12, AN ARCHIALOGICAL R2E-CONNqAISSANCE IN THE PANAMIINT MOUTAINTS

D, W. Lathrap and C. W. Meighan

In February, v 951, the University of California Archaeological Survey made
an emergency site survey in the northwestern section of Death Valley NDtational
Monument, Most of the work was done on the western slopes of the Panamint

Mountains within the drainage basin of a playa known as the Racetrack, This area

had been reported to contain a number of caves and rock shelters which were likely
to be damaged by tourists and relic collectors. The survey was by no means

intensive, and in general only rock shelter sites were systematically sought,

No excavations were made, but a considerable number of sites were recorded, and
over 150 specimens were recovered from the surface of the sites,

Ordinarily such a small amount of field work would not merit formal

description, but since the area is completely unknown archaeologically, the

discussion of the sites and of the material recovered from them is felt to be
justified 1

The area most intensively surveyed is a narrow canyon cut through a thick
bed of dolomite on the western slope of the Panamint Mountains, The cliffs on
either side of the canyon are extremely precipitous and broken, and are honey-
combed with hundreds of small caves and rock shelters,

The Joshua tree and various species of cacti are the most noticeable

features of the flora of this section, the altitude of which is about 5000 feet.
On this part of the Panamint Mountains, the range of the Joshua tree extends
from about 5000 to 650o feet, above which it is replaced by the juniper

(Juniperus utahensis) and the piton pine (Pinus monophylla). In general, the
area is extremely arid and completely lacking in surface water, but there are
several small springs within a radius of two miles from the canyon, Mountain
sheep (Ovis nelsoni) still inhabit the cliffs in considerable numbers,

Description of Sites

It was impossible in the short time spent to enter all of the caves, but

an attempt was made to examine all those within about 150 feet vertically dis-
tant above the canyon floor. Probably 80 per cent of such caves were actually
visited, in 13 of which evidences of Indian utilization were found,

Iny--217 is a cave about 20 feet in diameter with an irregular floor. It
has a high roof and is inhabited by a small colony of bats, There is up to

18 inches of deposit over part of the cave floor, but the deposit is not dry
because of seepage from the back wall of the cave, Three fragments of slab

metates were recovered from the cave. Being just above the level of the canyon
floor, it is the only cave in the area which can be described as easy to enter,

Inyy-218 is a small cave 5 feet in diameter on the cliff above Iny-217,

A one course dry.-laid stone wall extends across its mouth. Behind the wall the
floor is covered with dry deposit up to a depth of 12 inches, The material

recovered from this site included a flake scraper and a fragment of a cannon

bone (Ovis?). An almost complete coiled parching tray had been collected here
earlier and donated to the U. C, Museum of Anthropology.

- 11 -

Iny-220 is a cave which is rather difficult to enter, It is 35 feet

vertically distant above the canyon floor, and most of the 35 feet must be

negotiated by hand over hand climbing, The cave is small in size, measuring

8,5 byr 5 feet with a ceiling so low that it is impossible to sit erect within it.
At least 16 inches of dry deposit has accumulated behind the single course rock
wall which extends across the mouth of the cave, The artifacts found on the

surface here include a piece of diagonal twined basketry, a winnower fragment,

and several coils of material for basketry weft, A quantity of Joshuaca tree bark
and dried beavertail cactus was noted lying on the surface, The dried cactus

joints were probably the remains of a food cache for Coville m.<ade the followirng
observation on the Panamint Shoshone:

One of the prickly pears (Opuntia basilaris) is used by the

Indians, prepared in a peculiar manner, In May and early June, the
flat fleshy joints of the season's growth, as well as the buds,

blossoms, and immature fruit are fully distended with sweet sap.
They are broken off with sticks and collected in large baskets,

Each joint having been carefully rubbed with grass to remove the

fine barbed prickles, is exposed to the heat of the sun, When they
are thoroughly dry they will keep indefinitely and are prepared for
eating by boiling and adding salt,2

About 50 feet higher on the cliff another cave, Iny-221, was examined.

It was found to be filled with vegetable matter but no artifacts were noted,

Iny-222 is the most important site located during the trip, and the only

one with sufficient depth and extent of deposit to warrant full scale excavation.
It is a rock shelter which extends 44 feet from east to west along the face of
the cliff and extends back under the cliff for a maximum distance of 'lh feet.

The roof of the shelter is high and it is possible to stand erect at any point

except against the back wall, The shelter is more than 100 feet above the canyon
floor, and the talus slope which must be climbed in order to reach the site is
extremely steep and unstable, Against the back wall, there are 2 pits about

2 feet deep and roughly 8 feet in diameter, with large rocks piled around their
edges. These are evidently house pits and the majority of the artifacts recov-
ered here were found within the pits, The depth of the dry cultural deposit is
greater than 2 feet,  There has been considerable rock fall in the center sec-
tion of the shelter, burying the cultural deposit under some large boulders.

A peculiar feature was noted on the backwall behind the rock fall, Five
sticks and three stones, one of the latter an artifact (no, 20A), had been

wedged into a narrow cleft in the shelter, Campbell noted many similar features
in her surveys of the caves in the Twentsynine Palms area, and she has good rea-

sons for believing that such aggregations of sticks served to gUard the contents
of the cave against robbing,

This site, like all those previously described, has a northern exposure

and is in the shade all day, A number of artifacts were found. on the surface,

including five pieces of basketry, a wooden artifact, a -wiad of shredded juniper
bark, and a large stone knife,

Sites Iny-223 and 22h are insignificant caves below Iny-22.   An examination
of Iny-223 produced only a flake of obsidian and a piece of cane (Phragmites ?),
while no definite artifacts were found at Iny-224,

- 12 -

The remaining cave sites in the canyon are very small and in no particular
way different from thel smaller caves already described.

Iny-234 is the only cave in the canyon in which potteryr was found, The

cave immediately adjoining it, Iny-235, was distinguished only by having a large
stick wedged in a cleft in its rear wall.

T'he caves on the north side of the canyon, with southern exposures, were

less frequently occunied than those on the south side.  Only four showed evidence
of aboriginal use, iTny-236, a small rock shelter a short distance above the

canyon floor, had been used as a chipping station, Numerous flakes of white and
red flint were found on its floor, bIut no finished artifacts were recovered.

A pile of trinmed willow twigs was discovered in a small cave (Iny-237) near the
eastern end of the canyon.

