ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUM-67, THE GUNTHER ISLAND SITE IN HUMBOLDT BAY, CALIFORNIA Robert F. Heizer and A. B. Elsasser CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . 7 STUART'S EXCAVATIONS AT SITE HUM-67 . . . 9 Description of site . . . . . . . 10 Disposal of the dead . . . . . . . 10 Stuart's graves 1 to 141 . . . . . . 15 ARTIFACTS RECOVERED Objects of chipped stone Obsidian blades . 24 Obsidian knives . . . 24 Flint knives . . . . . . . 24 Projectile points . . . . . . . 25 Scrapers . . . . 25 Drills . . 25 Ground stone artifacts Pestles. . . . . . . . . 26 Mauls . . . . . . . . . 26 Adze handles. . . . . . . . 26 Sinkers. . . . . . . . . 26 Stone bowls . . . . . . . . 27 Zooform clubs . . . . . . . 27 Flat stone clubs . . . . . . . 29 Slate knife(?) . . . . . . . 29 Tubular steatite pipes . . . . . . 29 Baked clay objects Figurines . . . . . . . . 30 Tubular clay pipes . . . . . . 30 Clay balls . . . . . . . . 30 Bone and antler objects Antler and bone wedges . . . . . . 31 Barbed harpoons, toggle harpoons and spears . 31 Bone fishhooks . . . . . . . 31 Bone awls and perforated needles . . . . 32 Hairpins and headscratchers . . . . . 32 Bone ornaments . . . . . . . 32 Undecorated bone objects . . . . . 33 - 5 - 6 Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments . 33 Dentalia beads . . . 34 Olivella beads 34 Vegetal material . . . 34 Miscellaneous material . 34 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . 35 TABLE 1: Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 1 -27 . a . . . . 36 Graves Nos. 28- 54 . . 42 Graves Nos. 55 - 81 48 Graves Nos. 82 -107 . 54 Graves Nos. 108 - 134 . 60 Graves Nos. 135 - 141 . 66 CHART 1: Contour Plan of Site Hum-67 . . . 69 CHART 2: Section of Site and Diagram of Trench . . 70 DIAGRAM 1: Plan of Stuart's Excavation . . 71 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES . . . . . . . 73 Figures 1 -23 . . . . . . . . 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . 120 7 INTRODUCTION In 1913, Llewellyn L. Loud carried out ethnogeographic and archae- ological site reconnaissance in the vicinity of the towns of Arcata, Eureka, and Fortuna, in Humboldt County, California. In addition, he excavated a trench in a large shellmound on Gunther Island which lies in Humboldt Bay just off the coast at Eureka. Loud's archaeological report, published in 1918, remains today the most comprehensive account of the prehistory of Northwestern California ever recorded. In 1948, with the establishment of the University of California Archaeological Survey,1 it became possible to institute a planned program of archaeological research, one of its immediate aims being the study of the prehistory of the least known and unduly neglected portions of the state. The Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey, now sixty-one in number, attest to the wide topical and geograph- ical diversity of interests of this organization. For present purposes, we may note that the renewed interest in California archaeology, which was a result of the founding of the Survey, was responsible for the return of University workers to Northwestern California after an absence of thirty years. In the summer of 1948, one of the authors (R.F.H.) was in charge of a field party, composed of twelve Summer Session students, which excavated a coastal shellmound at Patrick's Point State Park in Humboldt County for a period of six weeks. This group, in addition to excavating the main site at Patrick's Point (Hum-118), carried out site surveys, recorded the location of a large number of additional sites, and made surface collections from these.2 The area of investigation was complementary to that recorded by Loud, and by the end of the season the site survey coverage had extended as far north as the mouth of the Klamath River. In the summer of 1949, John Mills, a member of the student group which had excavated the Patrick's Point site during the previous summer, was commissioned by the University of California Department of Anthro- pology to carry out the archaeological investigation of site Hum-169 in Trinidad Bay. Later in the summer F. Fenenga undertook to continue the project until bad weather forced abandonment of the work in September. 1 On July 1, 1961 the name of the Archaeological Survey was changed to the Archaeological Research Facility. 2 All sites mentioned in this report are recorded in the files of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility. 8 The main results of the 1948 and 1949 work were intensive excava- tion of two sites, the testing of about ten additional sites, and the recording of a large number of prehistoric sites between Arcata and Requa, with minor surface collections from each. In 1948 we became acquainted with H. H. Stuart, a dentist in Eureka, who for many years has been a collector of Indian artifacts. His excellent collection includes both Yurok and Hupa ethnographic material and a large number of archaeological objects excavated by him from sites in the vicinity of Eureka. The bulk of his prehistoric material comes from site Hum-67, the same shellmound excavated by Loud in 1913. Dr. Stuart has kindly permitted us to copy his notes, study his collection, and publish on these, and for this we express our appreciation. The particular value of Stuart's excavations lies in the on-the- spot notebook records of his finds in which he listed the number and description of artifacts associated with individual graves. These records, in the form of transcribed field notes and a tabulation of graves, have been made available to us. The notebook data covers graves 1 to 141, but an excavation chart (Diagram 1) on which he entered the number and location of graves after each day's work shows that he actually excavated a total of 382 graves. It is possible to distinguish between simple primary inhumation and "burns" on this chart, but beyond this, and the location of the graves, there are no records for graves 142 to 382. Stuart's collection, in the summer of 1948 when Mr. James A. Bennyhoff and one of the authors (R.F.H.) spent a long evening inspect- ing it, did not appear to be complete, nor was it fully catalogued. Some pieces bore catalogue numbers which referred to the burial numbers assigned by Stuart in his notes and chart, but the bulk of the material was registered only as having come from Hum-67, and it was therefore immediately apparent that it would be impossible to discuss the actual artifacts by reference to individual grave lots. In the course of years Stuart had given away, sold, or traded off a number of artifacts from the site, mainly items which duplicated ones which he had retained. Thus, it is probable that most of the types occurring in the site as revealed by his excavations are represented in his collection. In view of these facts, only limited time was devoted to making notes and sketches of the items which seemed most important in the Hum-67 collection. This recording by us was incomplete, but what records were made are important since our previous knowledge of the archaeology 9 of the region had been so incomplete. Under ideal conditions, the entire site collection should have been photographed and detailed records of each artifact should have been made. STUART'S EXCAVATIONS AT SITE HUM-67 When Stuart first visited the site shortly after Loud's report appeared in 1918, he was able to accurately trace the position of Loud's trench, which was 5 feet wide and 115 feet long. Stuart purchased a lease on the ground and therefore became the legal occupant. Using Loud's trench as a departure point, Stuart laid off almost the entire eastern end of the mound in 10 by 10 foot squares, and then proceeded to excavate these squares. In the digging he was joined at various times by several local collectors, one of whom (W. Waer) made a collection which is now located in the State Indian Museum on the Sutter's Fort grounds in Sacramento. There is no information on whether many of the blank squares (Diagram 1) were actually unproductive or (as seems prob- able) were simply not dug. The sequence of grave numbers skips around from area to area, as though one day the digging would be done in one square and the next day in another, until a good find was made, at which time several adjoining squares might be dug out consecutively. We did not determine the facts in these matters, and although they would be interesting to know, their obscurity is actually inconsequential. It is-unlikely that the entire midden deposit for the extensive area covered by the plat was excavated by Stuart and his co-workers. The number of square feet in this area is 50,625 (the area is 225 feet on each side), and full excavation of the whole expanse gould have required years of heavy labor. Loud (1918:340) notes that the midden reached a depth of 8 feet 8 inches, yet Stuart's notes do not itidicate that he recovered any human remains lower than 5 feet. Nevertheless, a glance at Stuart's burial location chart (Diagram 1) will attest to the prodi- gious effort which must have been expended in the actual excavating, and the time required for jotting down notes on each grave was, in itself, not minor. Altogether, for an amateur with no training (Stuart did not even know Loud), a remarkable job was done, and regardless of certain shortcomings and inconsistencies in the record, the data represent a most useful supplement to our meager knowledge of Northwestern California prehistory. 10 Description of site According to Loud (1918:339), the site is an irregular pear-shape, measuring 600 feet long, 400 feet wide, and rising to a height of 14 feet. The mound is situated on Gunther Island, which is about a mile long and lies just opposite the town of Eureka. In aboriginal times the whole island was covered with marsh plants and, with the exception of site Hum-67 and a neighboring shellmound (Hum-68) which were suffi- ciently elevated, was flooded during extremely high tides. Loud suggests (1918:338) that fresh water could have been secured by digging shallow wells in the marsh, but there is no archaeological evidence to support this theory. As with most, if not all, California coastal shellmounds, there were lenses and short flat-lying strata of shell and sand (cf. Schenck 1926:168-170; Nelson 1910:374-375). No major stratigraphic levels were distinguished either by Loud or Stuart. Composition of the mound mass, expressed in actual weight and per- centage of constituents as given by Loud (1918:340-346, tables 2, 3) may be summarized with the statement that the mound consisted of approx- imately 17.5 per cent mollusk shell; 0.235 per cent fish bone; 0.03 per cent bird bone; 0.03 per cent clay; 0.255 per cent charcoal; 0.1 per cent rock and gravel; and 81.5 per cent sand and small residue (cf. other shellmound site analyses in Greengo 1951). Gifford (1916:25, 28) also gives the quantitative shell analysis of site Hum-67. Further data on the amount of animal bone present in the site are detailed by Loud (1918:345-346, table 4). Disposal of the dead Loud found remains of twenty-two individuals in his trench. Six were primary inhumations, the others were "cremations." Loud's (1918: 354) identification of the mode