THIE ALCHAmOLOGY OF SITE. Ker-74

aB Francis A. Riddell

DTI TOD UCTION

In JianualJr, 1949, an historic Yokluts cemeteriy located approxima"tely
twelve miles duo west of Delano, Kern County, Califoriia in T25SA:23E,

lyin in t ervitory cla-imed aboriginally by the `uoiol, wras destr~red by
lanc; levelin-. The present dlesiannation for this site is Ker-74, its
aboriginal. name is tnilaion. The author, as Assitant Archaeologist of

the University of' Califorrnia Archaeological Survey made a study of this
site both in the field and in the museumr as part of his regular duties.

The cemetery is situated on a natural sandy knoll on the edge of
a former slough, and only a few -miles southeast of the former shore--line
of Tulare Lake. Approxi-.,;ate1y 1.5 miles southiwest o; Ker-74 is an

historic village that was occupied in Octpber, 1854,- thiS iS designated
by Gifford and Schenck as their Site 28. 4

It is riot known that a habitation site existed on one of the other
rises necr Ker-74.  If so, th,.en Ker-74 can be assumed to be the cemetery
for such a villag;e; if not, Gifford and Sch-no Ik's Site 28 m:ay possibly be
the source for the burials in Ker-74L. Since fragmentary   freshwater

AMussel shell was evidenced in the earth spread out in the leveling operation
it raicht be guessed t'hat there was a habitation site in conjunction writh,

or in close proxinity to Ker-74. The artifacts, however, strongly indicate
burial association rather than an unassoci;ated occurrence in a midden
oe,?osit. Th-e .natrix, as far as coul be ascertainiece, was a fine sancd
silt with little or no indicati'rn of charcoal or ash.

The site -ras on or near the 22"' co-ntour< elevation which -places it
a few f'eet higher th'-an tihe surrount'in, flat terain.  Because of its

elevation, --et nea;2ess to a slough, Ker-74 vic-2s a natural location for
a village aUnd/or a ce-eteryr

Present at t,;rhe cdestirn"ct4on o -tle cem-tetery were several local

peop-le who wIre intcroafted iln L nreservin, as much -ateriel as oossible
f rol.l destruc.-tion by tlhe land-Lc' leveling mach'lines.  ItJ was from these

persoas thnat I was able to obtain i:?iiZioriation on buria13 amu' artif<acts.
Th-ose people to whom I am mitost indebted. 'fo r in- ormation and collections
from this site ale: Ix. and ;rs. Louis Verano, ir. r  . 2. Dorsey,

idrs. Melen C Kopp, 1r. and .L.rs. Robert Corinelison, LI', Ecard Butts,
all of Delano; and ir. aids. r   arry S  ?iddell, Jr. of Lone Pine,
ii take this opportuityr to kthank them sinicerelyT for their aid.

Thoueg-h the inifonnation obtained concern-ng this site was meager

it does seem to be of enough importance to warrant description.   This is
especially true since a considerable portion of the aboriginal artifacts
recovered accomrpanied burials and were additionally associated vwith
Caucasian trade -laterial.

- 2 -

All specimens., unless otherwise specilfied, bear catalog numbers

of the University of California Mkuseum or Anthropolog;y (UCia), T3erkeley,

California. Catalog numbers for the artifacts from Ker-74 are as follows:
1-103111 to 1-103150 inclusive; 1-116052, 1-116053; 1-118990 to 1-118999
inclusive; 1-11O055 to 1-116107 inclusive. The skeletal material bears

the catalog numbers 12-7262, 12-7263, 12-7265. The University of California
Archaeological Survey accession numbers for the material from this site
are 15 and. 51.

The typolocical desigrnations for shell bead and ornament forms are
taken from E.1-V. Gifford' CaliLornian Shell Artifats, Univ. of Calif.
Anthrop. Records.-, Vol. 9, no. ., :L77

- 3 m

MIRIALS

Information was obtained for only nine burials in sufficient
detail to permit standard burial record sheets to be filled out.

Several of the people present at the destruction of Ker-74 estimated

the number of burials scraped out to be at least one hundred, the majority
being removed by the scraper, and only a few being taken out by excavation
with a shovel.

The information obtained concerning the nine burials is very

meager and second-hand. It is difficult to reach any important conclusions
on such data. Both flexed and extended burials occur with historic

trade material, the orientation is variable aid shows no pattern and the
relative depth and horizontal locations were not obtained. The following
table gives the position, orientation and the approximate depth of
the recorded burials from the site.

*1              2  3 4   5 6 7    89
Flexed ,..............      X              X X
Dorsally extended .*..X  X     X X X

Orientation..........SE     - S   N  7 W   SNft Wi If
Depth *............... 51 41 31 31 4t 51 31 51 5t

To gain some idea of the burials and the conditions concerning
their removal the followriring extracts from interviews with some of the
local people present at the destruction of Ker-74 are presented:

-Er. Robert Cornelison's statements: Believes the land was leveled
six feet. He says he     k out 2 or 3 burials from about four feet below
leveled surface (i.e., originally these would have been 10 feet deep).

Burials dorsally extended, no special orientation.  Burial with religious
medallions (see p.5  ) had a burial directly above and one directly

below it. The one above had shell beads in association; that below had
nothing with it. The bones were in poor condition. Does not, recall
whether the orientation for the three burials was the same or not.
Burial with medallions originally about 7 or 8 feet deep (sic).

Everything-"wampum"-found under heads of burials.

The burial with the glass liquor bottle about 4 feet below disturbed
surface, possibly a total depth of 10 feet (sic), bottle between lees of
Burial.

Jith one burial was a cloth "bag" containing colored powder which
was all that was left when it was disturbed, i.e.a. the powder. Cloth,

some like silk but most lilk-e burlap, also was found, but disintegrated.

41 -

Mrs. Louis Vergano's statements: She located a skull of a flexed
burial exphosed sy ehe scrap-r ;rhich she dug out only to find a second
burial, extentded with infant in arms, below. This she too excavated
only to find another extended burial below this one$ This latter

burial is Burial 1, the one just above this burial is Burial 2 and
the one above Burial 2 is Burial 3*

Burial 1 was dorsally extended, oriented to the SE, with a number
of mammal and bird bone tube beads about the head and chest*. Jith

these bone tubes was a skull of a raptorial bird filled with asphaltum
and vwith abalone ornaments adhering to its Also with this burial were
several raptorial bird claws, a large, long, tubular (though somewhat

flat in cross-section) shell bead. Inside the skull was a steatite tube
and near the face was a steatite labret, A painted slab of diatomaccous
rock also was associated with this burial. Burial 1 was about 5 feet
below the orie inal surface.

B"urial 2 was an adult with an infant in its arms and was located
above and across the legs of Burial l. Burial 2 was oriented east and

was dorsally extended at a depth of about 4 1/2 feet below the original
surface. This burial, too, had a diatomaceous rock slab with it.

Burial 3 was an adult and was flexed in a "sitting' position; the
skull was exposed first. This burial was above and slightly north of
Burial 2. The top of the skull was about 3 feet from the, original
surface,

Other burials were in very close association with these three
burials,

Mr. E. R. Dorsoy's statements: Mar. Dorsey uncovered Burial 4 at
a depth oaout3fetrom         the original surface. This burial was

dorsally cxtcnde0c and oriented to the south. He said that all of the

material came from under the back of the skull. The material included
a great number of Plass trade beads, tubular shell beads, a clay pipe,
four pocket kcnives, buttons, and a small pestle (rectangular in cross-

section), Also with this burial was a possib.le whr.etstono of a material
similar to jadeite.  This stone was about 6 inches long, 3 inches wide
and about 2 inchles thick. One side is flat and sr.:ooth while the other

side is unworked; both ends are uneven from an original break.  Two pro-
jectile point fragmonts, an obsidian flake knife, and several obsidian
flakes, Some abalone ornaments came with this burial, also.

lir. Dorse.y stated that hee saw another burial removed that wras
extended and oriented to thel west. fHe also said that he saw some
"shells" with red paiknt (ocher?) in them at this site.