Iny-238 and Iny-239, both of small size and within 10 feet of each other,

were investigated, Iny-238 was found to contain some dry deposit and consider-
able charcoal. A few warps from a basket destroyed by rats were collected on
its surface, A slab raetate was noted in Iny-239,

COf thee three other areas more superficially surveyed, one is a wide shallow
arroyro higher up on the western slope of the mountains. The northern side of
the arroyo is bounded by a ridge of conglomerate which stands about ho0 freet
above the bed of the wash, In the top of the ridge are three small caves,
Iny-228.-230, Against the backwall of 228, a cache was discovered, It was

photographed, recorded, and then carefully dismantled, It consisted of a fairly
neat pile of branches from some large bush, on top of which were piled several
large rocks. There were no other contents,  Iny-222 contained only a slab
metcate,  The ceiling of Iny-230) exhibits considerable smoke-blackening, and
there is some dry deposit covering the floor,  It also contained a oetate,

On the floor of the wash iimnediately below the three rock shelter sites,

there is an open site (Iny-231), including a house circle in the shelter of two
large boulders,  It is a cleared area about 2 feet in diameter, ringed three-
fourths of the way around by a row of stones about a foot in diameter, and on

the north side by the two large boulders which stand about 3 feet high. Several
flakes of flint were found within the circle.

In a saddle in the crest of the Panamint Range, two surface sites were
recorded at an elevation of more than 7000 feet. A fairly dense grove of

juniper and pifon grows on the sites and the piflon grove is probably part of

the reason for their existence. Steward shows a photograph of a simnilar loca-
tion in the White Mountains and comments, "Winter camps were often made, near
pine-nut caches in such localities, snow perhaps being used for water,"'4

The most easterly site, Iny-226, extends along the ridge of the divide and
down the eastern slope a short distance, Its position affords a magnificent,

view of Death Valley, Large quantities of chipped flint are scattered on the

surface, and several flint implements and a small incised slate slab were col-

lected, Iny-225 is slightly west of and below the ridge,  Chipping refuse covers
the surface of the site,  A few pieces of worked stone were collected in addition
to several potsherds, including one fragment of corrugated pottery.

Several small arroyos drain west into the extensive flat on the 5000 foot

summit of the pass between Tin Mountain and Dry Mountain. Cuttingr through beds

- a3

of conglomerate, they havTe formed escarpnents 40 to 200 feet in height, along
the tops of which are many small caves, A most hurried survey of this area
was rewarded with the discovery of 8 cave sites. Iny-2h1 is a rock shelter
about 22 feet long and 6 feet deepr  A one course stone wall extends across

the mouth, behind which considerable fill has been deposited. The shelter is

not completely dry and the deposit is composed largely of gravel,  The artifacts
recovered at this site were a nano, a wooden mortar, and several sherds which

were restorable into a nearly complete bowl, Inmmediately adjoinirng this shelter
is a smaller one (Iny-240) in which a mano was found,

In the next wash to the north, 5 cave sites were recorded,  Tny-242 was a
small cave which had developed a hole in the roof sometime after it had been
abandoned, so the deposit was not &ompletely dry, The cave contained several
badly eroded potsherds, fragments of two flint points, and a number of flint
flakes, Iny-2h3 is a small dry cave in which were found a few flint chips.

Iny-244-246 are three small caves across the wash from Iny-243. The floor space
of Iny-24h had been increased through the construction of a one-course stone

wall behind which dirt, fill was damped, A large boulder stands in the center

of the mouth of Iny-2115, A thiree-course stone wall had been erected to partially
close the gap between the rock and one of the cave walls, thus increasing the
protection from the wind. A metate was found in the cave, Iny-246 contained
charcoal; Iny-2h7 was distinguished only by a three-course stone wall which
blocked one of its two entrances,

Iny-249 is a small cave near Death Valley Scotty's Castle0  It measures
about 20 by 12 feet and contains an enormous quantity of white flint flakes,
as well as considerable deposit which is dry toward the rear of the cave,

A large area of the talus in front of the cave is also scattered with flaking
refuse anzfd two slab imetates were found on the talus, The cave appears to be a
major site for the area and excavation might be profitable both inside and
outside,

Description of Artifactls

Basketry

The collection includes nine specimens of basketry fromn four sites (Iny-218,
220, 22, 238), Three types of baskets are represented by the specimens: large,
flat, circular, coiled parching trays made with three rod foundation; flat,

oval trays (winnowers) woven in non-spiral twining on parallel warps, and con-
tainers woven in spiral twining on converging warps.

Coiled parching trays, There are three fragments of this type. A nearly com-
plete tray (UCHA 1-77978) had been collected from Iny-218 previous to the UCAS
field trip and is now in UCHA, Specimens nos, 13 and 15 were collected by the

UCAS party. All three pieces are manufactured on a triangular three rod founda-
tion1 Each stitch is passed around the three rods of its own coil and through
a split in the top rod of the coil beneath. Willow consistently forms the weft
material ,

Specimen 1-77978 (Plate 3, N) is the center section of a tray., the present
maxmlum radius of which is 214 cm, There is no rim present, so the original

diameter must have been at least 19 cn, Stitches are non-interlocking with only
an occasional stitch accidentally split, When viewed from above (from the side

which has been scorched by use in parching), the coiling is clockwise, The rods,

- 1   -

all of willow, are of fairly uniform size, ca, 2 mnm, in diameter, The weft is

1 to 2 mm, wide and ,2 mm, thick, There are 39 stitches and 26 coils per 10 cm,
Decoration is achieved by the use of a dark red-brown weft to sew the 59th and

64th coils, forming two dark concentric circles on the straw-colored background
of the natural split or scraped willow,

Specimen 13, found at site Iny--22, (Plate 3, H) is a fragil+ent, 6,6 by

0.6 cm,, from near the rim of a large tray. The stitches are carefully and con-
sistently split on one side, If the side with the split stitches is considered
the inside, the coiling is in a clockwise direction when viewed from the inside,
Each stitch is passed between two stitches of the nreceding coil on the back

side, through a. split in the top rod of the preceding coil and through a split
in a stitch of the previous coil on the inside, The top rod, of willow, is

consistently larger than the other two rods which are of some other material-

The diameter of the top rod is about 3 mwm. while that of the lower rods ranges
from 1 to 1,7 mm, The weft is 2 mm, wide and .7 mm. thick, There are 34
stitches per 10 cm, The work is very neat and even.

Specimen 15 from site Iny-222, (Flate 3, E) is a fragment, 8.5 by 1,5 cmsv,
from near the rim of a large tray, The stitches are consistently interlocking,

If the side from which the stitches emerge is considered the inside, the coiling
is in a clockwise direction if viewed from the inside. The individual stitch

is passed between stitches of the previous coil on the outside, through a split
in the top rod of the previous coil and between the stitch of the previous coil

on the inside, through the space to the right of the one through which it entered,
The rods are of willow, The top rodl, 3,5 mm, in diameter, is larger than the
lower rods which are 2,5 mm, in diameter, The weft is 3 mm. wide and 1 mm,

thick. There are 20 stitches to 10 cm, The coils are filled out with grass and
the work is more coarse and irregular than that of the other two specimens,

Large, flat, circular trays manufactured by coiling on a three rod tri-

angular foundation and used for the parching of seeds have a wide archaeological
distribution in the Great Basin area, Fragments of such baskets were recovered
from Tommy Tucker Cave in Lassen County, Calif ornia.)

