substratum is sandstone and sand. Thus driftwood is the only wood

found, Water, although scarce, is found on all of the green islands.
Santa Rosa is grassy but there are no trees. Santa Cruz has willows
and dwarf oaks in some places and there is a small fir forest near
the landing.  This is probably the southernmost point on the coast

where conifers occur naturally. Santa Catalina, next to Santa Cruz,
is the prettiest island in the channel. It is also richly wooded

but only with willow and dwarf oak;   Of the eight islands--Anacapa
and Santa Barbara are rocky islands. without water--Santa Cruz alone
has a creek. On the other islands-the water is found in springso
The climate is paradise-like, especially on Santa Catalina0   The

islands are not now inhabited and are used only for animal husbandry.

3.  The author used the English term tmagnesian mica [German, Magnesia-

glimmer] without having chemical proof of the identification,

4.  An exact, illustrated description of the structure of the village

is in the hands of the editor in manuscript form0

83. THE MANUFACTURE OF SHELL FISH-HOOKS BY THE EARLY INHABITANTS

OF THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL ISLANDS

Paul Schumacher

ABSTRACT

Shell and bone fishhooks   in. addition to implements probably used

in their manufacture, have been found in sites on the Santa Barbara
Channel Islands, off the south coast of California.   The reconstruc-
tion of the various stages of manufacture of these Californian fish-
hooks was published for the first time in Archiv fur Anthropologie,
Vol  8, pp. 223-224, 1875G 'The art`icle is here reprinted, in trans-
lation; in its entirety.

*    *    ^    ;*   *F   'n    *

During my last trlp, in the first half of this year [1875], I undertook,
in the interest of the Smithsonian Institution and at the inducement of Prof.
Spencer F, Baird, the guiding i1ght of. the organlzation, to investigate the

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group of islands located in the Santa Barbara Channel (between latitudes

33 and 34 degrees north, and between longitudes 118 and 120 degrees west).

I discovered among the great mass of objects (from the Stone Age) all kinds
of implements which found use in fishing activities and among them, especi-
ally well-worked fish-hooks. It was evidently the grave of a fishing-gear
maker in which I found tools by means of which the Islanders manufactured
those much-used implements as well as the raw material in all stages of

working up to the finished hook. It was therefore not difficult to deduce
from this the fabrication of the fish-hooks, which consist of bone or
Haliotis shell.

The shells were broken with a stone into fragments, and these were

rounded off with further blows so that they assumed a size about one inch
in diameter, the approximate size of the [finished] hook (Fig. 5a)0 (The
objects in the drawing are reproduced in natural size, although the size
is variable in the fish-hooks as well as in the other implements.) Here-
upon the shell disks were broken through in their centers as illustrated
in Figure 5b, with the point of a flint [punch] (see Fig. 5h with cross-
section). The next instrument which was brought into use was a spindle-

shaped drill made from hard and coarse sandstone (Fig. 5i). With this the
irregularly broken circular hole was worked out, as shown in Figure 5c.

In grinding off the edges and sides of the broken pieces to the form shown
in Figure 5d, an ordinary flat piece of sandstone (not illustrated) was
used. When the production was thus far advanced, the hatched part (Fig.
5e) was sawed out to a certain extent with a piece of sandstone in the

form of a double-edged knife blade (Fig. 5J). By this means and with sev-
eral small retouchings was fashioned the fish-hook as it was used and as
represented here in Figure 5f.

Bone hooks are distinguished by the presence of a barb placed on the
outside of the hook. This is in contrast to the barb of a modern [metal]
hook, and presents a shape similar to that of the end of the fluke of a
modern anchor. I found only fourteen of such specimens, and indeed all

of them on Santa Cruz Island, in the excavation of at least fifteen hun-
dred skeletons, while shell fish-hooks, although mostly disintegrated,
were found more frequently on San Miguel, Santa Cruz, San Nicolas and

Santa Catalina Islands. Many yet showed the fishing line as it was fas-

tened to the notch by cross-wrapping, consisting of a thin piece of cord-
age pasted over thickly with asphalt; the asphalt at the same time served
to preserve the cordage (Fig. 5g).

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