15. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF A PAIUTE VILLAGE SITIE IN OWCENS VALLEY By Harry S. Riddell INTRODUCTION The site with which this report is concerned was designated as ILy-21 by the author during an archaeological site survey in Owens Valley in 1946. This site was chosen for excavation because it appeared to be a village of considerable importance as exhibited by the numerous house pits:, bedrock milling places and undisturbed cultural deposit. Also Qf importance in considering this fonmer village for excavation was the fact that the site had yielded historic glass trade beads. It was believed that this site might define, at least in part, the proto-historic and historic culture periods of the Owens Valley Paiute. Iny-2 is located within the boundaries of Inyo National Forest and a permit for excavation was obtained on March 28 1950 through Mr. Clare Hendee, Regional Forester, United States Forest Service through the offices of Dr. Robert F. Heizer, Director, University of California Archaeological Survey. The Survey was the sponsoring institution of my project. Persons to whom I am indebted concerning the excavation and research of this site include the following persons: Olline, my wife, who aided greatly in the excavation and in the preparation of this report; vhr. Donald H. Euler, District Ranger, U. S. Forest Service, Lone Pine, California, who extended many courtesies; Mr. Dick Shutler Jr., Preparator, University of California Iuseum of Anthropology, who assisted in the examination and description of the pottery; Mr. Clement W. Meighan, Archaeologist, University of California Archaeological Survey, who identified the glass trade beads; IMr. Francis A. Riddell' who aided me throughout the project. Iny-2 is situated on Diaz Creek near its junction with Cottonwood Creek. Cottonwood Creek flows into Owens Lake on the west side of the valley. This site is approximately 4 miles up Cottonwood Canyon and lies at an elevation of about 5700 feet. The steep canyon walls rise an additional 1,000 feet and the mountain peaks tower nearly 4,000 feet above the site. The location was well chosen for a winter village since it is sandy and well drained, receives the maximum winter sun is in close proximity to oak and piinon.groves and a constant water supply. Although the winter sun sets much earlier in the canyon than on the valley floor the snow and ice melt quite rapidly on this sunny location. This is the most favorable location in the canyon for a winter village. The site occupies the lower part of the Upper Sonoran zone which Steward regards as being favored for winter villages.2 It is possible that Iny-2 may be the historic village of Hudu matu recorded by Steward;3 however, Iny-63, which is also an historic site as evidenced by glass trade beads, also must be considered as possibly being Hadu matu. Iny-63 is located near the mouth of Cottonwood Creek and also contains n e pits. An Indian trail to the Kaweah River in the San Joaquin Valley via Cottonwood and Coyote Passes passed by Inyi-.2.4 This too, would add to the importance of a village in Cottonwood Canyon. 1. See "Notes" at end of article. IExcavation of the site was undertaken during the summer and fall of 1950. The site was first mapped, primary and secondary datum points established and then a series of trenches laid out from the secondary datum. Iron pipes driven firmly into the ground serve as datum points (MNap 1; Datum A is assigned an arbitrary elevation figure of 100 feet for purposes of showing direction of con- tour slope). The trenches were excavated with trowels, and shovels were used primarily to place the troweled deposit into a screen. All of the deposit removed from the trenches was screened, Area A (N4ap 1) was troweled to a depth of two inches in order to recover a concentration of pottery sherds. The artifacts from Iny-2 have been deposited in the University of California Museum of Anthropology under the accession number 1060. HOUSE PITS A total of 11 house pits have been recorded for this site (Nlap 1, Features 1 to 9, 15 and 16). The largest house pit (Feature 1) has a diameter of 30 feet and a depression of about 18 inches. The two smallest ones have dimensions of 10 by 12 feet with a depression of but a few inches. These small house pits (Features 4 and 5) are built against a large granite boulder and movable granite stones outline the edges of these twco house pits;. It is unlikely that all of the houses represented