). It, too, was manufactured from the long-bone of a small mammal

about the size of a rabbit or porcupine, and has an estimated original diam-
eter of approximately 0.8-1.0 cm. No original edges of the object remain.
Despite the destruction of most of the surface through spalling from the

effects of fire, the signs of longitudinal scraping and polishing are unmis-
takable. A series of short, parallel, incised nicks, perpendicular to the
long axis of the fragment, decorate the surface, probably very like the

decoration of specimen LMA 1-169823 described above.    However, the exact
nature and function of the object has not been determined.

Bone "Hooks" (fig. llh-k, pl. 9h,i)

Riddell (1960:77,fig. 17k) describes a small, sharpened bone object from
the Karlo site which he suggests was mounted on a stick and used to hook

rodents in their burrows. Cressman (1942:66) suggests that a similar object
from Catlow Cave was employed in the ball and pin game.

126

TABLE 9

Dimensions of Bone Tubes

Length  j Diameter

LMA No.   I (cm.)    1   (cm.)    | Decoration

1-169804      2.4       ca. 1.5   |

1-169823  |   2.0       ca. 1.2      Present
1-169841  |   1.9    1      1.5+  | Present
1-169852  |   2.2       ca. 0.9      Present

TABLE 10

Depth Distribution of Bone Tubes

6- 1 12- j 18-    24- 1 30- 1 36- I 42- I 48- I 54- I 60- 1 66-

LMA No.   1 12    18  1 24  j 30  1 36   1 42  | 48  | 54    60  | 66  | 72 |

1-1698041 x           I           1        I         I     I     I     I    I

1-169823    1x    l         1     I     I      I     I     1 ll

1-1698411       I        1        1      l x         I     1 l         I

1-1698521       I     I     1     1     1      IxI         I     I     I   I

x  =  present

Bone "Hooks" (cont'd.)

Four similar objects were recovered from site CA-Las-194; two (LMA 1-169824
and LMA 1-169856) were of well sharpened and shaped mammal bone splinters.

Specimen LMA 1-169856 has an evenly ground and rounded base, while both show
marked polish through use. One of these (LMA 1-169856) bears several grooves
across the midsection which might relate to the binding of the point to the

stick, as suggested from grooves on the Karlo specimen. Two cruder examples,
almost certainly intended and employed in a similar manner, are simply fortui-
tously sharp mammal (LMA 1-169864) and bird bone (LMA 1-169822) fragments
exhibiting clear signs of polish from use.

127

TABLE 11

Description and Occurrence of Small Bone Hooks

| Depth   | Length   | Width   | Thickness   j Material
LMA No.         (in.)     (cm.)      (cm.)  |    (cm.)

1-169824     |   0- 6      4.0    |   0.35  |     0.15    | Mammal bone
1-169856     | 60-66   |   4.0    |   0.70  |     0.25       Bird bone

1-169822     | 30-36   |   2.9    |   0.40  |     0.10    | Mammal bone
1-169864     | 42-48   |   2.2    |   0.40  |     0.15    | Mammal bone

Bone Awls

Seventeen complete
Rodriguez site.

awls and awl fragments were recovered from the

L-shaped scapula awls (pl. 9m,n).   One complete specimen and one fragment
were recovered. Manufacture involved removal of the blade area and grinding
of the spine or medial ridge to smooth it and produce a point. The charac-
teristic "handle" consists of the base of the medial ridge and a carefully
shaped remnant of an adjacent blade. Polish through use is present on the

handle and body of each specimen. One example (LMA 1-169865) was recovered
from the fill of Feature 24.

TABLE 12

Dimensions of L-Shaped Scapula Awls

|    Length    |    Maximum diameter           Width at

LMA No.      j    (cm.)     j     of Shaft (cm.)      I   Handle (cm.)

1-169832    I    13.7       I          1.5            I       3.0

1-169865    I     8.7+      I          1.2            I       3.0+

Three awl-tips, concave-convex in section, were recovered; that is, the

concave surface represents the internal surface of the bone. These are very
similar to the ends of the scapula awls, suggesting that these tips might be
tentatively typed as scapula awls.

128

The two L-shaped awls occurred in the upper component of brown midden
and may have been confined to that time period, though the small size of
the sample makes this speculative. (See Appendix III.)

Radius awls.   Two awls made from the radii of the bobcat (Lynx rufus)

were found.   Only one specimen (pl. 9o) is complete, measuring 12.8 cm. in
length. The tip shows clear evidence of having been ground and scraped to
produce the point.   Both awls were found in association with Burial 1, and
were apparently employed as pins in securing the shroud. Though they were
recovered from the 66-72 inch level, their association with Burial 1 indi-
cates that they date from the early upper brown midden.

Rib awl (pl. 9p). A single example (LMA 1-169834) of an awl made from
a section of artiodactyl rib was recovered from the 6-12 inch level. Its
measurements are 7.3+ cm. in length and 1.6 cm. width at the base. The

base was neatly sawed to remove the desired segment from the rib, and the

tip bears numerous deep, crossing longitudinal striations caused by grinding
and scraping to produce a point. Moderate polish through use is present on
the base and body of the awl.

Splinter awls (pi. 9q). Fragments of artiodactyl long-bones, with little
or no modification beyond the grinding of the tip to produce a point, were

recovered. The four specimens range in length from 7.00-12.00 cm., with an
average length of 9.47 cm. The lateral edges and irregular bases or grips
show a marked degree of wear and polish through extensive use. Only one
example (LMA 1-169816) shows an attempt to modify the base by moderate
grinding of the jagged end.

Tips. In addition to the above, five untypeable examples of the ground
and polished tips of awls of artiodactyl long-bone were recovered. They

are listed in Table 13 along with the three possible scapular awl tips and
the typeable awls.

Scapular Saw (pl. 9r)

A single, poorly preserved scapula saw (LMA 1-169866) was recovered from
a cache (feature 61) at a depth of 82 inches.    It measures 13 cm. in length
and 4 cm. in maximum diameter. Manufacture involved breaking off most of

the blade areas and spine, as well as the articular end, leaving very irreg-

ular edges.   Along the edge of one of the blade remnants several polished and
well worn teeth are observable.    The lower one-third of the articular stem
exhibits definite polish on the remnants of the spine and both blade edges,
through gripping in use. Heizer and Krieger (1956:16-17) discuss various

possible uses of the scapula saw, and conclude that these saws were probably
employed in cutting grass and tules.

129

TABLE 13

Depth Distribution of Awls and Fragments

(inches)

I o-l 6-112-118-124-130-136-142-148-154-160-166-l1           I
Type           | 6 112 118 124 130 136 142 148 154 160 166 172 || Total |
L-shaped       I   I    I   I    I   I   I    I   I   I    l   I   II

scapular awlsl    I    I   I    1 1 1   11           I    1 I  11   2   1
Possible   scap.    I   I   I    I   I   I    I   I   I    I   I

awl tips      11111             I        1                    1|131
Radius awls          1   1  1   1   1   1   1   1   1            2 ||  21
Rib awl s            I                                                 I

Splinter awlsll         1111|1           |11111111                     4    l
Untypeable     I   I    I   I   I    I   I   I    I   l   I    I

tips          I   I            I        1 31  I     l    I    I 1     5

Total                                                             |  17    I

Rod-like Objects

Five fragments of rod-like antler objects were found. Manufacture involved
the abrading of long slivers split or cut from an antler to produce relatively
smooth objects, oval in section. Deep longitudinal striations are present on
all surfaces. Three of the fragments are tips or ends. Two are bluntly

pointed tips (LMA 1-169808c,d) recovered from the 6-12 inch level. Their
maximum widths and thicknesses are 0.70 x 0.35 cm. and 0.80 x 0.30 cm.,

respectively.   Since two midsections (LMA 1-169808a,b) with similar dimen-

sions and treatment were also recovered from the same level, and as all four
fragments show definite signs of having been subjected to fire, it is quite

possible that they represent fragments of the same object. If this is indeed the
case, the object can be reconstructed as having been two-ended, with a length
in excess of 7.5 cm., the sum of the lengths of the four fragments (fig. llf).

Similar two-ended bone objects are illustrated and described by Swanson and
Sneed (1966:33,fig. 22a,b) for the Shoup Rock Shelters in east central Idaho,
with the suggestion that they might have served as blanket pins or gaming

pieces. Riddell (1960:65-66,fig. lld,h) describes and illustrates similar tips
as parts of flaking tools. No evidence of wear or striations perpendicular to
the long axes of the tips is present on these objects from site CA-Las-194.

130

The third tip (LMA 1-169815), also of antler, was recovered from the

36-42 inch level, and resembles the others in section and mode of manufac-

ture but has a more rounded or snub end (fig. llo, pl. 9j).    It, too, resem-
bles a blanket pin or gaming piece from the Shoup Rock Shelters (Swanson and
Sneed 1966,fig. 22h) and objects from the Karlo site referred to as flakers
by Riddell (1960,fig. lli). Although striations are present at the tip,

they are few in number and their shallowness suggests abrasion in finishing.
It, too, may have been two-ended.

A third midsection (LMA 1-169813), from an object of characteristics and
dimensions similar to the others, cannot be definitely reconstructed. It
was recovered from the 0-6 inch level.

SpatuLate Objects

A tapering antler object fragment (LMA 1-169851), manufactured from a
splinter as were the rod-like objects, but plano-convex in section., was

found in the bottom of the 36-42 inch level.   Its end is snub in outline

and beveled downward toward the flat surface. The latter bears serial sets
of relatively deep striations cutting across the longitudinal striation

near the end, strongly suggesting its having been used as a flaker (fig. big).
Riddell (1960:65) mentions a similar antler object with a beveled end. The
fragment from site CA-Las-194 is 1.1 cm. at its widest part (the end), and
0.3 cm. thick.

A spatulate bone object fragment (LMA 1-169836) was found in the 18-24
inch level.  It was manufactured from a wide, thin sliver of long-bone,
probably artiodactyl, the shaping and final high polishing resulting in

numerous longitudinal striations. It is lenticular in section and 0.3 cm.

in thickness. The fragment tapers from a maximum width of 1.1 cm. near the
break to a blunted, ground, and "faceted" tip, where its width measures 0.8

cm. The break occurred in a constriction accomplished by grinding a U-shaped
groove almost completely around the object, save for a small area on one

curved surface. This groove or "waist11 was presumably at the middle of the
object, only a very small vestige of the other section being preserved. It
is quite probable that the object was two-ended, so that the 5.1 cm. long
fragment may be reconstructed as a symmetrically shaped and tapered object

about 10 cm. long (fig. llm, pl. 91). As it does not seem to have been put
to heavy use or abraded,   and in view of the workmanship and shape, this
object may have served as an unmarked gaming piece.