Large numbers of these baskets were recovered from both Lovelock Cave

(site 26.-Ch-18)6 and Humboldt Cave (26-Ch-35)7 in the Lower Hluirboldt Valley where
they were the second most common type of basketry, Both Loud. and Krieger

describe these trays as having a foundation consisting of a bundle of rodls and
slats, Loud specifies that the coils contain 2 to 3 rods side by side with a

slat above, while Krieger is of the opinion that the pattern is not so consis-
tent, Several specimens from both caves were examined in the U, {J Duseum of

Anthropology, and in every case the baskets were woven on a three rod triangular
foundation with an occasional slat or bunch of grass added to fill out a skimpy
coil. The element identified by Loud and Krieger as a slat is probably in some
cases part of the top rod of a bundle which has been Partially split off by the

stitches of the preceding coil after it was sewed into the basket, Robson inde-
pendently reached the same conclusion in his analysis of a large number of trays
from another cave in the lower Humboldt Valley,8 finding them all basically of
three rod coiling,

The upper levels of Paiute Cave near Las Vegas also produced several frag-
ments from trays of this type,9 Trays manufactured in the same technique but

not specified as to use were made in the Anasazi area starting in the Pueblo III
period,10 They certainly were made at a much earlier time in the Nevada Hiumboldt

- i5 -

area, for they are found in the lowest- levels of Lovelock Cave,11 the earliest
level of which has been dated at 53 B.C,12

The use of such trays was much more restricted in historic times.   They
were not made by the Northern Paiutel'3 or the northern Shoshone bands of

Northern N'\evada,l& and their almost complete absence has been noted in the top
20 inches of Humboldt Caveel$  Steward discusses this point at seire length:

As coiling was common in all surrounding areas, has a -much wider
distribution than twining, and was virtually the only Basklotma-er

weave, it must once have been general in the area, It is still the
main weave of the Ute, Southern Paiute, and the Southwestern tribes,
Among Shoshoni of northern N\abevada substitution of twining for the

older coiling in all baskets may have occurred because the former is
much easier to make and is equally serviceable for a utilitarian

basket, The elaborate coiling complex of the Basket Hak er- declined
in the hands of the Pueblo who gave their attention to pottery,

Elsewhere, coiling, unless it be the only technique, is often employed
only for fine products, especially for decorated bowls and tray-s,
Shoshoni, except those in the Death Valley-Little Lake region who

have made coiled basketry an exceptionally fine art, were not pro-
ducers of art objects and took little pride in the aesthetic mierit
of their work,16

TIhe use of coiled trays for rarching has survived until recent times in
the southern part of its ancient range, UCOM has in its collection several

such circular trays obtained from the Panam~int and Little Lake Shoshone which

have been used for parching, Steward confirms the practice -f'or the Death Valley
and P1anamint Shoshone,17  The Southern Paiute have made circull.ar coiled trays
in recent years1

!I the three archaeological specimens just described are compared weith
descriotions of the recent basketry of the immediate area, it is noted that

there is complete correspondence, Weltfish says of Southern Calif.ornia coiled
basket ry :

In flat tray-like shapes as well as in shallow bowls, the direc-
tion of the coiling is clockwiise, the work surface, the concaved side
and the direction of the work toward the right of the .?worker, 1

According to Coville the Fanainint Shoshone used as founcdations two cr three

stalks of  cades rigens and one willow rod,20    Specimen 13 is probably of

this type. Coidling o three willow rods is as conmon, if not more common for
these Shoshone,21 and the other two specimens are of this type.  To su.im up,

although these specimens are of a very ancient and widespread type of artifact,
there is no reason for assuming that they were not made by the rather immedeiate
ancestors of the present Panatnt or Death Valley Shoshone,

Winnowers, There are at least three fragnents of winnowers in the collection,2
Thle twining in all specimens is up to the right, and willow is the material used
for both warp and weft,

Specimen 8 (Plate 3, L) is a fragment 6,2 by 5,0 cm. fromt Iny-220.  It is
badly disintegrated and therefore the statements concerning it are somewhat

tentative, The weave is open diagonal twining, There are 21h wtrs to 12 ' cms.

- I "I~

and one weft row every 2 cm, 3  The warps are about 3 mm, in diameter; the weft

is Ih mm, wide and 1 crpi., thick, A piece of the reim remains and the rim construc-
tion can be determined, A rod of willow, 6 mms, in diameter, is bound beside a
bundle of 4 warp elements by a thicker piece of split willow which repeatedly

encircles the rod and the bundle, At the end of each weft row the weft elements
are nassed between the rod. and the bundle,

Specimen 12 (Plate 3, D), a fragment 1.6 by 13 cm. from Iny-222, is woven

in diagonal twining, The start is present and is identical to one described by
Kelly for a similar Surprise Valley Paiute tray:  "Warps are placed at right

angles to two rods and bent back on themselves enclosing the two outer rods,2
In the present specimen there are only three warps which are bent double, One
end of the center warp terminates i'mmediately after it is engaged by the first

weft row, but both ends of the other two warps extend well into thLe body of the
basket,

The first weft row is simple twining and is of a strip of leather, It is
tied around the two rods, is twined around the three pairs of wsarrps and then

tied to tihe two rods again. The rods are bent into a position parallel to the
other warps and become the rilt of the tray,  The rim is nowhere present except
at the start,

The remainder of the piece is woven in diagonal twining. The warps are
3 nmn, in diameter, Each weft element is double, consisting of 2 strips 3 rm,

wide and ,5 mm, thick lying one ab.ove the othler.  The warps are almost contig-
uous, having a count of 30 per 10 cins,

There is no consistent pattern to the addition of new warps, The spacing

of the weft rows is not uniform, Starting at the handle there are 8 almost con-
tiguous weft rows, after which the spacirng is as follows:  ,C cM,, A cm,

1,3 cm. 3 contiguous weft rows, , 2. cm,, *4 cm, This arrangemre-nt is quite care-
fully done and appears to be decorative in intent. That the tray has been used
for parching is shown by several burned spots on one surface,

Specimen 14 (Plate 3, G), also fromn iny-222, is a fragment 15 by 13 cm.,
including part of the handle and the left rim, The start, receives no special
treatment, The first 2 weft rows are over 2 under 2 twining on the same pairs

of warps, The third is over 2 under 2 twining on the alternate pairs of warns,
The fourth weft row is over 4 or 5 and under 4 or 5 twining.  The fifth and

sixth weft rows are over 3 under 3 twining on different gropos of warps.  The
seventh through the tenth are diagonal twining, and the eleventh through the
sixteenth are simple twining, The result of this variation in weave is the
progressive spreading of the warps as the center of the tray is approached.,

Up to the sixth weft row warps are added in no fixed pattern, but beyond this
point they are added only at the rim, at the rate of one new warp for every
four weft rows,

