750 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FERNANDEZ SITE

A SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION SHELLMOUND

James T., Dav'is

ABSTRACT

This descriptive report is the result of several field investiga-

tions conducted for the most part between the years 1935 and 1959.
It is presented now because the site was virtually destroyed in
1958.

In several respects the Fernandez mound is unusual.  First of all,
it is a typical shellmound accumulation although it is situated
approximately four and one-half miles from the nearest existing

source of shellfish, Secondly, the site reflects the most inten-

sive occupation of Phase II of the Late Central California Horizon
archaeological culture known in the region of San Francisco Bay

south of Marnn and Napa Counties, Also, the mound presumably pre-
sents a nearly continuous aboriginal occupation from the earliest
defined archaeological culture known in the region through the
early historic period.

Three main archaeological components may be distinguished on the

basis of burials and their accompanying artifacts. The components
are'  A., Phase II, Late Horizon, Fernandez Facies; B, Phase I,

Late Horizon, Emeryville Facies; C, Middle Horizon, Ellis Landing
Facies,

PREFACE

To acknowledge individually each of those who has contributed a share of

time, labor, or information to the project would here be needlessly difficult.
Special recognition i's extended to Mr. Manuel Fernandez, who granted permis-

sion to the University of California to excavate on his property in 1938, and
to his son, Mr, C. B. Fernandez of Pinole, who kindly allowed the UoC.A.S. to
conduct the 1959 excavations, Appreciation is also extended to Mr. Donald

Perryman of Martinez, whIo supplied us with data on his collection of burials

and artifacts from the site. Mr. L. J. Barker of Berkeley generously donated
a considerable collection of artifacts which he had recovered from burials
and cremations in the mound,

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INTRODUCTION

The Fernandez mound is situated at the base of a range of hills which
forms the southern slope of Rodeo Valley, on the left bank of a small un-

named creek tributary to Rodeo Creek, at approximately 380 2" north latitude
and 1220 31" west longitude. The property on which the site is located is

presently owned by Mr. C. B. Fernandez of Pinole. It had been purched orig-
inally by his grandfather, Bernardo Fernandez.

Bernardo Fernandez had been a sailing master who settled in Pinole in

August, 1854, and established a grain storage and shipping enterprise (Anon.,
1882, pp.556-57).

According to the present owner, at the time his grandfather bought the

land there were no Indians living in the vicinity of Rodeo Valley or Pinole,
nor had any other ranchers lived on the land. In this connection, it is in-
teresting to note that at site CCo-2, located about three-quarters of a mile
due west of the Fernandez mound, historic materials in the form of crockery
sherds were noted on the surface of the site by Mr. C. B. Fernandez. We

were unable to obtain samples of this material due to the fields being in
permanent pasture. A single test pit was sunk into the deposit at CCo-2,

but no artifacts were recovered although two burials were exposed at a depth
of 4 feet. Thus it is possible that a continuous occupation from Middle

Horizon times to the historic period between 1800 and 1825 is traceable at
the Fernandez mound, which yielded a single glass trade bead and a scraper
fashioned from bottle glass, and at site CCo-2, from which crockery sherds
were collected. However, a detailed study of this possibility must await
further investigation at CCo-2.

The Fernandez mound was first recorded by Nelson (1909, Map 1; p. 329),
who assigned to it number 259 in his survey.   This number was retained by
the University of California Archaeological Survey and the abbreviation
CCo-, referring to Contra Costa County, was prefixed. Thus the official
designation of the Fernandez mound in the files of the UCAS is CCo-259.

In 1910 Nelson excavated a single burial from the site, but accompanying
data are lacking.

L. J. Barker, an amateur collector, removed ten burials and cremations

with associated grave goods from the deposit in 1935. The collection taken
at this time, together with the accompanying burial data, was subsequently
donated to the Museum of Anthropology of the University of California.

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In October, 1938, R. F. Heizer, together with several other graduate
and undergraduate students from the University of California, excavated

several cremations and burials from the site. Except for minor excavations
by local collectors between 1938 and 1958, the site remained relatively un-
disturbed aside from annual hay crop cultivation.  It was the intention of
the Archaeologlcal Su,rrvey to conduct extensive excavatlons at the site if
it was informed of the imminent destruction of the area.

In the summer of 1958, a garden supply company purchased rights to level
the mound for the vurpose of obtaining topsoil.  The Archaeological Survey

learned of the situatiorn only incidentally when the owner was approached for

permission for the University of California to conduct a field class in arch-
aeological method at the site during the following spring term.  By August,
1958, the mound had been virtually leveled; however, a small remnant of the

original surface was preserved at the southern margin of the site (see Map 1),
and auger tests revealed a depth of 4-5 feet of deposit remaining below the
leveled portion.  During the course of the topsoil excavating operations,

Donald Perryman, an interested local collector, was able to obtain informa-
tion on seven cremations accompanied by grave goods. This information he
kindly made available to the Archaeological Survey.

Since one Middle Eorilzon burial had been recovered in the excavations of
1938, it was believed that an undisturbed Middle Horizon burial area might

be discovered through further excavation 'in 1959. Hence, it was decided to
proceed with the plan of excavating the site during the spring semester of

that year. Permission to dig was granted, and excavation was carried out by
the field class for a portion of the term. Two Middle Horizon burials with
accompanying artifacts were recovered; however, the area dug proved to be
quite barren of other artifacts or features,

The Archaeologlcal Survey continued excavating the site through part of

the summer of 1959; this resulted in the discovery of a Middle Horizon buri-
al area from which eight burlals with accompanying artifacts were removed.*

ENVIRONMENT

Rodeo Valley, in which site CCo-259 is located, is one of a number of
similar shallow valleys trending northwesterly in the northern end of the
Mt. Hamilton Range of the Coast Ranges.  This is the lowest section of the

Coast Ranges of mountains and forms the southern part of the low gap through
which the Sacramento-San Joaquin river systems flow into the complex of

bays, Suisun, San Pablo and San Francisco, and thence through the Golden
Gate into the Pacific Ocean,

* The present paper is based upon these several collections.

- 13 -

The climate is typical of that of the east side of San Francisco Bay,

which is characterized by very dry, moderately warm summers and cool, mod-
erately wet winters.

.Rodeo'Creek and its tributarie's normally carry water through much of

the year, but.frequently are dry in the'early fall.   However, the surround-

ing land is not completely dry, since several nearby springs in the hillsides
appear at present to. be running thr'oughout the year.

Numerous land mammalian species were available to, and utilized by, the
aboriginal inhabitants, as judged by their osteological remains in the site.

Apparently the single most important mammal, both for food and furnishing raw
material for making,implements, was the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemio-
nus columbianus).''

Sea mammals and fish appear not, to have been generally available to the
inhabitants, except perhaps through trade or an occasional fishing venture
to San Pablo Bay or Carquinez Straits.   Gill plates of the large sturgeon

(Acipenser, sp?) are present but no other'bones of this species were found.
Rostlund (1952, p. 12) says this is to be expected, since their bones are
"primarily cartilaginous'and would not be long preserved."

Molluscan species gathered'included an abundance of salt water mussel

(Mytilus edulis), a snmall bay oyster (Ostrealurida), and in the upper levels
of the midden the soft-shelled clam (Macoma nasuta) is abundant.    Shells of
a small marsh gastropod (Cerithidea californica) and a fresh water clam
(Margeritifera margaritifera) are also present in some quantity and were
probably used as a supplementary food resource.

Of the several dominant floral species in the vicinity of the site, the
following were probably most important ecdnomically, either as food or for
artifact materials:   oak (Quercus lobata, g. agrifolia, g. wislizenii),
buckeye '(Aesculus californica), blue elderberry' (Sambucus glauca),'wild
grape (Vitus californira), and willow (Salix sp.)..

Geographically the region is quite favorable for aboriginal occupation.
Water was in plentiful' supply and near at hand, and"food was abundant; with
the exception of 'shellfi'sh, the gathering of which ne'cessitated a walk of

about nine or ten miles round trip, all animal or plant species were immed-
iately available,  In any case, 'the trip to the shores'of San' Pablo Bay
would not necessarily have been made every day,

Because of the presumed long'occupation of the site, we may assume that
the region remained a favorable one ecologically for unspecialized hunters
and gatherers during the entire period of such occupation.

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DESCRIPTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

A. Mound Constituents and Structure

The site, as noted by Nelson (1909, p. 329), is unusual because it has
a very high shell content of species of salt water molluscs and yet is sit-
uated about four and one-half air miles from the shore of San Pablo Bay.

The lower depths of the midden are characterized by a clayey soil, pre-
sumably stained black by carbon and organic matter, and are shot through

with finely crushed shell, predominantly of a salt water bay wussel (Mytilus
edulis) and the oyster (Ostrea lurida). In addition to burials and arti-
facts, there are quantities of small, waterworn pebbles, larger fist-size
cobbles, animai bone, ash, and charcoal.

The upper levels of the site are characterized by larger amounts of
nearly whole shell, predominantly that of the soft-shelled clam (Macoma
nasuta), although oyster and mussel shells are also conspicuous0

Several previous investigators have observed these same features, i.e.,
a general change from. mussel and oyster shell in the lower levels to clam
shell in the upper levels (Nelson, a. cit., p. 338; Gifford, 1916, p. 9,

tables 13-22; Greengo, 1951, p. 5, fig. 1B; Davis and Treganza, 1959, po 8),
and finely crushed shell and more compact deposit in the lower portion
(Nelson, 2pj  citO. p. 336; Davis and Treganza, sj. cito, pa 8).

The occurrence of numerous water-worn pebbles has also been noted

(Nelson, 2p. cite, p. 335; 1910, p. 379; Greengo, 22. cit., pp. 4, 8).   Each
of these investigators finds the circumstance puzzling (ibid.), but it seems
possible that these small pebbles were brought in inadvertently as a concom-
itant of gathering mussel and oyster, which attach themselves to both large

and small rocks as well as to one another. It seems likely that the molluscs
were plucked away from the larger rocks before being carried home because of
the added weight, while the numerous small pebbles were left attached to the
shellfish, not seeming to add a great burden to the daily collection, Numer-
ous trips by many individuals over a long time span thus would contribute a
large quantity of pebbles to the total accumulation of refuse. This same

phenomenon was noted during excavations by the University of California Arch-
aeological Survey of a site likewise situated several miles from the shores
of the bay, near El Sobrante (site CCo-151).

The original surface contour of the mound cannot be ascertained with

positive accuracy because the drafting of a contour map of the site had not
been accomplished prior to its virtual. destruction in 1958. It was felt

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that since a remnant of the original slope at the southernedge of the site
was left undisturbed, it might be possible to extrapolate the original-con-
tours with the aid of field descriptions and early photographs.  Even with
these obvious limitations it is believed that a reasonably accurate recon-
struction of the original surface contours of the mound hat been achieved
(Map 1).