by the house pits were occupied at one time. Some house pits are nearly obliterated by being filled in with granitic sand derived from the slopes above. Two house pits (Features 15 and 16) were either quite shallow or somewhat older than three adjacent house pits (Features 1-3) because their outlines are only faintly visible at the present time. Three other house pits (Features 7, 8 and 9) have been nearly filled with washed in sand; they are less protected from aggradation than are some of the pits on more level ground. Using Stewardts description of house types for the Owens Valley Paiute5 as a guide it would appear that one house pit (Feature I) is the remains of a sweat- house; its great diameter and depth of the depression would argue for this. The other house pits are probable the remains of what Steward calls "winter valley houses"' 6 Partial excavation of one of the smaller house pits, Feature 6, revealed charred reiimants of willow poles. These were more or less evenly spaced about the edge of the pit and appear to have been the remains of the peripheral poles of the house. BEDROCK MORTARS The milling places associated with the site are located on granite boulders and differ in no particular way from the bedrock mortars so commion on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The mortar pits range in depth from 1 inch to 8 inches. A total of 5 milling areas were recorded (Map 1: Features 10-14). Except in a few instances each mortar pit had a well worn metate area situated beside it. These metate areas average about 12 to 14 inches in length and about 8 inches in width; the grinding depressions, though slight, are apparent. All of the pestles recovered from the site are heavy, unshaped cobbles of granite, All but one of the pestles came fromi the surface of the site, usually from around the bases of the bedrock mortars, $ome of the pestles exhibit wear on their sides from being used on the metate areas. One of the mortar pits of Feature 12 still contained a cobble pestle, - l5 - PORTABLE TETATE No complete specimens of metates were recovered and only one fragmentary specimen was found. This fragmentary specimen, which came from the surface, was made of granite. It is basin shaped, 8 inches thick and has a depression about ,5 inch deep. The inetate areas beside the bedrock mortar pits appear to have been adequate for any grinding that necessitated the use of a metate. PIANOS Two types of manos occurred at this site; Type 1 is bi-faced while Type 2 is single faced. Of the three Type 1 manos all are ovoid in shape and are rather well forrmed; two are of granite the third of some other igneous material. The two granite manos are rather flat in cross-section, the other one is fragmentary and tends to be ovoid in cross-section. One of the Type 1 manos occurred on the surface, another at a depth of 10 inches and a third fromn 18 to 21 inches below surface (Table 1). The Type 2 manos are composed of either water worn cobbles or of fractured cobbles and are more or less ovoid in shape, although some are angular. Most of these manos are made of granitic materials.. The manos of this type, 9 specimens., occurred from surface to 12 inches in depth (Table 1). TUBULAR STONE PIPES Fragments of two- biconically drilled, tubular pipes of pumice were picked up from the surface of the site. One specimen is complete enough to obtain both length and diameter. The length of the more complete specimen is 45 mm. while the maximum diameter is slightly more than 32 nm. The bowl of this specimen is black from use. The other fragmentary specimen is remarkably similar in both size and form to the more complete specimen. ABRADING STO1NE A fragmentary piece of pumice h.h cm. wide and 1.1 cm. thick may have been an abrading stone. All of the unbroken edges of this specimen are beveled rather than being flat. The specimen came from the surface, STONE PENDANTS The three fragmentary stone pendants recovered were all of slate and came from the surface. The specimens range in tlhckness from 1.5 mm. to 3 mm., from their fragmentary condition it may only be assumed that they are rectangular orna- ments with a sirngle perforation near one end. The longest example is 32 mm. the greatest complete width is 11 m. STONIE BEADS Except for pottery fragments steatite disc beads were the most common arti- fact type recovered from the site. These beads range in color from a light cream, through light green tones to dark brown; a few are reddish-brown