ANTHROPOLOGICAL RE CORDS 20:4 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TWO SITES AT EASTGATE, CHURCHILL COUNTY, NEVADA L. WAGON JACK SHELTER BY ROBERT F. HEIZER AND M. A. BAUMHOFF II. EASTGATE CAVE BY ALBERT B. ELSASSER AND E. R. PRINCE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1961 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TWO SITES AT EASTGATE, CHURCHILL COUNTY, NEVADA I. WAGON JACK SHELTER BY ROBERT F. HEIZER AND M. A. BAUMHOFF II. EASTGATE CAVE BY ALBERT B. ELSASSER AND E. R. PRINCE ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 20. No. 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Editors (Berkeley): J. H. Rowe, D. H. Hymes, R. F. Murphy Volume 20, No. 4, pp. 119-150, plate 25, 10 figures in text, 1 map Submitted by editors June 8, 1961 Issued November 15, 1961 Price, $1.00 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America PREFACE The two reports presented here detail our findings in a small rock shelter and a nearby cave in eastern Churchill County, Nevada. The archaeological field party consisted of the four authors. The summer of 1958 was spent surveying for open and cave sites in western and central Nevada. Surface materials were collected, a large number of open and closed sites were located, numerous petroglyph sites were recorded, and test excavations were made in various sites. Although we knew something about the archaeology of western Nevada in 1958, the available information dealt mainly with particular areas, and for many of the intermontane valleys in this part of the state there was no information whatsoever on record. Our reconnaissance was made with the aim of determining something of the nature and distribution of sites and what the opportunities might be for future excavation. We learned that the majority of sites consist of a surface scat- tering of camping debris, and that archaeological sites with deep trash deposits are very rare. One of the few campsites which appeared to offer any promise of a substantial thickness of deposit was the rock shelter fill (partly removed by road building) at Eastgate, which in the University of California Archaeological Survey records is designated as site 26-Ch- 119. While engaged in excavating here we did some work in the nearby closed site, Eastgate Cave (site 26-Ch-36). Archaeological reports now in preparation on the large open site at Humboldt Lake (site 26-Ch- 1) and on the rock shelter along the lower course of the South Fork of the Humboldt River (site 26-El-11) will amplify the conclusions drawn in the present reports. This report is one of a series aimed at making available the results of research carried out under the direction of R. F. Heizer with support of the National Science Foundation (Grants G-3917, G-7013). [ iii ] CONTENTS I. The Archaeology of Wagon Jack Shelter, by Robert F. Heizer and M. A. Baumhoff Introduction ......... 119 The Site ..... 121 The Age of Wagon Jack Shelter Deposit .................................. 121 Artifacts Recovered ...................,,,,,,,,,,,,, 123 Projectile points ................................................... 123 Rose Spring Corner-Notched, 123; Eastgate Expanding-Stem, 123; Desert Side-Notched, 128; Eastgate Split-Stem, 128; Elko Corner-Notched, 128; Elko Contracting-Stem, 128; Elko Eared, 128; Humboldt Concave-Base A, 128; Rose Spring Contracting-Stem, 128; Cottonwood Triangular, 128; Unnamed type: Narrow blade point, 128; Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped, side-notched points, 128; Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped points, 128; Stratigraphic relationships of projectile points, 129 Knives. ......,........,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, . . 131 Corner-notched blades ... ...... 131 Drills ......... 134 Scrapers ................ ,....... 134 Ground stone .134 Bone implements ......................,,........................... 134 Faunal Remains ..............................................,...... 134 Structural Remains ., 137 Bibliography ............................................................ 138 II. The Archaeology of Eastgate Cave, by Albert B. Elsasser and E. R. Prince Introduction ........ 139 The Deposit and its Excavation in 1958 .139 Description of Artifacts .. 141 "Shaman's Bundle" .................... . .. . .......... 141 Hinged-stick Snares ,.... 142 Basketry Fragments ...,... .........,,,,,,,, 144 Child's Skin Moccasin ................... .. ......................... 144 Bored Antler Base ............................ 145 Worked Antler Fragment ................................,,..,..,,.. 145 Hide Thong ......................... , , , , ............. 145 Mano .......,,,,,,,,,,............,,,,,,,,,,,, . 145 Obsidian Projectile Point ......................... 145 Blade or Knife .. .................... 145 Haliotis Pendant .......... ............. 145 Miscellaneous , .......,,............. 145 Summary .... 146 Bibliography ,..,.... 146 Plate ......................149 I v ] THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WAGON JACK SHELTER BY RO)BERT F. HEIZER and M. A. BAUMHOFF nut halfway between Fallon and Austin in cE ada is Edwards Creek Valley, bordered on tt by the Clan Alpine Range and on the eas ,atoya Range. Highway U. S. 50 crosses Ed ek Valley near its southern end, entering i the west through a gap in the Clan Alpir s called Westgate, passing between two bu valley floor at Middlegate, and exiting int( patoya Mountains through Eastgate (or Gibr , as it was called in 1859 by Capt. J. H. hough Westgate and Middlegate are perhaps Lently spectacular to merit their special ap] tgate is a magnificent gap with vertical wE ,hundreds of feet in the air and a floor wh apson said, "is about 50 feet wide and of c] racter." Near the west mouth of the gap, in the roc feet above the valley floor, there is a sma stgate Cave, excavated in June, 1958 and r separately), and on the valley floor itself E Inst the wall of the canyon is a small rocd i about 3 feet of midden deposit. The rock also excavated in June, 1958, and is the the present report. We call it Wagon Jack pr a Shoshone Indian who used to be the le rabbit drives in Smith Creek Valley, the r ley east (Steward, 1938, p. 105), and who iE pe camped here,while working at the old ra ptgate about 1900. Edwards Creek Valley is a typical central ley. Its scant precipitation (less than 10 in r) supports only sagebrush as a year-roun rer, although a variety of grasses grow the seasons. The elevation of the valley aver about 5,000 feet above sea level, but the p on either side rise to heights of 11,247 n Alpine) and 9,972 feet (Desatoyas). The ration is associated with heavier precipitat pequently the vegetation is much more abu Iluxuriant in the mountains, especially in t eyas. The lower slopes of the mountains h e8 of juniper; at higher elevation there are pinions as well. Water is nowhere abundar there are occasional springs even in the I on the higher slopes the springs feed smE streams which, in prehistoric times, flow sink in the dry valley but which are today agricultural purposes. Simpson (1876, p. 1 such a stream encountered in 1859 after a rch from Carson Lake: "Ten miles from M e reach, near base of Se-day-e Mountain, pimg brook of icy-cold, pure water, which d Spring, and which after running a few hu s, sinks. A more refreshing drink than I i this brook after the parched, wearisome lt night I believe I never had." Near theE INTRODUCTION entral streams, brush and grass grow in abundance-such l the areas must have been important sources of both plant it by the and animal food in aboriginal times. wards The aboriginal inhabitants of Edwards Creek Valley the valley are usually reckoned as Northern Paiute or Paviotso. ne Moun- Simpson says (1876, p. 80), "On our return we ascer- ttes on tained that the Pe-er-re-ah range [the Toiyabe Moun- D the tains, 30 miles east of the Desatoyas], which we altar crossed on the 28th, is the boundary between the Sho- Simpson). sho-nee Diggers (or what has been called, as I think ; not suf- erroneously, the Pah-utes) and the Pi-utes." Alexander pellations, S. Taylor (California Farmer, June 26, 1863) wrote, alls ris- " The aboriginees of the Reese River country consist iich, as of the Shoshone nation, divided into many subordinate hampaign tribes, each having a distinctive name and occupying a tract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square. k some Their country is bordered on the west by the Pi-Utes, .11 cave the Edward's Creek Mountains, some 20 miles west 'eported of Reese River, being the dividing line. On the east and up it extends to Ruby Valley, where it joins on the terri- k shelter tory of the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their neigh- shelter bors on the northeast." Steward (1938, p. 100), however, subject gives the Desatoyas as the Paiute-Shoshone boundary Shelter but says that "a good many Paiute lived in Ione Valley ader of where they had intermarried and some Shoshone had next settled with the Edwards Creek Paiute." We may con- s said to clude, then, that the Edwards Creek Valley people nch at were mainly Northern Paiute speakers. The question, in any case, is not crucial to the archaeology, since Nevada the culture of each group was about the same, espe- ches per cially along their mutual boundary. d ground The historic peoples of the region lived in typical re in Great Basin fashion, wandering seasonally to areas ages yielding harvests of wild seed crops and game, and moun- settling during the winter at a village which would feet ordinarily be occupied year after year. Steward (1938, greater p. 103) lists two such villages in Edwards Creek Valley. ion, and The first is "Wanahunupi (wana, net or string) on ndant a creek on the eastern side of the valley." The creek the De- referred to here is probably Cold Spring Creek, men- ave quan- tioned by Simpson in the passage quoted above. This numer- creek was visited by the writers in June, 1958 and nt here, the considerable flow then in evidence indicated that valley, the stream would have provided a water supply suffi- all peren- cient for a winter village. The Pony Express built a red out station near the stream in 1860-the remains of its husbanded stone buildings are still very much in evidence. Higher L06) speaks in the mountains, on the banks of the same stream, 40 mile there is evidence of a pine-nut camp used by Indians liddle in the present century. a small The second village is "Acamudzi'i, near a little I call mountain southeast of Alpine." This may have been at indred Middlegate-the middle gate itself is between small obtained mountains or buttes and there is a spring nearby which travel would have provided water for a winter village. Middle- se small gate was evidently valuable in certain seasons for its [ 119 I ll ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS seed crops. Simpson notes (1876, p. 106) that on June 30, 1859, "There are several families of Pi-utes at this Middle Gate, collecting grass seeds, which they separate from the husks by first rubbing the heads lightly under stones and then winnow, by throwing it up in the wind. Afterward they convert it into flour by rubbing it by hand between stones." Middlegate was also known to have been used as a hunting area. Simpson (1876, p. 83) says, "On reach- ing our camping-place, which I call the Middle Gate, saw a naked Indian stretched out on the rocks at an angle of about 20 degrees. He was so much of the color of the rocks as to escape our notice for some time. On being aroused he looked a little astonished to see so many armed men about him, but soon felt assured of safety by their kind treatment. He seemed particularly pleased when he saw the long string of wagons coming in, and laughed outright for joy. I counted twenty-seven rats and one lizard lying about him, which he had killed for food. He had with him his appliances for making fire. They consisted simply of a piece of hard greasewood, about 2 feet long, and of the size or smaller than your little finger in cross- section. This was rounded at the butt. Then a second flat piece of the same kind of wood, 6 inches long by 1 broad and 1/2 thick. This second piece had a num- ber of semispherical cavities on one of its faces. With this piece laid on the ground, the cavities uppermost, he placed the other stick between the palms of his hands, and with one end of the latter in a cavity, and holding the stick in a vertical position, he would roll it rapidly forward and back till the friction would cause the tinder, which he had placed against the foot of the stick in the cavity, to ignite. In this way I saw him produce fire in a few seconds." No ethnographic winter village is reported to have been near Eastgate at the location of Wagon Jack Shelter. Steward obtained the Northern Paiute name for Eastgate (Diit:sofe'a) and presumably in so doing would have learned of any village his informant might have known. The rather considerable accumulation of midden at Wagon Jack Shelter indicates that the site was at one time occupied with regularity, although possibly not in the historic or protohistoric periods. Aside from very recent beer bottles and tin cans in the surface layers, no evidence of historic Indian occu- pation was found in the excavations. The first white men were in Edwards Creek Valley at least by the 1850's and possibly earlier. Simpson's visit in 1859 is the earliest of which there is a cir- cumstantial published account, but he indicates that others had been there before him. Simpson says (1876, p. 78), "The valley in which we are encamped, as well as its creek, I call after Mr. Reese, our guide, who, with two other men, discovered