The riIn is a slightly heavier twig., which is secured at the handle by one
of the weft elements of the first weft row which is looped three times around

the rim and the two adjoining warps and then becomes a weft element in the third
weft row, Beyond the fourth weft role the following rimu treatment is invariable:
when the wefts of the odd-numbered rows have been woven as far as the rim they
are passed around the rim from opposite sides and cross each other on the outer
edge of the rim, the weft element then on the inside surface of the tray always
passing over the element from the outside surface, The pair of weft elements

- 17 -

is then woven back in the opposite direction as an even-numbered weft row, The
twining progresses from left to ri.ght25 in even-numbered weft rows and from
righit to left in odd-numbered weft rows, The spacing of the weft rows is as
follows 2)  1  2 (1.1 cm.); 2,3 (,7 cm,); 3,14 (1.,9 cm,); 4,5 (1,2 cm.);
5,6 (1,2 cr.); 6,7 (.6 cm,); 7,8 (.9 cm,); 8,9 (.9 cm,); 9,10 (,8 cm,);

101, (,6 cm,); 11,12 (.7 cm.); 12,13 (.7 cm,); 13, 14 (,9 cm,); 14,15 (.9 cm.);
15,16 (1i. cm),

At the sixth weft row there are 32 warps per 10 cm., and at thrie l5th weft
row there are 22 warps per 10C cm, The warps are ca, 2 mnm, in diameter; the
wefts are 3 mm, wide and 1 mm, thick,

Containers of spiral twining on converging w       A single specimen (rio, 7) is
certainly from a basket of this type, and specimens 16 and 43 may also be,
Again the twiining in these specimens is always up to the right.

Specimen 7 (Plate 3, K), a fragment 11 by 24 cm, from Iny-220, is woven
in close diagonal twining. Neither start nor rim is present, so that no

definite statement can be made concerning the original shape, It appears to be
from the side of a piece with a pointed bottom, so that either a water bottle
or a conical burden basket would be a reasonable guess. The warp is of small

peeled twigs, ca 2 mm, in diameter, which are almost certainly not willow.  The

weft is of split willow, 2 mm, wide and ,5 mm. thick, which is light yellow brown
on one side and red brown on the other, It is manipulated so that the interior
of the basket is red brown while the exterior is yellow brown, The darker sur-

face is most likely the unscraped exterior of the willow shoot, while the yellow
brown is the split interior   W4arps are added at irregular intervals and new

warps are sharpened at the bottom so as to fit more closely against the adjoin-
ing warps, The work is extremely neat and even.

Specimen 16 (Plate 3, F), a small fragment, 10,8 by 2,8 cm, from Iny-222,
includes only one weft row and three warps, The weave is simple open twining.

The material of both warps and wefts is probably willow, The warps are 3.8 mm.
in diameter and the weft elements 3 mm.,f wide and 1 im, thick,  One of the weft
elements is double, the strips lying one above the other as in specimen >.

It is probably part of a conical burden basket, but could also be Drart of a
winnower,

Specimen 43 consists of five warp elements from a completely disintegrated
basket, which still show the marks of the wefts, The weave was probably twin-
ing, but it would be unsafe to say more,

A large willow branch, which had been split, trilmmed, and bent into a broad
arc, was recovered from Iny-222,  It may once have been the rin of a large
basket,

BasketQ material:   Specimen 10 (Plate 3, M) consists of 3 coils of weft

material from Iny-220, These are strips which have been peeled off the outside
of willow shoots, coiled up and held in coils by having strips of juniper (?)
bark wrapped around them. The material in the smallest of the coils had been

trimmed and scraped. The material in the other two Coils still retains the bark,

A large wad of shredded bark (specimen 19) was found at Iny-222. This is

tentatively identified as juniper, but it may be some species of Artemisia; this
is the material used for binding up the basketry coils referred to above.

- 18 -

A group of 19 decorticated, trimmed and sometimes pointed vwillow twigs was
found on the floor of site Iny--237, These had probably been cached for use as
warps in a -projected basket.

Additional basketryr from Death Valley-. For comparative purposes, it might be
well to include a description of some ba skets in the Park Head.quarters Mfuseum
at Death Valley. Their provenience is given as from an Indian cave just north

of the LanCding Field at Furnace Creek, This site was not visited by the writers,
and its exact location is uncertain, There is a photograph of the siate on file
at Death Valley Headquarters, howVever, so that it wiould be possible to relocate
the site. This cave has been designated as site Iny-256,

Seven fairly complete baslkets were recovered from the cave, as well as a
number of fragments, The baskets were photographed bv the writers and some

hasty notes were made. The fragrments were, not carefully examined, but they do
not appear to present any features not present in the more complete specimens.

The basketry material is willow in all cases. The warps are ofr whole
peeled willow shoots; the wefts are of split willow shoots usually scraped,

In places where the weaver desired to introduce a design, however, the outside
of the shloot was left on the strip, This produced a weft which was the usual

straw color on one side and red-brown on the othler.26  The seven specimens are
considered individually as follows:

Basket 1 is an oval winnower measuring 66 by 38 cm, The weave is silnple
open twinin!7, up to the right in the center of the tray, and diagonal twining,
at the two enCds where the warps are brought closer together, At the center
there are aboult 20 warps per 10 cm , and the weft, rows are 1 cmn, apart.  The

handle is reinforced by a weft row of bllue gingham cloth. The center- is rein-
forced by a large willow rod ex;tending across the back at right angles to the

warps. This is secured by a piece of weft material which passes around the rod,
around. 3 or h warps and then around the rod, this pattern being repeated for the
length of the rod, The end opposite the handle is reinforced with several more
transverse willow rods, The rim consists of a heavy willow rod. The weave of
this piece is very irregular.

Basket 2 is also an oval winnower, 29 by 23 cm. The weave is consistently
open diagonal twining, up to the right,  At the center there are about hE warns
per 10 c, <and .8 cm. between wefts, The handle is reinforced with a weft row

of white canvas. The rim is a willow rod extending all the wayr around the piece.
The weaving is even and neatly done.

The remaining f ive baskets are conical burden baskets, The rin treatm ent
is the same for all,  A heavy willow rod lies above and is bound to a bundle
composed of the warns which have been bent at right angles to their previous
direction and bunched.

Basket 3 is 45 cmr in diameter at its mouth and measures 38 cm, along its
side from rim to bottom. It is woven in open diagonal twining up to the. right.
The bottom i.s reinforced with a piece of white canvas sewn ol with brown twine,

Basket 4 is 56 cm, in diameter at the mouth and 51 cm, from rim to bottom.
The weave is simple open twining, up to the left. A bent willow rod is secured
to its inside with strips of rawhide,

-  1-

FTG- I

*       -- - r -- -  - -- --

-     -      -

- - -      - -_
a- ----       -

- - -   - - - - - - -
a-   -0M  -fe ..i .  -   "r   -

- a- - - - -  -. e

- -- - aa- d-
a- -          a-

a--       - a-

a.       -   -
a- - a-

- - O    -- a- -

-Op  . - 4.......  -NO   mw.-

44  - - a-  -  a-  -  a,.