of disposal of corpses found lying in beds of charcoal as actual cremations may be questioned. He says: "The cremated remains at Humboldt bay were found as a rule in saucer shaped beds of finely pulverized charcoal having a diameter of four or five feet and generally a thickness of four or five inches though some- times as much as ten inches. A few lumps of charcoal, which seemed in every case to be of redwood, were two to four inches in length. It would appear that the dead were burned on a platform above a round hole which 11 had been scooped out for a grave and into which the charcoal, unconsumed bones, and artifacts fell. In general, nearly all of the bone fragments are over an inch in length. Skull fragments are two to four inches square. Vertebrae are often nearly whole except for their projections. Sections of femurs, especially the proximal ends, are from four to six inches in length. These bone fragments are generally calcined only on one side and are found in one linear series extending for a length of about three feet, the bones below the knee usually being wholly consumed." The fact that some of the bones are burned or calcined is undoubted, but Stuart's evidence clearly shows that the human bones in charcoal pits ranged from complete skeletons with the barest traces of scorching on their under sides to instances where a single bone or human tooth was present. There are a number of examples of charcoal-containing pits noted by Stuart (cf. Loud 1918:356, cremation 15) where no vestige of human bone occurred. It seems obvious that we are not dealing here with a simple complex of corpse disposal by cremation, for some remains were scarcely affected while others were reduced to a few calcined fragments. It is inconceiv- able that an adult human corpse, clothed in integument, could be so com- pletely consumed by fire that no evidence of its presence remained. Even today, in our gas or electric crematoriums, there is a palpable residue from the incineration of the human body. In Central and Southern California archaeological sites cremations are fairly common, and even though the bone is reduced to small, white, twisted scraps, the amount rarely runs to less than a pint measure and often to a couple of quarts. From this we would conclude that some "graves" or "cremation pits" never had a burial placed in them. In the lower Sacramento Valley region of Central California, the Late Horizon culture is divisible into two temporal periods called Phase 1 (early) and Phase 2 (later). Phase 2 is marked primarily by adherence to the practice of corpse disposal which has been called "pre-interment grave pit burning." This method is described in Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga (1939:4) as follows: "A pit for the burial was dug, [and] a wood fire built in the bottom of the pit. Sometimes burial objects were put in the fire, sometimes not. When the fire had burned down into coals, the body was put in the grave on the ashes. Burial artifacts might be now put with the body, even though some had already been put previously into the fire. Dirt was now thrown over the body. This produced the effect of smothering the fire, and the 12 consuming action of the fire was thus halted. It is due to this smother- ing effect that we find such quantities of carbonized wooden, textile, etc., objects in this type of semi-cremation. The presence of netting may be evidence of burial-wrappings. The bones of the skeleton exhibit the marks of fire in varying degree. Sometimes there is no sign of the effects of fire on the bones; usually the underside of the bones which were in contact with the hot ashes are scorched; occasionally there is evidenced such pronounced burning of the bones that only careful excava- tion serves to distinguish them from a type (2) [complete, primary] cremation." This description serves quite adequately for the observed situation at Hum-67, and there is little doubt but that the Central Valley and Northwestern Coast occurrences are related. The origin of the Central Valley custom of corpse disposal is probably due to diffusion from Southern California of the annual Mourning Ceremony. Kroeber (1925: 859-861) summarizes the Southern California data, and suggests the hearth of this custom to be among the Gabrielino, from whom it diffused south and east as well as north along the Sierra Nevada. He further observes that "an undoubted influence of the anniversary is to be recognized in a practice [of burning property for the dead at the time of the funeral] shared by a number of tribes just outside its sphere of distribution: the Southern Wintun (Patwin), Pomo, Yuki, Lassik, and perhaps others." In Northwestern California, among the Yurok and Hupa, every major dance (most of which are held annually) recognizes a moment when people weep for the dead, a custom which may reflect a more ancient importance of mourning in the annual rituals. We suggest that the custom of property burning in the grave pit of the Phase 2 Late Horizon culture in the Interior Valley of Central California was derived from the great Mourning Ceremony observance in the configuration which it then displayed in the nearby Sierra to the east, among the Miwok and Maidu. The time of the Phase 2 Late culture was guess-dated first at about 1790 A.D. (Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga 1939:81). This date is, we now know, certainly too late, and we would agree with Beardsley (1948:18-19) that since the Marin County coast exhibits this culture type in 1600, the Interior Valley manifestations probably date back to 1600 or earlier. Bennyhoff's recent study of the Late Horizon culture also places the beginning of Phase 2 at 1600 A.D. (see Heizer 1958:6). If, by or about 1600 A.D., the custom of burning offerings in the grave was diffusing from the south, it may have passed further north to the Pomo and Yuki, and ultimately have been adopted by the Wiyot of Humboldt Bay. 13 Though the custom be late, it does not seem to have survived in its ancient form into the modern period, but has either evolved locally into a somewhat different ceremony or, alternatively (and more probably), has been replaced by another wave of diffusion from the south which intro- duced the ethnographic form of the custom, whose characteristic feature is hanging offerings on poles and burning these together with realistic images of the dead (see Aginsky 1943:442-443; Dixon 1905:242-259; Kroeber 1925:429-432, 452). This hypothesis, which has merely been stated, is not now capable of proof, but with the increasing knowledge of California prehistory we shall perhaps some day be able to test it. In briefest form, it proposes the derivation of the Hum-67 "cremation" mode of corpse disposal from a southwesterly source which is ultimately Southern California and more immediately Central California about or before 1600 A.D. At site Hum-67 some corpses were disposed of by primary inhumation. The burial posture was supine (fully extended, lying on the back). Orientation of the head varied, but was predominantly northerly. The supine burial position is characteristic of the ethnographic period for the Wiyot, Yurok, Chimariko, Karok, Hupa, and Tolowa tribes (Driver 1939, element 2054). What is of value in Stuart's records is a sufficiently large sample of graves to enable us to test Loud's conclusion (1918:347) that at Hum-67 there was a clear stratigraphic difference between the uppermost midden level (Loud's layer I), which contained only primary inhumations, and the next lower level (layer II), which produced only "cremations." Although Loud's limited excavation in the trench may have suggested such a sequence, Stuart's data show that there is no such invariable sequence of corpse disposal. Of 142 graves with depth placement, 21 were primary inhumations and 121 were "cremations." The depth range for the 21 inhuma- tions was 10 to 36 inches, the average being 22.4 inches. The depth range for "cremations" was 6 to 60 inches, the average being 30 inches. If Loud is correct about the maximum depth of the midden as being over 96 inches, we are left with the problem of what lay beneath the 60 inch level in Stuart's excavations. It is possible that Stuart found graves at a maxi- mum of 60 inches below the surface because that was the depth to which he dug. Loud recovered his deepest "cremation" at a depth of about 70 inches. Possibly this marks the lower limit of charcoal filled grave pits, but we would like to know more definitely what the lowest levels of the midden contained in the way of graves. At any rate, the two modes of burial are not stratigraphically exclusive, and in the light of now available evidence a sounder conclusion would be that "cremation" (whether intentional or 14 incidental to the burning of offerings in the grave) was practiced earlier than burial, and that after primary burial in the flesh was first practiced, the older custom of grave pit burning persisted to the end of the period when the cemetery was used. If the two types of graves were geographically separated, we might suppose that they represent different periods, but they are so inextricably associated that we must conclude that only one cemetery is present and that the two types of interment reflect different modes of burial practiced contemporaneously. As Kroeber (1927) has shown in a separate inquiry into the stability of practices of disposal of the dead, burial patterns may be likened to customs, and are subject to change. Although it is not uncommon for the same people to practice more than one means of disposing of the dead, there are usually individual reasons for select- ing the specific method by which the corpse is disposed of. A moment's reflection will elicit in the reader's mind certain reasons why an individual in our society professing a specific religion will not be cremated and must therefore be buried in the flesh. Primitive societies abound in illustrative examples of differential disposal modes among members of the same group. Thus, it is not surprising to find in any archaeological site a situation such as that at Gunther Island where two methods were used concurrently: simple interment in the flesh; and a more elaborate disposal involving a fire in the grave with material offerings being incinerated and the corpse laid on the embers. This analysis of the mortuary complex of site Hum-67 is admittedly vague as regards details, largely because we lack exact and detailed information on the grave contents for a sufficiently large series to allow generalizations. It is difficult to explain why there are char- coal lenses in which there is no trace of human bone (Stuart's "graves" 9, 15, 30, 42, 61, 64, 70, 79, and 81). Possibly the burning ceremony in honor of some individuals was separate from the actual interment of the body, although there is no way to prove this. In the instance of the nine "graves" listed above, there was not one case of an unburned skeleton which might have been that of the person for whom the burned offering was made being found immediately nearby. Further obscurities present themselves when we note the wide variability in the amount of bone present in graves. Why, for example, do we find a minor