it some years since in their peregrinations between Salt Lake City and Car- son Valley . . . . Mr. Reese is now, for the first time, on ground he has been once over, but confesses it has been so long ago it does not appear familiar to him." Reese had thus been over the ground between Reese River and Carson Valley, including Edwards Creek Valley. He had been one of the founders of the Mor- mon community of Genoa, Nevada, and on his way back to Salt Lake City in 1854 had gone through the terri- tory in question. Angel (1881, p. 37) says, "From the files of that paper [the Mountain Democrat] it appears that in 1854 Colonel Reese, accompanied by a Sergeant and three men, pioneered a new, farther south, and shorter route, from Salt Lake to Carson Valley, than had heretofore been travelled." This was to have b a mail route. The mail had previously come from Camp Floyd, south of the Great Salt Lake, eastwan to Ruby Valley, thence northwest on the Hastings ci off down the valley of the South Fork of the Humb to the main Humboldt near Elko, and from there fo lowed the California trail to Carson. It appears th the Reese party went east from the Carson Valley the route of the present U. S. Highway 50 as far as Reese River, and from there went north to Battle tain on the Humboldt (if they had not swung to the Reese would not have been on unfamiliar ground he was guiding Simpson between Ruby Valley and Upon returning to Salt Lake City, Reese and his appear to have suggested the more southerly ro better suited for carrying mail, and the War De ment responded by sending a party of the Topogr cal Engineers, under Simpson, with orders to M systematic survey of the new route. Simpson's p proceeded west from Camp Floyd to Ruby Valley then turned southwest to intercept the Reese Rive the present city of Austin. From there it procee west to Carson Valley over the route discovered Reese. Simpson's expedition had thus established a ne route between Salt Lake City and Carson Valley was much shorter than the more northerly Hum River route. In 1859 the firm of Russell, Majors Waddell decided to establish a fast mail service tween St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, Cal carrying the mail on horseback along a chain of mounting posts. It was only natural for them to Simpson's new route for their Pony Express. Th Sacramento Union of March 23, 1860 says, "It is intention of the agent to run the express from C Valley along the route surveyed last summer by tain Simpson" (quoted from Chapman, 1932, pp. 113). The Pony Express began in April, 1860 an tinued in operation until October, 1861 when it W discontinued on completion of the Overland Telel line. Since the horses on the Pony Express were at high speed, it was necessary to have a relay every 10 or 15 miles, and there were three sUch tions in Edwards Creek Valley. Howard Egan wa superintendent of the division west of Salt Lake and his list (Egan, 1917, p. 198) gives the three tions as Edwards Creek (at the north end of the Cold Springs (10 miles north of the present U. S. way 50), and Middlegate. From the very beginning the Pony Express, ing its stations in Edwards Creek Valley, was in difficulties. In May, 1860, the Northern Paiute gathered at Pyramid Lake to consider possible c of action in the face of rapid and extensive whit croachment of their lands. Although the Indian 1 favored an attempt at peaceful solution, a signif minority was in favor of immediate hostilities, issue was settled on May 7, 1860 when a small war party attacked and burned a Pony Express killing its inhabitants. This act provoked a lar attack on the encamped Indians by the miners in Washoe diggings under the leadership of Major The white attack was routed by the Indians who forty-six casualties, one of which was Major Thereupon the whites recruited an even larger including a large body of militia from California a detachment of United States troops. The white time managed to defeat the Indiams but did not serious losses; the principal result was that the 120 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER ere scattered over wide areas of Nevada. The Pyramid ake War is described by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins 883, Chap. 3). , The Indians now began a series of small attacks on Ilated outposts and the lonely Pony Espress stations ee among their favorite targets. The Edwards Creek aley stations were attacked along with many others. pman (1932, p. 210) says of one such that "Hamil- , the California rider who was first out of Sacra- lto, took the stock from Smith's Creek, where the eer had been killed, and camped the next night at i Springs. He was accompanied by C. H. Ruffin others of the Pony Express. While on guard at It, Hamilton and Ruffin were fired on. The party no time in saddling up, and managed to escape, t the Pony Express stock they had gathered." As Fresult of these depredations the Pony Express took asures to fortify their stations. The Sacramento of July 2, 1860 says, "It is understood that the Ipany will place five men at each station and will 'ld stone houses and corrals where the materials be had and, when it cannot, will use adobe" (quoted n Chapman, p. 208). There is no doubt that this activity is responsible for the stone ruins that still remain at Cold Springs. By 1861 wagon mail was passing over the route as a division of the Butterfield Overland Mail. After the cessation of the Pony Express there was no longer a need for the stations to be placed every 10 miles along the route and two of the three stations in Edwards Creek Valley were abandoned. The remaining station is identified as Middlegate by Conkling and Conkling (1947, Vol. III, map), but it is likely that Cold Springs, with its prominent structural remains, was the actual loc ation. In 1862 gold was discovered in Austin, and in the following years many thousands of people poured through Edwards Creek Valley on their way to the diggings. In 1865 alone the Overland Mail Company carried 5,840 passengers between Virginia City and Austin (Angel, 1881, p. 476). The route continued as the principal commercial artery of Austin until 1880 when the Nevada Central Railroad was completed, connecting Austin with the Battle Mountain station of the Central Pacific. Since that time the only activity in Edwards Creek Valley has cen- tered around the two or three ranches raising cattle there. THE SITE IS. Highway 50 runs due east through Edwards Creek Hey and passes a group of ranch buildings and a rvice station on the north side of the road as it ives the valley through Eastgate. About 50 yards it of the service station the road bridges a deep ly. The gully now carries the water of Willow eek, which has been diverted through Eastgate in present century, but it has probably always carried imall stream fed by a spring about a mile east mpson called this stream Gibralter Creek). On the ith side of the stream near the bridge, a cliff arises ~tically forming a part of the rock barrier penetrated Eastgate and, at its foot, flat or gently sloping ground lnds 60 feet or so into the valley. The flat ground je was made up of what once may have been a siz- deposit of occupation debris; only a strip 10 feet e, lying up against the foot of the cliff, remains y. The construction of the highway at the edge of valley may have removed the northern edge of the , and the area south of the highway has been leveled use as a picnic ground, leaving only the 10-foot ant. This remnant we designate Wagon Jack Shel- and it is recorded as site 26-Ch-119 in the files e University of California Archaeological Survey ikeley). a survey and reconnaissance through this part evada in 1958, we had come to Eastgate and d there to look at Eastgate Cave, which had been er recorded (in 1937) by a University of California party. We investigated the surface of Wagon Jack er but found no evidence of aboriginal occupation. lng that such an ideal spot as this could hardly been uninhabited by early occupants of the region, ug a narrow trench extending out from the foot of cliff (pit T-1, fig. 1). A few inches beneath the ce we encountered a midden deposit rich in ani- bone, chipped stone, and artifacts and concluded a more extensive test excavation should be carried out. We then dug the remainder of the area shown in figure 1. Excavation was by 10-inch levels except in pit T- 1 where the top 20 inches were excavated as a unit. All excavated material was sieved through a quarter inch screen. The midden deposit at Wagon Jack Shelter is covered with a layer that is sterile of cultural materials ex- cept for beer bottles and tin cans left in the last few decades. This uppermost layer is evidently slope wash carried down from the rise on the east (fig. 1). The slope wash varies in thickness, reaching a depth of nearly 10 inches on the eastern edge of pit T-7 but a depth of only an inch or two on the western edge of pit T- 2. Beneath the slope-wash layer is the main midden deposit, consisting of dark brown soil mixed with ani- mal bone, chipped stone, artifacts, charcoal, and angu- lar rock, the last evidently representing rock fall from the cliff face. The midden deposit varies irregularly between 2 and 3 feet in thickness. Underlying the ashy midden deposit is a layer of yellow stream silt and, on the eastern edge of the site, gravelly slope wash. This lower layer contained bone food refuse and a few flint chips, but very few artifacts. Within this lower layer in pit T- 1 and extending east in pits T-4 and T-5 was a thin layer of fine black silt, perhaps dating from a season of high water when that part of the site was flooded. Beneath the lower midden deposit is the sterile subsoil of the site, made up of heavily weathered boulders. AGE OF WAGON JACK SHELTER DEPOSIT A charcoal sample from the lowest levels of the deposit is in process of being dated by the radiocarbon method. A wood charcoal sample from a hearth at the depth of 72 inches below the surface at South Fork Shelter, Elko 121 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1I IX T-7 T-4 T- T-2 I I l I (explor.l I L I I pit) I t , s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r r -- 1 I | ~~~~~~~~~~~T- 5 T-3, ? " | a |0 1 2 3 4 5 feet L J _ ? ? L _ - Edge of f/of mi den ___ T-6 I slopeI slope F/ot comp ground (4 ft. removed) Ground P/on N _ 0 I 2 feet Surface a eack Cauc s c-n fro-beer bottle detritus / ~~~~~~Upper midden: camp refuse mixed with / ~~~~~~~~angular rockfall and silt. / Undug Fine black silt, no culture. no bone Lower 'midden'; yellow stream silt mix angular rockfoll; contains fair quantity o t ced with small-size f animal bone. Profile throuah Pit T-1 Figure 1. Ground plan and profile of Wagon Jack Shelter deposits. 122 '- I .. I i I I 41 iI II I I q HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER County (site El-11) (sample L. J. 212) has recently been dated at the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory as 3320 + 100 years old (1359 + 100 B.C.). We express appreciation to Dr. H. Suess and Dr. C. Hubbs rmaking this age determination. Total depth of de- it at South Fork Shelter (site El-11) is 106 inches, the earliest occupation may therefore date back ary five thousand years ago. The El-11 radiocarbon suggests that the Wagon Jack Shelter deposit may been first occupied about 1,500 years ago (i.e., 500 A.D.). At the eastern edge of the deposit the slope wash pit T-7, which has accumulated within the last hun- years, is 6 inches in thickness. The underlying e deposit is 26 inches thick. If the same rate of umulation had prevailed in the past, uninterruptedly c the first occupation of this portion of the site, deposit would have been accumulating from about 0 A.D. ARTIFACTS RECOVERED Projectile Points is no doubt that, for purposes of delineating Basin Culture history, the most significant group cimens recovered from Wagon Jack Shelter con- of the projectile points. These artifacts have suf- variation and are distinctive enough in forms it is feasible to develop stratigraphic relationships. tile points ultimately, we believe, will provide ce for culture spread and population movements. present paper our aim is purely descriptive and raphic; no widespread comparisons will be under- present purposes the projectile points have been ed into thirteen types. The determination of types prformed on a strictly intuitive basis-we simply out all the points, gathering similar specimens into . In such typological analyses one often misses tions which later turn out to be significant. In to permit correction of such errors of omission mission by later students, we include a line g of each specimen (figs. 2-5). Weight, material, ovenience of each specimen will be found in the s to the figures. ore we proceed to describe types of projectile a word should be said about materials. The ty of the specimens are cherts of various kinds, chalcedony. There is also a small amount of ed volcanic material, such as silicified tuff, but i appearance and chipping properties this ma- grades into the chert series, it has not been atically segregated. A few of the specimens nade of obsidian, a material no doubt traded ager distances than was the chert, which occurs , hence the relative frequency of obsidian may some importance. We tabulate herewith the fre- of chert projectile points compared with that of projectile points, taking into account both whole ns and unidentifiable fragments. Altogether e 130 pieces from the shelter (79 identifiable and 51 fragments), of which the following tabu- shows 117. The other 13 pieces come from the h level of pit T-1 where we have no greater nt depth control. Levels Material 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 