A second fragment of a highly polished, tapering, spatulate bone object
(LMA 1-169843) was recovered from the 42-48 inch level, associated with a
possible house floor. The fragment is plano-convex in section and 0.2 cm.

thick. It tapers from 1.2 to 1.0 cm., both ends being breaks. The surface
bears numerous fine longitudinal striations. It was probably very much like

131

specimen LMA 1-169836; that is, two-ended and tapered toward the ends. Of
special interest are the remains of two bands of incision on the curved

surface. The areas to be decorated were defined by pairs of finely incised
lines across the curved surface. The 0.2 cm. wide bands were then filled
with fine crosshatching, some of which crossed the boundaries. The breaks
at both ends of the fragment occurred along such boundary lines, and it is

the presence of traces of careless notching that allowed for the reconstruc-
tion of a third band now missing. The distance between this margin and that
of the nearest band is 0.3 cm., while the distance between the second band

and the third at the other end is 1.5 cm. (fig. 111, pl. 9k). The specimen,
when complete, could have served as a marked gaming piece.

Antler Flaker

An antler tine flaking tool (LMA 1-169867) was recovered at site CA-Las-194.
It bears deep horizontal striations and wear on its snub-rounded working end,
evidence of extensive use. The base of the tine was evenly cut from the rest
of the antler, and exhibits some rounding through gripping when in use. The

flaker is 11.5 cm. long and 2.2 cm. in diameter at the base. It was found at
a depth of 82 inches in a cache (feature 61) along with the scapular saw.
Miscellaneous Bone Objects

A small fragment of ground and polished mammal bone (LMA 1-169859), prob-
ably artiodactyl, was found at the 54-60 inch level. It has striations on

all unbroken surfaces and is rectangular in section. Its small size and lack
of diagnostic characteristics make identification of the complete object un-
certain.

A second fragment of artiodactyl long-bone (LMA 1-169837), from the 24-30
inch level, has a neat, deep, V-shaped groove across its surface, which may
have been an attempt to cut the bone, but the regularity of the groove sug-

gests decoration as its purpose. It was not possible to determine the orig-
inal natureof the object (fig. lln).

Another fragment of artiodactyl long-bone (IMA 1-169979), found at the
30-36 inch level, has several chips, rather than fresh, unaltered breaks,

that share the over-all polish of the surface. Its use could not be deter-
mined (fig. llp).

Shell

Six items of shell, all artifacts, were recovered from the midden at the
Rodriguez site (table 14) Five of these are beads; the sixth is apparently

a blank intended for bead manufacture. All represent genera from the Pacific
Coast which were traded into the valley.

132

Olivella sp. (5 examples)

Type la. After Bennyhoff and Heizer (1958). Two examples of whole

Olivella shells with the spires removed to facilitate stringing were recov-
ered. Both occurred in the 18-24 inch level, the approximate zone of con-
tact of the upper brown and gray midden components. Bennyhoff and Heizer

(1958:63) indicate the type is not chronologically diagnostic, first appear-
ing about 6000-7000 years B.P. at Leonard Rock Shelter, and being present in
all phases thereafter.

Type 3c. After Bennyhoff and Heizer (1958). Two examples of Olivella
"isaucers"i occurred in the upper brown midden. They are general Middle

Horizon types (2000 BC-1 AD) in central California and the Great Basin (ibid,
65-66).

Split Olivella blank. An oval section of Olivella shell (1.50 cm. long
by 0.75 cm.wide) was recovered. It is not perforated and therefore probably
represents evidence of local working of coast shells into beads, as observed
at Pelican Island in the Carson Sink, Nevada.   There the activity was prob-
ably contemporary with upper Phase 1 of the Late Horizon in California

(Bennyhoff and Heizer 1958:68-69). The blank was recovered in gray midden
(strat. pit No. 2) and offers evidence that the gray midden component over-
laps, in part, with the early Late Horizon.

Dentalium.  A short section of Dentalium (0.4 cm. long by 0.3 cm. wide)

appears to have been broken from a larger or whole shell.    Although Bennyhoff
and Heizer (1958:67) indicate that dentalia are limited to the "upper part of
Phase 1 of the Late Horizon" in northern California, the fragment from site
CA-Las-194, associated with Feature 24 (a house floor) in the upper brown

midden which has been radiocarbon dated at 200 B.C., suggests that they can
occur earlier (see section on Dating).   It has been suggested that Vancouver
Island, via northern California, would have been a likely source, although
the Santa Barbara region is an alternative (ibid., 85).

There is no evidence of decoration on any of the shell beads from site
CA-Las-194.

Perishable Material

The Rodriguez site is an open site and no perishable materials were ex-
pected to be found. However, through the agency of two separate processes,
several items that would have ordinarily disappeared were preserved. The

burning of a house (feature 24) resulted in the following carbonized items.

133

TABLE 14

Types and Occurrence of Shell Beads

18-124-130-136-142-148-154-160-166-172-iStrat.            s
124 130 -136 -142 -148 154 160 1|66 1-72 178 |1pit 2 | Remarks

Type

Olivella       I
Type la       I

I

Type 3c       I
Split Olivellal
blank        I
Dentalium      I

I       I      I       I      I
21          1      I       I      I

11        1       1    1     1

l     l        I        l    l

I      I       1       111
l       l      I       I      l

| Both found at 24

| in. (brown midden)

| 6-12 in. level
I Assoc. with
I Feature 24

1

Twined tule construction. A fragment (5 by 5 cm.) of a twined tule object

was found on the floor of Feature 24. The warps, four of which were preserved,
are single stem, 0.6 to 0.7 cm. wide in their present condition, and spaced

approximately 0.5 cm. apart. The single row of wefts is composed of a pair of
single stems approximately 0.8 cm. wide and twined down to the right. Barring
loss of wefts or destruction before deposition, it is possible to guess, from
the existing warp fragments, that the minimum spacing between this and subse-
quent rows of twining was 3.0 cm. No selvages were preserved.

Twined tule, possible mat fragment,

actual size (reconstruction)

134

Judging from its loose construction and association with a burnt house,

the fragment possibly represents part of a tule mat used to cover the floor
or to form part of the house wall construction. However, the possibility
that it was some other item -a rush wallet, for example -cannot be dis-
counted.

Basketry.  Three carbonized fragments of "Catlow twined" basketry were
also found associated with Feature 24. Two were picked out of the screen
as the fill from the feature was being sifted, while the third was found
in situ on the house floor.

None of the fragments exceeds 3 cm. in size. All elements appear to be
fibrous rush stems or culms. Warps average 0.2 cm. in diameter in their

present state, and consist of two elements spun "Z" at an angle of appromi-
20 degrees. There appear to have been an average of 3.5 warps per centi-
meter. The wefts or twining elements consist of pairs of single elements
twined "S" down to the right, each element 0.2 cm. in diameter. The frag-

ments exhibit approximately five rows of twining per centimeter. No struc-
tural indications of color change or overlay were observed. Judging from
the similarity of the fragments, it is probable that they are parts of the
same soft, relatively flexible basket of unknown shape and function.

Fragment of Catlow twined basketry, actual size

Structurally, the fragments appear to fit the description of Catlow
twined basketry offered by Cressman (1942:33-45,figs. 12,14-19,80-85).

Only our inability to determine whether or not the warp elements were split
culms makes the identification incomplete.

As an aside, the presence of fragmentary and complete awls throughout the
midden suggests that coiled basketry may also have been made, although no

examples were recovered.   Heizer and Krieger (1956:83) suggest that L-shaped
scapular awls, of which tAe site produced two examples, might have been

associated with the manufacture of coiled basketry- the "handle" allowing
for ease of withdrawal after penetration.

Shroud. The second set of circumstances permitting preservation of

perishable materials occurred in Burial 1.   The body was entirely enshrouded

135

in a twined fabric whose elements were remarkably preserved due to apparent
high mineral (silica?) content of the fibers and the probable replacement

of organic matter with minerals from the soil.    Although very fragile, care-
ful brushing and spraying with a clear lacquer enabled us to uncover a large
part of the fabric prior to our decision to remove the burial. A heavy

cave-in forced us to rely on photos and a few fragments removed at the time
of discovery in attempting a technical analysis.

Judging from the fragments recovered and the variation in measurements,

it appears that two distinct layers of fabric were present: an upper layer
first observed and seen in the photograph; and a second layer beneath that,
separated by a few millimeters of soil from the first and visible only on

the underside of the few fragments we possess. Both layers were composed of
elements whose fiber has not been identified, although it is likely that

they were made of Apocynum, Asclepias, or Artemisia (sagebrush bark). In

both, the twining was consistently down to the right ("S") apparently involv-
ing pairs of single twining elements and single warps. The angle of twist or
the number of elements plied together to produce a cord could not be deter-
mined. In the secQnd (under) layer the elements range about 0.7 to 1.5 mm.
in diameter in their present condition, with about nine rows per inch (ca.

3.5 per cm.) of closely compacted twining (weft face) over warps that average
about twelve to the inch (ca. 5 rows per cm.). The first or upper layer was
not analyzed in the field, and the fragments recovered are encrusted with
soil hardened by lacquer spray. In conjunction with the photographs, they
suggest that the texture tended to be coarser than the under layer, with

elements about 2 mm. in diameter. The rows of twining are closely compacted
in this structure also, almost hiding the warps, the count being about nine

rows of twining per inch (ca. 3.5 rows per cm.) over warps that run about six
warps per inch (ca. 2.5 per cm.). It is impossible to say, at this point,
whether the differences in texture of the two layers indicate the presence
of two separate fabrics.

Objects of European Manufacture

Numerous examples of glass beads picked up at the site were seen in local
collections. Four specimens collected from the surface are the only such

items that can be attributed with any certainty to aboriginal activity. The
numerous objects of glass, crockery, and metal also observed on the surface

doubtless resulted from the century of European occupation of the Bare Ranch.

136

HOUSES

Evidence of thirty-one house floors was recorded, all but two of them
having been destroyed by fire. The carbonized floor covering and wall

construction composing much of the fill of these house depressions defined
their contours. However, not all the structures were as easily recognized

and measured as were, for example, Features 24-31.    In most cases the amount
of carbon was slight or discontinuous, so that it was not possible to dis-
tinguish house floors from the surrounding midden. Drying and exposure of
the profiles to wind erosion resulted in the slight color differences and

differential weathering of the compacted floors connecting the darker patches,
and defined the depressions. The profiles provided (figs. 3-8) illustrate
the complexity and intensity of occupation.

Measurement of the structures was often difficult or incomplete due to

the limited area of excavation, frequent intersection by other features, or
later surface activity, as well as incomplete burning (staining) of the

floors. Table 15 is a summary of dimensions and association data. Measure-
ments that were obviously incomplete are accompanied by a 'Y" and suggested
reconstructions are provided. Table 16 is intended to provide a key to the
illustration of houses in profile drawings or other figures.