Mrs. Helen Kopp's statements: She excavated Burial 5, that of a
child, wnich   --&:laytincibtand oriented north, The burial was
about 4 feet below the original surface. Numerous saucer-shaped

Olivella boads were around the skulls Them skull and mandible are in
the UCEMA  The arns were flexed on the chest of this burial.

Burial 6, an adult, was dorsally extended and oriented west.

It was about 5 feet below the original surface, Twelve obsidian flake
scrapers wore found near the right ribs,

- 5-

Burial 7 was that of an infant, oriented west, and about

3 feet below the original sui-Lacc. Numerous glass trade beads and
two rather elaborate abalone ornaments occurred vrith this burial.

All of the burials secmed to be in fairly close association with
one another, according to Mrs. Kopp*

Mr. Edward Butt's statements: He rcmoved Burial 8 and 9, both of
which are naatthe Dc     oEHigh School Science 1.useum. Burial 8 was

a tightly flexed burial about 5 foot below the surface. It is an adult,

probably male, and had two rectangular Haliotis ornaments nlear the chest.
The burial was oriented SW.

Burial 9 was a tightly flexed adult burial associated with an

infant burial. This burial was about 6 feet NWT of Burial 8 and at the same
depth. Artifa-ts with this burial include glass trade beads, clam

shell disc beads, spire-loppod Olivella beads, saucer-shaped Olivella
beads and Haliotis ornaments.

ARTICLES OF EUMPEAN UANUFACTURE

Bottle: A green glass liquor bottle found between the legs of

a buriaTlT'llow in th's Cornelison Collection. The height of this bottle

is 30.h cm., the diameter at shoulder 7.9 cm. and the depth of the concave
base 3.6 cm. (p1. li ).

The exterior of this bottle was oxhidized to the extent that the
glass was nearly opaque. The burial was rcportcd to have been nearly
10 feet below the original surface; this scasms, howvevr, to be an
excessive estimate for depth.

M1'edallions: Four or more religious medallions, now in the Cornol-

ison CollTiTo, nwere found in a leather pouch under the skull of a burial.
Through the eyes (rings?) of thie medallions was a fine copper (?) mire
upon which were strung several colored glass beads. These beads,

unfortunately, werce not kept with the medallions when removed from the
burial. The length of the medallions is 1.76 cm., the width 1.2 cm.
and the thicknCss 0.7 Am.

The date on all of the medallions was 1330. The inscription on
the obverse side of these medallions reads: N10 Mari6- Concue Sans Peche
Priez Pour Nous Qui Avons Recours A Voust (pl.lk-1).

Clay pipc: A brown, glazed clay, figurine pipe (pl.lj) occurred
in association with Burial 4 and is now in the Dorsey Collection. The

outside diameter of the bowl is 2.6 cm.i, a height of 3.7 cm. with 1.6 cm.
for the maximum diameterr of the stem.  Therc are rust stains on the right
side of the face.

Several pipes of this same type were recovered from the historic
site of Tsurai at Trinidad Bay, Humboldt County (site Hum-169). A date
of 1850 was assigned to these specimens.5

- 6-

Pocket knives: Four folding pocket knives with wooden side plates

on the, hande also were associated with Burial 4. These knives appear to
be quite similar to present day pocket kcnivos.  The specimens are in a
rusted and decayed condition and the blades can not be opened. These,
too, are in the Dorsey Collection.

Buttons'  Brass military buttons from this site are of three

typeIs: 2) "D shield eagle (one specimen in the Dorsey Collection);
b) ITYL or eagle on "rock" (five in the Dorsey Col]ection and one,

1-103136, in the UCM); c) eagle on anchor (five in the Dorsey Collection
and one, 1-103136, in UCGIA).

A fourth type of brass button is probably not military since it
has a flower deoign on its face (pl.  ). This button which is in the
Dorscy Collection may have been gold plated or gold washed9

The following is a fuller description of the military buttons:
Small D shield eaglo, non-gild with a height of 5.0 mm., and a height
of 1.0 cm. with shank; diarmter of 1.4 can, The front is of copper or
copper alloy, cable head right, olive branch in right talons, chest
shield with HDI' plain backgro-und. The baclk is a separate piece of

copper allay with Scovills & Co. Extra" on it.  Th-e shank is of copper
alloy, is circular and 1.7 nmim thick and has been soldered on button

with lead (?) solder, Occurrence: Fre-27, UCLA 1-100223, 4 inches deep;
Ker-74, Dorsey Collection, Burial 4.

Eagle on anchor button has a height of 4.0 me., and a height of

9.0 mm. with shank; diameter of 1.4 cm. The front is of brass with eagle,
hcad facing right, perched on anchor crossarm and surrounded by 13,

five-pointed stars;  this in turn is surrounded by a solid raised band.
The background is of fine horizontal lines. The edge has fine slanted
liners progressing counter clockwise from face. The back makes a single

piece with the front and is of brass. Letters on the back read "Scovills and
Co. Extra"; the back is flat in shape. The shank is of copper and is 1.7 Mm.

thick and soldered on with brass.  Occurrence: Ker-74, Burial 4, UCYIA 1-103136.

- 7 -

Eagle on "rock" has a height of 4.0 mm. and a height with shank of
8.0 mm.; it has a diameter of 1.5 cm., The front of the button is brass.,

has eagle facing right, talons on fringed-bottom "rocks". wines round ended;
the background is plain) "N11YLV raised below "rock"; no border. The back
is concave, being a single piece with the front which is convex. Letters
on back read l"oungr Smith & Co. New York"# The button appears to be of

gilded iron. The shank is of copper and is soldered to the button with copper.
the shank is tear-drop in shape rather than having a ring-shaped end, it is
1.5 ma. thick.  Occurrence: Ker-74, Burial 4, UcOvA 1-103136*

A small, four holed, white glass shirt (?) button, 1-103136, also

occurred with Burial 4. This button has a diameter of 1.0 cm. and a thickness
of 3.0 mm. One face has a concavity in which the four holes are sets

This type of button has also been reported from Sac-) occurring with many

other white china buttons and with large shield "A"t gild and small 'tA"l gild
military buttons.  It has also been reported from Sha-6 with many other
white china buttons.

Three copper trousers (?) buttons, 1-103136, found with Burial 4
are 1.54 cm. indiameter and 2.4 mm. thick. These buttcns are made of

two perforated circular pieces of copper. One of the pieces being larger
in diameter is crimped around the edges of the smaller piece thus mdking
a disc shaped button. Before being crimped together the two perforated
circular pieces of copper are interspaced viith unperforated discs of

cloth. The larger circular piece of copper is perforated in such a manner9
however, that a slender bar of the metal is left intact across the

perforation. This bar and the center filling of cloth permit the button
to be sewed on to the garment with threads

- 8 -

Cloth:  Cloth matorial .from this site was observed by some o.f

those pFrs'nt to be 'tsoinc like silk but most like burlap"., All of the

cloth material was in a disintegrated condition and no effort was made to
save arly of it.- The fabric resembling burlap might well have boon of

aboriginal manufacturg since material of thls sort gas beon described ff~m
this arca by Kroebor, Gifford and Schenckt WIdel,   Walker 9and Latta#

Copr tacks: Also associated with Burial 4 wcre ten small round

headed copper upholsterer's tacks, 1-103136... Adhering to several of those
tacks wcre fragmcnts of a rather finc woven red cloth material, The

diameter ol' the round heads arc 9.0 m. :While the total length of cach
tack is 10.0 mnm.:

I      ikes :  One complete iron spikLe, reminiscent of a modern
railroaTriaEspikce, and fragnts of two oticr spikcs wcre recovered
iron this sitc bvt th.es are not accompa-nied by location or association

data. All three s;pecimens, 1-103132, are heavily rusted.., These specimens
had apparently been wrapped in a cloth or rarg as traces of cloth occur

on all three specimcns,. Onc of the spike fragments has Types Fih and X2b
Olivella beads (see inLfra, P.18 ) adhering to it.  The whole spikc has
vwhat may bc the impression of a F5b type bead on its surfaces. The

dimensions of the complete spik: are as fol).aifs: Head -- 3,5 x 2.5 cm.,
and 1.0 cm. thick; Dody -- m.aximum wridth l.5 x l. cm..; Total length-
17.4.cme

Steel striko-a-liErht:  A strikr-a-li(.iht 1-103133, had no data
concerning its recovery bo.t since it is heavily rusted and has Type
F5b and X2b Oliveli beads ac1heri-ng to its surfac-., it is possible

that it was azsoLitod with thle above describod ion spike and spikc
fragments. There is no evidence, howiavcr, of cloth material on this

specimen. The dimensions of the spccimen are: Length, 8*6 cm.; widtV,
3.5 cm.; thickness, .3.0 mm. Onne of thc "horns" had been broken off
before loss or burial by the Indians (pl. ln ).