Verbal descriptions of the appearance of the mound before it had been
disturbed indicate that it sloped gently from the west to an elevation of

about 7 feet above the surrounding terrain. The highest part of the mound

occurred near its southern and eastern portions, and the margins facing the
creek to the south and east descended quite rapidly. A fairly extensive
area on the top of the site has been described as being quite flat. An

examination of the extrapolated contours depicted on Map 1 reveals each of
the aforementioned characteristics.

Measurements of the distances presented in Diagram 1, which represents
the north-south transection of Trench A (Map 1), were obtained through
direct measurement and the aid of a level-transit and stadia rod. The

line above the top of the transection represents the original surface of

the mound, based upon the extrapolated contours above Trench A. With the
aid of this diagram, it is possible to convert the depth measurements

obtained during the course of the excavations in 1959 into depths from the
proposed original surface of the mound. The fact that such extrapolated
depths are not absolutely accurate is realized, but it is felt that they
are in error by probably not more than 12 inches, and that even such a

large possible error is better than no reasonable approximation.  Measure-
ments of the depths of artifacts, burials, and features unearthed in 1959

were taken from the southwest corner of each excavation unit. Thus in the
transectional diagram the depths which have been added to those recorded
in the field are shown above the lines corresponding to the southern end
of each pit.

Because the Fernandez site, evidently spans such a long period of prob-
ably continuous occupation, a short summary of the Central California cul-
ture chronology is offered here, The three temporal subdivisions involved,
A, B, and C, correspond respectively to dated Central California archaeolog-
ical horizons, as follows.

Component               Horizon           Approximate, Date

A                Late (Phase II)           1600-1850 A.D.
B                Late (Phase  I)           300-1600 A.D.
C                Middle              3000 B.C.-300 A.D.

- 16 -

Details and documentation of this chronology are given in the final section
of this paper, titled "Culture Chronology."

B. Burial Complex

Since 1910 several persons or groups have excavated and recorded burial
data at the site, Throughout the text of this paper (and summarized in

Table 1) references to the burials are made by using numbers and letter pre-

fixes. The key to the letter prefixes is here shown, arranged alphabetically,
as follows:

Person or group which       Predominant type
Prefix      recovered data1 with date        of interment

B         L. J. Barker (1935)            Cremations
C         UC Field Party (1938)          Cremations

D         UCAS Field Party (1959)        Flexed burials
F         UC Field Class (1959)          Flexed burials
H         UC Field Party (1938)          Flexed burials
N         N. C. Nelson (1910)            Flexed burials
P         D. Perryman (1958)             Cremations

Table 1 shows that two predominant methods of disposing of corpses were
practiced during the history of the mound. The earliest practice was that
of primary inhumation in a tight, ventrally flexed position.  All Middle

Horizon (Component C) burials accompanied by mortuary goods were so disposed.
Eight burials from C Component not possessing preserved artifacts were flexed
in various postures; three on their right side, two on their left, and three
ventrally. There seems to have been no preferred direction toward which the
bodies were oriented.

Though there apparently was no specific cemetery, burials do tend to be

grouped in the same general area, in what were probably different periods of
occupation. This grouping of burials has been noted by other investigators

(Lillard and Purves, 1936, p. 9; Heizer and Fenenga, 1939, p. 385; Davris and
Treganza, pj. cits. pp. 9-10),

Cremation replaces primary inhumation as the predominant means of dis-
posal of the dead in both Phases of the Late Horizon (Components A and B),
although the earlier method (primary interment) continues to be practiced.

Two methods of cremation may be distinguished from the remains. One of

the methods involved placing the corpse on a fire in a pit and shortly there-

- 17 -

after extinguishing the fire, which resulted' in only partial cremation; some-

times the bones of individuals so treated are merely scorched on' the underside.
The other method involved placing the corpse on a very hot fire and maintaining
the temperature for some time. The result 'is a nearly complete cremation of
the corpse with only a handful of charred or calcined bone remaining in the
ashes.

Each method of cremation was apparently practiced in both A and B Compo-

nents.  Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga (1939, p. 79) found partial cremations to
be most prevalent in the Delta Province during Phase I of the Late Horizon.

Beardsley (1954, pp. 60, 84) lists the generic trait of cremation as a feature
of the Late Horizon generally and of the Phase I Emeryville Facies specific-
ally. Cremations, though evidently not widely prevalent, are nevertheless

known from the Early Horizon in the Central California archaeological sequence,
and one lot of calcined human bone, from a cremation- at site SJo-68 has been
carbon-14 dated (Heizer, 1958, p. 3).   Heizer and Fenenga (e.      , p. 385)
found rare cremations in the Middle Horizon in the Interior Valley Zone and
state that the trait becomes much more frequent-in the Late Horizon.

Cremation was apparently absent in Alameda Province during the Middle

Horizon except as noted by Davis and Treganza (ge cit., p. 9) in Component C
of Ala-328.

C. Ceremonial Complex

Charmstones.  Thirty-four charmstones, comprising eighteen separate types,
were recovered, mostly from the screen of the topsoil excavators- The speci-
mens are now in the possession of private collectors.

The typology employed in this report is identical to, and a continuation
of, that utilized by Davis and Treganza (U. cit., p. 15). The prime consid-
eration in this typology is whether or not a perforation is present.    Other
criteria which may be applied to either of the basic categories, I (single

biconical perforation near one end) and II (not perforated), are as follows:
(A) ends not piled, (B) ends piled, (C) with longitudinal grooves completely
around specimen. Additional criteria, here included under category (M)

(miscellaneous), have no relationship to the primary criteria (perforated or
unperforated).

It will be observed in the paradigm below, employed to show the specific
ramifications of charmstone types, that traits such as shape apply to each
of the larger categories (i.e., those represented by the capitals A, Bo C)

separately. An example of the use of this classification is as follows: a

- 18 -

type IA2b charmscone is one with a single biconical perforation near one
end, with an asymmetric spindle shape, with the end of greatest diameter
curved, and with tip blunt or rounded. (Ends not piled.)

A. End(s) not piled (i.e., one or both ends not modified by

secondary curvature).
1. Egg-shaped.

2. Asymmetric spindle-shaped.

a, End of greatest diameter shouldered, tip more or

less pointed.

b. End of greatest diameter curved, tip blunt or

rounded.

c, End of greatest diameter curved, tip blunt or

rounded; grooved at perforated end.
3. Syrmnetric spindle-shaped.

a,  Perforated end squared off and grooved longitudin-

ally; opposite end curved with blunt tip.

5. Pendular.

a, Smaller end with encircling groove.

B. End(s) pi&led (i.e.., one or both

curvat ure) .

1  Plummet-shaped.

a,  Pil ed at both ends.

b. One end piled, opposite
co One end piled, opposite
2,  Symmetric spindle-shaped.

a,  PilLed end grooved.

3. Asymmetric spindle-shaped.

a,  Piled end knobbed.

ends modified by secondary

end not piled.
end knobbed.

C. Longitudinally grooved completely around.

1  Symmetric spindle-shaped.

2. Sides parallel, ends slightly curved.
M. Miscellaneous,

I. End grooved, incised geometric design

(fig. 6d).

2,  Longitudinally grooved around one end

(fragment).

(fragment)

and two sides

Outline drawings of charmstone types may be seen in Figure 1.

- 19 -

- All-but-one of the nonperforated charmstones for which there are.dIepth
data occur at depths above 60 inches; the only perforated charmstone 'for
which there is find information occurred at a depth of 89 inches.'

Lithic materials utilized in the manufacture of the nonperforated forms
include sandstone, microcrystalline metasedimentary rock, and basalt (per-

haps derived from the Napa area along with obsidian). The single type IIC1
is reddish scoria.   Four of the five perforated specimens are s'teatite;
type IBlb is granitic.-

The general difference between lithic material employed in making per-
forated charmstones and nonperforated forms was observed at another site

(Ala-328) on the east side of San Francisco Bay (Davis'and Treganza, a. cit.,
pp. 15-16, table 5). It was-also observed-at Ala-328 that the perforated
forms were considerably lower in depth than the nonperforated ones (ibid.
table 5). Until further data are available, present evidence supports the

generalization for 'Alameda Province that perforated charmstones (usually of
steatite) are associated with the Middle Horizon, while the Late Horizon is
characterized by an abundance of nonperforated forms.

Other investigators have tended to regard perforated charmstones as be-
ing more ancient than those lacking such modification in Central California
(Heizer and Fenenga, 2. cit., p. 385; Kroeber, 1936, pp. 112, 114; Schenck,
1926, pp. 259-60),

A reverse sequence, i.e., a preponderance of nonperforated charmstones
being followed in time predominantly by perforated formhs, was noted by

Meighan (1955, cf. figs. 4-8) for the region north of San Francisco Bay.
The following observation (ibid., p. 31) is pertinent in this regard.

"The major difficulty in setting up the Clear Lake Complex is the possi-
bility that older archaeological objects may have been picked up by the

Indians; this problem is likely to lead to erroneous interpretation for such
objects as projectile points and charmstones,"

As to the possible range of functions of these stones in California, the
reader is referred to a paper reporting a charmstone site north of San Fran-
cisco Bay (Elsasser, 1955).

Most of the charmstones from CCo-259 show traces of asphaltum around the
small end and generally exhibit battering scars at the large end, It appears
that nearly all of them were designed to be suspended in some fashion and
experienced a fairly rough usage or handling.

- 20 -

lypas I1CI and IIC2 do not present these characteristics, and it is

possible that they were not charmstones at all. Each of these specimens
is quite sirnJilar in size and shape to grooved stones illustrated by

Barrett (1932, p1. 61, fig  6; pl. 62, fig. 4) and described by him as
"strlLng-stretcherss" utilized during the twining process to stretch the
string for added strength (ibid   pp, pp  176, 277).

Quartz crystal. Associated with burial C-4 was a small, transparent
crystal of quartz exhibiting scars from battering on the pointed end.

Quartz crysttals occur throughout the archaeological record in Central
Cal iforni..a (Heizer and Fenenga, 2. cit, p. 381; Lillard, Heizer and

Fenenga., o.  cit  p. 75; Beardsley, 1954, p. 83; Heizer, 1949, P. 19).

Fired ciy   4ia  nes.  Of particular interest among the cultural re-

mains at this site are a number of fragments of fired clay, some of which
are believed to be portions of human figurines. Unfortunately, none of
the eight, specimens was recovered through systematic excavation,

A brief description of each specimen will be given in order to allow
reasonable comparison with similar articles from other regions.

UCHA 1223136, This specimen is a small,buff-colored, cigar-shaped
roll of fired clay containing a finely crushed shell and grit temper.