portion of a skeleton in articulation (cf. graves 7, 35, 77, 86), or with the hands and feet burned off (grave 25), or an intact and unburned skeleton lying on a charcoal bed (grave 34)? Graves 37, 54, and 83 were all dis- tinctive. Absence of any trace of the skull (graves 49, 62, 88) could indicate the possibility of the head having been taken as a war trophy, but there is no way of proving this. 15 Most difficult to explain are the varying degrees of burning exhibited and the incompleteness of many of the skeletal remains. It is not possible, from the information available, to state categorically that we are dealing either with the custom of partial burning or complete incineration for either practice could be argued on the basis of certain graves. The majority of the human remains, even though disarranged and badly charred, did, apparently, represent whole corpses whose orientation was traceable. As far as can be judged on the basis of available information, the site Hum-67 type of corpse disposal does not occur elsewhere in North- western California. In the excavation of Hum-118 at Patrick's Point, there was no evidence of this practice,3 and at other sites where road construction has removed graves (e.g. sites Hum-126 at Big Lagoon, Hum-132 at Freshwater Lagoon, and Hum-131 at Old Orek at the south side of the sandspit at the mouth of Redwood Creek) only primary interment has been noted. We lack any information on other sites in the Humboldt Bay region. The Wiyot were subjected to stronger cultural influence from Central California than were the Yurok, and they exhibited the distinctive North- western type of culture less strongly than the Yurok or Karok further north. The combination of geographical proximity and less cultural resistance placed them in a position to receive and accept external influences which the Yurok might have rejected. Based on this reasoning, a Central California origin of the distinctive Wiyot burial complex in- volving burning is proposed. Stuart's graves 1 to 141 The following details of graves 1 to 1414 are taken from Stuart's notes. His phraseology is used for the purpose of record; in some cases entire sentences are quoted verbatim. Listed here are those grave offer- ings whose positions in the graves were noted. All other grave offerings and additional details are listed in Table 1. Of particular interest are Stuart's observations on the condition and amount of skeletal parts present, or those parts which were missing. 3 Excavation of graves at Trinidad Bay (Hum-169) was strictly avoided in deference to the request of the local Indians. 4 Actually 142 graves were reported upon. A duplication of numbers leads to the difference noted. 16 By "burn" Stuart means a saucer-shaped depression lined with redwood charcoal. In conversation he referred to this as "fluff" (see grave 41 below), a term that well describes the light weight and consistency of the carbonized softwood which, from Loud's observations, we assume was redwood. Grave No. 1. No skull. Mandible, vertebrae, arm bones, and ribs found but were disturbed, apparently from plowing. 2. Ordinary fully extended burial. All bones present and in artic- ulation. Adze handle on pelvis, drill stone on right scapula, 2 arrowpoints at left of waist. 3. Burn. Quantities of charcoal and unconsumed wood. All arti- facts unbroken except adze handle with tip broken off. Two pestles on right side, one on left side. 4. Burn. Entire skeleton present. 5. Burn. Some calcined bone present. 6. Burn. Some calcined bone present. Burn was 72 inches in diam- eter and showed no depression to indicate the body had been burned on the nearly level ground. Artifacts scattered over the whole area of the grave. 7. Burn. Contained only part of the skull and "both shoulder joints"(?). 8. Burn. Lay almost directly under No. 7 and was separated by 10 inches of clean sand. Few fragments of skull only. 9. Burn. No bones present. -In the dirt covering this grave were several wedges and awls. 10. Burn with large amount of clean charcoal. Most skeletal bones present. 11. Burn. All bones present. Obsidian knife lay across the breast. Steatite pipe at foot of grave. 12. Burn. Skeleton intact. 13. Burn. Much clean charcoal and unconsumed wood in grave. Skeleton intact and all bones in position. 14. Burn. Bones and skull present. Three mauls in fragments just above head. 17 15. Burn. "Absolutely no bones to be found." 16. Burn. All bones present. Apparently a light burn with lots of charcoal and some unconsumed wood in grave. Drill point just under chin. 17. Heavy burn, mostly all charcoal in bed 8 to 10 inches thick. Most of bones intact, skull partly articulated. Knife lay on left arm at elbow. 18. Burn, very little charcoal left. Some of the larger bones and most of the skull, which was disarticulated. No teeth were found. Oblong steatite dish, found above the head and outside the actual burn, lay against a large oval "headstone" boulder weighing about twenty pounds. 19. Burn with 8 to 10 inches of charcoal. Most of bones present, skull partially articulated. 20. Burn. (No information on skeletal parts.) 21. Burial. Paddle-shaped head scratcher on chest. Along right arm a slender abalone pendant, an oval pendant, and 13 fragments of unworked abalone shell. Under the lower jaw and supporting it were two large pieces of abalone shell, and in the position corresponding to the ears on each side were two fairly long decorated dentalia shells which were probably ear pendants. In the right temporal bone was a hole the size of a dime which appeared to have been made prior to death. 22. Burn, no charcoal. Some badly charred bones and fragments of skull. No teeth. Burn was indistinct and its dimensions and extent were difficult to determine. One zooform stone club lay across the body just above the hips and was badly burned. A second zooform club lay just above the head. A fishhook lay in the pelvic region. 23. Burn, no charcoal. Body lay with its head close to the feet of No. 22. Bones in same condition as No. 22. 24. Burn just under the sod. Skull in fragments, some bones of the body present. 25. Lay just under the edge of No. 23. Burn, some charcoal. "Part of skull articulated," some vertebrae. Leg and arm bones burned off at extremities. 26. Burn. A few badly charred bones of legs and arms. Lay to outside and overlapping No. 25. 18 Grave No. 27. Burial. Extended position, all bones present. 28. Burn. Only a few fragments of bone present. 29. Burn. Practically all bones present. 30. Burn. No bones present. 31. Burial, complete skeleton. 32. Burn. Hip and pelvic bones in articulation; some ribs, vertebrae, and skull fragments. 33. Burn. Fragments of bones. Quantity of abalone ornaments on abdomen. 34. Burn. Skeleton intact and unburned. Numerous abalone ornaments lying on top of left arm from shoulder to hip. 35. Burn. A five year old child; skeleton above hips intact. Necklace of Olivella disc beads lying under neck still on original string and could be picked up intact. 36. Burn. Some ribs, vertebrae, extremities, and skull plates. 37. Burn. Depth, 26 inches. "This was the most remarkable burn of any to date. The body had been put into a rough box of redwood slats and then covered over with boards and burned, but was covered over with dirt before the boards had more than half burned. The feet were much lower than the head, and the latter was covered by carbonized boards so thiat it was in a recess iLtc which no dirt had shifted." 38. Burn with very little charcoal. Depth, 18 inches. "This grave overlapped No. 37 so that the left ulna and radius were broken off in opening up the head of No. 37. Most of the bones were in position, the skull in fragments. One arrowpoint and large pear-shaped abalone pendant placed on top of the head." 39. Burn. Most of the bones present, skull in fragments. Maul just above skull, small awl sharpener(?) just to left of head. 40. Burn, with some charcoal. "This cremation covered an area 6 feet each way [diameter?]; the artifacts were broken and scattered all through the burn. There were some large bones and fragments of skull plates present." 41. Burn, rather heavy with quantities of charcoal and fluff. Most of the bones present. Skull in fragments. 19 42. Burn. No bones present. 43. Burn. "The bones were in a pile as though they had been raked up and covered with dirt. No artifacts present." 44. Burn. Some bones present showing position of the body. 45. Burn. 46. Deep burn. All bones present. 47. Burn with lots of charcoal. All bones present. 48. Burn. Entire skeleton present. "Right arm bones were upright along a stake and hand bones lying at the elbow." 49. Burn. Only the larger bones present. No part of the skull or any of the teeth present. 50. Heavy burn, but charcoal had nearly all disintegrated as had the bones of the child skeleton. This grave lay just below No. 49. 51. Burn; not all of the wood was consumed. Bones nearly all present including skull and teeth. 52. Burial. Some of the larger bones and part of skull and some teeth present. 53. Burn. "Enough teeth and bones present to designate a child of six years of age." 54. Burn. "This body was lying on sticks placed crosswise of the grave which was rectangular. The body had not been burned to the usual extent, but was much distorted while the wood used still retained much of its natural form." 55. Heavy burn. Most of the bones present. Lying on edge against right side of body was a "slate war club or paddle" (length, 15 inches). 56. Heavy burn. Most of the bones present. 57. Light burn. 58. Light burn. Most of the bones present. 59. Light burn. Most of the bones present. 60. Burn. Only a few fragments of bone present, mostly thigh and pelvic parts with some of the skull plates. 61. Burn. No bones present. "This cremation had a quantity of clean, bright charcoal about 6 to 8 inches deep and scattered throughout were a number of boulders of about a pound weight." 20 Grave No. 62. Burn; depth, 36 inches. Nearly all bones present except skull of which no part could be found. "In the dirt just above this grave which was used to fill it was a bone wedge and a harpoon head." 63. Burial; depth, 33 inches. "This burial had all the appearance of being a [primary] interment with a burn above it. The skeleton lay in clean sand and just above it, but in no way involving it was a third [?] layer of burn. The skeleton was complete, the skull intact with all teeth present.... On left pelvic bone was a black obsidian knife. This grave overlapped No. 62." 64. Burn. No bones present. 65. Burn. Some fragments of bone present. 66. Burn. Some bone present. 67. Burn. Some bone present. 68. Burn. Most of the bones present. 69. Burn. Most of the bones present. 70. Burn, but "very slight." No bones present. 71. Burn with heavy amount of charcoal. All bones present. "The body seemed to lie under the burn and the bones did not appear to be much scorched. The grave was narrow and quite deep, and after the fire was out refuse from the fireplaces was used to level it off." 72. Burn. Vertebrae, some ribs, 6 inches of the femora and tibia and half of the mandible present. 73. Burn. All bones present. 74. Burn, not much charcoal. "Skeleton of old adult." 