71. Further Notes on Clay Human Figurines in the Western United States* James T. Davis Since the discovery in 1940 of two fired clay figurines from California representing the female torso, and subsequent similar finds in the western United States, numerous notes on the occurrence of these objects have been published (Heizer and Beardsley, 1943; Heizer and Pendergast, 1954; Morss, 1954; True, 1957; Byers and Morss, 1957; Pendergast, 1957; Wallace, 1957; Bryan, 1959). Two earlier accounts of similar specimens are also available. One of these describes a specimen from Tiburon Island, Gulf of California (Saville, 1924), which is closely similar to several Basketmaker III exam- ples illustrated by Morss (2e. cit., Fig. 19) in his report on clay figur- ines of the American Southwest. The other describes a fired clay figurine found near Nampa, Idaho (Wright, 1890, 1891). The present paper is offered as a further contribution to the knowledge of the distribution, historical relationships, and possible origin of this rather specialized trait in the western United States, and is based on six previously undescribed archaeological occurrences, five from Marin County and one from Sacramento County, California. A description of these specimens follows: Unnumbered Specimen from Mrn-1241 Provenience. This site is situated at the northern base of a range of hills on the southern edge of a marshy tideland slough where Gallinas Creek debouches into San Francisco Bay. The figurine was collected by George Poore from the surface of the site and is now retained in his personal col- lection. General description. This specimen is a dark buff color and is fash- ioned from a very fine-grained yellow clay. Temper is apparently absent, and it appears to have been fired under an even temperature since no black smudges from carbon reduction are exhibited. A conical breast rises 8 mm. on the left side; another conical protuberance once present on the right side is worn down, as if through a very soft rubbing action, since no abrasive *Paper read at the annual meeting, Society for American Archaeology, Salt Lake City, Utah, April, 1959. 1. See End Notes. - 16 - striations are observable. Neither of these protuberances is appliqued, hence they may be assumed to have been modeled from the torso. The back of the object is flat and undecorated, while the upper surface thickens evenly toward the middle, being plano-convex in cross section. The head of the figure is represented by a small pinched extension of the body. Running transversely through the head is a perforation 1.5 mm. in diameter. The perforation was probably achieved by forcing a small twig or other object through the head prior to firing-- this was apparently burned out during the firing process. Decoration. Two lines of punctate dots 1 mmu in diameter are present on the neck of the specimen. The upper row consists of four dots, and the lower row contains six dots, Possibly these decorative elements represent a necklace of beads, Extending diagonally from each shoulder and continu- ing the length of the upper surface are rows of grooves which cross between the breasts. The rows originating at the right shoulder are made up of four irregularly spaced grooves 1 to 2 mm. in depth. That commencing at the left shoulder contains three irregularly spaced grooves having the same measurements. Below the point where the rows of grooves cross is a circu- lar punctation 1 mn. in diameter which possibly represents an umbilicus, Measurements. Maximum width, 49 mm.; maximum thickness, 23 mm.; length, 56 mm. (See Fig. la, b for illustration.) UCMA No. 1-1662302 Provenience. This mid-section of a female figurine was excavated by A. E, Treganza, of San Francisco State College, while engaged in a research project for a private corporation (Treganza, 1955). The site, Mrn-80, is located on the north side of Point San Quentln at the edge of a marshy tide- land slough, near the point where San Rafael Creek flows into San Francisco Bay. Recovered from a depth of 30 inches, this specimen has been assigned a Middle Horizon cultural context (Treganza, ibid., p. 16 f,).3 General description. The object is a medium buff color on the decora- ted surface, and the flat undecorated back is a charred dark gray. In cross- section it is plano-convex. Burned-out impressions of grass(?) demonstrate that a binding agent has been modeled