SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN WESTERN NEVADA U. C. A. S. Report No. 44 (part 2) Contents Page No L. Roust Archaeological Materials from Winnemucca L4ke Caves . . Basketry . . * . . . ....... Mattingv o o o 9 9 . . 9 9 o . o a Rope *o o o . . . . . . . . . , * Braid* 0 0 0 * 4 **o* Animal and Bird Bones; Feather and Skin Objects. . . # * . . & * Wooden Material. . , * * . , * * Miscellaneous Artifacts, . . . * Conclusionso . o . * . * . , , * 0 Notes0 o o* * * . * * . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . , . . . * * * 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * 0 * 0 * 0 * S * 0 * 0 * 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 6 7 8 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 14 19 23 24 25 M. A. Baumhoff Exc:avation of a Cache Cave in Pershing County, Nevada . * 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 Artifacts. 0 o o o o * * 0 Conclusions- 0 0 * a * * 0 0 Bibliography 0 * o * * a o Illustrations o 0 o o o . o Explanation of Illustrations 0 0 0 0 0 O * 0 0 O, O o 0. 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 following 0 0 0 0 0 (over) - i - Contents: (continued) Page A* Be Elsasser The Surface Archaeology of Site 26Pe-5, Pershing County9 Nevada * 0 . 0 0 0 0. Cores0.8 o o a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hammerstones 0 * * * * o o o Choppers . * * * * * o 0 o o Sinkers0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Scrapers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Planes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o Projectile Pointso0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous Artifactab 0o Summaryo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O Bibliography 0 o . * 0 0 0o Explanation of Illustrations Illustrationso o o 0 o 0 o O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 :0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a *0 0 0 0 00 0* * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 following o 26 28 29 31 32 34 38 39 43 46 48 49 51 ii Archaeological Materials from Winnemucca Lake Caves* No L. Roust Winnemucca Lake is the name applied to a playa lake which occupies a basin of interior drainage located between the Nache and Pyramid mountain ranges in west-central Nevada. The lake is roughly paralilel with its larger and better known neighbor, Pyramid Lake, six miles to the west, Like its sister lake, Winnemucca occupies a long, narrow valley, formed by orographic displacement9 and is an example of a lake occupying a fault basin0 The lakebed is 26 miles in length (north to south) and 2 to 5 miles in width^ It has an actual elevatlon above sea level of 3,853 feet0 The closest center of population is the town of Nixon, about 5 miles to the southC, This town is one of the seats of the Pyramid Lake Indian Reserva- tion, part of which covers the southwestern section of Winnemucca Basin0 The depth of Winnemucca Lake, like that of Pyramid Lake, vari-es from year to year0 With a relatively constant rate of evaporation (5 to 6 feet per annum), the variation depends primarily on the amount of yearly pre- cipitation and the temperament of the Truckee River, which furnishes the two lakes With their only inlet.> The depth of Winnemucca Lake is further controlled by the corresponding d'epth of Pyramird Lake0 The Truckee River emptles its primary supply into the latter, and Winnemucca Lake acts as an overflow basin0 It has been recorded, 'in 1876, for example, that the Truckee River has completely bypassed Pyramid Lake and has emptied its en- tire contents into the Winnemucca basinr, raising the lake level there above that of Pyramid Lake;, However, the usual situation was that both lakes re- ceived their primary water supply at the same time, with Pyramid Lake get ting the larger share and with one branch of the lower Truckee going to each, Russell (1885, p, 43) states, "The most 'interesting feature to the geologist in the present condition of the Truckee River is its bifurcation shortly before reaching Pyramid Lake0 0 ; c the stream divides so as to deliver a part of its waters to Pyramid Lake and a part to Winnemucca Lake0 The branch entering Pyramid Lake has the ordinary features of a river wind- ing through an alluvrial bottomg and has formed a low-grade delta of broad extent. 3; 0 The waters that are tributary to Winnemucca Lake leave the main stream at nearly a right angle and flow through a deep narrow channel carved in Lahontan sediments0 This stream or slough, when measured in September 1882, had a volume of 29,400 cubic feet per secondc From the man- ner in which the bifurcation takes place it cannot be considered as the breaklng up of a stream on a delta or an alluvial slope, as in the case of the Carson River after entering the Carson Desert, but must have been originated by the waters overflowing from Pyramid to Winnemucca Lakes, or vice versa0." Winnemucca Lake is now virtually dry, since all recent waters from the Truckee River have entered the Pyramld basin only0 *Support for the description presented here was supplied by the National Science Foundation (G3917), Paper No0, 4i The shoreline areas of Winnemucca and Pyramid Lakes, like those of all the lak-es in the lower portions of the Great Basin, are without trees or shrubs, and are clothed with but a scanty growth of desert vegetation, of which varleties of Atrlplex and Artemisia are dominanto Of the fauna, fish and waterfowl are'Te most important0 In forner times, the lakes were abundantly supplied with several varietles of food fishes, of' wilch the most famous is the salmon-trout (Salmo purpuratus>) Others are Chasmistes cujus and Salmo smaragdus, which aFe own from is area alone (An evs,i2r7T7 102)Tiecus olivaceuss Leucus dimidiatus, S'iphateles lineatus, Squalius lineatus, Squalius galtiae, and Catostomus tahoensisCope Ibp T eeys of moluss also occurog Pompho yx effusa, pjEla nevadensis, and Pyrgula humerosao Many varletles of water fowl are present, including gulls, temns, cor- morants, geese, ducks,9 swans, herons, and bitterns. The most important bird of the area, however, appears to have been the pelican (Pelecanus erythro- rhynchos), The area has long been known as one of the major nesting grounds of thlisTIrd, and even as late as 1882, two large rookerles were noticed on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, each containing some 600-800 young birds (Rus- sell, 1895, po 62)o The high degree of dependence on the pelican for food and other uses by the occupants of the caves becomes apparent in the collec- tion descrlbed below0 The material reported on here consists of archaeological specimens obtained by amateur collectors of Sparks and Reno from a series of 30 caves located in the southeast fringe of mountains circling Winnemucca Lake,1 No site records or depths were kept02 Several of the most interesting pieces are misslng from the collection-their present location is unknown0 The missing pieces were described as a carved wooden birdgs head, a field mouse skin blanket, stone polnts of a variety of types, atlatl darts, and a willow work burial shroud0 The avallable artifacts include wickerwork, coiled and twined basketry; matting,, cordage, braid and rope; animal and bird bones; and feather, skin, and wooden objects0 Basketry Twenty basketry fragments are present in the Winnemucca Lake caves collectiono Nine of these are of wicker, 10 are of coiled ware, and one is the apex of a twined bag of tule mattingo It is believed that the 9 wicker specrimens represent portions of at least 2 baskets, and that the 10 coiled specimens represent a minimum of 3 clrcular roasting trays0 A total of about 6 baskets is thus represented0 Wickerwork Basket No. 1o This is a conicaL burden basket of the Humboldt type, and is represeRntJd by 8 of the wicker fragments presento Warps are of peeled wiLllow tJwigSs, 25 mmo in diameter, with 19 occurring per 10 cm* Wefts are peeled willow splints, 2,5 mmv in width, and occur in the "over- under" or superimposed construction technique& In some fragments these weft splints are improperly superimposed so that underLying splints are visible3 There are 35 weft courses per 10 cm. The weave is ordinary Love- lock wicker with a passive warp and active weft, The weave is more loose than is usual for Lovelock wicker, and this looseness produces a greater separation of the warp elements, Repair is evident in the two largest fragments, Intricate in nature, the repair of each fragment will be dis- cussed in turnm Specimen No3 221523A* measures 21 by 48 cm, and presents a tear run- niLng the width of the piece at right angles to the warp. The tear has been repaired by a series of clinch stitches perpendicular to the tear at intervals of 2 to 7 mm: The sewing element employed is an unpeeled willow sp]lnt, 3 to 5 mm. in width and of an estimated 174 cm, lengtho On comple- tion of the clinch stitching, the repair element is returned along the tear, binding alternate pairs of repair stitches together in a wound technique (see Balfet, 1957, Figd, 2, No. 3), The fragment is further repaired by the additlon of a wicker patch which serves to strengthen the basket proper. The wicker patch is of finer weave and better construction than that of the main basket, Warps in the patch are not over 2 mm, in diameter and 26 occur per 10 cci. Wefts are tightly woven, superimposed willow splints about 2 mmo in widtho This tightness of the weave and narrowness of the weft elements permit 54 weft courses per 10 cm, Part of the wicker patch has apparently been destroyed, The remaining section measures 24 by 10 cm, and occurs superimposed on the basket proper, bound onto the main basket wall by a willow splint corresponding to that utilized in repair of the main tear. The two sections are bound together at intervals of about 4 cm, Specimen No. 2-21523B measures 21 by 20 cm, and presents in its small area a complex and intricate example of basketry repair. Most of this re- pair occurs, however, in the wicker patch which has been added to the speci- men for strengthening purposes. In the strengthening piece are three paral- lel tears running through its width, Each of the tears has been repaired by the clinch stitch method, but these stitches are each highly individual and intricate in nature. One tear, 13 cm. in length, is repaired by clinch stitches occurring perpendicular to the tear, The sewing element employed is a single willow splint 2 mm. in width, On completion of the stitching this splint is wound back along the tear, using the clinch stitches as warps, each end looping around two of the stitches, The process is then repeated from the opposite end of the tear, with the splint further fastening the already paired stitches together. This last operation is complicated by the utilization of split stitches which occur over part of the tear course (i.e., the weft passes through the preceding loop, splitting it in half, instead of lying beside it). This process enlarges the splint width to 4 mm. A second tear or break occurs in the approximate center of the specimen and is sewn together by a clinch stitch, 4 mm, in length, perpendicular to the tear *This and all subsequent specimen numbers are those of the University of Californnia Museum of Anthropology (UCMA). courseo On completlon, of the cllnch stitching the sewing element, which is a single willow splrint 2 ramo lh width, is wound back along the tear, binding alternate pairs of repa.ir stitches together. The paired stitches are then secured to each other by a second return odtthe sewing elemento Stitching 'in this Latter course is of the spiLt variety. The third tear or break is 9 cmo in length, and. is repaired by the utilization of a heavy clinch stitcho This stitch, approximately 3.2 cm, in length, occurs parallel to 4nd between every second warp. On the coro- pleti'on of the clinch stitchio.ng, the splilnt is brought back and forth over the tear proper to bind the clinlch stitches irnto groups. The tewing ele- ment itself is a single willow splint, noticeable for Its width, 5 rmm. This width often gives the illusion of close weave, The only dedorative element apparent on the specimen is 'in the appli- catlon of a light coat of pitch which protects some of the exterior warp surfaceso Included in the repair, and held onto the surface of the basket fragment by a single wlllow stitch, is a portiorn of the skin of a meadow mouse, The skin fragment has an area of about 10,5 sq. cm, The reason for such an element in the repair of the basket proper cannot be determined, Also included in this basketry fragment is a length of Apocynum cordage, occurring parallel with the warp and sewn through the wicker a occasional intervals, The cord is approximately 18 cm. in length, 2 mm. in diameter, and has a Zatwist. The function of the cordage fragment in the basket is also undetermained, Basket Noo 2o This is represented by 2 small fragments (No. 2a21524), the larges toF-wFich measures 17 cm. by 21 cm, It is believed that the fragmernts represent a conleal burden basket of the usual Lovelock type. Warps are peeled wlllow twilgs not over 2.,5 ram, in diameter9 with 28 occur- ring per 10 cm. Wefts are peeled willow splilnts 2 rmi in widtho These are relatively th'in (0,5 mmo) and occur in the side-by-side technique, (This construction pattern is shown also on speclmens of site 26-Pe-8 wickerwork.) The paired splints are then woven as one element, (See Bauahoff, this report9 p. 15,) Foftyofour splints, or 22 weft courses, thus occur per 10 cmo Weave is straight wicker9 but is so tightly woven that the basket is more stiff9 compact9 and rigid than is usual for Lovelock wicker, The larger ,ragment is a section of the upper basket and shows the selvage technique utlllzed in the rlmo This technique employs the warps of the basket ltself, On cormletion of the wicker weave, the basket warps are bound into