One end. is rounded and slightly flattened, the other end terminates in a
pinched concave projection.  The possibility that it is the leg of a fig-
urine is suiggested even though no previously known examples of legged

figurines are known from' Central California. However, it may also be a
complete bird effigy similar to those described by Heizer (1937) for
Central California.  (See Davis , 1959, for a discussion of the known

California occurrences of anthropomorphic figurines.)  The measurements

of this specimen are:  length, 60 mm.; average diameter, 7.5 umn. (illus-
trated p1, 2o) .YQ

UCMA 1-137082,  This object is similar to UCMA 1-223136, described

above, and it is suggested that it too may be the leg of a human figurine
or a bird effigy.  The roll of clay tapers from a broken end measuring
12 by 18 mmn, in opposing transverse sections to a diameter of 9 mrn. at
the 1tfootvt end,  From the end of lesser diameter a pinched projection

extends whichn possibly represents a foot,  It is of a gray-black color,
with finely crershed shell and grit temper, and is 50 mm. long (illus-
trated pl. 2n)l

UCMA  2231135.  A small., undecorated, cigar-shaped roll having both
ends broken., It is buff colored and contains a grit and finely crushed

- 21 -

shell temper. Measurements of the object are: length, 48 mm., and 12 by
13 mm. in opposing transverse sections.

UCMA 1-137158. Same as UCMA 1-223135 described above. Measurements are:
length, 30 mm.and 12 by 16 mm. in opposing transverse sections.

UCMA 1-137083. Same as UCMA 1-137158 except that it is sharply curved
and may have asphaltum mixed with clay. Measurements are: length, 30 mm.,
and an average of 16 mm. in diameter.

UCMA 1-137084. Same as UCMA 1-137083 described above,
Es not included. Five mm. from one of the broken ends is a
pinched protuberance which may represent a female breast.

except asphaltum
small, conical,

UCMA 1-223133. Small, pencil-sized roll which is brown in color.
Measurements are:   length, 28 mm.; diameter, 9 mm.

UCMA 1-223134.  This specimen is a grayish-buff color and contains grit
temper. It is a cigar-shaped roll, 40 mm. long and 11 by 13 mm. in opposing

transverse sections. From one broken end it tapers to a rounded base. Three
rows. of punctate dots extend-from the break to a distance of 8 mm. toward

the base. Immediately below the rows of dots are two shallow horizontal in-
cisions 3 mm. in length, which are 2 mm. apart (fig. 64).

UCMA 1-137157.  A small, bulbous, buff-colored piece of fired clay con-
taining grit temper is present in the collections but lacks specific data as
to its provenience in the site. It is somewhat flattened on one side and

measures 34 mm. in length by 7 mm. in diameter at the small end, with a diam-
eter of 10 mm. at the bulb end. It is apparently complete and the possibil-
ity that it represents the figurine of an infant is suggested.

Beardsley (1948, p. 13; 1954, p.
human figurines to the Middle Horizon
of Central California; however, it is
Sac-6 illustrated in Davis' paper (o.
Horizon site in the Delta Province. E
with one exception (this piece lacks E
the screen of the. topsoil excavators i
Horizon occupational zone.

59) assigned the trait of fired clay
McClure Facies in the Marin Province
certain that the example from site

cit., fig. lg) is from a pure Late
Specimens from the Fernandez mound,

provenience data), were recovered from
Ln 1958 and probably are from a Late

Stone Pipes. Associated with burial B-A, at a depth of 24 inches, was
a thick-walled, biconically-drilled, tubular pipe of sandstone, having a

flanged, grooved proximal end. (See pl. 2m for illustration.) It had been
subjected to considerable heat, apparently as the result of cremation of
the corpse.

- 22 -

Measurements of the specimen are:   length, 104 mm.; diameter at stem
end, 32 mm.; diameter at bowl end, 45 -mn.; inside bowl diameter, 20 mm.;
inside stem diameter, 17 mm.; inside diameter where the two perforations
meet, 5 mmn,

In the grave pit of burial B-D, at a depth of 30 inches, was a fragment
of a polished, black tubular pipe of steatite.

Burial C-7, at a depth of 54 inches, included one polished black stea-
tite tubular pipe, having a single flange at the stem end.   It is i.n two

fragments, one the stem end, the other the bowl end. Red ochre is present

on both fragments, but it does not appear to have been intentionally paint-
ed, rather the stains appear to be the remains of powder sprinkled on the
corpse at the time of cremation (pl. 2q).

Measurement.s of this specimen are:  length, greater than 60 m.m; diam-
eter at stem end, 26 nu.; diameter at bowl end, 31 un.; inside bowl diame-
ter, 21 mm. ; inside stem diameter, 13 mm,

Another polished, black tubular pipe of steatite, having a f langed end,
was recovered during the mound-leveling operations.   Its measurements are:
length, 44 mm,; diameter at bowl end, 28 mm.; diameter at stem end, 25 mm.

A single example of a conical steatite pipe was associated with burial
C-4 at a depth of 51 inches (see plo 2p). Measurements of this pipe are:
length, 25 mm.; diameter at bowl, 18 mm,,; inside stem diameter, 8 mm

Biconically drilled tubular stone pipes are affiliated with the Late
Horizon in Central California (Heizer and Fenenga, 2e. cit., p. 383;

Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 2p2 cit., p. 80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 18; 1954,
p. 61), although what is presumed to be a small conical pipe bowl occurs in
Middle Horizon times (Beardsley, 1954, p. 83),

Conical baked clay p       From the surface of the site was recovered a
fragment of what is assumed to be a fired clay pipe.   It is an ashy-gray
color both on the exterior and interior, and contains a fine grit temper,

The outside diameter at the stem end is 10 mm., and at the broken bowl
end it is 35 mm. Length of the fragment is 46 mm. A perforation having a
constant diameter of 4 mm. extends 41 mm, from the stem end of the base of
the bowl,  A specimen from the Interior Valley Zone, having a nearly iden-
tical shape, is illustrated by Heizer (1937, p. 37, fig. 3[6]B).

- 23 -

Another similar pipe of the same color and shape was found in the screen
of the topsoil excavator. Its measurements are: length from stem to broken
bowl end, 53 mm.; diameter at broken bowl end, 28 mm.; diameter at stem end,
12 mm.

Similar pipes are known from several areas in Central California (e.g.,

in the San Francisco Bay region) and are attributable to the Late archaeolog-
ical Horizon (Heizer, 1937, passim; Schenck and Dawson, 1929, p. 366; Davis
and Treganza, o.  cit., p. 20).

Bird bone whistles. Seventy-three whistles of bird bone have been recov-
ered, Fifty-two of these were associated with five burials (see table 1 for
these associations).

Lengths range from 52 mm. to 210 mm., with an average of 107 mm., and
diameters range from 4 to 14 mm., with an average of 8 mm.

The stop hole is cut always on the concave curvature of the bones at

about the midpoint of the length, with the exception of seven specimens asso-
ciated with burial N-1 which have the stop cut at about one-third of the

length. Both ends are trimmed and smoothed on practically all of the speci-
mens. Asphaltum stop plugs are preserved near the holes and at one end on

many examples. Two of the whistles associated with burial D-8 retain impres-
sions of shell beads in asphaltum near the stop holes, but it is impossible
to determine exactly which bead type was present.

Davis and Treganza (2. cit., p. 21) suggest that a temporal difference
existed between two types of bird bone whistles occurring at Ala-328. Sub-
sequent investigation, e.g., by Hammel (1956), has not demonstrated clear

typological distinctions through time, and the sample of whistles from CCo-259
also cannot be utilized to reinforce the suggestion

Incised bird bone tube. In the grave of burial C-12, at a depth of 54

inches, were several fragments representing one or possibly two inccised bird
bone tubes. The geometric design is rather difficult to describe in a brief
and lucid manner; therefore the reader is referred to Figure 6a for illustra-
tion of these fragments.

A sharp flake of obsidian could have been employed in making the shallow
incisions which were then apparently rubbed with dark pigment (charcoal?) to
highlight the design.

Another fragment of a bird bone tube incised with a geometric design was

- 24 -

found unassociated in the midden,  Again, it is suggested that cha,rcoal 'had

been rubbed into the incisions to highlight the design elements.   This speci-
men is illustrated in Figure 6b.

Incised bird borne tubes evidently occur fi.rst in the Delta Province in

Phase I of the Late Horizon and carry over Ointo Phase II in all archiaeologi -
cal provinces (Heizer and Fenenga,  O  sit,, p. 383; Lillard. Heizer and
Fenenga, o  cit., pp. 79-80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 18; 1954) p. 60).?

Undecorated blird bone tubes.  Only two complete bird bone tubes have

been recovered.  One of these was associated with burial B-A at a depth of
24 inches0 It is 47 mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter, The other complete

specimen lacks associ:ation and depth data.  It is 56 mn. long and 20 in. in
diameter,

Eight long fragments of worked blrd bone were recovered from various

depths in the mound, frequently with burials which also contained bir:d bone

whistles,  It may be that several or all. of the fragments described here are

actually whist-le fragments, but since they lack necessary features for classi-
fication as whis-tles, theyr are listed merely as tubes.

No teamporal stgnificance is attached to the occurrence of t2.hese obets.

Red ochre,  Powdered red ochre   besldes being spri rnkled oi nume.eerocus

corpses, was alsso apparently employed as a pigment for red paint, as demon-
strated by markings on clay figurine fragments and one charmstone,,

In the grave of cremation 12 was a large quantity (about five pouLnds) of

roughly shaped lumps of the mineral., which had been mixed with a small. amount
of clay to hold it together.

Quite possfisbly t1he substance was employed as a body paint also, although
there is no archaeological evidence to support such an assumption.

Heizer and Fenenga QU. cit.. p. 383) list shaped 1-mps et red ochr-e as
a trait of the Late Horizon.

Sprinkltng powdered ochre in the grave is much more common in the Middle
Horizon, but also occurs in both phases of the Late Horizon (He'izer and
Fenenga, 2O c;it5, p. 383; Lillard, Heilzer and Fenenga, 2. cit., p9. 78;
Beardsley, 1 954, p. 85).

- 25 -

Painted stone "tablet." A single thin, flat piece of gray sandstone,

exhibiting rows of parallel black lines, was associated with cremation 4 at
a depth of 51 inches. It is fractured on all sides. Its measurements are:
length, 52 mm.; width, 45 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.   One flat side is rough,

the other smooth. On the smooth-face, 14 mm. apart, are two sets of three
straight parallel lines, about 1-1.5 mm. apart.   Intersecting one of the
sets of lines at an angle are two straight parallel lines, about 1.5 mm.
apart. (See Fig. 6c for illustration.)

Similar but more elaborately executed painted stone tablets are well
known in the Napa region (Heizer, 1953, pp. 257, 283) where they are pre-

sumed to be chronologically late on the basis of depth of occurrence at site
Nap-1 (ibido, p. 257).