General Description

The house floors or depressions were approximately circular, to judge
from those features at the intersection of the F and D-G profiles (figs.
3 and 4). They probably ranged from about 10 to 15 feet in diameter and

from about 8 to 16 inches in depth, subject to moderate error from disturb-
ance or intersection. The depressions were smoothly curved in profile, no
sign of a step or bench being present. In taking the depth of the rim of
the depression from the surface (presumed stratigraphic point of origin),

the reading was made at the southern terminus where possible, as wind abla-
tion appeared to have been consistently heavier downslope (north). The

one feature that does not fall within the range is Feature 2 in Strat. Pit
2, which, although only 25 per cent exposed, appeared to have been a

smaller (ca. 5 ft.) and shallower (ca. 3 in.) depression (fig. 12a). All
floors were apparently covered with parallel or intersecting grasses, and
perhaps an occasional mat.

Wall construction was preserved in small sections in most of the struc-

tures and was abundant in the case of Feature 24 (fig. 13).    Diffuse porous
hardwood poles (willow and aspen still grow along Bare Creek), ranging 3-4
inches in diameter, were employed as wall foundations arranged around the
edge of the depression. No evidence of a trench or peripheral post holes
were found, the poles presumably resting directly on the ground. Despite

137

the excellent preservation in the case of Feature 24, it was impossible to

determine the nature of the dwelling type; that is, open, domed, conical, or

gable-roofed. Feature 31, a house floor, has a probable post hole within the
depression, about 5 feet deep and possibly once propped up or stabilized by

the numerous stones scattered immediately around it (fig. 12b). This may be

evidence that in the case of Feature 31 at least, there may have been two in-
terior posts stupporting a gabled roof. Whatever the foundation construction,
the whole was covered first, by a layer of branches of diffuse porous hard-

wood, and then by a thick layer of unidentified grasses, possibly loosely made
into mats. No identifiable entrances were encountered.

One certain and four probable hearths, apparently centrally placed, were

observed during excavation, suggesting the presence of smoke holes at the tops
of the structures and probable winter occupation of the site (see discussion

of hearths below). Indoor storage pits or caches were also present in associ-
ation with seven house floors, perhaps hidden under the floor covering (see

Pits below). A complete block mortar was found resting directly on the undis-
turbed grass floor of Feature 1, while instances of manos in several others
indicate that some artifacts were stored and perhaps used inside the house.

In general, no evidence of windbreaks, ramada type shades, etc., were ob-
served, so that with one exception (feature 2) the floors encountered have

been referred to as those of houses-the hearths, storage pits, and artifacts
all supporting this assumption. Feature 2, the shallow 5 foot depression,

may have served a more specialized function of uncertain nature, perhaps for
the purpose of isolation of menstruating women. In dimensions, building

material, and general appearance, these houses apparently conformed to the

basic Great Basin houses documented in the ethnographies of Kelly (1932:104-
106), Steward (1941:232-234,282-283), and Stewart (1941:378-379), and illus-

trated in photographs, especially those of C. Hart Merriam (Heizer:1967, pls.
27a,b, 28, 31a,b,c) and Kelly (1932, pl. 19b, ff.).  Several elements, how-

ever, deserve brief comment. It is interesting to note that all the Northern
Paiute groups listed in Stewart's Culture Element Distributions (1941:379)

state that they did not use interior storage pits. Such pits, however, did
occur among three Shoshoni groups farther east (Steward 1941:257,319).

No ethnographic descriptions of Great Basin houses suggest that the shallow,
curved depression characteristic of the CA-Las-194 houses had a wider distri-

bution, although one photo of a Southern Paiute structure appears to show such
a depression (Steward 1939, pl. 11).

Archaeological evidence on Great Basin houses is very scant. At site NV-

Pe-67, in west central Nevada, some of the depressions investigated consisted
of a superimposed series of smoothly curved floor depressions like those at
the Rodriguez site, though smaller in diameter (Cowan and Clewlow n.d.).

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141

Diameters of houses at the Karlo site were within the range of those at
the Rodriguez site, but peripheral post holes were present in abundance.
Floor depressions were apparently absent (Riddell 1960:78-80, map 3).

Destruction of Houses

The fact that 29 of 31 house floors at site CA-Las-194 indicate destruc-
tion by fire suggests that the wood and grass structures "readily caught
fire and burned up," as Lowie (1924:224) observed among the Shoshoni of

Wyoming. However, ethnographic data for the Surprise Valley Paiute, as well
as for some other Northern Paiute and Nevada Shoshoni groups indicate that
it was customary to burn a house in which a death had occurred, which may

account, in part, for the large number of burned structures encountered (Kelly
1932:168; Stewart 1941:412; Steward 1941:257,319).   The two unburned houses,
and presumably others unrecognized or destroyed by later activity, may have

been merely dismantled and abandoned in the event of a death (Kelly, loc. cit.;
Stewart, loc. cit; Steward 1941:319).

Superposition

Whatever the causes or reasons for the repeated destruction of house

floors, it was obvious that in at least two localities the same depression
was used on a number of successive occasions. In Pits E4-5 (see profile

F4-5, fig. 3), at least eight successive house floors (features 23, 39, 38,

37, 12, 1, 5a, 50) occupied the same general 10-12 foot wide depression through
32 inches of midden. In Pits E1-2 (fig. 3) and DO-FO (fig. 4), a sequence of
at least six house floors occupied the same depression, approximately 16 feet
in diameter (features 9, 52, 20, 6, 45, 47[?]) through about 30 inches of
midden.

Such superimposition suggests that burned houses may have been cleared
almost immediately for reuse of the area, possibly involving the spreading
of clean soil over the burned house fill.  However, it is more likely that
the midden interspersed between the successive floors represents a span of

time when slope-wash, wind deposition, and occasional dumping of refuse, ash,

and stones, partially filled the depression. The span of time between succes-
sive occupations could not have been great, as the depression was obviously
still visible when later houses were located there. Some excavation of the
depression in preparation for the new floor would have undoubtedly occurred.

The sequence of superimposed houses also indicates that whatever the

nature of the color change between the upper brown and gray midden components,
no great period of time could have been involved, both series of superimposed
houses bridging the "contact zone."

142

Because the excavation was limited in area, little can be said concern-
ing settlement pattern. The two complexes of superimposed house floors

indicate that during their occupation the distance maintained between them,

and perhaps houses in general, was approximately 6 feet. The number of house
floors, and therefore the intensity of occupation through time, varied in the
area excavated (table 17). The lower and early upper brown midden components
appear to represent a period of time when the excavated area, and perhaps the
entire site., was only sparsely occupied; house floors were separated by sig-
nificant amounts of midden and little if any evidence for superimposition is

present. Most of the upper brown midden and the early part of the gray midden
suggest intensive and more continuous occupation, while the upper part of the
gray midden has very few features, indicating that the focus of activity had
shifted to another part of the site. Tables 18a and 18b show the occurrence
of 31 house floors.

TABLE 17

Occurrence of Houses in Midden Components

I Gray-Upper    1 Upper      Lower-Upper      Lower
Gray   1    Brown      1 Brown   j     Brown         Brown
No. of Houses       10           1             13   |       5             2

TABLE 18a

Occurrence of House Floors by Probable Depth

0- 1 6-1 12-1 18-1 24-1 30-1 36-1 42-1 48-1 54-1 60-1 66-1
6   112 118     24 130 136     42 148 154 160 166 172

No. of Houses   I -     3     3    4    1    4     2    1    1    -|2|-|

TABLE 18b

Occurrence of House Floors of Questionable Depth

I Gray-Upper   I Upper  I Lower-Upper   I Lower
Gray  I    Brown     I Brown  I     Brown     I Brown

2          1           6            1           -

143

PITS

Seventeen pits were recognized and recorded, for which data are presented
in Tables 19 and 20. They occur throughout the midden from earliest occupa-
tion of the site, and range in depth from 2-3 to 24 inches and in diameter

from 7 to 30 inches. All but four of the pits are approximately circular in
plan, the exceptions (features 3a, 3b, 5b, 30) being oblong.  In section the

pits exhibit a variety of profiles, descriptive terms for which are as follows:

Round bottomed (4 examples):- pits resembling arcs of circles, shallow
(see feature 36, profile F-4, fig. 3).

Basin shaped (4 examples):- Shallow pits with flat bottoms and slightly
flaring sides (see feature 21, profile F-6, fig. 3).

U-shaped (4 examples):- pits with round bottoms and relatively parallel
vertical sides (feature 53, profile E-1, fig. 4).

Inverted bell-shaped (1 example):-  a deep pit with round base and widely
flaring sides beginning about a third of the way up (feature 55, profile F-1,
fig. 4).

All but three of the pits (4A, 4B, 17B) appear to be associated, and

therefore contemporary , with house floors. This is especially clear in the

five instances (features 6B, 21, 22B, 36, 53, and 54) in which the dark stain
of carbonized floor covering and wall construction overlaid the pits. Feature
5B is of special interest in that, in contrast with the others, it appeared to
have been empty and open at the time of the destruction of feature 5, as the

contours of this deep pit were defined by a layer of charcoal (profile F-5, fig.
3). No doubt can exist that the use of this pit was contemporary with that of
the house floor. Those pits whose observable limits are not in contact with
such a carbonized layer are referred to a in probable association with the
nearest reasonably superimposed and undisturbed house floor.

Function

At least three of these pits appear to have served as caches. Feature 30
contained a stone knife (LMA 1-169523) and a bone hook (LMA 1-169864).

Feature 61 owes the recognition of its existence to the presence of a scapular
saw (LMA 1-169866) and antler tine flaker (LMA 1-169867) which occurred in

unstained and otherwise undifferentiated sterile yellow sand beneath the midden.
Feature 17B contained an obsidian point (LMA 169577) which may have been part

of the contents of that pit. Whatever perishable objects and linings there may
have been left no trace. As already noted, feature 5B was apparently empty
when the associated house was destroyed. Other pits which were originally

144

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TABLE 20

Pits and Hearths -

Key to Illustrations

Feature      Illustration           J   Feature   | Illustration
Pits

3A    | Fig. 14                         21     | Profile F6-7, fig. 3
3B    | Fig. 14                  |      30       Not illustrated

4A       Not illustrated          1     33        Profile F4-5, fig. 3
4B       Not illustrated                53       Profile E-Fl, fig. 4
5B       Profile F5-6, fig. 3           55     1 Profile F-GC, fig. 4
17B    | Profile E-F7, fig. 6     1      61       Not illustrated
Possible Hearths

22B    | Profile F4-5, fig. 3     1      51     j Profile F5-6, fig. 3
36        Profile F4-5, fig. 3           54     | Profile E-FI, fig. 4
49        Profile FO-1, fig.3 3                 I

excavated for the storage of food and useful-or valuable objects may have
later been emptied and filled with midden or ash, etc.    The dimensions and
lack of house association of two pits, features 3A and 3B (ca. 48 x 38 x 4
inches and 84 x 45 x 6 inches), suggest a use other than storage -perhaps
as borrow pits, the soil removed being used to cover burned house floors
prior to reuse (fig. 14).

