I. SURFACE ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE BLACK ROCK DESERT, NEVADA

C. William Clewlow, Jr.

INTRODUCTION

For three weeks in July 1966, a small field party led by Richard Cowan

and William Clewlow, and under the direction of Dr. Robert F. Heizer of the
University of California, Berkeley, conducted limited archaeological site

survey in a portion of the Black Rock Desert north of Sulphur, in Humboldt
County, Nevada. A number of sites were located, both on the desert floor

and on the alluvial slopes which encircle the northern arm of the Black Rock
Desert. These were mainly surface sites, and large surface collections were
made in the course of the survey.   It was immediately apparent that some of
the artifacts collected, although found without stratigraphic context, were
nonetheless of unusual interest in that they represented, typologically, a
possible manifestation of early man in an area - namely, the Great Basin -

where such evidence is notably scarce (Bryan 1965:44). The present analysis
is intended to do no more than place on record the fact that a wide range of
typologically early artifacts, particularly projectile points, were found in

this area of northwestern Nevada.  It is fully recognized that surface archae-
ology can do very little to help establish the cultural history of the Great

Basin, and for this reason, this paper does not attempt to draw more than very
minimal, perhaps even self-evident, conclusions. Hopefully, the larger cul-
tural picture will be drawn from excavations at stratified sites, perhaps to
be found in this area, containing similar artifact types in more meaningful
association.

Since the collection of artifacts from the Black Rock Desert was quite

large, and since the more ancient of the artifact types were, understandably,
given a sort of emphasis in the analysis of the material, the problem arose
as to how to present adequately the material which is typologically better

known. As time and cost were inhibiting to the idea of drawing in detail or
photographing all the pieces, it was decided that outline drawings of all

projectile points mentioned in the text would be provided.   Accompanying these
are figure explanations which provide the catalogue numbers of the pieces as

they are recorded in the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology
at Berkeley (abbreviated LMIA), as well as information on size, weight, and

type of each specimen. All measurements are given in centimeters; weights are
in grams. This procedure makes it possible to present a description of mater-

ial from each site without including such information in the text, where (since

1 -

2

Area

shown in

Map a-.

Aew(uc.c

vtne      4 L.

Prw  L.

NEVADA

Map 1

Darkened area indicates location
of Black Rock Desert area in
northwestern Nevada

3

the pieces were found without stratigraphical context) the bulk of the data
would be overly burdensome and incommensurate with its value to the descrip-

tion. All the relevant data are provided, however, with the outline drawings
and in the terminal discussion of the various artifact types presented. In
some cases where emphasis is considered necessary, the data are included in
both figure explanations and in the text. While established point types are
slightly glossed over, with the implied understanding that no really new in-
sights are to be gained from a non-stratigraphic consideration of their

attributes, a detailed treatment of unique or aberrant specimens is presented.

THE BLACK ROCK DESERT AREA

The Black Rock Desert of northwestern Nevada (map 1) is an enormous depres-
sion bounded by the Jackson Range to the east and the Black Rock and Granite
ranges to the west. The most characteristic features of the desert are its

extreme desiccation and the nearly total lack of surface relief. The region
considered here is the sink or pool of the Quinn River, which flows in from
Oregon to the northeast and dissipates itself in a number of dampish sloughs

and channels some fifteen miles northwest of Sulphur (map 2). A belt of allu-
vial deposition skirts the actual desert flats, and provides a buffer between
them and the fault-block mountains that rise steeply on either side of the

desert. The entire Black Rock Desert covers portions of Humboldt, Pershing,
and Washoe counties, but the portion with which we are immediately concerned
lies north of Sulphur, in Humboldt County.

The general area of the Black Rock Desert was first noted by Fremont (1845:
214-216), who visited it in the winters of 1843 and 1844.  Its primary histor-
I'ical significance is as a segment, indeed the most hazardous one, of the old
.Applegate Cutoff on the Immigrant Trail to C.'lifornia (Paden 1949:139-169).

Archaeologically, the region is very poorly known, although it has been

felt for over twenty-five years that the area would be productive of important
,material (Heizer 1942:123). While the sites presented below are disappointing

in that they lack stratigraphical context, the artifact range presented is

nonetheless an unusually varied one, and serves to point out that, at least on

typological grounds, there is hope that ultimately a very long cultural sequence
may be established for the area.

4

Springs

All weather gravel road
Seasonal dirt road

River sloughs or channels
Sites

Bedrock

- . 0- a .

??Ii I "'I
.4

O   1   2  3   4 5

I   *   *  *   .

Miles

Map 2. Black Rock Desert area (after Sinclair 1963)

5

Site NV-Hu-16

Fifteen miles north of the town of Sulphur, on a seasonal county road,

lies a hot sulphur spring known as McFarlan's Bath House. Immediately west
of the hot spring and just across the road, which at this point is a poorly
graded cattle watering area, is the site of NV-Hu-16. It consists of a

visible surface scatter of chippage, prinimirily chert, stretching some 225
feet east-west and 240 feet north-south, directly to the west of the road,
which may bu said to form its present day eastern boundary. The site is

bounded on the south by a wide and deep dry wash, and attenuates slowly to
the north and west.

Three test pits, spaced roughly evenly along the north-south axis, were
dug in the site area, and no evidence of any midden deposit could be found.

Apparently a workshop site, NV-Hu-16 contained an abundance of chert

chippage. Most of the pieces were sizable chunks weighing over 50 grams.

A large number showed signs of having been used, primarily as hammerstones.

The chippage was distributed rather evenly over the entire site area. Given
the size of the site. the relative lack of projectile points may probably be
explained by the fact that the area has been a source of interest to pot-

hunters for years, and the more recognizable artifacts have long since been
removed.

Six points were recovered at NV-Hu-16. Three (fig. la-c) are Rose Spring
Corner-notched, and all are of obsidian. Two (fig. le,f) are Eastgate Ex-

panding Stem type, one being of obsidian and the other of white chert. The
remaining point is a diminutive specimen (fig. ld) of rosy chert, with a

split base and side notches, giving it the appearance of possessing enlarged
"ears."  As it is rather unusual, it has not been assigned a type name.

In addition to the classifiable points, sixteen fragments were recovered;
six were made of obsidian and the remainder of chert.

One knife tip was found; the piece weighs 15.7 grams and is 58 x 35 mm.

in size. It is made of brown laminar chert. A large awl or punch of white

chert was also recovered (fig. 12b).- It is made on a portion of chert cobble,
the end being rather well retouched. Its weight is 48.8 grams, and its dimen-
sions are 81 x 59 x 17 mm.

In addition to the chipped stone specimens, a few fragments of grinding

tools were found and examined, but due to their badly decomposed state they
were discarded.

6

One shell bead was recovered from site NV-Hu-16. It is an Olivella type
3b2, modified saddle. This type has been previously recorded from Tommy

Tucker Cave in Lassen County, California, and the Humboldt Lakebed site in
Churchill County, Nevada (Bennyhoff and Heizer 1958:74).

Site NV-Hu-17

About three and one-half miles east and slightly to the north of

McFarlan's Bath House, lies the approximate center of the site designated
NV-Hu-17. At this site a large number of artifacts were recovered over a

relatively large surface expanse. The artifacts did not occur continuously
over the site area, but appeared in clusters or concentrations at a number

of localities. A very few scattered specimens were recovered between local-
ities, but in general this was not the case. Since the artifacts from all
of the localities are quite similar typologically, and since it is several
miles from the NV-Hu-17 area to any other areas with evidence of ancient

activity, it was decided to retain one site number for the entire area, and
to subdivide this into the six localities at which the artifacts were con-
centrated on the surface. In each of these localities the artifacts were
found lying on the surface and wlthout any other associations, as if they

had simply been placed there by a passer-by. It is of interest to consider
how this deposition may have occurred.

During the winter and after occasional summer storms, the desert floor

is transformed into a sea of mud with standing water which "may extend over
many square miles" (Sinclair 1963:6), and which, according to local infor-
mants may be up to one and one-half feet in depth. In the summer the area
becomes utterly desiccated, the top 6-10 inches being a loose, fine silt

under which lies a tough, gummy clay to a depth of at least 1500 feet (ibid.).
It is the silty layer which we feel contains the artifacts, which are probably
brought to the surface during the winter and deposited by the action of freez-
ing and thawing (i.e. solifluction) of the silt layer, perhaps in combination
with the "churning" of this layer while under water. That most of the arti-
facts lack signs of significant weathering can be explained by the extremely
fine nature of the silt in which they are embedded or rest upon. So fine is
this silt,that its abrasive qualities are minimal. Also, the slow movement
which would occur under suspension in the silt would not appear to be as

heavy a weathering factor as would the action of wind and sand if the pieces
were exposed for a long period of time on an ablational surface.

LocaliLty 1 is in the approximate center of the site, and is interesting
in that it lacks all but the barest traces of vegetation over the greater
portion.  It is the largest area of concentration, being about 300 yards

wide, and stretching about 600 yards north-south. It rises about two and

7

4 ~ Y             ,yy~~           cality 2

Locality I       Large sand

I't46Locality                       dunes

~Locality 63

~Locality 5

300 yds.

Schematic drawing of site NV-Hu-17

one-half feet above most of the immediately surrounding terrain. About 1700
feet east of Locality 1, a series of north-south anchored dunes rise about 6
feet.

Immediately east of these dunes lies Locality 2. This locality is almost
one-half the size of Locality 1, and is about one foot lower in elevation.

It has more plant cover, primarily shadscale and other salt-tolerant brush.

One hundred yards south of Locality 2 lies Locality 3, virtually identical
in size, topography, and vegetation.

Locality 5 lies 300 yards southeast of Locality 3, and is about one foot

lower than the latter. It is totally devoid of all vegetation, appearing, for
all purposes, like an ocean beach.

To the west of Locality 1, and paralleling it in size and shape, is

Locality 4. Since the latter locality is closer to the main channel of the

Quinn River, it is somewhat lower and flatter than Locality 1, and is covered
with a heavier plant growth. A distance of about 500 yards, devoid of
artifacts, separates Localities 1 and 4.

At the southern end of this sterile "gap" is a very small concentration of
artifacts which we have termed Locality 6. In actuality, since it lies

roughly between their southern sections, it could be discussed in terms of a
mixture of Locality 1 and Locality 4 artifacts.

8

Locality 1

Projectile points:- Only six identifiable projectile points (or frag-
ments) were found at this locality. This fact is worth noting because it
seems to be a formula for the entire site that at any locality with a

paucity of projectile points there exists an abundance of crescentic stone
objects, and vice versa. Two of the pieces are basal fragments of Large
Side-notched or Northern Side-notched points; both are of obsidian. Two

others are small Pinto Barbed points, also of obsidian.    A fifth obsidian

piece is probably a Humboldt Concave Base A type. All five points are shown
in Figure 2a-e. The sixth specimen (pl. la), of mottled gray chert, is a
basal portion of the point type which has been named below the Black Rock
Concave Base type (see Locality 3). It has a hollow base, is relatively

wide, and shows no basal edge grinding whatsoever. Six unclassifiable frag-
ments of points, all of obsidian, were also recovered.

Great Basin Transverse points (pl. lb-o). Among the more interest-
ing of the artifact types recovered from the Black Rock Desert were the

chipped stone objects of crescentic shape. Tadlock (1966), in a thorough
study, has suggested that these objects are actually transversely hafted
projectile points. In the present paper Tadlock's suggestion has been
accepted, and amplified to the extent of naming the type "Great Basin

Transverse points." A full discussion of the type and its naming is pre-
sented below. For terminological, as well as functional clarity, the new
name for the type will be used throughout this report.

Fourteen crescentic objects of chipped stone were found at this

locality.  Nine of them are Tadlock's (1966:663) Type I, two are Tadlock's
Type III "Butterfly" crescents, and two fragments, while obviously cres-

cents, are not identifiable as to type. The final piece is not a finished
specimen, but is a roughly crescent-shaped piece of orangish-chalcedony

which has been blocked into its present form by percussion flaking. The
negative flake scars on the piece are thin and irregular, although very

well controlled, and suggest use of the so-called cylinder hammer technique
in shaping the rough-out. All fourteen pieces are made of chalcedony or
chert of various colors. Table 1 summarizes their dimensions.

It is important to note that in Table 1 and in all tables giving
dimensions of Great Basin Transverse points, the category of length is

merely the measurement of the longest axis of the specimen and does not
consider what the functional length would be were the piece hafted.

Tadlock's (1966) categories are the reverse, his length being equivalent
to the width category of this report, and vice versa.

9

TABLE 1

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 1

Length
(cm. )

Width
(cm. )

Thickness

(cm.)

Weight
(gr. )

LMA No.   I
2-39836   1
2-39844
2-39839
2-39838
2-39832

2-39837   1
2-39847

2-39846   I
2-39849

2-39840   1
2-39833   1
2-39850

2- 39857  1
2- 39835  I

Type

5.8           1
5.0

5.0           1
4.5
4.5
4.3
3.3

3.0          1
3.0
6.2

5.8          1

-           I
-           I
5.2           I

2.0

1.9         I
1.8         1
1.2

1.8         1
1.2
2.2
1.7

1.6         I
1.9         I
2.1

1.5         I

1.4         1
3.0         1

0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.9

7.7
6.7
4.7
5.1
4.8
3.6
5.2
2.9
2.2

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

10. 2
8.5
1.4
1.1
14.9

III
III

x
x

roughout

x = fragmentary

Tadlock's Type III specimens are characterized by a "prominent rounded
notch in the center of the body portion of the concave edge" (1966:663).

While the Type III specimens from NV-Hu-17 Locality 1 do not display this
notch, they do have the flat or concave back edge which Tadlock has noted,
and they are larger and heavier than the usual transverse point, another

feature which Tadlock remarked. It seems justified, therefore, to assign
them to Type III.

Crescent scrapers:- Six chipped stone objects which can best be described
as crescent scrapers occurred at Locality 1. They have a superficial resem-
blance to the Great Basin Transverse points described above, but on close

examination seem to be a totally dissimilar category of artifact. They are

10

made on a simple blade-like flake, fashioned by very simple pressure re-

touch around all the edges, usually on one face, but sometimes bifacially.
The fact that most of the surface area on the crescent scrapers is unre-
touched means that they do not display true symmetry bilaterally, since

the contours of the implements are determined by the strength and precision
of the percussion blows which dislodged the flakes on which they were made.
This is in contradiction to the transverse points which are bilaterally

symmetrical, pressure flaked bifacially all over their surfaces, and gener-
ally exhibit parallel flaking. The crescent scrapers, as the accompanying
tables indicate, are considerably lighter in weight and noticeably smaller

in size than the average transverse point of any of the three types. Aside
from their superficial similarity in form, the only specific attribute that
crescent scrapers share with transverse points is their tendency to have
been made of non-obsidian materials. It is possible that these scrapers

were made with a punch technique for dislodging the original blade. If so,
any traces of the striking platform would have been erased in the process
of retouch of the edges. Table 2 lists the dimensions of the crescent
scrapers from Locality 1, and they are illustrated in Plate 5a-f.

TABLE 2

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-17, Locality 1

| Length     Width     Thickness   | Weight   |

LMA No.      (cm.)   I (cm.)   |    (cm.)    |   (gr.)  | Retouch
2-39834   |   4.0    |   1.7   I     0.25    |   3.0    | bifacial
2-39843   |   3.5    |   1.6   |     0.50    |    2.9   | bifacial
2-39842   |   4.3    |   1.6   |     0.40    |   3.1    | bifacial
2-39841   |   4.5    |   1.9   |     0.50    |   4.3      bifacial

2-39845   |   3.2    |   1.5   |     0.30    I    1.7   | unifacial
2-39848   |   3.5    j   1.2   |     0.40    |    2.4   | unifacial

Thirty-five grams of chert chippage, as well as three nondescript frag-

ments of knives made on laminar chert, were also collected at this locality.

11

Locality 2

Projectile points:- This locality produced only two previously named

projectile points:  one Northern Side-notched, and one probable Pinto Barbed.
Both are made of obsidian, and are illustrated in Figure 2f, g.

Great Basin Transverse points (pls. lp-r, 2a-i). Thirteen transverse
points were found in this locality. Nine of them are Type I, two are Type II,
and one is Type III. One fragment cannot be identified as to specific type.

All the pieces are of chert, agate, or chalcedony. One specimen (pl. 2h) has
a row of pronounced projections on its concave edge, and in this regard is

reminiscent of some of Campbell's (Campbell and Campbell 1937:9-43) Lake Mohave
examples, as well as some types which Wardle (1913:656-660) describes from San
Miguel Island, California.

TABLE 3

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 2

|   Length       Width   |   Thickness   |   Weight   |

IMA No.       (cm.)    |   (cm.)   j     (cm.)     |   (gr.)       Type

2-39875   |   5.0      |    2.40   |     0.70.         9.1            I
2-39868   |   5.5      |    1.70   |     0.70      |   6.9      |     I
2-39869   |   5.0      |    1.50   |     0.50      |   5.1      |     I
2-39883   |   5.1      |    1.80   |     0.60      |   7.1      |     I
2-39882   |   3.8      |    1.85   |     0.55      |   3.8      |     I
2-39876   I   3.8          1.50    I     0.60      I   3.9      I     I
2-39886   |   3.3      |   1.40    |     0.40      |   3.1      |     I
2-39880   |   3.8      |   1.40    |     0.50      |   3.3      I     I
2-39881   |   3.1      |   1.00    |     0.50      |   1.9      |     I
2-39872   |   4.4      |   1.60    |     0.50      |   4.2      |    II
2-39866   |   4.3      |   1.60    |     0.50      |   4.1      I    II
2-39867   |   5.7      |   2.10    |     0.70      |  10.1      |   III
2-39884   I    -       I   1.60    I     0.30      I    -             x

x = fragmentary

12

Crescent scrapers (p1. 5g-k):- Five crescent scrapers were recovered

at Locality 2, all being made of either agate or chert. One of the pieces

(pl. 5g) is atypical in that in cross section it is subtriangular and rather
steep-sided. This accounts for its being considerably thicker than the
others.