Unmodified stones in grave.   Recovered near the skull of burial D-6 at
a depth of 104 inches, were three large subspherical cobbles of metasedi-

mentary rock. Bach exhibits a slight but perceptible amount of apparently
random pecking but no battering. Their circumferences are 280 by 350 mm.,
280 by 320 mm., and 310 by 340 mm. What utility they might have had is'
unknown,

In the grave of burial H-1, at a depth of 66 inches, were seventeen
round, smooth, water-worn pebbles of various kinds of stone, whose sizes
range from that of a large marble to that of a small hen's egg. Similar
mortuary accompaniments are known from other sites in Central California,

most commonly in the Early and Middle Horizons (Heizer and Fenenga, op. cit.,
p. 381; Heizer, 1949, p. 24; Beardsley, 1954, p. 83; Davis and Treganza, p2.
cit., p. 18.

Incipient "Stockton curve." A long, curved obsidian flake with fine
pressure flaking along parts of two edges appears to be an unfinished

"Stockton curve.t'  It is 95 mm, long, 27 mm. wide, and 9 mm. thick.   Data

on its depth of occurrence in the site is lacking, but it may be assumed to
be late in the sequence of culture at the site, as it is in the nearby

Stockton region (Jones, 1922, p. 115; Heizer and Fenenga, op. cit., p. 382;
Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 22. cit., p. 80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 19).

D. Dress and Ornamentation

Shell beads.  As noted by numerous authors (Heizer and Fenenga, sp. cit.,
p. 391; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, g.   cit., passim; Beardsley, 1948, p. 3;
1954, passim),shell bead types, or rather the co-occurrence of certain types

- 26 -

coupled with the absence of other types, is the single most important diag-
nostic criterion in establishing the horizon affinity of any given burial

complex in a slte component in Central California,  Evidence existing in the
present instance adds additional weight to this concept.

Numerous shell. bead typologies haxre be'e;n utilized by several authors;

however, the one enjoying the most general use is a slightly modified ver-
sion.of that employed by Lillard, Heizer cand Fenenga    cit.., p. 12).
Following is a modification of that typology as used in this report-

Clam shell bead types:

1. Circular disc bead, biconically perforated (Saxidomus

nuttali).

Pismo clam bead types:-

2. Cyli-ndrical bead with longitudinal perforation (Tivel,

ettito rum). (Beardsley, 1954, p. 97, notes the occur-
rence of a single Tivela cylindrical bead; however, it
was not located in the existing collection from the
site.)

Olivella shell. bead types (shell morphology nomenclature adopted

f.rom Keen and Frizzell, 1953; Keen and Pearso., 1958):
la. Whole she.ll with posterior spire ground off square,

lc,  Whole shell with posterior spire and anterior end ground

off square.

2a,  Small15 fla.t, rectangular bead with central perforation.
3al,  Approximately half-shell, deeply cupped, oval outline,

central perforation with remnant of either parietal

callus and/or outer lip along one or both edges of bead.
3a2. Approximate half-shell with inner whorl remnant at one end

or sllightly to one side of end, circular central perfor-
ation,

3b. Saddle-sahaped bead, ovoid with rounded ends, longitudinal

curvature, central perforation.

3e. Circular, small,, cupped, thick., with central perforation

cut from very near tip of pcsterior spire.

The familiar clam disc bead complex, that is, Olivella bead types 3al,
3a2, 3e,, cylindrical magnesite and/or steatite beads along with clam disc
beads, is well represented in the upper 6 feet of the Fernandez mound (see
table 1) and represents a Phase II Late Horizon assemblage (Heizer and

- 27 -

Fenenga, 2p. cit., pp. 383, 390, 391; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, .   cit.,
p. 80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 19; 1954, pp. 60, 86).

Olivella type 2a is diagnostic of the Phase I, Late Horizon in Alameda
Province (Beardsley, 1948, p. 18; 1954, p. 85) as well as in the Delta Prov-
ince (Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga,  p. cit., p. 80).

Olivella type 3b is diagnostic of the Middle Horizon in all provinces

of Central California (Heizer and Fenenga, 2p. cit.,- p. 382; Lillard, Heizer
and Fenenga, a. cit., p. 78; Beardsley, 1948, p. 12; 1954, p. 83).

The significance of the types and their distribution at site CCo-259 is
discussed under "Culture chronology."

Haliotis ornaments. The following typological designations have been
established and are illustrated in Figure 2.

R: Rectangular

a. Single perforation at one end, not decorated.
b. Two perforations at one end, not decorated.

c. Two perforations at one end, other end with serrated edge.
d. Two perforations, one at end, one at side edge.
T: Subtrapezoidal

a.  Single perforation at short side, not decorated.

b. Two perforations at short side, shallow, solid triangular

incisions on opposite side.

c. Two perforations at short side, single circular notch on

one long side; not decorated.

d, Same as above, type Tc, except side opposite perforations

is serrated.

e. Four perforations on short side, undecorated.

f. Four perforations on short side; single circular notch on

one long side; two short sides have shallow, solid,
triangular incisions.

g. Five perforations on short side.
E. Subelliptical

a. Single perforation at one end, not decorated.
b. Two perforations at one end, not decorated.

c. Two perforations on each of two opposing sides.
C. Circular

a. Single peripheral perforation; serrated around circumference.

- 28 -

C. Circular

b, Single peripheral perforation, short incised lines around

circumference.

c, Four closely spaced peripheral perforations; shorty incised

lines around circumference,

(1). Circular with large single central perforation, not

decorated.
B. "Banjol" type

a, Single peripheral perforation near large end.
A. Amorphious

a. Three randomly spaced peripheral perforations, not

decorated.

b. Single peripheral perforation, four circular not*ches along

one edge.

Since ornament type C(l) is a marker trait of the Middle Horizon (Heizer
and Fenenga, 22  .AS, p. 393; Beardsley, 1948, p. 12; 1954, p. 83; Cook and

Elsasser, 1956, p. 40 ff.) and has usually been designated as type C(l) (e.g.,
Cook and Elsasser,, loc. cit.; Heizer and Fenenga, ?. cit., p. 15), tUei

designation is retained here. Following is a concordance of varlous typolog-
ical designations employed by different authors in identifying this type:

Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga (Lcc. cit.)           C(l)
Cifford (1947, pp. 13, 71)                       ( J2aI

( J2aII

( J2aIII
Beardsley (1954, fig. 7b)                          RC (1)
Cook and Elsasser (np. cit. p. 40, pl. Id)          C(l)
Davi.s and Treganza (1959, p. 32, fig. 2e-f)       IV

Little information of diagnostic temporal value may be proposed on the

basis of the Haliotis ornaments from CCo-259 except such as already mentioned.

Edge incising and multiple perforations near the edge of ornaments are
apparently more prevalent in the Late Horizon (Heizer and Fenenrga, 22. cit.,

pp. 383, 393), although Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga (2. cit., p. 78) ascribe
both features to ornaments in the Middle Horizon also.

Type B ornaments first appear in simple form in Phase I of the Late

Horizon and become much more elaborate in Phase II times (Heizer and Fenenga,
2p. cit., p o383; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 2. cit., p. 80; Beardsley,
1948, p. 18; 1954, p. 61).

- 29 -

Haliotis bead. A single circular disc bead of Haliotis (sp. ?), having
a central perforation (type 3), was recovered during the mound leveling and
lacks association, This bead type is presumed to be a marker trait of the
Middle Horizon in Alameda Province (Davis and Treganza, op.-cit., p. 29).

Cylindrical magnesite beads. Fifteen cylindrical magnesite beads were
recovered from seven cremations in the site (see table 1 for these associa-
tions); one bead lacks data on its occurrence.

Each bead is biconically perforated longitudinally. The colors range
from ashy through brown to a delicate shell-pink. Lengths range from 5 to

21 mm. with an average of 13 mm., and diameters range from 7 to 12 mm. with
an average of 10 mm. The diameter of the perforation ranges from 3 to 4
mm., with an average of 3 mm.

This type of artifact is one of the prominent components of the clam

disc bead complex of Phase II of the Late Horizon, although it first appears
during PhaseI in the Colusa Province (Heizer and Fenenga, op. cit., p. 383;
Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, o. cit., p. 80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 19; 1954,
p.60).

Cylindrical beads of steatite. Five cylindrical steatite beads were

found unassociated with burials and without exact depth data in the midden

deposit,  Cremation 6, at a depth of 54 inches, possessed a single specimen.

The average length of these beads is 12 mm., extremes are 12. and 13 mm.
Diameters range from 9 to 10 mm., the average being 9 mm. Each is biconi-
cally perforated.

Cylindrical steatite beads are also one of the marker traits of Phase
II of the Late Horizon (Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, o. cit., p. 80;
Beardsley, 1948, p. 19; 1954, p. 60).

Glass trade bead. A single milk-white glass trade bead was found on

the surface of the site.   It is Meighan's (ms. notes)* type 179.  This type
is widely distributed in:Northern California.   The nearest sites to CCo-259
where it is known to be present are Sac-56, Nap-15, Mrn-201, SJo-82, Col-2,
and at-an unnumbered-site near Niles, California.

*Collection of glass beads housed in the R. H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology,
University of California, Berkeley.

- 30 -

It has not been determined by the author whether this bead type was

brought by the early Spanish explorers or missionaries or by later Ameri-
can or British explorers or trappers. At any rate, its presence in the
site is the result of Caucasian contact.

Perforated limpet shell. A small limpet shell with the apex ground

flat and a small, punched perforation below the abraded area was found un-
associated with burials in the deposit. No chronological significance is
attached to the occurrence of this artifact.

Tubular bird bone beads. Four types of these beads may be distinguished.
The most common type is simply a short section of bone cut from the larger
bones of the wing (ulna or humerus).

Following are the various types which may be segregated:

EEla:   Short lengths of bird bone, undecorated; lengths

less than 50 mm.; ends may or may not be
ground down.

EElc:   Same as type EEla, except has medial constriction,

EEle:   Same as type EEla, except a bead of lesser diameter

is inserted into a bead of greater diameter.
EE3c:   Same as EEla, except beads are overlaid with

Olivella type 3b beads set in asphaltum.

Types EEla and EEle do not appear to be diagnostic of any specific

archaeological horizonx in Central California (Davis and Treganza, 2. cit.,
p. 35). Type EE3c occurs in another Middle Horizon site in Alameda Prov-
ince (Ala-309), although here the type of bead on the overlay is Olivella
3c (Gifford, 1940, p. 180). However, Olivella type 3c as well as type 3b

beads may be viewed as diagnostic of the Middle Horizon in Alameda Province
(Davs$ and Treganza, 2    cit., p. 30),  The generic trait of applying shell

beads to bird bone beads, tubes, and whistles is fairly common in Components
B and C of Ala-328 (ibid, p. 31), table 9) and in other Middle Horizon Com-
ponents (Heizer and Fenenga, 2p. cit., p. 382; Beardsley, 1948, p. 13; 1954,
p. 83).