A problem arises when an attempt is made to distinguish hearths among
such pits. It is obvious that the three caches and three pits containing

only midden (features 21, 33, 55) were not hearths.    Although the remaining
nine pits all contain ash or carbon or both, only feature 51 has the under-
lying fire-reddened earth that would indicate its use as a hearth. However,
some of the others might have served a like purpose, for if our observation

concerning winter occupation of the site is correct, hearths would be expected
in frequent association with house floors. Features 4A and 4B are too small
and thin to be hearths, and presumably are the bottoms of pits with only a

small amount of ash and carbon in them. Features SB and 53 are both U-shaped;
that is, deep as well as relatively narrow, and would have been better suited
for use as storage pits than hearths.

147

The four remaining pits, features 22B, 36, 49, and 54, are all shallow

(6-8 inches deep), relatively wide (18-24 inches), and round or basin-shaped
in section; they closely approximate feature 51, the one certain hearth.

The observation that two house floors, features 1 and 12, superimposed in

the same depression have two round-bottomed pits superimposed approximately

in the center of the floor suggests a similar and probably patterned function
and location. Features 51 and 54 (hearths) were also centrally located. It
therefore seems justified to suggest that many, if not all, of these five
pits were true fire pits.

In summary, it can be said that many pits were dug, usually within the

house, some for the purpose of storage, which were later forgotton or filled
with refuse; others were intended for, and used as, hearths.

ASH LENSES

Four examples of concentrations of ash that do not appear to relate to

the destruction of structures or hearths, or the filling of pits, are assumed
to be piles of ash dumped in convenient places (table 21). They range from
16 to 42 inches in diameter and 3 to 6 inches in thickness. Just as unwanted
rock appears to have been dumped into abandoned house depressions, so too

three of the four lenses suggest that ash was also so disposed of when a lack

of empty pits or convenience dictated. Feature 15 is the exception, not being
associated with any identifiable house floor. Feature 62 could conceivably be
a hearth, but its wide diameter and the presence of a more likely fire pit
(feature 47) suggest that it was in fact a lens of ash deposited after the
abandonment of the depression.

TABLE 21

Ash Lenses

Fea- |               Diam-   Thick-   Con-            j Associ- I       IFig-
ture j Pit I Depth I eter.   ness     tents j Midden J ations   |Profile|ure

I     I (in.) I (in.) I (in.)           I        I         I l

15  | FO | 18     j 24    |   4     | Ash   |Gr.sandyl None    I FO-1  | 3
32  | El | 41     | 24    |   3     | Ash   |Lower or! Fea. 18 | E-Fl  | 4

I     I       I       I         I       lUpper  Brl        I       I

35  | E5 | 18     | 16     |  4     | Ash   |Gr.sandyl Fea. 5A I F5-6  | 3
62  | El | 18     | 42     |  6     | Ash   jGr.sandyl Fea. 47 | E-F1  | 4

148

CONCENTRATIONS OF ROCK

Concentrations of rock with no apparent function or plan occur in seven
instances in the midden. Six of these are in clear association with buried
and presumably abandoned floors of house depressions. The seventh may also
be so associated, given that feature 47 is indeed an unburied house floor.

The concentrations consist primarily of whole or broken cobbles, some fist-
size, and occasional fragments of ground stone artifacts, scattered over
areas from 3 to 47 square feet. Numbers of items per feature range from
5 to over 120.

Feature 23 (fig. 15), the largest and most extensive of these concentra-
tions, serves to suggest a likely explanation for the category as a whole.
While it clearly lies directly above a burned house floor, neither it nor
any of the similar but less extensive concentrations could have served as

functional living surfaces.   Rather, it appears that stray rock and ground
stone fragments were periodically or sporadically collected and dumped in
convenient spots-usually the abandoned depressions of houses-as a means
of disposing of nuisances underfoot. Occasional bones and lenses of ash
suggest dumping of other trash in these areas in a like manner.

A possible exception to this suggestion is feature 31. In this concen-
tration, several of the rocks were clustered about a shallow post hole,

Many of these stones may have served to prop up and stabilize the base of
the pole (see Houses, and table 15).

Table 22 presents pertinent data on rock concentrations. Such concen-
trations occur in all three components of the midden and are thus not
temporally diagnostic.

BURIALS

Only one burial was encountered during our 1966 excavations. Its unique
character and preservation convinced us that it would be better to remove
the burial to the laboratory where time and facilities would permit more
controlled investigation and recording. After isolating the burial on a

pedestal, the entire feature was packed in burlap and plaster to reinforce
it for removal and transportation. As a plywood board was being slipped

under the encased burial, the sandy midden of the adjacent F profile collap-
sed, trapping a student by the legs. Within seconds of freeing him, another
and even greater slump dumped tons of additional soil on top of the burial
to a depth of 4 feet. The threat of continued slumping and the lack of time
resulted in the decision to fill in the remainder of the trench and return
at some future date to recover the burial. Data on the feature are there-
fore incomplete.

149

TABLE 22

Concentrations of Rocks

Fea-I      I       I        I         I No. of l              I

ture j Pit   Depth | Midden    Area    Rocks   j Artifacts    I Association

I     |  (in.)  |      |  (in.)  |        I

17C | E6 | 43-48     UBM     36x48   |  16    | Pestle         House floor

I     l       l        l         I        I (1-169937    | (fea. 17A)

23B I E4-51 36-42 | UBM    j 60x114 | 126     | Ground stone   House floor

I     l       l        l         |        I fragments    | (fea. 23A)

26B| FO      44     UBM     32x36  |    8     None            House floor

l     l       l        l        I         l              I  (fea.  26)

28  | DO | 27-32 | UBM     | 36x36+ |   21    | Metate frag. | House floor(?)

I     l       l        l        |         I (1-169974),  | (fea. 47)
l     l       l        l        I         |mano

l     I       I        l        I         I  (1-169948)  I

31  | E6 |    65  | LBM    | 36x48  |   11    | Metate frag. | House floor

l     I       I        I        I         I (1-169971)   | (fea. 31)

34B    E6     20     GM      48x15+ |    5     None           House floor

I     I       I        I        I         l              I  (fea.  34)

60  | El-0 30-34 | UBM    I 12x36+ |    8    | None          House floor

l     I       I        I        I         I              I (fea.  9)

Abbreviations:

GM =
UBM =
LBM =

Gray sandy midden
Upper brown midden
Lower brown midden

Burial 1 occurred in Pit E-4, the skull being exposed at a depth of 65

inches from the surface. The grave, irregular in plan, measured 48 inches

(north-south) by 26 inches (east-west), and was distinguished from the sur-

rounding sterile yellow sand by brown sandy midden fill. The burial pit was

sunk to a depth of about 77 inches through (and therefore postdating) features
31, 42, and 40, all house floors.  The floor of feature 24, a later house

floor, showed no marked disturbance in the area above the burial (fig. 13).

The interment predates or was possibly contemporaneous with the occupation of
feature 24.

150

The most striking feature about the burial was the preservation of a

twined shroud that completely enveloped the body, being affixed near the

base of the pelvis by two bone awls employed as pins. These circumstances
allowed for only general observations prior to our abortive attempt to re-
move the burial to the laboratory.

The individual was probably a sub-adult, sex unknown, and had been
buried tightly flexed on the right side and back as evidenced by ribs
exposed in a small exploratory trench to the left side of the burial.

The entire burial was oriented SSE (head) -NNW, with the head facing north-
east.  Aside from the two bone awls already noted, no objects were exposed
in association with the burial

During the cutting of the road through the site numerous burials had
been disturbed by the machinery, of which seventeen were recorded by the
Nevada State Museum investigating team. It is possible to say only that
all the burials appear to have been flexed in pits sunk into the midden,
some occurring in the sterile sand subsoil.

In the course of our excavations, a moderately worn human molar was

recovered in gray midden from the 18-24 inch level (pit E-5), apparently
part of a disturbed burial of which no other traces were encountered.

DATING

Inferences regarding the age of the occupation deposit at the Rodriquez
site are based upon a series of radiocarbon dates and on the distribution

of certain artifact types considered to be time-markers in the Great Basin.
Four radiocarbon dates have been obtained so far and are presented in

Table 23. Of these, three were run on carbon recovered during the course
of our work at the site; the fourth (I-2007) represents a sample obtained
by Dr. W. A. Davis during salvage operations. No provenience data are
available for it, other than the estimated depth of 5 feet from ground
surface.

The first of our samples, UCLA-1222, dates a portion of a charred log

found in the remains of a burned house (feature 42). The house is strati-
graphically the deepest feature we encountered and pertains to the initial
phase of occupation at Rodriguez. We are uncertain as to the length of

time between the beginning of Rodriguez I and the construction of the dated
house, though its stratigraphic positi-on suggests that this interval was

not great. On the basis of UCLA-1222, we tentatively place the beginning
of Rodriguez I at about 800 B.C.

151

TABLE 23

Radiocarbon Dates for CA-Las-194

Material | Depth I                  I       I

Sample No.    Dated   | (in.) | Association      | Phase |     Date

I-2007  | Charcoal   ca.60   None             |   -     2130 + 105 B.P.
UCLA-1222    Charcoal | 63    | House (fea. 42) |    I   | 2620 +  80 B.P.

I-3209  | Charcoal | 46    | House (fea. 24)     II   | 2150 + 100 B.P.
I-3208  | Charcoal | 20    | House (fea. 1)   | III   | 1050 + 100 B.P.

Sample I-3209 dates charcoal from feature 24, a burned house clearly asso-
ciated with Rodriguez II. Taken with the date from Rodriguez I, it indicates
that the beginning of Rodriguez II falls between 670 and 200 B.C.

However, before placing the date more precisely, other evidence should be
considered. As noted in the section on projectile points, the introduction
of the Elko series marks the beginning of Rodriguez II. The series persists

through Rodriguez III in diminished numbers, and is apparently not present in
Rodriguez I. Elko points are seen as generally indicative of the period 1000
B.C. to about 400-600 A.D. in west central Nevada (O'Connell 1967:133-135).