-   - - -a  - -  - a -~

goo-  - -   -

-a - -     a- - -

-.66   -NO   "Poo

-        -

a--  -     --

HI  a---  -a *  -

- a- a - .- -- -  -

-   --  _   a   ro--,

-M e-*- -a.-  - - -

a- - - -a- -a- a- a-

-- a-  -  -Ro  T-0

-  H            -He  -

46 G 7EFT BOWS

Nu  w-  .- .--  _r A  -  -a-

/

--      ?                 /     I-

-        S                         %

II             /          1%     ?            I

/                                 I

'\         I!

Di         /         -  -  I                   I

/        ,'       I        ?

#1    /            A

ill       ?,                           I           ?

S / I

I,--

(   Si     Ii,?                       /                      ,vij

it     IS'                                           \t? I'
St    ?-I                                    /?       ig

*?                                a                   iv. sIj

?1     I I''                      I         *?

Si       IJS

I   ?                                           12       /je'?  I

IS                             I;      i?

?   ?:  ?         ?                                    s?

K---

a.

.M     a*   -  -  -~ i-  * - --*-

a- l -      M  -  -  ---

A.

18      ROWT Ro0.S TO O  IM

,-. -0 - -. -. - -  H

I"-   -W  -   --  "       .

A. Pattern from basket 5, Iny-256.
B. Pattern from basket 7, Iny-256.
C. Incised slate object, Iny-226,

(natural size).

B.

Basket 5 is 56 cm. in diameter at its mouth and 51 cm, along the side from
rim to bottom,  It is closed diagonal twining, up to the right. A design of
vertical rows of diamonds (Fig. 1A) encircles the basket, The design is

achieved by using the unscraped split willow described earlier, The weft ele-
ment is twisted a half turn when it passes from a light area to a dark area so
that the negative of the design appears on the inside of the basket,

Basket 6 is 38 cm. in diameter at its mouth and 33 cm,.along its side from
rin to bottom, It is woven in open plain twining, up to the right, The warps
are not straight but spiral up in a clockwise direction (if viewed from the
inside), The bottom is reinforced with a piece of rawhide,

Basket 7 is 71 cm, in diameter at its mouth and 64 cm, along its side from
rim to bottom. It is woven in open diagonal twining, up to the right. A design
consisting of 3 dark bands encircles the basket (Fig, 1B). The bottom is rein-
forced with a piece of a cloth hooked rug.

From the amount of Caucasian material included in these baskets, it is

apparent that they were woven within the last century. They were almost cer-

tainly made by the band of Shoshone which now lives at the rancheria just south
of Furrnace Creek Ranch, There are no major points of difference between the
Furnace Creek baskets and those from the Panamint Mountain caves save for the

introduction of Caucasian materials and the single occurrence of up to the left

twining in the former, These types of twined basketrv are so widespread in the
Great Basin area as to be almost completely universal 27  There is no reason to
doubt that thne specimens from the Panamint caves were made by members of the
Death Valley or Panamint Valley Shoshone, but on the other hand such baskets
could have been made by any group in the Great Basin,

Wooden and Horn Artifacts

A wooden mortar was found at site Iny-241 (no. 46; Plate 3, C). The

exterior surface has been worked, and the shape of the piece is fairly synn-

metrical, being that of a truncated cone standing on its smaller end. Its walls
are quite thin, 1.1 ems. in thickness at a point 2 cms. below the rim, The cav-
ity has a pointed bottom. A small piece of the rim is missing, and. a hole has

developed in the bottom due to shrinkage in the course of drying. The dimensions
are: diameter at top, 17.5 cm.; diareter at base, 9.5 cm,; heLght 24.5 cm.;

depth of cavity, 21,5 cm, R. A. Cockrell of the University of California For-
estry Department made the following identification of the wood:

The large specimen is wood of the genus Pseudotsuga, represented
by two species in California; Pseudotsuga taxifolia, the Douglas fir
that occurs in the Central Sierra; and the big cone spruce P, macroca
found in the Los Angeles area.

This particular artifact must therefore have been traded in from a considerable
distance, According to Coville, the Panamnint Shoshone ground pine nuts and

mesquite beans (Prosopis iliflora) in wooden mortars, but used a mano and metate
for grinding all other seedyT.

Specimen 17 is a piece of wood froan Iny-222 which has been worked down to
a parallel-sided object of oval cross section, with one end neatly squared off

and the other end hacked off irregularly. It was originally well smoothed. Its
general appearance is that of a modern knife handle, but there is no reason to

doubt its aboriginal origin, its dimensions are: maximum diameter, 2,5 cm.;

minim.m diameter, 1.8 cm,; length, 9,0 cm. R. A, Cockrell identified the wood
as Ua hardwood (angiosperm), possibly a piece of willow,"

A single fragment of sheephorn was found (no. 18, 10,8 by 5% cm,) It is
considerably damaged by insects, but has one end cut and ground, This may be a

fragment of a spoon or scoop, similar to a specimen illustrated by i-iarrington 29
Loud and Harrington also renort similar objects from Loveloclk Cave,30 and

Campbelj illustrates an almost identical specimen from the Twentynine Palms
re gion,

Pottery

Only four of the 25 sites located in the Panamint Mountains yield'ed pottery,
and sherds were scarce in all of these. A few sherds were obtained from sites
Iny-22$, Iny-234, Invr 2h1, and Inyr-242. Iny-2b1 contained a broken bowl which
could be reconstructed into a whole specimen (see P1, 3, A),

The bulk of the sherds recovered are of the sanbe general type.  This type
of wuare does not appear to have been comprehensively described, and a prelinm-

inary description is given below, Nio name is assigued to the type at this time,
as the sample is too small and the distribution is too little knMown,

Sites:  Iny-22$, Iny-2hl, Iny-242

Period:  Unknown, but presumably fairly recent, since no pzotteryr of this region

appears to have any great antiquity.

Construction:  Coiling and thinning by scraping. No evidence of naddle and

anvil technique. The vessel from Iny-241 appears to be built ulp of about
seven coils, as shown by cracks and fractures on coil lines,

Firing atmosphere: Uncontrolled, but mainly oxidizing.   Vessels were fired

inverted, so exterior is oxidized, interior reduced,

Core cclor: Exterior margin brown, interior margin black,  Individual sherds

may be entirely black in core color,
Firing clouds: Yes

Temper: Small to medium rounded grains of quartz sand. Very little mnic.a vis-

ible, although one or two flakes may be found by searching    Individual
sherds may appear to lack mica entirely,
Texture core: Medium
Fracture: Crumbling

Surface finish:  Smoothing has been done on interior and exterior,  Surface

irregularities are present due to finger indentations, Exterior surface
tends to flake (as shown on whole vessel, two sherds from Iny-225, and
base sherd from Iny-2h2),
Luster: Dull

Surface color: Reddish brown; some gray to black areas,

Foms: Whole vessel from Iny-241 is a srmall bowl with a rounded bottom and

slightly incurving rim,  Iny-225 sherds indicate a fairly large olla form
wraith a short neck.