Glass beads: The follafring is a list of bead types found occuring

in Ker-7rietpology of Mr. Clement W. ei.cghan has becn usod throughout.'1
The approximiate or actual niumber of beads of cach type from this site is
given after thc catalog number or the ovncr; association is given after
tho approximate number of beads 'er type. CC stands for Cornelison
Collection and IlL for no loccation.

Cat, Io.              No. of Deads       Burial

17        CC                      1                 NL
34        1-103136                3                  s4
35          it                    123               4

1-116052                1                 NL
48        CC                      12                 NL
51        CC                      6                 NTL
53        CC                      1                 NL
55        1-103136                5                 4
60          "                     1                 4
61         ft                     1                  4

64        CC                      3                  NL

-9

(cont, )

68

74
81
90

99

100
102
111
120
122

124
126
127

141
143
146

147
151
153
15)4

168
184

187
188

204

215
218

235
236
237
238
239

Cato. No

Cc

1-103138
CC
CC
CC

i-116099
1-103136
1-116092
1-103138
CC

1-103136
1-116104
1-103136
1-116102
1-116103
cc
CC

1-116052
1-10138
CC
CC
CC

1-103136
1-L16052
1-103136
1-116052
CC

1-116106
1-116052
cc
CC

1-103136
CC

1-103136
1-116095
Cc
CC
Cc

1-116100
1-103136
1-103138
Cc

1-103138
1-116105
CC

1-103136
1-116098
1-103136
CC
CC
CC
CC

1-116052

No. of bcads

6
1
20
3
3
1

145
8
1
26

1
2
1
2
6
2
1
1

10
1
1
1
1
5
1
4
5
1
9
2

25

25
10

2
5
3
13
131
10
1
1
6

105
1
8
6
5
10
1

Burial

NL
7

NL
NL
NL
9
4
9
7

NL

4
9
4
9
9

NL
NL
NL
7

NL
NL
NL

4

NL
4

NL
NL
9

NL
NL
NL

4

NL

4
9

NL
NL
NL
9
4
7

NL
7
9

NL

4
9
4

NL
NL
NL
NL
NL

- 10 -

(cont.)  2pe       CatoNo.             No. of beads         Burial

240        CC                    6                    NL
243        1-103136              4                    4
244           it                 1                    4
245        1-103138              2                    7
246           It                 1                    7
247           i                  1                    7
248           ff                 1                    7
249           if                 7                    7

250        1-116052              1                   NL

Aldditional b(ads from IKcr-74 for which no type designation could be
assirned since the only specimens imowin to Ui:ciglhan. anCd the authaor
arc those in thc Coznelison Collection are as follows:

a)  Similar to no. 71 with a slightly li,,hter shadc of blue.
b) Similar to no. 55 with a navy bluc instead of red color.

c) Hotagonal bead with biconical outline, wirc wiound, opaquc

whitce background with inlaid spirals of pink and green--both transparent.
LengtLh 165 mm., maximum diameter 8.0 mn.., mninimum diameter 4.0 mm.,
perforation diamcter 1.9 mm. Walker illustrates this bcad typc.12

d) Spherical bead with horizontal ribs; diameter 6.0 mm., pcr-
foration diameter 1.9 mvq., color is tale pinki, bead is opaque.  This
bead, too, is illustrated by ;Ja1kcr. 3

e) Similar to no. 141 but is red, not blue.

f) This bead is green and transparent. Its dimensions are:
length 8.4 rmn., diamcter 10.0 pm., diameter of perforation 1*9 mm.

Shape:

g) Similar to no. 120 but green, not red.
h) Similar to no. 17 but blue, not red.

WORK IN ASPHALTUM

Olivella beads: S'hell beads of the following types were

found -wiOthI asphaltum adhering to them indicating the possibility that

some of the- beads had been sct in this mat(erial as ornamentation on some
unknown object.

C23c, one specimen, 1-103130.
F5b, two specim-eans, 1-118996.
X4, two specimens, 1-116053,

X4, about 20 specimons set in a recta.-ngular asphalt tubc with
abalone ornanments and steatite beads.  For a description of this

roctangular asphalt tubc soe a follmving section under thre above major
topic heading.

- 11 -

Clam shell beads:.. Tro clam shell disc beads writh milled cdges,
1-10    311             zavo asphal-tum in their grooves. Thcsc arc
bcad typos Vlf and Vlg..

Saveral specimens of Type VlaI have a lacquer on their oxterior
that may be asphaltum or pitch6. Detemination is imposoiblc due to thc
lack of anry appreciable amount of this material on the bcads.

Haliotis ornaments:. Shell ornaments of Haliotis set in asphaltum
or vvith asphiaWmahring to their surfaces include the following typcs:

K5bII, one specimen, l-11605%,r

KSbII (?), one specimen, 1-116063..
K6aIII, one specimen, 1-116061.
K8bIII, one specimen, 1-116056.

Sla, twlo specimens, set in the skull of a raptorial bird, 1-103142.
SlaI, four speci-.ens in the Cornelison Collectim   Specimens

set in rectingulat tubds of asphalt with' Typ6 -XJ-'shell beads 'and with

steatite beads.  Those tubes are discussed in a closely following section.

S7aII, one specimen, set in the same skull as the preceding
Type Sla.

S21, one specimen, 1-116067,

Fragmentary ornaments 1-116082.

Specimens 1-103137 and 1-103182 are pieccs of asphaltum in which
Haliotis ornc-amts had buen set but wcre evidently broken out when
unearthe d,

Specinen 1-10)3135 (pL. lc) had been brokon in two piccees in aborig-
inil timos and a repair had been attempted by thi- usc of asphaltum on the
brokcn edges.

S4ecincn 1-103142 is the sk1ull of a rantorial bird, the interior of
which has becn fillcd with aepha-lturn Dnd with the ornauments mentioned
abovc adhering to t11e sides cand the basal portion, Gayton gives

e thmographic data on the ise of raptorial bird hcads as talismans by

the Yolkuts and the Monos. 5  Gifford ad Schcnek describe and illustrate
a similar specimen from thcir site 14.10

Two unique specimens retained by Mir. Cornelison in his collection,
thougph they ar, only partially complete, consist of tubes formed in
asphaltum with Type SlaI orrnaments on two sides of each tube,  These

specimnns are roughly rectangular in cross-section and appear to have been
fonmcd b  coating a stick (?) with asphaltum. Alternatc Type X4

Olivalla bcads and small. black steatite bcfads were embedded about the

ends and .above, and below the ornamenits along the sides. The dimensions of
those two artifacts are as follows: 3.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. high, 103 cm.
wide; 2.8. cm. long, 1.4 cm. high, 1.3 cm' wide.

The source of this asphnltwun might have bee-n from seeps near

McKittrick, Kern County17 or traded from the Chumash pcople to the west
on the coast.l

WORK I DONE

Occurring in the neck and chest region of Buria^l 1 were a series
of bonc tubes. Six of the specimens were incised aMd four were plain
(pl. ld-h). .Eioht other specimens were fr"-;,munt<ary but appear to have

been undecorated4   levcn of these speccimacns arc of mrnannal bone while
the remaining seven are of bird bonu   .The mamnmal bones are of coyote

- 12 -

(Canis latrans),19 four arc of femur sections, five are sections of
tTEo   a   t     arc sections of humeri,

The whole dccoratcd specimens range from 10.3 cm. to 5.6 cm. in
length and average about 1.5 cm. in diameter.  The dccoratcd bones
are all of coyote, the bird bone tube was not decorated.