Type EElc is present in various Late Horizon sites (Lillard., Heizer and
Fenenga, S2  cit., p. 80; Beardsley, 1948, p. 18; 1954, p. 85) and the two
specimens in the present collection appear to be associated with Component
A (Phase II, Late Horizon).

- 31 -

Asphaltum beads,  Associated with cremation 7, at a depth of 54-inches,
were four ellipsoidal, nearly doughnut-shaped beads of what appears to be

asphaltum mixed with some other substance, Their average size is 19 by 15-
mm.'across opposing transverse axes by 10 mm. average thickness. A central
perforation averaging about 2 mm. is present in each specimen.   These beads
represent a unique type in Central California.

Bear canine tooth pendant,  At a depth of 96 inches was recovered a

canine tooth of a bear.  The root of the tooth has been ground down and a
biconical perforation 4 mm. in diameter has been drilled through this end.

The entire surface of the pendant appears to have been quite highly polished.
It was not a grave accompaniment, Its length is 7.2 mm. width 20 mm., and

thickness 13 mm,   (See pl. lv for illustration.)  Two other examples of per-
forated bear canine teeth have been recovered archaeologically from Central

California sites. Uhle (1907, p. 83, .fig. 36) describes and illustrates one
recovered from level'V at Ala-309, This has been designated by Gif ford

(1940, p. 185) as type UU3 (perforated mammal tooth). Another is known from
the central Sierran region,   This was found in a mortuary cave yielding typ-
ical Central Californian Middle Horizon artifact types (Gonsalves, 1955, p.
37 ff. and pl. lL).

An unperforated bear canine tooth which was probably suspended from a

string affixed to the root end with asphaltum is known from the Middle Hori-
zon at Ala-328 (Davis and Treganza, op. cit.; p. 25), and because of the

depth of occurrence of the present specimen, it is assumed to be associated
with the Middle Horizon Component in this site.

Prismatic obsidian objects. Recovered from depths which-range from

0-48 inches was a series of five elongate obsidian objects whose transverse
cross-sections range from trianguloid through subspherical.   These speci-
mens are evidently of natural origin, and all have been subjected to some

degree of heat which has modified the original gloss of the surfaces. Lengths
of these objects range from 48 to 90 mm. the mean average length is 58 mm.
None of the specimens was associated with a burial.

It has been recorded by Goddard (1903, p. 19), Kroeber (1925, p. 76), and
Driver (1939, p. 392) that similar obsidian artifacts were attached to the
fringe of women's skirts, aprons, and hair ornaments for decoration.

Beardsley (1948, p. 13; 1954, p. 46 ff,') found comparable objects to be much
more numerous in the Middle Horizon in the Marin Province, but not restricted
to it,  From the depth of their occurrence at CCo-259, we may assume that

they occur in Phases I and II of the Late Horizon at this site.   Similar ob-
jects were also present in the Interior Province during the Early Horizon
(Heizer, 1949, p. 24).

- 32 -

Bird radius l"hairpin."t At a depth of 24 inches a single bird radius
pin (Gifford's [1940] type A4aI) was recovered. The proximal epiphysis

had beeniremoved, but the cut edge had not been ground down.  The distal

end has a long, tapering, ground point. Measurements of the specimen are:
length, 143 mm.; diameter, 6 mm.

Numerous similar specimens occur in the Alameda Province., a few are

known from the Interior Valley Zone, and they are most abundant in Middle
Horizon Components of the Littoral Zone (Davis and Treganza, 2g. cit., p
37).

Forked headscratchers.  Four long, slender bone implements, having an
expanded, groove-d end (Gifford's [1940] type 02) were associated with two
burials.

Burial F-l, at a depth of 124 inches, possessed two such artifacts.

Each is fashioned from a longitudlnal sectlon of deer cannon bone which had
been highly polished, The width of the object gradually expands from a

point at one end to a flared, expanded and flattened termination. At the
flat end are four grooves which allow five finger-like tines to project
(see pl, ld).

One of the implements is 244 mm, long, 5 mm. thick, and 20 mm. wide at
the flared end,  The measurements for the other specimen are:  length, 250
mm.; thickness, 5 mm.; width, 24 mm.

These objects were found under the sternum of a ventrally flexed female
burial also possessing two long pointed bone "1hairpins" and a medial frag-

ment of what is possibly another bo-ne pin. Red ochre was liberally sprinkled
in the grave.

Associated with burial H-2 (1938), at a depth of 72 inches, were two

similar artifacts,  They are fashioned from the same kind of bone but are
somewhat smaller and more delicate than those previously described. Each

has only three tines, rather than five,  One has a conically drilled perfora-
tion 4 mm, in diameter at the expanded end (see pl. ln). Widths at the
forked ends are 9 mm, and 10 mm. Each i s 3 mm. thick,

The burial with which these objects were associated was considerably dis-

turbed but possessed, in addition to these objects, a Haliotis shell ornament,
Olivella beads, and red ochre.

Similar forked objects are known from numerous sites in the Littoral Zone

- 33 -

(Davis and Treganza, .MO cit., p. 75, table 21) and are apparently recovered
only in a Middle Horizon context (Beardsley, 1954, p. 51).

E. Warfare and Runting

Projectile points and blades.  Twenty-eight types of projectile points
and blades may be distinguished in the collection of one hundred nineteen

classifiable specimens (see. figs. 3, 4).  Perhaps some of the distinctions
are finely drawn, but it is felt in this case that the finer the distinct-
tions the greater will be the ease of comparison with other collections.

No specimen within any of the described and illustrated types varies to any
significant degree in shape from that illustrated. The descriptions of the
types follow. (see table 2 for measurements):

L: Leaf-shaped

a, Contracting base (less than 50 mm. in length).

b. Contracting base (greater than 50 mm. in length).
c. Expanding base (less than 50 mm. in length).

d. Expanding base (greater than 50 mm. in length).

T: Trianguloid

a, Convexly curved sides; straight base (less than 50 mm.

length).

b. Straight sides and base with serrated edges.

c. Convexly curved sides; straight base (greater than 50i

in length).

d.  Concavely curved sides; concave base.

in
mm.

S: Shouldered

a.  Sloping shoulders; contracting stem.

b. Sloping shoulders; parallel-sided to slightly contracting;

narrow stem; straight base.

c.  Rounded shoulders; slightly contracting broad stem with

rounded base,

d.  Small sloping shoulders; slightly contracting broad stem

with rounded base; serrated edges.

e. Straight shoulders; parallel-sided stem with straight to

slightly rounded base; serrated edges.
SN: Side-notched

a,  Expanding stem with straight to slightly rounded base

(less than 50 mm, in length).

b. Expanding stem with straight to slightly rounded base

(greater than 50 mm. in length).

c. Expanding stem with concave base (see Baumhoff, 1957, p. 10

and Baumhoff and Byrne, 1959).

- 34 -

SN: Side-notched

do Contracting stem; rounded base; serrated edges.
e, Expanding stem; straight,base; serrated edges.
f. Expanding stem; concave base; serrated edges.
CN: Corner-notched

a, Expanding stem with rounded base,

b. Expanding stem with straight base; serrated edges.

c, Expanding stem with straight to slightly rounded base.

d. Wide notches; expanding stem; straight to slightly rounded

base; serrated edges.
BN:  Basally-notched

a.  Slightly contracting stem; straight to slightly rounded base.
E:  Eared

a, Large, broad, expanding concave base.

Some of the typological distinctions made here may or may not prove to be
significant chronologically or geographically; however, it is felt that future
comparisons might be facilitated by segregating as many distinct types as
possible.

Large, stemmed projectile points of chert or slate, implying the use of
the atlatl, are common in the Early Horizon (Heizer and Fenenga, 2p2  cit., po
381; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 2p, cit., p. 74; Heizer, 1949, pp. 20-21).

Middle Horizon projectile points tend also to be large.   Generally they
are stemmed or concave-based in the Interior Valley Zone (Heizer and Fenenga,
OP. cit., p. 382; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 2P. cit., p. 77) while in the
Littoral Zone the most common types are stemless and leaf-shaped (Beardsley,
1948, p. 11; 1954, p. 83; Davis and Treganza, sip cit., pp. 38-39).

Small side-notched and corner-notched points, frequently with serrated

edges implying the use of the bow and arrow, are the common types in the Late
Horizon (Heizer and Fenenga, 2p. citj., p. 382; Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga,
gp. cit j  p. 80).

Type SNc in this report is the Delta subtype of Baumhoff's Desert Side-
notched point (Baumhoff, .22. cit., p. 10; Baumhoff and Byrne, 2n. citQ.  pas-

sim) and is a marker trait of the Phase II of the Late Horizon (ibid    p. 45).
The occurrence of this subtype at site CCo-259 expands its distribution west-
ward from the Delta Province to Alameda Province.

F.  Economic Complex

Mortars, Several types of mortars (see fig. 5) were recovered from the

excavations. Following the mortar typology employed by Beardsley (1954, p. 9),
the types and quantities present are:

- 35 -

Ala. Completely dressed stone;,large, flat-bottomed, straight-

sided, square rim, flattish or rounded bowl (8 frag-
ments)0

Alb. Like Ala, but with flaring sides and beveled rim (6 frag-

ments).-

A2aU  Like Ala, but with curved sides 4lnd flat rim (4 frag-

ments) '-

A2b,  Like Ala) but with rounded sides and bottom and sharp rim

(3 specimens)0 .-

A2co  Like Ala, but less than one-half modal size of Ala; sides

rounded, rim with outside bevel (1 specimen).
C.  Miniature or "lpaint"' mortar (4 specimens).

Dl.  Hopper mortar with shallow bowl pecked in face of flat

slab,  (Inferred to have been used because of presence
of pestl:e type A3,)

E.  Rough sandstone slab with bowl-like depression (6 speci-

mens),

Mortar types Ala, Alb, and A2a are Late Horizon types (Beardsley, 1948,
p. 18; 1954, p. 60).   Probably they were not used as mortars for everyday
food preparation.   Small- fragments (frequently burned) of these types are
generally all that are recovered,   No complete specimen is known from the
Fernandez site, but numerous fragments-apparently represent the range of
these types.

Three complete tortars-of type A2b were recovered, in each instance as
a grave accompaniment (see table 1 for a tabulation of these associations).
Extreme outside diameters of these mortars are 265 mm. and 142 mm., with an

average of 204 mm,   Inside bowl diameters range from 205 mm, to 95 mm., with
an average of 147 nu    Bowl depths range from 141 mm. to 45 mm, with an
average of 94 mm,.      .