in color. The beads are made from an excellent grade of fine-grained steatite, All of the beads appear to have been conically drilled. The maximum thickness of these beads is - 16 - 4.4 mm., the minimum thickness is 1.7 rnm., the maximum diameter is 9.2 mm. and the minimum diameter is 5 mm' One of these steatite beads, found on the surface, had six vertical lines incised on its edge. W,1edel reports from the Buena Vista Lake region steatite beads similar to those found at Iny-2.7 Excavation of ire-30 by the University of California Archaeological Survey in the siummer of 1948 also produced steatite beads similar to those recovered at Iny-2. At the present tihe origin of these beads is not known but there are several possibilities. They may have been traded in from the San Joaquin Valley or they may have been made from material locally obtained in Owens Valley.9 There is at present no definite indication that these beads were manufactured at Inr-2. H1owever0 in making surface collections from nearly 200 sites in Owens Valley the author has found none where the surface yield of these steatite beads approaches that at Iny-2. Steatite beads occurred from surface to 30 inches in the site; actually throughout the deposit. They were, however, much more numerous in the upper 12 inches than in the remainder of the deposit (Table 1). PROJECTILE POINTS The projectile points from Iny-2 (Fig. 2) have been arbitrarily divided into 13 ty-pes There is always a natural tendency for projectile point types to over- lap as may be noted in types 1 and 2, and 4 and 5, For the present, however, the subtle difference in point types seems to be worth recognizing. Occurrence by depth is given in Table 1. Minimum and maximum lengths of complete specimens by type are given below in order to show the range in projectile point sizes. Type 1, 1.9 to 2.6 cm., one specimen found on the surface had some pitch adhering to its base. Steward describes arrows with points stuck on with a gummy substance.10 Type 2, 2 to 2.8 cm.; Type 3, 1.9 to 2.4 cm.; Trype 4, 2 to 2.3 cm.; Type 5S, 1.7 to 2.4 cm.; Type 6, this single specimen is made from a thin obsidian flake and has its point missing, the reconstructed length is 1.3 cm.; Type 7, 1.8 to 2.4 cm.; Type 8, 1.5 to 2 cm.; Type 99 1.7 to 2.4 cm.; Type 10, 2 to 3 cm.; Type 11, all specimens are fragmentary but a reconstruction of the average length would be about 3 cm.; Type 12 the single specimen has a length of 2 mm. Type 13 cannot be considered an arrowpoint but is more likely a spear point. Of the two specimens of this type one is 7.3 cm. long, the other is fragmentary but would have been considerably smaller even had it been complete. These two Specimens might be classed as knives but the larger specimen, which is serrated, shows no wear along its edges The smaller specimen is too fragmentary to determine whether it, too, was serrated, or if it were worn along its edges. In any case the two Type 13 specimens appear to be too large to have been used on arrows. These two specimens in no way differ from specimens excavated by Harrington at Little Lake.11 Ex-cept for three specimens all of the projectile points are made from either an opaque or translucent grey obsidian. A fragmentary Type 2 specimen is made from a chert, a Type 7 specimen from jasper and a Type 8 specimen from what appears to be chalcedony. Specimens too fragmentary for classification include the center section of a projectile point of red chert that has pronounced, rounded serrations. - 17 - STONE SCRAPERS Of the 10 scrapers recovered 9 were made from flakes of obsidian. At least one edge of each specimen had been either intentionally retouched or retouched through use. These obsidian flake scrapers range in length from 2.6 to 5.2 cm., and in width from 1 to 2.2 cm. Scrapers are distributed from the surface to 18 inches deep. An end scraper of brown chert is 4.1 cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide; it is a heavy flake that exhibits both primary and secondary flaking. DRIS Two drills were recovered from the site, one is made of basalt (Fig. la) and the other of obsidian (Fig. lb). The basalt drill is 3.7 cm. long and has a base that is 1.8 cm. wide and 7 mm. thick. It was probably used unhafted. The obsid- ian drill is 2.2 cm. long and has a base 1.5 cm. wide and 4L mm. thick It is delicate enough to be hafted. Neither of these surface specimens are notched. PIGMENT A few small fragments of orange-yellow ocher was recovered