Total (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) Obsidian 7 7 3 - 17 Chert 26 45 25 4 100 As we shall see, the stratigraphy of projectile points indicates that some parts of the site deposit are clearly earlier than others. A more realistic analysis of projectile point materials than the tabula- tion shown above gives frequency of obsidian and chert in the later levels compared with frequency of the same materials in the earlier levels. Such a table is given below. The totals differ from those of the pre- ceding tabulation since levels for which the dating is ambiguous have been omitted. Material Later levels Earlier levels Total Obsidian 11 4 15 Chert 58 43 101 A chi-square test on these data yields a value of 1.22. This value is significant only at a .3 level and indicates that the evidence does not warrant the ac- ceptance of the hypothesis that there was greater use of obsidian in later than in earlier times. We turn now to the description of projectile point types.' Dimensions of the types are summarized in table 1 (p. 12 9). Rose Spring Corner-Notched (fig. 2, a-g). These points are small and usually well made. They are characterized by stems which are parallel-sided or slightly expanding and which are often slightly rounded at the base. The shoulders of these points are often horizontal rather than sloping, as are those of the Eastgate Expanding-Stem points described below. Of seven specimens of this type, six are varicolored chert and one is obsidian. The form of these points is only slightly different from the form of the Eastgate Expanding-Stem points. The dimensions of the two types are nearly the same (see table 1) and they also have similar occurrences within the site. The similarity makes it likely that the two forms are simply variations of a single dis- tinct type. They are retained here as separate types for descriptive purposes only. Eastgate Expanding-Stem (fig. 2, h-v). This point is light in weight but occasionally attains considerable length. The shoulders slope downward to such an ex- tent that some of these points might be described as 'Types are named on the basis of the site where they occur in large numbers and for a distinctive characteristic. Thus, Rose Spring Corner-Notched indicates a form named for the Rose Spring site (Inyo County, California) which is characteristically corner- notched. We have taken this step to avoid using a number or letter designation which may cause confusion. 123 LA b ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS c d L- .. . - r . * . , - Y e :.. 1. f . 9. 0 1 2 3 cm. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I jt. i.i I k .. .:. .. q n ,'''.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m t I I n ;. * s . . : : . . . . * . .., u Figure 2, a-g. Rose Spring Corner-Notched type points. a. W-87: pit T-5; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.6 grms.; ma white chert. b. W-316: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.4 grms.; material, white chert. c. W-250: pit T-1; dept in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, blue chert. d. W-106: pit T-6; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, cream e. W-302: pit T-6; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, gray chert. f. W-98: pit T-5; depth, 0-10 in.; wei; grms.; material, obsidian. R. W-78: pit T-4; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.1 grms.; material, white chert. h-v: Eastj Expanding-Stem type points. h. W-108: pit T-6; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.5 grms.; material, red chert. i. W-104: depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 2.3 grms.; material, translucenit chert. j. W-221: pit T-5; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.7 gru material, black chert. k. W-322: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.8 grms.; material, translucent chert. m. W- T-2; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.3 grms.; material, obsidian. n. W-101: pit T-5; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, unknown; red chert. o. W-321: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.1 grms.; material, black chert. p. W-324: pit T-4; depth, in.; weight, unknown; material, yellow chert. q. W-77: pit T-4; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, unknown; material, red he W-318: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.5 grms.; material, white chert. s. W-57: pit T-2; depth, 10-20 in.; we4 grms.; material, yellow chert. t. W-319: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.4 grms.; material, white chert. u. W T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, silicified tuff. v. W-105: pit T-6; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.7 gri material, pink chert. U 124 AV ,. . . : , N j. 1.I a I . h . . I I .~ .: . ,, ... VI' p J 8 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER 125 ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~m .I - .. i j ~ ~ ~~k m , e .'. a : Desert Side-Notched type poini 10 2 3 cm. 07 grms material, whtechr1 q r s t u * . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-I ~~~~~ x e3, a-h: Desert Side-Notched type points, a. W-25: pit T-3; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 0.3 grins.; material, white b. W-91: pit T-5; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, unknown; material, white chert. c. W-314: pit T-4; depth 10-20 in.; 0.7 grins.; material, white chert. d. W-311: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 0.1 grins. material, silicified tuff. 27: pit T-2; depth, 0- 10 in.; weight, unknown; material, obsidian. f. W-257: pit T- 1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 0.1 material, obsidian. g. W-244: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 0.4 grms.; material, white chert. h. W-313: pit T-4; 10-20 in.; weight, 0. 1 grms.; material, white chert. i-m: Eastgate Split-Stem type points. i. W-315: pit T-4; depth, weight, 0.6 grms.; material, white chert. j. W-312: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 0.6 grms.; material, tan k. W-59: pit T-2; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 0.9 grms.; material, obsidian. i. W-216: pit T-5; depth, 10-20 in.; 0.2 grms.; material, white chert. n-u: Elko Corner-Notched type points. n. W-189: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, .; material, green chert. o. W-164: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 5.0 grms.; material, red chert. p. W-383: depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 3.8 grms.; material, white chert. q. W-379: pit T-1; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, unknown; , translucent chert. r. W-240: pit T-1; depth, 30-40 in.; weight, 1.8 grms.; material, translucent chert. s. W-45: depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, white chert. t. W-187: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 0.9 grms.; obsidian. u. W- 167: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, unknown; material, white chert. v-x: Elko Contracting- points. v. W-382: pit T-1; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, unknown; material, red chert. w. W-255: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 ht, 4.0 grms.; material, obsidian. x. W-346: pit T-5; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 2.6 grms.; material, white chert. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS a b c e -ATA .,-;;, 4 g k~~~~~~~~~~~N 0 2 3 cm. A ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A: j p q r s t u l Figure 4. Elko Eared type points. a. W-256: pit T-l; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 3.7 grms.; material, black chert. b. pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 5.3 grms.; material, purple chert. c. W-180: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 4,3 material, white chert. d. W-9: pit T-7; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 5.4 grms.; material, tan chert. e. W- 129: pit T-2; 0-10 in.; weight, 3.4 grms.; material, cream chert. f. W-166: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 3.8 grms.; material, chert. g. W-322: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 4.1 grms.; material, tan chert. h. W-215: pit T-5; depth, 10-20 weight, 3.4 grms.; material, tan chert. i. W-166: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 3.8 grms.; material, white chert. W-344: pit T-5; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 8.8 grms.; material, pink banded chert. k. W-299: pit T-6; depth, 20-30 in.; unknown; material, tan chert. m. W-381: pit T-1; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, unknown; material, brown chert. n. W-2 T-3; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, unknown; material, tan chert. o. W-186: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 2.7 grms.; obsidian. p. W-151: pit T-7; depth, 30-40 in.; weight, 3.7 grms.; material, silicified tuff. q. W-192: pit T-4; depth, in.; weight, 4.7 grms.; material, cream chert. r. W-179: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 4.5 grms.; material, whi s. W-44: pit T-2; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 2.0 grms.; material, white chert. t. W-165: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; we 3.4 grms.; material, white chert. u. W-345: pit T-5; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 2.8 grms.; material, white chert. 126 i I II HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER c h 0 1 2 3 cm. I j. 0 p q r s gure 5, a. Humboldt Concave-Base A type point. W-300: pit T-6; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 5.4 grms.; material, gray t. b. Rose Spring Contracting-Stem type point. W-169: pit T-7; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.7 grms.; material, obsidian. named type: Narrow-blade point. W-249: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 2.4 grms.; material, silicified tuff. d-h: owood Triangular type points. d. W-247: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 0.4 grms.; material, tan chert. e. W-385: '1; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 0.3 grms.; material, white chert. f. W-253: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; weight, 0.4 grms.; kial, tan chert. g. W-115: pit T-6; depth, 0-10 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, white chert. h. W-76: pit T-4; depth, in.; weight, 0.6 grms.; material, brown chert. i-i: Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped, notched points. i. W-343: pit T-5; 20-30 in.; weight, 0.8 grms.; material, brown chert. k W-317: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 1.2 grms.; material, nchert. k-n: Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped points. k. W-195: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; weight, 4.5 grms.; material, chert. m. W-362: pit T-6; depth, 10-20 in.; weight, 2.5 grms.; material, tan chert. n. no location; weight, unknown; vial, obsidian. o-s: Drills. o. W-400: no location; material, white chert. p. W-178: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; material, chert. q. W-310: pit T-4; depth, 10-20 in.; material, tan chert. r. W-177: pit T-4; depth, 20-30 in.; material, tan t. s. W-251: pit T-1; depth, 0-20 in.; material, white chert. b I e f .'g 9 k m 0 .I * . 0 n 127 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS barbed. The stems are straight based and usually slightly expanding, although in some specimens the stems are nearly square. Of fourteen specimens in this category, thirteen are of varicolored chert and one is of obsidian. As noted above in the discussion of the Rose Spring Corner-Notched point, it is improbable that the Rose Spring Corner-Notched and Eastgate Expanding-Stem types are wholly distinct but rather are more likely to prove to be variations of a single basic form. Desert Side-Notched (fig. 3, a-h). This projectile is one of the most widespread types in North America, extending from coast to coast and from the Columbia Plateau into Mexico. It has always been found to be a very late point, never earlier than about 900 to 1000 A.D. One of the present authors has recently made an intensive study of this type of point within the state of California (Baumhoff and Byrne, 1959). In this study it was concluded that the Desert Side- Notched point could be characterized by its small size, triangular shape, and small side notches near the base. It was further noted that Desert Side- Notched points may be divided into subtypes which are meaningful in culture-historical terms. The sub- types are defined on the basis of length, base form (concave, V-shaped, notched), and material. The small, side-notched specimens from Wagon Jack Shelter are clearly of the Desert Side-Notched type and may be further classified as being of the notched base subtype (called the Sierra subtype in California). Only one of the specimens does not have a notched base and that piece (fig. 4, b) seems to be unfinished. There are eight Desert Side-Notched points in the collection from Wagon Jack Shelter: two of obsidian, one of silicified volcanic material, and five of chert. Two other speci- mens were recovered from the site (from pit T-2, 0-10 in. depth) but they were lost in transit. Eastgate Split-Stem (fig. 3, i-m). These are very small points with straight or sloping shoulders. They have expanding stems notched at the base, giving them a bifurcate or split appearance. If the stem were not notched, the points would be classed with the Eastgate Expanding-Stem points, although they tend to be more squat in appearance (they have a smaller length-width ratio). The split stem on these points, however, makes them appear to be a much smaller variety of the Elko Eared point and it may