The undecorated specimens range in length from 11.0 cm. to 5.6 cm.
and averagc 1.5 cm.-to 1.1 cm. in diameter at maximum.

Ai6 quarter section of a bird bone tubo 5.8 cm. long and 6.0 mm.
widc, polished on all edges, also occurred with this burial. (nor 1)..

All of the specimens boar the UCI2A catalog number 1-103143.

WOURK AT CLAY

No fired clay or baked clay objects where recovered. Since the
cemetery was at least partially hisloric it would not be surprising

had Yokuts pottery or Caucasian china trade pieces been found with the

burials. Considering 2@e numboer of historic chinaware objects recovered
by Walker at Tuilamniu  it is rather surprising that at least a few
such pieces were not recovered at Ker-74.

PITGENT

Traces of red ocher were fouxnd adhering to specimen 1-118994,
a Type X3bI Olivella bead. The two specimens, 1-103134 and 1-1031?5

(see followisction on diatomaceous earth slabs), have been covered

with red ocher. Specimen 1-103135 has six lines drawon in a black pigment
as well as being covered with red ocher.

Recovered with no data are two very small fragments of red ocher,
11150t53.  The red ocher from this site appears to have been first

ground inito a powder and thon molded into solid pieces for fiuture use;
powdered form, however, may have been used too (see below).

A burial from this site described by oale of the local collectors
was reputed to have had a cloth "bag" containing colored powder. It
is quite likely that the specimen was powdered red ocher tied up
in a piece of cloth.

A fractured quartz crystal, 1-103119, with no location data has
a slight trace of red ocher on portions of its surface,

Specimen 1-103147, a mortar, has a trace of red ocher in its
cavity (see section on ground stone)s

13   >

WORK IN SHI1L

The follovring is a list of shells octcuring in Ker-74 as artifacts:21

Olivella biplicata

Marine clamishell (sp, ?)
MyVtilus californianus
Tivela stultorum

Hinnites multirugoosus
Norrisia norrisii

Haliotis cracherodii

Haliotis (californiensis ?)

Shells occurring in the site but not as artifacts are given in
the following J.ist:2s2

Donax sp.

Mytilus sp.

Marine clamshell (sp. ?)
Callistoma (costatum ?)
Tegula funebralis

Anodonta (freshwater mussel)

Planorbidae (freshwater snail)
Anadara trilineata (Conrad)23

Clamshell: The species of clamn used for some of the bead specimens
is not     rli.ina le.  Some o.f the specimeLns, limeverr, have been identified
)a estultorumad it, cn be assuedthat the unidentified specimens
areprtbiy t.e SThe

Clamshell beads fall roughly into four categories:   a) large thick
discs, b) small discs, c) slender turbes, d) long, rectangular (flat in
cross-section) forms.

- T~p clamshell beads fall into the followuing types as given by

Gifford:    AVLa, AV2b, Vla, VlaI, VIbI, VUP and Vlg. The latter two
types are an extension of Gifford's typoloey.

Type AVla: This is a solid rectm gular bar that may be an

incipieiorm of Type AV2b; this type is represented by one specimen,
1-103137..

l r  e AV2b:  These are cylindrical tubes and rectangular or

-ateralyTatend tubea.      This type is represented by the following

specimens:t 1-103150, two specirmens; 1-116081, two specimens; 1-103120,
three specimens; 1-103137, one specimeri.

Vla: This type is an undecorated disc less than 2.O min.
in diameter and often as small as 3*0  . in diameter,. This type is
represented by the following: 1-103137, one specimen; 1-103136, about
one hundred specimens

N

a

.-l/

p

as.

-

(  a

~ 2'

to')I

(      A

C,.

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I
II
I

I

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II
I                              I

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li -,  -
r

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1? ---'

4.
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(1)

cell

'I/ .

I11>

k42 II! I

W --

II     ITo I    "  v i 1

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I

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A

FIGURE 1

EDGE INCISED CLA$SHELL'flISC BEADS (l/i) ,

- 14 "

ueeVVlaIa This, toot is an undecorated disc less than 25*0 mm.

in diameter,. ae  ifference being that it is from an identifiable species#
This type ranges in thickness from 7.0 MM. to 2*0 myi and is of Tivela
stultorum* The following speciAens represent this type   1-*103127#TM
i     ;      1-116094, one specimen; 1.103129, one specimen; 1-116094,
sixty-two specimens; 1-103140, one specimens

Type VlbI: These are disc beads with a diameter over 25.0 mm.
The ?olTeXinFEsocimens are from 8.0 mm. to 12.0 mm. thick: 1-103118,
four specimens, undecorated.

Vif: Beads of this type are discs under 25.0 mn. in diameter
with incidecges (FiP     la-d)* Wede125 also shows this bead type, as

do .ifford and. Schenck.t6  This bead type is represented by these specimens:
1-103118, one specimen; 1-103140, three specimens.  Traces of asphaltum in
the incised lines indicate that the incisions were filled at one time
with this material to make the design stand out.

e Vlgt These disc beads are over 2'.0 mm. in diameter and

have incesed77geso   The specimens recovered from Ker-74 average about

10*0 mm. in thickness. Two of these specimens are in the UCMA, 1-103140;
the others are il the Cornelison Collection (Figg. l.e-h  ).  Traces of
asphaltum occur in some of the incised lines,.

Haliotis Shell: Abalone shell ornaments from this site, though

"a                                L.,t             o g

mmerically small are rather diverse typologically.   Gifford's

typology is used in describing the following ornament types.    The
majority of the ornaments are made from an unidentified species of

Haliotis; it is unidentifiable simply because in the process of manufacture
the ornament loses its distinguishing features4  Haliotis cracherodii
is one of the identified species, the other is probably H
cali lorniensis,.

1'_p J2aIT is represented by one specimen, 1-103141, and has
a drian- e  o.    cin. The diameter of the perforation is 8.0 mm;
the specimen is only 1,0 mm. thick (Fig. 2)..

T    KlaIV., a spec:imen in the Dorsey Collection, occurred in
Burial .    Th approxi.Late diameter of the s-pecimen is 2,.7 cmi.

This specimen is a disc with one central porfocrxtion (Pi> 2 ).

AnothLer specimen of uhis type is 1-118992; thou-gh only one-#alf of the
specimen was recovered it was measurable and found to have a diameter

of 1.9 cm.. and is lw.5 mm. thick.  There were no location data with this
specimen.

T      K2aIII is a disc with one peripheral perforation and is

from a species oLf red backed abalone (Fige 2),. The single specimen of
this type, however, is broken slightly Gong one edge and may actually

have had a second perforation, thus making it Type K6aII.. This specimen,.
which has no location, has a diameter of 3,5 cm, and is 3*0 mm. thick.

e K5aTI, a single specimen, 1-J16060, is a disc with opposing
periphera    rations,     The diameter is 2.-0 cm  and is ]..f5 mm& thick,

The perforations appear to have been conically drilled (Fi&. 2).. There
is no location information for this specimen

- 15-.

Type K5bII is represented by three specimens; 1-116057, 1-116059

anc.'. 1 -i507  I these specimens have two opposed peripheral perforations
ant pcripheral ixicising,(Fig. 2)    .  The diameter of the first specimen
iq approximattely 2.5 cra though it is not completely circular; it is

1.5 i-I . thick.  The second specimen is 2.,3 cm-w in diameter and 2.0 mn.

thick*  Thhis specimnen has asphaltum filling one perforation.  The third
specimen has a diameter of 2,3 cm. and a thickness of 2.5 mm, The

perforations for the most part appear to lbe biconically drilled fAr all
three specimens. There is no location for any of these specimens*

rpe SoKaI is represented by two specimens, 1-103126, that have
been tnade- arom Haliotis cracherodii shells, (Pigs 2) These ornaments

are discs with acent peripheral perforations..    Since the perforations
had becn damaagcd or broken out during recovery it is not possible to

determine definitely if the perforations were biconically or conically
drilledi  Due to their relative thickness it may be safely assumed that
the former process was followed.

