Reports of the U9NIVERSITY OF&ALIFORNIA LLARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY L.fr No. 8 TRADE AND TRAILS IN ABORIGINAL CALIFORNIA By L. L. Sample Issued September 15, 1950 The University of California ArchaeologIcal Survey Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley 4. California TORADE AND T2AILS IN ADORIGE7TAL CALIFOP111IA CO;TqNTTS Page Introduction . . . . ..*s * , I ... IsI. , . . . . e . . . . 1 Trading customs ..... ... . * ., 3 Articles traded a . , .. I 7 Bibliographic references to trails shovin on map ..... * . X 24 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . e * e e * * * * * 2 ILLIJST'AT IONS Indian trails and trade routes in California . . . . . . . after page 23 it. x. if *0 *t i M' R DITLRO,0DUCTION This preliminary report does not cover fully the data on Indian trade in California, It may show, however, that the study of native trade is an important approach to the study of aboriginal culture contact in Californi.a. The trails are lines of direct diffusion and culture may spread rapidly along these routes. Charting of material traded betworeen particular tribes as obtained from etihnograohic and historical sources may help the archaeologist analyze sources of artifact materials found in sites. Trade as described in this paper represents the situation as it existed at the time of Caucasian discovery and during the early period of contact. This means a different time period for northern, central-, southern, and sierral California, each explored at different times. Some of -,;he trade mentioned is undoubtedly very old. It is possible, also, that some was stimulated by the presence of white traders and highly valued white mants goods. Wherever the circmastances point to its being a late development, these facts are pointed out. As can be seen from the map, trails covered all of California. The dotted lines are used to showre probable routes. On a map of thlis small scale the trails are necessarily d-agramralatica'l. An accurate representation of these trails plus minor ones has been drawn on a 5:5O0,000 projection of Cclifornia and depositod in the office of the University of California Archaeolondical Survey for reference. The complete mapping of trails is ilnpo-rtant to the study of culture history and diffusion in California. LMriads of Indian trails crisscrossed each other in the valleys of California. Early travelers were often confused bry the multitudo of choicos; they needed and used Indian guides to show the correct paths. George GibDbs, with Colonel Redick RicKee's expedition in 18F1, became l-ost on the way bet'vcr~n Sonoma and Humboldt Bayr even with a guide: "We halted for half an) houi , while the ruide sought a route; no easy thing in a country presenting such an endlcss succession of hills and cut up everywhere by Indian and deer tralls."1 1 See notes, D. 6 - 2 - The trails in the sierra regions followed natural passes. K~any trails were wide and worn a couple feet deep from long use. They could be traced long after the Indians hadc gone and tihe paths were abandoned0 They seem to have gonc in straight lines--the shortest route to the dcstination--without detouring for mountains in the way, Ste-phen Poiwters says in speaking of the 7ailaki that tilme and again he wondcered wthyr trails went over the hi.,heost part of the nountaJns. le finally aeciced that the elevated points provided lookout-stations fori observing the nmovzemcnts of enemics. He describes Indian trails as runiiing, along streams whVrc thc whole face of the country was wooded. In somewhat open coLuntry, they ran along the ridges, a rod or tw-,ro below the crest--on the south side of the crest if the ridge trended east and west, on the cast side if it trended north andn south0 The west or north side of a hill is more thickly wooded; on open ground the traveling was easier, and the Indian could not be surprised either by their enemies or by wild anim als. Trawls wern marked in various ways, It has often been suggested that p~ictograjlhs were used to show the route or mark the way, h>!allery says that pictographs are found at or near the origin of all the trails in the Santa Barbara region and that a pictograph in Azusa canyon between San Gabriel Valley and the iiohave Desert refers to the course of the trail through the canyon0 3 This explanation of pictographs has never been adequately proved, how- cver. Sometimes piles of twigs or cairns of stone along a trail have been called markers. Powers says that branches and twigs piled at the junction of Yurok trails sometimes accumulated in heaps several feet high. Every Indian passing deposited a twig on the pile0 The Yurok could not explain the significance of this custom. It may have been a gesture to luck such as was the Yurok custom of shooting arrows at certain trees on the trail1+h YIhen Gibbs asked the Indians along the Klamath about stones piled three or four high beside the trail he was told that they were built only for amusement of idlers. According to 3arrett arid Gifford, the Miivwok sometimes marked an obscure trail by throwing sticks domn; in the treeless high Sierra Nevada, they were supposed to mark the trail over the rocks with pine nced'essr Powers says that the Z'iwok would also hang up a dead sk:unkr beside a diffi'cu't trail and let