The apparent discrepancy between the initial date for the point type and that
implied by the pre-Elko period carbon date of 670 B.C. may be the result of
one of the following factors:

1. Either through contamination of the Phase I carbon sample or through

confused or incorrect interpretation of its provenience, the dating of Rodri-
guez I may be too recent. If this is so, Phase I would be placed earlier in
time, and the initial date for Phase II would more closely approximate that
suggested by the Elko points.

2. Phase associations of Elko points at Rodriguez may be in error due to
insufficient information. In other words, Elko points may have been in use
during Rodriguez I, though they are not represented in our small sample.

3. The dating of Elko points as suggested by O'Connell (o. cit.) may
need modification in the northwestern Great Basin area.

Evidence presently available from site CA-Las-194 does not allow a clear
choice among these alternatives. We think it best to assume that the date
implied for Rodriguez I by UCLA-1222 is correct, and tentatively place the
beginning of Rodriguez II at about 400 B.C.

152

The third carbon sample, I-3208, also dates burned house remains (feature
1), in this case associated with Rodriguez III. The beginning of this phase
should fall between this date and the date for Rodriguez II; that is, be-

tween 200 B.C. and 900 A.D. Turning again to the projectile points, we find
that Rodriguez III is marked by the introduction of Rose Spring Corner-

notched and Eastgate Expanding Stem points, and by the decline in popularity
of the Elko series.   As noted above, the suggested date for the latter event

is 400-600 A.D. Clewlow (1967:144) has proposed that the former types appear
at about this time. Such a date falls within the range indicated by the

carbon dates, and in view of the lack of evidence to the contrary, we place
the beginning of Rodriguez III at 400 A.D.

A terminal date for Rodriguez III is suggested primarily on the basis of
negative evidence.   Clewlow    . cit.) has noted that the Rose Spring and
Eastgate series are generally succeeded in the Great Basin by Desert Side-
notched points. Baumhoff and Byrne (1959:60-61) have suggested that this
type was not present in northeastern California until after 1500 A.D. We
failed to find any Desert Side-notched pointsat the Rodriguez site during
our operations there, and have recorded only one example in the several

large surface collections from the site that are in the hands of local col-

lectors. Thus the Rodriguez III occupation probably ends at some time prior
to 1500 A.D. The nature of occupation between the close of Rodriguez III
and the beginning of the ethnographically recorded occupation remains un-
known at present.

Further inferences on dating through comparison of artifact types are

limited. Though Bennyhoff and Heizer (1958) have provided a means of cross-
dating Great Basin sites through the occurrence of certain California shell
bead types, only six such beads were found at CA-Las-194, and of these only
two are sufficiently restricted in temporal range for our present purposes.
Both are type 3c Olivella beads recovered from the upper brown midden (Rod-

riguez II). The type is characteristic of the Middle Horizon in California,
a dating which is temporally consistent with the chronology outlined above.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary results of archaeological investigations at the Rodriguez site
may be summarized as follows.   A subsistence pattern based on hunting and

gathering is indicated. Evidence for the importance of hunting in the econ-
omy is abundant, consisting primarily of large amounts of bone refuse, as

well as chipped stone projectile points, knives, and scrapers. More precise
information on particular species taken and their relative importance will
be provided by results of a study of faunal remains now in progress.

153

Evidence for the exploitation of local plant resources is limited to the

presence of ground stone tools (manos, metates, etc.) presumably used in the
preparation of seeds and roots. Given the proximity of the site to the

marshy shores of Lower Lake, we suggest a plant-gathering pattern similar to

that outlined for Humboldt Lake by Ambro (1967) and Cowan (1967), with empha-
sis on such plants as Scirphus and Typha species.    However, we emphasize that
there is no direct evidence for such exploitation presently available at the
Rodriguez site.

No evidence of fishing was noted, either in the faunal remains or in the
artifact assemblage.

Settlement pattern at the site remains obscure, though limited inferences

are possible.  We suggest that occupation was seasonal, but for a sufficiently
long period to require the construction of simple houses. Such structures

served to roof shallow dish-shaped depressions, and were probably domed, coni-

cal, or gabled in form. House size and character, evidence of interior hearths
and storage pits, and the known ethnographic patterns suggest a winter occupa-
tion. Analysis of faunal remains should contribute further evidence on the
question of seasonality.

The number of occupants at the site at any one time is not known. Our

estimate of five to six families is based primarily on the ethnographic pattern
for winter occupations.

In general, analysis of archaeological remains at the Rodriguez site indi-
cates the existence of a relatively consistent cultural pattern through time.
With the exception of the introduction of the bow and arrow and possible

changes in the popularity of the mortar and pestle, evidence of significant

change in artifact inventory and, by inference, subsistence pattern, is lack-
ing. Settlement pattern also appears temporally consistent, although the

discrepancy in area between brown and gray midden components may indicate some
change in this regard.

In spite of the observed consistency, changes in artifact types, particu-

larly projectile points, have allowed the establishment of a three phase time
scale. Comparative dating of artifacts and analysis of a radiocarbon sample
have provided the proposed dates for each phase.

Rodriguez III      400 A.D. - pre-1500 A.D.
Rodriguez II       400 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Rodriguez I        800 B.C.(?) - 400 B.C.

154

APPENDIX I

DATA ON REFUSE FROM STRATIGRAPHIC PITS

As indicated in the preceding report, the excavation procedure at site

CA-Las-194 involved the removal of occupation fill in 6 inch levels and its
passage through a one-quarter inch mesh screen. All artifacts and identifi-
able bone, as well as grab samples of chippage and non-identifiable bone

refuse, were saved.   The remainder of the refuse was discarded.   In two of
the ten pits (Stratigraphic Pits Nos. 1 and 2), the procedure differed in
that all refuse which did not pass through the screen was saved and segre-

gated into one of the following four categories: (1) bone refuse; (2) sili-
ceous refuse, primarily chippage; (3) obsidian refuse, primarily chippage;
(4) coarse non-artifactual waste, almost exclusively stream-rolled basalt
cobbles and gravels.

The weight of each category was recorded by level. This information is
presented in Tables 24 and 25. Coarse non-artifactual wastes were then

discarded and the materials in the remaining categories saved and brought
back to Berkeley. In addition, a soil column sample was taken from a side
wall of each stratigraphic pit.

The aim of this collection was to provide basic data for the quantitative
analysis of the midden contents. However, such analysis has yet to be

undertaken, and will require a larger sample before it can produce signifi-
cant information concerning the site.

TABLE 24

Occupation Refuse by Weight (gr.), Stratigraphic Pit No. 2

Depth   |                                     Coarse Non-artifactual Waste
(in.)     Bone     Silicate      Obsidian         (basalt cobbles, etc.)

0-6        3.4       566          607                    71,141
6-12     20.2   I    385     I    648                    39,318
12-18      5.2         15     I     34     I              30,459
18-24  I   4.1         12          102     1              60,450
24-30  1    -    I      -           16                     3,a31

155

TABLE 25

Occupation Refuse by Weight (gr.), Stratigraphic Pit No. 1

Depth  I        I           I            I Coarse Non-artifactual Waste
(in.)  j Bone  I Silicate   | Obsidian  I     (basalt cobbles, etc.)

0-6
6-12
12-18
18-24
24-30
30-36
36-42
42-48
48-54
54-60
60-66
66-72
72-78

4.7    I
16.1    I
25.2    I
21.9    I
62.1    I
69.6    I
82.4    1
34.9    I
21.6    I
55.4    I

3.1    I
4.1    1

-     I

388
135
188
110
132

96
116

56
48

9
22
26

1

488
156
156
286
299
355
321
185
179

67
50
32

7

48,683
15, 909
12,727
29,091
33,636
31,818
52, 500
27,500
63,181
37,272
17,728
11,818

9,318

156

APPENDIX II

DATA ON PROJECTILE POINTS FROM SITE CA-LAS-194

Tables 26 and 27 present data on type, provenience, and weight of all

projectile points found at site CA-Las-194 during the course of our work.

The points referred to in Table 26 are now in the collections of the Lowie
Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley; those listed in Table 27 are in the
possession of Mr. Robert R. Rodriguez, owner of the site.

Point type abbreviations used:

BCE
CLS
EE

ECN
ECS
EE S
HCB

Bare Creek Eared

Cottonwood Leaf Shape
Elko Eared

Elko Corner-notched

Elko Contracting Stem

Eastgate Expanding Stem
Humboldt Concave Base

NSN
PSiS
PS1S
PWL
RSCN
RSCS
SVSS

Northern Side-notched
Pinto Single Shoulder

Pinto Sloping Shoulder
Pinto Willow Leaf

Rose Spring Corner-notched

Rose Spring Contracting Stem
Surprise Valley Split Stem

TABLE 26

Projectile Points from Site CA-Las-194

in Lowie Museum of Anthropology

LMA     I   Type   I   Pit  I   Depth   I Weight
No.     I          I        I   (in.)   I (gr.)

1- 169246
1-169248
1- 169249
1- 16 9250
1-169251
1-169253
1-169254
1- 16 9255
1-16 9256
1- 169265
1- 169267
1-169268
1-169269
1-169270
1-169294
1- 169302

EE

RSCN
HCB
EE
EE

RSCN
HCB
EE

RSCS
EE

EES
ECN
EE S

RSCN
PWL
HCB

E-3

E-3
E-3
E-3
E-3
E-3

S.P. 2

12-18

Surface

do.
do.
do.
"-do.

do.
do.
do.