from the surface to a depth of 12 inches. Only one piece exhibited any modification,, one side had marks on it as if it had been partially cut through with a knife and then broken. This specimen came from the surface. The pigment from this site appears to have been obtained from some sedimentary deposit and was apparently used without having been ground into a fine- paste and dried into lumps. SHELL BEADS Olivella: Gifford's shell bead typology is used in describing the Olivella and clamshell beads from Iny-2,12 Depth occurrence is shown in Table 1. Type F7. This type is represented by but a single, small spire-lopped bead of Olivella pedroana. The area above the orifice has been flattened through wear or intenmional abrasion. This is a surface specimen. Type Xla. A single fragmentary specimen of this type of Olivella ipy cata bead was recovered from the surface of the site. It is a half-shell bead with a punched perforation. Type X3bI. Four beads of this type were recovered from surface to a depth of 6 inches. These specimens are circular or oval beads cut from the body whorl of the Olivella icata They have an even thickness, a variable diameter and a single perforation. Type X3bII. This type of bead was the most numerous in the site and occurred from surface to 18 inches in the deposit. They are deeply cupped, circular or oval in shape, and are cut from the body whorl of the Olivella biplicata. One edge is thicker than the other. These beads have a single t perforation. A total of 50 was recovered from Iny-2. Clamshell beads: Only one complete and two fragmentary clamshell beads were collected from the site. - 18 - Type VlaI. This bead, apparently of Tivela stultorum. has a diameter of 8 mm, and is 7 mm. thick, It was picked up on the surface. Ty-pe Vib. This type is represented by a quarter section of a clamshell disc bead that originally was more than 25 mm,. in diameter. The evidence of a single central conical (2) perforation remnains. This bead occurred in the 9 to 12 inch layer. Type Vyin.13 This disc bead fragment is apparently of Tivela stultorum and probably had an original diameter of about 30 mim. Instead of having a square, milled edge as in Type Vlg it has a thin edge. Short lines have been incised at an angle to the radius and occur on the border of one face of the specimen. The maximum thickness of the specimen occurs at the central perforation, it is slightly more than 4 mm. Haliotis bead: A single specimen made from Haliotis shell was recovered in the excavation7of Iny-2, It is 5 mm. in diameter with a single central perfora- tion 2 mm. in diamneter. This bead, which may be made from the shell of Haliotis cracherodii, has a thickness of 1 mm. The specimen came from the 3 to 6 inch FRESHAWATER MUSSEL A single fragment of freshwater mussel shell (possible Anodonta) was found on the surface. Since the site is at an elevation of about feet it is not surprising that mussel shell is virtually absent from the deposit.' The lack of mussel shell, however., is in contrast with many sites along the Owens R'iver which have a considerable quantity of mussel shell as a component element of their mass. GLASS TRADE BEADS A total of 9 glass trade beads were recovered from Iny-2. Seven were picked up on the surface and two were excavated from the 0 to 6 inch level. Tp es assigned to the glass beads from Iny-2 are those determined by Meighan. The following is a list of sites and/or counties from which beads of the same type occurs Type 65. Also occurs at Sac-l. Type 105. This bead type occurs in 33 other sites in California and is con- sidered universal in time and area. This type also occurs locally at Iny-38, near Lone Pine., California. Type 146. Also occurs in the following counties: Yolo, Napa, Madera, Kern, Sacramento, Modesto, Siskiyou, Shasta, Humboldt and Fresno. Type 178. Two beads of this type came from Iny-2, both from the 0 to 6 inch level; one was excavated from a house pit (Feature 6). This type also occurs at Fort Ross, and in Napa, Shasta, Marin, Sacramento and Tuolumne Counties. Type 200. Also occurs from Sac-19 Sac-127 and in Butte County. Type 204. This type also occurs on Santa Rosa Island, Santa Catalina Island, Kern Lake Ker-74, SFr-l (Farallone Islands) and Sac-56. Neighan gives a date of i810 to 1630 for this bead type. a 19 - One bead from Iny-2 does not have a type number assigned in .Hieirhan's series at present since it is unique to Iny-2. This bead is similar to Types 205 and 209 but