pairs by- a single course of twined wefto These paired warps are then utilized as one element, 4,5 mmO in width, The last 10 cm. of the 15 cm, allowed to project above the wicker weave are bent down to the left, The pCiLre-6. warps then become the weft of the selvage and are woven diagonally arring themselves at a point close to the rim of the basket, The slant of the selvage is in pleasing contrast to the straight wicker of the basket proper, anid serves sharply to emphasilze the ri m (the selvage is tiChe same as that shown by Baurhoff [opo cit9o Plo. 1k], except that in the latter case there are two coirses ofTwixling at the edge of the wicker), Coiled Basketry Tray Noo lo This is a parching tray represented by only one small curvilinear fragment measuring 3,7 cm0 in width and 20 cmo in length. It is estimated from the curvature of the fragment that its lower edge lay approximately 11.25 cm. from the center of the trayo The foundation of the specimen consists of peeled willow twigs combined into a three-rod triangular groupingo Rods average 2 mm0 in diameter, with individual foundation coils about 5 mmo in diameter. There are 24 coils per 10 cm. Splitting of the stitches occurs on both working surfaces0 The stitching element is a single willow splint originally 3 mm, in wldth, but enlarged to 4,5 mmo by the splitting process. Stitches pass completely arouind the new coil and under the top rod of the underlying coil, splitting the old stitches in the processo There are 40 stitches per 10 cmo No repair or decoration is evidenced. Tray No0 2. This is a parching tray of unknown dimensions. It is represented by one specimen (No. 2-21525), the center of the tray itself, which measures 34 cm, in diametero The foundation conslsts of peeled willow twigs combined,like those of Tray Noo 1 into a three-rod trlangu- lar groupingo Rods are about 2.7 mm, in diameter, with 'individual founda- tion coils about 8 mm, in diametero There are 12 coil courses per 10 cmo Splitting of the stitches occurs on both workin.g surfaces. The stitching element is a single willow splint originally 2.5 mm. 'in wldth but en- larged to 5 mm. by the splitting process. Stitches pass over t~he new coil and under the top rod of the underlyi;ng coil9 splitting the old stitches in the process. Some splitting of the top rod is evident. The only deco- rative element apparent on the tray is a light coat of pitch which has been applied to the unscorched surface of the specimn. No repair occurso Tray No. 3. This is a circular roasting tray, and represents the remainder of the Winnemucca Lake caves coiled fragments (8 pieces, No. 2-21527). These fragments are in general large and match qu'ite readily into their original positionso Construction of the tray was finn but flexible, and the fragments are in a good state of preservation. The diameter of the tray is unknown, The foundation is of peeled willow twigs combined into a three-rod triangular grouping. Variation of this tech- nique occurs, however, with the occasional employment of three rods placed in the horizontal position instead of the usual two, Rods are 2 mm. in diameter in some fragments of the tray and about 4 mm, in otherso Individ- ual coils average 7 mm. in diameter but vary from 4mm. to 8.5 mmo There are approximately 20 coll courses per 10 cm. Intentlonal splitt'ing of the stitches appears on one slde only. Some splitting is evident on the re- verse work surface, but it is believed that this is accidentalo The stitching element 'is a si.ngle willow splinlt originally 3 mm, in width, but enlarged to 7 mmo by splitting. Stitches pass completely around the new coil and through the top rod of the underlying coil, spl:ittoing the old stitches in the process. The top rod is thus spllt Into two sections, and all tensions are exerted on the upper half of the rod only, giving this section the '"slat'" characteristic which is common to other coiled founda- tions. Coiling of the basket was in a counterclockwise direction.0 Formal decorative patterns do not exist in this tray0 A heavy coating of red ochre has, however, been applied to the working surface of the specimen, and a corresponding heavy coat of pitch applied to the other side0 This gives the tray a distinctive appearance, and serves in addition as a strengthening elemento The red ochre in some portions of the surface exceeds 1 mm. in thickness0 Twined Tuile Matting Bag This bag (No. 2-21588) appears to be cylindrical in shape, and is rep- resented by one fragment which includes the apex and a section of the bas- ket side0 The technilque of construction corresponds closely to matting bags or I2carrying casesU described by Loud and Harrington (1929, Pl. 26e). Structure conslsts of 6 long courses of rough tule, about 2.5 cm. in diame- ter, which are folded in half to form the warps of the objecto The folds are joined at the base, with the loose warps held in place by a single strand of twined tule weft wh'ich encloses them in a clockwise spiral orig- inating at the apex0 This twined course is of a 2-ply, down-to-the-right technrique and is approxlmately 7 ran. in diameter0 Its spiral interval is 3.2 cm0 Matting Ten matt'ing fragments are present 'in the Wlnnemucca Lake collectiono These are sim'llar to those described by Loud and Harrington (op. cit., ppo 56-60o Plo 25) for Lovelock Caveg Wy Heizer and Krieger (I7567Tor Humboldt Cave, and to those from the Fallon Caves in the collections of the Unilversity of California Museum of Anthropology0 The 10 fragments are similar in technique, but vary in the materlal used, Four of the 10 pieces use rash (Elchorsis) for both warp and weft, No. 2-21528 measures 29 by 7 cm., witF3TF6strands of rush per warp element. There are 2 strarnds per weft, with 16 down-to-the-rLght twists of weft per 10 cm. Intervals between wefts vary from 7.8 to 8.7 cm, No. 2-21531 neasures 16 by 17 cm.., with 10 strands of rush per warp ele- ment0 Each weft has 6 strands, with 7 down-to-the-right twists per 10 cmo No. 2-21536 measlares 25 by 3 cm., with 4 rush strands per weft, There are 12 down-to-the-right t;w.ists of weft per 10 cm. Included in this fragment is a selvage edge corresponding to Loudqs type Ifgtt (op. cit., p. 54). No. 2-21542 measures 26 by 33 cmo It has 12 to 18 strands per warp element and 5 per weft, with 8 down-to-the-right twists per 10 cm. of weft. The average interval between wefts is 11,5 cm. Three oP the 10 fragments have a tule (Scirpus) warp and a rush (Elchorsis) wefto No0 2-21532 measures 20 by0 cm., with 7 tule strands per warp and 2 rush strands per weft. There are 7 down-to-the-rlght twists :3i',n each 10 cm. of wefto No. 2-21533 measures 38 by 7 cm., with 2 tule strands per warp and 8 rush strands per weft. In each 10 cm. weft are 12 down-to-the-right twistso Noo 2-21558 measures 39 by 19 cm., with 5 tule strands per warp and 8 rush strands per weft* There are 12 down-to- the right twists per 10 cm. of weft, and weft intervals vary from 12 to 14 cm9 The remaining 3 specimens each utllize a different combination of warp and weft materialo No* 2-21540 has a single weft row composed of 6 strands of rush (Elchorsis), (The warp cannot be identified as it is entirely miss- ing.) The weft course measures 24,5 cm, in length, with 8 down-to-the-right twists per 10 cm. Not 2-21543 measures 27 by 12 cm., with one grass bundle per warp and with 5 rush strands (Elchorsis) per weft. There are 6 down-to- the-right weft twists per 10 cm., wTiitervals of 6,5 cm, between wefts, No, 2-21548 measures 13 by 7a5 cm., with 4 strands of cattail (Tyha) per warp and 3 strands of tule (Scirpus) per wefto There are 9 down-FTothe-right twists of weft per 10 cm, WeTtrinterval is unknown. Rope The term rope, as used in this paper, refers to any twisted course of fibrous material at least 4 mm. in diameter, Six such fragments occur in the Winnemucca Lake caves collection. All 6 are of rush (Elchorsis), and show 2-ply, Z-twist construction. Variations in individual specimens are shown in the table below0 Table 1 UCMA Ply & Strands Length Number twist per ply of piece Diameter 2-21530 2 (Z) 5 27 cm. 9 mm. 2-21545 2 (Z) 8 29 cm. 13 mm, 2-21549 2 (Z) 7 48 cm. 9 M., 2-21538 2 (Z) 4 47 cm, 10 mm, l 2-21529 2 (Z) 5 15 cm. 7 mmo 2-21546 2 (Z) 2 33 cm, 4 mmo L-.. - 7 cm Braid Four f ragments of braid occur in the Winnemucca Lake caves collectilons, All are of rush (Elchorsi's), and employ 3-ply technique. Varilatilons in ins dilvidual specilmens are shown in the table below.. No. 2-21539 consists of 2 pieces joined by a square knot. No. 2-21537 also consists of 2 pieces. The shorter fragment has an overhand knot in one end'. The longer length is tied around the shorter. In general, the braid specimens corr-espond closely to characterilstic Humboldt Valley types. Table 2 UCMA Type Strands Length Maximum Number of ply per ply of p'iece width 2-21534 3 4 19 cm. 6 mm. 2-21539 3 3 93 cm, 7 mm, 2-21544 3, 7 26 cm. 19 mm. 2-21537 3 5 50 cm. 11m. ALnimal and Bird Bone s Thirteen complete bones or bone fragments are present in the Winnemucca Lake caves collection. Seven of these are pel'ican leg bones (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos),, four are coyote (Canis latrans)., and two are unidenUtifed, Tecoyote specimens include one man"TBre, one rib, and 2 vertebrae. The 2 undntfe seimens are rib bones, presumably from the same anima, and are combined into a silngle artif act (see Miscellaneous Artifacts., below). Neither the pel'ican nor coyote specimens show any utili'zation other than as a probable source of food. Feather and Skin Objects Six m'iscellaneous feather and skiln objects occur0 They are described in turn0 Feather Bundle (Noo 2-2l566). This 'is a bundle of 4 long feather quills obtained from the wing of a pel'ican. The wrapping,9 which measures 22 cm. in length and 3 cm. 'in dilameter, is merely a yellowish skin section of a pel'ican wing so reversed that all quills normally occurr'ing on the outer surface are -o8-1 now turned to the interior0 The exterior of the packet is consequently smooth and parchmentlike in qualityo Bird Skin (No, 2-212L65)o This is a sectilon of dried pelican skin, measuring u-y 20 cm,? and in a good state of preservation0 Like the wrapping of the Feather Bundl^e described above,, it 'is yellowish and parch- menPlike n quality9 aLd very thino Mach of the down and many of the original white feathers are present., Feathero This speclmen is a single white pelican feather, 12 cm 'in length, Skin Stri'p eNo 2--21369)9 This specimen is a tightly=twisted strip of coyote ski h-n (Canis latrans) Originally about 12 nmn. in width9 the strip has been reduced to a 6 mm. dlameter by the twisting processo The twist'ing is completed so that the halr of the strip appears on all outer surfaces, The strip is 23: cm- long and 11 complete twlsts occur in that length0 The specimen is hilghly resilient9 tough9 and durable0 It prob- ably represents a fragment of a twisted skln blanket9 and tends to confirm the presence Gf twisted skln blankets in the area0 Skin StriLpo The specimen is a strip of the sskin of an uridentified bird an sen irely covered with feather quills. It is 15 cmo in length and is dark brown in -color, Its use is unknown0 Skln Strip0 This lightly twisted strip of pelican skin is 21 cm. in length an d IcmO in widtho The specimen is exceedingly rough in appear- ance due to the profusion cf quills on its surfaceo Some down remains. Probable use- cordage. Wooden Material Twenty-two wooden specimens appear in the Winnemucca caves collec- tion, Eleven of the fragments are lengths of willow twigs (Salix), evidently used as binding material0 These average 9 mnu. in diameter and show wear on the bent sections. Three of the specimens are wooden sticks about 20 cm, in length and 2.5 cm, in diametero Their use is undetera minedo The remaining specimens, howeverg are more distinct in nature and merit indlvidual mentiono Bark Twist (No.o 2215374). This large specimen consists of 4 strips of a s ti ar identifled as cottonwood (Populus), The specimen is 30 cmc in length and 7 cm in width, Each individual strip is about 2 cm0 in width, and is intertwlsted with the others. The whole of the series Is folded back upon itself and the resultant 8 loose ends then twisted Cogethero The use of such an object must remain but a matter of conjec- ture-possibly it is a tool. for the lifting and removal of bolling stones. =9 = Bark Knot, This is an overhand knot of willow bark (Salix). Use is unknown0m Cane Sections. These are almost identical specimens, each of the two being cm. in ength and 6mm. in diameter. One end of each section has been cut off square. Use- possible arrow foreshaft fragments. F'iredrill. Twenty-nine cm. in length and 1 cm. in diameter, this specimen is o an unidentified softwood which is stralght-grained and highly smoothed. Loud and Harrington (op. cit., Pl. 49b) identify similar items as fire drillso Firedr'ill (No. 2-21556)o This is a cottonwood (Populus) stick on which some ar remains. It is 21 cm, in length and 1.8 cmv in diametere The ends of the specimen are well worn in a circular manner indicating utiliza- tlon of the object as a firedrill, Knife Handle (No. 2-21551)o This is a well-worked specimen, and is flat on one side. It is 13 cm, in length, 4,4 cm. in width, and 1,4 cm. thick at its maximum, It is believed that this specimen in conjunction with another similar fragment served as the handle of some type of knifeo The specimen tapers gradually from one end to the other, with the thickest por- tion at the point of normal heavy stress,, i.e., where knife blade and handle would meet. Hilt wldth here is 4,4 cm. and thickness is 1.4 cm, as compared to a width of 3.7 cm. and a thickness of 0.7 cm. at the tip. Bow Section (No* 2-21563)o This specimen is 1665 cm, in length and 5,5 mm. in diameter. The white wood of the fragment is supple in nature and is peeled, straight-grained,, and