75. Burn. A few fragments of bone present. "Not much charcoal, but from 4 to 5 inches of black deposit." 76. Burn. All bones present. Chert knife on chest. 77. Burn. Only the bones of the "torso" present. Over the charcoal was a 4 inch layer of clean, white sand. Necklace of abalone ornaments on neck. 78. Burn. 79. Burn. "No bones of any description." 21 80. Burn. All bones present, but only one third molar found. 81. Burn. No bones of any description. 82. Burn. Bones present, skull in fragments. 83. Burn. All bones present. "The body had evidently been lifted off the burn and buried, as the skeleton lay in clean white sand but showed the effects of fire." 84. Burn, some charcoal. Only the larger bones and half of upper and lower teeth present. 85a. Medium burn. Practically all bones present. No teeth, but an extra-thick skull. Just above the bones was a piece of elkhorn 18 inches long whose three prongs had been hacked off. 85b. Medium burn. Entire skeleton present. 86. Burn. One "hip-joint" in position with pelvic bone. Some postcranial bones, no skull. 87. Burn. Most of bones present, skull intact. 88. Burn. Some bone, no skull. 89. Burn. Leg in articulation with pelvis, vertebrae in articula- tion, some ribs present. Skull in fragments, one half of lower jaw, no teeth. Five red obsidian knives standing on and in grave-two on right side, two on left side, one above head. 90. Burn. Some bone fragments. 91. Burn. All bones present; skull in fragments, no teeth. "The largest head- or grave-stone yet found was lying at the foot of the grave. It was about 12 by 18 by 6 inches in dimensions, and somewhat hollowed on one side as for a mortar." 92. Burn. Some bones present. 93. Large burn measuring 5 by 6.5 feet. Most of the bones present, but all badly burned. No teeth present. 94. Burn. Most of the bones present, no teeth. Just above the charcoal lens was a burned adze handle. 95. Burn. Some bones present, no teeth. 96. Light burn. Bones all present. 97. Heavy burn, lots of charcoal. Skeleton all present. Skull in fragments, no teeth. This grave lay just under and about 12 inches to the right (?) of No. 96. 22 Grave No. 98. Burn. All bones present, some teeth. 99. Burn. Bones almost "obliterated," but showed direction of body. 100. Burn. Most of the bones present. 101. Burial, "in redwood box." 102. Burn. Almost all bones present. 103. Burn. Body cremated and then burned. Lay in clean sand mixed with unburned shell. Five abalone ornaments (dulled) lying on clavicles. 104. Burn. Few ribs and vertebrae present only. 105. Burn. "Necklace of olivella, grapeseed, wampum, and 30 abalone ornaments (dulled) at neck." 106. Burn. Most bones present. 107. Burn. Almost all bones present. 108. Burn. Shell only. 109. Burn. (No information on skeletal parts.) 110. Burn. Some bones present but no skull. 111. Burn. "Fire had been built on top of body." Twelve inches of unburned wood and charcoal lying on top of skeleton. 112. Burial. (No information on skeletal parts.) 113. Burn. Most bones present. 114. Burn. Shell only. In center a 16 by 20 by 6 inch flat stone (weight ca. 50 pounds). 115. Burial. Abalone ornament at neck. 116. Burn. (No information on skeletal parts.) 117. Burn. No bones present. 118. Burn. Fragment of calcined bone. 119. Burial. Eighteen slender, decorated bones with incised decora- tion (one undecorated bone) found in group of six (one lot between left arm and body, one under right hips, one untder left hip) = 3 sets (?). 120. Burn. (No information on skeletal parts.) 23 121. Burial, entire skeleton. 122. Burn. Skull missing. 123. Burial. (No information on skeletal parts.) 124. Burial, complete skeleton. 125. Burial, complete skeleton. Not burned. 126. Burn; diameter, 48 inches. Artifacts found under charcoal in clean sand bed. Five halves of abalone shell, partly ground and smoothed, plus abalone shell fragments. 127. Burn. (No information on skeleton parts.) 128. Burial, skull and arm bones only. 129. Burn. Some bones present. 130. Burn. Some bones and half of lower jaw present. 131. Burial, complete skeleton. 132. Burn. Some bones and part of skull. 133. Burial, complete skeleton. 134. Burn. All bones present. Abalone shell scattered from neck to pelvis. 135. Burial, most bones present. Ten unfinished abalone ornaments at pelvis. 136. Burn. (No information on skeletal parts.) 137. Burn, complete skeleton present. 138. Burial, complete skeleton. 139. Burial, complete skeleton. 140. Burial, complete skeleton. 141. Burial, complete skeleton. 24 ARTIFACTS RECOVERED Objects of chipped stone Obsidian blades. Large, beautifully chipped blades of red or black obsidian were fairly common in the site. These have been subdivided on the basis of size into short (up to 10 in. in length) and long (over 10 in.) varieties. There are 9 short blades, 5 of which are of black obsidian and 4 of red obsidian. All are bipointed. One of these is actually a miniature of the larger blade form with a length of 3.25 inches. Forty-one long blades were recovered, of which 19 are black and 22 are red obsidian. In all particulars, except for variation in length, these long blades are like the ones recovered and illustrated by Loud (1918, p1. 13, figs. 1, 2). Thirty-one of Stuart's long blades average 13.5 inches in length and range from 10 inches to a maximum of 20 inches. The longest blade is of black obsidian, the longest red blade being 16.75 inches. Obsidian knives. Wide, short blades of obsidian with bluntly tapered ends were a rare occurrence. The same form of knife fashioned from local chert or jasper (fig. la, b) was very common in the site. One may suppose that obsidian, which had to be secured by trade from a distant source at Glass Mountain up the Klamath River, was usually made into the valuable blades which were wealth or "treasure" items. Perhaps when a large blade broke it was refashioned into a serviceable knife. Mason (1889:222-223) notes that among the Hupa of the lower Trinity River obsidian knives 6 inches long "are not properly knives, but jewelry for sacred purposes, passing current also as money." A total of 6 such obsidian knives, 3 of red and 3 of black obsidian, came from six graves at Hum-67. These measure 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 5.75, 6.5, and 8.25 inches in length. Flint knives. These knives, which are short, broad, and rather blunt tipped, are a standard material culture item of the Yurok and Hupa (Mason 1889, pl. 18, figs.-75, 77, 78). Although somewhat variable in width, length, and color, the specimens illustrated by Loud (1918, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4) are typical of the ones in the Stuart collection. In 35 graves, Stuart found a total of 58 such knives. If we generalize from his 25 sample of 142 graves (table 1), this means that flint knives were asso- ciated with 25 per cent of 'the burials at Hum-67. Of the 58 knives, 2 were of black flint, 3 of gray, 6 of green, 10 of red (jasper?), 23 of white flint, and the remaining 14 were not identified as to color. Projectile points. Delicately chipped points for arrows found at Hum-67 were made from obsidian or flint. Obsidian was rare, only 7 points from 3 graves being recorded. Flint points of various colors numbered 144 and came from 23 graves. Points in individual graves varied in number from one to as many as 31. The majority of points have a short stem, deep corner notches, and long barbs with an elongated "pinched" penetrating tip (fig. ld). This we have designated as type 5B. Types 1 through 8 (fig. 23h) are all represented at Hum-67,5 but in what relative strength we could not deter- mine for the reason that Stuart's collection was incompletely catalogued. While information as to relative frequency of types would be desirable, at this stage in the attempt to unravel the prehistory of the Northwestern coastal area the knowledge that types 1 through 8 occur in the upper 60 inches of midden at Hum-67 may be taken as a bit of useful information. Scrapers. Blunt-ended, chipped implements from Hum-67 graves, which appear to have served as scrapers (for skins?), were made of either obsidian or flint. There was one obsidian scraper, 4 of flint. Judging from other sites-for example, Patrick's Point (Hum-118) and Trinidad Bay (Hum-169)-scrapers are quite common in the area and are usually found in large numbers 4s dissociated items in the midden deposit. They were apparently little valued, and were usually made from a conven- ient flat chert or flint flake by retouching an edge or side. The examples at Hum-67 may have been accidental inclusions in graves, deposited with the grave fill. Drills. Chipped drills were made of colored flint (usually black, red, or green), had a slender shaft with subcylindrical cross section, and an expanded base which was grasped with the thumb and the side of the bent forefinger. Forms are shown in Figure lf-i. Stuart recovered 4 drills from as many burials at Hum-67. The drill 5 The typology is derived from Stuart's data and from collections from various sites in the region which have been investigated by the University of California. 26 points do not exhibit wear or ground edges or surfaces which might have been acquired had they been used to drill shell or soapstone, and we may therefore suppose that they served as perforators for wood or skin. Ground stone artifacts Pestles: simple form. Cylindrical pestles with a flattened grinding surface on one end and tapering to a blunt point at the other end which was held in the hands occurred in 6 graves (9 specimens). Dimensions were not recorded. Pestles: flanged form. This type has an annular ring or flange about 4 inches above the grinding end. The ring was not formed by wear in the mortar. This type of pestle must have been used in connection with the slab or hopper-mortar and not the deep bowl mortar. Stuart found 10 such pestles in 8 graves at Hum-67. Examples are shown in Figure 2a, d, e. Pestles, offset form. The offset type has the lower one-third or one-quarter of larger diameter than the remaining two-thirds or three- quarters. The transition is not gradual but abrupt, as shown in Figure 2b, c. Stuart found 11 pestles of this type in as many graves. Mauls. Mauls which were used for pounding wood or elkhorn wedges in splitting wood were fairly common at Hum-67. Stuart found 33 mauls in 24 graves. Examples showing variations in form are illustrated in Figure 3d-f. The miniature maul shown in Figure le came from Stuart's grave No. 51. Adze handles. The stone adze handle with one end curved and the other recessed to receive a shell blade which was lashed on is one of the most distinctive material culture forms of Northwestern California. These are woodworking tools whose use in recent times has been described by Kroeber (1925:94). Stuart recovered 23 stone adze handles from 21 graves at Hum-67. Additional examples of adze handles from Hum-67, but not from the Stuart collection, are shown in Figure 4a-g and Figure 5a, d. Sinkers: grooved tye A distinctive ground stone artifact is here termed a sinker. A typical example is shown in Figure 6&. These are 27 smoothed, sharp edged, and with a wide, shallow groove. These grooved pieces must have required a great deal of time to make. Stuart recovered 