is a slightly lighter shade of blue. CIHARRED MATERIAL Two acorn halves were excavated from the 0 to 12 inch depth of the single excavated house pit, Feature 6. As mentioned above this same house pit yielded remains of carbonized willow poles. From the 6 to 12 inch level in Pit lR-l a carbonized seed of Pinus o la, the pinion pine, was recovered. The seed had been shelled. POTTERY On the basis of over 900 sherds recovered from Iny-2 (Table 1) it is con- sidered feasible to name a new ware in which pottery from this site and certain pottery from Owens Valley and neighboring regions would be included. A study of sherds from other sites in Owens Valley and from neighboring regions gives full support to the naming of a new ceramic ware. The following pottery description is of specimens recovered from Iny-2 but applies equally well to pottery specimens occurring over a rather extensive area whose known range is given in the description below and illustrated in Map 1. The criteria given by Colton and Hargravel5 for naming a new ware have been followed in setting up the following ware. The methods and techniques in the manufacture of this new ware and how- these methods and techniques differ from ceramic manu- facture-in bordering areas are the basic criteria for the definition of the new ware described below. Owens Valley Brown Ware Synonyms: Northern Paiute pottery of Owens Valley.16 (See also "Comparison" infra.TF Illustrated: Steward, 1933, Fig. la-i; P1. 5a, b, d. Lathrap and Ilicighan, ~ specimens: On deposit at the University of California Museum of Anthro- pology, Berkeley and the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. E site: Iny-2, on Cottonwood Creek, Inyo County, California. Stages: Certainly historic-and proto-historic but extending into the pre- historic period for an unknown distance. (See also "Discussion" infra for addi- tional comments on the possible age of this ware.) Construction: Coiling with thinning by scraping. (See also "Remarks" infra.) Fired: In oxidizing atnosphere, although often uncontrolled as exhibited by numerous sherds that range in color from grey to black. Core color: Variable; exterior often ranges from light red to browns while the interior will often range from light grey to black. Sometimes the core of same sherds will be entirely in the red and brown range while other sherds will be within the grey and black range. - 20 - Temoier: Very fine rounded quartz sand to large rounded quartz sand; miica present iin amounts ranging from small to very noticeable. Iron vyrites are occasionally present. Carbon streak: Occasional. Texture core: Ranges from fine to coarse. Walls: Weak to medium strong. Fracture: Variable, from crumbling to sharp; fractures very often occur at coil lines. Surface finish: Variable, though nonrally rather roughi. Exterior often exhibits finger indentations and vertical and/or diagonal striations, interior exhibits horizontal striations Striations may be very marked or altogether lacking. Smoothing may be occasionally done with wet hands rather than with scraping tool. Exterior surfaces sometimes ltlumpy; quartz grains and mica often show on surface. Flakcing of pottery rare, Luster: Dull, light reflects from flecks of mica. Surface color: Variable, ranges from reddish brown to brown or from light grey to 1 bikjE3xterior is usually in the brown ranges while the interior surfaces may often be in the grey to black ranges. Formiis: Vessels from Iny-2 are fragmentary but appear to be wide, mouth bowls and jars having either a flat bottom or a rounded bottom. Vessel size: Reconstructed diameters of two jars (?) are 3h cmi. and 28 cm.; reconstructed diameters of two bowls (?) are 22 cm. and 19 crmw. Height of vessels was unobtainable because of fragmentary condition, Base: Moulded out of a lump of clay, are either flat or rounded. Exterior of flat base often slightly concave. The bases are often lumpy. Flat bottomas range in thickness from 1.5 cm. to 1.1 cm.., their average thickness is 1.2 cm. The single round bottom fragment is 8 mm, thick. Thickness of vessel walls: Range from 3 mm. to 8 mm. Rims: Often variable and uneven on the same vessel. The curvature of the vessel walls generally tends to make the rim incurving when viewed as a unit. T2pes IA2, IA3, lilt, and IAll.17 Handles or lugs: None recovered from Iny-2 but are reported elsewhere within the geographic range of this ware.l1 Decoration: Occasional; fingernail indentation in a single band on rim top