Both of these large ornaments are in glood condition and quite

well matched,  One has a diameter of 9.3 cm. and a thickness of 5.0 mm.

The second spepimen is slightly larger with a diameter of 10.0 cm. and a
thickness of 5.0 mm., also. These ornaments were in association with
a burial that was estimated to have beean about 4 or 5 feet below the
surface, no other data were obtained for this burial.

T     e K6aIII is a disc withl two adjacent peripheral perforations,
but diffrinfom the preceding tyorpe in that the species of Haliotis
is unidentified (Firrp 2) There are two specimens of this type.

Specimen l-1Q3137, wivhich occurred with Burial 4;, is 2.5 cim'. in diameter and
2.5 m=. thick. This specimii-en has as5phalt~urn adhering to its surface.

Spec'men 1-116061 is approximately 3.5 cm. in dianeter and 2.0 Am   thick;
this specimcn has no krnown location from the site*

Type K8a is a disc with three peripheral perforations, two
adjacen(t a    one opposed (Fig. 3). This type is represented by

specim.ien 1-116066 -which has a Diameter of 3.6 cm. and a thickness of

2.5 mm.. All three perforations appear to be conically drilledi This

specimen has no location recorded for it. A second specimen of this type,
occurring in Burial 4, is in the Dorsey Collection and is about the
same size as the previous described specimen.

Type K8bIII, like the previous type, is a disc with three

peripheral pZTrThtions., two adjacent and one opposed. The difference,

however, is that this type is incised on the edge of one face (Fjiig  3  ).
This type is represented by .specimen 1-116056 which has a diameter of

2.6 cn. and a thickness of 3.0 mm. Alltthroe holes are conically drilled
and two have traces of asphaltum in them.  No location was obtained for
this specimen.

T      Kl3aII  is a disc with two opposed peripheral perforations
and one mediaforation (Fig.. '3>4     Specimen 1-103128, the sole

representative -of this type., is 2.o c0 . in diameter and 1.0 mm. thick.

This particular specimen may actually have had edge incising when made.
If this were true the specimen would rightly be classed as Type K13bII.
Since the specimen has been worn considerably and has a patination or
atain it is difficult to ascertain its original surface features.

- 16 -

tw   K2a, an extension of Gifford's t~ypology, is a disc with

two adjacent peripheral and tvwo adjacent medial perforations as well as
edge incising on one face (Fig. 3 )t Specimen 1-103128, with no known
location data, is the only specimen of this type. The diameter of this
specimen is 2.9 cm, and it is 15 mm. thick*

Type Q2afV is a more or less rectangular ornament with a single
p~orforatho-i atonle end (Fig. 3  ). This type is represented by two

specimens, 1-116089 and 1-118990. The first specimen is 1.1 cm. long,
6,0 mm. wide and 1.0 mm. thick; the second specimen is 2.2 cm, hong,

8,0 mm. wide and 205 mm. thick.  These specimens have no location data
recorded for them.

m Q4aII, a roughly rectangular ornament, is represented by

a sing1e, s p cE ns 1-116062. This types has two peripheral perforations

on onc side (Fig. 3  ). Tae dimensions of this single ornament arc 3.5 cm.
x 397 cm. having a thickr,'ss of 2., mm. There is no location rdcorded
for this ariracct,

Type Q7aTII is a trapezoidal ornament with two opposed peripheral
perforations; tho cornors are rounded (Iij. 3 @. A sinlc specimen,

1-103121, is the reprcsentative for this iype. No location was obtained
for this specimen. The maxilmum dimen'sions for this artifact are 2.1 cm.
x 1J9 cm. The surface of this specimen has exfoliated so that the
present thickness is but 1,O mn,

T      QllaII is a trapezoidal ornament with three peripheral holes,
two at one endFnd one at the other (Jig. 3    ), This type, too, is
rerprcsented by. but one specimen;  no. 1-103121 and has no location

given for it, Tlhis specimaien has a maximum estimated length of 2.7 cmt

.(the single hole is broken out). Its maximum wi-dth is 1.2 cm, and it is
240 mm, thick*

Typo Sla, a rectangular, unperforated Haliotis ornament, is

represeted Wvtwo specimens imbedded in asphaltum     n specimen 1-103142, a
raptorial bird skcull (Fig. 3 )9

Type SlaI is represented by four specimens set in a rectangular
asphalt tube- T'he ornaments are rectangular and unperforated and have
edge incising. The specimens to which these ornaments adhere are in
the Cornelison Collection.

Type S2atII is represented by the recovery of two ornaments of

this typerom the chest region of Burial 8*    These specimcns, 1-116087
and 1-116088, are rectangular pieces with a single perforation at one
end (Fig. 4).

Type S6aIII is a rectangular ornamenznt with two central perforations
and is rresntHe by a single spccimon fron Burial 4. This specimen

(Fig. 4) is in the Dorsey Collection* The approximatc dimensions of this
specimen are 3.5 cm. x 1*8 cm.

Tpe S7aII is represents    y one specimen which, like the

specimens n1f3    Sla, is set in asphalt in the skull of a raptorial birds
The ornament is rectangular with a perforation at each end (Fig. 3).

- I7 -

Type Slia is a rectangular ornaxfient with three peripheral holes,

two at one endarid the other hole at the opposite end (Fig., 3).  The only
spcclfcn of this type is 1-103123 and has no location recorded for it.
It is 4.0 cm. long, 1.4 cm. wide and 2.Q mm. thick,

Type S15b, a rectangular ornament with peripheral incising on one
face arcT` Xp-Thration in each corner, is representcd by one specimen
which is in the Cornclison Collection (Fig. 4)  'the approximate
dimensions for this specimen are 2.8 cm,. x 3*.5 cm.

T    S21, a rectangular ornament, has two perforations in the
colners of oneld as well as two medial perforations.. The medial

perforations tend to be separate rather than centrally located.. One of
the medial perforations of the single specimen 1-116067, has a Type X4

Glivella bead insert held in position by asphalt (Fig.. 4 )G. The other
seial perforation has a trace of asphaltum in it so it may be assumed
that it, too, had an insert,  The, length of this ornament is 5.0 cm.
while its maximum width is 3,2 cm.  It is 3.0 mm. thick; there is no
location for this ornament.

Type U2aIII is a triangular type of ornament with a single per-
foration {Fi    )   Two specimens,, 1-118999 and 1-103137, are the only

specimens of this type. The former has no location though the latter is i'
from Burial 4. The larger specimen, 1-118999, is. 3.0 cm, long, has

a maximum width of 1.4 cm. and is 1.5 mm. thick. The other spccimcn is
1.6 cm. long (an estimate ..ince one corner is broken), 8.0 mm. wide
(high) and 1.0 mm, thick.

TYpe AP2aII is represenl.ted by five whole specimens and numerous

fragmens'rlig. 4)    The largest specimen is in the Cornolison Collections

All whole specimens have the single perforation at one ends These ornaments
are made from the inner rim of the Halaiotis shell. UCMA numbers for the
specimens of this type are as follow1T6069, 1-116070, '1-116071 and

1-116087. Thu UCLA specimens have approximate dimensions as follows; 3t5 cm.
long, 8-40 mm. wide arid 2-4.0 mm. thick. Thc Corn-elison spocimen is

ca. 10.0 case long, 1.5 cm. wide and 4.0e mm  thick.  There 4s no location
for this last speqLmn.