highly smoothed, It is believed to be willow (Salix). There is a notch 165 mm. deep, which encircles the specimen 2.5 mmi from the worked end, The chipping of this notch and of the tip, itself, is skillfully executed and remarkably uniform in character. Thong discolor- ation is evldent in the notch aArea, Miscellaneous Artifacts Several objects and artifacts occur in the collection that canot be logically placed in other sections of this paper. They are therefore listed below0 Bone Hoop (No. 2-21572). This specimen, which has been mentioned pre- viousTy, i,s a distinct artifact composed of 2 animal ribs. These ribs, 7 mm inl width, are so tied together that they form an incomplete hoop 17.5 cmo in maximum diameter. Apocynum cordage binds the two elements togethero The cordage is 205 mm, in diameter and about 55 emo in lengtho It is of the 2=ply, S-twist technlque , and is notable for the tightness of twist. Use of the bone hoop, itself, is unknown. - 10 a Fiber Bundle (Noo 2-21559)o This is a relatively large and loose bundle o raw Apocynum, reddish in coloro. Rush (No, 2.21535)o Thls coil is composed of 14 green spike rushes (Elch3rs'Ts) which appear to be otherwise unmodified. Coil (No. 2-21547)o A coll of willow (Sallx) withes measuring 12.5 cm. in diametero The withes average 71 cm. in iength and 3 mm. in width. They were probably used for basketry and lashing. Cordage. One separate fragment of cordage occurs. This is of Apo- cynum, is 2 rtn diameter, and is of the 2-ply, S-twist techniqueoJt corresponds closely to typical Humboldt cordage with the exception that it is lmpregnated with an oil or grease which serves both to strengthen the cord and give it a sllppery texture. The fragment is 26 cm. in length and is firmly twisted. Clay Lumpso Five samples of lumped grey ochre are present, One of the specimens has been partially scorched by fire, which has annealed the particles. The other specimens, however, are in excellent preservation and give off their grey color on touch. The burned specimen weighs 1ll grams. The other specimens weigh respectively 49.4, 9Oo3, 99.5 and 266.7 gramso Total weight of the 5 specimens is 616.9 grams. Grey ochre was probably used as coloring pigment. Flber Apron (No. 2-2156O)o This specimen is a womangs apron measuring 30 cm, in width and 25 cm, in lengtho It is light brown in color and is skillfully constructed from some unidentified grass fibero The specimen consists of an upper border which secures a mass of vertical fibers hanging beneath it. The technique of construction corresponds so closely to that used in the womangs apron found in Lovelock Cave as described by Loud (ibid., po 539 Plo 19a), that we quote his description here: "Some of the fibers are apparently 20 inches long, being bent at the middle to form the upper border of the specimen and secured by a course of woof twining. The woof is a cord about 3 mm. in diameter. Three cmo below the upper border there is a second course of woof beneath which all the fibers hang loose. The mass of fiber is 1 cmo thick at the tightly bound upper border and 2 cm, thick where it hangs loose."l Stays or ties for holding the apron in place are not apparent in the specimen from the Winnemucca Lake caves col- lection, Willow Artifact (No. 2-21550)o The final artifact in the Winnemucca Lake caves collection is an obJect 75 cmO in length and of varied width, It is composed of 3 peeled willow sticks which are braided together at one end, and bent to form a hoop at the other. The sticks are 10 mm, in diam- etero Utillzation of the artifact is a subject for conjecture. Too light for heavy employment, we can only conclude that the tool is a specialized one for the performance of some distinct task, light in nature, but as yet uwndetermined. e 1 - Conclusions In the preceding pages archaeologicaL specimens from Winnemucca Lake caves have been described. No dating of the collection will be attempted because the context from which the specimens were derived is unknown-it is not known, for exampleg whether the wicker basketry and coiled basketry are from the same or different siteso The importance of the collection is in the evidence it presents on the distribution of the Lovelock Culture, an important regional speciali zation of Jenningsg Desert Culture. The Lovelock Culture is best known, of course, from excavations in the Lower Humboldt Valley. From excavations in the Fallon area we know that essentially the same culture, with its dis- tinctive combinatlon of textile techniques, is also present in the Carson Sink (Grosscup, 1956). In Lassen County, California, to the west, the cultural inventory recovered at the Karlo Site fits neatly into that of the Lovelock Culture (Riddell, 1956)9 so we may conclude that that area too was once part of the Lovelock Culture province. Thus as investigation proceeds we find evidence that the Lovelock Culture was not narrowly localized to the sink of the Humboldt but was spread quite widely over the western Great Basin, It is beginning to look, in fact, as if the Lovelock Culture was once characteristic of the entire Lake Lahontan regiono Several gaps re- main before such a statement can be made categorically (for example, we do not know about Walker Lake or about the Humboldt Valley north of Lovelock) but the present paper fills one of the gaps on the western fringe of the province0 The specimens described, especially the wicker and coiled bas- ketry, indicate that the bearers of the Lovelock Culture once occupied the Pyramid Lake--Winnemucca Lake Basin and that that part of the Lahontan System is therefore part of the Lovelock Culture province. Notes 1, The earliest notice of the caves in this region is that of Fremont (1845) who passed Pyramid Lake in 1844. He says that they went by the lake, "0passing on the way several caves in the rock where there were baskets and seeds'" (p. 218). 2. The caves were allegedly dug in violation of the Antiquities Act of 1906. The materials recovered have been deposited in the University of California Museum of Anthropology by the Federal Government0 The only public recor-d of the excavations is in the Nevada State Journal (newspaper) for August 1, 1948. In the absence of exact location data, we have arbitrarily assigned this material to a specific site, designated 26&Wa_4, - 12 - Bibliography Antevs9 Ernst 1925 On the Pleistocene History of the Great Basino In Quater- nary Climates, Carnegie Institution of WashingtMn, Publ. 3529 pp. 51-1140 Balfet, Helene 1957 Basketry, A Proposed Classification. UCAS-R No. 37, ppo 1-210 Baumhoff, 1958 Cope, Edwa 1883 Mo Ao Excavation of a Cache Cave in Pershing County, Nevada. UCA this report, pp. 14-25* Lrd D. On the Fishes of the Recent and Pliocene Lakes of the Great Basin, and of the Idaho Pliocene Lake. Proceedings of the Acad, Nat. Sci. for 1883, pp. 134-166. S.9 Fremont, John Co 1845 Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842 and to Oregon and California in the Years 1843-1844o House Doculmnts No. 166. Grosscup, G. LO- 1956 The Archaeology of the Carson Sink Area. UCAS-R No. 33, ppo 58-64* Heizer, R Fo and A. D. Krieger 1956 The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. UC-PAAE Vol. 47, pp. 1-190. Loud, L. I.. and M. R. Harrington 1929 *Iovelock Caveo UC-PAAE Vol. 25, pp. 1-183. Riddell, Francis A. 1956 Summary Report of the Excavation of the Karlo Site. Univ. of Utah, Dept. of Anthro. Anthropological Papers, No. 26, pp. 63-73o Russell, Israel C. 1885 Geological History of Northwe stern Nevada. Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of U. S. Geo. Sur. Monographs, Vol. XI. W 13 N Excavation of a Cache Cave in Pershing County, Nevada* MN A. Baumhoff Site 26-Pe-8 (hereafter referred to as Pe-8) is a small cave situated approximately 1.5 miles southeast of the Leonard Rockshelter. The deposit is protected in a dry crevice penetrating twenty-five feet into the base of a large rhyolite outcropping. At the entrance of the cave the actual eleva- tlon is 4,350 feet, which Dro Ernst Antevs determined with a Paulin altimeter, Antevs also noted that this site was above the highest pluvial beach levels. Above the cave entrance rises the cliff face of the rock outcropping which extends north and south about 100 yards in either direction. Below the cliff a very steep talus slope drops for about 250 feet. One excavation trench (see Fig. 2b) of 5 by 5 foot units was laid out in such a manner as to cross the center of the deposit at the entrance and completely include the rear of the cave where the walls were about five feet aparto Excavation took place on July 20-21, 1950, wlth units 1, 2, 3, and 4 being completely dug to the deposit base. The artifact bearing deposit was composed of dry, powdery dirt, wind-blown plant material, loose bat guano, and rock fragments exfoliated from the cave roof. In unit 1 a sterile layer of concentrated bat guano occurred from a depth of 18 to 36 inches. This layer extended into unit 2 between 30 and 40 inches, and sloped off irnto unit 3. Below the sterile guano layer there was a loose angular rock fall base, which was the extended edge of the large rock fall piled up at the cave mouth, This rock layer formed the cave base and, after being found at a depth of 36 inches in unit 1, it graded down to 42 inches in uni.t 2, to 48 inches in uit 3, and finally in unit 4 the cave floor was solid rock at 56 inches (see Fig. 2a), The greatest concentration of artifacts was in units 3 and 4, In this area were found large portions of coiled basketry trays and wicker burden baskets which serve to emphasize the cave as a cache locationo The far rear of the cave, unit 4, was the deepest, with deposits and artifacts reaching to a depth of 56 inches. But at this depth the cave bottom is only a few inches Wide as the cave walls converge downward. There was probably one cache in the cave (in units 3 and 4) originally, with the few artifacts elsewhere having been scattered or dropped by the people who used the cave, or by pack rats and coyotes. Artifacts Wicker Basketry The wicker from Fe-8 is the same type as that recovered from Lovelock and Humrboldt Caves. To date, this peculiar wicker has been found only in *S3apport for the description presented here was supplied by the National Science Fondat'icn (G3.91`)9 Paper No. 5, 14 c westcentral Nevada, It is found quite generally in the Humboldt Valley and is known to a lesser degree on its fringes. According to Weltfish (1930, p. 491), it "'is not duplicated in modern North American basketry.tt Its concentration in the Humboldt Valley could be explained by the inten- sity of excavation relative to the surrounding area, but this does not seem likely. In all probability, it is simply a local specialization. Wicker basketry has pliable wefts and stiff, unpliable warps which radiate from the starting point at the bottom of the basket. Mason (1904, po 228) says,9 "The weaving is plain and differs from checkerwork only in the fact that one of the elements is rigidQIt Lovelock Wicker is peculiar for two reasons: the wefts are always double ribbons of willow and the weft courses are always pushed up against one another so that no inter- vening spaces are left. This basketry is adequately described by Heizer and Krieger (1956), and by Loud and Harrington (1929, pp. 60-64), except that they fail to distinguish between the type in which the double weft ribbons are layered one on top of the other (Pl. li) and the type in which the two ribbons are placed side by side (Pl. lj)o While this distinction may prove in the long run to be of little or no significance, it is probably best to note it until we find such to be the case. Wicker basketry was the most common artifact found in Pe-8, just as it was at Lovelock and Humboldt Caves, Of 275 basketry specimens, 236 were fragments of wicker burden basketso Of these, 214 were layered weft, and 22 were sid-by-side weft. The stiff willow warp element ranges from 1l5 to 5 mm, in diameter wlth an average of 2..8 mm. The two willow ribbons of the weft are from 15 to 4 mm. in width with an average of 2*7 mmo Of course, in the sideby-side variety the total weft course will be twice as wide. There are about 9.8 weft courses per inch and about 5,8 warp elements per inch. The variability in these baskets is similar to that of those recovered from Lovelock Cave. No attempt has been made to discover the total number of baskets rep- resented by the fragments recovered because of the poor condition of the material. S3lvage, repairing, apexes and tump lihe attachmentso The selvage here is the same technique a' that described for fjumboldt and Lovelock Caves, wherein the warps are bent back at the rim and woven diagonally among themselves to the rim of the basket proper where they are secured by a course of twining (see Pl lk; and Loud and Harrington (op. cit., P1. 