Two of the type A2b ex'aples are of metasedimentary rock, and one is
hard sandstone6      ,

Type A2b mortars are rela.tively.common in the Ellis Landing Facies of

the Middle Horizon ($eards Iey:, 1954, j  83; Davis and Treganza, u. cit., pp.
42  45, table 13, 58)    The associahion of this mortar type with the flexed
burials of C Component at the Fernandez site offers further confirming data
on this observation,

Type C mortars are represented by a series of four tiny specimens whose
outside diameters range from 133 to 55 mm., with an average of 85 mm.    In-

side bowl diameters range from 83 to 40 mm., with an average of 61 mm.    Bowl

- 36 -

depths of this mortar type range from 30 to 11 mm., with an average of 23

mm. One of these is basalt, two are of sedimentary rock, apparently of dif-
ferent grades of sandstone, and one is of a globular concretion evidently of
a sedimentary rock heavily charged with oxides of iron. The basalt specimen

appears to have been made from the distal end of a broken pestle. Two grooves,
apparently the result of sharpening bone awls, are present in the bottom of one
sandstone specimen.

Type C mortars are present throughout the known archaeological record in
the Alameda Province, and in the present excavation they were recovered from
depths between 6 and 109 inches. In the Interior Valley these small mortars
are attributed mainly to the Middle Horizon (Heizer and Fenenga, 22 cit., p.
78).

A finely-made sandstone mortar of type A2c lacks data as to its depth of
occurrence and association. It is 111 mm. in outside diameter; the inside
bowl diameter is 76 mm.., and the depth of the bowl is 46 mm,

Several sandstone slab mortars (type E) were recovered from the site dur-
ing the course of the mound leveling operations in 1958. These range from
relatively small, thin, rectangular slabs about 300 by 200 mm. (ca. 100 mm.
in thickness) to very large ones about twice the size stated.

The use of the hopper mortar (type D-1) is inferred from the recovery of

two flat-ended pestles (type A3) which are presumed to be used in conjunction
with the hopper mortar.

Pestles. Nine individual types of pestles (see fig. 5) may be established
on the bases of shape, degree of finish, modification of the end, and presence
of pecked pits. The types and quantities are:

A. Conical shape

1. Non-dressed or partially dressed rough cobble, ends rounded.

Extreme lengths, 145 to 260 mm.; average length, 214 mm.
Medial diameter extremes, 60 to 115 mm.; average, 79 mm.

Materials include sandstone, granite, and basalt (9 speci-
mens).

2. Entire surface dressed, either pecked and/or ground; ends

rounded. Extreme lengths, 107 to 285 mm.; average length,
195 mm. Medial diameter extremes, 50 to 76 mm.; average

62 mm. Materials include basalt, sandstone, and metasedi-
mentary rock (28 specimens).

- 37 -

3. Entire surface dressed, large end flattened;-- possibly used

in conjunction with hopper mortar.-.Extreme lengths, 97
to 142 mm.; average length, 120 mm.. Medial diameter

extremes, 40 to 42 mm.; average, 41 mm.   Materials in-.
clude basalt and sandstone (2 specimens).

4. Entire surface dressed, encircling pecked groove near small

end (2 sandstone fragments).

5. Entire surface dressed, ends rounded; 1 to 4 pits pecked

into stone at approximate midpoint of length. Extreme
lengths, 162 to 181 mm.; average length, 172 mm.

Medial diameter extremes 58 to 70 mm.; average,.64 mm.
Materials include granite and sandstone (2 specimens).
6. Entire surface dressed, large end rounded, small end ex-

pands into flange which has a pecked cup. Length, 455
mm.; medial diameter, 60 mm. Material is basalt (3 .
specimens). -

7.  Entire surface dressed, large ends rounded; small end ex-

pands into flange, beyond flange end tapers to small
cone (1 basalt fragment)..

8. Entire surface dressed, large end rounded; transverse

pecked groove across small end., Length, 352 mm.;

medial diameter, 57 mm. Material is basalt (1 speci-
men).

B. Sub-cylindrical

1. Entire surface dressed, ends rounded. Extreme lengths,

160 to 185 mm.; average length, 176 mm.   Medial diameter
extremes, 59 to 71 mm.; average, 67 mm.   Materials in-
clude basalt and granite (3 specimens).

20  Entire surface dressed, ends rounded; 1 to 4 pits pecked

into stone at approximate midpoint of length. Extreme
lengths, 131 to 137 mm.; average length, 134 mm.

Medial diameter extremes 72 to 73 mm.; average, 72.5 mm..
(2 specimens).

With the exception of types A6 and A7, which are associated with type

Al mortars in the Late Horizon (Beardsley, 1954, p. 61; Davis and Treganza,
op cit.; p. 43), pestle types appear to have little diagnostic temporal
value.

Manos,  Four rather small hand stones were recovered from depths rang-
ing from 24 to 123 inches0   Two of the examples are unifacial and two are
bifacial. Their lengths average 102 mm.; widths, 78 mm.; thicknesses, 54
mm. None of the specimens was associated with a burial.

- 38 -

These implements occur throughout the archaeological record in Central

California (Heizer and Fenenga, 2o- cit., p. 381; Lillard, Heizer and Fenega,
O. cit, spp.74, 78; Heizer, 1949, p. 20; Harrington, 1942, p. 12; Beardsley,
1948, pC 11).

Notched bone, Six fragmentary specimens of notched deer scapula

(Gif ford's [1940] types Hl, H2, H3) were recovered from depths ranging from

6 to 84 inches, The scapular spine is trimmed down on each specimen and only
the posterior border is notched,

A small fragment of a serrated fish gill-plate was recovered at a depth
of 124 inches, and a small piece of a notched mammal rib, having a perfora-
tion 5 mm, in diameter at the distal end, was found at a depth of 30 to 36
inches, None of these specimens was associated with a burial,

The possible utilization of these implements is discussed by Gifford
(1940, p. 172).  (See also Heizer, 1953, p. 268 ff.)

Little temporal significance is attached to the distribution of these
artifacts. They are found in considerable quantity in the Ellis Landing
Facies of the Middle Horizon (Beardsley, 1948, p. 12; Davis and Treganza,
op. cit., pp.49-50).

Baked clay balls. Recovered with burial B-A at a depth of 24 inches,

were two large, smooth, subconical lumps of fired clay.   Each was apparently
fired under an uncontrolled temperature condition. Various shades of brown,
red., and black appear on the surface and the interior of the specimens.
Grit temper was employed as a binding agent for the paste.

One specimen is 98 mn, long and tapers from a rounded end 68 nun in

diameter to a small rounded cone at the opposite end. The other specimen
is broken and has a diameter of 82 nu.

No function for these implements is suggested other than the possible

use as "'cooking stones" as described by Heizer (1937, passim), nor are they
significant chronologically except that they are noted in much greater pro-
fusion in the Late Horizon (ibid., 1949, p. 25) than in the Middle Horizon
of the Central California sequence.

Girdled cobble, A single, large, subspherical, sandstone cobble, possess-
ing an encircling groove at the midpoint of its length, lacks depth data, It

is 138 mm. long, 120 mmn wide, and 91 mm. thick.   It is pecked all over except

- 39 -

where three angular natural plane facets remain at the smaller end.   No

battered areas appear on the specimen, quch as might result from use as:a
hafted hammer (see pl. 2w). In spite of its relatively large size, it may
have been used as a fishnet sinker or anchor stone (e.g., Barrett and

Gifford, 1933 p. 188, fig. 27). Similar large girdled stones are known
from Ala-328, as well as from other sites in Alameda and Marin Provinces
(Davis and Treganza, op. cit., p. 47).

Compound fish spear point of bone. Two examples of these implements

(Gifford's [1940] type MM2b) were recovered, one from a depth of 116 inches
in pit A-5; the other lacks specific data on its depth of occurrence. It

was recovered from the lower levels during the destruction of the mound in
1958.  Lengths of these objects are, 37 and 49 mm.; widths, 6 and 10 mm.;
thicknesses, 5 and 5 mm.; respectively.

It has been suggested by Bennyhoff (1950, p. 296) that these implements

were lashed on opposing sides of a fish spear and, even though lacking barbs,
could still be effectively employed in taking fish.

It is fairly well established that these artifacts are restricted to

Middle Horizon settlements in both the Littoral and Interior Valley Zones

(ibid., p. 307 ff.; Davis and Treganza, 2. cit., p. 46). For site by site
distribution of these artifacts, see Bennyhoff (U. cit., p. 307 ff.) and
Davis and Treganza (2E. cit., p. 75, table 21).

G.  House Remains

No complete housefloors were excavated, although a portion of one was

encountered. It consisted of a sloping layer of ashy, compacted clay about
4 inches thick, No postholes were evident in the segment excavated.

H, Miscellaneous Remains

Perforated mussel shells.  Associated with burial N-1, at a depth of 60
inches, was a group of seven half-shells of river mussel (Margaritifera

margaritifera), each possessing a punch perforation near the anterior margin.
The dorsal margin of each shell has been ground down to the point where the
hinge is completely removed.

A single fragment of a salt water mussel (Mytilus edulis) shell has a
small, conically drilled perforation near the dorsal margin. It was found
in the midden unassociated with a burial.

- 40 -

Polished stone slab. According to the catalog of the University of

California Lowie Museum of Anthropology, a polished stone slab was in the
grave of burial C-4; however, it could not be located in the collection.

Cache of stone implements, From a depth of 89 inches was recovered a
tightly-packed cache of five stone implements composed of two relatively
short, pestle-like stones (pestle type A2), a spatulate pecking stone, a
short, cylindrical hammerstone, and a charmstone of type IIA2b. The

measurements of the two pestle-like forms are: length, 107 and 123 mm.;
diameters, 50 and 55 mm., respectively.  One of these stones is basalt,
the other is sandstone,

The cylindrical hammerstone of basalt is dressed all over and heavily
battered at both ends,  It is 77 mm. long and has a diameter of 60 m

The spatulate pecking stone is sandstone and its measurements are:
length, 118 mn,, ; width, 50 mm.; thickness, 10 mm,

The material from which the charmstone was manufactured is micaceous

schist. Battering scars are present on both ends of the stone., especially
on the wide end, It is 110 mm. long and has a diameter of 41 mm. at its
thickest point,

I. Technology

Under this heading are described those tools which are assumed to have
been employed in manufacturing or modifying other artifacts.

Bone awls,  Even though little has been recognized concerning temporal
or areal specialization in the preference of bone awl types (Heizer, 1953,
p. 297 ff.; Beardsley, 1954, p. 35 ff.; Meighan, 1953), those in the pres-

ent collection will be correlated with Gifford's (1940, p. 168 ff.) typology
of bone awls, Following is the classification in which the various types
occurring at CCo-259 may be included:

AaII   Ulna awl (both carnivore and artiodactyl ulnae),

head of bone intact,

AaIV   Tibia with distal end as handle.