with the clay prior to firing. Two small conical breasts rise 3 mm. one-third of the distance from either edge toward the center. Neither of these protuberances is appliqued. Decoration. Immediately below the breasts, running horizontally across the width of the figurine, are three grooves 1 mm. wide and 1 mm. deep which - 17 - are spaced about 2 mm. apart. Situated slightly off-center toward the right breast on the central groove is an,ovoid punctation which represents a navel. No other decorative features are observable on this specimen. Measurements. Maximum width, 38 mm.; thickness below the breasts, 10 mm.; thickness at the breasts, 12.5 mm. (See Fig. lf for illustration.) UCMA No. 1-166258 Provenience. Same as that described above for No. 1-166230, except that the present specimen was recovered from a depth of 36 inches. General description. This fragment is apparently the lower section of a figurine lacking representation of characteristics necessary for identifi- cation of sex. It is a golden buff color and was apparently fired under even temperature conditions since no firing discolorations are present. From a rounded base, the sides extend upward almost parallel, diverging slightly out- ward near the break. The specimen is oval in cross-section at the point of fracture and flattens slightly toward the base. Decoration. Located midway from either edge 23 mm. up from the rounded base is a small circular punctation 1 mm. in diameter, and, as with the two previously described specimens, it is suggested that an umbilicus is repre- sented. Originating at the navel and extending upward to the break is a ser- ies of zigzag lines which appear to have been pressed into the wet clay with a small fragment of clamshell because slight corrugations are present on only one side of each line forming the design elements and are very evenly spaced. The design elements are rather obscured due to erosion of the sur- face of the specimen, but the zigzag is discernible, and the diamond also appears to be present. Traces of a pink stain are present on the back and appear to be the remains of a red ochre paint with which the figurine was once painted. Measurements. Width, 18 mm.; thickness, 11.5 mm.; length from base to point of fracture, 44 mm. (See Fig. lc for illustration.) UCMA No. 1-77872 Provenience. This object was recovered from a depth of 18-24 inches in the Estero Mound, Mrn-232, by C. W. Meighan while he was engaged in research for the U. C. Archaeological Survey. The figurine is mentioned in his doc- toral dissertation (Meighan, n.d., p. 7) but has not been previously described - 18 - in print. This figurine may be assigned to a Middle Horizon cultural con- text as a part of the McClure Facies. Estero Mound is located on the eastern shore of Estero Limantour, which is opposite Drakes Head inside Drakes Bay on the coast of Marin County, Cali- fornia. General description. This fragment is the lower half of a figurine lack- ing characteristics necessary for identification of sex. It is extremely hard and is a dark gray color on the surface while the interior is quite black. Finely crushed shell fragments were apparently employed as a temper. Ovoid in cross-section, it has been carefully smoothed on the undecorated back. From the break, the object tapers gradually to a rounded and somewhat flattened lower extremity. Decoration. Five lines of punctate dots run vertically down the front of the figurine. One of the rows runs straight down the center while approx- imately parallel rows run down each side and converge with the center one near the lower termination. The dots are 1 mm. in diameter and vary in depth. Ap- parently they were made by poking a tiny hollow bone tube or other instrument into the soft clay; the edge of the more shallow punctations is deeper than the center of the holes. Measurements. Length (fragment), 44 mm.; width at break, 22 mm.; thick- ness at break, 14 mm. (See Fig. le for illustration of this specimen.) UCMA No. 1-78156 Provenience. Same as that described for preceding specimen, No. 1-77872, except that depth of recovery was from the 12 to 18 inch level. General description. A crudely fashioned complete female figurine of fired clay. Temper is composed of sparse, finely crushed clamshell and mica crystals, the shell being intentionally included while the mica is probably a natural component of the clay. The