4

0-6
do.
do.
do.
11

Surface

1.3+
1.7

3.9+
1.4+
2.8+
0.8+
2.0+
1.7+
0.5

2.9+
1.1+
4.4+
0.7+
0.9
3.8

0.6+

157

TABLE 26 (cont'd. )

LMA         Type       Pit      Depth   | Weight
No.                I        I   (in.)   I (gr.)
1-169321  j   SVSS   |   E-5       10     |   1.0+
1-169331  |   RSCN   |   E-1       0-6    |   0.4+
1-169339      EE     |   E-3  |   30-36   |   0.8+
1-169343      ECN    |   E-3  |   18-24       0.9+
1-169344  j   NSN        E-3  |   36-42   |   0.7+
1-169346  J   NSN    |   E-3  |    32     |   3.8+
1-169348     Type 1      E-3      30-36   |   2.0+
1-169350      ECN        E-3  |   18-24   |   3.0+
1-169352      EE     |   E-3  |    35     |   3.3+
1-169354      HCB        E-3      36-42   |   2.2

1-169358      ECN    |   E-3       do.        2.8+
1-169359  J Type 2       E-3  |    do.        8.5

1-169360      SVSS   |   E-3      30-36       1.0+
1-169362      SVSS   |   E-3  |    do.        1.3+
1-169371  J   BCE    |   E-3      60-66   |   7.5

1-169374  j   EE     |   E-5  J    6-12   |   3.7+
1-169375      RSCN   |   E-5       do.        1.5+
1-169376      RSCN       E-5       10         1.0+
1-169378  J   RSCN   J   E-5  J    14     |   1.3

1-169380  |   RSCN       E-1       6-12   |   0.8+
1-169387      SVSS       E-5  |    0-6        0.7+
1-169391  |   HCB    I    -   I Surface       1.0+
1-169392      SVSS   |   E-3  |   48-54   |   1.1
1-16 9394    EE     |   E-3  |   42-48   |   3.7

1-16?395      HCB         -      Surface      1.8+
1-169396      EES         -        do.        1.3+
1-169401  |   EE     |   E-5       30         5.8
1-169405  |   RSCN   |   F-0       0-6    |   1.1
1-169407      NSN    |   E-5  |   12-18   |   2.1

1-169408      EE         E-5  |    do.        1.3+
1-169411  |   SVSS       E-4  |    do.        0.8+
1-169416  |   SVSS       E-4  |   18-24   |   0.7

1-169417      ECS        E-4  |    do.        1.6+
1-169419  j   BCE        E-3       72     |   7.9
1-169420     Type 3  |   E-4      18-24       0.6

1-169430      ECN    |   E-2       0-6        2.6+
1-169433      RSCN       E-2       2          0.5+
1-169434  |   PWL        E-1      42-48   |   4.7

1-169440  j   EE         E-1      30-36       4.6+
1-169446      SVSS   |   E-5      12-18   |   1.0+

158

TABLE 26 (cont'd. )

LMA         Type   j   Pit      Depth   | Weight
No.                I        I   (in.)   | (gr.)

1-169451      EE     |   E-5      12-18   |   1.1+
1-169479  |   SVSS   |   E-6       do.        0.4+
1-169484  |   SVSS   |   E-6  |    11     |   0.4+
1-169489      RSCN   |   E-4  |     6     |   1.0+
1-169494      BCE    |   E-4  j     6     |   6.0+
1-169495      RSCN       E-4  |    0-6    |   1.5

1-169500      EE     |   F-0  |    6-12   |   2.0+
1-169518      CLS    j   E-2       25     |   1.0

1-169531      EES    |   E-4  j    6-12   |   1.3+
1-169537  j   ECN    |   E-1      12-18   |   1.5+
1-169539      ECN        E-1       do.    j   3.0+
1-169544      EE         E-1       do.        2.2+
1-169549      EE         E-1  |   18-24   |   1.7+
1-169557      EE         E-2       30     |   3.0+
1-169566      ECN    |   E-2  |    33     I   5.5
1-169573      ECN    |   E-6  |   36-42   |   2.7

1-169577      EE         E-6  |    45     |   3.0+
1-169581  j   EE     |   E-6  |   42-48   |   2.3+
1-169585      EE     |   E-6       do.        4.4
1-169595      EE     |   F-0      12-18   |   3.5

1-169601  j   EE     |   E-6       34     I   9.3+
1-1696i4     Type 6  |   E-6  |   30-36   |   2.9+
1-169611      EES    |   F-0  |   18-24   |   1.8+
1-169614  |   HCB         -      Surface  |   2.5+
1-169615  |   svss        -   j    do.        1.0+
1-169616      RSCN        -        do.        1.0

1-169617  j   EE         E-6      28-30       1.9+
1-169621  |   SVSS       D-0       0-6        0.7+
1-169629      EE         E-6      42-48   |   1.9+
1-169630      EE         E-5  j    43     |   5.1+
1-169635  j   EE          -   | Surface   |   4.8+
1-169641     Type 5  |    -        do.    |   0.8

1-169642      BCE         -        do.        2.2+
1-169643      EES    I    -   j    do.    j   1.0+
1-169649      EE         E-5  |    39     I   3.9+
1-169650      EE         E-5       42     |   2.9

1-169657      CLS    |   D-0  |   24-30   |   1.2+
1-169662  j   HCB    |   F-0  |    do.        2.4+
1-169671      NSN    |   E-4      12-18       0.7+
1-169672  j   RSCN       E-4  |    do.    j   1.1+

159

TABLE 26 (cont'd. )

LMA         Type   j   Pit      Depth   | Weight
No.                I        I   (in.)   I (gr.)

1-169673  j   CLS    |   E-4  |   12-1.8  |   1.2+
1-169678      RSCN        -   | Surface   |   1.0+
1-169681     Type 5  |   D-0  |    6-12   |  0.9

1-169688      NSN    |   D-0       23     |   2.1+
1-169691  j   BCE    |   E-4  |   42-48   |  3.6+
1-169697      EES         -   | Surface   |  0.7+
1-169699      EE         F-0  |  42-48    |  3.9+
1-169702  j   EE     |   F-0  |   36-42   |   1.1+
1-169704      RSCS        -      Surface  |  0.5

1-169710b |   HCB    I    -   |   do.        1.9+
1-169711  | Type 3   |    -       do.     |  0.5

1-169712      ECN         -       do.        2.1+
1-169713      EES         -       do.        1.3+
1-169714      ECN         -       do.        1.5+
1-169715      EE     |   E-3  |    4      |  2.5+
1-169718  j   NSN    |  E-4       66      |  2.1
1-169721 P|I            E-5   |   66-72   |  1.7
1-169728  j   BCE    |   E-5  |   67      |  6.8
1-169731  |   RSCS   I    -   I Surface   |  0.5
1-169734  |   PS15 S      -       do.     |  6.7

1-169735      EE          -       do.        3.1+

TABLE 27

Projectile Points from Site CA-Las-194

in Possession of R. R. Rodriguez

Field    |   Type   |   Pit      Depth   | Weight
Cat. No.             I |          (in.)   I (gr.)

14         ECN    |   E-3  |   12-18   |  1.8
16     |   EE     I    -   I Surface   |  2.9
80     |   PSiS     T.P. 1 I    11     |  2.6
84     |   RSCN        -      Surface     0.9
143     |   EE     |  E-3   |   33      |  8.7
163         BCE    |  E-3   |  60-66    | 13.9
185     |   SVSS   I    -   I Surface   |  1.0
195         EE     I    -       do.     |  2.6

160

TABLE 27 (cont'd. )

Field        Type       Pit      Depth   | Weight
Cat. No.  |                   I   (in.)       (gr.)

224     j   ECN    |   E-5  |    31     |   3.9
329     j   EE     |   E-5  |   12-18   |   3.6
450     j   EE     |   E-6  |    25     |   4.1
537         EE     |   E-4  |    41     |   2.2
577     |   ECS    |   E-6  |   42-48   |   3.1
624     j   EE     |   E-4  |    36     |   3.7
674         EE     |   E-5      36-42   |   3.1
764     j   EE         E-4  |    36     |   2.8
829         ECN    |   E-4  |    42     |   3.4
904     | Type 4   |   E-4  |    65     |  5.9

161

APPENDIX III

L-SHAPED SCAPULA AWLS

L-shaped scapula awls occur widely throughout the Columbia Plateau, the
Great Basin, and the Southwest. Cressman (1942:63-65) describes the type,
summarizes daL.a on its distribution, and concludes that occurrences were

historically connected. He further suggests the possibility of a northern
(Plateau or northern Great Basin) origin and subsequent diffusion of the
type. More recently distribution summaries have appeared in Heizer and

Krieger (1956:83) and Grosscup (1960:20-21). Additional examples are re-
ported by Daugherty, Purdy and Fryxell (1967:77-78, fig. 18d-e), Caldwell

and Mallory (1967:67, pl. 23h), Jennings (1957:193, figs. 176d,e,h, 178i,1,

m), and Riddell (1960:64, fig. 20c). Publication of these new data indicates
that a review of information on the type may be profitable.

Table 28 summarizes known information on the occurrence of L-shaped scapula
awls in the Columbia Plateau, the Great Basin, and the Southwest. The type
appears earliest in the Columbia Plateau at Three Springs Bar. in components
dated 2000 to 4000 years B.C. on the basis of associated artifacts and on

geological grounds. The recovery of specimens from late prehistoric and early
historic contexts in this site indicates persistence of the type through a

long period of time. While the provenience of the scapula awl found at Divide
Creek, Idaho, is not clearly indicated by Caldwell and Mallory (1967), place-
ment of the piece in either component in question would indicate persistence
well into the Christian era.

L-shaped scapula awls are reported most abundantly in the Great Basin where
they occur in contexts dated 2000 B.C. to 1200 A.D. Though their presence in
Danger III deposits implies an earlier appearance in the Basin, questions con-
cerning both the dating of Danger III and the Danger Cave artifact sequence as
a whole indicate that the age of L-shaped scapula awls at this site is uncer-
tain (Baumhoff and Heizer 1965:704). Dating of Juke Box II is also unclear,
though the presence of Elko Corner-notched projectile points in this level
(Jennings 1957, fig. 159a-c) suggests a date of 1300 B.C.-400 A.D. (cf.

O'Connell 1967). In Humboldt Cave they were found between depths of 36-42

inches and 66-72 inches; that is, in the earlier half of the refuse deposit.

The probable age of this lower deposit is the first millennium A.D. The type
is not clearly associated with late prehistoric (post 1200 A.D.) or protohis-
toric contexts in the Great Basin.

Data on specimens occurring in the Southwest may be incomplete, yet they

are remarkably consistent. All examples known to us occur in Basketmaker II
deposits, a period dated about 100 B.C. to 400 A.D. (Willey 1967:199).

162

In summary, we believe that Cressman, and Heizer and Krieger, are prob-
ably correct in their conclusion that occurrences of L-shaped scapula awls
are historically connected rather than successive local inventions. While
the evidence is still slender, Cressman's suggestion of a northern origin
seems valid. Present data indicate that the type appeared first in the

Columbia Plateau during Altithermanl times. By the beginning of the Medi-

thermal, it had spread to the Great Basin, perhaps carried by peoples moving
into the area with the improvement of climatic conditions. The type contin-

ued to be carried south and east, either by diffusion or migration, and first
appeared in the Southwest by the beginning of the Christian era. L-shaped

scapula awls apparently persisted into late prehistoric times in the Columbia
Plateau, though they seem to have disappeared in other area at an earlier
date.