TABLE 4

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-17, Locality 2

Length     Width      Thickness     Weight

LMA No.    1  (cm.)   1  (cm.)  I    (cm.)     |   (gr.)     Retouch

2-39877       4.4         1.3         0 0.3    1    2.7   | unifacial
2-39885    |  3.5     j   1.9         0.5      |   4.1       bifacial
2-39870   |   4.2         1.6         0.6      |   4.1       bifacial

2-39878    |  3.4     |   1.9   |     0.4      |    3.8   | unifacial
2-39874   |   5.7         1.2   j     0.9           5.8   1 bifacial

Miscellaneous:- Two unusual bipointed objects of obsidian were collected
at Locality 2. Both pieces are slightly curvate, and thus resemble trans-

verse points. However, they are thick and biconvex (see Ragir and Lancaster
1966, for terminology) in cross section, and were probably made by very well
controlled percussion flaking, in contrast to the thin, pressure flaked

transverse points. The larger specimen (pl. It) shows grinding on a section
3 cm. long at the center of its convex edge. The piece is 9.2 x 2.1 x 0.9
cm. in size and weighs 17.5 grams. The smaller piece shows no grinding, is
5.7 x 1.6 x 0.8 cm. in size, and weighs 8.6 grams.

In addition to the above, six unidentifiable
points. two of chert and the others of obsidian,
obsidian waste and 72.0 grams of chert chippage,

fragments of projectile

as well as 65.7 grams of
were found.

Locality 3

In terms of probable Early Man manifestations, Locality 3 produced the

most interesting array of artifacts collected at NV-Hu-17. Fifteen identi-
fiable projectile points were recovered. Three of these, all obsidian, are

Pinto Barbed points (fig. 2h-j), while one appears to be an obsidian Northern
Side-notched point (fig. 21). Another is probably an obsidian basal portion
of an Eastgate Expanding Stem point (fig. 2k).

13

Early point types:- Clearly of greater importance are the remaining

ten projectile points from the Locality 3 collection. One of these (pl. 2r)
is a large specimen of red and black obsidian, fluted on both faces, which

is nearly identical to the fluted obsidian points from Borax Lake, California
(Harrington 1948:63-71). This specimen was found by Mr. R. Mudge of Winne-
mucca, Nevada, and was loaned to the University-of California for analysis.
It is 6.9 cm. long (the tip is missing), 3.3 cm. wide, and 0.8 cm. thick.

It weighs 18.8 grams. The basal concavity exhibits grinding, as do the edges

on both sides for a distance of 2.8 cm. from the butt end. The channel flakes
extend a distance of 2.7 cm. up each side of the point, and the surface of the
channeled or fluted area displays unmistakable scratches or striations. These
striations appear on both sides of the point, albeit on one side they are far
more pronouinced.  Harrington (o. cit.) notes peculiar "scratches" on the

channel portions of the Borax Lake points. Wormington (1957:61) suggests that
the scratches were not intentionally produced, the implication being that

these are Lhe natural stress lines in the obsidian. On the specimen from site
NV-Hu-17, Locality 3, however, the scorings are unmistakably man-made and

intentional, and R. F. Heizer tells me that when he inspected the Borax Lake
pieces at the Southwest Museum in November 1967, he definitely observed simi-
lar man-made sci-aIcIlings (porsonal communication). Through a low-power hand
lens, in fact, it is easily observed that the scorings, while usually paral-
lel to one another, nonetheless cross each other and connect numerous times.
Moreover, close scrutiny reveals that these striations were added over the

top of minute stress lines or shatter marks, which are no doubt the result of

the blow which also removed the channel flake. In the production of the point,
broad, shallow flakes were removed, the flake scars meeting nicely at the mid-
line of the point on both faces. Harrington (o. cit.) called the points at
Borax Lake "Folsom" points. This designation is now considered somewhat

erroneous (cf. Bryan 1965:162; Wormington 1957:61), and the point from Local-
ity 3 will be referred to as a Borax Lake Fluted point. These points are

pretty clearly allied to the Clovis tradition. They may be of considerable
antiquity in California (Meighan and Haynes 1968).

Clovis point (p1. 2s). One red chert specimen was found which resem-
bles, in great detail, the basal portion of what would be considered a

"classic" Clovis point.   Unfortunately, the piece is only a fragment, but
what there is certainly has a Clovis appearance. The specimen is 3.5 cm.

wide and 0.7 cm. thick.   Broken off far above the midpoint, it displays broad,
shallow flaking around the edges, which are smoothed by grinding. Extending
upward from the basal concavity are pronounced flutes or channels. On one

side the flute was produced by removal of a single flake. On the other, three
such flakes were removed.

Black Rock Concave Base points (pl. 2j-q). The eight remaining points

14

are interesting in that they bear a resemblance to several already des-
cribed projectile point types from the western United States. Most

immediately noticeable, perhaps, is the resemblance of these pieces to
Plainview points, whose shape, in turn, "is much like that of Clovis

points except for the absence of fluting" (Suhm and Jelks 1962:2). The
absence of fluting is a problem which involves certain technological

aspects of stone tool manufacturing. Specifically, the critical consid-

eration of unfluted points which are shaped very much like types which are
often fluted is whether or not the unfluted examples are thick enough to
have been fluted had the manufacturing artisan so desired.

This problem is neatly exemplified by the unfluted, yet Folsom-
shaped, points which were recovered at the Midland site in Texas. Too

small to be Plainviews, and so thin that they "probably could not be fluted
on either side," the pieces were first merely called "unfluted Folsoms"

(Wendorf et al. 1955:48). Later they were re-named and are now referred

to as "Midland points" (Wendorf and Krieger 1959:67), with the observation
that they were too thin to be fluted taken into account. By analogy, the
eight concave base points from Locality 3 are to Clovis points what the
Midland points are to Folsoms; namely, forms which are too thin to be

fluted, rather than pieces which could have been fluted but were not. The
latter category is a rather confusing one terminologically, and would in-

clude actual unfluted Clovis and Folsom forms as well as Plainview points.

While it is probably true that the eight concave base points from

Locality 3 are nearly identical to many of the points which have been called
Plainview found in an area extending from Mexico to Alaska (Wormington 1957:
109-110), it seems preferable to suggest a separate type name for the Local-
ity 3 specimens for at least two reasons.   First, as has been noted, a tech-
nological distinction could be made between many Plainview points which are
thick enough to be fluted but simply were not, and the points from Locality
3 which are too thin for fluting. Second, at least some of the Plainview
points were found in direct association with extinct bison forms (ibid.,
107-108), and the entire Folsom- Plainview - Clovis, etc., complex has

been defined around Pleistocene mammals. Since the Locality 3 points are

surface finds, found in an area in which no Pleistocene mammal remains have
been reported, and since, indeed, there is some evidence to support the

view that an entirely different hunting orientation may have prevailed at

the time the points were deposited (see Discussion, Great Basin Transverse

points, below), it is deemed advisable to suggest that the points be called
Black Rock Concave Base on the basis of their place of occurrence, descrip-
tive attributes, and a few tenuous surface associations. It is hoped and
implied, of course, that more concrete cultural affiliations for the point
type will eventually be learned from work in the area at some as-yet-
undiscovered stratified site.

15

Six of the points are made of various colored cherts, and two - the
smallest - are made of chalcedony. Four of the specimens (pl. 2m-p) are

widest at or above midpoint. All of the pieces have pronounced basal con-
cavities, as well as very light edge-grinding on the lower portion of each

edge. All are characterized by thin cross sections and by exhibiting broad,
shallow, yet parallel flakes which meet at the mid-line of the points.

In addition to the above, ten unidentifiable fragments of obsidian
and four of chert were recovered.

TABLE 5

Black Rock Concave Base Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 3

|   Length       Width   |   Thickness   |   Weight
LMA No.       (cm.)    1   (cm.)   1      (cm.)     I    (gr.)

2-39905   I    7.5     I    2.5    1      0.4      I    10.8
2-39906   I    6.5     I    2.0    I      0.4      I     8.4
2-39907   I    5.0     1    1.9    I      0.5       1    6.1
2-39908   I    5.3     I    2.6    1      0.4       1    7.6
2-39909   I    6.0     I    2.5           0.3            7.3
2-39910   I    6.9     1    2.6    I      0.5           11.9
2-39911   I    7.2     I    2.9    I      0.5       I   13.3
2-39913   j     x      j    2.5    1      0.3      j      x

x =   fragmentary

Great Basin Transverse points (pls. 3a-v, 4a-g). Twenty-nine transverse
points were removed from Locality 3 and segregated according to Tadlock's

(1966) types. Thirteen of the pieces are Type I, all non-obsidian.   One of
the most interesting Type I pieces (pl. 3b) shows evidence of having been
reworked or resharpened some time after its original manufacture. Made of
black chert, the piece (LMA 2-39923) exhibits a heavy bluish-white patina
over most of its surface.  The concave edge, however, has been resharpened
and shows well-defined thin pressure flakes extending back toward the mid-
line from the edge in a parallel fashion bifacially. This resharpening of

the concave edge has interesting implications in regard to possible function
of the crescentic stone pieces.

16

Nine of the specimens are Type II and seven are Type III "Butterfly"
crescents. The dimensions of all the transverse points from Locality
3 are given below.

TABLE 6

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17,

Locality 3

I   Length   I   Width   I   Thickness   I   Wei
LMA No.   j   (cm.)     I   (cm.)   I     (cm.)     I    (E

2-39919
2-39917
2-39933
2- 39935
2-39929
2- 39928
2- 39939
2- 39930
2- 39925
2- 39923
2- 39950
2- 39953
2- 39952
2-39938
2- 39943
2- 39934
2-39926
2-39937
2-39931
2- 39945
2-39949
2-39951

6.5
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.0
5.1
4.1
4.5

x
x
x

6.0
5.1
4.8
5.5
5.0
4.8
x
x
x

2.1
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.2
1.8
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.3
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.4

0.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.4

Ec

E
L

E
4
4

Lght    I
;r.)    I
).1 I   I
3.5
7.3
7.2
7.3

F.7

5.4     1
x      I
x      I
x      I
7. 3

5.8    1
i. 2   1
5.6
+.5

+.4     1
x      I
x      I
x      I

Type

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II

II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II

17

TABLE 6 (cont'd.)

|   Length       Width        Thickness    |  Weight

LMA No.   I    (cm.)        (cm.)    I     (cm.)     |    (gr.)       Type

2-39921   |    5.8           2.5    I      0.7            10.6     j  III
2-39942        5.9           2.2           0.6            10.8     j  III
2-39936   |    5.5           2.5    |      0.5             8.1        Iii
2-39940        5.6           1.8    |      0.6       |     6.5        III
2-39947        6.0      |    1.9    |      0.6             8.3        III
2-39924        5.5      |    2.0           0.5       |     6.9        III
*2-39954   |     x           2.5            0.5             x      j   III

x = fragmentary

Crescent scrapers (pl. 51-n). Three crescent scrapers were found at

Locality 3. All are non-obsidian. Two are very much like those described
for Localities 1 and 2. The third (LMA 2-39922) is much large and heavier,
and is triangular in cross section. It is probable that the piece is an

imperfectly fashioned crescentic or transverse point which saw slight utility
as a scraper.

TABLE 7

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-17, Locality 3

I Length    I Width   I Thickness    I Weight    I

LMA No.    I  (cm.)   j  (cm.)   I    (cm.)     I   (gr.)  I Retouch
2-39941   |   4.0     |   1.5    1     0.5      |    4.1   | bifacial

2-39944   |   3.8     |   1.0    1     0.6      |    2.2   | unifacial
2-39922    j  6.0     |   1.6    |     1.1      I   10.0   I unifacial

f

Drill (pl. 61). One small drill or punch made from
slight wear was recovered.

Debitage. Thirty-two grams of chert and chalcedony
covered at Locality 3.

chert and showing
chippage were re-

18

Locality 4

This locality produced perhaps the widest range of artifact types of any
of the localities at NV-Hu-17. It was the only locality at which ground

stone implements were recovered, and produced a wide variety of projectile
points as well. Most of them are probably of a much later date than those
from Locality 3.

Projectile points:- Forty-eight identifiable projectile points were
recovered at Locality 4.

Rose Spring Corner-notched points (fig. 3s-z). Eight possible Rose
Spring Corner-notched points were recovered. All are of obsidian and show
a considerable amount of damage and abrasion. It is conceivable that they
are badly weathered Pinto Barbed, or even Elko Corner-notched points which
are no longer absolutely recognizable as such. Since they fall within the
weight and size range (except for being a slight degree too thick) of well
formed Rose Spring points, they are here tentatively assigned to that cate-

gory. Such assignment is helpful in a general way, but without stratigraphic
context, it is not to be used in making specific conclusions about the age
range of the locality.

Elko-Eared points (fig. 3j-q). Eight of these points were recovered,
two made of chert and the remainder of obsidian. As with the obsidian Rose
Spring points, the Elko Eared pieces of obsidian appear to be heavily worn,
perhaps by water action,

Elko Corner-notched point (fig. 3r). One obsidian point of this
type was recovered from Locality 4.

Pinto Barbed points. Nine Pinto Barbed pieces were recovered. All
are of obsidian and show wear or abrasion similar to that mentioned for the
Elko Eared points.

Humboldt Concave Base A points. Four specimens of this type were
found. All are of obsidian and show wear or abrasion as mentioned above.

Northern Side-notched points. Thirteen points of this type were
found. Again, all are of obsidian and exhibit heavy wear. One of the

pieces (LMA 2-39988) is an unfinished specimen which nonetheless shows the
basic Northern Side-notched outline.

Gunther Barbed points (pI. 6c,d). Two of the most interesting

points from Locality 4 are of the Gunther Barbed type (Treganza 1958:13-16;
1959:7, 14-15,24-25). Both of the specimens are of obsidian, and their

19

measurements are 3.75 cm. long and 2.25 cm. wide. One weighs 2 grams, the
other 2.4 grams. This places them well within the range of Treganza's

Gunther Barbed type which varies from 2.5 to 4.2 cm. in length, 2.0 to 2.7
cm. in width, and 1.1 to 2.5 grams in weight (ibid. 1958:13-16,fig. 1).

For Gunther Barbed points in Humboldt County, California, where they are
very abundant, see Elsasser and Heizer (1966, pls. lu-y,15t-z:   type 6).
Both Locality 4 specimens show very delicate retouch and in contrast to
the other obsidian points from the locality, they are not at all worn.

Both have a sizable unworked area on one face, indicating that they were
formed from very thin, flat flakes. This corresponds to Treganza's type
description (loc. cit.).  The two pieces are shown (pl. 6c,d) along with
Gunther Barbed points from other sites in the Black Rock Desert are (pl.
6a,b).

Three final specimens (fig. 4n-p), while not identifiable as to

type, are still recognizable as points. Two are made of obsidian and are

badly worn, while the third (fig. 4n) is of red laminar chert, and is worn
as well as being crudely manufactured.

Thirty-nine obsidian fragments of points and two chert fragments
were also collected.

Great Basin Transverse points (pl. 4h-k). Four transverse points

were recovered at Locality 4. The scarcity of these pieces is in contrast
to the abundance of other projectile points, a pattern which was noted

above. Three of the pieces are Type II (pl. 4i-k) and one is Type I (pl.
4h). While it is unusual for Type II transverse points to predominate at
any given site or locality, the fact that this is the case at Locality 4
is most likely due to the small sample. As could be expected, the speci-
mens are all of chert or chalcedony.

TABLE 8

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 4

|   Length   |   Width   |   Thickness   |   Weight    l

LMA No.       (cm.)    l   (cm.)   I     (cm.)     I    (gr.)    |  Type

2-40049   |    3.2     |    1.5    I      0.4      |     3.1     |    I
2-40047   |    5.0     |    2.8    I      0.4      |     5.5    I    II
2-40048   |    5.5     |    2.3    |      0.7      |    10.6    |    II
2-40052   |     x      j    2.3    |      0.5      |      x     j    II

x =   fragmentary

20

Scrapers:- Four unpatterned side scrapers were recovered. All are
crudely fashioned unifacially on one edge of largish obsidian primary

flakes ranging from 3.9 x 2.2 x 0.6 cm. in size and 5.2 grams in weight,
to dimensiQns of 5.6 x 2.4 x 0.9 cm. and weight of 12.2 grams.

KKnives:- Fourteen broken fragments of knives made on thin pieces of
laminar chert, as well as two basalt knives on large side flakes, much

like those from the lower Humboldt Valley (Elsasser 1958:36), were found.
One of the basalt knives is illustrated in Figure 12a. One very crude
chert roughout or blank, probably intended for a knife or point, was
found.

Cores:-  Five core-pebbles were recovered, two being of chert and three
of basalt. Two of the basalt specimens show battering on one of their
edges and were no doubt used as hammerstones.

Manos:- Two manos of granite were found. One is in good condition;

it is 9.8 x 7.9 x 4.9 cm. in dimension and weighs 611 grams.    It is shaped,
being bifacially scored, rectangular in outline, and flat in cross section,
with convex faces.   The smaller piece, which is quite worn, is 8.4 x 5.4 x
2.5 cm.., and weighs 241 grams. This piece is worn all around and was prob-
ably shaped like the larger specimen at one time.

Shell bead:-  One shell bead, a spire-lopped Olivella type la, was

found. A number of these occur in the Humboldt Sink area and are thought

to be Early or Transitional Lovelock in age (Bennyhoff and Heizer 1958:64).

Debitage:- Some 208 grams of chert chippage and 117 grams of obsidian
debitage were collected.

Locality 5

Great Basin Transverse points (pl. 41-p):- Five transverse projectile
points were found at Locality 5. All were of chert or chalcedony. It is

interesting that no chippage and no other artifacts of any type were present
at the locality which is unusual for its complete lack of surface vegetation,
These points are classified in Table 9.

Locality 6

Projectile points:- Nine named projectile points, all of obsidian, were
collected at Locality 6. Five are Pinto Barbed (fig. 2m-q), two are Elko

Eared (fig. 2r,s), and two are Northern Side-notched points (fig. 2t,u). One
of the Pinto Barbed points (LMA 2-40098) had not been completed.

21

TABLE 9

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 5

|   Length    |   Width        Thickness     |   Weight    l

LMA No.         (cm.)    I    (cm.)    I     (cm.)      |     (gr.)    |   Type

2-40089    |    5.3      |     2.0    |       0.5       |     4.2     |      I
2-39920    |    4.8            1.6    |       0.4       |     4.4     I      I
2-39932         4.5      |     1.9    |       0.5       |     4.4     I    II
2-40091    |    4.0      |     2.0    |       0.6       |     5.7     I    II
2-40090    |    5.0      |    2.8             0.6       |     1.6     |    II

Great Basin Transverse points.

at Locality 6. Two of them (pl. 4u,v)
Type II (pl. 4t), and three are Type I
chalcedony.