Type AQla is a trough shaped ornament somewhat like the previous

type. SpcUiicns 1-116088 and 1-116072 are the only two specimens of this
type.(Fig. 3).  These specimens average 3.5 cm. in length, 1.2 cia. in
width and..about 2.0 mm, in thickness&

A Haliotis ornamcnt type not given in Gifford' s typolofsr is
represntT103139,          This specimen is an ovoid ornament 4.0

cm, long, 3.0 cm. wide and 2-3.0 mm*, thick (Fig, 38). This specimen is
an. ovoid ring with a perforated lug on one side suitable for suspension,
It was associated with Burial 7.

Another Haliotis ornament not given in Gifford's typology
is represented  nagle      specimen from Burial 7.  The specimen,

1-103139, is a lisc with a large central perforation and with 8 projecting
perforated peripheral lugs with a notch or scmiPcircle at their

extremities (Fig. 34. The maximum diameter is 3.1 cm. and the diameter

of the central pprforation is 14.3 cm* The specimen has a thickness
somewhat greater than 10 mm*

00

J2aIV

KLaIV

KEaII

KbII

K6aI

FIGURE 2

K2aIII

K6aItt

IHALIOTIS SHELL -D.RNAi:ELtES (1/1).

K13aII

K8bIII

K8a

co    o   Hc

LI                                          0

Q2aIV
K20a

QhaII
00
Q7aIII0

QllaII                        l

Bo                                 11

AQla

Sla
SlaI

*. * T# . t- i

FI{tT~t 3

HALIOTIS SHELL   OI-VA' } .ENAITS (1/1) .

Ad

00

0
S2aIII                    0

S)$b           36aI11

S21

U2aIII

AP2aII
U2aIII

LI             .AP2aIIH

S                        Sla                                 S7aII
Slal

. .- .I

FIGURiE 4

HALIOTIS SHELL OTIRTAULTS (1/1).

- 18 -

Olivella shells Six types of Olivella beads were recovered from Ker-7428
One whole unmodified Olivella bipl4cata also was -ound,  This specimen,
1-103137, was apparnocethe beach as it still has small
grains of gravel stuck inside, the shell,  It also still retains its

purple, brown and white colorings This specimen occurred with Burial 49

The Olivella specimens are given below by type with museum
numbers, descrRipton, location and quaitity,

Tp   C23c, an extension of Giffordts itypology,. is a whole

Oliveliplicata shell with the spire ground off and the side in which
the natural orifice is located abraded (excluding the orifice) to form

a rather large perforation, When beads of this type are strung they form
a braid rather than a linear string; the alternating of the beads form
two rows on the one string rather than a single rows

specimens of this type include the followings 1-103130, two specimens;
1-116053, one specimen; I#}l16084' two specimens 1-118995, threo
spceimens; none of thee specimens had their locations 'ocordedq

The single specimen l-116090 came from Burial 9. All beads of this type
have two perforations, one at the spire and one laterally.

T      F5b is an Qliclla bilcata shell with the spire ground off1
thus hav3ns i;inglo               rrad, ollowig specimens are of this
typeO 1103114t three specimens (small) from Burial 5; 1-X03122, one
specimen; 1-103124, 18 specimens (small, probably not adtlt shells);

1-103132, throo specimens; 1-103133, 7 specinens; 1-2,16083, 6 specimens;
1-116091, five specimens from Burial 9- i1.18996, 13 specimens, two

with asphaltum; l118997, '29 specimens (small), one writh slight lateral
abrasion about tho orifice.

Type Glb is a cup-1ikd bead made from the spire of an Olivella

shell wT  aTace of the suture on tho exterior of the beadeip           of
the spire is ground off giving it 4 single- perforationq The single
specimen, l-U603, has no location,

.Typ X2b is a disc or oval- bcad from a section of the wall of an
Olive~ll bTpicata shell with a trace of the inner whorl at cne end,*
Specimens of this type include 1-103113, 32 specimens from Burial 5;'
lo-lO3115, four specimens; 1-103125, 37 specimens; and 1-103131, two

specimens, There was no location obtained for the latter three groups
of beads,  This bead type has a single central perforation.

ypeX3bZ is a circular or oval bead from Olivella bpilicata
shell wtrnt   shelf-liko trace of inner whorl, ThE 'ca       a i  from

the body whorl and has an even thicktess but a variable diameter, They
have but a single central perforation, The following arc specimchs of

this typos 1-103136 three specitcn from Burial 4; 1-116093, 25 specimens
from Burial 9; -lll8994, one speci-mon, and 1-118996, four specimens.
The last two groups had no location data concerning their recovery,

Typc X4 is a small, round, concave-convex bead cut from the thick
cnamel of tparictal callus of the Olivclla biplicatep This type has
a single central perforation,  Specimo      is. type ~ aro  as follows:

- 19

1-116053, three specimens, two with asphaltum; 1-11608Q, six specimens;
neither of these two groups of beads have any location* Occurring with
Burial 9 are 1-116093, two specimcns and 1-116096, 18 specimens.
Fiftoen specimcns, 1-118998, have no location data&

WORK IN STEATITE

Only a few specimens of steatite were recovered from this sites
All of the specimens, however, appeared to have been made from the

fine ? rained compact material having the grayish rather than a greenish tone.
Wedel 9 suggests that this material may have come from near Lindsay,.
Tulare County. Walker30 had previously reported on this quarry and

Latta31 states that the local Yokuts Indians in the Lindsay area traded
steatite to other Yokuts groups. The coarsely crystalline s eatite

usually greenish in color that occurred at Buena Vista Lake  was not
represented in the artifacts of steatite from Ker-74*

The specimens made of steatite found at this site are as followsW
one arrowshaft straightener, one tubular bead, onersmall disc bead,
one labret or lip plug and a rimn sherd of a vessel.

Arrowshaft straightener: The single specimen, 1-103112 (Figs 5bc),
was apparently OUT        the local collectors in several fragments,

probably having been broken at interment. Unfortunately the location
and association for this artifact were not obtained. The specimen

is a large and an unusually well formed piece with incised decoration
on the upper surfaces of both ends,

Themaximum length of the specimen is 12,0 cm., the maximum
width is 6.7 cm. and the maximum thickness is 6.1 cm. The maximum

width of the groove is 2.0 cm. which is the same as the maximum depth
of the groove.  The groove is quite well polished from uses The

outside, though not as highly polished, has been smoothed as evidenced
by the striations from the abrading tools

Beadsi Specimen 1-103144 is a perforated steatite tube that
might be classed as sub-rectangular rather than circular in cross-
section.  This artifact was found in the skull cavity of Burial l1

The dimensions are.3*3 Qm. long by 1.6 cim in diameters  The perforation
is approximately 9.0 mm. in diameters

This bead is well polished and has a groove at either end of
the perforation indicating that through lang continued suspension

from a cord through the perforation a single groove or notch was worn on
the inside rims at each ends The interior or "bore" of the perforation
is quite polished though rings formed at the time of the drilling can
still be discerned# From the diameter of the perforation and the
occurrence of the rins on the interior it seems quite likely that
this specimen was perforated with a stone drilL.

A small disc bead, 1-116101, was recovered from Burial 9- The
specimen is 6.o0 mmnin diameter and 2*0 mm* thick. It has a single
central perforation-

a*

I
I

b*

I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
k I

C..

FIGURE       S

ALABASTER CHARMSTONTE (upper); STEATITE ,ARROWSHAFT STRAkIGHTENER (lower) (1/1).

- 20

Lip plug: A single lip plug or labret, 1-103145, was recovered

from th-eace region of Burial l1     The diameter of that portion outside
of the lip of the wearer is 17 cm&kwhile the section that is "buttoned"
into the lip is 144 cm. in diameters The specimen is 8.0 mm. thick and
is moderately well finished (p1. lrn)

Vessel rim sherd: A- rim fragment of a steatite vessel, 1-103116,
occurreIei7hT No location was obtained for this specimen.' This

artifact evidently came from a vessel that had been cracked and an attempt.
had been made to mend the pot by drilling holes in the walls of the vessels
One of the holes is biconically drilled while the other is conically
drilled.- Along the edge near one hole arc several notches that may
have served to hold the binding that held the vessel together4 Both
the exterior and the interior are only moderately well finished4 . The
fragment is too small to determine the shape of the entire vessel.'