27a, b, c). Repairing is the same process of mending of rars and patching of holes that is described in Heizer and Krieger (see also Pl. lb; Loud and Harrington, op. cit.9 Plo 27f)o The one apex recovered is as described for Humboldt7aveo It shows eight courses of heavy twining before the wicker starts (Plo la). No tump line attachments were found at Pe-8. Decorationlo On only about a dozen fragments was any visible design apparent sirnce it had, in most cases, been worn off. However, inasmuch as the design in this type of wicker is accomplished by introducing a weft with bark on one side and giving it a half twist to make it appear and dis- appear In the approprilate places, the half twist will remain visible on the back slde even when the bark has completely worn off. Moreover, even when the bark has worn off, there almost always remains a shred of it along each weft course, hence when even minute pieces of bark are discovered it is a simple, though often tedious, matter to follow along the course of the weft and, observlng the twists, to block out on grid paper the sections that have the bark side out0 This method can be used only with the layered weft type of basket silnce the only decoration on the side-by-side type is in the fonm of horizontal bands0 It is evident that in the side-bymside type a twist would disfigure the weft ribbons or push them togethero This presents, in- cidentally, another reason for separating the two types of Lovelock Wicker. A total of 80 pieces (or about 35 per cent of the wicker specimens) showed design when analyzed by the above method or by direct observation. Of these, 23 were W-shaped zlgzag, 12 were penant shaped (see Pl lc), 6 were horlzontal lines, 5 were N-shaped zigzag, 3 were vertical lines, and 1 was a diagonal line (Fig0 1)o There were 27 fragments in which decora- tion was present but where design was not observable because of such factors as, for example, small size of the fragment. Loud and Harrlngton (op. cit., p. 62) report that about 75 per cent of the decorated pieces from 7Zvelock Cave have merely horizontal bandso The horizontal band decoration does not require the half twist and is apprehend- ed by direct observation rather than analysis of weft twistso It is not entirely clear,therefore, why designs on the Lovelock Cave specimens should be easier to make out than those of the Pe-8 basketry. Either age, amount of use, conditions of preservation, or combinations of these could explain the discrepancy0 Aside from this, the design percentages of the Lovelock Cave and Pe-8 specimens are much the same. Colled basketry, A total of forty-seven pieces of coiled basketry was remove rom t e cave (this kind of basketry is illustrated by Heizer and Krieger, op. cit09 Pl. 18, 19). The specimens vary in size from quite large sections tT minute fragments often difflcult to analyze stracturallyo The smallest piece9 for example, measures 3 cm0 by 1 cm. Conversely, the two almost complete parch'ing trays which were recovered are 61.8 and 62 cm. in diameter0 These two large specimens are the sections between the outer edges and the centers of originally larger trays0 One basketry section re- covered is undoubtedly the missing center section of one of the large trays referred tog whiole many other various sized fragments must represent other missi-ng coils of both trays. No attempt has been made to construct outer bordering edges of the trays, though there appears to be enough fragmentary material to do this. As an estimate, the totality of coiled basketry most probably represents the torn and fractured parts of three complete flat basketry parching trays. None of these show surface curvature to suggest that oth.er types of coiled receptacles may have been present in the cave. - 16 In addition, in each instance one side of the artifact is charred and en- crusted with a thick layer of material, probably resulting from the parch- ing of seeds. Each individual piece was carefully analyzed to determine the plan of the foundation, number of stitches per 10 cm., number of circuits (coils) per 10 cmo. and the type of stitching.. Without exception, the foundation was found to have the basic plan Qf three-rod-triangular with the apex rod of the triangle being split by the stitching or sewing element. The sew- ing is of split-stitch type with the stitching of each course split on one side by the stitching of the next course. The 4verage number of stitches per 10 cm, is 25 while the number of coils is invariably 20, The rods used in the foundation are stiff willow twigs with the diam- eters of the individual elements averaging about 3 mm. The pliable sewn wefts are thin flat ribbons and are about 3 mm, in widtho Occasionally on a number of specimens the same flat willow stripping was used to repair or reinforce certain areas which had become worno This patching was done in an irregular pattern and seems to have been sewn in places where the bas- ketry had been weakened by stitches burned through by coals during use. It will be noted that coiled basketry is the second most common type of artifact in the cave, being exceeded quantitatively only by wicker ware, A similar situation obtained with the Lovelock and Humboldt Caves material. Weltfish (1932b, p. 110) points out that one of the predominant types of Lovelock coiling is on a three-rod-triangular foundation with a split type of stitching, The basketrty is described as "tcoarsell textured. In Lovelock Cave this artifact type occurs through all levels with the only distinguishing criterion being types of feather decoration (ibido. 1932a, p. 110), No examples of decoration either by feathering or other means are to be found among the Pe-8 toiled,basketry, but .there is no question that Pe-8 ware can be duplicated typologically by many Lovelock Cave specimens. Weltfish (opo cito, pe 39) discusses the historical distribu- tion of triangular typefoUiiiations and points out the definitely limited area of occu=rence in North America., Tschopik (1939, p. 105) presents an extensive areal and temporal distribution of coiled basketry and treats of the specific three-rod-triangular foundation in addition to other formso Cressman (19429 po 45, passim) discuss6s maany instances of three-rod-tri- angular coiling from archaeologipal sites in Washinton ad Orgon. The type of coiling noted for the Pe?-8 material thus seems to have a definite areal distribution centering in the western Utnited Stateso Weltfish (1932% po 40) regards this distribution as attesting to historical rela- tionship between the groups which occupied the area in question. Twined basketryo One piece of stiff twined ware was recovered in which both the wefts and the warps were placed well apart. The wefts are thin willow ribbons and are woven in a simple, down to the right twineo The warps are stiff willow twigs about 3 mm' in diameter (both the weft and the warp material are the same as those of Lovelock Wicker), which tend to converge at one end, indicating that the object was probably a conical burden basket (Pl. le). - 17 - Also recovered was a piece of typical Catlow twined basketry, the same as that described by Cressman (op. cit., p. 34). It is very fine and pliable, has a two-strand S-twist warp aRra weft that is woven in a simple down to the right twine (Pl. lg)o The only peculiar factor is the intro- duction of two and one-half courses of three strand twine, apparently for decoration0 Loud and Harrington (op. cit., Pl. 30b) show a similar piece. Matting and cordage0 There is a total of nine pieces of twined tule matting from Fe-b, none of which is notably different from the twined tule matting collected at Lovelock Cave. There are at least two pieces and perhaps four in which there are two courses of weft every three inches or soo These two courses are very close to each other, one of them being down to the right and the other up to the right twine so that as a pair they give the appearance of braid (cf. Loud and Harrington,r op. cit., Plo 2)4g, 251). Two fairly large fragments have the ordinary down to the right twin- ing (ibid., P10 24a, c, d, f). One piece of matting selvage found simply had its warps bent back on the warps next to them and secured in the manner shown by Loud and Harrington (op. cit., p. 57, Fig. h)o The weave type of the remaining pieces was not dlstinguishable because the specimens were too fragmentary0 The cordage and rope from Pe-8 are also much the same as the specimens from Lovelock Caveo There are two pieces of large, two-strand, S-twist rope about 2 cm. in diameter, and two pieces of smaller cordage. One of the latter has a standard two-strand, S-twist while the other, although similar, has a third strand wrapped tightly around it. This is different from the two-strand and spiral type reported by Loud and Harrington (opp cit., p. 79) because here there is no attempt to completely cover and7iide baslc twine., Miscellaneous objectso Four pieces of leather thong similar to those shown by Loud and Harrington (op. cit., Pl. 43h) were recovered. Three leather thongs which were wrapped n porcupine quills were recovered (Plo lh). This sort of object is unreported from either Lovelock or Humboldt Caves, but Orchard (1925) describes a wrapped twinework (actually the piece is wrapped lattice work) from Lovelock Cave in which the wrapping is of porcupine quill0 Several pieces of worked wood were recovered but all except one were simply blunt ended sticks whose function is not known. The one exception is a hardwood specimen with both ends pointed and of the same shape, about four inches long and half an inch in diameter at the center (Pl. lf). It probably was used as a projectile point. Heizer and Krieger (op. cit., p,c 71: PlF. 13d) recovered six of these objects from Humboldt Cave called them game darts or double pointed gamLing shafts. Conceivably it could also have been employed as a unilon or splice for two pieces of arrow cane, Ornly three artifacts of stone were recovered from Pe-89 of which two were a 650 gm. hammerstone and a large piece of red ochre which may be - 18 - from a natural deposit in the cave. The third item was a black obsidian projectile point, 41 by 19 by 35 nmm., weighing 2 gmi The point has straight sides and a concave base (Plo ld). The only bone artifact recovered was a rectangular piece of human skull (probably from temporal or sphenoid bones) measuring 20 by 30 by 4 mm. The convex surface is polished and the concave surface bears traces of pitcho The pitch would suggest that it was used as an appli- que ornament of some kind0 Also it may have been a casting die for a game, Conclusions In ascertaining cultural and historical provenlence or importance of the material from this small cave, it must be emphasized that typo- logically all the artifacts can be duplicated by finlds made both in Lovelock and Humboldt Caveso This has been pointed out in the descrip- tion and discussion of the individual specimens where reference was made to similar artifacts descrribed and illustrated by Loud and Harring- ton (op. cit.) and by Heizer and Krieger (op. cit.). al No Site Pe-8 was undoubtedly a small storage cave with only occasion- and limited visits from man since there is no true occupation miidden, workshop material, fire hearths, nor food refuse was present0 The relationship Lovelock Caves may be of the Pe-8 specimens seen in the following to those from Humboldt and table, Table 1 Humboldt Cave Lovelock Cave Early Late Early Middle Late Wicker* + + + 3-Rod coiled trays + + + + Openwork stiff twining + + - Catlow twining + + Tule matting + + +* + + I -_________________________________ - . -------__________________ (continued on next page) 19 - Table 1 (continued) *As noted in the text previously, neither Krieger nor Harrington dis- tinguished between side-by-side wicker and layered wickero Gordon Lo Grosscup has recently surveyed the Harrington collections in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and he informs us that the specimens from Harrington's stratipit include 20 fragments of wicker basketry, of which 19 have layered weft and only one has side-by-side wefto The single piece with side-by-side weft was found in the fourth level from the top of the stratipit and is therefore to be attributed to the Middle Lovelock period0 **There were only three pieces of this from Humboldt Cave, all from deeper than 24 inches (Heizer and Krieger, op. cit., p. 54)o The table indicates that the few objects recovered from Pe-8 are the same as those from the lower levels of Humboldt Cave and the middle levels of Lovelock Cave0 The only exception is Catlow twined basketry which occurs only in the upper level of Humboldt Cave but in the middle levels ot Love- lock Cave0 The Humboldt Cave material includes 16 fragments of Catlow twined basketry representing 5 baskets, while the Harrington stratipit materlal from Lovelock Cave includes only a single specimen, that one coming from level 4. These facts 'indicate that greater reliance is to be placed on the Humboldt Cave evidence and Catlow twined basketry is to be regarded as a relatively late manifestation in the lower Humboldt Valley0 On the other hand, if Pe-8 is to be regarded as representing Middle Lovelock culture (on the basis of the side-by~=side wicker and the openwork stiff twining), then the presence of the Catlow twined fragment lends additional weight to Har- rington2s evidence for an earlier introduction of Catlow technique, either as trade objects or as a local skill. It has been argued elsewhere (Bauxhoff and Heizer,9 1958) that the few specimens of the fine coiled basketry found in Lovelock and Humboldt Caves represent trade pieces from California. On the same basis it is reasonable to believe that the Catlow twlned basketry in the Lovelock region also rep- resents trade items. We present below the frequencies of Catlow twined basketry fragments as agalnst total basketry fragments from Lovelock Cave (Loud s collection) 9 Humboldt Cave, and Pe-8. 