Vessel size:  The complete bowl is 15 cm, in diameter by 10 cm. in height,

The olla form must have been larger, but no accurate estimate of diinent
sions can be given,

Base: Slightly thicker than walls.  Rounded, slightly flattened on bottom.

Bases were probably molded out of a lump of clay rather than coi~led.
Thickness of vessel walls: Body sherds are 6 to 8 mm, thick,   Bases are

slightly thicker, ranging up to 10 mm, Body sherds of the olla form are
7-8 mm, thick,

- 21 -

Rims: The whole bowl has a rounded and even rim which is slightly incurving.

The olla rim is rounded, uneven, with a flaring neck 1.5 cm, high.
Handles or lugs: D11one
Decoration: None
Slip: None
Paint: None

Range: At present known only fromn sites in Panamint Mountains at north end of

Death Valley,

Remarks: Future study in the region will undoubtedly extend the distribution

of the type, as well as indicating variability in size, shape, and

decoration, The present description is given as a starting pogiodn;t because
of the differenc3  between this ware and that of the Southern Paiuted
and Yokuts-Mono,

Comparisons: This poutery differs in many respects from the Southern Fayouto

pottery described by Baldwin,3h  Firing is mainly oxidizing instead of
reducing, temper is small to medium in texture, and flaring occurs on

exterior instead of interior surface, In addition, the vessel form does
not have the pointed base characteristic of Southern Paiute ware.

There is a possible correlation between this pott-cery and some

of the plain wares from Mesa House in Southern Nevada.  Hlowever, most of
the plain ware from Mesa House is described as having a sharp fracture,
which does not conform to the pottery under discussion,3    An adequate
comparison cannot be made until more detailed analysis is rmade of the
Nevada pottery,

Yokuts-Mono pottery has not been analyzed from a technical stand-
point, but the forms seem to be different and the illustrated MIono pottery
appears to be more crudely made than the Death Valley specimens,31

Owens Valley pottery should show different tempering material, at
least in part, since Steward records the use of crushed decomposed granite
for the Owens Valley Paiute,37

The two sherds from Iny-231) are distinct from the type just described.. The
former are red-bronm in color (interior, exterior, and core), have a coarse

quartz sand temper and a moderately sharp fracture. The exteriors are smoothed
but interiors are unfinished. The single rim indicates an olla form with flar-
ing neck and rounded rim. Thickness is 5-7 mm,

The only other type of pottery found was a single small sherd of corrugated
ware from site Iny-225 (P1. 3 B).  Corrugated pottery occurred in quantity at

Mesa House and at Lost City in southern Nevada.3u The specimens illustrated by
Harrington do not have the same tyme of corrugations as the Iny-225 sherd, how-
ever, and lacking detailed information on the corrugated wares from Nevada ,it

is not possible to assign the present sherd to the Nevada types.  Dick Shutler,

Jr, of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, h1as called our atten-
tion to a very close similarity between the Iny-225 sherd and Linden Corrugated,
described by Colton and Hargrave as follows:

Linden corrugated: (Mogollon brown ware), Coiled: oxidized; core,
dark gray to light gray, tan, brownish; brick red,  Fairly regular

vertical inden1tations.  Tem-per: very fine to coarse round or angular
quartz with fragments of crushed rock rare, Pueblo III, 1050 to

1250 ad,  Range: White Mt. region, Arizona, and south to and includ-
ing, the Tularosa Valley, New Mexico,39

The sherd under discussion is brownish in core color with temper of medium-

sized rounded quartz grains. If it is actually Li.nden Corrugated, the occurrence

- 22 -

of this Pueblo III sherd in the Panamint Mountains is of some interest because 40
it is about 300 miles outside the normal distribution for this type of pottery.

U,C,M,A, has two pottery vessels collected in the area west of the Death
Valley Monument, One of these vessels is a pointed-bottom specimen which fits
Baldwin's description of Southern Paiute Utility Ware (UCMA No, 1-19759)3  It
was found in the Alabama Hills near Lone Pine, California; a location yhich is
some distance west of the distribution given for this type of pottery,41  The

vessel is complete except for the upper portion of the rim. The walls are 6 mm,

thick and the dimensions are: 21 cm, dia. at top, 9 cm. dia. at bottom, 18,5 cm,
tall (incomplete measurement due to missing rim).

The second vessel, found in the Koso Hills, is a very small cup or dipper
with a rounded bottom and a vertical rim (UCMA No. 1-19755). It is crudely

coiled, oxidized, brown in color, with rough surfaces marked with finger inden-
tations, There appears to be a one-piece base with three coils of clay used to
build up the walls, The dimensions are: 10.2 cm, diameter, 7,5 cm, height,
5 mm, wall thickness. Nothing closely similar has been described for this
region, Small bowls of this size were made by the Yokuts and Mono, but the

form of the latter vessels differs in having a flat bottom and slightly flaring
sides ,42

Descriptions of other vessels found in Owens Valley are given in Steward.43

Artifacts of Stone

Manos and Metates: Metates were noted at sites Iny-217, Iny-227, Iny-229,
Iny-230, Iny-239, Iny-241, Iny-245, and Iny-248, In all cases, these were

roughly rectangular slabs of hard gray dolomitic stone, All were used on one

side only and were virtually flat on the used surface, One specimen from Iny-217
had a basin-shaped concavity with pecking apparent in the center of the basin,

Two manos were recovered in the course of general collecting, A rectangular
granite mano (no, 55; 12 by 8 by 6 cm; one surface used) was not recovered from
a site, the other specimen was a badly weathered subrectangular mano of black
qonglomerate (12 by 10 by 6 cm; one surface used), from Iny-241.

Problematical Stone Object: Site Iny-240 yielded a mano-shaped object which

would be classed as a mano except that the used surface is concave, the center
being 3 mm, below the ends, It would be impossible to use this object as a

mano without grinding the ends down, The specimen is of a granular white stone

with black crystal inclusions (13 by 7,5 by 4,0 cm,). Edges and ends are shaped,
One end has a pecked pit 1,5 cm. in diameter and 0o4 cm. deep, The function of
this artifact is unknown, but it would have served efficiently as an abrader
for shaping wooden objects such as wooden mortars, one of which was found in
the same cave.

Core Tools: Site Iny-222 contained two crude core specimens, The first is a

large stone knife, made of a natural angular piece of gray-black dolomite with
one edge chipped (no, 11; 17 by 10 by 2 cm,, long edge chipped), The second
piece is a natural piece of gray dolomite which shows battering on one end

(no, 20A, 12.5 by 3 by 3 cm,), This specimen as related above, was found stick-
ing in a cleft in the cave wall,

- 23 -

One core of white flint (no, 5h) was recovered from Iny-246, a cave which
showed evidence of much flint-chipping activity. This site also yielded a

white flint core chopper (no. 1A; 9,90 by 5.5 by 6,4 cm.) and a core scraper of
gray dolomite (no, lH; 10,1 by 7.0 by 3.7 cm.).