the scent guide the traveler. He rmaintains he saw tAis hilrise1ft6 -- 3 - TRADING CUSTOMIS The Yurok of northwe stern Ca'lifernia preferred canoeing to other forms of travel and were, consequently, better acquainted with the Huo a and' Karok up the Kilamath River than -ith the Tolowa just north on the coast. The il-upa of`L the lower Trinity Riv-r traded chiefly with the YuroLk4 They had products very sii ilar to the Karok and had little intercourse with the Wiyot, Nongatl or 1.Vintun.d The Bear River Athapascans did not trade mulch with the 'i~ailaki and Sinkyone because they had troubles with theme According to one of Nlomland's inYformants the liailaki made a special kind of poison that the Bear River people did not know and people who went into this territory were liable to be poisoned and die in a week or two. The Bear River people seeum to have traded mostly with the Hupa although these were farthest away from Bear River territory.9 Between the Sinkyone and northern Athapascans there wore steep mountains; to the south there were natural passes giving easy access to the Kato and Yukio This may account somewhat for the lack of trade betwTeen the Sinkyono and northern Athapascans. Most Yuki trade was vdth peoples to the south; hostility was felt toward the northern groups. TIhe Coast Yuki would not go through Wailaki territory although they were friendly with the Sin'kyo.nc10 The Yuki were friendly with the Wv'Jailaki but did little trading with them, perhaps because of a lack of desirable trade material which thel Uiailaki could1 offer. The Round Valley Yuki made periodic trading trips to the Russian River. They did not, however, often cross thelJoast Range barrier to trade with the Wintun of the upper Sacramento Valley. The WIlappo of Napa Valley traveled to the coast at least oncr a year taking about twro days each way. In spring and summer thleoy made' trips to Clear Lake and to St. Ielena for trading purposes.3 The Pomo were xternsive traders; they made long,? trips within their territory and as far south as Boderra Bay on the coast. Clear Lake was open to visitors anCL these included: the Matuho anid Potter Valley Pomo groups; Cache Creek Patwin, and Coyote Valle .iwok to Lower and East Lakes; Long Valley Patvlin to Shigom and Upper Lakes The Ponlo area wTas the principal source of clam shell beads and magnesite cylinders for northern California. There are more beads found in sites along the north side of San Francisco Bay than in the sites along the south Bay.15 The Pomo, therefore, probably supplied the northern San Joaquin Mivrok, also, It is known that the 11ivok made trips to Monterey and an informant of Miwok ancestry claimed that they got abalone shell from Monterey. 16 Yokuts friends sometimes traded to the Mfivvuk to the north a string of clamshell disc beads. The Nez Perce Indians of southeastern Washington visited California in the first half of the 19th century coming along the Walla WTalla trail (shown entering California at Goose Lake, following down the Pit River and Hat Creek to the Sacramento River). Plains influence may have reached northeastern California along this trade route. Kroeber suggests that these influences diffused down the Columbia, up she Deschutes River, and over the divide into the drainage of Klamath M4arsh.17 There was a trail up the Deschutes (the one used by Peter Skene Ogden in 1827) which may have reached California. Intercourse with the Klamath Lake people, however, was evidently slight for all California tribes, although the Shasta traded with them to some extent. It seems more likely that Plains influence should have come from the cast directly from the most Plains-ized of the Plateau tribes, thc Nez Perce, rather than throughl the less Plains-ized Columbia tribes. The Achomawi served as middlemen in the trade between the ;7intun arid the LHodoc and Paiute. The Wintun had shell beads wanted by these northeastern people. The Mliaidu traded chiefly with the Wintu. The Nisenan (Southern Maidu) had little trade relations with the Mfaidu, -iwok, or Ylash-o excepting - 4 - those at the head of the south fork of the American River. while crossing the summit of the Sierras in this gcgion while it was still winter, Fremont found 5.Washo crossing to the west. The Paiute carried trade articles to the laliwok, to the 5frWestern Mono (b;onachi) and to the Yokuts, Theo Miono Ugly occasionally went east across the Sierras to the Owens Valley Paiute, but they made trips to the Yokuts trading their own products and those obtained from the Paiute. T. J. Mayfield, who grew up with Yokuts, maintained that, the Yokuts and Milono being essentially unfriendly to one another, the trading was carried on by a few members who made a business of ite The Miwok and Yokuts made trips into Costanoan territory to trade; the Yokuts also traveled to the Salinan and Chumash on the coast. The Tubatalabal went as far cast as Randsburg on the Mohave Desert, southwest of Tejon and west to the Chumash area around Ventura, and to Tulare Lake. The Chumash may have come occasionally as far as Tubatalabal territory.21 Mason says that "numerous items make it appear that the Salinan Indians made trips to the Tulare Lakes as well as receiving those people as visitors.22 The coast people probably did return the visits of some Yokuts