be that there is also a relationship in that direction. One possibility, for example, is that the Elko Eared point was in use at the time the bow and arrow was first introduced in this region and that the basic form of this point was retained but the size was reduced so that it could be used as an arrow point. Of the four Eastgate Split-/tem points, one is ob- sidian and three are chert. We now come to some of the larger projectile points in the collection from Wagon Jack Shelter. Whereas the average weight of the Rose Spring Corner- Notched, Eastgate Expanding-Stem, Desert Side-Notched, and Eastgate Split-Stem types is 1.5 grams or less, the average for Elko Corner-Notched, Elko Contract- ing-Stem, and Elko Eared types is more than 3.0 grams. As will be seenl, the heavier points are strati- graphically inferior to the lighter points. Elko Corner-Notched (fig. 3, n-u). These points are, on the average, both long and heavy. They are basic- ally triangular in form with sloping shoulders and stems which widen toward the basal end. Alternatively, one could say that these are triangular points with deep, p bolic corner notches. Of eight specimens, one is obsil one white quartzite, and six varicolored chert. It is likely that the Elko Corner-Notched point isX a variation of the Elko Eared series. Compare, fora example, figure 4, p with figure 5, q. In addition to similarity in form, the two types show close corre pondence in average dimensions and in stratigraphi occurrence. The separation is mainly for descripti purposes, although we believe that the Elko Eared Elko Corner-Notched forms do occur in different ti relations at the South Fork Shelter site in Elko Co Elko Contracting-Stem (fig. 3, v-x). These poin like Elko Corner-Notched points, are triangular have sloping shoulders, but the stems are narrow an taper toward the base. There is one obsidian speci of this type and two chert pieces. Elko Eared (fig. 4). These are the largest projec points recovered from Wagon Jack Shelter. They v in form between two extremes. At one extreme t are simply a large triangular point with two large n or ears projecting diagonally from the base. At the extreme these points are stemmed, corner-notched, with the base of the stem sufficiently concave to give an eared appearance. It is the latter extreme that g into the Elko Corner-Notched type noted above. There are twenty specimens of this type, of whi one is obsidian, one silicified volcanic material, eighteen are varicolored chert. Humboldt Concave-Base A (fig. 5, a). Only one s men of this type was found at Wagon Jack Shelter. is made of silicified volcanic material. Rose Spring Contracting-Stem (fig. 5, b). A SiD specimen of this type was recovered. It differs fr Elko Contracting-Stem points in being smaller having horizontal rather than sloping shoulders. specimen is obsidian. Although it was recovered at depth of 10-20 inches, it appears to have suffe from surface exposure at one time; the obsidian been considerably dulled by weathering. Cottonwood Triangular (fig. 5, d-h). These rath nondescript artifacts are simply small, irregular angles. All five specimens are of chert. Unnamed type: Narrow blade point (fig. 5, c). is only a single specimen of this type. Specimens this have been found at Humboldt Lake, but there seem to have been used as drills. The present men shows no evidence of having been used as a and has therefore been classed with the projec points. The one piece is made of white silicified canic material. Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped, side-notched poin (fig. 5, i, j). Two projectile points were recov from Wagon Jack Shelter which were leaf-sha with small side notches near the basal end. B pieces are of chert. Unnamed type: Leaf-shaped points (fig. 5, k-n). simple leaf-shaped points were recovered from cavations at Wagon Jack Shelter. Two of these a chert and one of obsidian. I I II 128 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER TABLE 1 Projectile Points from Wagon Jack Shelter Length Width Weight Type Total max. min. avg. max. min. avg. max. min. avg. (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) Rose Spring Corner-Notched 33 24 29.0 17 12 14.7 1.4 0.6 1.19 7 Eastgate Expanding-Stem 38 24 30.2 22 17 19.1 2.3 1.1 1.52 14 Desert Side-Notched 24 14 18.8 15 11 12.9 0.7 0.1 0.28 10 Eastgate Split-Stem 21 15 18.5 20 12 16.5 0.9 0.2 0.58 4 ,Elko Corner-Notched 48 24 30.0 26 19 22.8 5.5 0.9 3.08 8 ,Elko Contracting-Stem 38 34 36.7 30 28 29.0 4.0 2.6 3.23 3 Elko Eared 82 32 40.5 37 15 24.5 8.8 2.0 4.02 20 Humboldt Concave-Base A 50 50 50.0 22 22 22.0 5.4 5.4 5.40 1 Rose Spring Contracting-Stem 33 33 33.0 12 12 12.0 1.7 1.7 1.70 1 Cottonwood Triangular 28 15 21.2 16 11 14.0 1.2 0.3 0.58 5 lUamed types Narrow blade point 44 44 44.0 21 21 21.0 2.4 2.4 2.40 1 Leaf-shaped side-notched points 33 26 29.5 12 12 12.0 1.2 0.8 1.00 2 Leaf-shaped points 43 35 39.0 18 13 16.0 4.5 2.5 3.50 3 Stratigraphic Relationships of Projectile Points The total area covered by the excavations at Wagon Jack lhelter is only 110 square feet, and it was expected that the cultural sequence would be about the same in one pit s it was in another. This was, however, not the case. pit T-7, for example, the uppermost 10 inches of deposit consisted of sterile rockfall, hence none of the latest midden was found there. With this in mind, we present two tabulations of the stratigraphic occurrence of projectile points at Wagon Jack Shelter. Table 2 gives occurrence of named types of projectile points by level and indicates some marked differences in the strati- graphic distribution of the several types. TABLE 2 Occurrence of Projectile Points by Level (Specimens from Levels 1 and 2 of pit T- 1 are not included) Levels Type Total 0-10 in. 10-20 in. 20-30 in. 30-40 in. Rose Spring Corner-Notched 4 1 1 - 6 Eastgate Expanding-Stem 5 8 - - 13 Desert Side-Notched 4 4 - - 8 Eastgate Split-Stem - 4 - - 4 Elko Corner-Notched 3 4 1 8 Elko Contracting-Stem _ - 2 - 2 Elko Eared 1 7 10 1 19 Humboldt Concave-Base A - - 1 - I Rose Spring Contracting-Stem - 1 - - 1 Cottonwood Triangular 2 - 1 - 3 Totals 16 28 19 2 65 order to analyze the stratigraphy with greater pre- ion, we give the second tabulation (table 3) which s occurrence of projectile points by both pit and . In order to determine the stratigraphic relation- sin each pit separately, we have adopted the fol- ing procedure. We observe the co-occurrence of pair of point types in each of the seven pits. Let observation of one specimen of each of two types single pit constitute a trial. For example, let us erve the co-occurrence of Rose Spring Corner- Notched and Elko Corner-Notched. There are a total of 8 trials, 4 in pit T- I and 4 in pit T-4. In each trial the Rose Spring Corner-Notched point is strati- graphically above the Elko Corner-Notched point. If the two point types date from the same period, we presume that the probability of a Rose-Spring Corner-Notched point being stratigraphically above an Elko Corner-Notched point is equal to the probability of the reverse relationship, a Rose Spring Corner- Notched point being stratigraphically below an Elko i . . 129 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 3 Occurrence of Projectile Points by Pit and Level (Level 1: 0-10 in.; Level 2: 10-20 in.; Level 3: 20-30 in.; Level 4: 30-40 in.) Pit and Level Type T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 1-2a3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 23 Rose Spring Corner-Notched 1 - - - - - - _ 1 1 - 2 - - 1-1 Eastgate Expanding-Stem 1 - - - - 1 5 - 1 1 - 3 -- Desert Side-Notched 2 - - 3 - -3- 1 - - - Eastgate Split-Stem - - - - 1- - 2 - - 1 - - Elko Corner-Notched - 2 1 -1 - -- 2 - - - - -2- Elko Contracting-Stem 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Elko Eared 1 1 - 11- -1- - 1 5 - 1 2 -1 -3 1 Humboldt Concave-Base A - - - -- - - - - - - - - 1 Rose Spring Contracting-Stem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - Cottonwood Triangular 2 1 - - - - - -- 1-- -- - 1--- 'Specimens from Level 1 of pit T- 1 cannot be distinguished from specimens found in Level 2 of pit T- 1. Corner-Notched point. We may state this more con- cisely as follows: pr Rose Spring Corner-Notchedl [ P Elko Corner-Notched] Elko Corner-Notched J [Rose Spring Corner-Notched There is only one difficulty-that encountered when points of the two types are found in the same level in the same pit. Thus, in comparing Rose Spring Corner- Notched with Eastgate Expanding-Stem points, we find one specimen of each type in level 1 of pit T-4. Let us decide which of the two specimens is stratigraphi- cally superior on a random basis, say by flipping a fair coin. Now the hypothesis above may be stated as follows: p [Rose Spring Corner -Notched ] pr Elko Corner -Notched 1= Elko Corner-Notched j [Rose Spring Corner-Notchedj 2 Under the hypothesis as it is now stated, the trials are simply Bernoulli trials or observations on a bi- nomial random variable with .5 probability of success. In the example given above, we found that on all seven trials the Rose Spring Corner-Notched point was found to be stratigraphically above the Elko Corner-Notched point; under the hypothesis, the probability of such an extreme distribution (7 out of 7 or 0 out of 7) is .016. If we choose a .02 level of significance, then we would consider the observed distribution sufficient grounds for rejecting the hypothesis above and con- clude that the Rose Spring Corner-Notched points date from a later period than do the Elko Corner- Notched points. Similar observations have been made on all pairs of projectile point types in the collection. The results are shown in table 4. The figures given there are probabilities, under the hypothesis of chronological equivalence of: (1) the observed distributions or; (2) distributions even further removed from those expected to occur. These probabilities are marked plus or minus depending on whether the evidence indicates that the type on the left is stratigraphi- cally above or below the type at the top. Proba- bilities significant at the .02 level are underlined. The comparisons performed indicate that there two groups of projectile points with clear stratigr relationships and a residue for which the relation are ambiguous. The groups of projectile points c limited to the upper levels of the deposit include of the following types: Rose Spring Corner-Notch Eastgate Expanding-Stem, Desert Side-Notched, ax Cottonwood Triangular. The types unambiguously d are the Elko Corner-Notched and Elko Eared. Tb situation regarding the remaining types-Eastgate Stem and Elko Contracting-Stem-is less clear (p ably because each type is represented by only a sample). For each type, however, there is one st tically significant relationship between it and ano type. Thus the Eastgate Split-Stem points are de ly stratigraphically later than the Elko Eared pO Since Elko Eared are relatively deep, the Eastga Split-Stem type evidently belongs to the later gr Again, the Elko Contracting-Stem points are def deeper than the Cottonwood Triangular points and, since the latter are part of the late group, the fo must be of the early group. Accordingly all eight may be assigned to one of two groups. Projectile Point Types Stratigraphically superior Stratigraphically im Rose Spring Corner-Notched Elko Corner NotchE Eastgate Expanding-Stem Elko Contracting-St Desert Side-Notched Elko Eared Eastgate Split-Stem Cottonwood Triangular The only question remaining is whether there any stratigraphic differences within the two grouj well as between them. The answer seems to be negative. No type within either of the groups ha stratigraphic distribution significantly different fri that of any other type within its group. Had we able to observe precisely the vertical placement'4 each point in the deposit, we might be able to su time differences within the upper- and lower-level p -4 II _,A 1? I i II ; 130 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER TABLE 4 Stratigraphic Matrix (Figures are probabilities of observed distribution under the hypothesis of chronological equivalence. For those marked plus, the evidence indicates that the types listed at the left are stratigraphically superior, the reverse for those marked minus. Statistically significant figures are underlined.) Rose Spring Eastgate Desert Eastgate Elko Elko Elko Cottonwood yes Corner- Expanding- Side - Split- Corner- Contracting- Eared Triangular Notched Stem Notched Stem Notched Stem se Spring [Corner-Notched + .68 + .76 + .06 + .016 + .12 + .01 - .12 ~atgate Expanding-Stem - .68 + .85 - .80 + .00 + .13 + .00 - .78 sert de-Notched - .76 - .85 + .11 + .00 + .38 + .00 + .51 tgate Split-Stem - .06 + .80 - .11 + .38 + 1.00 + .01 - .50 0 orner-Notched - .016 - .00 - .00 - .38 - 1.00 - .68 - .02 Contracting-Stem - .12 - .13 - .38 - 1.00 - 1.00 - .38 - .01 Sred - .01 - .00 - .00 - .01 + .68 + .38 - .00 tonwood iangular + .016 + .78 - .51 + .50 + .02 + .01 + .00 Knives ~e most common artifacts recovered in the excava- 6 of Wagon Jack Shelter were objects which are it classified as knives. Nearly all the 163 speci- ms recovered were fragmentary, but from the few could reconstruct it is evident that the complete e was approximately leaf-shaped with base varying n round to nearly straight (see fig. 6). The size of se objects is quite variable, from about 4 to 7 cm. length and from 2.5 to 4 cm. in width. It is impos- e to give averages for these dimensions because he fragmentary nature of most specimens. We at- pt to show the variation in form in figure 6. The material from which these knives are made is stly chert, with only a few specimens of silicified canic rock. The chert is variable