AbII   Artiodactyl cannon bone with proximal end as

handle, head of bone intact.

AbIV   Radius awl, head of bone intact,

AcII   Artiodactyl cannon bone with head of bone partly

worked down,

- 41 -

Ad   Awl of mammal leg bone with head entirely removed.
Ag   Sharpened outer vestigial metatarsal of deer.
A2   Awl of sharpened mammal rib.

A5   Stingray spine with barbs partly ground down.

A6   Various "splinter" awls (include Gifford's [1940)

types Ae, AeI, AeII, AeIII).

Thirty-nine awls, complete enough to allow typological classification'

were recovered. In addition to these were found numerous tips of sharpened
bone implements, which were assumed to be the tips of awls, perforators,
pins, and the like.

Two type Ad awls occurring with burial F-1, at a depth of 124 inches,

should perhaps not be classed as awls. They are very finely made and show
no marks of usage. It is possible that they were hair skewers; associated
with two forked "headscratchers," they appear to have an ornamental rather
than a utilitarian value.

Since many of the awls present a fine needle point, it may be assumed
that they were employed in sewing coiled basketry.

Awl sharpeners of sandstone. Nineteen irregular-ly shaped pieces of very
soft sandstone possessing one or more grooves have been recovered from depths
between 0-112 inches. None of the specimens was associated with a burial.

Each of the objects possesses one or more "VI' or "UU" shaped grooves on one or
more faces of the stone, These grooves vary from light scratches to depres-
sions 9 mm. wide and 9 mm. deep. A reasonable assumption which may be made
concerning their probable function is that they were employed to sharpen
awls and other pointed tools which became dull periodically. No areal or
temporal significance is attached to the occurrence of these artifacts.

The deposit of soft sandstone utilized for these implements at CCo-259
lies in an outcropping about 200 yards southeast of the site.

Perforated bone object. In the grave of burial H-2, at a depth of 84

inches, was a fragment of a biconically perforated bone object. It is 13 mm.
wide and 4 mm, thick at the perforated end and is ovoid in cross-section.

Since the tip and a portion of the shaft is missing, it is not possible
to ascribe a specific function for this specimen. It could have served a
variety of purposes, e.g., awl, perforator, dagger, needle, etc. (cf.
Gifford, 1940, p. 174 ff., types P1, P7).

- 42 -

Perforated bone tools are relatively more common in the Middle Horizon
than in the later periods (Beardsley, 1948, p. 12).

Grooved bone p     Associated with cremation 14, at a depth of 48 inches,
was a flattened bone (Gifford's [1940] type B8) pin 71 mm. long, 7 mm. wide,
and 3 mm. thick, having a lenticular cross-section. An encircling groove

has been cut around the shaft 8 mm. from the head.   The implement is highly
polished; no traces of mastic are present in the groove.

Antler flaking tools. Two distal fragments of what appear to be antler

flaking tools were recovered from depths of 16 and 24 inches.   Neither speci-
men was associated with a burial.

Ulna flakers. Three bluntly pointed implements (Gifford's [1940] type

C2) of deer ulnae were found unassociated in the midden, each at a depth of
24 inches0 The tip of each specimen is broken; therefore, the tools may be
of any one of three types of implements as defined by Bennyhoff (see Heizer
[ed.], 1953, p. 269; ff.), i.e., matting tools, fiber stripping tools, or
stone flaking implements.

Areal and temporal distributions of these implements reveal nothing of
particular significance, except that they are most common in sites of the
Littoral Zone (ibid., p. 299).

Bone flaking tool,  A fragment of a single example of a bone flaker was
found on the surface of the site.   The species of animal from which the
bone was taken is not determinable.

Antler wedges. As has been suggested and as would be expected in a site
removed some distanee from the bay or coastal shore is the reLative infre-

quency of bone wedges (Davis and Treganza, o. cit, p. 47 ff., p. 75, table
21; Beardsley, 1948, p. 58).

Three such implements, each made from a deer antler, were recovered from
the site at depths ranging from 18 to 72 inches. None was associated with a
burial. Lengths of,the two complete specimens range from 48 to 72 mm., and
their width is 38 mm. at the widest point of the wedging plane.

Hammerstones of Franciscan chert. Three fist-size cobbles of Franciscan
chert comprise this category of artifacts. One was found on the surface of

the site, another was recovered from the 12-24 inch level, and the third from
the 66-72 inch level. None was associated-with a burial.

- 43 -

The specimens are characterized by numerous battered scars on-the"'sur-
face.  No particular significance is attached to the occurrence of these
rough tools.

Pecking stones.  Six elongate stones, averaging about 145 mm. in length
and 43 mm. in diameter, exhibit one or two battered ends.   This probably re-
sulted from their use as pecking stones utilized in shaping other stone

implements, such as mortars and pestles.   Four of these implements are hard
sandstone, one is basalt, and the other metaigneous rock.   These tools were
recovered from the full depth range of the midden, and none was associated
with a burial,

Spatulate abrading stones.   Six flat elongate pieces of sandstone were
collected from the surface of the site, to a depth of 39 inches. One or

both faces of these specimens exhibit wear patterns which suggest that they
had been used as abrading stones. Several of these implements also possess

one or more beveled edges. None of the objects was associated with a burial.

Drills or reamers.  Associated with burial H-il, at a depth of 50 inches,
was a drill or reamer manufactured from a piece of black obsidian. In a

transverse cross-section its outline is that of an irregular oblate spheroid.
It is carefully flaked through a controlled pressure technique. The pointed
end has been blunted through wear, and the sides exhibit scars, The object
is 77 mm, in length, 17 mm. wide, and 13 mm. thick (pl. lgg).

Two fragments of similar objects of black obsidian from the site lack
depth data.

Flake and core scrapers, or cuttins implements.   Occurring throughout

the deposit are numerous flakes and cores of chert and obsidian which posses
some degree of secondary flaking along one or more edges. Most of them are

nondescript, although it is apparent that they could have served as scraping
or cutting tools,  No typological distinctions are made here, and no temporal
speculations are proposed. Many such implements were associated with several
burials (see table 1),

Flaked bottle glass, Attributed to association with burial B-A, at a

depth of 24 inches, was a fragment of a hand-blown, dark green bottle. It

is a curved section representing about one-half of the deeply concave bottom.
A portion of the edge near the apes, of the arc has been crudely flaked back.
It is possible that the object served as a scraping or cutting instrument;

- 44 -

however, it is also possible that the piece is intrusive in the site and

the chipped edge was not the result of purposeful flaking by an aboriginal
occupant. In the total excavation of the mound only one other object of

Caucasian manufacture was recovered--a single milk-white glass trade bead--
aside from a few nails and miscellaneous scraps of oxidized metal. It must
be noted that a farm building was once situated on the site, and the possi-
bility that the piece of glass may have originally been discarded by one of
the Caucasian occupants should not be overlooked.

J. Culture Chronology

As stated in the Introduction to this paper, the Fernandez mound reflects
a history of occupation stretching over a long time span and represents each
of the major archaeological Horizons so far known in Alameda Province,

Because the bulk of artifacts not associated with burials lack data, it
is necessary to rely almost entirely on burial data in order to establish a
culture chronology.

Table 1 presents in graphic form the data on all burials accompanied by

artifacts which have been recovered from CCo-259. On the basis of this table
one may segregate three occupational Components labeled A, B, C, in order of
ascending age.

A Component is the type site for Beardsley's (1948, pp. 4, 18-19; 1954,
p. 86) Fernandez Facies and represents Phase II of the Late Horizon in Ala-
meda Province. One may readily see from Table 1 that this component is
characterized by the "clam-disc-bead-complex" whose main traits are:

Clam disc beads,

Cylindrical magnesite and steatite beads,
Olivella bead types 3al, 3a2, 3e, lc,

Biconically-drilled tubular stone pipes,
Unperforated charmstones,
Cremation,

B Component is Phase I of the Late Horizon in Alameda Province and may
be assigned to the Emeryville Facies. It cannot be segregated by absolute
depth from Component A, but the fact of the site's having been occupied

during Phase I times cannot be doubted. The most important diagnostic trait
of this horizon is the Olivella bead type 2a,

Middle Horizon occupation of the mound is well represented by eleven

deep burials possessing such marker traits as Olivella bead type 3b, Haliotis

- 45 -

ornament type C(1), forked "headscratcher," abundance of powdered red ochre
in the grave, perforated charmstone,* and absence of cremation. An addi-,
tional trait which is unique to C Component is the high incidence of ven-

trally flexed burial posture. The bulk of the artifact inventory from Com-
ponent C exhibits a strong affinity to the Ellis Landing Facies of the
Middle Horizon.

Based upon typological relationships to the other Central California

sites which have been dated
following are the currently
Fernandez mound:

Component A
Component B
Component C

by means of radioactive carbon 14 analysis, the
available dates for the three Components in the

1600-1850 A.D.

(Heizer, 1958, p. 6)

300-1600 A.D.
(Ibid.)

2393 B.C.-300 A.D.

(Ibid., samples C-690, L-187A, B,
M-121 through M-127)

* BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations Used

AA

AAnt
UC

-AR

-AS-R
-PAAE

American Anthropologist
American Antiquity

University of California

Anthropological Records

Archaeological Survey Report

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

Anonymous

1882

Barrett, SO

1952

History of Contra Costa County, California. W. A. Slocum Co.
San Francisco.

A.

Material Aspects of Pomo Culture. Bull. Public Museum of the
City of Miiwaukee, Vol. 20, Parts I and II.

*Incorrectly listed in Table 1 as type IIBld; should read Charmstone type

IBlb v

- 46 -

Barrett,

1933

S. A. and E. W, Gifford

Miwok Material Culture. Bull. Pub, Museum of the City of
Milwaukee, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 117-376.

Baumhof f, M. A.

1957    An Introduction to Yana Archaeology, UCAS-R No. 40.

Baumhoff, M. A. and J. S. Byrne

1959    Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California.

UCAS-R No. 48, pp. 32-65.

Beardsley, R. K.

1948    Culture Sequences in Central California Archaeology. AAnt

Vol. 14, 'No  1, pp. 1-28.

1954    Temporal and Areal Relationships in Central California

Archaeology. UCAS-R Nos, 24, 25.

Bennyhofff,

1950

JO A.

Californian Fish Spears and Harpoons. UCAR Vol. 9, No. 4,
pp. 295-337.

Cook, S. F. and A. B. Elsasser

1956    Burials in San Mounds in the Delta Region of the Sacramento-

San Joaquin River System. UCAS-R No. 35, pp. 26-46.

Davis, J. T.

1959    Further Notes on Clay Human Figurines in the Western United

States. UCAS-R No. 48, pp. 16-31.