tribes, but these trips appear not to have been continuous or regular.23 The Salinans were enemies of the Costanoans on the n th and, according to Kroeber, were too far away from the Chumash for trading. It is also possible that the products of these two coastal peoples were enough alike that the interior Yokuts articles held greater trade value to both. In the far south the Kamia and Diegueno visited each other regularly4 The Eastern Diegueno living in the mountai s, usually came in the cold season when they were running low on food. 5 The Yumas wandered extensively up and down the Colorado. They traveled to the territory of and received visits from Halchidoma, Liohave, Yavapai, and Papago. Some of the longest trips in California were made by the Mohave traveling to the California coast to trade with the Chumash, to the lower San Joaquin Valley to trade with the Yokuts, into Arizona to trade with the Yavapai and others. They were the distributors of Southwest material in California. Trade between southern California and the Southwest has been demonstrated archaeologically. Pacific coast shells have been found in Pueblo ruins. According to Brand, nine species of shells found in 132 Southwestern archaeological sites could have come only from approximately what is now the Southern California coast,2-7 This trade was already important by 900 A. D. (some trading may havc taken place earlier) as inferred from dating of Southwestern sites in which Pacific Coast Haliotis ER. and Olivella biplicata are found and from dated Southwestern pottery sherds foun ific Coast shell mounds,28 Grooved axes of Southwestern origin have been found in the Santa Barbara Channel region and sporadically as far north as the Oregon line.29 An interesting archaeological specimen is a Glycymeris shell bracelet found in Orange County, Southern California& Glycymeris shell was a Gulf of California shell traded into Arizona. A. Woodward says that the carving on the Orange County specimen is reminiscent of Gila Valley work.30 That the coast Indians were in contact with the Colorado River tribes is documented in historic sources. The Spanish mission padres were constantly hearing Coast Indian rumors of white, bearded and armoured men to the cast, Cabillo in 1542 was told by the Chumash that armed and mounted men were seen to the east- a reference, with little doubt, to the Coronado expeditionary force, Garces in 1776 was told by Mohave Indians that they would gladly guide him across the desert-- they were used to making the trip to the coast. On the trip along the Mohave trail, Garces met two groups of Mohave returning from the west with shells. He was amazed to find them making the trip without provisions or weapons to hunt. Without burdens of this kind the Indians said that they could cross the desert in four days. At the edge of the San Joaquin Valley the Mohave guides refused to go north. They said that 315 - they were afraid of the "Nochi tribes." This might indicate that the Indians of Tejon, Kitanemuk or Alliklik, were middlemen in the trade of Eohave and Southwestern goods into the valley. Wlhen Fremont left the San Joaquin Valley in 1846-7, however, there were Colorado River people actually in the Valley trading. Fro Front said that the Indians of the Channel (Serrano) had commerce with the lviohave and other Colorado tribes in their shell beads. At Rincon, he saw an Indian who wore a cotton blanket like those made by the Gila Pimas and decided it came through commerce the coast had with the interior.32 Garces saw this same type of cotton blanket among the Halchidhema and indicated that they also reached the Mission of Monterey. Soldiers from Monterey talking to Tulare Indians about 30 leagues from San Luis Mtission heard-,that the blankets came from the east five days distant * 33 Anza was told in 1774 that the journey from the Yuma country to the Hopi took twelve days. He says that there were many Hpi blankets among the Yumas and that they acquired them from the Siopa.34 Font, on his second expedition, stated that the Yuma had no blankets when he saw them the year before but now they were getting cotton blankets made by the Maricopas and some from the Hopi. He notes the Halchidoma as a source of the supply of Pueblo blankets among the Yuma.35 Forde thinks the Mohave and the Havasupai were the middle-men transmitting Pueblo goods to California*3U It would seem, then, that Southwest products reached California through M1ohave hands. The Halchidoma got the products from Mohave and traded them to the Yuma who passed them through the Kamia of Imperial Valley to the Diegueno. The Mohave carried the articles directly to the California coast and either brought them directly or passed them through intermediaries into the San Joaquin Valley. It seems apparent that in California as a whole east-west trade was more important than north-south trades The ecological differences imposed by seacoast, coast range, interior valley, and sierral environments is probably the answer. Important and long distance trading occurs between p'people having available a surplus of desirable and contrasting products. For example, the valley people always looked to the mountaineers for those articles needing particularly pliable or strong wood--such as cedar and yew bows; the interior depended