"Crack sewing", the method of repairing broken vessels of steatite
by drilling holes on both sides of the crack or break and sewing the tff
pieces together is noted in the Santa Barbara coast region by Rosers
and from the southern San J oqquin Valley by Gifford and Schenck .-

WORK IN CHIPPED STONE

Chipped stone of any sort was exceedingly rare in Ker-7h if

it can be assumed that the pieces recovered are a representative percentage.

Pro~ectile pointss  In Burial 4 there were found the tips of

two obsidI rojeM.points,         Because of their fragmentary condition
no type could be assigned them, The lack of any quantity of chipped
stone artifacts may be due to the recency of the burials'  With the
advent of the white man's trade goods the chipping of stone tools.
became unimportant, These artifacts are in the Dorsey Collection.

Flake araperat   Two groups of artifacts that are nothing more

than rathertBiiiiTflIes of obsidian 1used as scrapers, and occasionally
knives, were associated with burials.  One group of twelve specimens,..
1-103111, consists of thin obsidian flakes of various irregular shapes,
These specimens came from Burial 6 on the right side near the ribs,

Only one specimen showed any signs at all of secondary flaking; however,

nearly all edges showed varying degrees of "use retouch", i.d,* the edges
were fractured through use.

The second group consists of two specimens of the same type as
described above , These specimens, 1-103137, were associated with

Burial 4, the burial from which the projectile point fragments wore

recovered*. Several other pieces of obsidian occurred with this burial.,
also, but are not in the UCMA collections.

All of the above flake scraper specimens from the two burials
average approximately 2,5 c4 'in diameter and about 4..O nu thick,

They all appear to have been made from a translucent grey obsidian.

21

The Yokuts from the Tulare Lake rcgion were reported to have

supplied other Yolcuts groups vrith obsidian,  If this were true it is

possible that the lake people got their obsidian from the Coast Range

region to the west. However, since the Yokuts supplied obsidian to the
Chumash and other peoples on the coast it seems the most of the
obsidian used by the Yokuts came from Inyo County.

Quartz crystal: No. 1-103119 is a portion of a quartz crystal that
has boon fractured by percussion, The measurements of this specimen are
2.1 cm* x 1.9 cm. x l,3cm.   No secondary flaking appears on this

artifact.. Traces of red ocher appear on its surface on mne end. Quartz
;cryrstals have also Men noted >y Gifford and Schenck as coming from the
Tulare Lake region.    Walker3 recovered a crystal from a burial at

a depth of 40 inches; there is no location data for 1-103119 described
above.

WFORK IN GROUND STONE

Charmnstone: Cnly one artifact that might be termed a charmstone

was mcv     id rom   Ker-74; it is nove in the Cornelison Collection. This
specimen was associated with the burial from which the chirch medallions
were recovered. The charmstone is of alabaster and is 12'8 cm. long,

6.3 cmo wide and weighs 632 grams. The average width of. the longitudinal
groove is 6,00mm., the average depth of the groove is 2.3 mm. There has
been a slight battering at both ends but not enough to make.it seem that
the regular function of the specimen was as a hammer (Fig. 5a)*

Mortars: One mortar, 1-103147, recovered from Ker-74 had apparently
been br0inYy the land leveling machinery.    Since all of the pieces had
been saved, however, the mortar has been reconstructed,

Maximum diameter ,a,
Maxim= height .....
Sides *.. .;
Cavity:

Diameter. *. .. .
Depth *,.........
Lip .

Rim ..a.........

Bottoni:-

Shape*... **9*es*eo
Thick~ne s's.  .*

Finished , . .. ......
hlatcrial r.,,.',,99J
Condition ..,...

23.0 cm.
17.8 cm*
Convex

18.0 cm.
14.5 cm.

Rounded and thin.

Ca. 10.0 mm. wid9,
wear and breakage.

is undulating due to

Flat or slightly convex.
Ca. 3.0 mm.

Pecked all over.
Sandstone

Complete exeapt for several fragments lost
when specimecn was broken by land leveling
machinery.,

This specimen had been much used though was not worn out, - There
were slight tracos of red ocher on a portion of the walls of the cavity.
There was no location for this piecea,

- 22 -

A second mortar, 1-103146a, is also made of sandstone and had
been slightly damaged when scraped out of the site.

Maximum diamotcr*e*-v  31.0 cm,
Maximum height *#he.* 23.6 cm..

Sides a               Convex-vertical.
Cavity:

Diameter *........  Car 25'5 cm*
Depth . ,    ..  ..Ca4 15#8 cms
Lip * ,* .v..te  . r   Rounded

Rim   ,               Flat and cao 1.5 cm.* wide.,
Bottom:

Shape     .         Conirex to flats
Thickness *.         C a go 8  cm=
Finished *            All over.

Material *c,  .,.     Sandstones

Condition eowavve-s.ows Good except for about a quarter of the rim

which was chipped off before burial and a

portion of the remaining rim which was broken
by the scraper during the leveling of the sites

Thc inside lip of this mortar is worn to form a facet at an angle
to the walls of the cavity. There was no information concerning the
location of this specimen When removed from the sites

Pestles: A pestle, 1-103146b, probably associated with mortar

1-1031467,]isflattish or near ovoid in cross-section and tapers to the
proximal end., The material is a granitic stone that has been rather

well shaped and polished, Its length is 30.8 cme and it has ca.. 8.0 cm.
for a maximum width. As with the above mortar, 1-103146a, there were
no location data obtained for this specimens

Another pestle recovered from this site is in the Dorsey Collection,
It is ca. 20,,0 cm* long, round in cross-section and has rounded endss.
The proximal end has a smaller end diameter than: the distal end,. thus
giving the pestle a taper. This specimen is well formcd and in good
condition. There were no location data obtained for this piece.

DIATOMACEOUS ROCK SLABS

Two rather unique specimens occurred with Burials 1 and 2e. These
specimens wore slabs of diatomaccous rock that had been modified by
scraping, smoothing and paintings,

The larger slab, 1-103134, was found lying on edge on the right

side of Burial 1 near the lower anm* This piece is 35.4 cm*. long, 13.0
cm-, wide at one end and lO6 cm*. wide at the other; it is from 215 to

3) cm, thick.> The surface on one side had been solidly painted with red
ocher and then vertical and horizontal lines were scratched on the surface
leaving the red paint on in irregular squares. On the reverse side there
is at one end a pattern of incised lines (p1. la,b).

Another- spccimen similar to the one dscribed above is 1-1031356.

This artifact was also laid on its edge but in the vicinity of the upper
right lug of Burial 2. This piece is 32,0 cm. long,.l0.0. cm.wide at

onc end and 7.G0 cm. side at the other;- it is approxdnately 10*0. m. thick.
This piece ias beon entirely stained -with red ocher and has #js black
lines extending from one end toward the middle (pl.oc).

The Yokuts obtained diatomaceous earth for white paint from the
Coast mountains. 39 The material for the above described specimens
may have come from this same area.,

FOSSIL MATERIAL

A fragment of a sea shell tentatively idontifiodhO as Anadara
trilineata (Conrad) came from Kcr-74 though no location was obtained
?      tsThis shellfish was rare and doubtful before the Miocene but

abundant from the Pliocene to Recent. This form occurs in the Kettleman
Hills oil field in the Pecten and Trachycardium Zones of the Etchegoin
formation which is Plioceno in ages.

Latta sang that oddities or rare curios had a high trade value

to the. Yokutst.  If this specimon came from the) Kettleman Hills it is
possible that it was picked up by someone on a trading mission to the
coast.

DAT1IIG

Of major importance in establishing dates for Kcr-74 are the
brass military buttons and the glass trade beads. I would here like
to express mny appreciation for the invaluable assistance given me

by Lr. Clement '. Mekighan concerning trade beads and by Mr. Arnold 1.
Pilling concerning the military buttons.

On the basis of common bead types which occur. in Kor-74 and
other sites, the following sites are considered to show a historic

connection with Ker-74.  These sites were subject to some of the same,
trade influences and are presumabJy of the same age,. at least in part*

h,; North Shore Kern Lake.,.Kern County.,
2.  Shasta no. 20.