or just below rim on interior or exterior. Slip-: Tone. Paint: None. - 21 - Comparison: Owens Valley Brown Ware occurs in the Panamint Mountains as described by Lathrap and Meighan.,19 but as they point out, differs in several respects from Baldwin's Southern Paiute Utility Ware.20 The basic differences between the two wares include the use of the paddle and anvil and a reducing atmosphere for the Southern Paiute ware in opposition to the use of the coiling (and thinning by scraping) technique and an oxidizing atmosphere in the manufac- ture of Owens Valley Brown Ware. The Sout-hern Paiute Utility Ware apparently does not occur with flat bottoms nor do the vessels appear to have other than straight or outcurving rims. Flat bottoms and slightly incurving rims are common to Owens Valley Brown Ware vessels. Baldwin records some use of the coiling and thinning by scraping technique as well as some uncontrolled firing which results in occasional surface color of varying shades of reddish-grey or reddislL-brown., for his Southern Paiute Utility Ware. Since this is considered by Baldwin as not being normal for his ware it seems warranted to make the Owens Valley Brown Ware a separate ware from the Southern Paiute Utility Ware. It is also possible that the specimens exhibiting thinning by scraping and some amount of oxidation as reported by Baldwin, might actually be specimens of Owens Valley Brown Ware that have been traded into the Southern Paiute area. From Baldwints description of his ware it is apparent that there is a rather marked visual and textural similarity between the two wares. However, it must be stated again that these wares cannot be considered the same due to the basic differences noted above. Except for some crudeness and variation in vessel form the differences between Mono-Yokuts pottery21 and Owens Valley Browm Ware are slight. Since there are no basic differences between the two the IvIono-Yokuts pottery will be considered to be Owens Valley Brown Ware. The method of manufacture of IMono-Yokuts pottery is virtually identical to that of Owens Valley Browan, and thus should be classed as the same ware. The pottery recovered archaeologically from the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the vicinity of the tribal boundary of the 14ono and Yolkuts22 is also considered to be Owens Valley Brown Ware. This archaeological pottery is basically similar to the ethnographic pottery of the same region and to the Owens Valley Brown W4are. Pottery recovered archaeologically from the Tiibatalabal area and from a cave in the Kawaiisu area is Owens Valley Brown Ware.23 It is interesting to note here that with the recovery of a few sherds of pottery from the cave in Kawaiisu territory the hiatus mentioned by Gayton24 and Steward25 concerning the lacks of pottery among the Kawaiisu is to be questioned, at least archaeologically. Addi- tional archaeological investigation may reveal that pottery is to be found through- out the Kawaiisu region, particularly since the Kawaiisu are bounded by pottery making peoples on the north., east and the south. The peoples to the sou4h and east, however, appear to have been making pottery for but a short timne.20 The affinities of the Ker-29 cave sherds are defnitely to the north since they are sherds of Owens Valley Brown Ware and not Yuman pottery. 27 Range: At present the known range for this ware is the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the west; the Tehachapi Mountains (KCaw ai 'isu territory) on the south; the Panamint Mountains on the east; and at least as far north as Mon-13,28 which is located in Mono County about lb. miles north of Bishop, Inyo County California (biap 1). Remarks: For the present types are not being named for Owens Valley Brown Ware since additional field work will be necessary in order to properly determine just what the type differences will be. At present it seems certain that types -~ 22 - for this ware will be differentiated by such criteria as fingernail indentation, punctate designing, incised designing, presence or absence of surface striation and similar criteria, These differences have been noted and an attempt is now being made to define the several types of this ware. The distinctive features of this ware are the interior and exterior surface striations on the vessel, the thick base, the uneven surface, the wide mouth, the uneven rim and the often coarse texture of the vessel. As a matter of some importance it has been