20 Table 2 Lovelock Humboldt Cave Cave Pe-8 Total basketry f ragments 1115 2058 275 Catlow twined fragments 9* 16 1 *As nearly as can be told from Loud's description0 There certainly were not more than 31 pieces (Loud and Harring- ton (ope cit., p. 69)C Catlow twining is a difficult skill to acquire and to do so one would have to make many baskets, more than are indicated by the relative fre- quencies of the technique as shown in these collections0 If the Catlow twined baskets were in fact trade pieces they probably came from northeastern California or southern Oregon, where the most com- mon basketry technique of the historic Indians was of this variety (Barrett, 1908)o Cressman suggests (1956, p. 467) that it is associated with the sandals from beneath the pumice at Fort Rock Cave which have been dated by radiocarbon at 9,000 B.P. But it must be noted that although there were fragments of mats arid strings and between 75 and 100 sandals from beneath the pumice, only one piece of basketry was recovered and this not by Cressman but by visitors who were in the cave in the absence of ex- cavating personnel (ibid., 19429 p. 39), Furthermore the piece does not seem to be Catlow twined basketry. It does not have the twisted warp, the principle identifying characteristic of the type. If we discount this evidence, then it is seen that the evidence for the antiquity of Catlow twined basketry in southern Oregon comes from Cat- low Cave itself and from Roaring Springs Cave. Cressman (opo cito, Tables 3 and 4) found Catlow twined basketr-y at all levels in botWcaves. He now believes that the earliest levels of Roaring Springs Cave date from about 2,500 B.C. while the earliest levels of Catlow Cave date from 2,000 B.C. (ibid,, 1956, Chart 3). The date of the Catlow twined specimen from the Lovelock Cave strati- pit can be interpolated from radiocarbon dating. Level 2 of the pit has been dated at 1686 + 220 B,Pj while a date of 3112 + 260 BYP. has been obtained for level 5 (Libby, 1954). These dates indlcate that the Transi- tional Lovelock period (levels 3 and 4) covers a period somewhere in the time from 1 to 1,000 BQC. Since the Lovelock Catlow twined specimen comes from this period, it is clear that it could easily have been traded from - 21 the southeastern Oregon-northwestern California area. The same conclusion applles equally to the specimen from Pe-8. The similaritles between the Pe-8 specimens and those from the Lovelock Cave stratipit enable us to assign an approximate date to the Pe-8 cache. Aside from materials which are present throughout the several periods of the Lovelock Culture, there are three artifact types from Pe-8 which occur only in the Middle Lovelock period-openwork stiff twining, Catlow twine, and sideTbys=lde wicker0 The cross-dating here is tenuous because of the small slze of Harrington's sample--he has only one speclmen of each of these types. Slnce all three types agree in the dating, however, it is probably safe to say that the Pe-8 cache dates from the Middle Lovelock period or slightly before the time of Christ0 - 22 n Bibliography Barrett, S. Ao 1908 Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Northeastern California and Southern Oregon. Unliv, Calif. Publo Amer, Arch. Ethnolo, Vol. 5, pp. 239-292o Cressman, L. S. 1942 Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basino Publo Carnegie Instit, Washo0 No. 538, 1956 Klamath Prehistoryo Transactions Amer. Philosophical Soc.9 new series, Vol. 46, Part 4. Heizer, R. F. and M. A. Baumhoff 1958 Outland Coiled Basketry from the Caves of West Central Nevada. Univ. Callf. Arch, Sur, Peport No, 42, pp. 49-590 Heizerg R. Fo and A. Do Krieger 1956 The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County9 Nevada, Univ. Califo Publ, Amer. Arch, Ethnol., Volo 47, pp. 1-190. Libby, W. JO 1954 Chicago Radlocarbon Dates VO Science, Volo 120, Noo 3123, ppo 733-742. Loud, L, L. and M. R. Harrington 1929 Lovelock Caveo Univ. Califo Publo Amer. Arch. Ethnolo, Vol. 259 pp. 1-1830 Mason, 0. To 1904 Aboriginal American Basketry: studies in a textlle art with- out machinery, U. S. Nato Muso, Anno Rept.o, ppo 171=584o Orchard, W, C, 1925 Porcupine Quillwork from Lovelock Cave9 Nevada. Indian Notes. Nus, Amero Indo.9 Heye Foundation, Volo 2, No. 3. Tschopik, H. T. Jr. 1939 Artifacts of Perishable Materials, Preliminary Report of the 1937 Excavations, BC 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Clyde Kluckhohn and Paul Reiter (ed.), Univ. New Mexico Bullo, Anthro. Ser.,o Volo 3, No. 2, pp. 94-130, Weltfish, Go 1930 Prehistoric North American Basketry and Modern Distributions, Amer. Anthrop., n.s.9 Vol. 329 pp. 454r495o 23 X Weltfish, 1932a G. (continued) Preliminary Classification of Prehistoric Southwestern Basketry. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 87, No. 7. 1932b Problems in the Study of Ancient and Modern Basketmakers. Aner. Anthrop., ns ., Vol. 34, pp. 108-117. - 24 - 5 cm. A d j. . . . r7 V g * ti } : 8 5 cm. f i,? /W . t i- "A'? 'V.. P/ate / '. UCMA 2-25749 Em 'Em UCMA 2-25783 UCMA 2-2569/. Showing the design schematicafly on the left and the ac- tual size and proportion on the right. rhis is the normal distortion. I r I I I r ml K. U. aEu I- I. I I I I I UCMA 2-25732 U p. II ? -? h LCMA 2-25817 UCMA 2-25811 UCMA 2-25697 Wicker Bosketry Designs Figure / Figure 2a. Site 26-Pe-8, Cross Section I / 0A Actual E/evation: 4,350 ft 5 ft. I I I I I I I k N Figure. 2b. Site 26-Pe-8, P/an Explanation of Illustrations Pl-te 1 a Lovelock wicker basketry with layered weft, showing the apex Notice the course k. Layered weft wicker fragment showing selvage. Note warps gath- ered into pairs by two rows of coarse twining, each pair then serving as a warp and woven among other pairs until the edge is reached0 Here the pairs turn back diagonally and become wefts, to be woven among the other pairs. UCMA 2-25745, Figure 1 Wicker basketry designs0 Figure 2 a, Cross-sectional drawing of site, b. Plan view of site (cave faces approximately west) = 25 - The Surface Archaeology of Site 26oPe5.9 Pershing County, Nevada* Ae Bo Elsasser During the course of a resurvey of archaeological sites in the Hwm. boldt Valley in 1950, a large collection of lithic artifacts was taken from a spot which later proved to be the site designated as site 5 by Loud (Loud and Harrington, 1929). The site was renamed 26Pe-5 in 1950, following the method for site designation of the University of California Archaeological Surveyo In this paper it will henceforth be referred to slmply as Pe-5o The site is located east and northeast of site 26-Pe42 on a low bar- ren playa near the toe of an alluvilal fan extend'ing from the hills of the eastern side of the Humboldt Valley0 So far as- is known 1t iS a surface site, there being found durlng the surface collecting no evidence of burials. In August, 19549 several hours were spent testing the site area with post- hole pits. No subsurface midden, artifacts, or burials were notedo The area of surface refuse forms a long rectangle, running about 500 yards from east to west and about 100 yards from north to south. Being on part of an allu- vial fan, there is a slight slope from north to south; the elevation is from 3905 to 3900 feeto It is apparent that the southern edge of the site9 ioeo, the lakeward slope of the alluvial hump, has been wave-washed at some time of high water of the Huwboldt Lake0 The site is distinguishable from the surrounding area by the presence of a concentration of rocks- flakes and pebbles or cobbles (see Plo 1)o A large number of the pebbles have flakes taken off them, ioeog they appear to be unfinished tools or cores from which flake tools were made0 There seemed at first the posslbility that these rocks might have been broken by wave or wind acti on, When., however, there was found an almost equal number of simi- lar rocks, which had. unquestioned chipped edges on them, the site took on the aspect of a bona-filde implement-making site, In addition, the cores and large flake tools of basalt and rhyolite were not the only implements found. There were numerous obsldlan projectile polints and fragment.s,i and the evi- dence of at least some of them being made on the spot is patento Loud des- cribes the site as va low-lying patch of obsidian refuse, the remains of implement making99 (ibido., p. 130). The age of the site ls not exactly knowszi,o Further investlgation based on geology,, c'imatology, or art'ifact typology night reveal a rough date or make possible the placement of the site in the local ciltural sequence. In *Support for the analysis presented here supplied by the NatLonal Science Foundation (G3917)9 Paper No. 6. ? 26 any case, if exact age is not expectably determinable, a knowledge of the relationship of the culture represented here with others is0 The most fruitful approach to this is in comparison of the artifacts found at Pes5 with those found at sites about which more is known, such as Lovelock Cave, for example0 At this point a word should be said about the meaningful quality of the present series of classifications. It is not claimed that some of the subtypes, for example, of choppers and scrapers, represent real cultural differences, i.e,, of manufacturing methods, motor habits, or use of the finished objects (Drucker, 1943, p0 35). The surface nature of the site deposit, its small extent,, and the virtual absence of published data for other sites 'in the region do not allow any valid conjectures concerning distribution, elther vertical or horizontalo Consequently, the setting up of subtypes on the basis of distinction in shape, as exemplified by the sub-classification of choppers, is meant to be largely a descriptive device, leaving open the possibility that each of the subtypes does in fact repre- sent a real cultural difference0 In the case of sinkers, on the other hand, the differences in shape were thought to have such little diagnostic value that specimens of various shapes have been categorized as 'Ogroupso0 It is believed that, except for the projectile points, the specimens collected and described here represent a fair sampling of a site which has been previously little disturbed by Caucasians0 Evidently projectile points have been collected by others over a period of years since Loud first named the site0 Presumably the other types of implements, being relatively crude, have not been collected intensively or at allo Whatever the true situation is . the most that can be said at the moment is that the site is one of former implement making0 The vast majority of the specimens are of chipped stone0 Although grinding is shown on some of the tools, no specimens positively identified as mortars or metates were found at the site0 The reason for this is not known, although the large size of the sample and the care taken in gathers ing it i,n 1950 almost eliminates the possibility that fragments of such specimers were overlooked during the field collectingo The artifacts here described are of the following kind and numberD Grore O O O 0 0 254 Scraperso0 0o0 0 ,l 139 Hanmaerstoneso 0 0 62 Plaxneso0 o o o o o 0 84 Choppers0 0 0 0 0 0 58 Projectile points 0 0 236 Sinkers o 0 0 0 0 o 132 Miscellaneous o o o 0 28 27 Cores Throughout this paper the term core, when used as a noun,g designates nodular stones with a high silica content which exhibit signs of surface flake removal0 Cores are either uncompleted tools, such as choppers or hammerstones, or pieces of stone from which flakes were obtained deliber- ately--these flakes were then further fashioned into tools such as scrapers or projectle ponts0 It follows from this that a core tool is an artifact, the function or use of which is inferred by the observer according to cer- tain broad criteria, such as the extent of chipping on the surface or the size of the chips produced0 Cores, then, are pieces of stone of varying sizes9 which usually are but slightly modified from their original pebble or cobble character0, If the above definition has validity, it is now necessary to dis- tinguish between cores and hanmnerstones, which are probably the simplest of stone artifacts0 Here the difference is seen by us to be the difference between flaking-off and batternLgo The battered hamxnerstones are distinct and what flaking there is on them seems to be fortuitous, although it is possible in some cases that exhausted cores or perhaps choppers were sub- sequently used as hamumerstones, hence acquired battered edges0 The number of cores is second only to the number of projectile point fragments collected at the site. The specimens have been divlded into two groups, rhyolite and basalt; there are 72 specimens iLn the former group, 178 in the latter0 Chert, of which but 4 specimens were recovered, was apparently not at all an important core material at Pe-5, and was, in our sample at least9 found to be used only occasionally, even for projectile points0, The character of the flaking on the cores suggests that rhyolite, With its uneven fracture quality, was used in the productlon of cores which d'id not require, Indeed could not take, retouching, in order to be used -ultimately as reflned tools0 On the other hand, when one looks at some of the smaller core or flake implements found at this site, such as scrapers or projectille poirts9 it is noticed that rhyolite was used hardly at all, while basalt was used frequently, even vying wlth obsidlan as a material for manufacture of projectille points. It is clear that both materials, rhyolite and basalt9 wer readily available to the inhabltants of Pe-5, and that basalt core tools are more refined anrd show better controlled flaklng patterns than like tools of rhyol'ite. Basalt9 besides belng used predormnantly for the simplest tools, such as haimnerstones and choppers, was preferred for a greater number of types of storne implements. Basalt and rhyolite cores do not reveal any great differences Oin shape-cthey are all h9subspherical2U-and both could be made into similarI , relatively unrefined tools. Unless some not easily apprehended function may yet be assigned to cores as described here, we must assume thnat they were but incidental, i'.e. represented a beginning stage in the manufacture of other tools. 