Six transverse points were located
are too fragmentary to type, one is

(pl. 4q-s). They are all of chert or

TABLE 10

Great Basin Transverse Points, NV-Hu-17, Locality 6

Length        Width        Thickness     |   Weight    l

LMA No.        (cm.)     l    (cm.)   i      (cm.)      |    (gr.)    j   Type

2-40111    |    6.75     |    2.0     I       0.5       |     9.8     |     I
2-40112    |    5.50     |    1.8             0.5       |     6.5     |     I
2-40108    I    4.80     |    2.0             0.5 O           7.2     |     I
2-40107    |    5.75     |    2.0             0.5       |     7.7     |    II
2-40113    I     x            1.8     I       0.4       I      x      j     x
2-40115    I     x            1.5           0.5        I      x            x

x = fragmentary

Crescent scrapers (pl. 5o-q):-

Three crescent scrapers were found, two

being made of chalcedony and one of agate. The agate specimen (LMA 2-40110)
is broken along one edge due to an inclusion in the stone. Since it shows

no use, it could be an imperfectly made crescent on a thin flake. The other
two, however, are typical crescent scrapers.

22

TABLE 1 1

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-17, Locality 6

| Length   | Width    | Thickness   | Weight    |

LMA No.       (cm.)   I  (cm.)  |    (cm.)     |   (gr.)  | Retouch

2-40108   |   4.7         2.0   1     0.5      |    7.2   | bifacial

2-40106    |  5.2     |   1.5   |     0.5      |    6.3   | unifacial
2-40110       4.0         1.5   I     0.5      |    4.1   | uncertain

In addition to the artifacts mentioned above, two obsidian scrapers

made on the side of long primary flakes, and one fragment of a knife made
of laminar chert were found at Locality 6.

Site NV-Hu-20

This site is located approximately 33 miles north of Sulphur on the
same dirt road as site NV-Hu-16 (see map 2). The area is known locally

and is shown on maps as Buckbrush Springs, because of the three extremely
dense patches of buckbrush which grow here at a point about 400 feet due

east of the road. These thickets are situated at 50 yard intervals along
a north-south axis. Each thicket is roughly 50 yards long by 20 yards

wide, and each is located on a slow seep, a factor which undoubtedly helps
to explain the existence of the plants.

Artifacts were recovered from the area immediately west of the three
buckbrush thickets. Chippage is apparent here on the surface for about

70 yards west of the thickets, in the direction of the road. It was hoped
that the thickets might have concealed and protected midden deposits, but
three test pits dug to depths of 4 feet, as well as numerous auger holes
drilled around the thickets, failed to reveal any sign of occupational

deposit. Our search for buried materials could scarcely be called thorough,
however, and if the springs are ancient, the locality may have been one
attractive to man.

Projectile points:- Twenty-five identifiable projectile points or frag-
ments thereof were found at Buckbrush Springs.

Humboldt Concave Base A. The most numerous type of point (11) at
this site is that which is here called Humboldt Concave Base A. All are

23

made of obsidian, and all but three of the points are rather fragmentary.
It is conceded that this compounds the difficulty of positively assigning
them to a certain type. Ten of the points are shown in Figure 5a-j.

Moreover, it appears that the Humboldt Concave Base A points may bear certain
developmental similarities to the Pinto series points, especially the Pinto
Shoulderless, and this similarity creates further difficulties in the analy-
sis of surface materials. Not only is some stratigraphic information needed

to clarify each relationship between Pinto and Humboldt Concave Base A points,
but the various types within the Pinto series need to be more precisely de-
fined and their interrelationship worked out.

Four very roughly chipped points (fig. 5k-n) were recovered which

exhibit square shoulders and bifurcate stems. They are similar to the Pinto
Square-shouldered points from NV-Ch-15 in the Humboldt Sink. It is of in-

terest that, on form alone, they appear as transitional between Pinto Square-
shouldered and Elko Eared, the size and shape of the bifurcate stem deter-
mining to which type they appear most similar. Again, more stratigraphic
work is necessary to see if such a formal seriation might be valid.

Northern Side-notched points (fig. 5o-q). Three of these points,

all of obsidian, were recovered, as were two Elko Corner-notched and two Elko
Eared points. The final point to be mentioned (fig. 5v) is one which, on

formal outline, appears to mediate between the Northern Side-notched and Elko
Eared series.

Points or blades:- Eighteen fragments of points or blades, seventeen of
obsidian and one of white chert were recovered.

Knife (fig. 5w):- One crudely flaked obsidian knife, showing signs of
utilization on both cutting edges, was found.

Scrapers:- Sixteen nondescript and/or fragmentary scrapers were found,
most of them apparently made in the process of utilization of appropriate

waste flakes. Thirteen of these are side scrapers worked unifacially along
one edge. Six are of gray or brown chert and the remainder of obsidian.

They range in size from 5.5 x 3.5 cm., weighing 21.5 grams, to 3.5 x 1.4 cm.,
weighing 2.6 grams.

One very interesting artifact from NV-Hu-20 is a white chalcedony scraper
(pl. 5z) pointed at both ends and retouched unifacially around its entire
periphery. It bears a superficial resemblance to the crescentic chipped

stone objects or transverse projectile points found on the Black Rock Desert
floor some six miles away, and for this reason, is carefully described here.
The scraper, unlike the transverse points, shows no transverse flaking, but

24

is only secondarily retouched along one cutting face. Moreover, the

scraper is worn smooth along its edges, as well as along the top of the

cutting edge on the concave side.   This contrasts with the points, which

very rarely show signs of use and which are never worn smooth. The scraper
is made on a long flake, and is 5.7 x 1.6 x 0.4 cm. in size and weighs 4.9
grams. It is similar to those artifacts from sites NV-Hu-17 and NV-Hu-22
which are referred to here as crescent scrapers.

Debitage:- A large number of obsidian waste flakes, weighing a total

of 255.6 grams, were found on the site. Three portions of natural nodules,
all fractured by heat, were also found. It is assumed from this that the
site was used, at least occasionally, as a workshop. Further tests will
show whether the obsidian nodules are from Cordero (see NV-Hu-25 below);
it would appear from size and texture that this is likely.

Site NV-Hu-21

About eight miles west of the dirt road leading north from Sulphur, and

four miles south of the Leonard Creek Ranch road, is an area of high anchore(
dunes and wind-sculpted silt compactions with a great deal of obsidian chip-
page visible on the surface.   This area has been listed as site NV-Hu-21.
Unfortunately, it had been fairly well denuded of artifacts by collectors
before it claimed the attention of archaeologists. Indeed, the area is

criss-crossed by auto tracks and footprints, probably due to its relative
accessibility compared with other sites in the Black Rock Desert area. It
serves as an excellent example of the extent to which a site, especially a
surface site, can be thoroughly gleaned by private collectors.

Projectile points:- Twenty-seven projectile points complete enough to
be classified were found at NV-Hu-21.

Northern Side-notched points (fig. 6c-p). Fourteen of the points
recovered are of this type, and all are of obsidian.    Four, also of obsid-
ian, are Elko Corner-notched type (fig. llm-p), while two others (fig. llq,
r) are Elko Eared.

Four rather poorly made pieces of obsidian (fig. 6q-t) have been
classified here as Rose Spring Corner-notched points, although on account
of their crudity it could be argued that they should not be classed. How-

ever, one basal portion of a white chalcedony Eastgate Expanding Stem point
(fig. 6u) was found, and since the Eastgate series is roughly equivalent
chronologically to the Rose Spring series (Heizer and Baumhoff 1961:128;

Clewlow 1967:144), it seems warranted to anticipate that Rose Spring points
should appear at the site.

25

Humboldt Concave Base A points. Two points of this type were found
at NV-Hu-21. One (fig. 6b) is of an unusual and distinctive gray obsidian
and is a typical point of this type. The other (fig. 6a), of greenish

obsidian, is slightly atypical in that the basal cleft is markedly deeper
and the two resulting "earlike" projections are more pronounced than one
would expect.

Seventeen projectile point fragments were recovered; all but one
were made of obsidian. Of these, nine are tips. None of the fragments
could be typed.

Knives:- Five fragments of knives made on very thin pieces of laminar

chert were recovered. This type of chert is characterized by its occurrence
in thin pieces, both sides of which are covered by cortex.     The process of
tool manufacturing with this material is immensely simplified in that no

large flakes or thinning flakes need be removed since the natural stone is
already of the proper thickness. Only small flakes need be removed along

the edges to form the cutting blade. Of the five pieces from site NV-Hu-21,
four are merely chunks of chert with one edge worked. Two of these are

illustrated in Figure 12c,d. The pieces range from 4.9 x 2.7 cm., weighing
7.5 grams, to 8.5 x 4.2 cm., weighing 33.3 grams. All four pieces are about
0.4 cm. thick. The fifth specimen (pi. 6g) is a basal portion of a knife
which was fashioned in the shape of a large Elko Corner-notched point.

Scrapers:-  Nine scrapers were found at NV-Hu-21, all of obsidian.     Five
of these are side scrapers showing unifacial utilization along one edge.

As they are random and nondescript in appearance, it is likely that they are
merely waste flakes which were utilized as scrapers. They are relatively
small, the largest being 4.1 x 1.9 cm., and weighing 5.1 grams. The end

scrapers (fig. 12e-h) appear to have been more purposefully fashioned. All
four are fractured only at one end and are retouched and shaped along all

the other edges. Three of the pieces are subrectangular, while the fourth
is in the shape of a subtriangle. All four are lenticular in cross section
(see Ragir and Lancaster 1966, for terminology), and are very much like the
broken basal portions of Lind Coulee and Lind Coulee-like points, a number

of which were found at site NV-Hu-22, some ten miles to the south. The end
scrapers from NV-Hu-21 are too poorly flaked to have been the actual basal
portions of points, but it seems reasonable to postulate that the broken
point bases served as models for the peculiar later scrapers. The end

scrapers all exhibit bifacial utilization around all the retouched edges,

with wear being concentrated at the end. One of the pieces shows some wear
along one face of the fractured edge. They are all very similar in size
and weight, ranging from 3.6 to 2.6 cm., at 7.4 grams, to 2.7 to 2.4 cm.,
at 4.2 grams.

26

Site NV-Hu-22

Site NV-Hu-22 is situated approximately one and one-half miles due west
of Buckbrush Springs. The area has a substantial plant cover of rabbit

brush, shad scale, greasewood, and small sage.    It is better watered and

roughly 25 feet higher in elevation than NV-Hu-17, the other site at which
a number of early artifact types were recovered.

NV-Hu-22 is a large site, if the area of surface scatter is to be con-
sidered in judging size, and like NV-Hu-17, is divisible into a number of
distinct localities where artifacts are present in more abundance than in
the immediately surrounding areas. Since the temporally diagnostic arti-
facts from any given locality of concentration at this site tend to be

grouped around the same relative time horizon, and since the predominant

time horizon for any one locality is usually different than the one for any

other locality, the argument could be made that each locality actually repre-
sents a separate site.   However, there is no actual break in the surface

occurrence of artifacts between localities. That is, artifacts occur over

the entire area embraced by the seven localities. The localities are delin-

eated only by a much heavier concentration of artifacts. In such a situation,
the term "site" for each locality seems unjustified, as the actual boundaries
would be arbitrarily described. It would appear more useful to include the
entire area within the site, and to assign each artifact within the area to

the nearest locality of concentration. All the materials may then be consid-
ered together, and the risk of minimizing the significance of late or common
artifact types by assigning them to one or more "late surface sites" is

obviated. Since there are temporal differences between some of the localities,
as represented by different horizon or time-markers, it is probably better to
view these differences as what has been rather awkwardly termed "horizontal

stratigraphy" within the same site, rather than to try to segregate the local-
ities into separate sites on their own. Also, since artifacts occur in small
numbers between actual localities, the alternatives were considered: whether
they should be so described, or be included with artifacts from the nearest
locality.  The latter solution was decided upon.
Locality 1

Projectile points:-   Locality 1, the central portion of site NV-Hu-22,

produced the most varied collection of chipped stone artifacts. Identifiable
projectile points or portions thereof were numerous. Of 77 recovered, 14
(fig. 7a-n) fit roughly into the Pinto Barbed category. Although some of

the pieces are slightly smaller than the ideal type specimens, they are none-
theless most accurately typed as members of this category, especially in view
of the other Pinto occurrences at this locality. All these pieces are made
of obsidian.

27

< Gravel and sand bar
/             3

1,6 tti      Assorted

4

chippage

2

200 yds.
Localities at site NV-Hu-22

Fifteen points from Locality 1 are of the Pinto Square Shouldered type
(figs. 7o-t, 8a-i). They are characterized by straight bifurcated stems

and pronounced shoulders which appear as the result of marked corner notch-
ing in some specimens. Thirteen of the pieces are made of obsidian, one is
of white chert, and one of green jasper.

Seven Humboldt Concave Base A points (fig. 8j-p) were identified in the
locality collection. Six of the pieces are of obsidian and one is of gray
chert. Only two of the pieces are complete, but the remainder are easily
recognizable from their distinctive basal portions.

Of great interest are the twenty-three points (or fragments of points)

which are like a distinct type found at the Lind Coulee site in Washington.
These are rather large, broad points with long, pronounced stems which con-
stitute nearly one-third of the total length of the point (cf. Daughtery

1956:246). Four of these pieces are completely whole, another is nearly so.
They are slightly heavier and longer than the points from Lind Coulee which
range from 5.0 to 9.6 grams in weight and from 6.3 to 7.0 cm. in length tze.
cit. 238,296). The Lind Coulee points from site NV-Hu-22 are quite like

Style 2 of the Lind Coulee points, characterized by sharp lateral shoulders,
asymetrical in that one is rounded and the other sharply formed, and they

also have the parallel-sided stem point (oR. cit. 146-147). All five of the
complete points (pl. 7a-e) show parallel or slightly excurvate stem sides.
These five points also show pronounced grinding on the stem sides,

28

as do some of the points which Daughtery recovered at Lind Coulee.

TABLE 12

Lind Coulee Points, NV-Hu-22, Locality 1

|   Length       Width        Thickness       Weight
LMA No.    1   (cm.)    i   (cm.)   I      (cm.)     I    (gr.)
2-40285        7.00     1    2.9    1      0.9       1    16.9
2-40287    I   7.50          3.0           0.7       1    14.6
2-40286    1   6.00*    I    2.6           0.7       j    11.5
2-40284        5.00          2.2           0.8       I     8.4
2-40347        3.75          2.2           0.8       1     5.7

* Specimen incomplete

It is of interest that all five of the points recovered from site NV-Hu-22
are of obsidian, while those from the Lind Coulee site are of opal, jasper,

chalcedony, and basalt. In addition to the five complete specimens, eighteen
basal fragments of Lind Coulee points were recovered. Seventeen of these are
of obsidian, one is of basalt. All but three of the specimens show grinding
or smoothing along the stem sides. Eleven of the specimens (pl. 7f-p) are
roughly paralled-sided, while seven (pl. 7q-w) have what Daugherty (1956)

calls tapered stems. While it is worthwhile to note these differences, it

is improbable that any significance will be seen to attach to them. Rather,
the type is quite distinctive as a single type regardless of whether the
stem is slightly tapered or has parallel sides. It is not unlikely that

these points have a generic affinity to the large stemmed points from Canada
which Wormington (1957:134) calls Alberta points.

Twenty-three additional pieces -almost certainly broken point stems-were

found which had been re-used as scraping or cutting tools. They are discussed
as scrapers below.

Specimen LMA 2-40347 (pl. 7e) should be commented upon because of its un-
usual attributes.   It is the smallest of the Lind Coulee type points,

having the typical stemmed base. The upper portion of the piece, however,
is unique in that it is rounded, or blunted, instead of coming to a point.
The entire rounded portion has been intentionally ground and slightly bat-
tered, as if to produce a point intended to stun its target with impact,

29

rather than pierce it. The stem was ground but not battered. It could be

argued that the piece was a hafted scraper instead of a stunning point, but
two facts seem to mitigate against such a view.    First, the dulling around
the distal portion takes the form of many tiny hinge fractures, bifacially
exhibited, which are the result of deliberate battering rather than of use

as a scraper.   Second, if the assumption is correct that the crescents from

site NV-Hu-17 were used as transverse stunning points (see Discussion below),
then the tradition would be present in the area and there is no reason why
such stunning points ould not be made in occasional shapes other than
crescentic.

Seven basal fragments were recovered from Locality 1 which are very

similar in outline to those whole points from site NV-Hu-17 which have been
designated Black Rock Concave Base points. Two of the specimens are of

chert and exhibit no basal grinding. The other five pieces are of obsidian
and show marked grinding on the sides, but not the concavities, of their

bases. This is an interesting difference, and it would be helpful to know
whether the grinding is due to a perceived difference in the materials, a

temporal difference, or both.   The question, of course, will remain unans-
wered until whole specimens are found in a datable, and preferably strati-
graphical, context.   At this time the specimens are all considered as

Black Rock Concave Base points. Four of them are illustrated in Plate 8a-d.

The remaining eleven points from Locality 1 are also basal fragments.

Ten of these are made of obsidian and are characterized by grinding on both
sides, as well as on the flat or horizontal basal surface. These ten pieces
appear very similar to what have been called Milnesand points (Wormington

1957:112). They possess a wedge-like, or bevel, base, and fall within the

same range of width and thickness as the type specimens (Sellards 1955:343).
The type specimens. however, are not of obsidian. Until whole points are
found in stratigraphical context, certain identification cannot be made,
but for convenience, these basal fragments will be called Milnesand-like

points. The final piece, of laminar chert, is also classed, on shape alone,
as Milnesand-like.   It may be, however, simply a broken knife base, as it

shows no grinding. Four of,the Milnesand-like basal portions are shown in
Plate 8e-h.

Seventy-nine presently unidentifiable fragments of points were recovered
at Locality 1. Sixty-three are of obsidian, seven of basalt, and nine are

chert. At least fifteen of these were probably basal portions of Lind Coulee
type points. When the type collection of complete points becomes larger, it

will no doubt be easier to recognize variation, and these basal fragments may
then be classifiable. Until then, since positive identification cannot be
made, it is safer to leave them in the unidentifiable category.

30

Great Basin Transverse points:- One nearly complete Type 1 transverse
point of purple chalcedony was recovered (pl. 8j). One end of the piece
had been broken off after its manufacture. It weighs 6 grams, and is 4.8
cm. in length, 1.9 cm. wide, and 0.65 cm. thick. Three fragments of cres-

cents were also found (pl. 8k-m). Two of these, both of chalcedony, appear
to be broken and perhaps unfinished Type I transverse points. The third
fragment, of brown chert, is very rudely fashioned, and is probably a
roughout for an indeterminate type of crescent.