TABLE 28

Occurrences of L-shaped Scapula Awls

No.         Provenience and Dating            References
Columbia Plateau

Three Springs

Bar

Divide Creek
Wakemap Mound

Component 2 (1), ca. 4000-2000 B.C.]
Component 3 (1), ca. 4000-2000 B.C.|
Component 8 (1), older than modern I

+ 127 B.P. date for component 9 |
Component 9 (1), historic, -100 yrs|
Big Bar phase. 1450-1800 A.D.       I

or                     I
Robinette phase, 500-1100 A.D.      I

Daugherty et al.,
1967:77-78,fig.
18d,e, Table 2.
cf. Style 2

Caldwell and

Mallory 1967:67,
78, pI. 23h.
cf. Form 4

1

| 2+ | Unknown

Umatilla Co.,

Oregon       I

Island in      1

Columbia R. 1
65 km. above I
confluence  1
with Snake R. 1

1 1
1

Unknown
Unknown

I Grosscup 1960:20
| Cressman 1942:64

I

| Cressman 1942:64
| H. I. Smith 1910:
1 72

163

TABLE 28 (cont'd.)

I No. I      Provenience and Dating     1    References

Great Basin

Rodriguez Site

(CA-Las-194)  I

Karlo Site      I

(CA-Las-7)   I

I

Lovelock Cave   I

(NV-Ch-18)    -

I
I

Humboldt Cave   I

(NV-Ch-35)    I

I

Humboldt Lakebedi

(NV-Ch-15)    I

2 1
1 I
31 I
51
21
31

Rodriguez II, 400 B.C.-400 A.D.

12-24 in. level, prob. Karlo

period, Early or Transitional      I
Lovelock, 2000 B.C.-l A.D.         I

Harrington's Level III (2), 505-291
B.C.; ibid. Level VI (1) 2010-14561
B.C. Early and Transitional Love-j
lock                              I
Unknown (28)                       |

Late Lovelock, 0-1000 A.D.        I

cf. Bone Artifacts
this report

Riddell 1960:64,
fig. 20c.

cf. Type IIa

Grosscup 1960:20-21;
cf. p. 11 for dating

Heizer &
1956:17,
lOb-e

Krieger
83, pl.

Surface finds

Heizer & Krieger
1956:83

Grosscup 1960:20

Deep Springs,

Inyo Co., Cal.
Roaring Springs

Cave

Albert Lake

Deadman Cave
Danger Cave

Juke Box Cave

Unknown

Upper basketry level (1), prob.
Late Lovelock, 0-1200 A.D.
Unknown (2)

Cressman
64, fig.

1942:63-
92b:8, 9

I1 | Unknown

61
91

11

Top of Level 4 through Level 3,
2000 B.C.-500 A.D.

Danger IV (6) 1869 B.C. + 160

Danger III (3) predates Danger IV

Level II (1300 B.C.-400 A.D.?)

I Cressman 1942:64

| E. R. Smith 1941:35
| pl. VII: 8-9

| Jennings 1957:193,
| figs. 176d,e,k,
I 178i,l,m

I Jennings 1957:203,
I fig. 186i

164

TABLE 28 (cont'd. )

No.      Provenience and Dating   |     References
Southwest

Tabeguache Cave     I  Basketmaker II                Hurst 1942, pl. 2

Woodchuck Cave     I   Basketmaker II              j Lockett & Hargrave

I     I                             11953:20, fig. lOf
Unspecified     | 6   | Miscellaneous Basketmaker II  Cressman 1942:64,

Southwestern  I     I components                  | fig. 92a: 2-7
sites         I

165

Explanation of Following Illustrations

Figure  3   Profile of east wall of E-trench, F-0 - F-7
Figure  4   Profile of section D-1 - G-1

Figure

5   Profile of section E-4 - F-4

Figure  6   Profile of section E-7 - F-7
Figure  7   Profile of section G-1 - G-0

Figure  8   Profile of west wall of Stratigraphic Pit No. 2

Figure

9   Projectile points

Field cat. no.
a.          163
b.           16
c.          143
d.          195
e.          329
f.         450

g.          537-
h.          624
i.         674
j.          764
k.           14
1.          224
m.          829
n.          577
o.           80
p.          185
q.           84
r.          904

Type

Bare Creek Eared
Elko Eared

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Elko Corner-notched

do.
do.

Elko Contracting Stem
Pinto Single Shoulder

Surprise Valley Split Stem
Rose Spring Corner-notched
Type 4

Figure 10
Figure 11

(Lowie Museum of Anthropology accession numbers)
a.   Slab metate (1-169963)

b.   Block metate (1-169962)
c.   Bowl mortar (1-169976)

d.   Block mortar (1-169968)

Bone artifacts

a.   Bone tube (1-169827)

b-e. Bone tube fragments (1-169823, 1-169841, 1-169804, 1-169852)
f.   Rod-like object (1-169808)

166

Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13

Figure 14
Figure 15
Plate   1

g.

h-k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

P.

Spatulate object (1-169851)

Bone hooks (1-169856, 1-169824, 1-169864, 1-169822)
Spatulate object (1-169843)
Spatulate object (1-169836)

Grooved bone fragment (1-169837)
Rod-like object (1-169815)

Chipped bone fragment (1-169979)

a.    Plan of Feature 2, Stratigraphic Pit No. 2.

Segment of small house depression.
See Figure 8 for cross section.

b.    Partial floor plan of Feature 31. Shaded area

indicates post hole. Also indicated are associ-
ated rocks and timbers.

Feature 24. Partial floor plan. Note pole fragments,
carbonized grass stems. Wall or floor material indi-
cated by shading. 0 marks locations of basketry and
matting fragments. Broken lines indicate Burial 1,

superimposed by a portion of Feature 24 wall construc-
tion.

Floor plan and cross section of two possible borrow
pits (fea. 3A and 3B). Stratigraphic Pit No. 2.

Feature 23B. Partial floor plan of pits E-4 and E-5.,
showing rock concentration. Shaded areas indicate

carbon stains on floor of house pit in which Feature
23b lies.

Site CA-Las-194 from the west. E-trench area indicated
by trucks. Bare Ranch headquarters left center.

(The following accession numbers are those of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology)

Plate   2   Projectile

a.    Bare
b.
c .
d.
e .
f.

g.    Elko
h.
i .

points
Creek

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Eared

do.
do.

Eared (1-169419)

(1-169728)
(1-169691)
(1-169494)
(1-169642)
(1-169371)
(1-169394)
(1-16 9601)
(1-169401)

167

Plate 2      j.    Elko Eared (1-169400)

k.         do.    (1-169650)
1.        do.     (1-169557)
m.         do.    (1-169699)
n.         do.    (1-169255)
o.         do.    (1-169250)
p.         do.    (1-169408)
q.        do.     (1-169251)
r.        do.     (1-169581)
s.        do.     (1-169630)
t.        do.     (1-169649)
u.         do.    (1-169549)
v.         do.    (1-169451)
w.         do.    (1-169585)
x.         do.    (1-169374)

Plate 3      Projectile points

a.    Elko Eared (1-169629)
b.         do.    (1-169595)
c.        do.     (1-169635)
d.         do.    (1-169246)
e.        do.     (1-169702)
f.        do.     (1-169339)
g.         do.    (1-169617)
h.         do.    (1-169500)
i.        do.     (1-169544)
j.        do.     (1-169735)
k.         do.    (1-169352)
1.        do.     (1-169577)
m.         do.    (1-169715)
n.         do.    (1-169260)

o.    Elko Corner-notched (1-169268)
p.        do                (1-169566)
q.        do.               (1-169539)
r.        do.               (1-169573)
s.        do.               (1-169537)
t.        do.              (1-169358)
U.        do.               (1-169430)
V.         do.              (1-169714)
w.         do.              (1-169712)
x.        do.               (1-169343)
y.         do.              (1-169350)

z.    Elko Contracting Stem (1-169417)

168

Plate 4
Plate 5

Projectile points

a.    Northern Side-notched (1-169688)
b.              do.          (1-169671)
c.             do.           (1-169718)
d.              do.          (1-169407)
e.             do.           (1-169344)
f.             do.           (1-169346)
g.    Humboldt Concave Base (1-169254)
h.             do.           (1-169242)
i.             do.           (1-169395)
j.             do.           (1-169662)
k.              do.          (1-169302)
1.             do.           (1-169354)

m.              do.          (1-169710b)
n.             do.           (1-169614)
o.             do.           (1-169391)

p.    Pinto Sloping Shoulder (1-169734)
q.    Pinto Single Shoulder (1-169721)
r.    Pinto Willow Leaf (1-169294)
s.             do.       (1-169434)

t.    Surprise Valley Split Stem (1-169484)
u.              do.               (1-169446)
V.              do.               (1-169362)
w.              do.               (1-169321)
x.             do.                (1-169615)
y.              do.               (1-169621)
z.             do.                (1-169360)
a'.            do.                (1-169392)
b'.             do.               (1-169387)
c'.            do.                (1-169416)
d'.            do.                (1-169479)
e'.            do.                (1-169411)

Projectile points

a.    Rose Spring Corner-notched
b.             do.
c.             do.
d.             do.
e.             do.
f.             do.
g.             do.
h.             do.
i.             do.
j.             do.
k.             do.

(1- 169270)
(1-169678)
(1-169495)
(1-169380)
(1-169376)
(1-169489)
(1-16967 2)
(1-169405)
(1-169331)
(1-169253)
(1-169616)

169

Plate 5

1.
m.
n.

0.

P.
q.
r.

s.

t.

u.
v.

w.
x.
Y.
z.

a'I
b'.
c ' I
d'I
e'I
fII
g.
h'.
i'I

i ' I
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9.
h.

1.
i.

J.

k.
1.
a.
b.

C.

d.
e.
f.

Rose Spring Corner-notched (1-169375)

do.                (1-169433)
do.                (1-169378)
do.                (1-169248)

Rose Spring Contracting Stem (1-169704)

do.                  (1-169256)
do.                  (1-169731)
Eastgate Expanding Stem (1-169396)

do.             (1-169267)
do.             (1-169269)
do.             (1-169713)
do.             (1-169697)
do.             (1-169643)
do.             (1-169531)
do.             (1-169611)
Cottonwood Leaf Shape (1-169518)

Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type

1
2
3
3
5
6

do.
do.

(1-169348)
(1-169359)
(1-169711)
(1-169420)
(1-169641)
(1-169681)
(1-169604)

(1-169673)
(1-169657)

Plate 6
Plate 7

Knife, Type 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Knife, Type 2

do.

Knife, Type 3
Drill, Type 1

do.

Drill, Type 2

(1-169349)
(1-169426)
(1-169664)
(1-169247)
(1-169598)
(1-169656)
(1-169361)
(1-169720)
(1-169694)
(1-169638)
(1-169564)
(1-169405)

Notched scraper (1-169472)

do.     (1-169386)
do.     (1-169536)
do.     (1-169610)
do.     (1-169   )
do.     (1-169466)

170

Plate 7
Plate 8

Plate 9

g-
h.

1.

J-
a.
b.

C.

d.
e.
f.
a.
b.

C.

d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

1.

J.
k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

p.
q.
r.

s.