The only other core tool was a large chopper (no. 56) of heavily patinated
dolomite, picked up below Iny-234 (15 by 10 by 8.5 cm:),

Projectile points and flake imElements: With two exceptions, all projectile
point fragmets and flake implements were of white, red, or yellow flint,

A single small chip of black obsidian, used as a scraper, was recovered from
site Iny--242, Unworked obsidian flakes were observed at Inyy-223 and Iny-225,
but no other obsidian was found, The scarcity of obsidian is surprising in
view of the quantity of obsidian available to the Owens Valley Paiute who

traded obsidian with other tribes to the west,44  At site Iny~.236, a flake
scraper of quartzite was found (no. 41A; 3.2 by 2.2 by 1.1 cm.),

A total of 17 tools made of red, yellow, and white flint flakes were

recovered, Most of these were small flakes used as scrapers. Some had secon-

dary chipping, but several simply show use retouch along one edge, A few blade
or projectile point fragments were recovered, All basal fragments indicated a
rounded base; no stemmed or notched bases were found, These artifacts are
tabulated as follows:

No, Definition:      Site:        Dimensions:                Remarks:

32   Blade frag,    Iny-225  4L.7 by 3.1 by lh cm,  Red and yellow flint
33     "    "         t       5,2 by 2,.4 by 0.7 cm, gray flint

37G  Proj. pt,      Iny-226   h,3 by 1,8 by 1.0 cm, complete, very crude, red

and yellow flint

37H  Blade frag.    Iny-226   3,3 by 2.3 by 0.8 cm, red and yellow flint
50A  Proj, pt.frag. Iny-2422  2.3 by 1,5 by o.4 cm, red flint

50B  "l       U     Iny-242   2.0 by 1.6 by 0.3 cm, yellow flint

FragMents of worked slate were recovered from sites Iny-225 and Iny-226,
Five small pieces were chipped along one edge and were prestxnably used as
scrapers:

No$                 Site:                  Dimensions:

28A                Iny-225             6.1 by 365 by 065 cm,
28B                Iny-225            4h, 5 by 2,7 by 0,3 cm,
28C                Iny-225             3.7 by 3,3 by 0.3 cm,
31D                Iny-225             3.1 by 2,3 by 0.7 cm,
36                 Iny-226             5.7 by 3,5 by 0.3 cm,

One surface of specimen 28A shows many shallow longitudinal scratches,

Incised slate tablet, Site Iny-226 also yielded a small tabular piece of slate
bearing an incised pattern (see fig. 1-c). The piece (no, 34) has the edges

ground and one end is missing. Similar objects have been described by Rogers

as occurring in the Amargosa I horizon of the Mojave Desert,4   Steward describes
a pendant of steatite bearing an incised pattern which was found in Inyo Co.T

The present specimen is not closely similar in pattern to the pieces illustrated
by Rogers, but the general form and treatment are the same, The decorative

lines applied to the Iny-226 specimen were made with an implement which left a
sort of dotted line,

- 24 -

Conclusions

This preliminary survey of northern Death Valley has yielded data on

several sites in the Panamint Mountains, Most of the sites recorded appear to
be temporary camps, and only one site (Iny-222) has had enough occupation to
cause the accumulation of any depth of midden deposit, The archaeological

remains indicate an economy oriented toward seed-gathering and migratory habi-
tat, For example, metates seem to have been cached at each place where they
would be used.

Most of the artifacts recovered are closely comparable to ethnographic

Paiute and Shoshone specimens, and present evidence does not indicate any great
antiquity for these sites. Sites Iny-225 and Iny-226 may possibly be older

than the other remains, since they yielded a Pueblo III sherd and an Amargosa-

like incised slate object, As the present report is based on surface specimens,
further study and excavation are necessary before a more detailed archaeolog-
ical report of the area can be written,

De W. Lathrap
C. W. Meighan

University of California
Archaeological Survey

- 25 -

NOTES

1 Appreciation is here expressed for the many courtesies extended to the UCAS

archaeologists by Dr. Aubrey Neasham of the National Park Service and by
Mr. T. 0. Goodwin and Mr. L. F. Keller of the Death Valley National Monu-
ment. The artifacts recovered by the UCAS are permanently stored at the

Park Headquarters, Death Valley National Monument. The material was kindly
loaned to the UCAS for preparation of the present report.

2  Coville, 1898, p, 354, Barrows noted the same practice for the Coahuilla.

See Barrows, 1900, p. 67.

3  Campbell, 1931, pp. 24W30,

4 Steward, 1938, p. viii, Steward also comments on site locations as follows:

"In the southern end of Eureka Valley, near the northern end of Death

Valley, California, is a site bordering a playa and extending several miles.
Thousands of flint flakes with relatively few artifacts mark it as predom-
inantly a workshop, though the source of the flints is several miles dis-
tant in the mountains. The nearest water is a spring 3 to 5 miles away.

There is no apparent reason why anyone should choose a place lacking water,

having virtually no vegetation, and, in fact, devoid of anything of apparent
use to man or beast, for a workshop or other purpose. Nevertheless, the
presence here of large spherical stone mortars of the type used by Death

Valley Shoshoni and at least one arrow point of the Shoshonean type is pre-
sumaptive evidence that the Shoshoni visited the site, though it does not,
of course, prove that they used it as a workshop. Although Mr. and Mrs.

Campbell have never found a camp site more than 3 miles from a water hole

in southern California.,., the writer has repeatedly received accounts from
Shoshoni and Paiute informants of camps maintained by entire families and

groups of families for days at a time 10 and even 20 miles from water when
seeds, salt, flints, edible insects, or other important supplies made it

worth while to do so. Water is used sparingly and when the ollas in which

it is transported are empty one or two persons make the long trip to replen-

ish them, Remoteness from present water, then, is not, per se, the slightest
proof that a site dates from the pluvial period."  (Steward, 1935, p. 105)

5  Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, p. 206; fig. 56 i, j.  Specimens 1-74844,

1-74845 in UCMA.

6 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 65'

7 Heizer and Krieger, n*d., is, on Humboldt Cave.
8 Robson and Baumhoff, n*d.l
9 Harrington,, 1930, p. 118,

10 Morris and Burgh , 19h1, pe. 14

11  Loud and Harrington, 1929, p, 26,

12 Arnold and Libby, 1950, p. 11 (sample no, 276). The oldest basketry from

Humboldt Cave consisted of a coiled parching tray. Samples of this tray

have recently been determined by W, F. Libby to have a radiocarbon date of
1953 1 175 years old (letter to R, F. Heizer, April 2, 1951),

- 26 -

13 Kelly, 1932, p. 120.

14  Steward, 1941, p. 338.

15  Heizer and Krieger, n d.
16  Steward, 1941, p. 338.
17  Steward, 1941, p. 339,
18 Stewart, 1942, p, 276

19 Weltfish, 1930, p. 465.
20  Coville, 1892, p. 359.
21  Steward, 1933, p. 2 71

22  See Steward, 1933, pl, 10, fig, d, e, for whole specimens of this type.
23  Distance measured from an edge of a weft row to the corresponding edge

of the next weft row.