28 Table 1 Size and Welght Data on Cores** Size of Museum Weight Length Width Thickness Type specimen Number (grmns) (mm) (mm) (mm) Basalt Average 2-2755?7 297 75 58 54 Large 2-28165 666 100 85$- 71 Small 2-28378 50 50 ho 28 Rhyolite Average 2.28446* 401 87 61 76 Large 2-28366 983 311 91 81 Small 2-27606 96 69 62 27 *Illustrated (Fig0 la,, b). **Speciien numbers are University of California Museum of Anthropology (UCMA) numbers0 Hiaminerstones Harmerstones, as mentioned above, are probably the simplest of stone artifacts found at this site0 They are characterized by battering or per- cussive abrasion on the edges. Where flaking accompanies the ba-ttered edges, it is assumed that it has occurred by chance, or that the speci-men was flaked initially to be used as a chopper or scraper, but was either not used as such or was so used and subsequently discarded. Materials are basalt and rhyolite; the majority of the specimens are of basalt0 On the basis of shape, three types have been distinguished, as follows: Type a - Large battered cobbles (31 specimens). Twenty-two are of basalt7 9tie of rhyoliteo This type is subspherical in shape; some speci- mens have roughly flattened 'asides,"1 almost rectangular facets, which are chipped and battered along thelr edgeso This is obvlously a wearlng away from constant us since thee is a vestige of an original surface on only two of these specimens0 The latter parallel fairly closely the hcore ham- merstones' descrlbed in the Topanga culture (Treganza and Malamud, 1950). Type -b Smnooth cobbles or pebbles (10 speclmens)0 Nine of the specimens are of basalt, one is of rhyolite si-milar in slze to the average basalt speclmenso These are of elongated ovoid to pear shapeso The rhyo- lite specimen is subspherical, with one surface showing possible rubbingo All the specimens are smooth, and show definite pecking marks at eilther endo - 29 0 Only one is a complete pebble (No. 2-28320)o Another (Noo 2-28310) has a smooth cut or break across the short diameter; the smoothness might have been produced by grindingo Specimen No. 2-28320 is much larger than the others of this group (ca. 90x7Ox50 mm.) and was perhaps also used as a mano; in addition it his fairly heavy pecking marks at one endo One broad face of the specimen is ground down, and has definite lateral shoulders which, however, are more pronounced at one end than the other. Type & - Ovoid flat hamnerstones (18 specimens)o All are of basalt, six of t e specimens have one end thicker than the other so that they re- semble ovoid wedges, An unusual characteristic of this subtype is that perpendicular flakes have been removed from the thicker end, which is heavily battered, Battering on the lateral edges is slighter, and there is only light battering on the opposite, or thinner ends of the specimens. The effect is that of greatly worn-down choppers or scrapers. The remain- der of the specimens have unxiform battering on all the edgeso Table 2 Size and Weight Data on Hanmerstones Size of Museum Weight Length Width Thickness.; Type specimen Number (gnus) (mm) (mm) (mm) a Average 2-28322* 383 76 74 61 (BasaLt) Large 2-28065 1243 112 102 90 Small 2-27633 217 85 67 33 a (fyol_1it e) Aver~age 2-27645* 306 83 71 53 b Average 2-28310* 184 81 53 30 (BasiLt) Large 2-28320 883 115 98 67 Small 2-28321 56 65 28 22 | C Average 2-28315* 149 77 48 3.0 (Bas-a1t) Large 2-28316 295 86 78 46 Small 2-28359 48 52 43 20 *Illustrated (Fig0 lc-f), 30 Choppers These are mostly core-l'ke tools whoich obviously did not have much care expended on their manufactu;re0 Most of the specimens show bi-facial chipping, with the cutting edges roughly scalloped0 A few are uni-faced; they might actually have been used as large scrapers or planes0 Choppers were made from basalt, rhyolite, and andesite0 Three types are distin- guishable on the basis of outline and shape; one other type is set apart because all the specinens are of t!he same material and all are rough and irregular in shape0 Type g (13 specimens)0 These are the rough and irregular type just mentionedO7" They are all of rhyolite, which seems to be the kind of mater- ial least adapted for choppers0 Except for the one rough cutting edge, the specimens are not easy to distinguish from what have been defined above simply as cores0 Type b (6 specimens)0 Fragmnts of smooth, flat, ovooiLd cobbles, all of basalt, wich were originally about 1lOOxl30xO4 nm in size0 Two of the specimens represent about one-half of such a cobble, probably split inten- tionallyg across the short. dlametero A rough cutting edge was thus pro- duced at the break0 The other specimens have the same type of edge, boeo, that produced from a split across the short diameterg but the fraction of the original cobble evildently is smaller, thus producing on some a longer cutting edge0 All but one of the specimens show pecking on the rounded end. None of these show any abrasion that would indicate use as a mano9 however; three specimens show spots where some sort of polishing or rubbing has taken place on the original curved surfaces0 The contour of the natu- ral surface has not been modified, b.e0, shouldered, by the process. It is questionable whether the stone was origi.nally used for hammering or pecking and then cracked from use, or whethler it was cracked in order to produce the rough chopp"ing edge0 In aniy case, the cutting edges show little evi- dence of use, for example in the form of use-retouching0 One specimen (No0 2-27767) has only one orimginal surface still intact,, and the shape approaches that of Type dS a seMi-circular wedge type0 Type S (7 specimens)0 These are of basalt,b circular in outline, and bi-faceTis type has a cutting edge most of the way or completely around its periphery0 Type A1 (32 speci.mens)0 These are all of basalt0 They form the larg- est group ofrchoppers, and can be descrlibed as a roughly semi-circular wedge-shaped type0 In most of -the specimens there is a thick, flattish edge at the back, and the semi-circular edge is the chlpped cutting surface0 They are dlvlded about evenly as to number, some having bl-facial chipping, T-ghe rest belng uni-faced, wNth falrly steep-angled chipping0 The latter uabtype resembles a tlarge plane or scraper0 - 31 - Table 3 Size and Weight Data on Choppers Size of Museum Weight Length Width Thickness Type Specimen Number (grms) (mm) (m (mm) a Average 2-28108 313 90 65 45 (RhySlite) Large 2-27798 906 125 90 60 Small 2.27802* 102 77 50 25 b Average 2-27767* 257 100 60 28 (Basalt) Large 2-27693 624 110 95 33 c Average 2-2809,3* 255 75 60 40 ( BasLt ) Large 2-27677 384 100 75 3.5 .Smal 2-27694 53 50 45 15 l d Average 2-27681* 278 100 65 25 (BasfLt) Large 2-28109 455 95 70 45 Small 2-28087 66 50 45 15 *Illustrated (Fig. lg, h; 2a, b)v Slnkers It is difficult to determine the exact use of these artifacts in the fish'ing economy of the people who made them. They might have been used on nets or on individual drop-l'nes. In three caves on the east side of Hum- boldt Valley, i.e., Lovelock, Humboldt, and Ocala Caves, nets have been re- covered, and in both Lovelock and Humboldt Caves bone-barbed fishhooks set on fishing lrine have been found (Loud and Harrington, op. cit., pp. L,l 89; Helzer and Krleger, 1956, pp. 19, 62). Sinkers were noFin ary case found associated wlth either nets or fish lines, and the only specimens which could possibly have been used as slnkers, perforated stones found in Love- lock Cave (Loud and Harrinlgton, op. cit., p. 107), could easily have had some other function, e.g., they miTghTmierely have been decorative stones. The latter speclmens also were not found associatedwith any fishing equip- ment, - 32 - Compaeison of fishiong gear from Pe-5 and Humboldt Valley caves shows but one possible common occurrence, i.e.o, the 'Bice pick"@ fragments of Pe-5 (see p. 43) and the complete "i*ce p?ick" specimen reported by Loud (op. cit., p. 146) from Lovelock Cave0 Thus the entire range of cave specimens offers no particular clue to the functlon of the sinlkers at Pe<0 The relative lightness of the Pe-5 specimens might indicate that they were more adaptable to drop lines rather than nets0 Also, it is obvious that if the si te were a winter fishing village, for example, the sinkers could only have been used on drop lineso Presumably they could not have been used in Winter on large fishing nets and also woul.d not be used on small diLp nets (or seed beaters, for example-cf. Stewart, 1941, p. 425) to scoop fish through holes in tshe ice0 From the varlety of shapes and materials of the specimens, 'it is seen that there were no preferred or ideal typeso Almost any rather small, thin= nish pebble could be used; the chief feature found on all the specimens is chipped notches on opposlte edges at the point of shortest dlameter, with some rubbing in the notches thus produced, perhaps to prevent cutting the cord which was tied around the sinkerso Although the wear from rubblng in the notches on some of the specimens is quite markedg no specimens show groovlng all the way around,, such as that on a specimen from Humboldt Valley illustrated in Loud and HarriLngton (op0 cit., P10 64)o One of the cobble scrapers, however, which might have %e'en used also as a sinker, showed a distinct semi-circular groove across one endo Sinkers were made from basaltg slate, shale, scoria, and other tufa- ceous fragments0 Four categories, determined accotning to shape, are listed belowo Only Group III includes sinkers which apparently were made from watercworn pebbleso The other groups contain specimens made from rough fragments, mostly of basalt0 Io Asymmetrlcal, wlth stralght sides (41 specimens). IIo Symmetrical, smooth rectangular (24 specimens)O IIIo Smooth ovoid or leaf-shaped (33 specimens). IVo General irregular shapes (34 specimens). It is to be noted that there is not a large range of sizes among the sinkers0 Only one speclmen, with a weight of 305 grams, exceeds the genera al average welght for all the specimens of about 50 grams. 33 Table 4 Size and Weight Data on Sinkers Except for one large sinker in Group III, only the weight and dimensions of average sized specimens are given. Museum Weight Length Width Thickness. Group Number (gnus) (mm) (mm) () I 2-28331 63 52 48 10 2-27812 29 58 50 4 II 2-27627 52 48 42 15 2-28332* 23 51 32 4 III 2-27778 23 55 35 4 (largest) 2-28326 305 110 68. 20 IV 2-28343 43 70 35 10 2-27816 U1 50 30 10 *Illustrated (Fig. 2d). Scrapers Scrapers are distinguished from choppers in having consistently uni- faced chipping, and in being generally smaller than choppers. They are also to be distinguished from planes by the fact that they have a lower angle to the trimned edge than have the latter, and a bottom surface which is rather more concave or convex than the almost flat lower surface of a plane. Scrapers exhibit a wide range of shapes and typeso The shapes ex- tend from leaf-shaped or long-rectangular to square or circular (discoi- dal). Except for two related types of tools,. as indicated below (knives and "'anvilst"), most of the scrapers can best be described on the basis of chipping or trimming of the edges, as follows: --634 low 1 Side scrapers a With trimming on one edge (stra'ight)0 U With trimming on a continuous semi-circular edge0 c With two separate edges trimmedo W With trimming on three'edges0 2. End scrapers With trimmnng on one end. 3. Discoi dal scrapers With chipping all around. 4. Related tool types Knives0 Cobble scrapers or anvils. General description of types: lo Side scrapers Subtype a (45 specimens). This is numerically the largest and most simple group o scrapers. Most of the specimens are of basalt; apparently any flake of this material, whether struck off accidentally or otherwise, might have been secondarily chipped for use as a scraper if it happened to be large enough for the purpose at hand, Thus the shapes are irregular in outline, and the thickness varies. Although the latter factor would sug- gest a further extracting from this group of thick and thin flake types, this was not thought feasible in view of the seemingly accidental character of many of the flakes,. Subtype b (21 specimens). Material is predominanrtly basalt, with a few rhyoi cimens, This type has the most clearly deflined shape of any of the side scrapers. However, only six of the specimens seem delib- erately fashioned to this shape. The others appear to be acclderntal flakes with the chipping on the original thin edge. Jlll the specimens are roughly semi-circular in plan with wedge long-sections; secondary chipping is on the semi-circular thin edge while the opposite., or thick edge, is a fairly stralght plane, perpendicular to the broad surfaces. Some of the latter are convex, obviously resulting from percussion flaking and often having a welldeflned bulb of percussion, indicat'ing that these specimens were flakes Btruck from a core. The opposite broad surfaces of such specimens usually 31 ow only rough primary flakingo Subtype c (12 specimens). These are usually rectangular pieces with .he trieming on two opposite edges, parallel to the long axis, The flakes, or original pieces of stone (basalt), seem to have been consciously se- lected for the manufacture of this type of tool. The thicknesses of the specimens do not vary so much as in subtype a, Subtype d (12 specimens). This type is closely related to subtype c in shape, thi.c ess, and material. The chief difference between the Ewo is in the extent of the trinming: in subtype d the two side edges are chipped approximately at right angles to the eEd or '9short"t edge, hence this type is really a combination side- and end-scraper. 