surface color is a dull buff. What may be considered breasts are slight prominences which had apparently been pinched from the mass forming the body of the figurine, one high on the left side near the front of the object, the other lower on the right front near the edge. At the flat, smoothed, angular upper extremity, the specimen is sub-circular in cross-section. From this point the front and back taper evenly to a flattened base. As with the other specimens, the back is flat and undecorated. Decoration, The front and sides of the upper half of the object appear - 19 - to have been painted with red ochre. In addition, a crudely executed punc- tate decoration is present on the body of the specimen. Extending upwards 20 mm. from the base in a crescent is a row of shallow punctations which average 1 mm. in diameter. Curving downward on each side from each breast is a row of similar punctations which are less distinct than those of the lower row. Measurements. Length, 57 mm.; thickness at upper end, 15 mm.; width at upper end, 16 mm. (See Fig. ld for illustration.) UCMA No. 1-85743 Provenience. Recovered from the 24-36 inch level in the Johnson Mound, Sac-6, in association with the clam disc bead complex, this specimen is af- filiated with Phase II of the Late Horizon in Central California which is dated at 1600-1850 A.D. (Heizer, 1958, p. 6). The site is located on the right bank of the Cosumnes River on the south shore of a former lake about fifteen miles due south from the city of Sacramento. General description. This modeled fragment of the upper half of a fired clay female figurine is buff colored on the posterior surface and a dark gray on the anterior face. It was apparently fired by placing it face down in a bed of coals. Temper, in the form of mica crystals, is probably accidental, but small irregular holes seem to indicate that a grass temper had been purposefully employed. In cross-section the specimen is a flat- tened oval. Two nodal swellings have been pinched near either side of the anterior surface and probably represent,breasts. No attempt has been made to indicate a head; the top is merely rounded and roughly smoothed. No decorative element is in evidence on either surface of the fragment. Measurements. Length from top to point of fracture, 40 mm.; width at fracture, 36 mm.; thickness at break, 20 mm. (See Fig. lg for illustration.) Suggested uses of the human figurines have ranged from toy dolls to fertility symbols employed as charms. Ethnographic accounts of the Pomo Indians of northern California contain descriptions of each of these uses (as toys: Loeb, 1926, p. 222; Barrett, 1952, pp. 350-51; as fertility sym- bols: Loeb, 2. cit., pp. 246-47.)4 Otherwise similar, but unfired, clay dolls were apparently manufactured by the Californian Coast Miwok (unpub- lished ethnographic notes of Isabel T. Kelley, cited in Heizer and - 20 - Scale: 2. a b 9d 3 a f g Figure 1. Various Human Figurines of Clay from Californian Archoeological Sites e Legend: * Archaeological site e occurrences. .... Puebloan boundary. 0-. Possible diffusion route. Map 1. Archoeological Distribution of Human Figurines of Clay Beyond the Puebloan Southwest Beardsley, o. cit., p. 204, fn. 7) and the Nisenan (Dr. S. A. Barrett, personal communication). Gifford and Kroeber (1937, p. 183, Supplementary Note 489) note an- other type of figurine in use among the Pomo. Referring to a description of a dance house, their informant reported: "Large numbers of small cradles hung inside, each with baby figurine of magnesite. These placed in [dance] house for luck; . . . all made by old men." In view of diverse uses of several varieties of figurines in the ethnographic record and apparent temporal differences archaeologically, it might seem futile to speculate on the historical relationship of these specialized artifacts in the archaeological record. However, it is felt that some general considerations and tentative conclusions should be pre- sented now for testing by future discoveries. In the first paper describing central California figurines, Heizer and Beardsley (oR. cit., p. 205) suggest two possible explanations for their isolated occurrence: t . . . (1) they have an independent local origin . . . ; (2) these figurines are due to an as yet undefined direct diffusion from the south or east." It is also suggested in this paper that one need not assume