3* Yoi-13 (Mustang Site).,.
4.X Niios, Alameda C ounty.

5.. Winters Site no.. 3, Sacramento County.
6. Santa Rosa Island Site. no. 24.

7:* Santa Cruz Island Site no. 138..
8.} Goleta Site no4-l.,

9.- Fts-Vaincauvor, Oregon (Hudsonfs Bay )C o).

- 24--

Thus, Ker-74 has soimC of the samc typos of glass beads as do

sites on the Channel Islands which were presumably subject to Spanish
influences. On tho other hand, there is an ovcriap of bead types with
Sha-20 -and Yol-13, both of which appear to postdate the 1849 gold rush
to California. It is with the first three sites given above, however,
that Ker-74 has the greatest number of types of glass trade beads in
common.

From these apparent connections it would secm that the site was

under Spanish trade influences dating back to circa 1810, and that in the
later period, 1830 to circa 1860, the same site was receiving trade goods
from Amcrican or Hudson's Day Company sourcesb The apparent connection
between Ft. Vancouver and Ker..74 is worthy of note as the former was a
Hudson-' s Bay trading post.

Meighan's trade bead typology4i indicates that Burial 7 dates from
1810-1830. Burial 4 is dated between 1830-1860 as indicated by the

association with brass military buttons of knowvn date.*  Burial 9 falls

into the post 1830 period and is thercfore contemporary with Burial 4# Nine
typos of Class beads occurred with P.urial 9, of these nine types five were
in common with Burial 4 and two wore in mamnon with Burial 7,. Of those
latter two types one f?Om, Type 99, is common to all three burials.

Meighan, howcvcr, has found 'hat this bead type, the only one common
to all three burials, is quite widespread and apparently not very
diagnostic for use in datingd

The burial associated With the church medallions quite obviously
post-dated the date of 1830 given on the medallionsv. Complete data

concerning this burial would have been of prime importance in obtaining
valuable information on glass trade beads. The glass beads accompanying
the medallions weru considered of slight importance by the finder and
consequently were not saved,

No date has been assigned to the green glass liquor bottle

that was removed fronm a burial; virtually no data were obtained for this
burial. This bottle could have come equally well from Spanish sources
or from the American period.

CONClUSIONS

-Of the numerous burials scraped out of Keor74 by heavy land

leveling machinery only enough data were obtained from nine to allow

burial rccord forms to be made out.. -Out of the nine burials there wore
three burials with Caucasian manufactured material associated with the,.
It was from those three burials that comparisons and cross-dating with
other sites in California and Oregon was at all feasiblo.  Despite the
lack of proper information concerning these three burials they proved
to be invaluable in aiding in the dating and general study of glass
trade beads found in California.

Caucasian trade articles occurred with both flexed and with

c;:tended burials.  Both flexed and extended burials, also, were associated
with aboriginal material-without any trace of trade material. Depth
infor-Mationi concerning the burials scoms to be of little value since

relative depths arc unkownom Extended burials occurring at a grcater
depth than flexed burials might be interpreted as meaning that with

the introduction of thewhite man's shovel the Indians were able to dig
deeper gravens  The. extended burial itself probably is duo to Christian
influ;ncc; hoi.vrevor, a conservative element continued to bury the dead
in a flexed position even after contact.

Numcrous questions present themselves concerning this Yokuts
Indian cemetery that cannot be adequately answLred due to the lack

of suffticient detailed information. Additional information, very carefully
collected, may at somotimoe in the future be obtained that will be of

considerable scientific aid to those interested in the protohistoric and
historic periods of the aboriginal groups living in the southern portion

of the San Joaquin Valley. Until additional information is made available,
however, Ker-74 may well be considered to be a recent Yokuts cemtexry
with the majority of the burials dating from about the end of the 18th
Ccntury to about Civil War times9

Francis A. Riddell

Departmont of Anthropology
University of California

c

a                              b

m                           n
I

PLATE I

-Specimens from Ker- 74

- 26 -

' NOTES
1 Gayton, 1948, p. 8, map 2*.

2 Kern County site location records of the University of California

Archaeological Surveys

3 Gifford and Sclhenck, 1926, p .29 (Coffee survey notes village)..
4 Ibid-

5 Heizer and Mills, MS, 1949.

6 Kroeber, 1925, pl. 72.; 19 , p.   .-

7 Q'ifford and Schenck, 1926, pp. 49, 101-105; pis. 2, 7-10.
8 Wedel, 1941, pp. 36,109, 110, 116-120, 122, 124-127.
9 VWIalkerx, 1947, pp.. 6, 28*.
10 Latta, 1949,:p. 173.,
11 Meighan, MS, 1950.

12 Walker, 1947, p. 39*.

13 Ibid, p. 36, third string from the left, middle of string.;

14 Gifford, 1947. For type description of all beads and ornaments

see respective sections following.
15 Gayton, 1.948 pp. .232, 276.

16 Gifford and Schenck, 1926. pp. 50, 64; pl. 13.
17.Wedel, .1941. p.38.
18 Sample, 1950, p. .20.

19 Identificaticxi by Sheilagh Thompson., graduate student in the

Department of Anthropology, University of Californiaa.

20 Walker, 1947.

21-22  Identification by Prof. E.W. Gifford, Director of UC1Ao..*
23 See section FOSSIL MATERIALo
24 Gifford. 1947.

25 Wedel, 1941, pl. 27 Ic and n...

26 Gifford and Schenckt 1926, p1.. 15 a-p..

27 -
27  Gifford, 1947.
28 Gifford, 1947.

29 '11redel, 1941, pe 53.
30 Walker, 19350

31 Latta, 1949, pp. 65, 69.
3Z Wedel, locN cit.

33 Rogers, 1929, pl. 68.

34 Gifford and Schenck, 1926, pp. 74-75.
35 Sample, 1950, pp. 20-21.

36 Gifford and Schenck, 1926, p. 392.
37 Walker, 1947, Table 1, p. 10,
38 See section Medallions.
39 Sample, 1950, p. 20.

40 This identification was made by Henry T. +lerlyn, graduate student

in Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley.
41  Latta, 1949, p. 65.
42  Meighan, YiS, 1950.
43  Pilling., MS, 1950.

* 28 *

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gayton, A. He

1948. Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography, University of California

Anthropological Records Volt 10, No, l*
Gifford, E.W,

1947# California Shell Artifacts,  University of California

Anthropological Records, Vol. 9, No. 1,

and W. E, Schenck

1926. Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley, California.

University of Caljfornia Publications in American Archaeology
and Ethnology, Volt 23, No, age

Heizer, R. F. and J. E. Mills

1950. The people of the liountain: the History of Tsurai Village in

Trinidad Bay, 1775-1916, us,
ffoueh, Walter

1889* Fire-Laking A4paratus in the U.S. National 1aiuseum# House

risc. Documents, Vol. 15

Keen, As Myra

1937, An abridged Check List and Bibliography of West North American

Marine Lollusca Stanford University Press,

Kroeber, A. L.

1925. Handbook of the California Indiansa Bureau of American

Ethnology, Bulletin 78.
Latta, FF.

1949* Handbook of the Yokuts IndLans,  Bear State Books, Oildale,

California.
kMeighan, CW*

19504 Occurrence and Distribution of Glass Trade Beads in California, M?*
Filling -Ao R*

1950.  Notes on Several Figured Metal Buttons From California  MS#.

Rogers, P.B.

1929.  Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast.  Santa Barbara

M)seum of Natural IHistory, Santa Barbara, Califonlia*
Sample, L, L,

1950, Trade and Trails in Aboriginal California# University of

California Archaeological Survey, Report Not 8,,
Walker, E&?,

1947. Excavation of a Yokuts Indian Cemetery, Kern County Historical

Society, Bakersfield,. Californian,

Wttedel, W.R,

1941. Archaeological Investigations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County,

California* Bureau of American Ethnology, Bullstin 130.