48 such sinkers from 12 graves. If these were in fact used as sinkers, they may have served to weight some particular kind of net or fishing line. Sinkers: notched type. Small, flat, ovoid beach pebbles were made into sinkers by chipping opposing notches in the center of the long sides. Loud (1918, pl. 17, fig. 7) illustrates one of these. Stuart recovered 88 notched sinkers from 8 graves. Tending to support the conclusion that the grooved specimens mentioned above are, in fact, sinkers, is the observation that in 5 of the 8 graves containing notched sinkers the larger type with a rubbed groove also occurred. Stone bowls. Stone bowls, oval or circular in outline and usually made of steatite or, less commonly, sandstone, were probably used as dishes to catch oil drippings from drying salmon. Of 12 specimens found in 10 graves, 6 were of steatite and 6 of sandstone. No notes were made as to dimensions, but they do not differ in any important feature either from those found at Hum-118 and Hum-169 or from pieces now in the University of California R. H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley which were collected fifty years ago from the Yurok and Hupa. Zooform clubs. Beautifully fashioned and highly polished clubs of animal form have been known for a long time as having been made and used in prehistoric times by the peoples of the Northwestern coast of Califor- nia. Loud's publication (1918) provided the first examples of these clubs, and Stuart's more extensive digging produced many more. One lot of such artifacts is included in the State Indian Museum collection at Sacramento. Loud (1918:366-375) called these pieces 'slave-killers" and developed the idea that they may have been so used. Refutation of their purpose as slave-dispatching weapons does not require any detailed recital of evidence. It suffices to observe that Northwestern California debt slavery did not include, in late pre-contact times, the right or custom of killing slaves (cf. Kroeber 1925:32-33), and that the archaeological stone club was made of brittle stone which would serve only for a single blow on a skull and would then become a useless, shattered object. It seems more probable that the animal-form clubs served as special wealth items or were of that class of items which Kroeber (1925:26-27) has called "treasure." The 28 obvious care with which these clubs were kept would indicate that they served no everyday, utilitarian purpose, but were used only on special occasions (such as a wealth-display dance) and were otherwise kept safe from harm, wrapped in a protective covering. In the 142 burials excavated by Stuart and tabulated in Table 1, 14 stone zooform clubs were found with 11 burials. In 2 of the graves containing zooform clubs, one or more large red or black obsidian blades was also found. This would seem to indicate that the occurrence of zooform clubs and large obsidian blades was nearly exclusive and might reflect the situation where a person owning a blade did not usually own a zooform club. On the other hand, if a man owned both an obsidian blade and a zooform club, only one of these might be buried with him upon his death, a possibility to be considered in view of the known Yurok reluc- tance to bury valuables with the dead (Kroeber 1925:39). If this were literally true, no grave would contain anything but trifles; however, this is not the case.6 In the course of time all valuables which escaped destruction or loss would, it seems, ultimately find their way into a grave. Stuart believes that about 50 zooform clubs have been found, and he possesses 24 of these (Lavine 1952). Outline sketches of 18 of Stuart's specimens are shown in Figures 7a, c; 8c; 9c; lOa-c; lla, b, d, e; 13a; and 14a-f (miniatures). The 9 specimens shown in Figures 7b; 8a, b; 9a, b; 12a-c; and 14& (miniature) are in the State Indian Museum. Considerable variation in form is apparent upon inspection of the illustrations referred to above. A running gouge or groove along the "back" from the ears or forehead is fairly common (figs. 7b, c; 8b; 9b; 10a, b; 12a, b; 13a; 14&). Transverse incised lines or grooves across the flat forehead occur in Figures 7c; 8c; 10b; 13a; 14c, e. The eyes of the animal are commonly not shown, but many originally had been painted on, as in the instance of the piece shown in Figure 10a. In some cases the eye is represented by a conical drilled pit (figs. 8b, c; 13a). The mouth is rarely indicated (figs. 8b; 12a). Variants of the usual two legs are seen in one example with three legs (fig. lld) and several with a single leg (figs. 12a; 14a, b, d). It is fairly obvious that depiction of a quadruped animal was intended in these zooform objects. If a guess as to the identification of the animal is required, we would propose the deer or elk, both of which loomed large in the local economy. The former also figured prominently in the White Deerskin dance of these Northwestern tribes (Kroeber and Gif ford 1949). 6 Not the case in the prehistoric Wiyot(?) site, Hum-67, nor in certain sites in recent Yurok territory such as Hum-126. 29 Flat stone clubs. Stuart found 3 flat stone clubs in 3 graves at Gunther Island. These are illustrated in Figures 15b, c, and 16d. Also in his collection, but from another locality, is the piece shown in Figure 16e. In the State Indian Museum are several similar stone clubs which come from Gunther Island; these are shown in Figures 15a, d, and 16a-c. Although these items may have been war clubs, the excellent surface finish and obvious care with which they were fashioned implies use other than cracking heads. Like the zooform clubs, these may have been a special form of "treasure" used in wealth-display dances. If clubs of this sort were used in war, they would more likely have been made of wood, which would have been lighter to carry, easier to hold and wield, and as effective as stone clubs. Slate knife(?). In Figure 21i is shown a serrated stone specimen from grave No. 88, the single example of this type of artifact found by Stuart. It has a perforation at one end, is 15.6 cm. long, 2.7 cm. wide, and about 9 mm. thick. Although its point is quite sharp, the perforation at the proximal end may suggest use as a pendant. Cressman (1956, fig. 52) illustrates a slate object with edge incision or decoration from the upper Klamath River region. This specimen may be in the same general category as the "knife" except that it does not have a sharp point and is perforated at both ends. Tubular steatite pipes. Five steatite pipes were recovered by Stuart from as many graves. One of these is illustrated in Figure 13b and 4 are shown in Figure 17 along with 3 additional specimens not collected by Stuart. One of the latter is a presumed "blank," that is, a shaped but undrilled object of an unidentified soft stone (fig. 17b). All of the pipes resemble types of tubular specimens found in Central California, although no flanged specimens were found at Hum-67 and the longest of Stuart's specimens (32 cm.) is probably exceptional for California (Loud 1918:366). The only unique piece in the Stuart collection is that shown in Figure 17a. This specimen has a transversally drilled hole of unknown function. The shouldered specimen (fig. 17f) may have been designed for use as an insert for a wooden stem, possibly representing a precursor of the much abbreviated type of bowl insert used in the region in historic times (cf. Goddard 1903, pl. 17). Beardsley (1954:50) reported tubular stone pipes in the Late Central California Horizon in coastal Marin County, 2 of his 4 specimens occurring with cremations and the others without burial association. Lillard, 30 Heizer and Fenenga (1939, pl. 30) illustrate both flanged and unflanged types of tubular pipes from Late Horizon sites in the Central Valley of California. Baked clay objects Baked clay figurines. Figurines in the Stuart collection were found in association with but two interments, both "cremations," Nos. 29 and 66. Both of these were fragments; one "presumably a miniature of a papoose in a cradle" (fig. 20c), the other probably represents the torso of a human female. The latter is illustrated in Heizer and Pendergast (1955, fig. 63i). Also illustrated are 7 other figurines from the Stuart collection, all found in the midden deposit at unrecorded depths (ibid., figs. 62a, c, e, A; 63b, c, f). In spite of Stuart's suggestion that one of the figurines may represent a child in a cradle, both the characteristic incised decoration and the distinct breast-like protuberances which are included on some of the forms point to crude or schematic representation of the human female (cf. Heizer and Pendergast 1955; Davis 1959; Elsasser 1963). All the known complete or fragmentary specimens thought to be figurines from Gunther Island are shown in Figures 18 through 20 herein. The speci- mens in Figure 20c-& have not, to our knowledge, been previously published. Tubular clay pipes. Two graves each produced a fragment of a baked clay pipe-one described as the bowl end, the other as a piece of pipe stem. In a third grave was found a complete tubular clay pipe, 5? inches long. No further data could be obtained on these specimens. For the occurrence of tubular fired clay pipes in California see Heizer (1937). Clay balls. Four graves contained lots of 7, 18, 42, and 87 balls of baked clay. Eighteen graves had fewer than 4 of these specimens, and 11 of these 18 produced but one clay ball each. These "balls" vary in size, as indicated by the records for the Stuart collection, but are doubtless of the same general measurements as those collected by Loud from Gunther Island which range from 29 to 49 mm. in diameter. Loud (1918:348) suggests that these objects perhaps were used in gambling games and may account for the rapid accumulation of sand at the site, since the sand may have been needed for playing the games. He states that the remarkable uniformity in size of a certain type of clay ball found to be very numerous at depths varying from 1 to 5? feet would furnish some basis for a belief that strata of these depths were all laid down within one generation, otherwise there would have been greater variation. The present authors do not believe that the evidence available 31 warrants the proposals advanced by Loud as regards the way in which the sand component of the site accumulated. Bone and antler objects Antler and bone wedges. Wedges of bone were found in 12 graves. Only one grave produced an antler wedge. Some of these specimens were carbonized or fragmentary, but all appeared to be essentially similar to the type illustrated by Loud (1918, pl. 21). Barbed harpoons, toggle harpoons, and spears. Stuart's records show 12 specimens in these three categories recovered from 7 graves. We have accepted the classifications of Bennyhoff (1950) and Gifford (1940) who either mention or describe most of the specimens. Bennyhoff illustrates 7 barbed harpoons o cit., figs. 4i, k, s, t; 5h, n; 6i) which represent his types Iala, IIala, ICla, IIBla, and IICla. These types are identified with reference to the following symbols: "I, large unilaterally barbed simple harpoons for hunting sea mammals in Northwestern California; II, small unilaterally barbed simple