a direct his- torical connection between the northern and central California occurrences (ibid, fn. 21). In a later study of Southwestern figurines and their extra-regional relationships by Morss (1954), it was suggested that the specimens from California and the Southwest, especially the Basketmaker III examples and to a lesser degree those from the northern periphery generally, are more closely related "than can be explained by 'psychic unity' alone." Heizer and Pendergast (tL cit.) agree generally with Morss' conclusions, basing their decision on further data from California. Specifically they state: "Reason and probability all favor the conclusion that historical con- nection of this art exists between these 2 areas [i.e., between the South- west and central coastal California], but since objective archaeological evidence of similar figurines in the intervening area (south central and Southern California) is not at hand we must admit the problem is still unsolved" (ibid., p. 184). - 21 - :n the same paper Heizer and Pendergast felt that the northern Cali- fornia occurrences, i.e., those from Humboldt Bay and Shasta County, were beyond the reach of diffusion from the Southwest. Since then further data have accumulated which tend to narrow the dis- tribution gap in one area at least, that is, in southern California. D. L. True, who described the southern California examples., felt that there could be little doubt that the knowledge of making these figurines was the result of diffusion from the Southwest, specifically from Morss' northern tradition area, although he also suggests the possibility of a later diffusion from the Hohokam, Mogol-lon, and Yuman areas, perhaps coupled with a post-contact Mexican inf luence (True, 2p citv, p. 295). W4allace (2, cit., 132 ff.), in a report of an unfired clay female fig- urine recovered from a rockshelter near Death Valley, California, mentions others having been found in the southern California desert, but these are not described, He concludes that the trait had diffused from the Southwest, probably through the Great Basin, Two presumed figurine fragments from southwestern W4ashington are des- cribed by Pendergast (g. cito,) in one of the most recent notes on this sub- ject., I am not sure that the two specimens actually represent anthropomor- phi.c figures; however, Osborne (1957, p. 30) states that figurines, presum- ably anthropomorphic, are known from the lower Columbia River region, and Bryan (2, cit.) describes and illustrates two specimens which appear to be true human figures of clay which were possibly recovered from the same site as the clay fragments described by Pendergast. Pendergast, in the same article describing the fired clay specimens from Washington, argues for an independent origin for this trait in the Northwest Coast region, He also states that the trait developed indepen- dently in northern California and suggests still another independent origin for the central California manifestation, Part of his reasoning is based on the stated assumption that "evidence of cultural interchange between southern and northern California is lacking'.' (Pendergast, 2pv cit., p. 179). An assumption which is inherent in Pendergast's statement is that there must be a direct and primary diffusion from southern to central and northern Cal iforni.a, It is felt by the present author that such an assumption is not the only logical one whi.ch may be made. Diffusion of a single specialized trait., such as the one under consideration here, may mean the trait's passing from group to group wlthout transmitting any other physical elements with it. Information concerning the manufacture of the object, and ideas about its use mnay be passed along with it, but unfortunately such information is seldom,if - 22 - ever, preserved archaeologically. Certainly, however, the type of inter- tribal contacts necessary for such transmission existed in prehistoric Cali- fornia. A survey of the literature in the area of trade relations in the west- ern United States demonstrates the existence of considerable exchange and interchange of culture traits, not only within the boundaries of California (Sample, 1950, passim) but between California and the Southwest (Kroeber, 1928, pp. 382-85; Heizer, 1941, 1946; Gifford., 1947, 1949), between Califor- nia and the Great Basin (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 105; Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 86; Baumhoff and Heizer, 1958; Bennyhoff and Heizer, 1958, passim), and between California and the southern extension of the Northwest Coast (Gifford, 2pjcit., p. 7; Drucker, 1955, p. 80). Because of the abun- dant evidence of diffusion of elements between California and the neighboring culture areas, it is felt that one need not assume several independent ori- gins of the clay human figurine trait in the western United States. If we are to postulate reasonable hypotheses concerning the origin or the possibility of independent invention of this trait, we must seek corre- lations between typology, areal distribution, and chronology. However, this is a difficult task because the known distributions are discontinuous and temporal associations are only approximate or entirely lacking beyond the Southwest and the Puebloan fringes of the Great Basin, A site by site survey of the archaeological occurrence of anthropomor- phic clay figurines reveals an enigmatic time-space relationship beyond the Southwest, In the Southwest itself, including the Puebloan fringes of the Great Basin, that is, the Fremont, Fremont-Sevier, and Colorado River Yuman areas, we have a reasonably clear picture of the areal-temporal relationships and development of this trait, Its first manifestation is apparently during the Vahki Phase of the Hohokam, dated at 300 B.C. to 100 A.D. (Gladwin, 1937, p. 8; Wheat, 1955, pp. 168-188, p. 185, Fig. 12)o Slightly later it occurs in the Pine Lawn Phase of the Mimbres Branch of the Mogollon dated at 250 B.C. to 100 A.D. (W4heat, O. cit., p. 185, Fig. 12) and still later in the Ana- sazi region during the Basketmaker II period (Morss, 2p. cit,, p. 9 ff.) dated at 46 A.D. to 250 A.D. (Morris and Burgh, 1954, p. 48). Subsequently there is a continuous development of the trait in each of the major South- western cultures (Morss, O, cit., passim). Beyond the Southwest we find the trait scattered in time and space. Briefly enumerated, the occurrences are as follows: in the Imperial Valley (Heizer and Beardsley, 2p. cit.), the Panamint Mountains (Wallace, 2p. cit.), - 23 - and in Shasta County, California (Heizer and Beardsley, op. cit.), we have single occurrences of the trait on record whose time setting is entirely unknown. In-northern San Diego County, figurines are known from the San Luis Rey II period during the 18th and 19th centuries A.D. (Meighan, 1954, p. 223; True, o. cit.). In southwestern Riverside County figurines were recovered from the historic village of Temeku (McCown, 1955, p. 39). In central coastal California they occur in numerous sites in Marin (Heizer and Beardsley, 2p. cit.; Heizer and Pendergast, 2p. cit.), Sonoma (Heizer and Pendergast, 2. cit.), and Contra Costa Counties (Beardsley, 2. cit., p. 91), i.e., north and east of San Francisco Bay, sometime between 1500 B.C. and 1000 A.D. (for dating see Heizer, 1958, samples C-690, L-187A, B, M-121 through M-127, and discussion of sample M-648, p. 6). In interior central California the trait is known from Phase II of the Late Horizon, dated at 1600-1850 A.D. (ibid., sample M-648, p. 6). On the northern Cali- fornia coast numerous figurines have been recovered from a large village site on Gunther Island in Humboldt Bay. The age of this occurrence has not been definitely established, but a maximal date of 1000 A.D. has been sug- gested (Mills, 1950, p. 24). Twelve fragments of crudely made, undecorated, headless, cigar-shaped, female and asexual figurines of fired and unfired clay were recovered from the Karlo site in northeastern California, actually in the Great Basin, by Riddell (1956). He equates the temporal affiliation of certain burials and artifact assemblages in this site with that of the Early and Transitional Lovelock periods, which date by means of radiocarbon analysis from 1500-958 B.C. to 48-488 A.D. (Grosscup, 1958, Table 1). Two discontinuous culture periods are apparently represented at Karlo, although physical stratigraphy Is lacking. The midden is quite shallow: nowhere has more than three feet of culture bearing deposit accumulated and generally the deposit is consid- erably less than three feet in depth. Also, the site has been considerably disturbed by rodent burrowing, and none of the figurines was associated with a burial. Under these conditions it would prove