Two fragmentary pieces which appear to be crescent-shaped but which do
not fit any of Tadlock's (1966) categories were found. They are not as

wide or as lenticular in cross section as Tadlock' s types. Since the speci-
mens are incomplete, it is not possible to discern if they are actually

crescent-shaped, or if they are more ring-like, like those which were found
at the Karlo site (Riddell 1960:30,fig. lOb-d, pl. 3e). The two pieces,

one of chert and the other of obsidian, have tentatively been designated as
Type II crescents (see table 15 below).

Scrapers:- Three large obsidian end scrapers (fig. 12i-k) were found

at Locality 1, and seem to have been made in a sufficiently uniform fashion
to constitute a deliberate type. All were made on a single large primary
flake, then retouched and utilized unifacially. One of the pieces (LMA

2-40376) shows considerable smoothing from wear. While usage is heaviest
at the end opposite the bulb of percussion, some utility is also shown on
the sides of the pieces.

One large chert side scraper was found, weighing 13.7 grams, and being
6.25 cm. long and 3.00 cm. wide. Made on a long flake, it has been util-
ized on two sides unifacially.

Of unusual interest at Locality 1 is the artifact type here called

crescent scrapers, so named because of their superficial similarity in

shape to the crescentic stone objects -presumably stunning points for pro-
jectiles- which are so abundant in the general Black Rock Desert area.

These crescent scrapers, while at first appearing to be true crescents,

are in fact quite different. The scrapers are smaller, lighter, and less
carefully made than actual crescents. Moreover, while the true crescents
are the result of extensive pressure flaking of a larger piece, the cres-

cent scrapers are simple elongate flakes which have been slightly retouched
around the edges to achieve the desired shape. Of eight specimens (pl.

5r-y), four are bifacially retouched and four are worked on only one face.

Utility scars are faintly apparent on all the pieces. All eight pieces are
made of brownish chert.

31

An interesting possibility, to explain the peculiar shape of these
pieces, is that they were modeled after the crescentic stunning points
common to the area. Perhaps some of these pieces were even found and

re-used as scrapers (see re-used specimen from site NV-Hu-17, Locality 3).

Their shape may have been found to be convenient, and the simplified blade-
like form of crescent scraper may have emerged as a result of a new manu-
facturing procedure aimed at approximating an old shape.

TABLE 13

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-22, Locality 1

Length     Width  j Thickness   | Weight

LMA No.      (cm.)   | (cm.)   |    (cm.)    |   (gr.)  | Retouch
2-40186   |   2.95   |   1.40  |     0.30    |    2.1   | bifacial
2-40166   |   4.30   |   1.50        0.65    |    4.8   | bifacial
2-40177   I   3.60   |   1.35  |     0.56         3.7   | bifacial
2-40167       3.40   |   1.30  |     0.50         3.0   | bifacial

2-40357   |   2.80   |   1.10  |     0.45    |    2.0   | unifacial
2-40165   |   3.50   |   1.00  |     0.35    |    1.6   | unifacial
2-40169   |   3.00   |   1.50  |     0.41    |    1.9   | unifacial
2-40168   |   5.10   |   1.60  |     0.45    |   4.4    I unifacial

The
thought to be

final scraper type from Locality
made from the dislodged stems of

1 is evidenced in the scrapers
Lind Coulee type points.

Twenty-three of these pieces (pl. 7a-w) were recovered, one made of jasper
and the remainder of obsidian. All of them are shaped roughly like the

broken point stems described above. Five of the pieces show no grinding, but
exhibit tiny scars on both faces which seem to be the result of cutting or

scraping. The other eighteen pieces show the same tiny scars, but these scars
were caused after the sides of the pieces had been ground in a manner identi-
cal to the grinding on the actual point stems. Some of these pieces had also
been reworked or resharpened. It appears, then, that this type of scraper

represents a re-use of broken artifacts; namely, stemmed points. The twenty-
three scrapers have an average length of 2.2 cm., an average width of 2.9 cm.,
an average thickness of 0.6 cm., and an average weight of 3.5 grams.

32

Knives:-  One possible knife (fig. 13a) was found.    It is a percussion

flaked piece with utility scars bifacially exhibited along one edge. It is
4.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm., and weighs 9.7 grams. In addition, three large, non-

descript flakes, weighing roughly 58 grams each, and measuring approximately
6.5 x 5.7 x 1.5 cm., were recovered.   One is made of basalt, the others of

chert. All three show signs of having been incidentally utilized for cutting
or chopping.

Core choppers or hammerstones:-   Three large cores of a nondescript nature
were found; one is of basalt and two are of chert. All three show signs of
utility as hammerstones or choppers. The smallest is 6.2 x 4.5 x 2.6 cm.,

and weighs 83.7 grams; the largest is 10.8 x 9.5 x 7.5 cm., and weighs 277.6
grams.

Blades:- Four blades (fig. 13b-e) were recovered at Locality 1. Two of
these are large fragments; one is made of brown chert and the other is of

obsidian. Both are percussion flakes and show broad lenticular cross sections,
The remaining two are thin. long fragments, both of obsidian. They show con-
siderable wear on their edges.

Gravers:-  Two obsidian gravers (pl. 6e, f) were recovered at Locality 1.

One is a long, slender, and thick piece, with a subtriangular cross section.
The tip end shows some smoothing from wear. The other is of a different

shape, having been made on a broad, thin flake with a small, sharp engraving
point fashioned at the opposite end from the bulb of percussion.

Drills:- One tan chert drill (pl. 6k) was found. The tip of the specimen
is missing, but the bottom portion, a broad, roundish base, is present. The
bit was biconvex in cross section. A second drill (pl. 6j), made of red and
black jasper, is longer and thin; it was probably not completed.

Miscellaneous chipped stone objects:-   Locality 1 yielded a number of

rather unusual and interesting chipped stone objects. Among these are four

pieces of natural quartz crystal. One has been rather crudely flaked into a
sort of projectile point measuring 3.00 x 1.25 cm., having a thickness of

0.6 cm., and weighing 2.4 grams. The crudeness of the flaking is probably a
result of the quality of the material which is very difficult to fracture

evenly. It is worth noting that quartz crystal points were recoved from the
Lehner site in Arizona (Wormington 1957:56; Haury et al. 1959:14-15). Two
of the pieces are larger amorphous specimens which appear to have suffered
some damage as a result of use as scraping or cutting tools. The nature of
the material makes a more accurate diagnosis impossible. One perfect six-
sided crystal was recovered. It has not been modified in any way. Quartz
crystals of this sort were characteristic burial offerings in Early Horizon
graves in Central California. Projectile points of quartz were also made
(Heizer 1949:19-20).

33

One probable pendant of white chalcedony was found (fig. 14d). The

piece was made on a broad, thin primary flake, and consists of little more
than the flake modified by thirteen variably-sized notches placed around
its perimeter.

Two splinters of obsidian (pi. 8r,s) were recovered from Locality 1.
They are unusual, not only for their shape, but also for the fact that

they are remarkably well worn on all edges. No use for the pieces can be

suggested at present. They may be obsidian "bangles" such as those reported
in Central California from Early through Late Horizons (Heizer 1949:24).

Such bangles occur naturally in great abundance in the High Rock Canyon area
to the west. A collection of these was made by R. F. Heizer in August 1962,
and is now in the Lowie Museum of Anthropology.

For the final artifact from the site, no probable use or function can
be suggested either. It is an elongate, subrectangular object (pl. 8u)
made with random pressure flaking on a thin piece of unusually colored

black, pink, and white chert. None of the edges of this rather colorful
piece show any evidence of having been utilized.

Chippage:- Over 1150 grams of chippage, most of it obsidian, was recov-
ered from Locality 1. Many of the pieces may have been incidentally used

as scrapers or cutters. At least three varieties of obsidian -green, black,
and gray- were present in the chippage.

Locality 2

Two hundred yards due southeast of Locality 1, a concentration of arti-
facts were found in an area of similar terrain and plant cover. While not

plentiful, they were roughly equivalent typologically to those from Locality
1, but since the area between the two localities was only sporadically pro-
ductive of surface chippage, it has been decided to designate the second
area of concentration as Locality 2.

Projectile points:- Twenty projectile points or fragments of such (figs.
10j-t,lla-f) were recovered from Locality 2 and subjected to typological

segregation. One Northern Side-notched point of obsidian was present, as

were three Humboldt Concave Base A points. Two of the latter are fragmentary
and made of obsidian, while the whole specimen is of yellow chert. Four

Pinto Square Shouldered and three Pinto Shoulderless points were recovered,
all of obsidian.

Two examples of what were called Milnesand-like points at Locality 1

were found at Locality 2. Unfortunately, like the earlier examples, these

two pieces are only basal fragments. Both are of obsidian and exhibit grind-
ing on both sides, as well as on the flat basal portion.

34

Four basal fragments of Black Rock Concave Base A points, all of obsid-
ian and with grinding present on the sides but not in the basal concavity,
were found.

Three basal fragments (pl. 7x-z) from Lind Coulee type points were found.
Two of these are of obsidian, the third is of chert. All three show grind-
ing on the sides, gradually becoming less obvious towards the base.

Sixteen unidentifiable point fragments, three made of chert, one of basalt,
and the remainder of obsidian, were recovered.

Great Basin Transverse points:- Four probable transverse points were

found at Locality 2. Two of them (pl. 8o,p), while fragmentary, are probably
Type I examples. Both are made of chert. A third fragment (fig. 8q), larger
and cruder, could have been a roughout for the same type of crescent.   The
final piece, also incomplete, is not typeable.

Scrapers:-  Twelve scrapers were collected at Locality 2. One is a nonde-
script obsidian fragment which was heavily used on one side. Another., also
of obsidian, is a re-used stem of a Lind Coulee type point, such as those

described from Locality 1. The remaining ten are of the distinctive crescent

scraper type made on elongate flakes or blades, and more fully described under
Locality 1. One of these pieces is of obsidan, one of basalt, and the rest
are of chert.

TABLE 14

Crescent Scrapers, NV-Hu-22, Locality 2

Length  | Width      Thickness   | Weight   |

LMA No.   1   (cm.)   1  (cm.)  I    (cm.)    |   (gr.)  | Retouch

2-40180       4.0        1.8         0.52     |    2.3      bifacial
2-40173   |   4.5        1.5         0.56         4.6    | bifacial
2-40174   |   4.3        1.5    I    0.50     |   3.7      bifacial
2-40172       3.8        1.4    1    0.60     |    3.3      bifacial

2-40171   |   5.5    |   1.7         0.50     |   7.0    1 unifacial
2-40182   I   3.8        1.2         0.78     |   3.0    | unifacial
2-40176   |   4.3     |  1.8    |    0.50     |   4.9    I unifacial
2-40191   |   3.3        1.2         0.40     1    1.7   | unifacial
2-40444   |   3.5     |  1.9         0 0.30   |   4.3    I unifacial
2-40184   1   4.0     |  2.1    |    0.60     |   4.0    | unifacial

35

Gravers:- Three chert gravers were found, representing two possible
types. The largest is a "keeled" specimen (pl. 8t), obviously complete,
and consists of a thick ovoid base from which projects a keeled "beak"

which served as the engraving end of the implement. The piece shows very
little sign of having been heavily utilized. It is 5.5 cm. long, 2.9 cm.
at its greatest width, 1.2 cm. thick, and weighs 14.1 grams.     The other

two gravers (pl. 6h,i) are smaller, and are the apparently broken tips of

larger pieces. They are little more than flat blades, trapezoidal in cross
section, and retouched along the sides toward a tapering tip.

Debitage:- Sixty-three grams of chippage, thirty-six of it obsidian and
the rest chert, were collected at Locality 2.

Locality 3

One hundred and fifty yards northest of Locality 1 (the central locality
of site NV-Hu-22) lies Locality 3, where a small number of artifacts were
recovered. Four projectile point fragments of an identifiable nature are
included in this collection. One of the point fragments is a Black Rock

Concave Base piece (fig. lOg), one is a Pinto Square Shouldered (fig. lOi),
while the third is an Elko Corner-notched specimen (fig. lOh). The fourth
piece is similar to a Lind Coulee type point except for the fact that the

stem is rectangular and slightly concave at the bottom. Neither the sides

nor the basal concavity of the stem are ground. It is quite like the Alberta
type (Wormington 1957:134), and is illustrated in Plate 8i. All four points
are made of obsidian.

Sixteen unidentifiable fragments of points were found at Locality 3; all
but one, of white chalcedony, were made of obsidian.

Knives:-  Two knives were collected.    One, of basalt (fig. 13g), is made

on a long basalt flake, subtriangular in cross section, and worked unifacially
on one edge. The other, made of chert, is roughly shaped bifacially along
both sides (fig. 13f). This piece may have been a roughout for a smaller
knife, since some cortex remains.    It was fashioned with percussion blows,
leaving a series of hinge fractures along its sides.

Hammerstones:- Four small, roundish core hammerstones were recovered at
Locality 3.  One, of basalt, is the smallest of the four, measuring 6.2 x

5.1 x 1.8 cm. and weighing 68 grams.   The other three are made of chert, the
largest measuring 6.1 x 4.5 x 4.1 cm., and weighing 124 grams.

Locality 4

About 100 yards directly west of the central area of the site lies Locality

36

4h where six projectile points, two knives, and a small core scraper were

collected. One of the projectile points is a stem from a Lind Coulee type
point, ground on both sides. Three of the points are Pinto Square Shoul-
dered, and two are Pinto Barbed.    All six are made of obsidian, and are
shown in Figure llg-l.

One of the knives (fig. 13i) is a small obsidian piece, while the other
(fig. 13h) is made of black chert and is larger, although incomplete.

The core scraper is of gray chert, is relatively small and does not show
extensive use.   It measures 4.3 x 2.8 x 1.9 cm., and weighs 28.4 grams.

Locality 5

Roughly 40 yards north of Locality 4 there rises a slender ridge of

gravel and sand, which runs north-south for a distance of about 70 yards.

The top of the ridge is elevated about 8 feet above the surrounding flats.

At the north end of the ridge, a small concentration of artifacts was found
at an area which has been designated as Locality 5. Thirteen identifiable
projectile points were found here.

Among these were three Rose Spring Corner-notched pieces of obsidian

(fig. 9q-s), one Elko Eared (fig. 9t), and two Elko Corner-notched points

(fig. lOa,b) of obsidian. In addition, there were four Pinto Square Shoul-
dered pieces (fig. lOc-f). Three broken-off stems of Lind Coulee type

points (pl. 7x-z), two of obsidian and one of jasper, were collected. All
of these show grinding on the sides.

One large fragment of a chert knife from Locality 5 is illustrated in

Figure 14a. Two scrapers were found: one, of obsidian, is made on a dis-
coidal flake, slightly retouched on two sides. The other, on a smaller

piece of chalcedony, is more deliberately shaped and may have been hafted,
if the protruding stem can be considered evidence of such. These pieces
are shown in Figure 14b,c).

About 194 grams of assorted small waste flakes of chert and obsidian
were also recovered.

Locality 6

At the south end of the gravel ridge on which Locality 5 is located,

another concentration of artifacts was noted and the spot was designated
Locality 6.

Nine projectile points were found at this locality, all made of obsidian.

37

One is an Eastgate Expanding Stem; three are Pinto Square Shouldered; and

two others are Rose Spring Corner-notched. Three of the points are not of
an identifiable type, although one (fig. 9p) is quite similar to Humboldt
Basal-notched points from Hidden Cave (Roust and Clewlow 1968) and from
site NV-Ch-15, in the Humboldt Sink (Heizer and Clewlow 1968).

One chipped stone punch (fig. 14e) made of white chalcedony and sub-
triangular in cross section was found. Two basalt knife fragments, and
96.7 grams of obsidian and chert chippage, were also collected.

Locality 7

This area is located at the base of the gravel ridge directly beneath
Locality 6. On the basis of lineal distance between the two localities

there is little reason to separate them.    However, since they are divided
by a topographical feature, namely, the gravel ridge, it would appear to
be wiser to consider them as separate localities.

Two Pinto Square Shouldered points, one of obsidian and the other of

chert, were found. Two obsidian Rose Spring Corner-notched and two chert
Desert Side-notched, as well as one obsidian Northern Side-notched pieces,
were collected. All of these points are shown in Figure 9a-g. The final
point from this locality is a probable Gunther Barbed point, illustrated
in Plate 6b.

A slightly damaged Type I Great Basin Transverse point of brown chert,
weighing 3.1 grams and measuring 3.5 x 1.6 x 0.5 cm., was found and is
shown in Plate 8n.

Site NV-Hu-23

Site NV-Hu-23 is a small area, exhibiting surface obsidian refuse, which
is located in the greasewood flats roughly three and one-half miles north-

west of the mouth of Alaska Canyon, which opens from the Jackson Range to the
east of the Black Rock Desert.

Eleven classifiable points were recovered from site NV-Hu-23. Four of

these are Humboldt Concave Base A points (fig. lh-k), while four are Northern
Side-notched (fig. ln-q). One of the pieces is the basal portion of an
obsidian Elko Corner-notched point (fig. lm). A chert fragment of what

appears to be the base of an Elko Eared piece (fig. 11) is also present. The
final point from this site is one which has long tangs on either side of what
appear to be very deep corner notches. Of greenish obsidian, the piece

exhibits very delicate and skillful secondary retouch. For classificatory

38

ease it has been called a Gunther Barbed point, and it is illustrated in
Figure lr and Plate 6a.

In addition to the identifiable points, eleven fragments of projectile

points were found. All the pieces but one were of obsidian, the exception
being of green chert. Seven of the fragments were point tips.

Site NV-Hu-25

The site of NV-Hu-25, which we believe is actually a "quarry" or source

area for natural obsidian, is located about one and one-half miles due south
of the Cordero Mine, near McDermott, in the extreme northern portion of

Humboldt County.   At least three color variations -green, black, and banded
red with black -occur on the sides of the hills which form a sort of natural
amphitheatre at the site area. What appear to be eruption craters are evi-
dent on both rims of the amphitheatre, and probably explain the presence of
obsidian there. Most of the obsidian occurs in small (i.e. walnut-sized)

nodules, but local collectors have pieces the size of grapefuits and coco-
nuts, and it may be safely assumed that large nodules were available there
in aboriginal times.