24 Kelly, 1932, p. 128, fig. 8,

25 When viewed from the top side with the handle toward the viewer,

26  For ethnographic description of same practice see Coville, 1892, p. 359.
27  Gifford, 1932, p. 26; Cressman, 1942, p. 47.
28  Coville, 1892, pp. 353, 355

29  Harrington, 1930, pp. 120, 121,

30  Loud and Barrington, 1929, pp, 42, 43; pl. 15, b, i.
31  Campbell, 1931, p. 72; pl. 426,
32  Baldwin, 1950.
33  Gayton, 1929,

34  Baldwin, 1950.

35  Harrington, 1930, p. 78.
36  Gayton, 1929,

37  Steward, 1933, p. 266,

38  Barrington, 1930, pp.71, 72,

39  Colton and Hargrave, 1937, p. 60   Information cited is an abstract, not

a quotation

- 27 -

40 Harrington, 1928, p. 239, plots the distribution of Pueblo wares. His

boundary runs along the Nevada border between Beatty and Stump Springs,
placing the edge of the Pueblo area just about 50 miles from the area

covered in the present report, Fueblo sherds might be expected to occur

mulch further west of this line, as occasional trade pieces must have entered
California. There is nothing particularly unexpected in finding Pueblo

wares in the Death Valley Monument, since this is just west of the area of
Pueblo settlement

41  Baldwin, 1950, p, 54, lists the western boundary of the Southern Paiute

Utility Ware at the Fahrump Valley in Southern Nevada,

42  Gayton, 1929, p1. 99A, b; pl. 102 e, g.
43 Steward, 1933, p. 267.
44  Sample, 1950, p. 19.

45 Rogers, 1939, pp. 63-64, pit 17,
46 Steward, 1933, p. 275, p1. 7.

- 28 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arnold, J. R. and W, F. Libby

19501 Radiocarbon Dates. University of Chicago, Institute for Nuclear

Studies. Chicago.

Baldwin, Gordon C.

1950. The Pottery of the Southern Paiute, American Antiquity, vol. 16,

no" 1, pp. 50-56, Menasha,

Barrows, David P?

1900, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California.

University of Chicago EPress, Chicago,
Campbell, Elizabeth W. C,

1931. An Archaeological Survey of the Twenty Nine Palms Region.

Southwest Museum, Papers, no, 7. Los Angeles,
Colton-i, H1e S. and L. L. Hargrave

1937. Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares, Museum of Northern

Arizona, Bulletin, no, 11, Flagstaff.

Coville, Frederick V.

1892,  The Panamint Indians of California,  American Anthropologist,

October, 1892, Volume 5, pp. 251-261, Lancaster,
Cressman, Luther S., et al

1942, Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin.

Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 538. Washington, D.C.

Fenenga, Franklin, and F. A, Riddell

1949. Excavation of Toimmy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, California.

American Antiquity, vol, lh, no. 3, pp. 203-214, Menasha,
Gayton, AH.

1929, Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery Making.   UCPAAE, vol, 24, no, 3,

Berkeley.

Gifford, E. W.

1932,  The North Fork Mono, UCPAAE, vol. 31, no, 2. Berkeley,

Harrington, M. R.

1928. Tracing the Pueblo Boundary in Nevada. MAI-HF; Indian Notes,

Vol, 5, no. 2, pp. 235-240.  New York,

1930. Archaeological Explorations in Southern Nevada,

Southwest Museum, Papers, no, 4. Los Angeles,
Heizer, R. F, and A. D, Krieger

nod,   ms, The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada,
Kelly, Isabel T.

1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. UCPAAE, vol, 31, no. 3.

Berkeley.

- 29 -

Loud, L. L. and M. R. Harrington

1929, Lovelock Cave. UCPAAE    vol. 25, no. 1. Berkeley.

Morris, Earl H. and R, E. Burgh

1941, Anasazi Basketry, Basket Maker II through Pueblo III,,,

Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub, 533, Washington, D.C.

Robson, James, and Martin Baumhoff

ned,   Ms. report on site 26-Pe-8. University of California, Berkeley,

Rogers, M. J.

1939. Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River

and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum, Papers, no, 3.
San Diego.
Sample, L, L,

1950, Trade and Trails in Aboriginal California. UCAS-R, no, 8, Berkeley.
Steward, Julian H.

1933.  Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. UCPAAE, Vol, 33, no. 3,

Berkeley,

1935. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region. BAE, Bulletin 116.

Washington, D.C.

1938, Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. BAR, Bulletin 120.

Washington, D.C .

1941, Culture Element Distributions, XIII: Nevada Shoshone,

UC-AR, vol. 4, no, 2. Berkeley.

Stewart, Omer C.

1942. Culture Element Distributions, XVIII: Ute-Southern Paiute.

UC-AR, vol. 6, no, 4. Berkeley.
Weltfish, Gene

1930, Prehistoric North American Basketry Technique and Modern Distribu-

tions. American Anthropologist, vol. 32, pp. 454-495. Menasha.

- 30 -

BRIEF GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE AREA
Chalfant, Willie Arthur

Death Valley, the Facts, Stanford University Press, Stanford,
California 1930,

Coolidge, Dane

Death Valley Prospectors, E, P. Dutton and Co,, Inc.
New York, 1937.

Federal Writers' Project

Death Valley, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1939,

Glasscock, Carl Burgess

Here's Death Valley, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis,
New York, 1940.

Lee, Bourke

Death Valley, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1930.

Death Valley Men, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1932,
Manly, William Lewis

Death Valley in 'h9. R, R. Donnelley and sons, Chicago, 1927,

- 31 -

Plat e 3

Archaeological Specimens f rom the Panamint Mountains

(catalog slumbers given in parentheses )

A,1
B.*
C ,
D,.

E ,

F.,
G.0
H.,
K.
L,.
M
No

Reconstructed pottery I-owl f rom Iny-241 (47).
Corrugated sherd f rom, Iny-225 (24;).
Wooden morta r f roT,, ny--241 (1X6) .

Winnower fragment f rom Inyr-222 (12).

Fragnent of coiled -,-arch~ing tray f rom Iny-222 (15
Twined basketry frajgment f rom Iny-222 (16),
Wiinnower f ragment f rom Iny-222 (14),

Fragment of coiled parching tray f rom Iny-222 (13'
Twvined basketr7, f ragqent f rom Inly-20 (7),
Winnower fragment from Iny-220(8

Coil of basketx7 material from Iny-220 (10).

Coiled parching tray from Irny-218 (UCIIA 1-77978),

)I

A

H

E

F

A..

- t ..   Ai.IS

PLATE 3. ARTIFACTS FROM THE PANAMINT MOUNTAINS.