in color, but tly runs to whites, dull reds, and browns. No evidence of hafting remains on any of the speci- but we feel justified in referring to these objects knives, rather than as blades or scrapers, because are identical in size and shape to the hafted knives wn from the dry caves of the lower Humboldt Valley ier and Krieger, 1956, pl. 15). We have been unable to divide the knives in the col- on from Wagon Jack Shelter into a reasonable ies of types and are therefore unable to posit any ence of these objects. It would be of interest, ever, to determine whether any change of frequency yes can be detected through time. To examine question, we counted the knives recovered in levels re late projectile points predominate and compared figure obtained with the number of knives recovered vels where earlier projectile points predominate section on projectile points). The results obtained are given below. The volume of midden was calculated from the following data. Later Levels: T-1, 0-20 in.; T-2, 0-10 in.; T-4, 0-20 in.; T-5, 0-20 in.; T-6, 0-10 in. Earlier Levels: T- 1, 20-36 in.; T-4, 20-30 in.; T-5, 20-30 in.; T-6, 20-30 in.; T-7, 10-34 in. No. of Vol. of midden Knives per cu. knives (cu. ft.) ft. of midden Later levels 62 120 .52 Earlier levels 67 105 .64 Thus we see that knives occur with only slightly greater frequency in the earlier levels than in the later levels. This small difference is probably insig- nificant since the later levels have a shallow deposit of historic detritus on the surface (see fig. 1). If al- lowance is made for this latest deposit, the different levels would have nearly the same frequency of knives. All evidence suggests that knives were being made and used at about the same rate throughout the period rep- resented by the deposit at Wagon Jack Shelter. Corner-Notched Blades Four chipped stone pieces recovered from Wagon Jack Shelter, classed together because of their great similar- ity, we call corner-notched blades (fig. 7, a-d). These are leaf-shaped specimens, one of obsidian and three of chert, about 5 cm. long and varying from 2 to 3 cm. in width. Their defining characteristic is a definite and de- liberate notch flaked into one corner of the base. o .I - t I ---- I 131 132 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS a 0 1 2 - 3 cm. b e c f Figure 6. Knives. HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER b c d cm. f 1 f i 9 0 1 2 3 cm. 1zz~ h i k Figure 7. a-d: Corner-notched blades. e-g: Bone awl tips. h, i: Flake scrapers. k k: Manos. A a e 133 I I I I I 0 2---- 3 M_- 0 1 ?H ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Artifacts of this type are noted from the Hagen Site, Montana (Mulloy, 1942, p. 46, fig. 24, items 17- 22). A possible lateral hafting and use as knives is postulated (ibid., fig. 24, item 26). South and central Idaho have also yielded specimens of this type (Swan- son et al., 1959, pp. 30, 78). The provenience of the four pieces is as follows: T-1, 20-30 in.; T-1, 30-40 in.; T-5, 20-30 in.; T-6, 20-30 in. It will be noted that these are levels in which Elko Eared and Elko Expanding-Stem types are the predominant projectile points, and that the corner- notched blades must therefore be assigned to the early part of the sequence at Wagon Jack Shelter. Drills Five specimens were recovered from Wagon Jack Shelter which are best classified as drills. All five specimens are illustrated in Figure 5, o-s, and are described individually as follows: Figure 5, o: material, white chert; unmodified flake base; stem well shaped with oval cross-section; provenience unknown. Figure 5, p: material, white chert; side-notched base; stem well shaped with oval cross-section; only slight evidence of use as drill; provenience, pit T-4, 20-30 inches. Figure 5, q: material, tan chert; stem fragment only but well worked with oval cross-section; proveni- ence, pit T-4, 0-10 inches. Figure 5, r: material, brown chert; unmodified flake base; stem well worked with diamond cross- section; provenience, pit T-4, 20-30 inches. Figure 5, s: material, white chert; unmodified on one side but with pressure flakes all over other side; provenience, pit T-1, 0-20 inches. Scrapers A total of seventy-two scrapers were collected from the excavations at Wagon Jack Shelter. These pieces are simply flakes of chert (sixty-one pieces) or of obsidian (twelve pieces) used along one or more edges but showing no evidence of having been deliberately shaped (fig. 7, h, i). These specimens vary from finger- nail size to pieces 2 or 3 inches in diameter. The rate of recovery for scrapers is 2.5 per 10 cubic feet in the earlier levels and about 3.5 per 10 cubic feet in the later levels (see section on knives). This evi- dence suggests, but does not prove, that the use of these flake scrapers enjoyed increasing popularity in later times. Ground Stone Three manos and one metate fragment were recovered from the excavations at Wagon Jack Shelter. The presence of these pieces indicates that they were the implements used in grinding seeds, especially pine nuts, a staple food of the inhabitants. It is rather sur- prising that so few of these implements were recovered from a site which had evidently been used over a con- siderable period and in an area where it is common to find several of them in a casual inspection of a surface. One mano was simply a small, unshaped cobble of scoriated basalt, ground smooth by use on one face. It was found in pit T-6 in the 0-10 inch level. The second mano, shown in figure 7, j, is of whil granite. It is subrectangular in outline and also thro both sections. It is 12.5 cm. long, 8.5 cm. wide, aii 4.5 cm. thick. It was found in pit T-6 in the 20-30 inch level (6 in. below the stone semicircle; see fig. 8, p. 137). The third mano, shown in figure 7, k, is of gray granite and has a red stain on it, as if it had been used to grind ochre. It is round in outline and oval through both sections. It measures 9.1 cm. in length 8.0 cm. in width, and 4.8 cm. in thickness. It was found in pit T-4 in the 20-30 inch level. The single metate fragment recovered from Waga Jack Shelter was found in pit T-2 in the 10-20 inch level. The specimen recovered represents only abou a quarter of the whole metate. It is a piece of fine- grained sandstone, about 1-1/4 inches thick at the e It is ground on both surfaces and its edge is careful smoothed. The metate originally was probably rectu lar in outline with dimensions of about 14 by 11 inch Bone Implements Only three bone implements were recovered from l excavations at Wagon Jack Shelter. All of these pie shown in figure 7, e-g, are evidently awl tips, prob used in making coiled basketry or in piercing skins, These awls are simply sharpened and polished piec of large mammal bones, probably deer or antelope. The provenience of the awl tips is as follows: pit 30-40 in.; pit T-1, 20-30 in.; pit T-1, 20-30 in. The occurrences are in the earlier levels of the site. FAUNAL REMAINS A total of 1,415 identifiable bird and mammal bone was recovered from excavations at Wagon Jack Sh These have been identified and their provenience b: level is given in table 5. The early levels are thob in which projectile points of the earlier types pre- dominate; the later levels have predominantly late-I projectile points (see section on knives above). The category "Unidentified Artiodactyla" includes bones either deer, antelope, or mountain sheep for which specific identification could not be made. The bulk the specimens in this category are fragments of lo bones. It will be observed that the greater part of the recovered is attributable to artiodactyls-deer, ante or mountain sheep. The only other bones recovere- in any considerable quantity were those of jack ra or birds (the birds were not further identified beca of the lack of a suitable type collection). Since bon of the jack rabbit occur in about the same frequenc in earlier and later portions of the site (1.4 bones cu. ft. of midden in earlier portions as against 1.5 bones per 10 cu. ft. in later portions), the evidenc suggests that the utilization of this lagomorph did change over the period of occupation of the site. will be noted that a relatively large number of ja rabbit bones was recovered from the undated leve This is because the undated levels (levels in which neither earlier nor later projectile points predo are in large part levels which are underneath the hanging rock (see fig. 1). The part of the site un neath the overhand had at one time been a partly 134 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER TABLE 5 Provenience of Bird and Mammal Bones by Level and Species rSpecies Early levels Late levels Undated levels Total C ' latrans (coyote) | 1 | _ 1 Marmota flaviventer (marmot) | _ 1 1 2 itellus sp. (ground squirrel) 1 - 1 2 us sp. (jack rabbit) 15 18 31 64 lagus sp. (cottontail) 1 5 1 7 coileus hemionus (mule deer) 4 9 1 14 ntilocapra americana (prong-horned antelope) 1 6 4 11 is canadensis (mountain sheep) 39 45 46 130 dentified Artiodactyla 429 | 459 239 1,127 udentified Bird 26 10 21 57 Totals 516 554 345 1,415 dcove and was then no doubt a haven for pack rats, kaimals which transport small bones in large numbers. The bird bone shows a definite decrease in fre- ency in the later levels of the site (2.5 per 10 cu. . of midden in the earlier levels as against 0.8 per 10 cu. ft. of midden in the later levels). This fact is ther surprising when one considers the probable unting techniques available. It will be recalled that Ie earlier and later levels are defined on the basis fpreponderance of earlier or later projectile points. tie earlier projectile points are those of the Elko ries-Elko Corner-Notched, Elko Contracting-Stem, ad Elko Eared-and the average weights of these oits are 3.1, 3.2, and 4.0 grams, respectively. Con- asting with these are the later points-Rose Spring rner-Notched, Eastgate Expanding- Stem, Desert le-Notched, Eastgate Split-Stem, and Cottonwood Tri- lguar, with weight averages of 1.2, 1.5, 0.3, and 0.6 ams, respectively. The very pronounced difference the weights of the points of these two series sug- sts that the later ones were used as arrow points, le the earlier ones were used as spear points. But is in the later period when the bow and arrow, a re effective bird hunting weapon than the spear, apparently available that the quantity of bird bone reases. If we can rely on the evidence (the sample bird bone is, after all, quite small), we must infer locally the abundance of birds in the earlier per- was greater than in the later period. The cause of the decreasing abundance is not clear. may have been that the climate was becoming in- asingly dry during the period in question, and the -ge in climate was accompanied by a changed vege- on less capable of supporting a large bird population. ce the sample is small and the site not accurately ed, it is perhaps best not to speculate further on this t. In any case our interpretation of the evidence re- ring to hunting implements suggests that bird hunting not done with projectile weapons but depended instead nother means, perhaps nets and traps. The major part of the bone collected at Wagon Jack lter was that of deer, antelope, and mountain sheep. If we take these artiodactyls as a group, the amount of their bone is very similar in the early and late levels (4.5 pieces per cu. ft. of midden in the earlier levels and 4.4 pieces per cu. ft. in the later levels). It would be pre- ferable, of course, to deal with numbers of animals ra- ther than with numbers of bones but if we take the mini- mum numbers of animals represented (see White, 1953), then the sample is too small to be useful-deer, 1; ante- lope, 3; mountain sheep, 4. Therefore it is necessary to deal with individual bones. A detailed tabulation of the bones of artiodactyls is given in table 6. The bones shown under "Skull" are mostly teeth but there are also a few mandibles and other skull parts. Under "Forequarters" are included scapulae and identifiable parts of fore limbs. Similarly "Hindquarters" includes pelves and hind limbs. Under "Other" we include cannon bones, metapodials, and a single vertebra. The category "Artiodactyla" in- cludes specimens which could be identified as to bone ele- ment but could not be identified as to species. The bulk of the specimens in this last category are cannon bones and molar teeth; it is difficult to distinguish antelope from deer with these elements, but less difficult to distinguish mountain sheep from either of the other two species. Pre- sumably most of these elements without species identifica- tion are either deer or antelope. Table 6 indicates that mountain sheep was utilized to a greater extent than either of the other two species of Artiodactyla, in fact more than the other two combined. If we combine the bone for which species identification could not be made with the bone of deer and antelope, and compare this with the bone of mountain sheep, we obtain the following: Species Early Late Undated levels levels levels Mountain sheep 39 45 46 Other Artiodactyla 27 31 17 135 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 6 Bones of Artiodactyla by Species, Body Section, and Level Species and Level Skull Forequarters Hindquarters Other Total Odocoileus Early 4 - _ _ 4 Late 6 3 _ _ 9 Undated 1 - _ _ 1 Total 11 3 _ 14 Antilocapra Early 1 - _ _ 1 Late 5 _ 1 6 Undated 3 _ 1 - 4 Total 9 _ 1 1 11 Ovis Early 31 _ 3 5 39 Late 40 1 3 1 45 Undated 42 _ 3 1 46 Total 113 1 9 7 130 Artiodactyla* (Ident.) Early 10 _ 2 10 22 Late 9 1 - 6 16 Undated _ 1 2 9 12 Total 19 2 4 25 50 Grand total 152 6 14 33 205 *Bones in this category are identifiable as to element but not species. This shows that if numbers of bones can be