Over ten pounds of obsidian were collected from the slopes of the hills
immediately behind the present-day mill at Cordero. Most of the obsidian

is in the form of small, natural nodules which weigh an average of 29 grams
each and are roughly 6 cm. in diameter. Most of them exhibit a thin, gray

cortex over their outside surfaces. Some of the nodules are of bottle green
obsidian, and since this color variation is relatively scarce, it may be
suggested that Cordero represents the source of the green obsidian which

shows up in an occasional artifact from the Black Rock Desert, eighty miles
to the southwest.

In addition to the raw obsidian, five obsidian point fragments were re-
covered at site NV-Hu-25. Only one can be identified -as a possible Elko
Corner-notched point (fig. ls).

39

DISCUSSION

Before summarizing the various sites and their significance to the arch-

aeology of the Black Rock Desert area, it will perhaps be of value to review
the data on the projectile point types which have been mentioned in the des-
criptive portion of this report. Projectile points, especially those which
have been defined as horizon markers, are often the most valuable artifacts
for delineating culture history in the Great Basin (Heizer and Baumhoff

1961:123). This is most certainly the case in surface sites such as those
we are dealing with in this report. Fortunately, many of the point types
recovered from the sites described above have at least relative temporal

and cultural significance, and can therefore be of assistance in establish-
ing a tentative, even though sketchy, cultural sequence for the area (cf.
Clewlow 1967:146).

Desert Side-notched points

These small, distinctive triangular points with marked side notches are
common all over North America, and extend at least as far south as the

Valley of Mexico. In the Great Basin they are common in late sites, and

are generally considered to date from 1300 A.D. to historic times (Baumhoff
and Byrne 1959:33,60-61; Heizer and Clewlow 1968; Clewlow 1967; Heizer and
Baumhoff 1961; Lanning 1963).

Gunther Barbed points

This type point is primarily associated with the northwest coast of

California, and with southern Oregon where it is characterized by its exag-
gerated tangs and long, thin, triangular body (Treganza 1958:14; Elsasser
and Heizer 1966: text sections discussing projectile point type 6).

Although it may seem that the specimens from the Black Rock Desert are too

far east of the primary range of the type points in California to be classi-
fied as such, it is argued that there are a number of items in the Black

Rock Desert collections which bear unusual affinities to California materials
(i.e. Borax Lake Fluted points, quartz crystals, and beads of marine shell),
and since our specimens correspond perfectly with Treganza's descriptions,
they have been described as Gunther Barbed types. In California this type

is chronologically equivalent to Desert Side-notched points (Treganza 1958:15).
Rose Spring Corner-notched points

These small, usually well-executed specimens are characterized by a rela-
tively wide variation in side and stem shape (see Heizer and Baumhoff 1961:

123; Lanning 1963:252). The form, however, is centered around a basic corner
notched piece with squarish shoulders or small barbs. These points have been
recovered from the upper levels of stratified sites such as Wagon Jack and

40

South Fork shelters (Heizer and Baumhoff 1961:130; Heizer, Baumhoff and
Clewlow 1968), and are believed to date between 500-1300 A.D. (Lanning
1963:278; Clewlow (1967:144-145).
Eastgate Expanding Stem points

This type is probably a variation of the Rose Spring Corner-notched type,
but with slightly more prominent and broader barbs, and a more pronounced

and wider stem. It is believed to be about the same age as the Rose Spring
points (Heizer and Baumhoff 1961; Lanning 1963).
Elko Eared/Elko Corner-notched points

These largish, well-made points have recently been defined as time-markers
in the Great Basin, and it is fairly certain that they were being used be-

tween 1300 B.C. and 600 A.D. (O'Connell 1967). In appearance they are often
very close to Pinto Barbed, and sometimes Pinto Square Shouldered points,
the difference being that the Pinto types are shouldered and stemmed with

parallel stem tips while the Elko points are more triangular in outline, with
flaring stems (ibid.   131).

Northern Side-notched points

These large, basically triangular points, with broad, deep side notches
and quite large, often flaring and pronounced basal portions, have been

named Northern Side-notched by Gruhn (1961:129-131), who feels that they may
be as old as late Anathermal times in the northern Great Basin. While it is
difficult to accept such an early date for the points in the Black Rock

Desert vicinity without specific stratigraphical proof, it is nonetheless
safe to assume in this study that the type is earlier than the Elko series

points, and may be of early Medithermal age. At Surprise Valley to the west,
Northern Side-notched points apparently are earlier than Elko types in depos-
its at the Menlo site (O'Connell, personal communication). Northern Side-
notched points, also called Madeline Side-notched, precede the Elko series

in the desert sequence of northern California (Baumhoff and Olmsted 1964:10).
Pinto Shoulderless points

Of the three Pinto subtypes represented in the Black Rock Desert area

collections, these large, leaf-shaped pieces with deeply concave or notched

bases are the least well made. Somewhat simple in form, they are distinguished
from Humboldt Concave Base A types, which they often resemble (Clewlow 1967:

144), by their relative crudeness and width. Harrington (1957:51) found them
to be the oldest of the Pinto subtypes at the Stahl site, and feels that
Pinto points from that site in general date from the end of the "Great
Drought," that is, the early Medithermal (ibid., 72).

41

The dating of Pinto points, or, more precisely, the problem of whether
they may be a reliable indicator of Altithermal occupation, is an acute

problem in the archaeology of the Black Rock Desert region. Baumhoff and
Heizer (1965) have pointed out that a paucity of archaeological remains

characterizes the Altithermal temperature age in the Great Basin. In the
Black Rock Desert region, where on typological grounds there is evidence
that man was present in Anathermal times or earlier (cf. Clovis Fluted
points, Great Basin Transverse points), as well as in Medithermal times

through the protohistoric period, the question arises as to whether there
is evidence for an Altithermal occupation in the area. Lister (1953:265)
feels that Pinto type points (stemmed, indented base points) might be an
horizon marker for the period "between the Folsom and recent horizons," a

time span which is of little use in the problem of the Altithermal. Susia
(1964:30-31) has discussed the implications of Pinto assemblages in regard
to the absence of evidence for food grinding, but has not attempted to

further clarify dating of the point type. Wormington (1957:180) believes
that there is no conclusive evidence for their predating the Altithermal,

and notes that these points were common after the dry interval (ibid., 68).
Because no positive evidence has been adduced for granting Pinto points a
date earlier than early Medithermal times in the Lake Lahontan basin, and

since there is.still a great deal of uncertainty for the temporal placement
in other physiographic zones, it appears unlikely that the type would be.
older than 2500-1300 B.C. in the Black Rock Desert, and in the prsent

report they are considered as a post-Altithermal type. Lanning (1963:277-
280) is of the opinion that the Owens Lake Pinto manifestation is likewise

a post-Altithermal one. It is worth noting that Richard Cowan has recently
completed excavation of a stratified site at Barrel Springs (NV-Pe-104) in
the Jackson Range just east of the Black Rock Desert, where occupation

during a long dry period would be much more feasible than in the playa to
the west (see map 1), and he reports no traces of Altithermal habitation
(Cowan, personal communication). Hurt (1966) has pointed out that in the

Northern Plains during the Medithermal, sites were generally located higher
up in the hills, where conditions tend to be more moist, or near permanent
springs. A similar situation would seem likely in the Great Basin if it
had been occupied at all during the long drought.

Pinto Square Shouldered points

Prominent, straight-sided stems with shallow notches or concave bases and
rounded or upward-sloping shoulders characterize this type. It cannot now
be assigned a separate temporal period from other Pinto types, although on

developmental grounds it seems to be transitional between the Sloping Shoul-
der and Barbed types (Harrington 1957:51).

42

Pinto Barbed points

The Pinto Barbed type, which may be a developmental variant of the Square

Shouldered type, is characterized by having more distinctive barbed shoulders,
deeper concavities or notches in the stem bases, and a tendency toward

scalloping or seriation (Harrington 1957:52).   In the Black Rock collections
these pieces seemed to phase into the Elko series and, in some cases, separa-
tion of the two was difficult. It will be of value to ascertain., in a

stratified situation, whether a development from the Pinto Barbed to the Elko
Corner-notched did occur.

Humboldt Concave Base A points

Humboldt Concave Base A points are large, leaf-shaped in outline form,

thick and biconvex in cross section, and with a narrow concave base. They

are named after the Humboldt Lakebed site (NV-Ch-15) where they commonly occur,
but seem to have a wide distribution in the Great Basin (Clewlow 1967:144-145;
Heizer and Clewlow 1968). The author at one time felt that the type might be
temporally equivalent to the Pinto series (Clewlow 1967), but has recently

modified this position and now suggests that the type may predate Pinto points.
Evidence for such a view, aside from the striking similarity of the Humboldt
type to other early leaf-shaped forms, is from the stratigraphic position of
the points in several Great Basin sites. At Hidden Cave, for example, the

four points which were found in Anathermal deposits were all Humboldt Concave
Base A pieces (Roust and Clewlow 1968). Pinto type points at the same site
were limited to Medithermal layers. At Rose Spring, Humboldt points were

found in the deepest depositional layer (Lanning 1963:254), and the specimen
from Wagon Jack Shelter was in a stratigraphically inferior position (Heizer
and Baumhoff 1961:130). Perhaps the difficulty in substantiating this type
as early in the Great Basin is due to the fact that the basic elongate con-
cave base form was used for a long time span, from Humboldt Concave Base A
through Humboldt Concave Base B through Cottonwood Triangular points, with
size and weight of the pieces diminishing as they approach the late prehis-
toric and early protohistoric periods.  Thus, great care must be exercised
in interpreting the age of surface collections in which these points are

abundant. While most of our specimens are probably Medithermal pieces, it
is nonetheless probable that the heavier ones (those over 6 grams) in the
Black Rock Desert area may be somewhat older.

Lind Cou lee type points

The large, well made, stemmed and shouldered points known as Lind Coulee
type points were firmly dated as Anathermal at the type site (Daugherty

1956:259). Since crescentic chipped stone objects (Great Basin Transverse
points) as well as the basal portion of one large concave base point were

also found at Lind Coulee, it is not surprising that similar artifacts occur

43

in surface association with the Lind Coulee points in the Black Rock Desert
area. While a more precise dating of these points may soon be established

(cf. Bryan 1965:172-173; Warren 1967:183), it is sufficient for the purposes
of this study to recognize their Anathermal age.
Milnesand-like points

Milnesand or Milnesand-like points seem to have a sporadic but wide dis-
tribution in North America (Wormington 1957:110-112). While often found in
non-stratigraphic contexts, the type specimens were associated with bison

remains (Sellards 1955). On this basis, as well as on technological similar-
ity to such types as Clovis, Folsom, Midland, and Plainview (Bryan 1965:49),
it seems safe to assign them an Anathermal date in the Black Rock Desert.

Clovis and Borax Lake Fluted points

Only one Clovis point, a basal fragment from site NV-Hu-17, Locality 3,

was found in the Black Rock site survey. Clovis points are quite old in the
Southwest, where they are often associated with elephant remains. Although
some surface finds have been made (Campbell and Campbell 1940; Shutler and
Shutler 1959), Clovis points have not been found stratigraphically in the

Great Basin, and it would be imprecise and unsafe to imply any age greater
than Anathermal for the one surface specimen found at NV-Hu-17.

The Borax Lake Fluted point is interesting in that it bears remarkable

similarities to several of the pieces described by Harrington (1948:63-71).
It is made of obsidian and has distinct scratches or striations scored into
one of the channel areas. These scorings are undoubtedly man-made, and in

fact overlie natural stress lines present in the obsidian. Wormington (1957:
61) has intimated that the original Borax Lake points are not artificially
scored, but possess somewhat pronounced natural stress lines. We have con-
sidered the possibility that this specimen is either a modern fake or an
ancient point from some other locality and alleged to have been found at

site NV-Hu-17.  There is such an abundance of other early types from this

area that we do not believe the genuineness of the piece or its actual recov-
ery at the site can be seriously questioned.   At the same time, we cannot be
certain about these matters.  Later work in the Black Rock area may settle
the question.  The specimen from NV-Hu-17 is very similar to an obsidian

fluted point with striations in the flute channels recently reported from
Washoe County in northwestern Nevada (Richards 1968).

Recent obsidian hydration studies on the original Borax Lake pieces indi-
cate that they may have considerable antiquity (Meighan and Haynes 1968).

44

Black Rock Concave Base points

The point type which has been designated Black Rock Concave Base is only
amenable to very relative dating at this time. While the type seems to be

distinct and recognizable on a formal and technological level, and while its
surface associations are apparently consistent, it is nonetheless unwise to
offer a specific guess as to absolute age until some of the specimens are

recovered stratigraphically. It may be noted that there seems to be a time
difference implied in the horizontal distribution of obsidian versus non-

obsidian specimens of this type. Non-obsidian examples occur primarily in

surface association with crescentic chipped stone objects (Great Basin Trans-
verse points) which may have an antiquity in excess of 7000 B.C. (Tadlock

1966:665). It is of interest that classic early point types such as Clovis,
Folsom, Plainview, and Midland are not made of obsidian. Obsidian examples
of Black Rock Concave Base points, while occurring sporadically at several
of our sites, seem to be associated with point types such as Lind Coulee,

which, while dating to at least 6747 + 400 B.C. (Bryan 1965:173) at the type
site (where they are, incidentally, not made of obsidian), occur less con-

sistently with Great Basin Transverse points at site NV-Hu-22. The obsidian
Lind Coulee type points found at NV-Hu-22 and the obsidian Black Rock Con-

cave Base pieces may be slightly later than the non-obsidian examples found
at the same site. Since all the specimens were recovered from the surface,
any such subtle refinement of age differences is nothing more than pure

guesswork. It seems quite safe, however, to consider the Black Rock Concave
Base points, whether of obsidian or flint, to be Anathermeral in age.
Great Basin Transverse points

Tadlock has published (1966) an interesting discussion of the distribu-
tion, dating, and typological attributes of lunate chipped stone objects

which he calls crescents and which we prefer to label Great Basin Transverse
(GBT) points. These pieces, which are time-markers in the western United

States, are dated by him at either 7000-5000 B.C. or earlier than 7000 B.C.

(ibid. 672-673). They have been found in Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Cali-
fornia, and Washington, but seem to be more prominent in the Great Basin area
where they are usually associated with dry playa lakes or river channels

(ibid., 664). On the basis of 121 crescents studied by him, Tadlock distin-
guishes three types which vary somewhat in size and shape.

The 82 Great Basin Transverse points recovered by us from the Black Rock
Desert area and described above, are congruent with the categories estab-

lished by Tadlock and can be accommodated to his types. As may be seen in

Table 15, the specimens collected by us consist of 44 Type I pieces, 20 Type
II specimens, and 10 Type III examples. Six untyped examples and two rough-
outs were also collected.    In addition to the GBT points which were collected
by the 1966 field party, photographs and measurements were taken at that time

45

of 177 additional examples in private collections in Winnemucca, Fernley,
and Sulphur.  Of these 125 pieces were Type I, 19 were Type II, and 17

were Type III; 16 specimens were not typeable.    In weight, size, and mater-
ial, these points conform to Tadlock's type descriptions and are similar to

the 82 specimens collected by us.   At least 51 of the privately owned speci-
mens (specifically, those in the Mitchell collection at Sulphur) were found

at site NV-Hu-17.  A total of 87 other GBT points, all in private collections
in Winnemucca and Lovelock, were examined by our field party but were not

weighed or photographed.   On the basis of this visual inspection, we believe
that they also conform to Tadlock's descriptive types. What is so interest-
ing about the 264 pieces in private collections which we examined is that
they have all been gathered within the past five years in the area of the

Black Rock Desert which is discussed in this report.    In other words, 346 GBT
points- nearly three times the total reported by Tadlock from the entire

western United States- have recently been collected in one relatively limited
spatial area.  Of these, 122 specimens (71 in our collection, 51 in the

Mitchell collection) come from one site; namely, NV-Hu-17. Such astounding
numbers of a similar artifact, even though found in a non-stratigraphic

context, would seem to warrant some conisideration of their probable function.

A number of persons have published speculations as to the possible use of
crescentic stone objects in western North America.    In the first published
reference to crescents, Wardle (1913:660) suggested their use as surgical

instruments. Since then it has been suggested that they were used as cere-
monial pieces (Rogers 1929:464; 1939; Kidder 1932:34), while others have

felt that they were probably scrapers (Cressman et. al. 1936:35) or cutting
instruments (Cressman 1942:83-85; Gifford and Schenck 1926:86; Daughtery

1956:248-249), or perhaps decorative amulets (Warren 1967:174). In the Old
World, very similar artifacts of flint were used as drill-bits in Egypt

(Singer 1954:193,fig. 117). The author has received various informal sugges-
tions from interested persons who have felt that the Black Rock specimens

were willow cutters, fishhooks, fish-scalers, or fish-gorges.     Unfortunately,
there is no direct associational information available which would afford a
clue to their function.   There is, however, a growing body of indirect evi-

dence which may be utilized in postulating the most probable use for crescents.

Tadlock (1966) notes that crescents appear to be associated with dry playa
lakes, and are probably contemporaneous with the so-called big game hunting
cultures which are characterized by the making of fluted, parallel-flaked,

concave base points.   In addition, chipped crescents are generally character-
ized by their thinness, by being worked bifacially around their entire cir-
cumference, and by an almost complete lack of utility scars on any edge.

The Black Rock collection indicates that considerable numbers of these arti-

facts were in use at some sites, and the distribution of the finds from sites
NV-Hu-17 and NV-Hu-22 seems to indicate a reverse correlation in numbers of

46

crescents to projectile points of the same time horizon; that is, few pro-
jectile points occur at spots where there is an abundance of crescents,
and vice versa. Any discussion of probable function should take these
facts into consideration.

The lack of wear patterns or usage scars is perhaps the most convinc-

ing argument against the idea that crescents were used as scrapers. This
is all the more convincing in view of the fact that a number of crescent-
shaped scrapers were found at the Black Rock Desert sites which showed

use scars and which were produced by a quite different manufacturing process.
These crescentic scrapers seem to be the same age as GBT points. If this is
true, the use of GBT points as scrapers seems all the more unlikely. The

same lack of use scars makes it improbable that the crescents were intended
to perform a cutting function. Moreover, the fact that they are sharply

worked on all edges would make them awkward to use barehanded and difficult
to haft as a cutting implement. Unless we imagine a vast pre-Columbian

medical center on the shores of the Black Rock Desert post-Lahontan lakes,
it is difficult to accept the GBT points as surgical instruments. The

large number of pieces found and the considerable amount of time and energy
which must have been invested in their manufacture make it unlikely that
these points served a ceremonial purpose. The same objection could be
raised to the suggestion of their use as amulets or decorations.