noted that potsherds are used to scrape the surfaces of the vessels as indicated by the two scrapers of this type recovered from Iny-2. It is also significant to note that a similar scraper was picked up from the surface of Mon-13, the northern limit of the presently known range of this ware. It is of interest to point out that vessel fragments often have the remains of a carbonized crust of food adhering to their interior surfaces, The exterior surfaces are often quite black from contact with charcoal and soot from the cooking fires, Repair of pottery vessels by crack-sewing is rather common as exhibited by the rumber of sherds recovered that have been drilled along a break in the vessel. DISCUSSION Iny-2 can be classed as being a good example of a historic Owens Valley Paiute winter camp, at least as regards its upper levels. The midden deposit has a maximum depth of about 30 inches. Due to the presence of numerous boulders in the soil the deposit in a portion of one pit might only be a few inches deep, while another section of the same pit might extend to 30 inches in depth. The average depth of the site is approximately 18 inches. It is from the first 1S inches that the majority of artifacts were recovered. No pottery was recovered below the 18 inch level and only 4 steatite beads and no projectile points came from below this level. The paucity of artifacts with a depth of more than 18 inches may be explained in part by the fact that the deposit is, on the average, no deeper than 18 inches. However., this does not explain why pottery and pro- jectile points do not occur where the deposit reaches a depth of 30 inches or more. The fact that Olivella beads also were not recovered from below 18 inches indi- cates that recency of introduction need not be the reason that a particular type of artifact is found only in the upper levels of the deposit. If pottery alone had this restricted distribution in the culture deposit one might rightly guess that pottery was a recent introduction to the site. The same reasoning could as well apply to other artifact types from the site. A partial answer to the paucity of artifacts from the lower levels of the site deposit may lie in the fact that due to the amount of boulders on the original surface of the site area there would be less volume of deposit in the lowest 15 inches of the site mass than in the upper 15 inches. Since the deposit of the site was so shallow it was quite difficult to obtain any delicate or refined differentiation in depth/artifact relationships, except, of course, the gross and obvious differentiation at the 18 inch level. If the site is considered to have had a continuous seasonal occupations and there is no reason to believe it has not, an estimate of about 200 years for the length of occupation of Iny-2 would seem adequate. The terminal date of occupation could correctly be placed shortly after 1850. Since pottery did not occur at the base of the culture deposit it is difficult not to suggest that pottery was either - 23 - absent or quite scarce at that time. Until other sites are excavated in the Owens Valley region it will not be possible to state just when pottery appeared there. It is very likely that future excavations of stratified sites will bear out the findings at Iny-2, namely that pottery making extends but a short dis- tance into the prehistoric past, a" 24 - Depth/Type Surface 0-6 in. 6-12 12-18 1 5 0 1 0 = 2 4 2 0 0 - 13 Ca C. C Table 1. DEPTH DIFFERENCES OF ARTIFACTS AT INY-2. Projectile points: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 5 1 10 3 4 4 5 1 1 )1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0-- )O O OO 0 1 0 1 0 0-- )0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1-- = Totals 49 4 3 2 18-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 24h-36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 6 6 4 3 5 1 10 3 7 4 6 1 2 -~58 Potterysherds steatite beads and manos: Depth Sherds Steatite Beads Mano Types I II Surface ca. 700 77 1 2 0.6 in, 189 44 0 0 6-12 23 13 1 7 12-18 2 7 0 0 18-24 0 2 1 0 24-36 0 2 0 0 914 145 3 9 Olivella beads: Depth/Tp Es Xla X3bI X3bII Surface 1 1 2 24 06 in. 0 0 2 12 6-12 0 0 0 4 12-18 0 0 0 5 18-24 0 0 0 0 24-36 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 45 -c25 NOTES 1. Inro County archaeological site records of the University of California Archaeological Survey. 2. Steward, 1938, p. 16. 