2. End scrapers (3 specimens) This type is similar to subtype a of the side scrapers, the only difference being in its having the trimmed edge parallel to the short axis instead of the long axis of the specimen. Since this type is numer- ically 'insignlficant9 it will not further be considered, 3. Discoidal scrapers (17 specimens) These are circular or ovate discs, all being trimmed completely around the periphery. A few, however, have quite irregular chipping on some sectlons of the edge. The specimens are modified natural or man- made flakes, chiefly of basalt. In cross- section they are roughly lentic- ular, except that in some specimens one surface is flat rather than curv- ing. 4, Related tool types Knives (37 specimens)O These are all thin, long, sub-rectangular, i.e., tabular, fragments of basalt. Some have secondary chipping on both of the long edges; others have flaking on one long edge only. While most of the specimens are natural tabular flakes, some of them have rough chipping on the flat surfaces. Cobble scrapers or anvils (9 specimens)o This group might also be connected with _the cobble tools (subtype b) of the chopper group. The specimens are vari=sized fragments of basalt or rhyolite cobbles, which have been splilt longitudinally and/or laterally, leaving one smooth face of the original cobble, and one rough face. The specimens are circular or ovate in plan, generally thin, with rough secondary chlppilng, or in some cases battering, around parts of the edges. The rest of the unretouched edge is sharp enough, probably, to have been useful for scraping purposes. Four of the spec'imens show light abrading on the smooth cobble sur- face9 as if they were used for rubbing or polishing of some sort, though mostly they do not have any definite fonr, like manos, for example. (Specimen No. 2-27673 shows the most abrasion, and even shoulders are barely discernlble in this speclmen,) - 36 - Specimen No. 2-28146, the largest of this type, apparently retains the original surface of the ovate cobble. It shows evidence of pecking on one end (cf. pecking on ends of cobble chopper [subtype b]) and has a slight depression on its asmooth upper surface which coull indicate use as an anvil.o Another specimen, No0 2-27768, also shows a pecked, anvil-like sur- face. In addition, it has a smooth fracture through what was the short diameter of a cobble. On this surface is a semi-circular groove which at first glance looks like part of a drilled hole, On closer inspection, however, it appears to be not a hole but rather a worn spot resulting from use of the stone as a sinker. The edge at the opposite end of the speci- men has a corresponding but less well-defined nicking. Table 5 Size and Weight'Data on Scrapers Size of specimen Weight Length Width Thickness (gross) (grin) (mm) (mm) (mm) Largest specimens cobble scraper 370 125 76 35 Smallest specimens side scraper 17 37 3.3 7 Average speciinens one side chipped 108 65 51 20 semi-circular edge 121 115 60 15 two edges chipped 121 72 68 13 three edges chipped 83 76 46 21 discoidal 88 65 641 12. knife 68 95 49 9 cobble scraper 220 100 70 18 Illustrated specimens (Fig. 2g-j9 3a-c) , 37 - Plane s Specimens of this type have previously been called scraper-planes or pulping-planes (Rogers, 1929, p. 50). Planes,, in contradistinction to ordinary scrapers, are generally core-tools, i.e., there are not many planes in the collection which were made from flakes. Other factors on which planes have been distinguished are: (1) Flat under-surfaces or "1bottoms"--either a cleavage plane or a percussion flaked surface, (2) Uni-faclal secondary chipping on working edge at a very steep angle to under-surface. (3) Thick or high in cross-section--the tools thus could be easily gripped for use in a push or pull motion. The thickness or height varies from quite low (ca. 20 mm.) to an average height equal to or somewhat less than the short horizontal diameter. A few specimens (four) are extremely 11tall"--two or three times the latter diameter, Materials used were basalt, rhyolite, and chert (only one specimen, similar to one of finely chipped basalt). The rhyolite specimens again are much rougher and more irregular in shape than are the others. However, in all the specimens, regardless of material, there is a great variation in shape, although nearly all may be called somewhat elongated forms. One recognizable group, which is entirely of basalt, shows a regular oyster shape, i.eo. the specimens have bottom surfaces which are ovoid in outline, and a low, regular convexity above the cutting edgeo Because of these irregular shapes, it seemed desirable to establish two types of planes, types based on the amount of trimming on the edges. The types, both of which show uni-facial chipping, are as follows: Type a (41 basalt, 20 rhyolite, 3 andesite specimens)0 With trimming on one, or occasionally two, straight edges (long diameter of the specimen). Type b (33 basalt, 1 chert, 11 rhyolite specimens)o With trimming on an edge, extending completely around the peripheryo In this type is the oyster-shaped group mentioned above, which is further characterized by a fairly regular chipping of "shaping' on the convex upper surface. a 38 Table 6 Size and Weight Data on Planes Size of Museum Weight Length Width Thickness, Type specimen Number (gris) (mm) (mm) (mm) a Average 2-27704 184 110 58 32 (Basalt) Large 2-28287 $51 127 80 45 Small 2-27714 44 65 32 21 a Average 2-27733* 177 70 54 40 (Rhyolite) Large 2-28067 792 110 96 50 Small 2-27735 38 65 35 30 b Average 2-27732* 121 70 55 30 (Basalt) Large 2-2 7543 539 128 70 48 Small 2-27701 48 52 36 25 b Average 2-2802 7 153 70 55 33. (Rhyolite) *Illustrated (Fig0 3d, g)o Projectile Points It is to be expected that the present collection of points does not represent quite a fair sampling of the site for any given time. Unques- tionably, collectors have visited the site at times when many of the arti- facts were not covered by sand. During such collecting the cruder arti- facts, such as scrapers, described in the preceding sections, probably were overlooked, while the coveted points were taken freely. Loud, as mentioned above, describes the site as a "low-lying patch of obsidian refuse,"t This implies that he neglected to notice the basalt artifactso In addition, he found only a very small number of obsidian artifacts hereo This must mean that either he did not spend much time at the site, or that he visited it at a time when wind-blown sand had obscured the smaller pieces. In any case, assuming that the area has prevlously been well-hunted, the rather large number of projectile poilnts or fragments recovered 'in 1950 indicates either that there was a long occupation here. a fairly well.-peopled camp, c- that the site was a manufacturing center0 Combinat'ions of these are of course possible, but the latter supposition is probably closer to the truth than the others0 - 39 - There is a Wide range of types in the points found; the classifica- tion used* is applicable only to about one-half of the specLmens recovered, which are either complete specimens or identifiable bases0 The remainder are midsections or tips0 Wherever there were only minute or minor varia- tions from the established classification, it was felt to be sufficient to use the established types as criteria rather than to set up new oneso In only one case was it found necessary to depart from the classification, and this concerned a specimen which might have been manufactured accidentally, In descriptilve terms, only one type will be considered hereO This is the type SCa3, which contains more specimens than any of the other types--it falls in the class which has characteristic corner notches and a concave (based) or l"split"B stem (Fig0 )sl, m)o Of 52 specimens falling into the SCa3 category, 33 are extremely small in size, ioeo, their average calculated weight is less than 05 grams. Specimens exceed'ing this weight, and extend'ing to a maximum weight of 7.4 grams, are comparable 'in type and size to points from Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrlngton, opo cit., Ph 56) and Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krleger, op. cit., Plo 147 Xt the latter cave, the points recovered i greatest quantify, of1 type SCb2 differ from the SCa3 polnts of Pe-5 only in that they are tanged, while the SCa3 points are not. Comparison of the assemblage of small projectile points with collec- tions from other sites in the Humboldt Valley has not yet been made in de- tal.0 It is known, however, that in the collections of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, from the surface of site 26-Ch-15, are numbers of small projectile points. The latter site is but a few miles southwest of Pe$59 in the now dry bed of Humboldt Lake0 The predominant type of point found here is the NBa2 type (following the classification used 'in this paper)9 also designated as "desert side-notched"e by Baumhoff (19579 p. 10), This is usually a small type of point, comparable in size to the SCa3 points of site Pe-5o The desert side-notched points are conspicuously absent from the Pe< cllection. This is significant in that evidence from other sites in or nea;r the edge oE -the western Great Basin indicates that th'is type of point was manufacltured in late prehistoric times and its use frequently extends to the full historic period (ibid., p. 31; Helzer and Elsasser, 1953,i p. 20), It 1is Of course, not positive that the desert side-notched point type frorm the surface of 26-Ch-15 falls Into the late prehistoric or protohistoric period. Its association, however, at 26-Ch-15 with bead types definitely of protohistor'ic times (Bennyhoff and Heizer, 1958, p. 72) is meaningfu3l. The Suggestion thus is made that while 26Ch15 was occu- pied by the Northern Patiute in the protohistoric period, as evidenced by *The form classification is based upon that of Thomas Wilson, 1899, Part I,9 pp. 8ll9888 employed by Gifford and Schencl,k 1926, pp. 8O-8lg Schenek and Dawson, 19299 pp, 370-37?l Strong, 1935, pp. 88-89; Cressman 1936., p. 31. 40 the presence both of the bead types and the desert side-notched points, site Pe-5 where no definite time-marking specimens were found, was by this time completely abandoned0 As can be seen from Table 99 f ollowing, a majorlty of the poirnts are of obsldiano These show the most refLned pressure flaking technrlques, even points less than 15 mun, 1ong being well-chipped0 It is not known exactly why such extremely small po'intus had so much care expended upon them0 The basalt polnts of course do not show su.ch refinement--this is undoubtedly due to the refractory nature of the materialo Silnce other materials besildes obsidlan and basalt were not at all frequently used,9 a listing of this materlal will not be made0 Some of the specimens of these various materials show rather reflned pressure flak'ing; others are crude fragments0 In Table 8, where dimensions of the specmens are listed, it w11 be noted that th'ickness is not includedo This ls rather a constant face tor, the thoickness varying proportilonately to the other measurements, from about 3 to 9 mmo An exception to this is 'in the category tUdrills0f" These are included with projectlle points on the basis of their being round or ovoid 'in cross-sectlone Table 7 3 Siz Weight, and Material Data on Projectlle Points (Types showing a range of sLze and weight) Size range (mn) jWeight range grmsin Type of Small Large Fig0 reference point Length Width Le SmallAverage Large to illustration NAbl (8)* 25 14 70 38 1.4 804 1500 ha NAb3 (17) 25 13 40 20 1o3 307 709 4c NBa (5) 15 10 45 25 ?5 3?2 9?4 4d SAa (5) 15 10 38 19 o2 1| 6 4ha 4f SBa (6) 15 9 45 30 o2 2o7 7.7 4g SHa (3) 17 13 28 20 08 a 18 3.6 4h SCa2 (12) 15 12 35 20 o 4 2a,6 3oO 4k 5Ca3 (52) 12 6 40 30 o1 1.4 7L4 41, m SCb3 (8) 22 18 38 22 1.2 30 3 5 *Figures in parentheses indicate number of points recoveredo - 1- Table 8 (Types Represented by Individual or Fragmentary Specimens Only) Type of Size (on) Fig. reference speccimen Length Width Condition to illustration NAb2 35 20 Complete 4b NBbl 30 15 Fragment 4e SBb 34 25 Fragment 4i SCal 28 '20 Fragment 4j SCbl 17 16 Complete 4n SCb2 24 22 Fragment 4o Special 36 20 Fragment 4r point Drill 55 18 Complete 4q Table 9 Number of various types of projectile materials, and percentages of total points collected., material used, Percent Percent Other Percat Number of of (volcanic) of Type collected Obsidian total Basalt total materials total NAbl 8 3 37 5 63 NAb2 1 1 100 NAb3 17 11 65 4 23 2 12 NBa 5 2 40 2 4O 1 20 NBal 1 1 100 NBbl 1 1 100 SAa 5 2 40 3 60 SBa 6 4 67 2 33 SBa9 3 3 100 SBb 2 1 50 1 50 SCal 1 1 100 SCa2 12 8 67 4 33 SCa3 52 40 76 4 8 8 16 SCbl 1 1 100 SCb2 2 1 50 1 50 SCb3 8 5 63 1 12 2 25 Special 2 2 100 Rejects 103 67 66 31 30 5 4 Drill 7 1 14 5 72 1 14 Total 237 153 65o 64 27.0 20 8.0 - 42- Miscellaneous Artifacts In this category are specimens which were not found in such number at the site as to be supposed to be objects of common use, or objects which were manufactured in the immediate areao Further, all of the specimens are characterized by definite evidence of their having been subjected to grind- ing, pecking, or rubbing processes. It will be noted in the preceding sec- tions that chipping has been the process overwhelmingly in evidence on the specimens--on only a few has there been any grinding or rubbing, and here the actual purpose has been questionable. Five groups of artifacts were found--four are recognizable as con- taining types of implements which seem to have been used at one time or another by the early inhabitants of the Humboldt Valley. These ares (1) "ice picks," (2) maneo, (3) hullers, (4) rubbing stoneso One group has but one representative specimen; at present this can be designated only as a chipped, pointed slate object. Detailed descriptions of these groups follow, (1) "Ice picks" (16- specimens) These are all of granite or rhyolite, and are all fragmentary, ap- parently representing pieces no larger than one-quarter of their original complete size. The original size can be inferred from comparisons of Pe-5 fragments with some complete specimens, obviously of similar type, des- cribed by Loud as "ice picks,"' found in other Humboldt Valley sites. The only direct local ethnographic evidence for the use of the specimens as ice picks was supplied to Loud (Loud and Harrington, op. cit., p. 156) and Stewart (1941, pp. 363, 425) by the same informant (Gilert Natchez). Stewart reports (op, cito. p. 45), "Informant's mother told him that the old timers tied a sHMEp rock onto a stick to use to break the ice. He thought it similar to the one from Lovelock Cave, AL fAnnie Lowry] denied ever hearing of such an instruMent being usedo Ice was broken with any big stick." The practice of fishing through holes in the ice, however, was fairly well-known in the western Great Basin or near its western edge, in California. It is mentioned by Bruff (Read and Gaines fed.]) p. 279), for example, for Little Goose Lake (Feather Lake) in Atsugewi territory; noted by Voegelin (1942, po 56) for the Klamath, Modoc, B. Achomawi, and Atsugewi, and by Stewart (pp cit., po 363) for a whole series of Northern Paiute bands besides theLower Humboldt River group to which Gilbert Natchez belonged. Loud's specimens are in the form of a pestle with two sharp points, and with "longitudinal and encircling grooves for the purpose of attaching handles" (Loud and Harrington,9 op. cito, p. 146). The specimens now under consideration all exhibit rather smth surfaces which have either been pecked evenly all over or have this appearance only because of the coarse nature of the stoneo Eight specimens are end fragments9 showing the clearly defined, anooth, possibly ground, sharp point of Loud's ice pick. The re- mainder are medial fragments, i.e., both ends have obviously been broken off of them. None of the specimens, pointed or otherwise, are large enough to indicate that the original artifact actually had points at both ends. The longitudinal grooving on 4 of the pointed fragments is about 20 mm, wide, 5 mm, deep. Four of the center fragments also show traces of similar grooving. The ungrooved specimens, which have outer surfaces exactly like those of the grooved ones, could represent, of course, the non-hafted ends of the tools. Three of the center fragments have an en- circling groove, of about the same width and depth as the longitudinal- groove described above. None of the specimens, unfortunately, have both types of groove. In cross-section, all but one specimen is elliptical rather than round. The one exceptional piece, which could be a pestle fragment, also does not show the grooving, It has a truncated cone shapes i.e.