Tadlock (1966:672), in commenting upon the width, length, and weight of

the crescents, suggests that they may have been hafted and used as transverse
projectile points.   This appears to be a very cogent explanation, one which
would also account for the thinness of the pieces. This thinness, required
for proper hafting, explains the manufacturing technique of bifacial, cir-

cumferential, parallel-flake finishing. Any other technique of manufacture
would result in a piece improperly shaped or too thick and heavy for haft-

ing as a projectile point. Nor would one expect to find prominent signs of
wear or use on projectile points. Technologically speaking, the term pro-
jectile point seems most adequate for the pieces.

The question, then, becomes one of inquiry as to what use the so-called
early big game hunters would have for a transverse projectile point, a

weapon tip limited in piercing ability. To begin with, there is increasing
doubt that early hunters relied as heavily upon big game as was previously
thought.  This is particularly true in the Great Basin (Jennings 1966:84),
where no big game economies have been demonstrated archaeologically. What
has been demonstrated for the Great Basin of early times is a diversified
hunting, fishing, and gathering pattern, a pattern in which much smaller
prey, such as water fowl, plays an important part (Daugherty 1956:259;

Warren 1967:182-184). Ethnographically, blunted points used for striking
and stunning, rather than piercing, small game, especially birds, have a

47

wide distribution and are reported for the Great Basin and Central Cali-
fornia in historic times (Steward 1941,fig. 2e; Gayton 1948a,fig. lOd;

1948b:146,219). It does not seem unlikely that stunning points would have
been known to hunters of 7000-5000 B.C. in the Great Basin, and it is here
suggested that the crescentic stone objects under discussion served pre-
cisely this purpose. The wide arc or striking surface of a transverse

point would provide a greater relative margin of permitted inaccuracy in
firing at small game. It is a fact well known to modern ornithologists

(and we can assume the same to have been true of aboriginal hunters) that
birds are easily disabled by the shock of being struck. Unlike many, per-
haps most, other animals, the bird's physiological reaction to a blow is
to immobilize it. Other animals are less prone to being disabled by a

relatively light shock, and the easiest way to secure them is by more direct
means, such as piercing their bodies with a pointed projectile (dart or

arrow). The extensive use of the sling or other pellet-propulsion devices
for bird hunting is another illustration of the particular susceptibility
of avian forms to disablement by a body blow. That primitive hunters are

capable of recognizing specific vulnerabilities of certain animals is abun-
dantly proved, and one could cite the use of plant stupefacients for -secur-

ing fish (Heizer 1953) or the Great Basin hunting technique termed "antelope
charming," which exploits the fatal weakness of these elusive animals -their
curiosity (Steward 1938:34; 1941:218-220; Hopkins 1883:57).

If we assume that these crescentic stunning points were used to secure
waterfowl, then we will have taken a step toward explaining the particular
association of the pieces withnow dry playa lakes in the Great Basin, The

large number of these pieces found in the Black Rock Desert does not conflict
with this interpretation, and the seeming mutual exclusion of conventional

stone projectile points with crescents at a given locality would seem to fit

with the explanation that some areas were favored for waterfowl hunting while
others were more productive of mammalian fauna. Such a pattern is not unusual
in Great Basin hunting patterns of more recent date (Steward 1938). In

Mesolithic Europe, flint transverse or chisel-ended arrow tips used for bird
hunting (and probably other game) are well known (Clark 1952:36), and blunt-
ended wooden arrowheads are attested for Maglemosian sites in Denmark for

shooting birds and small mammals. The bunt or stunning arrow form is also

widely known ethnographically in the New World, being either made in the form
of a wooden knob or consisting of a hollowed-out articular end of an artio-

dactyl tibia and set on the end of the projectile shaft. These latter may be
evidence of the modern perseveration, in a different form, of an ancient
hunting practice.

The limited localities where these crescents are concentrated at the Black
Rock Desert sites represent, in all probability, favored hunting areas for
waterfowl, and the large numbers of crescents at these spots represent the
remains of projectiles that were fired and not recovered.

48

If this interpretation is correct, it would seem likely that the pieces
were hafted in a manner similar to that suggested by Rogers (1929:465) and

shown below. It is suggested that such an interpretation fits the available
evidence better than any other., and in view of this, and in order to avoid

confusion with known ceremonial crescents of different form (see Kidder 1932:

34-35; Riddell 1960:30), it is further suggested that the crescent types first
delineated by Tadlock (1966) be referred to by the name "Great Basin Transverse
points." Thus the distinction between crescents which were probably projectile
points, scrapers which are crescent-shaped but technologically distinguishable,
and ceremonial crescents, could be terminologically justified.

In regard to these distinctions, it would be of interest to know whether

the crescent scrapers were intentionally modeled after the transverse points,
and, if so, if their shape had a particular functional benefit. It would

also be interesting to learn if the three types of transverse points have any
functional, temporal, or geographical distinctions.    Tadlock (1966:672) com-
ments on the apparent absence of Type III crescents in western Nevada, and

quite correctly attributes it to a sampling error. While we collected 10 of
these pieces in 1966 and acquired information and photographs of 17 others,

the proportion is till a small one in the total series of 346 specimens. It
is assumed that future stratigraphical work, hopefully in dry caves, will
illuminate the temporal and functional aspects of Great Basin Transverse
points.

Possible hafting of crescentic blades
in cleft sticks with asphaltum.
(From Rogers 1929:465, fig. 2.)

49

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

As has been mentioned or implied numerous times above, it is unfortunate
that the material artifacts described in the preceding pages were recovered
in a situation which lacked stratigraphical context. However, since many

of the specimens recovered can be assigned to a relative chronological posi-

tion on the basis of typology, and since the general archaeology of the Black
Rock Desert area is relatively unknown, the broad outline of the sequence
there can be suggested on the basis of surface collections.

Similar artifact types, and even similar assemblages, have been found in
widely scattered areas of the Great Basin. Tadlock (1966:664-665) discusses
the distribution of GBT points and notes their occasional association with
early point types such as Folsom and Clovis. Lind Coulee type points have
been noted as present in assemblages with GBT points and Folsom-like points
for many years (Cressman et al. 1936:34-35). The Black Rock assemblages,
while not representing any new artifact types, are important in that they

contain a greater number of typologically early pieces than have heretofore
been recovered in the same area.

Another interesting feature about the cultural materials from the Black
Rock Desert is the long span of time represented in the typologically dis-

tinct artifacts. Not only is the earlier component of the collections well
represented, but the entire Medithermal point sequence (Clewlow 1967), in-

cluding protohistoric types, is also present in sufficient numbers to allow
the assumption that the area has been continuously occupied, except perhaps
during the Altithermal. A whole series of interpretative questions revolve

around the nature of the cultural adaptations in the Great Basin over a long
period of time (Jennings and Norbeck 1955; Jennings 1964). It would appear
from surface reconnaissance that in the Black Rock Desert one might find

evidence of prehistoric populations living there over a long enough period

of time to adequately test the Desert Culture thesis, as well as the Antevs
climatological scheme, in an archaeological setting. Although we found no
sites with stratified depositional sequences of long duration during our

brief survey of 1966, there is no reason to assume that they do not exist.

The area is a large one, caves and rock shelters abound in canyons on either
side of the basin.  We tested over forty such sites, and yet we surveyed

intensively only a small portion of a much larger, promising territory. As
this report indicates, the artifact inventory is such that it is not unwar-
ranted to hope or expect that the area will be productive in the future of
one or more significant stratified sites.

On the basis of the surface archaeology, several observations may be made,
particularly concerning the older material. Table 15 shows the distribution

50

of the various point types by site. As may be noted, the presumed oldest
pieces (i.e. Black Rock Concave Base, Lind Coulee, Borax Lake, Clovis,
Milnesand-like, and Great Basin Transverse points) are found at eleven
localities (Localities 1-6 at site NV-Hu-17 and Localities 1-5 at site

NV-Hu-22).  The single damaged Type I piece from Locality 7, NV-Hu-22, is

not considered significant here. All of these localities lie in the struc-
tural basin which, while now desert, clearly once held a great deal of

water. As all of the early types are of Anathermal age, and since they
seem to occur only in the structural depression once occupied by lake or
marsh, it is reasonable to infer that human activity in the Black Rock

Desert area during the Anathermal centered around the lake or lake-margin,
and was probably focused on hunting of the various mammals and avifauna

there. Although a few fragments of grinding tools were found at site NV-

Hu-17  it is not possible to associate these temporally, with any assurance,
with the Anathermal points. Thus, our evidence does not permit comment upon
possible gathering activities of the early populations. The large numbers

of scrapers present with Anathermal points, however, indicate, in all proba-
bility, hunting-associated activities.

As Table 15 indicates, certain examples of rather late point types are
also found at sites NV-Hu-17 and NV-Hu-22. There are large numbers of

Northern Side-notched, Pinto, and Elko points, dating, we believe, from

the first half of the Medithermal or perhaps earlier. The numbers of these
pieces are small, however, when compared to either the number of early

point types at these two sites, or to the numbers of similar Medithermal
types which are commonly found at surface sites elsewhere in the Great

Basin. This would seem to indicate that the Black Rock Desert basin, while
used to some extent as a hunting and perhaps camping area during the early

Medithermal, was not utilized as extensively as it was during the Anathermal,
when it presumably presented a much wetter, and therefore more favorable,

habitat.  It would seem likely that during the latter part of the Medithermal,
that is, in late prehistoric and early protohistoric times, the actual desert
basin was used even less. Only rare occurrences of Rose Spring or Desert
Side-notched points are noted for these sites. The typical sites of the
final portion of the Medithermal were probably much like site NV-Hu-16.

This site is relatively late, judging from the point types and the Olivella
beads recovered. A few grinding tool fragments occurred at this site, which
was so situated that its inhabitants could utilize the runoff from hot

springs which literally boil forth from the top of the cone at the east side
of the surface scatter.

The association of late sites with springs is a feature which emerges

from our Black Rock Desert survey. Site NV--Hu-'20 (at Buckbrush Springs) is
associated with a natural freshwater seep. Site NV-Hu-21 (to the north)
appears in an area with sufficient calcaeous deposition to warrant the

51

assumption that a mineral water spring was once active there. Sites NV-
Hu-18 and NV-Hu-19 are located at hot springs near Black Rock Point- (see
map 2), and appear to have been camp sites as evidenced by a scatter of

surface chippage. Projectile points from these two sites are in a private
collection in Gerlach, and although a few Elko and Northern Side-notched

specimens are present, the vast majority of over 150 points from each site
are of the Rose Spring Corner-notched or Desert Side-notched variety. This
we take to indicate that the sites are late, and their position is to be

primarily connected with the nearby springs. Thermal springs are common in
the Black Rock Desert area, as well as in the Great Basin generally, along
the borders of the fault block mountains (King 1965:846-847), and it is

probable that later occupants of the area were forced to rely heavily upon
them for potable water. Occupants of earlier sites would have been able to
depend upon the open lake in the basin for water. If this were the case,

it would indicate that the peoples in the Great Basin were lake-oriented in
early times, as well as later (cf. Jennings and Norbeck 1955; Heizer and
Krieger 1956:6; Baumhoff and Heizer 1965:703-704).

Recently an attempt has been made to define the artifact assemblage which
represents the so-called San Dieguito complex (Warren 1967). Crescents, as
well as a variety of scraper types and blades, are included in the defini-

tion, and it is inferred that the San Dieguito complex may represent a sort

of lineal descendant of the cultural expression found at the Lind Coulee and
Five Mile Rapids sites (ibid., 182-184).   While it is true that a number of
San Dieguito type artifacts are present in the assemblages from sites NV-
Hu-17 and NV-Hu-22, there is no reason to believe that the GBT points and
crescentic scrapers were deposited any later in time than the Lind Coulee

and Black Rock Concave Base points with which they are generally associated. The
so-called San Dieguito manifestations do not occur in isolation, and in each
case they are associated with other, and presumably earlier, pieces. Thus,

on the basis of the surface archaeology in the Black Rock Desert area, there
can be seen no evidence for any entity which is identifiable as the "San
Dieguito complex."

At site NV-Pe-104, in the Jackson Range near Barrel Springs, a number of
largish cores, choppers, knife blades, and hammerstones similar to those

described by Warren (1967:174) were recovered at several surface sites, as
well as in a stratified deposit exposed in a dry wash. While their crude

workmanship made them appear to be typologically ancient, extensive excava-
tion at the site in the summer of 1967 by Richard Cowan for the Nevada

Archaeological Survey revealed that the area was a source for the chert from
which the pieces were made. Cowan has shown conclusively that the pieces
were merely quarry blanks of relatively recent age, which were found in

unquestionable stratigraphic association with Elko and Rose Spring points
(Cowan, personal communication). Only one San Dieguito site (the C. W.

52

Harris site in San Diego County, California; Warren 1967) is stratified,

and perhaps due to its very scanty artifact inventory, there is some doubt
as to whether or not it may be a "pre-projectile pointlV station (Jennings
1966:83). Until this situation is more clearly resolved, and in view of
the evidence presented by Cowan's excavations, as well as the Black Rock

Desert surface collections, there would appear little warrant in suggesting
a San Dieguito manifestation in the Black Rock Desert.

A more relevant problem is one which concerns itself with when man first
made his appearance in the Black Rock Desert area. Typologically, some of
the points collected from the area can be argued as indicating an early

Anathermal occupation.   Geological evidence, however, seems to demand that
a more conservative estimate be made. As has been discussed above, the

assemblages which were recovered from the Desert basin show a minimum of

wear due to weathering or water-rolling, and afford no evidence that they

were ever subjected to deep water immersion. Lake Lahontan at its maximum
was between 510-529 feet deep in the area where most of our collections
were made (Russell 1885:32,pl. V), and it seems entirely unrealistic to

assume that ancient man would have had cause to lose his artifacts in the
center of such a deep lake, even if we could explain lack of wear on the
recovered pieces. Morrison's detailed studies (cf. 1961, 1964, 1965) on

Lahontan geology in the Carson Sink have enabled him to arrive at an inter-
pretation which differentiates three late deep-lake periods of progressively
more shallow fill. The first of these Sehoo lake formations was in the
Pleistocene period, as was the middle Sehoo lake (Morrison 1965:277).

Both of these members were also over 4000 feet in surface altitude, and some
100 feet above the Black Rock Desert floor. The late Sehoo lake, however,
reached an altitude of only 3990 feet, or less (ibid. 1964:101), and it is
this lake which would have created the vast, marshy, lakeside situation
into which the present interpretation of the artifact record best fits.

None of the earlier lakes would have afforded a productive ecological zone
in that area, and it is our suggestion that man first moved into the Black
Rock Desert as the middle Sehoo lake receded into the even shallower final
lake manifestation. There is some evidence that a similar initial human

entry date may characterize the Carson Sink area (ibid. 1965:102; Grosscup
1956). Morrison (1965:277) places the date of the middle Sehoo lake reces-
sion in the beginning of the Anathermal. Such a placement is in accord not
only with at least some of the archaeological evidence (Baumhoff and Heizer
1965), but also with four separate radiocarbon dates which date the final
Lahontan maximum at just prior to 9700 years B.P. (Broecker and Orr 1958:
1028). The typological evidence which has been presented above would not
disagree with the 9700 B.P. date.

In short, then.,it is suggested that occupation of the Black Rock Desert

53

by small diversified hunting groups began toward the beginning of the

Anathermal period, probably shortly after 7700 B.C. No archaeological,
typological, or geological evidence known to us argues, at this time,
for an earlier date for the appearance of man in the area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Donna Chong, Kathy Steadman, Hazel Wald,

Steve Frankel, Caleb Cushing, and Ethel Hesterlee, who made up
the crew of the University of California archaeological field

party to the Black Rock Desert in 1966, and to Richard A. Cowan,
who was co-leader of the actual field work. Elaine Greenberg,

Evelyn Seelinger, Mardi Swords, Hazel Wald, and Peter Schireson,
undergraduate students at Berkeley, were of great assistance in
laboratory analysis, cataloguing, and manuscript typing. Lynne
Dole was very helpful and accurate as artist.

Mr. and Mrs. Bobby Dick and Mr. and Mrs. Jim Minola, Jr., of

Fernley, Nevada, were most gracious in permitting the photograph-

ing and recording of their private collections, as were Mrs. Sally
Morris and Mr. and Mrs. R. Mudge of Winnemucca, Nevada. Mr. and
Mrs. Howard Mitchell and family, of Barrell Springs, Nevada, are
due special thanks for sharing with us their hospitality, their

friendship, and their knowledge of the Black Rock Desert area, as
well as for allowing us to study their collection. Mr. Eldridge
Nash, of Winnemucca, was helpful and cooperative in many phases

of the field work. To all these persons I express my deep appre-
ciation.

Most of all, I am indebted to Dr. Robert F. Heizer of the

University of California Department of Anthropology at Berkeley.
It was he who introduced me to the Black Rock Desert, raised the
funds and provided the equipment for the field work, and super-
vised the laboratory analysis and preparation of the present
manuscript.

54

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56

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Accession numbers of those of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology

Figures are shown four-fifths actual size

Point type abbreviations used:

BRCB
DSN
ECN
EE

EES
GB

GBT

Black Rock Concave Base
Desert Side-notched
Elko Corner-notched
Elko Eared

Eastgate Expanding Stem
Gunther Barbed

Great Basin Transverse

HCBA
LC

NSN
PB
PS

PSS

RSCN

Humboldt Concave Base A
Lind Coulee

Northern Side-notched
Pinto Barbed

Pinto Shoulderless

Pinto Square Shouldered

Rose Spring Corner-notched

Figure 1

I          I Length j Width I Thickness I Weight I            I

I LMA No. I (cm.)   I (cm.) I    (cm.)   I (gr.)  I Material I Type

NV-Hu- 16

a.   2-39768
b.    2-39801
c.   2-39767
d.    2- 39766
e.   2- 39769
f. 1 2-39302
g. 1 2- 39785

NV-Hu- 23

h.    2-40508
i. I 2-40505
j. 1 2-40504
k.    2-40503
1.   2-40500
m.    2-40501
n.   2-40507
o.   2-40499
p. j 2-40498
q. I 2-40506
r. | 2-40502

1.97
2.11
2.70
3.47
1.80
1.97
5.76

2.25    I
3.25    1
3.00    1
* 4.50    1

-      I

I

2.75

3.25    1

I
I

1.37
1.23
1.40
1.27
2.10
1.75
3.47

1. 15
1.40
1.70
2.00
3.00
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.25

0.21
0.30
0.29
0.50
0.41
0.40
0.61

0.40
0.30
0.45
0.30
0.45
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.40

0.3
0.9
1.0
1.8
1.4
1.9
15.7

1.4
2.0
2.7
2.0

2.6
2.0
2.4
0.8
1.8

Obsidian

do.
do.
Chert

Obsidian
Chert

Bedded

cher t

Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

RSCN
do.
do.