3.. Ibid., p. 52, Steward apparently was unable to obtain the exact location of this village. Andrew Glenn, a Lone Pine Paiute, stated on 1/21/51 that Hudu matu was the name for Cottonwood Creek. It is entirely possible that the creek and village had the same name, 4. Steward, 1933, p. 235; Map 1. 5. Ibid., pp. 264-265, 6. Ibid., p. 264. 7. Wedel, 1941, pp. 113-114; P1. 31, 8. Specimens in the University of California Museum of Anthropology. Excavation records and field notes on file in the office of the University of California Archaeological Survey. 9. Murdoch and Webb, 1948, pp. 291-292. 10. Steward, 1933, p. 262. 11. Harringtonts specimens were illustrated in an article in the Los Angeles Examiner, Sunday, December 3, 1950; Section 1, Part B, p. l.6.jype 13 may or may not occur with serrations. 12. Gifford, 1947, Olivella bead type F7 is an extension of Gifford's typology to accommodate this bead type not described by him, 13. Type Vlh is an extension of Giffordts bead typology to accommodate a bead type not described by him. Types Vif and Vlg also are additions to Giffordts typology (see Riddell, 1950, pp. 13-14; Fig. 1). 14. Meighan, NS., 1950. 15. Colton and Hazgrave, 1937, pp. 19-22. 16, Baldwin, 1950, p. 54. 17. Colton and Hargrave, 1937, p. 10, 13. Gayton, 1929. 19. Lathrap and Nieighan, 1951. 20. Baldwin, 195o. 21. Gayton, 1929. - 26 - 22. Kroebor, 1925 PI. 1: Gayton, 1922?, Fig. 3. 23. The cave has tihe UCAS designation of Ker-29?. Pott-ery wasC- collected from the TUbatalabal tarea ini 19148 by a WCAS a:rcaeoog-cal f ield parLtyr, the spec imens are in -he collections of the UCIKA. 24. Ga,-y-ton 192, -.pP. 214/2,5 0. 25 $ Steward, 1933 , p. 269. 26. Rogerz, 1936. 27. Since pottery frorm the Kawaiisu area is represented by7 only a very ? w smill shu rds, and but from a single site located at the western extremity of the area, the possibility that these sherds may represenlt trade pottery from northern neighbors must be considered. This is a likely possibility but until considerably more investigation of archaeological sites is, uncder- taken in the Kawaiisu area the problem will be without definite solution. 28. honeo County archaeological site records of the UCAS. - 27 - BIBLIOGRAPHY Baldwin, Gordon C. 1950, "The Pottery of the Southern Paiute." American Antiquity, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 50-56. Colton, H. S. and L. L. Hargrave 1937. "Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares." Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin, no. 11. Gayton, A. H. 1928. "Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery Making." UCPAAE, vol. 24, no. 3. Gifford, E. W. 1928. "Pottery Making in the Southwest." UCPAAE:, vol. 23, pp. 353-73. 1947. "Californian Shell Artifacts." UC-A, vol. 9, no. 1. Kroeber, A. L. 1925. "Handbook of the Indians of California." BA.E-B 78. Lathrap, D. W. and C. W. Meighan 1951. "An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Panamint M,1ountains."1 UCAS-R 11, pp. 11-30. Lowie, R. H. 1924. "Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography."l Anthrop. Pap., AMNNH, Vol. 20, Pt. 3. Meighan, C. W. 1950. Occurrence and Distribution of Glass Trade Beads in California. i Murdoch J. and R. W. Webb 1918. "Minerals of California." California State Division of Hines. Bull. 136. Riddell, F. A. 1950. "lThe Archaeology of Site Ker-74."' UCAS-R 10, pp. 1-28. Rogers, M. J. 1936. "Yuman Pottery Making. San Diego 5 Papers, no. 2. Steward J. H. 1928. "Pottery from Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, California." A.A. Vol. 30, No. 2, p. 348. Steward, J. H. 1933. "Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute." UCPAAE, vol. 33, no. 3 YS. IoI Wedel, W. R. 1941. "Archaeological Investigations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California." BAE-B 130. - 28 - I -+ i * FS 41 I I I I I I + + + + + t F 14 I5 C. IsA i \ . - -Mono I \ . I ,j .. 11. ..... ............ \ : . N- . . 4 NEVADA / \ K W......................... .......... Map 2. K Known range of Owens Valley Brown Ware .. .. Fresno t . . o. ...... ...... .1 : . . ; I .: . . * . * . * . . .. . . .. K irlgs I Tular . . , t , . , ............................ . . ;... 0 v ! ,.ej * / - ..... . * .-, > ;,.., I W * I - X- *'5 . . 3 1 Inyo .... . ... ( - , I , . o ' * I ... J1 . .J Kern .................. .........II.... ........................ 50 mni. Figure 1t Projectile Point Types and Drill Forms 1~ AI 6- ,A, 5 I? -- t} , l-- - - 6 I \\ / \ / .. I . 1 2 4 4 7 A f 8 . I 8 .11% i I,-' -, k I'll, II,< I . 12 \X!< 13 r 9 10 11 b