harpoons used for fishing and small game in Northwestern California; capital letters, method of line attachment (A, bilateral line shoulder; B, bilateral line guard; C, unilateral line guard; D, line hole); Arabic numerals, tip variations (1, simple tip; 2, slotted tip; 3, grooved tip with inset); lower case letters, barb varia- tions (a, simple barb; b, hooked barb)." All of these specimens except that shown in Bennyhoff's Figure 4j are reproduced here in Figure 21. Bennyhoff (op cit., fig. Sb') illustrates one toggle harpoon spur from Gunther Island and one bone spearhead (o. cit., fig. 2r) which had been mentioned but not illustrated by Gifford (1940:178). The latter was designated as a barbed harpoon or spear head, type Wl, by Gifford; Bennyhoff (1950:298) points out that the specimen should properly be called type Wla (this report, fig. 21e). We have added an illustration of one specimen from the Stuart collec- tion which was not mentioned in Bennyhoff's monograph. This is a type IIBla harpoon specimen shown in Figure 21g. Bone fishhooks. Eighteen curved bone fishhooks or recognizable fragments were found in 13 graves excavated by Stuart. These objects range from about 2 to 2-3/4 inches in length and from 1-1/2 to 1-3/4 inches in width. Some of the "C-shaped" implements are illustrated in Heizer (1949, fig. 33) and are noted as belonging to type 3 fishhooks, 32 i.e. hooks with simple pointed shanks and simple (unbarbed) points. Selected specimens are illustrated herein in Figure 6d-f. Bone awls and perforated needles. Bone objects which probably functioned as awls were found in 9 graves. These were mostly pointed and blunted ulnae, not exceeding 7 inches in length. Only 2 graves produced needles; these are flattish, somewhat curved objects with cut or drilled perforations. The specimen illustrated in Figure 22e is here called simply a drilled metapodial without any specific functional attribution. It may well have served as a kind of needle. Hairpins and headscratchers. Although these specimens could also be referred to as decorated bone objects, we have preferred, in some cases at least, to retain Stuart's original terminology. Thus, specimens shown in Figure 22k and m-12.6 and 15.4 cm. in length, respectively-are considered to be hairpins. The undecorated but perforated example shown in Figure 22g may also be tentatively classed as a hairpin. The term "head-scratcher," when applied to small bone objects found in archaeological deposits, usually decorated and often perforated, needs little explanation since the function of similar objects among ethno- graphic or historic groups is well established. We have illustrated several specimens (fig. 22a-c, i) which may be alternately called head scratchers, pendants, or simply decorated bone objects. The peculiar, nail-like form of the specimen shown in Figure 22b is duplicated at the Tsurai site (Hum-169) on Trinidad Bay (Heizer and Mills 1952:10, fig. 1). Bone ornaments. Under this caption we have somewhat arbitrarily grouped the remainder of the decorated bone objects, including what we consider to have been gambling bones. These are probably best repre- sented by 19 slender bones (fig. 22d, 1) found in grave No. 119. Eighteen of these were decorated, one undecorated. According to Stuart, they were found "in groups of 6 (one lot between left arm and body, one under right hip, one under left hip--3 sets?)." The bones commonly used in the guess- ing game of the historic Northwest Coast Indians were evidently undecorated, with the "ace" only being decorated (see DuBois 1932:260 for description of the hand game as played by the Tolowa Indians). This was not invariable, however, and in the case of the Gunther Island find we may be noting a reversal of the form of the "ace" from the Tolowa example, i.e. it could as well be undecorated while the other bones bore the decoration. Mason (1889:234) reports that in the related game among the Nisenan of Central California, the "joker is blackened at the center and the others at both ends and center." In the question of sets of bones, Krieger (1928:13) 33 records exhumation of bone tubes and gaming sticks from the Columbia River region "in sets of six." One other decorated bone specimen, illustrated here in Figure 22j, is of undetermined function. Undecorated bone objects. In Figure 22f and h are shown what appear to be a flaker and a net needle fragment, respectively. Specimens of these types occurred but rarely in the site. A bird ulna bead was found in grave No. 119 according to Stuart's records. This evidently was undecorated, but otherwise was similar to specimens illustrated by Loud (1918, pl. 20, fig. 6). Three bird bone whistles or flutes were recovered from the midden deposit, not associated with graves. In Figure 6a-c, it will be seen that only one specimen (fig. 6b) is a true one-hole whistle; incidentally, it is unusual in that it has a square-cut hole rather than a round hole as in the other two specimens. There is, of course, no way of knowing whether the whistle fragment shown in Figure 6c originally had more than the two holes which are completely or partially in evidence. Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments. Abalone ornaments or fragments of abalone shells probably representing ornaments were found in 59 graves. The only other class of artifact with this high frequency of occurrence in graves was that of pine nut beads which were also found in 59 graves. Apart from the fragmentary condition of some of the abalone specimens, many were noted which were only partially completed, i. e. they were evidently in process of manufacture at the time of the burial. Some of these were partly ground, with smoothed edges. Others were "squared" or otherwise roughly shaped but not drilled for suspension. Although numbers of the abalone specimens were badly burned, and in some cases scattered about in the graves, Stuart noted that in graves Nos. 54, 78, 79, 85b, 105, and 115 the ornaments or pendants were found in positions on or near the skeleton which suggested use as parts of necklaces. Five distinctive types of pendant are found in the Stuart collection. These are: (1) oval shape, type K2aIII; (2) rectangular, type S2aIII; (3) teardrop, type AF4aII; (4) crescent, type AP2aII; and (5) lozenge shaped with terminal knobs, type M2 (outlines shown in fig. 23a-g). The type designations employed here are taken from Gifford (1947), although 34 it may be observed that none of these types appear specifically in Gifford's work as having a Humboldt Bay provenience. Loud (1918) evi- dently found few abalone pendants in his excavation and, in fact, notes but one shape (rectangular) in his text and illustrations. Dentalia beads. Seventeen graves contained unmodified dentalia shells and four had decorated specimens. There was one occurrence of both decorated and undecorated dentalia in a single grave. It was not possible to learn precisely what the decoration consisted of; hence, we must assume that the dentalia shells were incised in the manner of the specimens described by Loud (1918:385) from his Burial 19 at Gunther Island. Ethnographic specimens from Northwestern California are figured by Orchard (1929, p1. 1). Olivella beads. Small, flat, circular specimens from 12 graves and spire-lopped examples from 11 graves were recorded, with occurrences of both types together in 5 graves. These beads do not vary essentially from those found in Late Horizon sites in Central California, and are classified by Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga (1939) as type 3d (flat, small, circular) and type lb (spire-lopped). Vegetal material Of the vegetal material, all in carbonized condition, only pine nut beads and "grape seed" (probably Viburnum ellipticum) beads (cf. Loud 1918:386) occurred with any notable frequency. The pine nut beads are assumed to be of the same type as that reported by Loud, that is, they are actually the shells, perforated at one end and the side, of the seeds from the digger pine (Pinus sabiniana). Such beads are known fairly widely in Northern California and southern Oregon. They are late pre- historic in time and persist into the ethnographic period (Heizer and Krieger 1956:84). Cordage, described as of two strand only, and occasional pieces of basketry were found by Stuart, but no further description of these specimens is available. Miscellaneous material Table 1 shows that the artifacts and traits which we have designated "miscellaneous" were found only occasionally. All of these are self- 35 explanatory and, except for the iron harpoon head, fall into the category of rare, but not unexpected, finds. The harpoon head, it will be noted, is the only metal-and therefore presumably historic-artifact which was recovered below the surface of the Gunther Island site. It was accom- panied, however, by stone and other artifacts of types which occurred in various distinctly prehistoric graves. SUMMARY We have presented here, with a minimum of interpretative commentary, the essential record of Stuart's excavational activity on Gunther Island. We are fully aware of the shortcomings of publishing information from sites at which the writers were not present at the time of excavation, and of the several other disadvantages-such as not having the specimens described available for long and careful scrutiny -inherent in such a project. It need hardly be stressed, however, that such data as were gathered have more value as a printed record than as archival material in a partially disorganized state. In addition, there is now available a radiocarbon date of 1050 + 200 years for site Hum-67 (Crane and Griffin 1961:119, sample M-938), and this provides another reason for offering as much information as possible on this interesting site. Stuart's burial tabulations (Table 1) have been examined in a pre- liminary way in the hope that we could find some clue in them to cultural stratification. It has not been possible to be precise in this examina- tion since particular types of artifacts were not recorded in detail by Stuart. Unfortunately, the observations made by us pertaining to general types do not readily disclose any perceptible culture changes through the range of time represented by the excavations. Objects which do not exhibit a great deal of typological variation, such as pine nut beads, notched sinkers, stone mauls, black and red obsidian ceremonial blades, baked clay balls, stone adze handles, and, especially, the characteristic zooform clubs, occur in 'burials found by Stuart and Loud both above and below the mean stratigraphic point of the excavation (ca. 30 in.) in such a way as to suggest, with the evidence at hand, that these same important objects were used almost throughout the time of occupation of the site. Since it is now extremely unlikely that further excavation would clarify the problem of the general history of the site, it is clear that we must depend upon more refined methods of analysis, using the materials already at hand. In a paper planned for the future, we shall attempt to place Stuart's data in a wider comparative context with the hope that this approach will elucidate both the prehistory of Gunther Island and of coastal Northwestern