No type
EES
do.

Knif e tip

HCBA
do.
do.
do.
EE

ECN
NSN
do.
do.
do.
GB

NV-Hu- 25

s. 1 2-40535 1 2.60

1   2.20   1      0.20      1   2.2

I Obsidian I ECN

57

Figure 2

I Length j Width               Thickness | Weight |

LMA No.    (cm.)   | (cm.) |   (cm.)    | (gr.)   | Material   Type
NV-Hu-17, TJ.rcfity

a.   2-39812 | 4.00        1.70 |    0.50    | 3.0     | Obsidian   HCBA
b.   2-39819 |   2.50   |  1.80      0.50    | 1.6     I    do.     PB
c. j 2-39821 |   2.50   |  2.00      0.40    |  1.6    I    do.   j do.
d.   2-39822 |   2.00   |  1.80 |    0.50    | 1.4     i    do.   j NSN
e.   2-39824 | 2.80    |   2.00 |    0.40    | 1.9     I    do.     do.
NV-H4u-17, Locality 2

f. | 2-39859 | 3.10    |  2.20 |     0.55    | 3.0     | Obsidian   PB

g. | 2-39823 |   2.10   |  2.20 j    0.40    |  2.8    |    do      NSN
NV-Hu-17, Locality 3

h.   2-39891 |   2.50   |  2.00 |    0.60    | 2.8     | Obsidian   PB
i.   2-39889     3.00  |  2.00 !     0.30    | 1.7    I     do.     do.
j. | 2-39892 |   1.75  |   2.00 |    0.50    |  1.8    |    do.     do.
k. | 2-39893     1.50   |  2.50 |    0.30    |  1.5    I    do.     EES
1. | 2-39894 |   2.25     2.50 |     0.50    | 2.9     I    do.     NSN
NV-Hu-17, Locality 6

m. | 2-40096 | 3.00     |  2.25 |    0.50    | 2.2       Obsidian   PB
n. j 2-40097 |   2.25   |  1.75      0.50    | 2.0     |    do.     do.
o. j 2-40099 |   2.50   |  2.25 |    0.40    | 2.0     I    do.     do.
p. | 2-40098 | 3.25     |  2.00 |    0.40    | 2.3     |    do.   j do.
q. | 2-40092 | 3.50        2.75 |    0.50    |  2.8    I    do.     do.
r.   2-40093 |   2.50   |  1.75 |    0.40    | 1.7     |    do.     EE

s. j 2-40095 |   2.75   |  2.25 |    0.50    | 2.5     I    do.     do.
t. | 2-40141 |   1.75   |  2.25 |    0.50    | 1.8     I    do.   j NSN
u. | 2-40094 | 3.00     |  1.50 |    0.40    | 1.4     |    do.     do.

Figure 3
NV-Hu-17, Locality 4

a.   2-39996 | 3.50     |  2.50 |    0.50    | 3.7     I Obsidian | PB
b.   2-39968 | 3.25     |  2.50      0.50       2.1    j    do.     do.
c. j 2-39995 | 3.00     |  2.50 j    0.50    | 2.4     |    do.     do.
d. | 2-39959 | 4.00     | 3.00 |     0.50    | 3.8     I    do.     do.
e.   2-40019     2.00      2.00      0.70    | 2.8     I    do.   j do.
f. | 2-39992 |   2.50   |  2.00 j    0.50    | 2.8     I    do.     do.
g. | 2-39984 |   2.75   |  2.10 |    0.60    | 4.1     I    do.    | do.

58

Figure 3 (cont'd.)

1         I Length I Width I Thickness I Weight I        I

I LMA No. j (cm.)   1 (cm.) I   (cm.)   I (gr.)  I Material | Type
NV-Hu- 17, Locality 4

h.

1 .

j.

k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

P.
q.
r.

s.

t.

u.
v.
w.
x.
Y.
z.
a .
b  .

c .
d' .

2-39963
2- 39964
2- 39958
2-39971
2- 39960
2- 39966
2- 39974
2- 39967
2-39991
2- 39962
2-39961
2- 39987
2- 39969
2- 39973
2- 39965
2- 39970
2-40064
2- 39981
2- 39986
2- 39998
2-40000
2-40002
2-40001

2.25
2.75
4.00
2.75
4.00
2.75
3.75
2.75
3.25
2. 50
3.75
2.75
2.25
3.25
3.00
2.50
2.75
2.10
2. 50
4.50
2.75
2.50
2.25

1.75
2.25
2.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
1.50
2.00
2.25
2.25
2.75
1.80
2.00
1.75
2.00
1.80
2.25
1.90
2.30
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75

0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.30
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.65
0.50
0.50

1.1
2.0
3.4
1.7
2.7
1.6
2.7
1.7
2.8
1.8
2.4
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.9
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.8
3.9
3.4
1.8
1.7

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

PB
do.
EE

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
ECN
RSCN
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

HCBA
do.
do.
do.

Figure 4

NV-Hu-17, Local

a.
b.

c.

d.
e.
f.
g-
h.
i.
j.
k.

2- 39988
2- 39978
2- 39977
2- 39989
2- 39979
2- 39985
2- 39990
2- 39976
2- 3 9975
2-40015
2-40010

5.00
3.50
3.00
2.75
3.50
4.25
3.25
3.00
1.75
2.50
1.75

1.60
2.00
2.50
1.80
1.75
2.60
2.00
1.75
2.00
1.00
0.75

0.50
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.30

3. 9
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.4
3.5
2.2
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.3

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NSN
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

59

Figure 4 (cont'd.)

I          I Length I Width j Thickness I Weight I              I

I LMA No. I (cm.)   I (cm.) I    (cm.)    I (gm.)   I Material | Type

1.
ml
n.

O.

P.

2-40012
2-40009
2-39982
2-40003
2-40007

2.25
1.75
3.50
3.70
3.00

1.00
1.25
2.40
2.00
1.50

0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.60

0.8
0.8
3.8
4.5
2.3

Obsidian

do.
do.

Obsidian

do

NSN
do.

No type
do.
do.

Figure 5

NV-Hu- 20

a.   2-40146
b. | 2-40153
c.   2-40148
d. | 2-40150
e. j 2-40145
f. 1 2-40147
g. I 2-40135
h. | 2-40131
i.   2-40132
J. I 2-40136
k. | 2-40129
1. I 2-40140
m.   2-40149
n.   2-40144
o. 1 2-40142
p. 1 2-40126
q. I 2-40125
r.   2-40151
s.   2-40130
t. I 2-40143
u.   2-40127
v.   2-40124
w.   2-40133

1.00
2.25
1.50
2.00
1.75
2.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
2.30
3.25
2.50
2.00
1.00
2.00
3.75
4.25
2.50
4.25
2.00
4.50
3.75
5.75

1.00
1.40
1.50
1.50
1.70
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.50
1.50
2.10
2.00
1.90
2.00
2.10
1. 90
1.60
2.60
2.40
2.10
2.80
2.40
3.00

0.50
0.30
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.60
0.50
0.45
0.90
0.80
0.62
0.60
0.60
0.30
0.43
0.38
0.50
0.30
0.55
0.30
0.50
0.57
0.80

0.9
0.9
1.3
1.8
1.0
3.4
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.4
3.2
2.3
1.8
0.6
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.6
3.3
0.6
4.8
4.7
12.8

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.

HCBA
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
PSS
do.
do.
do.
NSN
do.
do.
ECN
do.
EE
do.

Transitional
No type

Figure 6

NV-Hu- 21

a. | 2-40649 |   1.50   |  1.90
b. 1 2-40648 |   3.25   1  2.00

0.60    1  3.5
0.60    1  3.9

I Obsidian I HCBA
I Lt.gr.ob.1 do.

60

Figure 6 (cont'd.)

I          I Length I Width I Thickness j Weight I            I

I LMA No. j (cm.)   I (cm.) 1    (cm.)   | (gr.)   | Material I Type

NV-Hu- 21

c.   2-40632
d.   2-40631
e.   2-40623
f.   2-40626
g.   2-40633
h.   2-40635
i. j 2-40624
j.   2-40627
k.   2-40630
1.   2-40634
m.   2-40625
n. 1 2-40629
o.   2-40628
p.   2-40622
q.   2-40644
r.   2-40643
s.   2-40639
t.   2-40641
u.   2-40647

2.75
4.00
2.75
2.25
3.50
3.25
2.50
3.50
4.00
3.00
3.75
2.50
3.75
4.50
3.00
2.25
2.75
2.75
3.00

2.25
2.00
1. 75
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.25
2.50
1.75
2.25
2.00
1.75
2.25
2.25
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

0.40
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.42

2.1
4.7
1.6
3.6
4.6
2.2
2.2
3.4
2.5
2.2
4.5
1.6
3.4
4.0
2.7
1.4
2.3
2.8
2.1

I Obsidian I

do.     I
do.     I
I     do.     I

do.     I
do.

I     do.     I
I     do.     I

do.
do.

I     do.     I
i     do.     I

do.     I
do.     I
I     do.

I     do.     I

do.     I
I     do.     I
I    White    I
|chalcedonyl

NSN
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

RSCN
do.
do.
do.
EES

Figure 7

NV-Hu-22, Locality I

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

j .
i -
k.
1.
m.
n.

2-40229
2-40210
2- 40254
2-40215
2-40242
2-40209
2-40243
2-40451
2-40240
2-40247
2-40245
2-40220
2-40241
2-40253

5.00
3.25
2.75
2.50
2.75
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.50
2.50
2.25
3.00
2.00
2.50

2.50
2. 50
1.80
2.40
2.30
2.60
2.00
2.50
2.60
2.50
2.70
1.80
1.40
1.90

0.50
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.80
0.60
0.40

3.4
3.7
1.9
2.5
1.5
2.0
1.8
3.0
3.4
1.5
1.9
3.0
2.0
1.5

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

I PB
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido.
Ido

61

Figure 7 (cont'd. )

I          I Length I Width I Thickness I Weight f              I

I LMA No. j (cm.)      I (cm.) j  (cm.)   I (gr.)   I Material I Type

0.

p.
q.
r.

s .

to

2- 40 2 27
'-4lu)1 1.
2-4021 9
2-402 12
2-40222
2-40214

4.25

.715
3.75
2.50
2. 75
3.50

2.10
1.60
2.40
2.20
2.50
2.50

0.60
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.50

4.4
1.6
3.3
2.9
3.6
3.7

Chert    I
Obsidian I
Gr. jasper|
Obsidian I

do.   I
do.   I

PSS
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Figure 8

NV-Hu-22, LocaLity I

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i .
i
k.
1.
m.
no

0.

P.

2- 40228
2- 40236
2-40225
2-40213
2-40205
2-40218
2-40248
2-40231
2-40233
2-40418
2-40272
2-40417
2-40397
2- 40274
2-40273
2-40267

4.50
2.50
2.75
2.00
2.75
2.75
2. 25
2.75
3.00
2.25
2.25
2.75
1.50
1.75
2.50
3.25

2.40
1. 90
2.10
1.90
2.30
2.30
1.50
1.70
2.00
2.40
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.90
1.40
1. 90

0.50
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.50
0.60
0. 50
0.50
0.50
0.70
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.70
0.50
0.50

4.3
1.7
2.9
1.3
2.2
2.5
1.4
1.6
2.0
3.2
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.6
2.7

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Cher t

Obsidian

do.
do.

PSS
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

HCBA
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Figure 9

NV-Hu- 22, Locality 7

a. | 2-40525 |   2.50
b. | 2-40528 |   2.50
c. 1 2-40514 1   2.30
d. | 2-40528 1   2.50
e. | 2-40511 |   2.80
f. 1 2-4051 2 1  2.80
g. 1 2-40513 1 4.80

1.70
2.80
1.20
1.80
1.00
1.50
1.80

0.70
0.50
0.40
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.50

2.3
2.2
0.6
2.2
0.6
0.8
2.2

Chert

Obsidian

do.
do.
Chert

do.

Obsidian

PSS
do.

RSCN
do.
DSN
do.
NSN

62

Figure 9 (cont'd.)

I         I Length I Width I Thickness I Weight I

| LMA No. | (cm.)  I (cm.) I   (cm.)   I (gr.)  I Material I Type
NV-Hu-22, Locality 6

h.
i.
is
k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

P.

2-40515 I
2-40519 I
2-40518 1
2-40520 1
2-40449

2-40448 1
2-40516

2-40517 1
2-40523 1

2.00
3.30
3.50
3.00
3.80
3.50
2.50
2.00
5.00

2.20   1
2.50
2.00
2.50
2.00

1.20   1
1.20   1
1.30   1
2.40   1

1.50   I
1.30   1
1.50   I
1.50   I

0.40
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.90
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60

1.4
2.6
2.7
3.3
5.3
1.9
0.7
0.8
6.2

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do

do.
do.

I

1.
1.
1.
1.
I.
I
I
I

EES
PSS
do.
do.

No type
do.

RSCN
do.

No type

NV-Hu-22, Locality 5

q. 1 2-40250 1 2.50
r. j 2-40251 | 2.30
s. 1 2-40453 1 2.50
t. 1 2-40237 1 3.50

0.40
0.40
0.40
0.50

0.8
0.7
1.0
2.2

I Obsidian I

do.   I
I Chalcedony I
I Obsidian I

RSCN
do.
do.
EE

Figure 10

NV-Hu-22, Locality 5

a. j 2-40464 I 1.50
b.   2-40454    2.70
c. f 2-40208 I 2.50
d. | 2-40217 | 2.50
e.   2-40206 | 3.00
f. f 2-40244 1 1.80
NV-Hu-22, Locality 3

g. I 2-40486 I 2.75
h.   2-40460    2.00
i. 1 2-40452 I 2.75
NV-Hu-22, Locality 2

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.20
2.40

2.80
2.20
2.10

0.20
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50

0.70
0.50
0.50

0.9
2.0
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.5

2.5
2.0
2.1

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do

Obsidian

do.
do.

I ECN
Ido.
I PSS
Ido.
Ido.
Ido

IBRCB
| ECN
1- PSS

INSN
I PSS
| do.
| do.

i-
k.
1.
m.

2-40 238
2-40239
2-40230
2-40224

4.50
3.00
3.00
3.00

0.60
2.30
2.00
2.80

2.10
0.40
5.00
0.57

4.5
2.9
2.4
4.8

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.

63

Figure 10 (cont'd.)

Length J Width I Thickness I Weight I

I LMA No. I (cm.)  I (cm.) I  (cm.)  | (gr.)  I Material I Type

NV-Hu-22, Locality 2

n. | 2-40216 | 3.00
o. 1 2-40434 1 3.25
p  1 2-40389 1 3.25
q. 1 2-40394 1 2.00
r. | 2-40391 | 2.00
s. 1 2-40390 1 2.25
t. 1 2-40395 1 1.75

2.40
0.70
0.70
2.20
1.80
0.50
2.00

0.57
2.10
2.10
0.49
0.50
2.50
0.50

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

4.8
4.7
5.3
1.9
1.4
3.4
1.4

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

PSS

Mi lnesand
do.

BRCB
do.
do.
do.

Figure 11

NV-Hu-22, Locality 2

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2-40392
2-40393
2-40263

2-40265
2-40264
2-40266

2.00
1.80
7.80
2.70
5.00
4.00

1.60
1.90
1.90

1.85
1.90
1.70

2.00
1.90
2.90
1.70
2.00
1.80

0.40
0.50
0.70

0.60
0.60
0.80

0.50
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.30
0.60

1.6
1.7
10.2

4.1
5.7
4.0

2.6
2.7
2.6
1.7
0.9
2.7

Obsidian

do.

Yellow
chert

Obsidian

do.
do.

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

HCBA
do.
do.
PS
do.
do.

PSS
do.
do.
PB
do.
LC

NV-Hu-22, Locality 4

g. 1 2-40235 1 2.60
h. | 2-40223 | 3.40
i. 12-40246 1 2.40
j. 12-40234 1 3.00
k. |2-40256 | 1.90
1. 12-40293 1 1.90

NV-Hu- 21

m.
n.

0.

P.
q.
r.

2-40640
2-40636
2-40642
2-40645
2-40638
2-40637

3.50
3.00
3.75
3.00
2.75
3.50

2.00
2.25
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.75

0.60
0.45
0.40
0.60
0.60
0.50

3.9
1.9
2.2
3.4
3.3
3.6

Obsidian

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

ECN
do.
do.
do.
EE
do.

64

Figure 12

I LMA No.      I                                 Site

a.     I
b.     I
C.     I
d.     I
e.     I
f.     I
g.     I
h.     I

i.     I

iJ-

k.     I

2-40086   1
2-39782   1
2-40663   1
2-40665

2-40655   1
2-40656   1
2-40657

2-40658   1
2-40373   1
2-40381

2-40376   I

Basalt knife          I   NV-Hu-17, Loc. 4
Chert punch           |   NV-Hu-16
Laminar chert knife   I   NV-Hu-21

do.                 I      do.
End scraper           I      do.

do.                 I      do.
do.                 I      do.
do.                 j      do.

do.                 I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1
do.                 I      do.
do.                 |      do.

Figure 13

a.   I
b.   I
C.   I
d.   I
e.   I
f.   I
g.I
h.   I
i.   I

2-40410   |   Knife
2-40348   |   Blade
2-40353   |     do.
2-40375   |     do.
2-40441   |     do.
2-40483   |   Knife
2-40496   |     do.
2-40429   |     do.
2-40371   |     do.

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1
1      do.
I      do.
I      do.
I      do.

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 3
1      do.

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 4
I      do.

Figure 14
a.  |   2-40476   |   Knife

b.  |   2-40530   |   Scraper

c.  |   2-40374   j   Core scraper

d.  |   2-40198   |   Possible pendant
e.  |   2-40469   |   Punch

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 5
1      do.
I      do.