on the coast for shellse It is interesting that Pomo clam shell discs that came to the Karok and Hupa did not come up the coast but passed east and then westo Dentalia shells from the north found their way roundabout and came to the Yuki from the east, There seems to be a decided break in trade in the Sinkyone-Yuki area. Tho principal traveling here was east to west. The Shasta and Modoc carried their goods toward the west. The Wintun crossed to the Pomo, and the Miwok went to the Costanoan. The Paiute crossed to Western Mono, Western Mono to Yokuts, Yokuts to Salinan and Chumash. Mohave traders traveled to the coast. Travel west to east was mostly sporadic and for short distances. Raw material was traded but oftimes it could be gathered free. Manufactured goods such as bows, arrowheads, beads, baskets, clothing, wore always bartered. The value of goods lay in the labor involved in their manufacture. It is hoped that this information, gathered mostly from ethnographic sources, will help the archaeologist draw conclusions on the sources of trade material in sites, In a final report, the combination of knowledge gained from archaeological site reports with the ethnological material should make a fairly complete and significant contribution on this phase of primitive economics in California, Laetitia Sample University of California Department of Anthropology - 0 - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22a 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Footnotes Gibbs, po 99.* Powers, ge 119 Mallery, 1888-89, p. 355. Waterman9 1920, p. 185. See also Powers, 1877, pp. 382-83. Barrett and Gifford, 1933, pp. 256-7. Powers, 1877. Wlaterman, 1920, pp. 184-5:. Kroeber, 1925, po 132 Nomland, 1938, p. 105 Gifford, 1939, p. 306 Kniffen, 1939, p. 375 owers, 1877, p. 127* Driver, 1936, p. 194 Kniffon, 1939, pp. 361, 375 Schenck and Dawson, 1929, p. 373 Schenck and Dawson, 1929, po 374. Kroeber, 1929, p. 334 Fremont, 1887, pe 333 Gifford, 1932, p, 19 Latta, 1929, p. 15 Voegelin, 1938, p. 52. Mason, 1912, p. 108 Gayton, 1948, p. 9 Kroeber, 1925, po 132 Gifford, 1931, p. 17 Forde, 1931, p. 105 Brand, 1938, p. 5; Colton, 1941, p. 6, adds one more species. Heizer, 1946, p. 191. Heizer, 1941, p. 188 Ashby and Winterbourne, p. 84. Bolton, 1930, Vol. 1, pp. 447 ff. Bolton, 1931, pp. 250, 257 Bolton, 1930, Vol. 2., p. 386 Bolton, 1930, Vol. 2, p. 50 Bolton, 1930, Vol. 4, pp. 52, 73, 103, 109 Forde, 1931, p. 106 - 7 - ARTICLES TRADED TOLOWA Supplied: Received from: According to Druc ker (p. 243) the Tolowa received nine ncodles in trade from the interior. YUROK Supplied to: Karok----------- Hupa------------ canoes of rodwood (Powcrs, p. 47) pipes and bows "prertty bows painted red and blueo (Harringt+on, 1932, 162ff) canoes sinre Hupa lacked redwood, dried seafood speciall surf fish, mussels, salty sca weed, dentalia (Krocbcr, 192., 132; Curt~i.s., Vol. 13 , 8-16)c Wiyot iris fibre rope (Curtis, Vol. 13, 87) Received from: Wiyot----------- S outh- known to have traded an lbinro deer skin. The Wfiyot remembered killing threc such (Loud., 1918 , 250) haliotis shcll ornaments (Krocber, 1925, 25) See: Shasta IK-AK Supplied to: Up Rivrer (Shasta) Dentalia , abalone, salt, seaweed, bowl baskets, open work plates, dipper baskets (Harrington, 1932, 128); prLepared salt (Driver, 1939, 382) (See: Shasta) Received fromr: Up River (Shasta) -- blankets, jumiper secds, b~askct hats which thle Karok used as tobacco mcasures (Harrington, 1932, 128) (See: Shasta) Nongatl--------- salt (originally from Hayfork) (Driver, 1939, 382) Sec: Yurolk - 8 - HUPA Supplied to: Bear R. Athapascans- hill grass with which to make rope, carved pihe nuts for beads (Nomland, i 1938, 105) Receivcd from: Bear Ro Athapascans lWiyot ----------- - angelica root, wild tobacco from Mattole River (considered superior), abalone shell, foodstuffs (Nomland, 1938, 105) other two albino deer skins that WIVyot remembered killing were traded to Hupa (Loud, 1918, 250) Soe: Shasta, Yurok. WIYOT Supplied to: Bear R. Athapascans - canoes, foodstuffs (Nomland, 1938, 105) Sinkyone ------- beads (dentalia?) (Nomland 1935, 165) Received from: Bear R. Athapascans- abalone shell, wild tobacco, foodstuffs, (Nomland, 1938, 105) See: Yurok, Hupa. BEAR RIVER ATHAPASCANS See: Hupa,, WViyot Intratribal trade carried on in canoes, rabbitskin blankets, deerhide blankets, elkhorn purses, bows and arrows, baskets, and food (Nomland, 1938, 106). SHASTA Supplied to: Achomawi ----------dentalia (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131) Karok and other---- Lower Klamath large black and cloudy red obsidian bladcs (Voogclin, 1942, 201); obsidian, deerskins, sugar pine nuts (Dixon, 1907, 436); juhiper beads, Wintu beads, salt (Holt, 312), Klamnath------------ Shasta beads [?) (Spier, 1930, 41) - 9 - Rogue River ---- surplus acorn flour (Dixon , 1907, 436) Wintu dentalia, some obsidian (Dubois, p. 25) green pigment for bow decoration? (Krocber, 1925, 418); deerskins, sugar pine nuts (Dixon, 1907, 436) Received from: Karok et al dentalia, bows -- at least in late times, abalone, cradle frame -- at loast in late times (Dixon, 1907, 435-6); salt., seawveed, baskets of all kinds, tanioak acorns, canoes (Holt, p. 303); olivella (Voegelin, 1942,9 201) Klamath skins and skin blankets (Spicr, 1930, 41) Rogue