Flake scraper (1-169329)

do.          (1-169596)
Graver         (1-169431)

do.          (1-169599)

Shaped mano (1-169897)

do.        (1-169928)

Unshaped mano (1-169881)

do.          (1-169921)
Pestle (1-169925)

do. (1-169926)

Bone bead,

do.
do.

Bone bead.,

do.
do.

Bone bead.,
Bone hook

do.

Type I (1-169805)

(1-169835)
(1-169821)

Type IIa (1-169849)

(1-169830)
(1-169811)
Type IIb (1-169847)

(1- 169824)
(1-169856)

Rod-like object (1-169815)

Spatulate object (1-169843)

do.             (1-169836)
L-shaped awl (1-169832)

do.         (1-169865)
Radius awl (1-169857)
Rib awl (1-169834)

Splinter awl (1-169816)
Scapula saw (1-169866)

Antler flaking tool (1-169867)

171

F-O0

m
d

e
n

Figs.   Profile of east wall of E-trench, F-O -F-7

172

C)-

l-
I

0

1

4--J
U
l

o
0

av

4-I

n

'H

Z4-

0
(a)
r-

Pr

44
,,

a

l-

173

E-4

?1

F-4

, -              X

gray midden

Fea.

Fea.l
Fea. 12

brown midden

rellowI
san

Fea. 2            -   =                Fea. 27

yellow sand

W

Fig. 5 Profile of section E-4 - F-4

174

E-7

F-7

L- 1 in.                          w Wn

Fig. 6. Profile of section E-7 - F-7

175

'4

G- 1

G-0

w                          w

I

gray midden

Fea. 6 and/or 20

---.-

pestle     metate

frag.

brown midden

Fea. 26
yellow sand

12 in.    |

N

Fig. 7. Profile of section G-1 - G-0

176

gray midden
Fea. 2

rocky sand

yellow sand
t           rockysn

coarse yellow sand
f ine s and s
1  12  -in,  --

Fig. 8. Profile of west wall
of Stratigraphic Pit No. 2

:=mm N

177

a

I

b

g

6 I,.

c

h
m

6

p

d

e

I
n
q

6

r

k

1

0               5              10
L               A               I

centimeters

Figure 9

178

I j
1   "/               1

\                       J

a     .                    /

15cm.

I
/ I
/  I

4%      4.  -     -  -      /

c    '4                     /               d

1 5cm.

%.            1%

'4.               -F-

15 cm.

15 cm.

F-               -u

Figure 10

179

a

/Q..1

d

e

h

c

f

IL

I

..,              .    ..

:I I

jz~

I
k

ci

I

rk? /I

K.. : OI

m

.  . -   j'!,

0

n

p

3 cm.

Figure 11

180

U)

< XCO -r

4 ?

*    5CO
I-4  0)

.,

*  U)  '
Z4 o~
00

r-4M CO

/1                          r-4   CO )

/1                         4-4             0

/   CPo C0

44 l

4-Il    14- )  *d

,-4C '0 C

/   Q           Ww 0

CU0 UU

4- 'e CU

c-J  4  O
44 'e CU

0)0
/                              * ' * 'o-O

4-4  ,

P~4

0

4-JC/i)

p-

444

9-4j

r5.4 U)0

4-I U)

0  .4
(N4 0)

Q)                    4) 0)

Q4-I,          0

r.         -I C4

I                  si,9 4i         C
0 g                          +         r- r,
I           *       O

3:                            bo bO 40

I                                      i 04 Q0

rX 4  C.0)

181

_P'I

4.

CNI
C')
-W
co
.,{

l,

z

I

182

A

A'

X SW corner

-      A'

A

gray midden

18 lin.

rocky yellow sand
l / s

- -- - - - - - - - - -a-. a.;, -61

II

yel low sandI

1 ft.

N .

Fig. 14. Stratigraphic Pit No. 2

183

occz)

0 O

Q  Q

0

CN

ob

I

U)I

I

C2

Cl4
G)
4-W
U1)

rX4
.Z4

0

C

0

C

'4~

4-,
r .

U

lI

\l

184

4-i
co
c)

a)

4-i

l

0

N
r-4

Ut
'fI
co

co

4-i
CU

185
a    b     c            f    g    h

n    o   p
i       k    I   rn

qr       stuvwx

Plate 2

St

v    w  w   x              '

0    p

o ~ -N -M  0  O>  2  -

1-
".1

Plate 3

186

SI

a            b          c           d           e            f           g           h

I            I           k           I          m            n          o           p

.i

9

y       z                a       b        c      d      e4

Plate 4

C..t                         4

AllA

a            b            c
I            k             I

s              t            u

d  e  f  g  h   i f7-

g, = n3   4:

v

aI  , I

a  b  c

I    f

gEz

I`

i

6

I ,
i

d             e

Q     -  "   r    *   in i  1     I

t

?i

? i
I

Plate 5

187

a

I                    II -  ' t

b       c      d     e    f

I   k   I
h        I

o~~~~ ~ -V e^Z>Q- 0 m I %f
o  -  ''   *  N  0  oh v  0  I

Plate 6

g

a                     b

d               e

c

f

I                                               I

g                 h

Plate 7

188

a                                      b

c

u

e

t

Plate 8

189

a  b  C|

d  .   e   f  g

h                I

i                        k

I

0

...

m

n

0

p

q

s

o    f   * q  a  - 0 02  0

trq       S *1JiiiIJ" *Lh

.....--      P. 'o-'

Plate 9

190

Bibliography

Abbreviations Used

AMNH      American Museum of Natural History

-AP     Anthropological Paners

ISCM      Idaho State College Museum

-OP      Occasional Papers

UC        University of California

-AR       Anthropological Records

-AS-R     Archaeological Survey Report

-PAAE     Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
-PG       Publications in Geography

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Baumhoff, M. A. and J. S. Byrne

1959    Desert Side-notched Points as a Time Marker in California.

UCAS-R 48:32-65, Berkeley.

Baumhoff, M. A. and R. F. Heizer

1965    Postglacial Climate and Archaeology in the Desert West.    In

H. E. Wright, Jr. and David G. Frey, eds., The Quaternary of
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Bennyhoff, James A. and R. F. Heizer

1958    Cross-dating Great Basin Sites by California Shell Beads.

UCAS-R 42:60-92, Berkeley.

Brown, W. R.

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Caldwell, W. W. and 0. L. Mallory

1967    Hells Canyon Archaeology.   Smithsonian Institution River Basin

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Clewlow, C. W., Jr.

1967    Time and Space Relations of Some Great Basin Projectile Point

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191

Cowan, Richard A.

1967    Lake Margin Ecological Exploitation in the Great Basin as

Demonstrated by an Analysis of Coprolites from Lovelock Cave,
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Cowan, Richard A. and C. W. Clewlow, Jr.

1968    The Archaeology of Site NV-Pe-67.   ITJCAS-R 73:195-236, Berkeley.

Cressman, L. S. and A. D. Krieger

1940    Atlatis and Associated Artifacts in South Central Oregon.

University of Oregon Publications in Anthropology 3:15-53.

Cressman, L. S., F. C. Baker, P. S. Conger, H. P. Hanson and R. F. Heizer

1942    Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin.     Carnegie

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1967    The Descriptive Archaeology and Geochronology of the Three Springs

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De Angblo, Jaime, and L. S. Freeland

1929    Notes on the Northern Paiute of California.    Journal de la

Societe des Americanistes de Paris 21:313-335.

Fairfield, A. M.

1916    Fairfield's Pioneer History of Lassen County, California.

San Francisco:   H. S. Crocker Company.
Grosscup, Gordon L.

1960    The Culture History of Lovelock Cave, Nevada.    UCAS-R 52, Berkeley.

Gruhn, Ruth

1961    The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave, South Central Idaho.

ISCM-OP No. 6, Pocatello.

Harrington, M. R.

1957    A Pinto Site at Little Lake, California.    Southwest Museum Papers,

No. 17, Los Angeles.

Haury, E. W.

1950    The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona.

University of Arizona and University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

192

Heizer, Robert F.

1960    Notes on Some Paviotso Personalities and Material Culture.

Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 2, Carson
City.

Heizer, Robert F. (ed.)

1966    Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes.     UCAS-R

68: I:1-166, Berkeley.

Heizer, Robert F. and M. A. Baumhoff

1961    The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County,

Nevada: I, Wagon Jack Shelter. UC-AR 20: 4:119-137, Berkeley.

Heizer, Robert F. and A. D. Krieger

1956    The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada.

UC-PAAE 47: 1:1-190, Berkeley.

Heizer, R. F., M. A. Baumhoff and C. W. Clewlow, Jr.

1968    The Archaeology of South Fork Shelter (NV-El-ll), Elko County,

Nevada. UCAS-R 71:1-58, Berkeley.

Hurst, C. T.

1942    Completion of Work in Tabeguache Cave.    Southwestern Lore

8:7-16, Santa Fe.
Jennings, Jesse D.

1957    Danger Cave.   Society for American Archaeology, Memoir No. 14.

Kelly, Isabel T.

1932    Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute.    UCPAAE 31:67-210,

Berkeley.
Lanning, Edward P.

1963    Archaeology of the Rose Spring Site, Iny-372.     UCPAAE

49: 3:237-336, Berkeley.
Lockett, H. C., and L. L. Hargrave

1953    Woodchuck Cave, a Basketmaker II Site in Tsegi Canyon, Arizona,

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Lowie, R. H.

1924    Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography.    AMNH-AP 20:185-314, New York.

193

Merriam, C. Hart

1966    Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, R. F. Heizer,

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Mulloy, William

1954    The McKean Site in Northeastern Wyoming.    Southwestern Journal

of Anthropology 10:432-460, Albuquerque.
O'Connell, James F.

1967    Elko Eared/Elko Corner-notched Projectile Points as Time Markers

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Riddell, F. A.

1960    The Archaeology of the Karlo Site (Las-7), California.

UCAS-R 53, Berkeley.

Russell, R. J.

1927    The Land Forms of Surprise Valley, Northwestern Great Basin.

UC-PG 2:323-358, Berkeley.

Smith, E. R.

1941    The Archaeology of Deadman Cave, Utah.    University of Utah,

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Smith, H. I.

1910    Archaeology of the Yakima Valley.    AMNH-AP 6: 1.   New York.

Steward, J. H.

1939    Notes on Heller's Photographs of Paiute and Ute Indians Taken

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1941    Culture Element Distributions:    XIII, Nevada Shoshone.   UC-AR

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Stewart, 0. C.

1941    Culture Element Distributions:    XIV, Northern Paiute.   UC-AR

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Swanson, E. H., Jr., and P. G. Sneed

1966    Birch Creek Papers No. 3:    the Archaeology of the Shoup Rock

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