California as well. 36 TABLE 1 Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 1 - 27 Grave No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Depth (in.) from surface Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation 18 36 24 30 24 18 48 58 36 10 I I C C C C C C C C Orientation NE N N NE - NE - NE Age: A = adult Ad = adolescent C = child A A A A - - - - - A Sex - M Charcoal present Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10") (10" plus ) Side-notched blades Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) x 1B IR x x 1R 1B 1R 1B 2W 3R 1 2 7 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 38 5 33 31 37 Abbreviations Used R = red; B = black; W = white; G = green; Gr = gray; x = present 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 33 38 13 36 39 24 24 36 24 10 21 22 23 24 16 24 24 6 C C C N NW NW NE A A A A 25 26 27 36 36 28 I C C N - N A A A C C N NE A A C C NW N A A C C NW A C C W W Ad C x x C C W - A - x IR - - F x lB 1G 1G lGr x F x 1R 1R lB 1R 4 5 8 1W 1R 1 4 1 1 1 I 1 1 3 2 19 7 1 2 1 1 11 iS 17 1 1 38 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs Flat clubs Tubular steatite pipes 1 1 Perforated discs 1 Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls Grooved stones Awl sharpeners Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers Baked clay objects Figurines Tubular pipes Clay balls 3 3 42 Bone artifacts Antler wedges 2 Bone wedges x Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads 1 Salmon spears 2 C-shaped fishhooks 1 2 Awls x Perforated needles Hair pins 1 Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements Polished bone implements Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments x x x Dentalia Decorated dentalia Olivella disc beads 40 Spire-lopped Olivella beads 1 Abalone shell dishes 39 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 2 7 1 1 1 x 25 x 2 x x x x x x 10 x 2 175 1 40 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Metal artifact Iron harpoon head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry Yew bow fragments Cordage Wooden beads Pine nut beads Grape seed beads (Viburnum) Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles x x 1 x x x x x x x 9 41 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 x* 1 x 50 x x x x 10 x x x x 1 2 42 TABLE 1 Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 28 - 54 Grave No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Depth (in.) from surface Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation 56 18 54 12 36 12 22 18 14 26 I C C C C C C C C C Orientation - N A A - N N NE N NW NW W Age: A = adult Ad = adolescent C = child - A A A A A A C Sex Charcoal present x Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10") (10" plus ) IR 1R lB Side-notched blades Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives lB 1 1 1W 3W Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills 1 1 1 2 12 1 Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 25 5 43 Abbreviations Used R = red; B = black; W = white; G = green; Gr = gray; x = present - 38 39 40 41 18 26 26 28 C C C C NW E N SW A A A A 42 24 C 43 44 20 18 C - NW A A 45 24 C N A -- 46 47 48 40 28 18 C C C N NE N A A A 49 50 24 26 C C - N - 51 26 C N 52 53 54 31 39 22 C C C N NE N A x x x x C C x C x C C x 2R IR 1B 1B 3R 1B lB 1R 1W 1 1W 1 31 4 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 iS 1 1 1 1 I 1 14 3 15 3 2 2 1 5 is is 44 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs 1 Flat clubs Tubular steatite pipes Perforated discs Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls 1 Grooved stones 1 Awl sharpeners 1 2 Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers 2 Baked clay objects Figurines 1 Tubular pipes 1 Clay balls Bone artifacts Antler wedges Bone wedges Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads Salmon spears C-shaped fishhooks 2 Awls 1 Perforated needles Hair pins 3 Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements Polished bone implements Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials 12 Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments 14 x x x x Dentalia x Decoraced dentalia Olivella disc beads x x Splre-lopped Olivella beads x Abalone shell dishes 1 x 45 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 2 2 2 1 1 87 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 x x 1 x x x x x x x 40 x x x x 46 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Metal artifact Iron harpoon head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry Yew bow fragments Cordage x Wooden beads Pine nut beads x x x x x x Grape seed beads (Viburnum) x x Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles 47 46 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x 5 48 TABLE I Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 55 - 81 Grave No. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Depth (in.) from surface 40 26 18 26 26 54 38 36 33 48 Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation C C C C C C C C C C Orientation N NW NW N N N - NE NW NE? Age: A = adult Ad = adolescent C = child Sex Charcoal present A A A A A - A A C x Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10ll) (10" plus ) Side-notched blades Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) 1B 1R lB 1B 2 2W 1 I 1 10 2 8 2 2 iS 49 Abbreviations Used R = red; B = black; W = white; G = green; Gr = gray; x = present 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 36 30 48 18 14 26 48 30 37 48 42 36 24 48 26 38 26 C C C C c - N A A C C E A C C C - N N A A A C C C C C - SW N NW - - A A A - C E A C x x 2B IR x x lB lB 1W 1R IR 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 20 2 4 7 1 2 iS 50 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs Flat clubs 1 Tubular steatite pipes Perforated discs Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls Grooved stones I Awl sharpeners Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers Baked clay objects Figurines Tubular pipes Clay balls 2 3 Bone artifacts Antler wedges Bone wedges Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads Salmon spears C-shaped fishhooks 2 Awls 2 Perforated needles Hair pins 8 Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements 1 Polished bone implements 1 Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments 25 Dentalia x x Decorated dentalia Olivella disc beads x Spire-lopped Olivella beads x Abalone shell dishes 51 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 1 1 1 I 1 1 3 18 1 I 1 1 1 1 x 13 x x x 4 x 52 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Metal artifact Iron harpoon head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry Yew bow fragments Cordage Wooden beads Pine nut beads x x Grape seed beads (Viburnum) x Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders 1 x with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles 53 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 x x x x x x 54 TABLE 1 Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 82 107 Grave No, 82 83 84 85a 85b 86 87 88 89 90 Depth (in,) from surface 24 26 28 36 42 30 24 28 24 26 Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation C S C C C C C C C C Orientation N N N NE NE NE NE E Age A = Ad = C = adult adolescent child A A A A A A A A A Sex - F C x Charcoal present Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10") (10" plus ) Side-notched blades Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) lB 1R 5R 1W 1W 1G 2W lB 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 6 22 55 Abbreviations Used R = red; B - black; W = white; G - green; Gr = gray; x = present 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 36 42 22 25 35 18 26 18 20 18 12 20 18 12 26 28 42 I C C C C C C C C C C C C Bur. C C C C NE - N NE SW SW S NE NE N - - - - - - - A A A A A A A A A A A - A A Ad? x lB C? 1W C? F - - - 1G) 1W) IR) F 2R 1B 1 1 lGr) 1W ) IG ) 13 31 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 6 16 3 8 8 2 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 56 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 82 83 84 85a 85b 86 87 88 89 90 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs Flat clubs Tubular steatite pipes Perforated discs Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls 2 Grooved stones Awl sharpeners Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers Baked clay objects Figurines Tubular pipes Clay balls Bone artifacts Antler wedges Bone wedges Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads Salmon spears C-shaped fishhooks Awls Perforated needles Hair pins Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements Polished bone implements Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments x x x 40 x x Dentalia x x x Decorated dentalia x Olivella disc beads x x x Spire-lopped Olivella beads x x Abalone shell dishes 57 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 x x 40 x X x x 5 x 30 x x 'C ' 'C 'C ' x X 58 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 82 83 84 85a 85b 86 87 88 89 90 Metal artifact Iron harpocoi head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry Yew bow fragments Cordage Wooden beads Pine nut beads x x x x Grape seed beads (Viburnum) x x x Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles 59 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 x X X x x 'C 'C ' 'C x 'C x x x X X 1 X 60 TABLE 1 Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 108 - 134 Grave No. 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Depth (in.) from surface Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation 18 42 54 28 16 54 36 26 40 39 C C C C C C C C Orientation -N - - NW - - - - A Age: A = adult Ad = adolescent C = child A - - A A Sex - - - - M - - - F - Charcoal present Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10"l) (10" plus ) Side-notched blades Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives x 1B 1R 1W lB 1B 3 (2W) Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) 1 1 1 1 1 19 1 61 Abbreviations Used R = red; B = black; W = white; G = green; Gr = gray; x = present 118 119 120 121 122 36 20 60 20 36 I I 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 23 20 23 28 20 24 30 I I I I 130 131 132 133 134 18 16 36 18 30 I I C N - A? C - NW - A C N N A A N A C C N C C - NW - A C C A NW A A A C x 1R IR lB lB lB 1W IR IG 2 (1G) 1 1 1 1 2 15 5 62 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No, 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs Flat clubs Tubular steatite pipes Perforated discs Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls 2 Grooved stones Awl sharpeners Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers Baked clay objects Figurines Tubular pipes Clay balls Bone artifacts Antler wedges Bone wedges I Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads Salmon spears C-shaped fishhooks Awls Perforated needles Hair pins Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements Polished bone implements Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments x 1 4 x x Dentalia Decorated dentalia Olivella disc beads Spire-lopped Olivella beads Abalone shell dishes 63 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 18 x x x x x x x x x 1 64 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Metal artifact Iron harpoon head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry Yew bow fragments Cordage Wooden beads Pine nut beads x x x Grape seed beads (Viburnum) Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles 65 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 x x x x x x x 66 TABLE 1 Occurrence of Burials and Artifacts at Gunther Island Site (Hum-67) Graves Nos. 135 - 141 Grave No. 