River ----- dentalia (Dixon, 1907, 426) Wintu---------- acorns, sometimes baskets, clam disk bead currency (Holt, pp. 312, 303); deer hides, woodpecker scalps (DuBois, 25) See: Karok The Konomihu around the forks of the Salmon River in Siskiyou Courntv traded furs and deer skin clothing to the people on the Klamath River in return for dentalia and basketso The Konomihu also traded furs and deer skin clothing to the Shasta further south and east for disk bead. money (Kroeber, 1925, 284) MJODOC Supplied to: Klamath shallow bowl-shaped twined basket called kct'lu ( Spier, 1930, 42) Ruceived from: Pit River People- the baskets traded to the Klamath (Spier, 1930, 42) YANA Supplied to: Achomawi-Atsugewi--- doer hides and buckskins (Gifford and Klimok, p. 91) Atsugewi ----------dentalia (Vocclin, 1942, 201) Wintu -------------salt (Dubois, 25); basket s (Gifford and Klimek, 91) Received from: Achomawi-Atsugewi ------ dentalia (Sapir and Spicr, 1943, 25r5) barbed arrowheads of obsidian with notched base, raw obsidian (Gifford and Klimek, 91, 98) - 10 -0 Atsugewi--------- Maidu Y5iintu - buckskin, arrows, wildcat quivers, woodpecker scalps (Voegelin, 1942, 201) disk beads from people at Chico -- reputed to have come from the ocean, magnesite cylinders? (Sapir and Spier, 1943, 254-5) clam shell disk beads, magnesite cylinders .dentalia from UcCloud River 1Jintun (Gifford and Klimek, 83, 92, 98; Sapir and Spier, 19L43, 255) ACHOMAWI Supplied to: Maidu Modoc -- Paiute ------ Wintu bow and arrow, deur skins, sugar pine nuts?, obsidian, probably green pigment for bows (Kroebcr, 1925, 399) (Dixon, 1905, 201) clam shell beads - probably late (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131) clam shell beads? (Kroeber, 1925, 309) To Surprise Valley Paiute: a kind of sucker, salmon and other dried fish, basket caps for women (a few) a few other baskets, Achomawi sinew-backed bow of young oak, some arrows (Kelly, 1932, 114, 151). furs, bows (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131) salt (Dubois, 25) Roccived from: Maidu ------------- bows and doer hides (Dixon, 1905, 201); clam shell disk beads, salmon, salt, nuts $ of the digger pine (Kroeber, 1925, 399; Curtis, Vol. 13, 131) Modoc furs (Kroobcr, 1925, 309); horses (late), dentalia-originally from Columbia river, (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131) Paiute ----------- sinew, arrowheads, red paint, buckskins, (Surprise moccasins, rabbitskin blankets, various Valley) foods such as ya'pa, hu' nisbui, and hopi' i (Kelley) 1932., 151). Wintu ----------- clam shell beads (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131, 257; Dubois, 26); McCloud Rivcr salmon flour (Dubois, 25) See: Shasta, Yana, Modoc - I1 - The Hammawai about the south fork of the Pit traded skins and meat to their relatives down the Pit for yew bows, clam shcll disk beads, Kniffen, 1928, 304). The Pit people came up and huntod; they left the latter articles in exchange when they went homes ATSUGOETI Supplied to: Maidu -- --- horses to Mountain Li*aidu (Voogolin, 1942, 201) Received from: Ilaidu ---------- clam shell disk beads from the Mountain Maidu may have bean recent (Voegelin, 1942, 201) See: Yana The Atsugewi on Upper Hat Creek (Atsuge) traded with the people from Pit on North to Susan River on south (Aporige). The former gave acorns, and received furs, roots, hides, and meat. The Atsuge traded furs, roots, and meat on the west in return f or yew bows and disk shell money. The Aporige traded sometimes with the people below Fall it ce River giving roots, meat, hides and furs for salmon and disk bcadso They traded the same to the Goose Valley people for yew bowso (Kniffen, 1928, 316). SURPRISE VALLEY PAIUTE Supplied to: Warm Springs ---- sacks of camas and buckskin (Kelly, 1932, 151) Received from: Warm Springs horses (first Paiute horses came from here), ocean shells (haliotis, earrings made from them), white disk beads, and modern beadwork in Plains style (Kelly, 1932, 118 and 151-2) See: Achomawi. MAIDU Supplied to: Patwin ----------- yellowN hammer and woodpecker feathers (Kroeber, 1932, 273) Washo ------------ papam bulbs, acorns and skins (Barrett, 191, 1917, 94; W. Evans and F. Riddell, Field Notes). - 12 - Wintun - Received from: Patwin --- Washo Wintu ------ considerable trade from Wintun to Maidu but what was given in return is not knoi. shell beads (Krocber, 1932, 273) obsidian, pine nuts, skins (Barrett, 1.917, 14; Curtis, Vole 15, 94) clari shell disks, dentalia, magnetite cylinders, woodpecker scalps, yellow hammer feathers, haliotis--clam shell bead most important item, it was broken and strung but not often in a polished form-- (Curtis, Vol. 14, 106 and 109); Dixon, 1905, 141 and 202, Sapir and Spier, 1943, 255). See: Shasta, Yana, Achomawi. The Northwest Uaidu traded broads, pine nuts, salt, and scalmon into the hig7h Sierra for arrows, bows, deer hides, and some food like sugar pine nuts. They also traded woodpecker scalps, yellovrhsammer feathers vwhich they got from the ';vintun and nets and rope snares to these hill-people in exchange for their valuable yew sinew bows. (Curtis, Vol. 14, 106 and 109; Dixon, 1905, 201 and 202). The Honey Lake Maidu gathered tobacco and traded it quite extensively in all directions0 The Northern Maidu esteemed grasshoppers, locusts, crickets