* both ends are broken, but it shows the typical pecked surface of the "picks." As stated above, none of the fragments are larger than about one- quarter of Loud's more complete specimen, which is ca. 33. cM. in length, with a diameter at the central point of about 12 cmT, The- linear and weight measurements in our specimens can thus be used, but with little accuracy, in estimating the size of the originalso (2) Manos (2 specimens) Two fairly regularly shaped ovoid cobbles, each with one end bat- tered, One (No. 2-27756) is of granitic dark grey rock; the other is of a whitish rhyolite material. On both specimens upper surfaces are roughly crystalline9 with the opposite surfaces showing well-rabbed surfaces over evidences of pecking. (3) Hullers (2 specimens) Two light fragments, of scoria, which have the shape of wedges or pieces of pie. One surface, probably the top, is rubbed down to a very slight, though even, concavity. The opposite surface shows less rubbing, but there is still definite evidence of use. The three vertical "sides" are relatively straight, and show no evidence of wear. The tip of the itwedge't is broken off on one of the specimens. (U) Rubbing stones (7 specimens) Six are of basalt, one of some unidentified large crystalline rock; all are fragments, and have evidences of use both as rubbing and pecking stones, i.e., they are stones which had general use rather than the specif-a ic use, for example, to which a mano might be puto Two are the sort of small, flat, ovoid cobble flakes described in the sections on choppers, - 44 - hammerstones, and scrapers0 They have rubbing and scratch marks in the cen- ter and pecking marks at their ends. One has an angular edge onl its facing shoulders, resulting9 apparently9 from alternate rubbing on both sides0 In addition9, there are deep peck marks such as might be produced by use of the specimen as an anvil. Another speclmen shows heavy rubbing wear and scratches on all surfaces9 and has besides a shallow hole or depression about 8 mm. in diameter and 12 mm. deep ground in one flat surface0 (5) Chlpped9 poirnted slate object (I speclmean) This is a fragment of a slender, knife-shaped9 natural smooth pebble. One end is poilnted by rough chipping- at the other end is shown the origlnal smooth surface of the pebble0 There is,9 in addition9 evildence of rubbing on one flat surface9 and a very small flattened area on the point, such as might be produced by drilling9 although the stone is not hard enough to suppose such flattenring would take long to come about0 Table 10 Additlonal Data on Miscellaneous Artifacts Museum Weight Length Widtb. Th'ickness Specimen Number (grins) (mm) (mm) () Ice picks (a) with encircling groove 2-27753* 277 95 80 35 (b) with longitudinal groove 227742* 287 80 60 55 (c) wlth no groove 2-27749 388 110 65 45 Mano 2-27756 731 105 85 50 Rubbing stone 2c27478 346 130 40 40 Huller 2-27745 193. 100 70 28 Chipped, pointed slate object 2e27746 16 70 15 7 *Illustrated (Fig0 3h, ti). 45 - Summary Site Pen5 appears beyond question to have been utilized as a work- shop site0 In support of this is the presence of great numbers of chipped stone artifacts 'in various stages of completion, concentrated in a limited area0 At present there is no way of telling whether the site ever was characterized by a definrite midden deposit--all artifacts in the collection here described were recovered from the surfaceo The site is situated on a low rise about 400 yards south of the Hum- boldt River, above the floodplain of the river, but near the point where it entered Humboldt Lake 'in times of high water. (Loud and Harrington fop. cit., Plo 1] locate the site quite close to the high water level of H;iaimoldt Lae 'in flooded years0) It seems likely, therefore, that the site was occu- pled in aboriginal times at a season of the year when the lake level was close to the edge of the site, perhaps during winter or early spring when the level would be at its maximum0 Dur'ing the total span of occupation the surface of the site possibly was covered with water at times or at least its margins were washed sporadically with water from the lake0 If the small number of water-worn artifacts collected in 1950 id an index of the extent of such covering or washing, then it must be assumed that these events were relatively infrequento In any case, the present appearance of the surface of the site, with its close concentration of artifacts, suggests that forces of both wind and water, acting simultaneously or separately, have brought about, slnce the time of abandonment of the site, deflation of any midden deposit that was present at that timeo In addition to the site9s function as a workshop area, it must have been intimately connected with the fishing industry in Humboldt Lake0 This is attested by the recovery of a large number of notched specimens which almost certainly were used as sinkers, and of a few fragmentary artifacts which have been classified as '8ice pickslUcacould these have been used to punch holes (for fishing) in ice-covered Humboldt Lake? Ethnographic evi- dence for such usage is not entirely convincing, even though fishing through hioles in 'icecovered lakes has been heavlly documented for the western Great Bas3ino Activities concomotant wlth fishing could also explain the presence of hammerstones (for shaping ice picks?) and scrapers and planes (fish cuttinLg or scaling?)0 Mr. W0 Io Follett, of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, who has recently been conducting a study of fish remains from the Humboldt Valley, states (personal commun'icatlon) that although he has not found any d'irect evldence that Humboldt Lake fish spe- cies were scaled, for example9 by the occupants of Lovelock Cave, it is entirely reasonable to assume that the suckers and chubs known to have been livilng in Humboldt Lake at the time of aboriginal occupation in the region would have been scaled by the Indians before being eateno 0 46 w Most of the tools recovered could have been made and used at the site, The projectile points found suggest gener'.lly use as arrow points, rather than as atlatl dart points. So far as is known, they were not used in the fishing industryo, A strong possibility is that the making of arrow points was a part-time but continuous occupation for the inhabitants of Humboldt Valley, If points were not used in winter, they might then have been manufactured in anticipation of the shooting of birds or mammals dur- ing the early springo The predominance of the small, corner-notched, spslit- stem points and the lack of the desert side-notched type of projectile points perhaps indicate that the site was occupied at some time during the span of occupation of Humboldt and Lovelock Caves, and was not known or used by the Northern Paiute, who presumably occupied the nearby Humboldt lakebed site, 26-Ch-15, at certain times during the protohistoric period0 The total assemblage of artifacts recovered at Pe-5 does not at the moment suggest a well-defined chipping industry, ioeo. no really.distinc- tive types of tools have been recognizedo Although many subtypes are des- cribed, the validity or invalidity of type classification will not be apparent until comparisons are made with other sites in a wider region. The projectile points, while classified according to a commonly used system, perhaps are an imperfect sample, since the site has assuredly been picked over in the past by other collectors, with their gleanings unrecorded. On the other hand, such comparisons as are allowed between the Pe-5 projectile point specimens and material from other sites in Humboldt Valley has led to the tentative conclusion as to time of occupation outlined above. e 47 - Bibliography Abbreviations 4 UC-AR University of California Anthropological Records UC-PAAE University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology UCAS-R University of California Archaeological Survey- Reports Baumhoff, M. A. 1957 An Introduction to Yana Archaeology. UCAS-R 4o. Bennyhoff , 1958 JO Ao and Ro Fo Heizer Cross-Dating Great Basin Sites by Californian Shell Beads. UCAS-R 42, ppo 60-92. Cressman, 1936 L. SO Archaeological Survey of the Guano Valley Region in ern Oregon. Univo of Oregon Monographs, Studies in No. lo Southeast- Anthro., Druckerg P. 1943 Archaeological Survey on the Northern Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Instit. Bur. Amer. Ethnol ,, Bull. 133, Anthroo Papers, No. 20, pp. 19-153. Gifford, E. WO and W. E. Schenck 1926 The Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley. UC-PAAE Vol0 139 No. 10 Heizer, Ro F. and A. B. Elsasser 1953 Some Archaeological Sites and Cultures of the Central Sierra Nevada, UCAS-R 21. Heizer, R. F. and A. D. Krieger 1956 The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. UC-PAAE Vol. 47, pp. 1-190o Loud, L. Lo and M. R. Harrington 1929 Lovelock Caveo UC-PAAE Vol. 25, No. 1. Read, Go WO and RI Gaines (ed.) 1949 Gold Rush. The Journals, Drawings and Other Papers of J. Goldsborough Bruffo Columbia Univ. Press. Rogers, M. JO 1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers, No, 3. - 48 SUhenck, W. Eo 1926 The Eneryville Shellmound: Final Report* UC-PAAE Volo 23, No0 3. Schencks WO E. and E* J. Dawson 1929 Archaeology of the Northern San Joaquin Valley. UC-PAAE Vol. 25, No. 4o Stewart, 0. CO 1941 Culture Element Distributions: XIV Northern Paiute. UC-AR 4, No, 3 Strong,, WO D. 1935 Treganza, Ao. 1950 An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology. Instit. Misc. Coll., Volo 93, No. 10o Smithsonian E. and Co Go The Topanga Site, 1947, Malamud Culture--First Season's Excavation of the Tank UC-AR Volo 12, No, 4. Voegelin, E. W. 1942 Culture Element Distributions: X Northeast Californiae UC-AR Vol. 7, pp. 47-251. Wilson, T. 1899 Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. Repto U. S. Nat. Muse for Year Ending June 30, 1897. Pt. II, ppo 811-9880 Explanation of Plate Plate 1 a. General view of site Pe-5, to southeast, showing litter of lithic workshop material Close-up view of surface of site Pe-5. (Note chipped basalt blade or knife in situ near sign.) - 49 = Explanation of Figures (All numbers are University of California Museum of Anthropology numbers.) Figure 1 a. Basalt core, No. 2-27557. b. Rhyolite core, No. 2-28446. c. Hammerstone, Type b, No. 2-28310. d. Harmnerstone, Type ~j No. 2-28322. e. Hammerstone, Type a, No. 2-27645. f. Hammerstone, Type i, No. 2-28315. g. Chopper, Type i, No. 2-27802. h. Chopper, Type b, No. 2-27767. Figure a, a. b. co de e. fo go h. i. Jo Chopper, Type Chopper, Type Sinker, Group Sinker, Group Sinker, Group Sinker, Group Side scraper, Side scraper, Side scraper, Side scraper, 2. No. 2-28093.* ds Noe 27681. I, No. 2-27817. II, No. 2-28332. III, No. 2-27763. IV, No. 2-28340. subtype a, No. 2-27674. subtype d, No. 2-28161. subtype b, No. 2-27648. subtype c, No. 2-28203. Figure 3 a. b. co d. f. go he io Scraper, Discoidal type, No. 2-28119. Scraper, Cobble type, No. 2-28123. Knife, No. 2-27737. Plane, Type a, Plane, Type bs Plane, Type b Plane, Type b, Ice pick, with Ice pick, with Noo 2-27733. No. 2-28075g No. 2-27732. No. 2-28303. encircling groove, No. 2-27753. longitudinal groove, No. 2-27742. - 50 - Figu.Le 4 a. bo Co do so fo go ho io Jo ko mO nO 0. po *o ProJectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Projectile Drill, No0 point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type point, Type 2-278970 NAbl, Noo 2-27764o NAb2, Noo 2-27900. NAb3, Noo 2-27498o NBa, Noo 2-27949. NBbl, Noo 2-27933o SAa, Noo 2-27703. SBa, Noo 2-27966o SBa0 9 Noo 2-27925o SBb, Noo 2-27729% SCal, No, 2-27788o SCa2D No. 2-27720. SCa39 NoO 2-27910. 5Ca3q NoO 2-28045h SCbl, NoO 2=27493o SCb29 No. 2-27539. SCb3,9 Noo0 2-27918. - 510 a b Plate I 3cm. a - - ' ) s. . K 4!' -J I/ W I h Figure I 3 cm. d 'A0 Jo- Figure 2 ;'i; t.' ,. I. 9 \- / h Figure 3 I l I 3 cm. II 1 I,- b ? ) iK SII ( V" I -J ') d e nk St I4- h m I AK 1- , '?L 'K 0 '0 r Figure 4