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 Depth (in.) from surface Interment: I = primary S = secondary C = cremation 10 36 30 28 26 30 26 I I I I I C C Orientation SW - - NE E E N Age: A = adult Ad = adolescent C = child A A A A A A A Sex Charcoal present Chipped stone artifacts Obsidian blades (up to 10") (10" plus ) Side-notched blades, obsidian Obsidian knives Flaked flint knives Points Obsidian Other Scrapers Obsidian Flint Drills Polished stone artifacts Pestles: simple flanged offset Mauls Adze handles Sinkers Grooved Notched Bowls (S = steatite) 2B 1 IR 1W IR 1B 1 4 1 2 67 Abbreviations Used R red; B = black; W = white; G = green; Gr - gray; x - present Grave No. 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 Polished stone artifacts Zooform clubs Flat clubs Tubular steatite pipes Perforated discs Slate ornaments Grooved stone balls Grooved stones Awl sharpeners Arrow shaft straighteners Arrow shaft polishers Baked clay objects Figurines Tubular pipes Clay balls 1 Bone artifacts Antler wedges Bone wedges Elk horn salmon toggles Barbed harpoon heads Salmon spears C-shaped fishhooks Awls Perforated needles Hair pins Head scratchers Paddle shaped implements Polished bone implements Bird bone beads Drilled deer metapodials Ear plugs Bone ornaments Shell artifacts Abalone ornaments x Dentalia Decorated dentalia Olivella disc beads Spire-lopped Olivella beads Abalone shell dishes 68 TABLE 1 [cont'd.] Grave No. 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 Metal artifact Iron harpoon head Artifacts of vegetal material Carbonized basketry x Yew bow fragments Cordage Wooden beads Pine nut beads x Grape seed beads (Viburnum) Miscellaneous artifacts De-tined elk horn "Gravestones" and boulders with burial Flat rocks Quartz pebbles Round pebbles 69 Chart 1 Contour Plan of Site Hum-67 (after Loud 1918) Limits of Stuart excavation indicated by double dotted lines (:z:) added (See Diagram 1) 70 hi -I -1 -1 I- I' I It ha 1I. .4 I i 0 Os 5' I- (C) LU C. LA LU C> .-B A I I .5 I fE 0; L w I aI5 * LM '* 1 d .' .] X- 'l1 e 014 4-i C4 0 P4 4-i v a) 0 co C.) o 4., W I- 10 0 r., C) U4 0) CId 00- 00i 4-il L-4. -2 -V Legend| j ) ()Preinterment burn ,Preinterment burn excavated 5 - 7 j ~~~~by Loud near but below 1 9 J( others (except No.8 || )3x of Stuart ) 3 ) 1 * Zooform clubs ( 3 ==Outline of Loud's trench t-- I 96 j9 r l -----t ---- - < t= ff - 1 -- +- - -4t;199tt -- - - I I 7 1 -7 - -- J- - I i i i i i i - i / - i l i I i (9 8 ---,- I - 1 -- I .. I iI 6 I - i I - % - i - ? -+--!? +- 5 4- i I j I I t I d- OCS 109 190 157 276 970 p 274 1 1 1 70 52 14 13-- 5 320-1 M13 322 181 J176 13 38 o 3530 13 82 175 41 33 155 334 335 382 0 4 1,5 11 14 l l |Diagram 1 |Plan of Stuart' s Excavation | (see Chart 1) I I T- a 73 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES (Unless otherwise noted specimens are from H. H. Stuart collection) Figure 1. Chipped stone artifacts from Hum-67 Figure 2. Pestles from Hum-67 Figure 3. Zoomorphic clubs; stone mauls from Hum-67 Figure 4. Stone adze handles from Hum-67 Figure 5. Adze handles from Northern California Figure 6. Artifacts from Hum-67 Figures 7-10. Zooform clubs from Hum-67 Figure 11. Zooform clubs from Northern California Figure 12. Zooform clubs from Hum-67 Figure 13. Artifacts from Hum-67 Figure 14. Miniature zooform clubs from Hum-67 Figure 15. Stone clubs from Hum-67 Figure 16. Stone clubs Figure 17. Stone pipes from Hum-67 Figures 18-20. Baked clay figurines from Hum-67 Figure 21. Artifacts from Hum-67. Figure 22. Bone artifacts from Hum-67 Figure 23. Shell artifacts from Hum-67; typology of projectile points 75 Figure 1 Chipped stone artifacts from Hum-67 a, b. Large flint knives c. Flaked chert crescent d. Green chert point e. Miniature stone maul f- i. Chert hand-drills f i h 3cm scale Figure 1 77 Figure 1 Pestles from Hum-67 a. Flanged pestle b. Offset pestle C. Similar to b (State Indian Museum WSW 367-7) d. Similar to a (State Indian Museum WSW 184-7) e. Similar to a (State Indian Museum WSW 1-7-SL) CI a b L- 6cm 1 scale Figure 2 79 Figure 3 Zoomorphic clubs; stone mauls from Hum-67 a. Fragment of zoomorphic club, soft schist or serpentine. Capell Creek, Klamath River. b. Atypical zoomorphic club, fine-grained metamorphic stone. Arcata. c. Head of zoomorphic club, sandstone. Big Lagoon (site Hum-126). d. Stone maul (State Indian Museum WSW 376-7) e. Stone maul (State Indian Museum WSW 374-7) f. Stone maul a 4 scote 3I" br / *1'.C / ~I// K / d gcale Figure 3 81 Figure 4 Stone adze handles from Hum-67 a. Stone adze handle (State Indian Museum BWH 25-2-1) b. Black stone adze handle (State Indian Museum WSW 287-7) c. Stone adze handle (State Indian Museum BWH 25-3) d. Similar to c (State Indian Museum BWH 254-1) e. Similar to c (State Indian Museum WSW 289-7) f. Phallic(?) adze handle of green diorite (State Indian Museum WSW 144-7) g. Phallic stone adze handle (State Indian Museum WSW 143-7) 1000 %I / O S '?; L Q. 83 Figure 5 Adze handles from Northern California a. Adze handle of dense gray volcanic stone. Hum-67. (State Indian Museum BWH 25-5-1) b. Stone adze handle. Kidder site (Hum-170), Trinidad Bay. (UCLMA 1-78491) c. Stone adze handle. Tsurai site (Hum-169), Trinidad Bay. (UCLMA 1-97825; illustrated also in Heizer and Mill 1952, pI. 2f) d. Black volcanic stone adze handle. Hum-67. (State Indian Museum BWH 25-6-1) e. Elk antler adze handle. Kidder site (Hum-170), Trinidad Bay. (UCLMA 1-78546) C= VIl 0r 0 CD 85 Figure 6 Artifacts from Hum-67 a. Bone flute b. Bone whistle with rectangular hole c. Fragmentary bone flute d-f. Bone C-shaped fishhooks g. Grooved stone sinker. ID t , gI I e L..... -Sem 2 scale Figure 6 87 Figure 7 Zooform clubs from Hum-67 a. One of identical pair of clubs from one grave b. Zooform club (State Indian Museum BWH 26-10-1) c. One of identical pair of clubs in one grave a -71, b c cm a scale Figure 7 89 Figure 8 Zooform clubs from Hum-67 a. Black stone club (State Indian Museum G-204) b. Slate club, eye is conical drilled pit (State Indian Museum WSW 278-7) c. Slate club, eye is conical drilled pit a I I I I I V I T f I M?9=M .--- - - !di - - - - . I . . . . b 6cm scaJ C Figure 8 91 Figure 9 Zooform clubs from Hum-67 a. Steatite club (State Indian Museum WSW 280-7) b. Steatite club (State Indian Museum WSW 277-7) c. Slate club 3cm a F ? 1 - -- e--%-? - - b 6sam l scale Figure 9 93 Figure 10 Zooform clubs from Hum-67 a. Slate club with white painted eye and white paint "collar" stripe bordered by narrow red painted lines b ,c- Slate clubs a b C I 6cm scab Figure 10 95 a,b. c. d.,e. Figure 11 Zooform clubs from Northern California Slate clubs from Hum-67 Slate club from Trinity County Slate clubs from Hum-67. CD a C- L L I 0 - ao 3 P-A. CD 0r 97 Figure 12 Zooform clubs from Hum-67 a. Slate club (State Indian Museum BWH 26-4-1-5) b. Gray stone club (State Indian Museum BWH 26-1) c. Antler club (State Indian Museum WSW 336-7) (Published description in Heizer 1957:17-18) ..;, ....... l a b c 3 cm Figure 12 99 Figure 13 Artifacts from Hum-67 a. Slate zooform club (eye is conical drilled pit) b. Tubular stone pipe cr0 ma Loa ) jj 101 Figure 14 Miniature zooform clubs from Hum-67 a-f . A. Slate clubs Steatite club (State Indian Museum WSW 281-7) Q- (a CA C-P C.) 0 zi X L He (D H p.1 103 Figure 15 Stone clubs from Hum-67 a. b. C. d. Dark gray slate club (State Indian Museum BWH 26-6-1-SL) Slate club Metamorphic stone club Mottled granite club (State Indian Museum BWH 26-5) 6#tm scale Figure 15 105 Figure 16 Stone clubs a. Black tubular slate club from Hum-67 (State Indian Museum BWH 26-8) b. Dark slate club from Hum-67 (State Indian Museum BWH 26-8) c. Dark slate club from Hum-67 (State Indian Museum BWH 26-9-1-SL) d. Blue schist club from Hum-67 e. Schist club from crossing at Redwood Creek on road to Hoopa (Bear's Ranch) 0' 107 Figure 17 Stone pipes from Hum-67 a, b. d,e f. 0F - oD - Steatite pipe with transverse drilled hole Shaped soft stone pipe., undrilled (State Indian Museum WSW 283-7-SL) Steatite pipe (State Indian Museum WSW 282-7-SL) Steatite pipes Steatite pipe (State Indian Museum WSW 284-7-SL) Steatite pipe r 0 r-L I I%j pj. OQ 0 H m P--A -i a 0 a 3 1 -- 109 Figure 18 Baked clay figurines from Hum-67 'I * I b c a I I I I I d 3cm I ,3a e Figure 18 111 a. b. -, d Figure 19 Baked clay figurines from Hum-67 (State Indian Museum WSW 338-7) (Stuart collection) (State Indian Museum, no number) a c b C 3cm scale d Figure 19 113 Figure 20 Baked clay figurines from Hum-67 a-d. (Stuart collection) e. (State Indian Museum G-470) f. (State Indian Museum WSW 348-7) (State Indian Museum J-469) aAP 9 5 X . ,- d In /. g* *. ' " I '*'t II _ g ,i Q I I e f Figure 20 115 Figure 21 Artifacts from Hum-67 a. Bone harpoon., Type IIAla b. Bone harpoon, Type ICla c. Bone harpoon, Type IIAla d. Bone harpoon., Type IIBla e. Antler fish spear., Type WlA f. Bone harpoon., Type IAla .9 Bone harpoon., Type IIBla h. Bone harpoon, Type IICla i. Perforated., serrated slate object (knife?) X X //v j el C --_A 0 h Figure 21 117 Figure 22 Bone artifacts from Hum-67 a. Perforated and decorated headscratcher b. Pendant or headscratcher c. Decorated object d. Spirally incised pin or gambling bone(?) e. Drilled deer metapodial f. Flaker g. Perforated, curved object (hairpin?) h. Net needle fragment i. Pendant or headscratcher J. Decorated object with squared ends k. Decorated object (hairpin?) 1. Incised gambling bone(?) m. Decorated curved object (hairpin?) 00Ca/Z2Z> h IV k h J' C 9 Figure 22 119 Figure 23 Shell artifacts from Hum-67; typology of projectile points a. Haliotis ornament", Type K2aIII b. Haliotis ornament., Type S2aIII c. Haliotis ornament., Type AF4aII d. Haliotis ornament, Type AP2aII e. Haliotis ornament., Type K2aIII f. Haliotis ornament., Type M2 -. Haliotis ornament., Type M2dII (lacking in edge incision) h. Stone projectile point typology for Gunther Island eX h 1 2 3 4 9 isb 6 I a -rb. a Figure 23 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations Used AA American Anthropologist AAnt American Antiquity UC University of California -AR Anthropological Records -AS Archaeological Survey -R Report -PAAE Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Aginsky, B. W. 1943 Culture Element Distributions: XXIV, Central Sierra. UC-AR 8:393-468. Beardsley, R. K. 1948 Culture Sequences in Central California Archaeology. AAnt 14:1-28. 1954 Temporal and Areal Relationships in Central California Archaeology, Part I. UCAS-R 24:1-62. Bennyhoff, J. A. 1950 Californian Fish Spears and Harpoons. UC-AR 9:295-338. Crane, H. 1961 Cressman, 1956 R. and James B. Griffin University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates VI. Radiocarbon 3:105-125. New Haven. L. S. Klamath Prehistory. 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