and traded thcm in a dried condition. (Dixon, 1905, 184 and 202). NISENAN Received from: Wintun ------------ (Patwin?) shell beads (Beals, 1933, 355) The mountain groups traded to the foothills for salt, game, fish, and roots and grasses of types rare in the mountains, beads, and shellst Their gave in trade black oak acorns which were a greatly desired variety and sugar-pinc nuts. The foothill groups got some of the above from valley groups to whom they also passed on some mountain goods, Yellowhamm.rer scalps were also traded from the mountains and salt up from the valleys. (Beals, 1933, 365) WTINTU Supplied to: Patwin yew bows --sinew and salmon skin backing (Curtis, Vol. 14, 80; Kroober, 1932, 2'74-280) Wailaki ----------- Lassik got obsidian from Hayfork Wirntun (Essene, 1942, 61); Nongatl got salt from Hayfork Wiintun (Driver, 1939, 382); - 13 - some other Wffailaki groups got salt from Stony Crook Wintun (Curtis, Vol. 14, 22) Reccived from': Patwin --------- clamshell disk money (Cubois, pp. 25-6) Yuki clam shell disk beads (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131 and 257), See: Shasta, Yana, Achornawi, Maidu, Nisenan The Valley Wintu traded dricd salmon, clams, shell money to the mountain- cers for bows, arrowheads, manzanita berries, wild flesh, furs. (Powers, p. 235). The McCloud Rivcr WVintu gave thoir salmon for clam shell dick beads, seeds, and acorns of the Bald Hill 'Wintu. The McCloud River WUintu also passed on obsidian that they got from a place on the north sido of Ht. Shasta about sixty miles away (IAodoc?). (Dubois, 25; Redding, 669)v PATWIN Supplied to: Pomo ------------ bows (Kniffen, 1939, 361) Receivod from: Pomo--- clam shell disk beads, magnesite cylinders, salt, obsidian (Kroeber, 1932, 273 and 297); fish and clams (Kniffcn, 1939, 361) See: Maidu, Nisenan, Wintu The River Patwin got coast shells from the hill Patwin in return for passing on the yellowharmnor headbands and woodpecker scalp belts. The hill Patwin scraped salt from stones in certain crocks in the Cortina region and sold it, also tobacco that they gathered along the streams. The river Patwin we-rec said to trade in bear fur. (Kroeber, 1932, 273, 274 and 297). WAILAKI GROUP Supplied to: Inland ---------- Yuki------------ Coast Yuki------ Kato traded salt that they got from Coast Y Yuki on to inland groups (Esscno, 1942,9) very fine bows "too valuable for use," often whole shells (Essene, 1942, 61) Kato supplied the Coast Yuki wVith hazel bows (Gifford, 1939, 334) Received from: North---------- Yukian Huchnom -- Coast Yuki Lassik and Kato got dogs from the north (Essene, 1942, 90) Lassik got clamshells ready-made from the Huchnom late (Essene, 1942, 61) Kato got thin clam shells from coast near West Port -- probably just gathered-- and imported thick clam shells from Usal Coast Yuki; Kato got salt (Esscne, 1942, 9 and 61; Drivcr, 1939 382); Kato got mussels from the Coast Yuki (Gifford, 1939, 332)* See: Wintu The Lassik got ready-made clam shell beads from the Wailaki and the Kato-- probably latc. The Lassik Cot salt from the lWailaki. (Esscnc, 1942, 61, 23, and 9; Driver, 1939, 382). The Kato gave baskets, arrows, and clothing to the Wailaki (Curtis, Vol. 14, p. 4) and received dcntalia (Essenc, 1942, 90). YUKI PROPER Supplied to: Nomlaki-------- Pomo----------- black bear skins to be buried in -- late - $20 or "30 in payment (Powers, 240) furs (Kroober, 1925, 166); beads, baskets,. skins (Foster, 167) Reccived from: Coast Yuki ------ Huchnom-------- salt, f ish (Foster, 167) seaweed and kelp ii clam-shells from Be shells and beads, . salt (Foster, 167; nmsmall quantities, lodega Bay -- both raw sea food, sometimes Essene, 1942, 9, 61) Nomlaki-------- North---------- Pomo----------- possibly obsidian (Foster, 174) dogs (Essene, 1942, 9) clam shell disk mcney (Curtis, Vole 13, 131 and 257); magnesite cylinders, dried haliotis, mussel and seaweed from North Pomo, dentalia from North Pomo of Sherwood and Willits (Kroebur, 1925, 166, 173, 176) moccasins from Sherwood Pomno by a few rich -- probably recent --, salt from StonVford Pomro, clamshells-- raw and in beads -- from Bodcga Bay through Pomo (Foster, 167; Essene, 1942, 9) - 15 - See: Wintu, Wailaki The principle exports of the Yuki wcre dried venison, fish, skins, and rope (Foster, p. 174). Probably much of the Poro material reached the Yuki through the Huchnom as intermediaries. COAST YUKI Supplied to: Pomo------------ Received from: Inland ---------- North----------- Pomo------------ Hinnites gigantous shell (Gifford, 1939, :! 