Davis, J. T. and A. E. Treganza

1959    The Patterson Mound: A Comparative Analysis of the Archaeology

of Site Ala-328. UCAS-R No. 47*

Driver, H. E.

1939    Culture Element Distributions: X  Northwest California.

UCAR Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 297-433.

Elsasser, A. B.

1955    A Charmstone Site in Sonoma County, California.  UCAS-R

No, 28, pp. 29-33.

Gifford, E. W.

1916    Composition of California Shellmounds. UCPAAE Vol. 12, No. 1,

pp. 1-29.

- 47 -

Gifford, E. W.

1926    Miwok Cults. UCPAAE Vol. 18, pp. 391-408.

1940    Californian Bone Artifacts. UCAR Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153-237.
1947    Californian Shell Artifacts. UCAR Vol. 9, pp. 1-132.
Goddard, P. E.

1903    Life and Culture of the Hupa. UCPAAE Vol. 1, No.-1, pp. l-88.

Gonsalves,

1955

W. C.

Winslow Cave, A Mortuary Site in Calaveras County, Californita.
UCAS-R No. 29, pp. 31-45.

Greengo, R. E.

1951    Molluscan Species in California Shell Middens. UCAS-R No. 13.

Hammel, E. A.

1956    An Unusual Burial from Contra Costa County.  UCAS-R No. 35,

pp. 47-54.

Harrington, J. P.

1942    Culture Element Distributions:  XIX  Central California Coast.

UCAR Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-46.

Heizer, R. F.

1937    Baked-Clay Objects of the Lower Sacramento Valley, California.

AAnt Vol. 3, pp. 34-50.

1949    The Archaeology of Central California:  I The Early Horizon.

UCAR Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-74.

1958    Radiocarbon Dates from California of Archaeological-Interest.

UCAS-R No. 44, Part 1.

Heizer, R.

1953

Heizer, R.

1939

F. (ed.)

The Archaeology of the Napa Region. UCAR Vol. 12, No. 6,
pp. 225-358.

F. and F. Fenenga

Archaeological Horizons in Central California. AA Vol. 41,
No. 3, pp. 378-99.

- 48 -

Heizer., R. F. and G. W. Hewes

1940    Animal Ceremonialism in Central California in the Light of

Archaeology. AA Vol. 42, pp. 587-603.

Jones, P. M.

1922    Mound Excavations Near Stockton. UCPME Vol. 20, No. 7,

pp. 113-122.

Keen, M. A. and D. L. Frizzell

1953    Illustrated Key to West North

Stanford University Press.

Keen, M. A. and J. C. Pearson

1958    Illustrated Key to West North

Stanford University Press,

American Pelecypod Genera.
American Gastropod Genera.

groeber,

1925

A. L.

Handbook of the Indians of California.
Bull. No. 78.

Bur. Amer. Ethnol.

1936    Prospects in California Prehistory. AAnt Vol. 2, pp. 108-16.

Lillard, J. B. and W. K. Purves

1936    The Archaeology of the Deer Creek.Cosumnes Area, Sacramento

County, California. Sacramento Junior College Bull. No. 1.

Lillard, J. B., R. F. Heizer and F. Fenenga

1939   An Introduction to the Archaeology of Central California.

Sacramento Junior College Dept. of Anthropology Bull. No. 2.

Meighan, C. W.

1953   Acculturation in Californian Awl Forms.  Kroeber Anthropo-

logical Society Papers Nos. 8-9, pp. 61-68.

1955   Archaeology of the North Coast Ranges, California. UCAS-R

No. 30.

Nelson, N. C.

1909    Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region. UCPAAE Vol. 7,

pp. 309-560

1910    The Ellis Landing Shellmound. UCPME Vol. 7, pp. 357-426.

- 49 -

Rostlund, E.

1952    Freshwater Fish and Fishing iLn Native North America.  Univ.

of Calif. Publs, in Geogr-aphy, Vol. ;9, i

Schenck, W. E.

1926    The Emeryville She11mound,, Final Report, .UCPAAE Vol. 23,

pp0 1 47-282.

Schenck, W. E. and E. J. Dawson

1929    Archaeology of the: Northern San (Jo:aquin Valley0  UCPAAE Vol.

25, pp, 289-414.
Squier, R, J3

1953    The Manufacture cf Fl.".int': Implem,ents by the Indians of Northern

and Central Californ.a,,  t'ASR No. 1.9, pp,, 15-44.
Uhle, M.

1907    The Emeryvi1e1. Sbellmronrxd.- UGPAAE Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-84.

LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRMTIONS

Table 1. Burials and Associated Artifacts .Il:lustrati.rng the Three Components

of the Fernandez Moiz, nd.

Depth measurements are expressed in inches from the surface of the

mound.  Depths of burials whose nu-    are prefixed by the letter
"'D" are estimated as depths from the proposed original mound sur-

face (explaained at7 length under 'Mound constituents and structure"
and illustrated on Map 1 and Diagram l.

Letters prefxed to the 'bural numbers ndicate (in chronological

crder) from whi.ch excavatiOn the burials were recovered.
N   Nelso1n 1.91.0 (f t e- xed turial),

B   Barker, 193-5 (al cr-aemations except 3-1).

C   Crematicns recovered by U0C. field party in 1938.

H   Flexed buzrials recovered by U.C,, field party in 1938.
P - Perryman, 1958 (a12 cr.emations),

F IU.C. f1e9ld class, 1959 (all flexed burials),
D- UCAS, 1,959 (ail. flexed burials.'

Table 2,  Measutements of Projectile Points and Blades,

50      1-

Plate 1   (All numbers given are those of the University of California

Lowie Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley.)
a. Bird bone whistle (1-223065).
b. Bird bone whistle (1-223045).
c, Bird bone whistle (1-16983).

d. Forked "headscratcher" (1-222990).
e. Bone "hairpin" (1-222992).

f. Bone fishspear point (1-222979).
g. Bone awl, type Alg (1-137081).
h. Grooved bone pin (1-50742).

i.  Bone awl, type AlbII (1-50783).

J.  Bone awl., type AlcIV (1-223090).
k. Bone awl, type AlaII (1-137094).
1. Ulna f laker (1-137124).

m.  Bone awl, type AlbII (1-222965).

n, Forked "headscratcher" (1-50750).
o. Eyed bone needle (1-50749).
p. Antler wedge (1-222970).

q. Bird bone bead, type EElc (1-16984).
r.  Bird bone bead, type EE1c (1-50633).

s. Cylindrical magnesite bead (1-137130).
t. Bird bone bead, type EE3c (1-223051).
u. Bird bone bead, type EE3c (1-223051).

v. Perforated bear canine tooth (1-223128).
w. Notched deer scapula (1-222977).

x. Haliotis ornament, type Ra (1-50681).
y. Haliotis ornament, type Ra (1-50683).

z. Haliotis ornament, type Rb (1-222984).
aa. Haliotis ornament, type Ea (1-223055).
bb. Haliotis ornament, type Cc (1-222985).
cc.  Haliotis ornament, type Cb (1-50771).

dd. Perforated river mussel shell (1-18691).
ee. Projectile point, type Lb (1-50693).
ff.  Projectile point, type Ea (1-50648).
gg. Obsidian reamer (1-50694).

hh, Projectile point, type BNa (1-50766).
ii. Projectile point, type Sb (1-223048).
jj.  Projectile point., type CNc (1-50733).
kk. Projectile point, type Sa (1-137172).
11. Projectile point, type La (1-223040),
mm. Projectile point, type CNd (1-50645).
nn. Projectile point, type CNc (1-50646).

oo. Projectile point, type SNd (1-223089)*

- 51 -

Plate, 1: - (cont Id W.)

pp

qq.
rr.

55.

tt.

Projectile
Projectile
Proj ecti ly
Proj ecti le
Projectile

point,
point,
point,
point,
point,

type
type
type
type
type

CNc (1-137188).
SNa (1-137179).
SNd (1-50734).
SNe (1-50652).
Ta (1-64692).

Plate 2:

a.
b.

C.

d.
eO
f.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1,

Mlo

m.

nO
0.
Po
q.
r.
S.
t.
U,
V.
W.

Figure 1o
Figure 2
Figure 3:
Figure 4.
Figure 5:
Figure 6.
Map 1:

Charms tone,
Charms tone,
Charmstone,
Charms tone,
Charmstone,
Charms tone,
Charms tone,
Charmstone,
Charmstone,
Charmstone,
Charms tone,
Charms tone,

type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type

IIBlb
IIBIb
IIBlb
IlBlb
IIBlb
IIBlb
IIA2b
IIA2b

) (1-50641).
) (1-50640) .

) (1-223110).
) (1-137054).
) (1-223109).
) (1-137055).
) (1-137069).
) (1-223123).

type IIA3 (1-50690).
(1-137142).
(1-137143).
(1-223047)

incipient,
untypable
type IA3a
type IBlb

Sandstone tubular pipe (1-137056).

Fired clay figurine fragment (1-137082).
Fired clay figurine fragment (1-223136).
Conical steatite pipe (1-50639).

Tubular steatite pipe fragment (1-50672).
Lump of fired clay (1-137058).

Sandstone awl sharpener (1-137117).
Pestle-like hammerstone (1-223119).
Pestle, type A5 (1-223076),
Pestle, type B2 (1-223114).
Girdled cobble (1-137199).

Charmstone Types.,CCo-259.

Haliotis Ornament Types, CCo-259.
Projectile Point Types, CCo-259.
Projectile Point Types, CCo-259*.

Mortar and Pestle Types, CCo-259.
Miscellaneous Artifacts'.
Excavations.

Diagram 1: Schematic N-S Transection of Trench A.

- 52 -

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Charmstone Types CCo- 259

(all 1/2 size except Mt which is actual size )

Fig. I

0 0 0

Ra Rb

0 0

Rc

Rd

Ta

Te

Tf

00

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Cc

Aa

Ab

C(I)

Haliotis Ornament Types, CCo-259

(actual size)

Fig, 2

Ta   Tb

La

Lc

Ld

Tc

Td

So

Sb

Sc

Sd

Projectile Point. Types, CCo-259

(actual size )

Fig.3

I
L.

SNa           SNb      SNc     SNd      SNe    SNf

CNa    CNb       CNc       CNd       BNa           Ea

Projectile Point Types CCo-259

(actual size)                    r   A

rIg. At

Ala                    A lb                 A2a
A2b                   A2c                   C

Dl                    E

Al     A2    A3    A4   A5    A6   A7    A8    B1   B2

Mortar and Pestle Types, CCo-259

(not drawn to scale)

Fig. S

a
a

b

scale

1:1

c

I

d

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Fig. 6

MAP I

EXCAVATIONS

1938         1959

ME      BARKER  R     PERRYMAN
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extrapolated contours
contour interval -  ft.

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