quite difficult to assign the figurines to any specific culture period within the site. Since the publication of Riddell's preliminary report on this site, he has in- formed the writer that a radiocarbon date of 2350 B.P. has been secured for this site, which would place it within the Transitional Lovelock period. The most recent occupational horizon in the site, it is believed, is not earlier than 1500 A.D. In the northeastern section of the Great Basin, the figurine trait oc- curs at Danger Cave (Jennings, 1957, p. 208, Fig. 188e), again in a deposit covering a great time span, from 5400 B.C. to 260 A.D. (ibid., p. 93., Table 11). Actually parts of the uppermost level, from which the figurines were recovered, are much more recent in time, as evidenced by the presence of - 24 - pottery on the surface of the deposit. The one complete example from this site is generally similar in style to certain California specimens, especial- ly to one from Shasta County, California (Heizer and Beardsley, 2.* cit., P1I. 26b, b , facing p. 200). Early accounts by G. F. Wright (1890, 1891) describe a fired clay human figurine found near Nampa, Idaho. The authenticity of the antiquity of this find is questioned by Powell (1893). The Nampa specimen differs considerably from other archaeological specimens in that it is sculptured or carved rather than hand-modeled., and the representation of arms and legs is quite different from other archaeological types which have been reported. In spite of the doubt concerning the originally proposed antiquity of the specimen, there is little question but that it was in fact recovered from the vicinity of Nampa, Idaho. Possible occurrences of the trait in California which are open to ques- tion and therefore will not be considered further in this report are: 1) a fragment of clay suggested to be the breast of a female figurine which was recovered from a rockshelter in Siskiyou County in northern California (Wallace and Taylor, 1952, p. 28); 2) a possible perforated female figurine from the Cauley site in Marin County (Beardsley, 1954, p. 52). The occurrences described above include, to my knowledge, all published accounts of the distribution of the clay anthropomorphic figurine trait in the western United States, beyond the Puebloan Southwest. If we accept maximal dates in each instance, we are faced with the rather implausible assumption that the trait either originated in the Great Basin and diffused in some manner to California without leaving a trace in the intervening area, or that it enjoyed three or four independent origins and persisted locally for thousands of years with practically no observable effect on neighboring groups. If we accept other dates within the known ranges in each instance, a clearer and more logical picture develops. We are reasonably sure that the trait was highly developed in central Mexico by about 1350 B.C. (Piina-Chan, B. Bo, 1956; PiZna Chan, R., 1958), and its presence in Mogollon I, the Vahki Phase of the Pioneer Period of the Hohokam, and in Basketmaker II sites in- dicates that the trait had reached the Southwest by about 300 to 200 B.C. and spread to the San Juan Country by the first century A.D. It is possible that impetus from the diffusion to Basketmaker II could have allowed the trait to reach the northeastern part of the Great Basin sometime later. It is also possible that the trait could have spread northwesterly at about this same time, entering California and diffusing northward along either side - 25 - of the Central Valley. From either the northeastern or northwestern section of the Great Basin, the trait could have diffused northward, for example, along the Owyhee River to the Snake River, where it occurs in the ethnograph- ic record (Powell, 1893), and thence down the Columbia. Another possible diffusion route to the Columbia may have been from northern California north- ward along the Klamath River (Spier, 1930, p. 86, reports the use of clay human figurines among the Klamath) and thence down the Deschutes into the valley of the lower Columbia (see Map 1). Subsequent diffusions within northern California apparently took place, and the trait has persisted into the ethnographic period among such groups as the Pomo, Coast Miwok, Nisenan, and the Klamath Indians of Oregon (ibid.). A much later direct diffusion from the Southwest evidently occurred during the