340) buckeye for firedrills (Gifford, 1939, 338) harpoon head of bone known to have been traded--Coast Yuki made own handle --, red obsidian from the northeast (Gifford, 1939, 334, 355)o clam shell disk beads, beads made from hinnites giganteus which Pomo had obtained from Coast Yuki (Giddord, 1939, 340) See: :Wailaki, Yuki proper The Yuki imported redbud baskets, also. (Gifford, 1939, 335) WAPPO Supplied to: Received from: Products traded out not known. Coast Miwok------- North------------ PoMo------------- clams, clam shell disk beads (probably gathered and made some of oven) (Driver, 1936, 194) yellow hammer headbands, sinew backed bows (Hill Patwin?) (Driver, 1936, 194) from Lake county tule mats because poor ones made locally, from Sulphur Bank magnesite cylinders ready made, fish, flint nodules whole from St. Helena (obsidian), clam and abalone shells from coast (Pomo or coast Miwok) (Driver, 1936, 194) - 16 - PO1M Supplied to: Coast Miwok ----- Magnesite, skins, acorns (Kniffen, 1939, 361; Loeb, 1926, 195) Received from: Coast Miwok ----- clam shells (probably gathered a great deal freely) (Kniffen, 1939, 361) See: T'atwin, Yuki, Coast Yuki, Wappo Clear Lake Pomo: These received iris cord for deer snares from the north iEiTrn, 1939, 361)* Since their native backed-bow was of mahogany they also traded for northern yew bows and arrows (Kroeber, 1925, 257). Parties from Sherwood visited the east Lake people yearly bringing bows and arrows. The northeast Pomo were the source of salt for the Lake people and they traded for acorns sometimes from the Russian River people. The source of the highly valued magnesite was in Kai territory a little east of the lake. Lake people might go there and help themselves but more frequently the Kai sold it. Parties went to Bodega Bay (100 miles) in the late summer for clam shells. They got mussels, seaweed, haliotis shells, furs of small seals or possibly sea otters from Pomo of the coast giving them fish acorns, skins, and magnesite. The Clear Lake region had a surplus of magnesite, fish, furs, skins, and sometimes acorns. They needed yew bows, shells for making money, seaweed, and salt. (Kniffen, 1939 360, 361; Stewart, 1943, 43; Kroeber, 1925, 257) Northern Pomo: The northern Pomo gave salt to the Potter Valley people wo- came across the mountains to purchase it. Clear Lake Pomo sometimes come to get salt. The northern Pomo got some clamshell from Shelter Cove in Athapascan territory. (Kroeber, 1925, 236, 248). In this northern area the coast people provided clamshells and the interior people furnished red bud for basketry (Essene, 1942, 21) and apocynum, Indian hemp, (Gibbs, 173). The Mato of the Northern Poro got their bead money already made and magnesite cylinders from the Ukiah Indians. The Mato also got obsidian points from Lake county. Other northern Pomo (the Masut of Calpolla went to Lake County for obsidian and magnesite. (Stewart, 1943, 34, 36, 78) Central Pomo: The Cokoa Pomo just south at Hopland took pinole or acorn fFo toheBokeya of Point Arena and exchanged it for dried sea food. They got fresh seafood and salt free. They went to Bodega Bay for whole shells and got obsidian and unbaked magnesite and lake fish from Lake Pomo, The Point Arena people (Bokeya) got shell beads, magnesite money and obsidian from the East (Lake Pomo) and gave sea food, acorns, berries, pinole seed, deer??. The Makomotcemi Pomo of Cloverdale got salt and sea food from Stewart's Point (Southwest Pomo) free and did not pay for clamshells at Bodega. They also procured obsidian and magnesite from Lake county.. (Stewart, 1943, 38, 46, 49, 52). Southern Pomro: The Bitakontara Pomo of Santa Rosa went to Bodega Bay to get clamshells and made their own bead money, but they bought magnesite cylinders from the east (Stewart, 1943, 53). The southern - 17 - Pomo also got arrowhead material ithen they went to the lake (Kniffen, 1939, 385-8). The Kacha Pomo of the north Russian River region were able to get obsidian in Potter Valley without cost, They also got specially made sinew-backed yew bows from the Elk River and Round Valley Indians. They were used as war bows or for big game and were made especially to suit the taste of the Russian River people* (Kniffen, 1939, 378) COAST MIVOK Traded clam shells and clam shell disk beads to the Pomo (Curtis, Vol. 13, 131, 257). See:--Wappo and Pomoo MIWo'OK Supplied to: Paiute 1,Vran sho --------- Yokuts acorns (Taylor, H. J., 1); clam shell beads, baIskets, arrows (Barrett and Gifford, 193, 221X-5); manzanita berries, sow berries (Steward, 1933, 257) acorns, shell bcads (clamsholl), baskets (E< (Barrett and Gifford, 193); rc dbud bark for wreft and serving material for product- ion of geometric designs in baskets, bunch soap-root fibers used for brushing back scattered meal into mortar and for dressing hair, manzcanita berries (Barrett, 1917,9 14) baskets, bows and arrows (Barrett and Gifford, 270) Received from: Costonoan North----------- Paiute---------- the people of Monterey Bay allowed the Miwok to make journeys to get olivolla. shells (Barrett and Gifford, 251f) clam shell disk beads and a few magnesite cylinders (Curtis, Vol. l4, 131) raw obs dian (Taylor, E. J., 51; Clark, G., 22-D);salt came in solid blocks from mines two days travel fron foot, of Mono Lake (Clark, G. 22-3; Barrett and Giffiord,9 1933, 255); obsidian points for arrows and fish spears (Curtis, Vol. 14, 131; Barrett and Gifford, 255); sinew.' backed bows (La+tt, 1929, 16); rab'it skin blankets, pinon nuts, buffalo skins (Barrett and Gifford, 193, 221, 25.); pupae of certain kind of fly breeding on shores of Miono Lake, nuts of pinon pine, P. monophylla, which wcs considered superior to digger or sugar pines - 18 - So uth (Yokuts?) Wffasho Yoikuts - - (Clark, G., 44, 46); baskets, red paint, white paint (Steward, 1933, 257) olivella disk beads (Miwok usiutnally import- ed but sometimes made own), not consider- ed as valuable as clam shell beads ( (Barrett and Gifford, 252f) pinon nuts, salt, rabbit skin blankets, buffalo skins (Barrett and Gifford, 