taken as a measure of the number of individual groups, the mountain sheep must have been used more than the other species in all periods. It also shows that the relative utilization was about the same in the early period as it was in the later period. Antelopes, and to a lesser extent deer, are best caught through co- operative hunts involving drives and traps. Mountain sheep, on the other hand, must be hunted individually, and one would have thought that the acquisition of the bow and arrow would have yielded a decided advantage in this activity and that they would have had a rela- tively greater utilization after its introduction than be- fore. The figures indicate this was not so; the rela- tive utilization of the several species of mountain sheep continued at about the same levels. We can make only a few points regarding butcher- ing technique of the inhabitants of Wagon Jack Shelter. Some specimens of skull parts, metapodials, and pelves were recovered from the excavations, so it is clear that in at least some instances the entire animal was carried back to the living site. However, a count of the elements which would have been discarded if the butchering had been performed at the kill site reveals that these make up only a small proportion of the total bone. The greatest part of the bone has been categor- ized as unidentifiable Artiodactyla (table 5) and is made up almost entirely of fragments of long bone. If we tabulate the frequencies of parts which would have been retained when butchering was performed at the kill U site and compare them with the frequencies of part which would have been retained only if the entire a mal was carried home, we obtain the following: Early Late Undated levels levels levels Cranial parts, scapulae, pelves, vertebrae, hoof parts 50 66 54 Long bones, cannon bones 423 453 227 This table indicates that there are seven or eigl times as many pieces of long bone or cannon bone there are of other parts in the dated levels. Of cou several long bone fragments may be parts of a sit limb bone but the same is probably true, to some i tent, of the other parts as well. Even if the figurs are moderately biased by this fact, still the bulk d the bones seems to derive from the legs and we m therefore suggest that on some occasions, at least, the butchering was performed at the kill site and the most usable parts (i.e., haunches) of the anima were carried homle. There seems to be no differei in this pattern between early and late levels. I I 136 I I II II I I I i i i I I 01 HEIZER AND BAUMHOFF: WAGON JACK SHELTER STRUCTURAL REMAINS Eidence of what may have been the remains of a house Bas exposed in pits T-5 and T-6 at a depth of 21 inches. The evidence consisted of nine large boulders lined up in he shape of a crescent. The line of boulders may have ben continued east, completing a semicircular plan (this ection was not excavated), but it did not continue to the uth (fig. 8). Assuming that the stone foundation con- ued arcing to the east, the house or structure would he had an open side or doorway facing the cliff and uld have been enclosed by poles and brush on the other les. It would have been about 6 feet in length and 3 or feet in width. The probable construction was similar to of the Northern Paiute to the west (Heizer, 1960). Such a plan would have been very efficient at its location. The narrowness of Eastgate is such that a very strong wind comes through it nearly every day; it is bitterly cold in winter when the temperature drops to 0 degrees or lower. A home like the one indicated, however, would have given the inhabitants optimum pro- tection from the wind regardless of the direction from which it was coming. We are able to place the house structure accurately within the chronological framework of our sequence of projectile points. Three projectile points were recovered from the fill of the house, one of them Elko Contracting- Stem type and the other two Elko Eared points. Both types are early in the site, hence the house must have dated from the early period. Q 2 3 i f eet Prio T-9 I Pit T-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- J _____ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J Figure 8. Stone "house" foundation. I; I p %O i IV! - I i 137 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I I I I I I I I I I I I I f-I I I-V I r- I I %.-Ol I I I I I BIBLIOGRAPHY Angel, Myron 1881. History of Nevada. Oakland, California, Thompson and West. Baumhoff, M. A., and J. S. Byrne 1959. Desert Side Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. Univ. Calif. Arch. Survey Report No. 48, pp. 32-65. Chapman, Arthur 1932. The Pony Express. New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons. Conkling, Roscoe P., and Margaret B. Conkling 1947. The Butterfield Overland Mail 1857-1869. Vols. I-III. Glendale, California, Arthur H. Clark Company. Egan, Howard R. 1917. Pioneering in the West, 1846 to 1878. Howard R. Egan Estate, Richmond, Utah. Heizer, Robert F. 1960. Notes on Some Paviotso Personalities and Material Culture. Nevada State Museum, Anthro. Papers, No. 2. Carson City. Heizer, Robert F. and Alex D. Krieger 1956. The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. and Ethn., 47:1-190. Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca 1883. Life Among the Piutes. Boston. Mulloy, William 1942. The Hagen Site, a Prehistoric Village ci the Lower Yellowstone. Univ. Montana Publ. in the Social Sciences, No. 1. Missoula. Simpson, Captain J. H. 1876. Report of Explorations Across the Grea Basin of the Territory of Utah. Washingtc D. C., Engineer Department, U. S. Arm Steward, Julian H. 1938. Basin- Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 120. Swanson, Jr., Earl H., Donald R. Tuohy, and Alan L. Bryan 1959. Archaeological Explorations in Central al South Idaho, 1958. Occasional Papers o1 the Idaho State College Museum, No. 2 Poc atello. White, Theodore E. 1953. A Method of Calculating the Dietary P centage of Various Food Animals Uti by Aboriginal Peoples. American Anti 18:396-398. [ 138 1 .i THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EASTGATE CAVE BY ALBERT B. ELSASSER and E. R. PRINCE INTRODUCTION Eastgate Cave (site 26-Ch-36) is in the same volcanic ormation as Wagon Jack Shelter (26-Ch-119). The e lies about 200 yards southwest of Wagon Jack elter and is about 100 feet higher in elevation. East- e Cave was first recorded in 1937 by a University California field party, but was not excavated at that e. However, it was evident in 1958, at the time of excavation reported upon here, that numerous dis- ances, probably by amateur relic-hunters, had been e in the dry soil deposit toward the inner end of cave. Artifacts recovered in 1958 from the cave suggest , like Wagon Jack Shelter, it was probably not used historic or protohistoric times. If the cave was oc- ied at all during the same period of time as was n Jack Shelter, it emphatically was not utilized reveryday living, but rather as a cache spot. Apart m a "shaman's kit" and what appears to be a deliber- ly buried bundle of probably unused animal-snare s, the yield of artifacts from the cave was rela- small and scattered. Furthermore, the low roof generally small size of the cave within the limits the drip line, and the sloping floor as well (map 1), not afford comfortable living quarters for more a few persons at a time. If the cave were used in the winter time, its westerly facing mouth would not permit much sunshine to enter any but its outer portions, and that for only a brief part of the day. The cave cannot be said to be particularly difficult of access from the level below, although a small, roughly fissured but almost vertical cliff (pl. 25, a) about 15 to 20 feet high may have been a deterrent to the regular use of the cave in aboriginal times. The rough walls and ceiling of Eastgate Cave and the extremely broken, angular quality of the basaltic breccia formation in which it is formed point to a relatively early, sudden geological origin rather than to long continued carving processes by wind or water in the cavity. Although there is a fairly sharp slope trending approximately from east to west, that is, from the inner to the outer ends of the cave, it is clear that any nearly level portions, such as the area of soil deposit where artifacts were found and the small, low alcove immediately adjoining it on the south side (map 1), have been repositories of dust and sand which evidently have blown into the cave from outside or, secondarily, may have been abraded from the walls or ceilings. The sandy-floored alcove is a permanent twi- light zone, and this allows the entire cavity to be classi- fied as a true cave rather than as a deep rock shelter. THE DEPOSIT AND ITS EXCAVATION IN 1958 t judgment is correct that Eastgate Cave was primarily as a place for the caching of objects prsons who visited this particular region only at t ific and possibly short periods during the year, ecomes necessary to explain the depth and extent e deposit which was examined during the 1958 *ation. As shown on Map 1, the artifact-bearing sit was confined to the inner one-half of the floor e cave. The adjoining alcove and the rocky slope e outer one-half, as well as the slope and partly s-covered ledge in front of the cave (pl. 25, a), ned no evidence whatever of human habitation. soil deposit itself occupied a space about 30 feet by 15 feet wide; its greatest depth, confined to entral portion, was about 30 inches. The soil extremely loose and dry and, above the yellow and angular unwashed gravel floor, consisted of usual detritus which is found in dry caves through- e Great Basin: dust, sand, gravel fragments, r rock fragments fallen from the roof, rat and guano, assorted twigs and grass culms, presum- from the immediate surroundings, and quantities ed bone material, some of it with dried sinew n fragments still adhering to it. At the rear of the cave was an apparently active pack rat's nest, characterized by a tangled concentration of twigs and many bones. Throughout the deposit the same sort of nest material was present, though scattered, suggest- ing either the remains of former nests or simply the kind of disorder which may have accompanied the building of the main nest near the back wall. The destructive effects of pack rats upon possibly layered culture deposits in a dry cave in Nevada have been discussed by Heizer and Krieger (1956, p. 10) in the report on the archaeology of Humboldt Cave. At East- gate Cave, with its relatively sparse deposit, it would be idle to discuss stratigraphy in view of the obvious disturbances by both man and pack rats. It is believed, furthermore, that the great majority of mammal bones, representing mostly deer, rodents, and lagomorphs, were not taken into the cave by man for food but either are the remains of animals which actually perished in the cave or, even more likely, are bones introduced by the pack rats as nest-building material. It has not been thought necessary to identify the species represented by the bones, since they do not appear to be connected with any of the activities of man in the cave. 139 ] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS B Midden 0 5 10 15 ft. SCALE Rat Nest Eostgate Cave Map 1. Plan and Cross-section of Eastgate Cave. I 140 ELSASSER AND PRINCE: EASTGATE CAVE TABLE 1 Artifacts Recovered from Eastgate Cave Description Pit No. Depth (in.) "Shaman's bundle"' (Feature 2) ..... ............... 4 17 Cache of hinged-stick snares (Feature 3) .... ......... 12 7 Basketry fragments 1 Bored antler base Snare peg Worked antler fragment | . . . . 8 6-12 Mano J Obsidian projectile point b Basketry fragment .......................... 2 0- 6 Hide thong Porphyry knife ........ ............................. 10 6-12 Haliotis pendant ........ ............................ 6 6-12 Snare pegs .......... ............................... 1, 2 0- 6 aContents itemized in description in text below. bFound in remains of small rat's nest. In the 1958 excavation practically all the soil de- posit was examined, either with trowels or by screen- ing that portion of the deposit impinging on the over- hanging north wall of the cave. The wall was care- 'fully investigated for possible caches, but no artifacts were found there. One may guess that earlier col- 'lectors concentrated their efforts along this edge to the virtual exclusion of the center portion of the de- posit. In order to achieve some means of control in re- scording the location of artifacts, a grid system was oprojected over the significant part of the deposit and, following this, five sections, 3 by 4 feet on their sides, ,were excavated. As stated above, the depth of the de- Sposit was irregular-only in pits 4 and 5 (map 1) was >the maximum depth of 34 inches reached. All material, except that associated with the features listed below, from all the numbered sections (map 1), was removed in 6 inch levels so far as was possible and was put tbrough a rocker screen of one-half inch mesh. The rest of the deposit was either screened or examined carefully with trowels. Data pertaining to the find locations of the various artifacts recovered are given in table 1. DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS "Shaman's Bundle" eature 2 consisted of a twined bag with side opening see Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 60). Within the bag, ch was tightly wrapped and closed, mainly by in- gral (extra weft) lengths of stout cordage, were the ollowing items: 2 lumps of pine pitch 1 small, complete mammal skin (bobcat kitten [Lynx rufus])1 filled with wing and tail feathers of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) se- cured at one end with a length of rawhide. 