protohistoric period, and the trait arrived in southern Califor- nia in a more elaborate form than is noted for central and northern Califor- nia. Documentation of the fact of diffusion of elements, traits, and even entire complexes from the Southwest to California is readily available. It is perhaps true that much of this influence is of a comparatively recent order, but Kroeber (oR. cit.), Heizer (1941, 1946), and others suggest that there has been a long continuum grounded in considerable antiquity, of dif- fusion of Southwestern influence into California. Another question arises in a study of this nature, and that is whether or not we are comparing related phenomena. In this instance it is believed that the answer is affirmative. Although there are specific differences between individual specimens from California, the lower-Columbia River re- gion, the Great Basin, and the Southwest, there are also specific similari- ties. Whether or not the specimens are fired, I believe, is really not of great importance, for the specimens from Karlo are both fired and unfired, as they are in the Columbia River region and at Snaketown. Specific differ- ences between the different areas are in representation of facial features and limbs, which become more highly developed in more recent times. Specif- ic similarities are the presence of representation of the umbilicus, punc- tate and incised body decoration, and representation of the torso only; the back is generally flattened and undecorated. Certain areal specializations are apparent in some instances, for example, the carving of features on the figurines from Idaho and Washington. If these figurines are directly comparable and historically related, as has been suggested, then it is felt that we are dealing with a specific diffusion of a unit trait, even though time control is lacking. Numerous - 26 - examples of specific and selective diffusion of unit traits from the South- west and/or Mexico to California are discussed in a paper by R. F. Heizer (1946). End Notes 1. Site number designation assigned by U, C. Archaeological Survey 2. UCMA numbers refer to catalog numbers of U. C. Museum of Anthropology. 3. For descriptions of archaeological horizons in central California, see Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga, 1939; Beardsley, 1954. 4. Barrett does not mention their use as fertility charms. On p. 387 of his monograph, as well as in personal communication, he reports that no informant had ever suggested such a function to him. Bibliography Barrett, S. A. 1952 Material Aspects of Pomo Culture: Part One. Bull. Pub. Mus. of the City of Milwaukee, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-260. Baumhoff, M. A. and R. F. Heizer 1958 Outland Coiled Basketry from the Caves of West Central Nevada. UCAS-R No. 42, pp. 49-59. Beardsley, R. K. 1954 Temporal and Areal Relationships in Central California Arch- aeology. UCAS-R Nos. 24, 25. Bennyhoff, J. A. and R. F. Heizer 1958 Cross-Dating Great Basin Sites by Californian Shell Beads. UCAS-R No. 42, pp. 60-92. Bryan, A. L. 1959 Two Clay Figurines from Southwestern Washington. Tebiwa; Journ. Idaho State Coll. Mus., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 59-64. - 27 - Byers, D. S. and N. Morss 1957 Unfired Clay Objects from Waterfall Ruin, Northeastern Arizona. Amer. Antiq., Vol0 23, No. 1, pp. 81-83. Drucker, P. 1955 Sources of Northwest Coast Culture. In New Interpretations of Aboriginal Culture History. 75th Anniversary Volume, Anthropol. Soc. of Washington, D. C. Gifford, E. W. 1947 Californian Shell Artifacts, UC-AR, Vol. 9, No. 1. 1949 Early Central Californian and Anasazi Shell Artifact Types. Amer. Antiq., Vol. 15, No, 2, pp. 156-57. Gifford, E. W, and A. L. Kroeber 1937 Culture Element Distributions: IV. Pomo. UC-PAAE, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 117-254. Gladwin, H. S. 1937 Excavations at Snaketown: II. Comparisons and Theories. Medallion Papers, No, 26, Gila Pueblo. Gladwin, H. S., E. W. Haury, E. B. Sayles and Nora Gladwin 1937 Excavations at Snaketown: Material Culture, Medallion Papers, No. 25, Gila Pueblo, Grosscup, 1958 G. L. Radiocarbon Dates from Nevada of Archaeological Interest. UCAS-R No. 44, Pt, 1, pp. 17-31. Heizer, R. F. 1941 Aboriginal Trade Between the Southwest and California. Southwest Museum, Masterkey, Vol. 15, No, 5, pp. 185-88. 