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1
I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 6

65

Plate 1

I   LMA No.   j   Type                   I      Site

a.    I
b.    I
C.    I
d.    I
e.    I
f.    I
g.    I
h.    I
i.    I
j     I
k.    I
1.    I
m.    I
no    I
o.    I
P.    I
q.    I
r.    I
s.    I
t.

2-39818
2-39838
2-39837
2-39846
2- 39839
2-39844
2-39849
2- 39836
2- 39832
2- 39847
2- 39833
2- 39840
2- 39857
2- 39850
2- 39835
2- 39867
2-39866
2-39872
2- 39873
2- 39871

BRCB

GBT Type I
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

GBT Type III
do.

Untyped fragments
do.

Roughout

GBT Type III
GBT Type II
do.

Obsidian bipoint
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 2

do.
do.
do.
do.

Plate 2

a.      2-39881   |
b.  |   2-39869   l
c.     2-39880
d.  |   2-39876
e.  j   2-39868
f.  1  2-39886
g.  I   2-39883

h.  |   2-39875   l
i.  I  2-39882
1. I   2-39913

k.      2-39907   l
1. I   2-39909

m.      2-39908   l
n.     2-39910    |
o.  j  2-39905
p.     2-39906

q.  I  2-39911    I
r.  |uncatalogued I
s. 1   2-39912    1

GBT Type I
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

BRCB
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Borax Lake Fluted
Clovis

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 2

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 3

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

66

Plate 3

|  LMA No.   I  Type                 I  Site

a.
b.

C.

d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
JI
k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

P.
q.
r.

s.

t.

U.
V.

2-39952
2-39923
2-39225
2-39950
2-39939
2-39935
2-39953
2-39928
2-39929
2-39930
2-39919

2-39933   I
none

2-39934
2-39931
2-39949
2-39926
2-39943
2-39951
2-39937
2-39945
2-39938

GBT Type I

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

GBT Type II

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

I   NV-Hu-17, Loc. 3
1.     do.

do.
1.     do.

do.
I      do.

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
I      do

do.
I      do.

Plate 4

a.    I
b.    I
C.    I
d.    I
e.    I
f.

g.     I
h.     I
i.    I

j.    I

k.     I
1.    I
m.     I
n.    I
0.     I
P.    I

2-39954   I
2-39936   I
2-39947   I
2-39942  I
2-39921   I
2-39924   I
2-39940   I
2-40049   I
2-40048   I
2-40052   I
2-40047   I
2-39920   I
2-40089  I
2-39932   I
2-40090   I
2-40091   1

GBT Type III

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

GBT Type I

GBT Type II

do.
do.

GBT Type I

do.

GBT Type II

do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 3

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 4

do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 5

do.
do.
do.
do.

6:7

Plate 4 (cont'd.)

I   LMA No.     I   Type                      I   Site

q.I
r.I
SII
t,

U.I
V.I

2-40111
2-40108
2-40112
2-40107
2-40113
2-40115

GBT Type I

do.
do.

GBT Type II
Untyped

do.

I   NV-Hu-17, Loc. 6

do.
do.
do.
1.     do.
I      do.

Plate 5

a.
b.

C.

d.
e.
f.
go
h.
i.

k.
1.
m.
n.

0.

P.
q.
r.

S.

t.

U.
V.
w.

x.
Y.
z.

2-39834
2-39843
2-39842
2-39841
2-39845
2-39848
2-39874
2-39877
2-39885
2-39870
2-39878
2-39941
2-39944
2-39922
2-40110
2-40108
2-40106
2-40186
2-40166
2-40177
2-40168
2-40167
2-40169
2-40165
2-40357
2-40160

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Crescent scraper

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 2

do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 3

do.
do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 6

do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-20

Plate 6

a.  |   2-40502    |   GB
b.  |   2-40521    |   do.

I   NV-Hu-23

I   NV-Hu-22, Loc. 7

68

Plate 6 (cont'd.)

I   LMA No.   I   Type                  I  Site

C.    I

d.    I
e.    I
f.

g.    I
h.    I
i.    I

j.I

k.    I
1.    I

2- 39997
2-39994
2-40200
2-40410
2-40650
2-40367
2-40195
2-40201
2-40194
2-39918

GB
do.

Graver
do.

Chert knife base
Graver
do.

Drill
do.
do.

NV-Hu- 17, Loc. 4

do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.

NV-Hu-21

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 2

do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.

NV-Hu-17, Loc. 3

Plate 7

a.    I
b.    I
C.    I
d.    I
e.    I
f.

g.    I
h.    I
i.    I
i.    I

k.    I
1.    I
m.    I
n.    I
0.    I
P.    I
q.    I
r.    I
s.    I
t.    I
U.    I
v.    I
w.    I
x.    I
Y.    I
z.    I
a'.
b'.

c'.    I

2-40285
2-40287
2-40286
2-40284
2-40347
2-40288
2-40322
2-40301
2-40349
2-40323
2-40321
2-40300
2-40415
2-40334
2-40314
2-40305
2-40343
2-40313
2-40310
2-40436
2-40331
2-40336
2-40308
2-40326
2-40304
2-40325
2-40333
2-40291
2-40346

LC
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Parallel-sided stems
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Tapered stems
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

LC base
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 2

do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 5

do.
do.

69

Plate 8

I  LMA No.    I  Type                  I  Site

a, .

b.    I
C.    I
d.    I
e.    I
f.    I
g.    I
h.    I
i.    I
k.    I
1.    I
m.    I
n.    I
0.    I
P.    I
q.    I
r.    I
s.    I
t .

u.    I

2-40270
2-40268
2-40271
2-40419
2-40279
2-40276
2-40277
2-40275
2-40487
2-40179
2-40190
2-40192
2-40181
2-40529
2-40175
2-40365
2-40356
2-40369
2-40196
2-40193
2-40197

BRCB
do.
do.
do.

Mi lnesand-like
do.
do.
do.

Alberta
GBT
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Roughout

Obsidian bangle
do.

Graver
Knife

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 3
NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.
do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 7
NV-Hu-22, Loc. 2

do.
do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

do.

NV-Hu-22, Loc. 2
NV-Hu-22, Loc. 1

70

411K

a

b

c

d

e

f

?

h                 i                j                k                1

I

6 1

%* 6

2

p

m

r

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q

0

Figure 1

71

a

b

d

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0                1

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c

f               g

h                i

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CIT

k

m

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p               q

u

r                    S

t

Figure 2

72

a

b

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.- - ~. -,

c

d

e

f             g

h

i                   j

, I6

n

k
q

w

m

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p

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C

r

s

u

x           Y

z

a'

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I .

co                   d'

Figure 3

73

a

c

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b

d

e

f

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h

I I

,

I                                         I

I                                            I

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I    k

k

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I     I

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m

n

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p

Figure 4

74

63-

a
g

?7n

b

Q

c

d

L

e                 f

h

k

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I -c

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p

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11

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I

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Fi gure 5

75

a        b          c       d           e
g         h          i         j         k

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m           n         o           p

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q         r        a        t              u

f

1

Figure 6

76

a

b

U

C

d                 e

/ f

0

I

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i

j

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43

k

r

n

5

0

p

t

Figure 7

77

a

f

b

c

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I

d                e

k

i                 0
n                  o

p

Figure 8

78

I

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k - - --jd

a                  b

c

e

II,

I -

g

i

j

f

h

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I A

k

n

0

0J

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p

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Figure 9

79

e - - -)

a

I                    I

b               c

d

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g

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,-

k

l           lI

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q

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m

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Figure 10

80

a
f

b

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n[

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n

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Figure 11

81

c

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Figure 12

82

a

b

c

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Figure 13

83

b

e

d

Figure 14

84

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X X

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-

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W. -
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t

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I.    !   :. .J                   ' '16si

Plate 1

a  ;0t 80 g200i$i-i  Ef      0t;-;-t   99||||i

&             a                 1'-zj:. :-X 8s  sSX,g|| l ' -

9:
,9

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aS:

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f

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Plate 2

85

a

b

C

d

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h

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n

1

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s

p

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t

*>  i.  .3t  :   - *  *  sy t 3

Plate 3

d

e

b

C

h

g

i

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NONWW'      1        m

e? " "'

II

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?i

rmP

} 4     :4   2  X 0  4  5  0 14  0

36 .s3   It Y   1  it

2 r    Plat      t

Plate 4

86

a    bcde

'    7iEr's        'I,

qEr q*p: nqrppq

T'         7  ,

r          : U  t -

:2     4  4         20  0

Plate 5

a - - b  cd   et

?

k

V

...

I  I a

,.?:AO

1

&

.   h   i

k

J

30   20

Plate 6

a

i

qi

S

87
Plate 7

j,..,iiiUU-"EiI

c4 2  2  o 4 d l  e4  f   &

0* **?

a

Plate 8

88

B IBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations Used

AA
Mn
APS
BAE
CIEW
ISC]
SWM
UC

ci

-A

American Anthropologist
t       American Antiquity

American Philosophical Society
-P         Proceedings

Bureau of American Ethnology
-B         Bulletin

Carnegie Institute of Washington
-P         Publication

M       Idaho State College Museum

-OC       Occasional Papers

Southwest Museum
-M         Masterkey
-P         Papers

University of California

AR         Anthropological Records

ASR        Archaeological Survey Report

PAAE       Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
PL         Publications in Linguistics

Baumhoff,

1959

M. A. and J. S. Byrne

Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California.
UCAS-R 48:32-65, Berkeley.

Baumhoff, M. A. and R. F. Heizer

1965    Postglacial Climate and Archaeology in the Desert West. In

H. E. Wright, Jr. and David G. Frey, The Quaternary of th9
United States, 697-707. Princeton University Press.

Baumhofff, M. A. and D. L. Olmsted

1964    Notes on Palaihnihan Culture History:  Glottochronology and

Archaeology.  UCPL 34:1-12.

Bennyhoff, J. A. and R. F. Heizer

1958    Cross-Dating Great Basin Sites by California Shell Beads.

UCAS-R 42:60-92, Berkeley.

Broecker, W. S. and P. C. Orr

1958    Radiocarbon Chronology of Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville.

Bull. Geological Soc. of America, 69:1009-1032.

89

Bryan, A. L.

1965 / Paleo-American Prehistory. ISCM-OC No. 16, Pocatello.

Campbell, E. W. G. and W. H. Campbell

1937    The Lake Mohave Site, in The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake

Mohave. SWM-P 11:9-32.

1940    A Folsom Complex in the Great Basin. SWM-M 14: 1:7-11.

Clark, J. G. D.

1952    Prehistoric Europe: The Economic Basis. London: Methuen.

Clewlow, C. W., Jr.

1967    Time and Space Relations of Some Great Basin Projectile Point

Types. UCAS-R 70:141-149, Berkeley.

Cressman,

1942

L. S.

Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin.
CIW-P 538.

Cressman, L. S., R. J. Back, J. V. Berreman, H. S. Stafford, F. Hoffstead

and C. Reynolds

1936    Archaeological Survey of the Guano Valley Region in Southeastern

Oregon. Univ. of Oregon Monographs, Studies in Anthrop., No. 1.

Daugherty,

1956

R. D.

Archaeology of the Lind Coulee Site, Washington. APS-P 100: 3:
223-278.

Elsasser, A. B.

1958    The Surface Archaeology of Site 26-Pe-5, Pershing County,

Nevada. UCAS-R 44:26-51, Berkeley.

Elsasser,

1966

A. B. and R. F. Heizer

Excavation of Two Northwestern California Coastal Sites.
UCAS-R 67:1-149, Berkeley.

Fremont, J. C.

1845    The Exploring Expedition to.the Rocky Mountains in the Year

1842, and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843-1844.
Washington, D.C.

Gayton, A. H.

1948a   Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography, I. UC-AR 10: 1.

1948b   Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography, II. UC-AR 10: 2.

90

Gi f ford, E. W. and W. E. Schenck

1926    Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley.  UC-PAAE

25:1-122.
Grosscup, G. L.

1956    The Archaeology of the Carson Sink Area. UCAS-R 33:58-64.

Gruhn, Ruth

1961

The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave, South Central Idaho.
ISCM-OC No. 6, Pocatello.

Harrington, M. R.

1948    An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California.  SWM-P No. 16.
1957    A Pinto Site at Little Lake, California.  SWM-P No. 17.
Haury, E. W., E. B. Sayles and W. W. Wasley

1959    The Lehner Mammoth Site, Southeastern Arizona. AAnt 25: 1:2-30,
Heizer, R. F.

1942    Massacre Lake Cave, Tule Lake Cave, and Shore Sites.  In L. S.

Cressman, Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin.
CIW-P 538:121.

1949    The Archaeology of Central California, the Early Horizon.

UC-AR 12: 1:1-84, Berkeley.

1953    Aboriginal Fish Poisons. BAE-B 151, Paper 38.

Heizer, R.

1961

Heizer, R.

1968

Heizer, R.

1956

Heizer, R.

1968

F. and M. A. Baumhof f

The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County,

Nevada: I. Wagon Jack Shelter. UC-AR 20:119-149, Berkeley.

F. and C. W. Clewlow, Jr.

Projectile Points from Site NV-.Ch-15, Churchill County, Nevada.
UCAS-R 71:59-88, Berkeley.

F. and A. D. Krieger

The Archaeology of Humboldt
UC-PAAE 47: 1, Berkeley.

Cave., Churchill County, Nevada.

F., M. A. Baumhoff and C. W. Clewlow, Jr.

The Archaeology of South Fork Shelter (NV-El-11), Elko County,
Nevada. UCAS-R 71:1-58, Berkeley.

Hopkins, S. W.

1883    Life Among the Piutes:  Their Wrongs and Claims. Boston.

91

Hurt, W. R.

1966    The Altithermal and the Prehistory of the Northern Plains.

Quaternaria, VIII:101-114, Rome.
Jennings, J. D.

1964    The Desert West.  In J. D. Jennings and E. Norbeck, eds.,

Prehistoric Man in the New World. University of Chicago Press.
1966    Early Man in the Desert West. Quaternaria, VIII:81-89, Rome.
Jennings, J. D. and E. Norbeck

1955    Great Basin Prehistory:  A Review. AAnt 21: 1:1-11.

Kidder, A. V.

1932    The Artifacts of Pecos. Yale University Press.

King, Philip B.

1965    Tectonics of Quaternary Time in Middle North America. In

H. E. Wright, Jr. and D. G. Frey, The Quaternary of the United
States, 831-870. Princeton University Press.

Lanning, E. P.

1963    Archaeology of the Rose Spring Site, Iny-372. UC-PAAE 49:

237-336.

Lister, Robert

1953    The Stemmed, Indented Base Point, a Possible Horizon Marker.

AAnt 18: 3:264-265.

Meighan, C. W. and C. Vance Haynes

1968    New Studies on the Age of the Borax Lake Site. SWM-M 42:4-9.

Morrison,

1961

Roger B.

Lake Lahontan Stratigraphy and History in the Carson Desert

(Fallon) Area, Nevada. Geological Survey Professional Paper
424D:Dlll-D114, Washington, D.C.

1964    Lake Lahontan: Geology of Southern Carson Desert, Nevada.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 401, Washington, D.C.

1965    Quaternary Geology of the Great Basin. In H. E. Wright, Jr.

and D. G. Frey, The Quaternary of the United States, 265-285.
Princeton University Press.
O'Connell, James F.

1967    Elko Eared/Elko Corner-Notched Projectile Points as Time Markers

in the Great Basin. UCAS-R 70:129-140, Berkeley.

92

Paden, Irene D.

1949    Prairie Schooner Detours. New York.

Ragir, S.

1966

Richards,

1968

and J. Lancaster

Analysis of a Surface Collection from High Rock Canyon, Nevada.
UCAS-R 66:1-36, Berkeley.
Brian

A Clovis Point from Northwestern Nevada. Nevada Archaeological
Survey Reporter, 2: 3:13-14.

Riddell, F. A.

1960    The Archaeology of the Karlo Site (Las-7), California.

UCAS-R 53, Berkeley.

Rogers, M. J.

1929    The Stone Art of the San Dieguito Plateau.   AA 31: 3:454-467.
1939    Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado

River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers, No. 3.

Roust. N.

1968

L. and C. W. Clewlow, Jr.

Projectile Points from Hidden Cave (NV-Ch-16), Churchill County,
Nevada. UCAS-R 71:103-116 , Berkeley.

Russell, I. C.

1885    Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of

Northwestern Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph 11.

Sellards,

1955

E. H.

Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New
Mexico. AAnt 20: 4:336-344.

Shutler., M. E. and Dick Shutler, Jr.

1959    Clovis-Like Points from Nevada. SWM-M 33:30-32.

Sinclair, W. C.

1963    Ground Water Appraisal of the Black Rock Desert Area of North-

western Nevada. Ground-Water Resources Reconnaissance Series
Report 20, Nevada Dept. Conservation and Natural Resources,
Carson City.

Singer, Charles J.

1954    The History of Technology, Vol. 1. From Early Times to the

Fall of Ancient Empires. Oxford.

93

Steward, J. H.

1938    Basin -Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups.    BAE-B 120.
1941    Culture Element Distributions:   XIII, Nevada Shoshone.

UC-AR 4: 2.

Suhm, D. A. and E. B. Jelks

1962    Handbook of Texas Archaeology:   Type Descriptions.   Austin.

Susia, M.

1964

Tadlock, 1

1966

Treganza,

1958

L.

Tule Springs Archaeological Surface Survey. Nevada State
Museum Anthrop. Papers, No. 12. Carson City.
J. L.

Certain Crescentic Stone Objects as a Time Marker in the
Western United States. AAnt 31: 5:662-675.
A. E.

Salvage Archaeology in the Trinity Reservoir Area, Northern
California. UCAS-R 43, Berkeley.

1959    Salvage Archaeology in the Trinity Reservoir Area, Northern

California; Field Season 1958. UCAS-R 46, Berkeley.

Wardle, H. N.

1913    Stone Implements of Surgery from San Miguel Island,

California. AA 15:656-660.

Warren, C. N.

1967    The San Dieguito Complex:    a Review and Hypothesis.

AAnt 32: 2:168-185.

Wendorf, F. and A. D. Krieger

1959    New Light on the Midland Discovery.    AAnt 25: 1:66-78.

Wendorf, F., A. D. Krieger, C. C. Albritton and T. D. Stewart

1955    The Midland Discovery.   University of Texas Press, Austin.

Wormington, H. M.

1957    Ancient Man in North America.    Denver.