3 scraps of soft hide, all with evidence of sewing upon them. 1 scrap of mammal hide with enough hair remain- ing to allow tentative identification as of beaver (Castor canadensis). 1 scrap of extremely tough and twisted rawhide. 1 grass bundle tied with sagebrush bark. 1 small bundle of human (?) hair tied with sage- brush bark. Several pieces of soft hide tied together with apo- cynum cordage, probably representing the toe of a moccasin. 1 twisted fragment of rawhide, probably the upper fragment of the moccasin mentioned above. Soft, loose hair tufts of a lagomorph (hare or rab- bit) found scattered throughout inner parts of the bag. 1 fragment of a worked greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) stick, 30 cm. long, 14 mm. in dia- meter at its center, broken roughly at one end and with a rounded point at the other, partially burnt, end. This was probably the distal end of a digging stick. It was not actually contained within the bag but was found lying directly atop the bundle. Each item comprising the cache, except perhaps the bundle of human hair, shows an essential simi- larity to objects found in the thirty-one caches re- corded by Heizer and Krieger at Humboldt Cave. How- ever, almost all the caches at the latter cave contained much larger inventories of artifacts, including great 'Identification of animal remains from Eastgate Cave made by Dr. A. S. Leopold and Mr. Alan Ziegler of the Dept. of Zoology, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley. 141 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS numbers of basketry fragments. On the other hand, both the rugged structure and the provision for such a tight wrapping in the Eastgate Cave bag suggest that it may originally have been intended or used for objects of relatively great value, which were removed prior to the last placing of the bundle in the cave by its owner. The twined bag itself bears detailed description because it is a complete specimen in practically per- fect condition. It was made entirely of sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata) bark, lengths of which were twisted roughly together to form bundle-like warps about 10 mm. in diameter and deliberately left frayed at either end (pl. 26, c). The bag is about 100 cm. long, 76 cm. wide at its center, and 25 cm. wide at its ends. These measurements indicate the generally ovoid shape of the bag when open and flattened out. This shape is explained by the fact that the approxi- mately 60 warps at the center of the specimen de- crease to less than 30 at either end. The technique of the twining over most of the specimen is thus simple, but about three or four twining courses from each end a few wefts begin to incorporate two warps at each twist rather than one. The wefts at the ex- treme ends include as single warps what began as two separate ones at the center of the specimen. Since the diameters of the warps are about the same through- out, it follows that those at the ends are simply more tightly secured by the weft than those at the center. There are eighteen weft courses in the specimen, and these are spaced at distances from each other ranging from 6 cm. near the center of the bag to 3 cm. at its ends. The bag includes two separate wefts. Each was started near the center of the specimen by being doubled over the first (outside edge) warp of the bag and then passed to the opposite edge of the bag. Here each weft became a twined loop with about a 2 or 3 cm. opening before being passed back to the other side. One continuous weft course thus describes 10 loops (5 on each side) before termination, while the other, which started on the opposite edge of the bag, forms 7 loops (4 on one edge, 3 on the other). The looping technique in matting was apparently com- mon in western Nevada. Examples of carrying bags and mats from Humboldt Cave with loops at the edges are shown in Heizer and Krieger (1956, Plate 26, a,b). The trait was also noted at Lovelock Cave for bags and mats, and at Ocala Cave for matting (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pls. 24, 26, 58). Extra lengths of both wefts, at either end of the bag, were formed into 2-strand cordage, 33 and 120 cm. long, respectively. This cordage was found passed back through the loops on one of the outside edges of the bag, serving to draw it tightly closed. Both wefts were pitched up to the right, that is, twisted in a clockwise direction. The cordage, or extra lengths of weft, at both ends of the specimen, however, were about 8 mm. in thickness, and were twisted in a counterclockwise direction ("Z" twist). The shorter piece of cordage terminates in an overhand knot and the longer piece is unknotted and frayed. An unat- tached fragment of 2-strand cordage, 45 mm. long, with one end in an overhand knot, was found within the bag. This is probably the missing end of the longer continuation of the weft. In addition to the cordage which was passed through the loops for the purpose of drawing the bag closed, a large rope, also of sagebrush bark, was found in the folds of the bag when it was opened. This may have been used as a sort of carrying strap for the bag. The rope consists of two sections, each of tw strands, tied together with a square knot. One sec- tion is twined ("Z" twist) and is 22 mm. in diamet and 105 cm. long. Its free end is the starting end, that is, the doubled-over yarn is here the beginning of the twisting of the two strands. The other sectio is of 2-strand braiding technique, 30 cm. long and mm. in diameter, with its free end frayed and un- knotted. It is with considerable confidence that we charac terize the type of cache found in Eastgate Cave as "shaman's bundle" or "medicine bag." Surely most', of the items contained in this bundle are bizarre in terms of the necessities of everyday living, and al-~ most certainly represent the prized possessions of some special ceremonial practitioner within the ab- original band or group. Heizer and Krieger (1956, pp. 85, 86) have pointed out the widespread distribu tion of such bundles in archaeological sites, especig in dry caves throughout the American Southwest ant the Great Basin. The contents of the Eastgate cach are similar to those of the Humboldt Cave caches, which are in turn similar to some caches associated with the Anasazi culture of the Southwest. None of the artifacts in the Eastgate bundle, how ever, positively indicate trade relations with other regions, such as the Anasazi or California. Hinged-stick Snares In pit 12, at a depth of 7 inches, a cache of forty. incomplete hinged-stick snares was found in situ. The sticks were stacked neatly with the open ends pointing in one direction. Only one of the sticks wa broken. The specimens are representative of the "Lovelo type of hinged-stick snare, in which a cord noose replaced by one made of wood (Loud and Harringto4 1929, pp. 102, 115; pls. 44, a, 48, a, b). They coo of stripped willow sticks about 5 mm. in diameter. Each is bent in the shape of a "U." One arm has loop 5 mm. in diameter formed by a simple over knot near the end, and the other arm, to which a cord would have been attached, is roughened for 2 cm. at the tip to provide greater security for the cord. The knotted loop arm is 17 cm. long, and other arm is 17.5 cm. long. The longer arm appe to have been designed to keep the string from sli when the snare was triggered. The base or closed end of the snare noose is 1.2 cm. across. The sti vary in size from each other by no more than seve millimeters. The snares at Lovelock Cave were fo in the Later Period, upper Transitional, and lower Transitional deposits (ibid., p. 115). No pegs or cordage were directly associated wi the sticks found at Eastgate Cave as they were at Lovelock Cave. However, three small willow pegs were screened from other parts of the cave and presumably part of hinged-stick snares (pl. 25, m) Two pegs are each 7.6 cm. long, the other is 5.8 long. All three are 8 mm. in diameter. Each has encircling groove 4 to 5 mm. from one end. In twq specimens apocynum string fragments are still pre in the grooves, terminating in knots which serve tc secure them therein. Each peg was thinned by cutt to a 5 mm. thickness at the squared base. The hinged- stick snare is apparently of a type I i 142 ELSASSER AND PRINCE: EASTGATE CAVE a,a Scissors b Loop for cord c Trigger d Squared arches to guide scissors e Bait stick f Trigger support a. Suggested use of hinged-stick snares. ILUed in modern parlance a "lifting" or "spring-pole" re (Cooper, 1938, pp. 7, 8). One method of setting h a snare is shown in figure 1, a. The trigger hanism in the drawing is taken from Harding (1935, 136) but is by no means the only or the best pos- le arrangement (see also Schellbach, 1927, fig. 95; br, 1955, p. 3). This type of snare could also easily placed in a vertical position over a small burrow a cut-bank or in a horizontal runway. If set hori- tally, an additional peg evidently would have to be in the ground in order to keep the snare from pulled away prematurely when the trigger mech- m was tripped by the emerging animal. The addi- al parts of the trigger mechanism could easily be rovised on the spot from scraps of sagebrush or er material, as they require no particular finish- in their construction. The size of the sticks indicates use on small mam- such as the rats and ground squirrels that ud in the Great Basin (Hall, 1946, pp. 72-76). ever, these sticks are quite large when compared those of the snares found in Lovelock Cave. The elock snares must indeed have been set for only smallest of the desert rodents. Other hinged-sticks from the Great Basin or the Southwest are all roximately the same size as the Eastgate Cave imens, usually varying no more than one inch in h from the latter. A hinged-stick snare, including a peg, was recovered Massacre Lake Cave in northwestern Nevada eseman, 1942, p. 122, fig. 100, c-5, 8). The stick ers from the Eastgate specimens only in that a slip knot, rather than an overhand knot, was b. Use of "scissors" type snare (after Spier, 1955, p. 3). tied when the stick was green to form the loop. Other similar sticks are noted from Roaring Springs Cave and Catlow Cave 8 (ibid., p. 72). A large bundle of hinged willow sticks, reportedly from the Granite Mountain area, was found some 110 miles northwest of Lovelock, Nevada. These are now stored in the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Cali- fornia, with the catalogue number of SWM 569-G-39. We examined these in 1958 and observed that in all of them the loop is formed by thinning the tip of one arm of the snare, bending the thinned section over, and lashing it with a fine sinew or fiber binding. A sample specimen from the bundle is shown in plate 25, i of the present report. Schellbach (1927, pp. 232-240) describes a variant of the hinged-stick snare from the Sawmill Shelter near Baker, Nevada. These snares differ from all thus far described here in that they are made from two separate sticks tied at both ends, the trigger being attached in the center of the cord at one end. This type of trigger attachment is, seemingly, unique in the Great Basin. Snares from Grand Gulch, Utah (Guernsey and Kid- der, 1921, p. 92; Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 136-138) are made from two sticks also. The method of closing the stick noose, however, is the same as that used in the Oregon and western Nevada snares. The string guides in these specimens are made of fiber and are not an integral part of the wooden snare arms. Similar pieces are reported from the Fremont River area (Morss, 1931, p. 62). The Basketmaker snare described from northeastern Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 92, pl. 41, a) knimal Burrow Figure 1 t 143 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 2 Basketry Recovered from Eastgate Cave Coiled Basketry UCLMA Spec. No. Remarks Stitches per 10 cm. Coils per 10 cm. Illustration 2-33085 ......... 38 30 Pl. 1, d Rim fragment 2-33086 ......... 40 28 Pl. 1, e Start fragment 2- 3 3087 ......... 30 28- 30 _ __ 2- 33088 ......... 32 30 -- __ 2-33089 ......... 32 28 P1. 1, f _i 2-33090 ......... 38 -- -- __ 2-33091 ......... 30 28 _ __ is also the two-stick type. In this specimen, to re- place the loop, a small hole has been drilled in one arm to provide passage for the string. In contrast, Painted Cave, also located in northeastern Arizona, yielded a two-stick snare that utilizes the fiber loop (Haury, 1945, p. 52). A hinged-stick snare has been noted from Cordova Cave, New Mexico (Martin, 1952, p. 347, fig. 146, g). The piece is too fragmentary to relate it to the speci- mens described in the present paper. Two examples like those described from Grand Gulch, Utah, are noted from Ceremonial Cave in the Hueco Mountains of western Texas (Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 136-138, fig. 128, b, d-f). Another example is noted from Brewster County, Texas (Coffin, 1932, p. 31). The hinged-stick snares from the greater South- west can be quite clearly differentiated from those of the western Great Basin. All the Southwestern snares mentioned here are constructed of two sticks tied at one or both ends, whereas snares made from a single stick seem to be restricted to the western Great Basin, outside of the direct Southwestern influence. Snares and traps have been reported ethnographi- cally as being in common use by the peoples of the Great Basin (Steward, 1941, pp. 222, 224; 1943, pp. 267-268; Stewart, 1941, pp. 423, 424). However, only the Surprise Valley Paiute have been recorded as users of hinged-stick snares of the Lovelock type (Kelly, 1932, pp. 87-88). These were frequently used to catch small squirrels (Citellus douglasii). Kelly's informant states that one person could cover as many as twenty-five holes, and at times two snares would be set at one hole. Hinged-stick snares of the South- western type have been reported by Spier (1955, p. 4) and are referred to as "scissors traps." The arrange- ment of such a trap as used by the Mohave is repro- duced herein (fig. 1, b). On the tip of the bait stick (e) shown in the drawing, a pumpkin seed might be impaled. Disturbance of this seed would allow release of trigger (c). Basketry Fragments Seven fragments of basketry were recovered from Eastgate Cave. Of these, six showed the coiling tech- nique and one was a twined fragment. Dr. M. A. Baumhoff has kindly examined these fragments and has concluded that any of the pieces could be matched by specimens from Lovelock or Humboldt Caves in western Nevada. His comments and measurements summarized in table 2. All the coiled basketry is of rod-bundle foundatio (see Heizer and Krieger, 1956, pp. 45, 46) and all specimens show interlocking stitching with occasiona stitches split. Stitches are of split-strand willow (? 