1946 The Occurrence and Significance of Southwestern Grooved Axes in California. Amer. Antiq., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 187-93. 1958 Radiocarbon Dates from California of Archaeological Interest. UCAS-R No, 44, Pt, 1, pp. 1-160 Heizer, R. F. and R. K. Beardsley 1943 Fired Clay Human Figurines in Central and Northern California. Amer. Antiq,, Vol. 9, No, 2, pp. 199-207. - 28 - Heizer, R. F. and A. D. Krieger 1956 The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. UC-PAAE, Vol. 47, No. 1. Heizer, R. F. and D. M. Pendergast 1954 Additional Data on Fired Clay Human Figurines from California. Amer. Antiq., Vol.. 21, No . 2, pp. 181-185. Jennings, J. D. 1957 Danger Cave. Univ. of Utah Anthrop. Papers, No. 27. Also in Amer. Antiq., Vol. 23, No. 2, Pt. 2, October, 1957, as a Memoir of the Soc. Amer. Archaeol., No. 14. Kroeber, A. L. 1928 Native Culture of the Southwest. UC-PAAE, Vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 375-98. Loeb, E. M. 1926 Pomo Folkways. UC-PAAE, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 149-405. Loud, L. L. and M. R. Harrington 1929 Lovelock Cave. UC-PAAE, Vol. 25, No. 1. McCown, B. E. 1955 Temeku: A Page from the History of the Luise'no Indians. Archaeol. Survey Assn. of Sou. Calif., Paper No. 3.. Meighan, C. W. n.d. Ancient Pottery Figurines and Their Significance in the Study of Prehistory. Doc. Disser., Univ. of California (Berkeley), 1953. 1954 A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Journ. of Anthrop., Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 215-27. Southwestern Mills, J. E. 1950 Recent Developments in the Study of Northwestern California Archaeology. UCAS-R No. 7, pp. 21-25. Morris, E. H. and R. F. Burgh 1954 Basketmaker II Sites Near Durango, Colorado. Carnegie Instit. Publs., No. 604. - 29 - Morss, N, 1954 Osborne, D. 1957 Pendergas t, 1957 Pina- Chan, 1956 Pina- Chan, 1958 Powell , J. 1893 Clay Figurine of the ArmerLcan Southwest, Papers of the Peabody Muse, of Amer. Archasol, and Ethnol,, Harvard Univ.e, Vol. 49, No, 1, Pottery in the Northwest, Amer, Antiq., Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 28-34. D, N. Further Dat,a on. Pacific Coast Fired Clay Figurines. Amer. Antiq., Vcol 23 No, 2, Pt. pp, 1.78-80. B, B; Tlapacoya; Un. SitiLo Preclasico de Transicion, Acta Anthropologica, Epoca 2, vo.L 1, No, 1. R. Ti atilco. lnstltuto Nacional de Anthropolog(a e Historia, Investigaciones, I, W. Are There Evidences of Man in the Glacial Gravels? Science Monthly, Vol, 43 (July), pp. 316-26. Popular Riddell, 1956 F. A, Surmary Report- of the Excavatio.an of the Karlo Site. Univ. of Utah Anthrop. Papers, No, 26, pp. 63-73. Sample, L, L. 1950 Trade and Trails i-n AborigirnaL Califcornia, UCAS-R No. 8, Saville, MH H. 1924 Pottery Figurine of Arcaic1 Type from Seriland Muse, of the Amer. Indian, Heye Founr^d,, Indian Notes, Vol. 1, No, 4, pp. 223-25, Spier,, L. 1930 Klamath Ethnography, UC-PAAE, Vol, 30. Treganza, A. E, 1955 The Exami'n-ation of >ndian She lmounds Within San Francisco Bay With Reference to the Pocssible 1579 Landfall of Sir Francis Drake,, Projc No .I N'ova Albion Explorations, Inc. Reporter Pub. Co. 9 Vacav.L'1 C a 1 if. f - 30 - True, D. L. 1957 Fired Clay Figurines from San Diego County, California. Amer. Antiq., Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 291-96. Wallace, W. J. 1957 A Clay Figurine from Death Valley National Monument, California. Southwest Mus. Masterkey, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 131-34. Wallace, W. J. and E. S. Taylor 1952 Excavations of Sis-13, a Rock-Shelter in Siskiyou County, Calif. UCAS-R No. 15, pp. 13-39. Wheat, J. B. 1955 Mogollon Culture Prior to A.D. 1000. Mem. Soc. Amer. Archaeol., No. 10. Amer. Antiq., Vol. 20, No. 4, Pt. 2. Wright, G. 1890 F. Nampa Image. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 24, pp. 424- 450. 1891 Additional Notes Concerning the Nampa Image. Nat. Hist., Vol. 25, pp. 242-46. Proc. Boston Soc. Explanation of Illustrations [Following page 20] Figure 1: a,b. c. d. e. f. g- Front and side vieisof clay figurine (Mrn-124). Figurine fragment from Mrn-80 (UCMA 1-166258). Figurine fragment from Mrn-232 (UCMA 1-78156). Same as above (UCMA 1-77872). Figurine fragment from Mrn-80 (UCMA 1-166230). Figurine fragment from Sac-6 (UCMA 1-85743). Archaeological Distribution of Human Figurines of the Puebloan Southwest. Map 1: Clay Beyond - 31 -