1933, 193, 221); dried fish from Lako Tahoe (Curtis, Vol. 15, 95) probably dogs as pups, rare (Barrett and Gifford, 1933, 270) The Central M.ivwok in the foothills near Knights Ferry got digger pine nuts from people in the higher hills in exchange for certain seeds. They dried fish and traded them to the mountain people still higher up for salt. The Mountain Miwok produced the bows, It was the M.1ountain Miiwok wvho traded witih the Paiu-te. (Powrers, 352). WAS HO See: Maidu, Miwok VWEST MONO Supplied to: acorns, willowbark baskets, bead money. (Gayton, 1908, 56, 159); besides these they furnished the Owens Valley Paiute with manzaritca berries (Steward, 1933, 257) and salt (Steward, 1934, 437); buckskin, clam shell disk and tubular shell money, Yokuts baskets, canes for arrows,9 acorn flour, tobacco (Gayton, 19489 228, 259) (foothill Yokuts) rabbit skin blankets, mocassins, rock salt, red and blue paint, aind pine nuts which they got from the Paiute (Gayton, 1948, 159); Choinimni bought all sinew-backed bows from t-.-onachi" aind took them back to the Mon-chi for repairs (Gayton, 1948, 146). Most Yokuts bows came from the MoIJno (Gaylton, '948t, 73). Yokuts----------- Received from: Paiute----------- rabbit skin blankets, moccasins, rock salt, red and blue paint, sinew backed bows, Jerked deer meat, pine wood "hot rock liftors" (Gayton, i.948 , 56, 1) 159); nuts of digger pine, sugar pine, - 19 - and the pinon, baskct water bottles waterproofed with pitch (Gifford 1932, 21-6); obsidian, including the "poisonous " variety, buck.skins (Stewnrd, 1933, 257 ); baskets, mountain sheep skins, sleeveless buckskin jacket sewn up sides, leggings of foxskin cured with fur on, unfinished obsidian arrow.heads (Gayton, 1948, 214, 258). (foothill Yokuts) bead money, tule house mats (G-ayton, 19448, 55); baskets, tobacco, baked freshwater oyster shell (Gayton, 19488, 228, 259). Yokuts OWENS VALLEY PAIUTE Supplied to: Yokuts- lots of obsidian (Latta, 19)!9, 64) number of things through W'rest IMono qev,; not rock lifters (Gayton, 1948, 79) Reccived from: ,r -"T: Yokuts ----------- (through IWest Miono) acorns, -villowbark baskets and bead moncy, tobacco (Gayton, 1948); deer skins, aintelope skins, elk skins, stoatite, salt and good baskets (Latta, 1949, 64) ) See: Mi'vwok , Wlest Mono The Owens Vaalley Paiute traded some into t1he Great Basin. They got yellow paint from the cast, red paint and white paint used on baskets from Ne4vada Paiute, black paint also, pottery from Big, Pine, and salt from Saline Valley. In exchonge they gavte shell moncy and foodo (Stcward, 1933, 257, 266, 276, 277) TUBATULABAL Supplied to: Chumash ---------- pinons (Voegelin, 1938, 52) Yokuts ------------pinens (Voegelin, 1938, 52) Received from: Chumash --------- Yokuts --- steatite, horses (late), shell cylinders and other shell beads, collected nsphalt and fish while at coast trading (Voegelin 1938, 23, 52)& shell money, certa in varieties of acorns (Voegelin, 1938, 23, 52) - 20 - In winter the Tubantnlhbal exchanged dried meat intratribally. They also traided yellowhimnonr bands back land forth. (Voegelin, 1938, 52). YOKUTS Supplied to: Coast in general -- obsidi n, fish, salt grass salt, some seeds Chumash ----------obsidian (Latta, 1949, 66) Monterey Costanoan - pinon nuts (Pilling, Mis.) Received from: Coast in general -- Ywivlumne, Tulare Lake Yokuts, Chunut, Wovwol all went tUo coast and got abalone Shells, shlell money and unworked shells, fish (Gayton, 194t8, 7, 9, 14); clam, olivclia (Latta, 1949, 275) Chumash --------- San Luis Obisbo: abalone and clam1 shells (Curtis, Vol. 11h, 154); aIsphlaltum (Latta, 1949 9 65); Liorro bay,; aban7lonc shell, Pismo clam, keyholc limpet, ..and pcriwinkle shells (Latta, 1949, 65). Monterey Costanoan -salt in a.balone shells, abalones collect- ed a^,nd dried, mussels (Pilling, Ms.) Inyo county -------mineral salt and obsidian (L-atta, 1949, 65) Salinan -----------(Salinan on Cholam-nc Crock) raw shell and various typcs of shell money (Gayton, l948, 79 9) See: Miwok, VWest Mono, Owens Valley Paiute Yokuts tribes kept up considerable trade among themselves: vWth roots (Blandis claditun root, sword fern root, etc.), herbs, seeds, redbud wood, red, black, white, and ycllow paint, salt from salt grass and sallt-weed ashes. The river people traded blackberries to people back on the plains. Steatito was mined by the Yokodo Yokuts near Lindsay Peak and traded to tribes all over the San Joaquin. (Latta, 1949, 65, 69). The foothill Yokuts traded deer meat, oak wood, stone mortars, and pestles, bow, fire and digging sticks, salt and fine baskets to the valley in exchange for bead money. The northern foot hill Dumna got plain bows from the Kechayi or Pasgisa, also sinevw-backed bows, The Vfukchumno got white paint (diatomacious) from theo Yokutos in the Coast mountains. Shells canc through intcrvening tribes to the Valley Yokuts in exchange for bows, fire and digging sticks, sa1lt and baskets. The Central foothills informant said that natural obsidian was obtained from the lake pcople; if this w,uc-sc. American Antiquity 2: 390-3U2. narly Histor-y of Mllono County. California Historical Society q5uarterly, 26:233-248. Indians of tihe Yosenite . Pioneer Days of Oregon History. Pcrtland. 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