2 to 3 mm. wide. Specimens 2-33085, 86, 87, 88, 91 were all found in the same pit and all seem to be fragments of the same vessel. The only differences: between them are in stitches and coils per 10 cm. and these would be accounted for if the fragments were from widely separated parts of the basket (nd that both start and rim fragments were recovered the same pit). Specimen 2-33089 is the rim of a small coiled The entire vessel was evidently 7 to 8 cm. in di The basket was finished with a heavier than usual made of two rods side by side. Threading on the is neat but does not differ from the threading in body of the piece. Twined basketry fragment 2-33092 consists of s rod warps about 2 mm. wide and wefts with an up right pitch. Warps and wefts occur at rates of t and forty-five per 10 cm. (pl. 25, g). Child's Skin Moccasin The young child's moccasin was made for the left It is 6-1/8 inches (15.5 cm.) long and 2-3/4 inches ( cm.) wide (pl. 25, j). Material of the moccasin has been identified as of artiodactyl, most probably d The hair is to the outside. The specimen is stitched in an over-and-under fashion with 2-ply "S" twist apocynum twine 2.5 in diameter. The twine is secured by knots at the step and the heel. Two pieces of hide were used for the main b the moccasin. There is no separate sole, hence specimen may properly be classified as "soft-sol moccasin" (Driver and Massey, 1957, p. 326). The piece is composed of a thin dark skin stitched in same manner as the rest of the moccasin. The h shows three thicknesses of hide and is worn thro at the point of contact. Small patches of hair occ the arch area and on the outside edge. Six sets of holes were spaced around the rim the moccasin to take a draw-string. It is evident that the moccasins of the Shoshon peoples of the Great Basin described by Stewart (1 p. 436), Steward (1941, p. 343), and Lowie (1924, p. I 144 ELSASSER AND PRINCE: EASTGATE CAVE are not related to the type found at Eastgate Cave. This specimen, instead, corresponds in virtually every detail to the Fremont River (Utah) moccasins found by Morss (1931, p. 63) and declared by him to be an important element in the definition of the Fre- mont culture (ibid., p. 76), a "primitive peripheral culture" existing in Pueblo II time in the Southwest. Subsequent investigation of the Fremont culture gave rise to the opinion that it was "a stable way of life which existed from about A. D. 500 to around A. D. ,1300 in the Fremont area" (Taylor, 1957, p. 154). "Fremont moccasins" have also been recovered 'from Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 47, 'pl. 22, e), Etna Cave in Lincoln County, and Owl Cave in White Pine County, Nevada (Wheeler, 1942, p. 30). A fragment of moccasin heel of several thicknesses of hide was found in the "Shaman's bundle." The material the stitching is the same as in the heel of the lete moccasin. The specimen from the cache is hrwise too fragmentary for an accurate reconstruc- of the piece. Bored Antler Base , bored antler base was screened from the fill of a Dle in which feature number 1 was found. The piece 5 9 mm. long by 40 mm. wide at the widest point A. 25, n). A hole had been drilled in the distal end Ithe base. It is oval in cross- section, 15 mm. by 1 mm. in diameter, and 22 mm. deep. The entire face of the specimen has been roughened by the ng of rodents. There is no evidence remaining paint or polishing such as is present on a similar cimen found in Oregon (see below). .Bored antler bases similar to the 26-Ch-36 specimen recorded from Roaring Springs Cave, Oregon (Cress- 1942, p. 65, fig. 29), and Ventana Cave, Arizona y, 1950, p. 384, fig. 90, d, e). They have been sed as awl, drill, or digging-stick handles, as well bunts. Pieces that are identified as atlatl dart bunts Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 111, 46, a) and Cordova Cave, New Mexico (Martin, 1952, 192, fig. 65, e) are made from bone and not antler. 26-Ch-36 specimen would seem to be too large and for use as a dart bunt, so that its function as per- an awl or drill handle appears more probable. Worked Antler Fragment ge section of antler, including the base and part o tines, was worked in an unusual way. The were taken off by cutting or sawing part way gh and then removed by breaking. A rough, shal- groove was gouged and pecked from the antler to the fork. The specimen is otherwise unmodi- The function of this worked antler is not known. iters are unaware of other occurrences of simi- eces in the Great Basin. Probably the specimen uncompleted tool of some sort. Hide Thong e of soft hide, 25 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, out 10 cm. of its length at one end was found 2. This was probably a thong, perhaps used to some object about the arm or leg. Mano A loaf-shaped mano, 13 cm. long, 9 cm. wide, and 6 cm. thick, was recovered in the excavations. The speci- men is a uniface-type mano made from a granite cobble; one end and both sides are markedly battered, suggesting a conscious shaping by the manufacturer or user. Obsidian Projectile Point The one projectile point recovered at Eastgate Cave is a tangled specimen 2.4 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide (pl. 25, 1), with a slightly concave or split stem. This type of point resembles roughly certain specimens from Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pl. 56, d, f, k) and may also be compared to specimens (recently classified as Type D-2) found on the Hum- boldt Lake bed now in the collections of the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology. Blade or Knife This specimen is 6.4 cm. long and 1.7 cm. wide. Its tip, which would add about another 12 mm. to the length of the blade, is missing (pl. 25, k). No evidence of hafting mastic was present on its convex base, hence it is assumed that the piece was simply an unhafted hand tool. Its oval cross-sectional shape at the tip break suggests that it may also have been used as a drill. Haliotis Pendant The specimen was in nearly disintegrated condition when found. It appeared to have been manufactured from Haliotis rufescens and was 50 mm. long and 23 mm. wide. A conically drilled hole near one end ta- pers from a diameter of 6 mm. to 3 mm. The pen- dant is of a type designated as "Z2a" (curved oblong, one terminal perforation, plain edge) by Gifford (1947). The type has not heretofore been recovered in western Nevada sites. The recorded occurrence closest to the Great Basin has been at Kingsley Cave in Tehama County, California (Baumhoff, 1955, p. 55), where speci- mens were found, mainly from the lower levels of the cave deposit. Baumhoff (ibid., p. 56) points out that such ornaments occur in several Middle Horizon sites in Central California and occasionally, in a slightly different form, in Late Horizon sites. Miscellaneous Three large flakes, one of brown chert, one of silici- fied volcanic material, and one of obsidian, all with slightly chipped edges, were found at various places throughout the deposit. All may have been used as scrapers, but are not sufficiently modified to merit further description. One unmodified clear quartz crys- tal, which may once have been part of the shaman's cache, was found, not associated with the cache. In the great quantity of woody debris removed from the cave, several sticks or pieces of bark were found which showed slight cutting or rubbing marks. These appear to have been selected by the inhabitants for ultimate practical use of some sort but never brought to completion. 145 SUMMARY The majority of the artifacts found at Eastgate Cave indicate a cache spot rather than a regular habitation locale and may be related to similar specimens found in other dry cave deposits in the Great Basin or, in the case of the "shaman's cache," the hinged-stick snares, and the moccasin, in the American Southwest. In spite of this general identification of remains, however, none of the artifact types except the "Fremont moccasin" and AMNH -AP APS -T BAE -B CNHM -FA MAIHF -INM PMH _p UC -AR -ASR -PAAE Baumhoff, M. A. 1955. Excavation of Site Teh- 1 (Kingsley Cave). UC-ASR 30:40-73. Coffin, E. F. 1932. Archaeological Exploration of a Rock Shelter in Brewster County, Texas. MAIHF-INM 48. Cooper, J. M. 1938. Snares, Deadfalls, and Other Traps of the Northern Algonquians and Northern Athapaskans. Catholic Univ. of America Anthro. Ser., No. 5, pp. 1-144. Cosgrove, C. B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. PMH-P 24(2):1-181. Cressman, L. S. 1942. Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 538, pp. 1-158. Driver, H. E. and W. C. Massey 1957. Comparative Studies of North American Indians. APS-T New Ser. 47, Pt. 2, pp. 165-456. [ 146 perhaps the one Haliotis ornament (in poor condition) ui specific enough to allow, by means of cross-dating,A exact determination of the time of occupation of the cau It appears that there is no direct evidence that Eastgati Cave was utilized at the same time as the adjacent Wt Jack Shelter, although both the immediate proximity a the lack of protohistoric or historic material in eithei spot would suggest that this was the case. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers American Philosophical Society Transactions Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin Chicago Natural History Museum Fieldiana: Anthropology Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation Indian Notes and Monographs Peabody Museum, Harvard University Papers University of California Anthropological Records Archaeological Survey Report Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Gifford, E. W. 1947. Californian Shell Artifacts. Guernsey, S. J. and A. V. Kidder 1921. Basket-Maker Caves of NortheasternAria PMH-P 8(2):1-121. Hall, E. R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Berkeley and Loi Angeles, Univ. Calif. Press. Harding, A. R. 1935. Deadfalls and Snares. Columbus, Ohio. Haury, E. W. 1945. Painted Cave, Northeastern Arizona. Th Amerind Foundation, Inc. No. 3. Dragoo Arizona. 1950. The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ve Cave, Arizona. Albuquerque, Univ. of Mexico and Univ. of Arizona Press. Heizer, R. F. and A. D. Krieger 1956. The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. UC-PAAE 47:1-190. ] j UC-AR 9:1-1~ ELSASSER AND PRINCE: EASTGATE CAVE Kelley, I. T. 1932. Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. UC-PAAE 31:67-210. Xidder, A. V. and S. J. Guernsey 1919. Archaeological Exploration in Northeastern Arizona. BAE-B 65:1-228. Loud, L. L. and M. R. Harrington 1929. Lovelock Cave. UC-PAAE 25:1-183. 4-wie, R. V 1924. Slartin, P. t 1952. II I H. Notes on Shoshone Ethnography. AMNH-AP +): 191-314. S. et al. Mogollon Culture Continuity and Change. The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves. CNHM-FA 40:1-528. Morss, N. 1931. The Ancient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah. PMH-P 12(3):1-81. Bchellbach, L. 1927. Ancient Bundles of Snares from Nevada. MAIHF-INM 4:232-240. Spier, L. 1955. Mohave Culture Items. Museum of Northern Arizona Bull. 28. Steward, J. H. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XIII Nevada Shoshoni. UC-AR 4:209-359. 1943. Culture Element Distributions: XXIII Northern and Gosiute Shoshoni. UC-AR 8:263-392. Stewart, 0. C. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XIV Northern Paiute. UC-AR 4:361-446. Taylor, D. C. 1957. Two Fremont Sites and Their Position in Southwestern Prehistory. Univ. Utah Anthro. Papers 29:1-185. Wheeler, S. M. 1942. Archaeology of Etna Cave, Lincoln County, Nevada. Carson City, Nevada State Park Commission. 147 PLATE 25 Artifacts from Eastgate Cave are numbered with "2" prefix (R. H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology numbers, University of California, Berkeley). a. View to south of entrance to Eastgate Cave. b. View of test excavation near rear of Eastgate Cave. Note rolled-up "shaman's bag" in situ (inner pit). c. Twined "shaman's bag," No. 2-33065. Arrow points to beginnings of weft courses. d. Coiled basketry, rim fragment, No. 2-33085. e. Coiled basketry, start fragment, No. 2-33086. f. Coiled basketry, rim fragment of small bowl, No. 2-33089. g. Twined basketry fragment, No. 2-33092. h. Hinged stick, No. 2-33080. i. Hinged-stick from Granite Mountain area, Nevada. Southwest Museum No. 569-6-39. j. Child's moccasin, No. 2-33050. k. Porphyry knife, No. 2-33094. 1. Obsidian projectile point, No. 2-33081. m. Snare peg, No. 2-33093. n. Bored antler base, No. 33084. [ 148 1 a b L:1 - AS:4::s 1 r.S. Tl E.;;s ), . i \ I -q . .} k n 5 cm [ 149 ] 4 m 0 t i I A