ANTHROP1OLOGICAL RECORDS 17:2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SANTA ROSA ISLAND IN 1901 BY PHILIE[ILLS JONES Edged byi. F. Heizer a4d A. B. Elsasser Ji~VERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS - r. i cBERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES . ~~ . : , ; 1 95 6v RCHAEOLOGJCAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SANTA ROSA ISLAND IN 1901 BY PHILIP MILLS JONES Edited by R. F. Heizer and A. B. Elsasser ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 17, No.2 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Editors (Berkeley): R. L. Olson, R. F. Heizer, T. D. McCown, J. H. Rowe Volume 17, No. 2, pp. 201-280, plates 86-131 Submitted by editors March 23, 1955 Issued February 24, 1956 Price, $1.50 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Editors' preface .............................201 Journal ............................. . .............a. 202 Notebook ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 213 Bibliograp4y of Santa Rosa Island Archaeology ........... ......... ... 222 Plates ......... .................. . 223 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SANTA ROSA ISLAND IN 1901 BY PHILIP MILLS JONES Edited by R. F. Heizer and A. B. Elsasser EDITORS' PEFACE e first decade of this century, when Mrs. Phoebe work lies in the fact that the collection is the only known st was a Regent of the University of California, one of its time from the island which was in any way missioned and financed a number of scholars to accompanied by data obtained by the excavator. Cer- out through the Department of Anthropology pro- tainly a large amount of material has been collected on archaeological and ethnological research and Santa Rosa Island by others, both before and after Jones on in various parts of the world. The purpose of excavated. Until several years ago, however, when the vestigations was to contribute to the existing Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History inaugurated knowledge on these places and to develop the an excavation program, the specimens were dug hap- ons at the University's newly established Museum hazardly, without notes by the diggers, and much of the ropology. 1 material excavated has subsequently been dispersed. success of these ventures is demonstrated in the Of Dr. Jones himself, not much is known, although he I quality of the collections now in the Museum of did achieve prominence in the medical profession. He ology at Berkeley. The Reisner and Uhle collec- was born in 1870, and graduated from the Long Island ,for example, made in these early years, have Hospital, Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1891. After practicing in lished in part and have become well-known to Brooklyn until 1900, he moved to California, where he s in the Egyptian and Peruvian fields. On the became associated with the University of California. ad, the contribution of Philip Mills Jones, ap- After 1902 he devoted the major part of his time to public by Mrs. Hearst in March, 1900, to conduct field health activities. He became editor of the California ation, mostly in California, but in other parts of State Journal of Medicine, and in 1916 was admitted to nNorth America as well, has been little recog- the bar to practice as an attorney and counselor-at-law The lack of recognition is due in part to the com- in the courts of California. He died November 27, 1916, ely short time which Jones devoted to field work from pneumonia. sequent laboratory analysis. The record shows The original records of Jones's activities on Santa was active from 1900 to 1902. During this time Rosa Island are contained in three separate documents cted archaeological and ethnological specimens filed in the Museum of Anthropology archives. First is e Chehalis and Blackfoot, of Washington and his Journal (printed here on pp. 202-212); second, a par- Canada, respectively, and from several locali- allel account written in indelible pencil and called by us California, including the Stockton region in the the "Notebook" (printed here on pp. 212-221); third is a quin River delta and Santa Rosa Island in the two-volume report to his employer, Mrs. Hearst, con- rbara channel island group. sisting of photographs of Santa Rosa Island sites and of ral which he collected from these places was archaeological materials with descriptions (printed here d in the Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley on pp. 224-234 and reproduced in the plates). een studied from time to time in research pro- A minimum number of comments and bibliographic ny of the areas concerned. His report on the citations have been added by the editors, and Jones's cavations near Stockton has been published in words have been faithfully preserved. All the notes to University series. 2 Beyond this, the work of the Journal are editorial. In the Bibliography at the end remained practically unknown. of this paper the editors have listed the titles of articles sent report presents the results of archaeo- dealing with the archaeology of Santa Rosa Island. ld work which Jones carried on in 1901 on Jones uses SRI as an abbreviation for Santa Rosa a Island. The particular significance of this Island. On page 225 will be found a synonymy of the site Wtto President Robert Gordon Sproul for year ending June 30. designations of the University of California Archaeologi- versity of California, Museum of Anthropology, cal Survey and Jones's sites. We acknowledge the kind Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. and Ethn., Vol. 20, No. 7, 1922. assistance of Mr. Phil C. Orr in identifying Jones's sites. [.~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~21 JOURNAL Sunday, February 17, 1901 quite evidently progressing. At the Point erosion b Left Santa Barbara 9:45 a.m. on Schooner Restless, wind and water has been very marked. The origina with Guillermo Guivara, hired in place of John, I Mr. elevation of the terrace on which were the Indian c McGrath, foreman, and Mr. Gardner, butcher, L. A. may still be made out as high places remain, like [Los Angeles], going over to buy sheep. Very little wind buttes, here and there. The northeastern 3/4 mi. o and low fog off shore. Little wind all day and night. Point seems to have been a general camp site; the Quite sick in evening. posit, mostly mussel, clam, and abalone shells, v but is approximately 1 ft. thick. There is no indica Monday, February 18 of many burials having been made, though a few bQ Arrived Santa Rosa Island 4:20 p.m. after mean day. surface, and one skeleton (partly buried) were foun Captain wanted to go to San Miguel Island, saying the The low sand dunes on the eastern exposure of the. wind was good for there, and head for Santa Rosa. Was also show numerous shell heaps, though the deposi finally persuaded to go where we wanted to be. Really shells is only 6 to 12 in. thick. Here are found m he wanted to go there to see Waters, who lives on that seal bones, the first I have noted. Four small dike Island. Santa Rosa is a big ranch owned by Aleck Moore eruptive rock were noted, their direction being N 5 [More]-dead-now estate, Mrs. Miller, administratrix. and about parallel. The coast line east of house, where wharf is built, is bluff about 40 ft. high: upper 20 ft. earth and loosely Thursday, February 21 cemented gravel; lower 20 ft. strata of coarse and fine At 7:30 a.m., started with St. Iago, old Mexican sandstone and various shales. Here the strike is N 350 E, has been on the Island most of the time since 1864 dip, 100. The shale is unusually tough and hard-almost knows it thoroughly, to ride along a ridge which is slatey. One-fourth mile up the canyon to the north of to make a trail across the Island, not being inters house, in which house and boat house are located, the by any transverse canyons. We traveled till ten an same strata are noted. Here the coarse sandstone is full the fog was so thick we could not see the trail 15 ft of pebbles and the whole is closely cemented. Strike and ahead of us, so returned to the house. At elevation dip same. One quarter mile above, strike N 200 yds. 1,000 ft. (I fixed the aneroid yesterday) the ridge ii farther up, strike of shale stratum N 500 E. Crossed sharp and sandstone strata present: strike N 450 ridge and entered another canyon. One mile from house the afternoon dug in refuse heaps near hut sites on and due south, strike N 500 E, dip 8-100. just north of Boat House canyon, on bluff. Found h and bones of fish, seals, dog, fox, birds. In many Tuesday, February 19 large portions of skeletons were together, as thou Left house 6:30 a.m. and helped drive up sheep for flesh had been removed and then cooked; occasion Mr. Gardner's inspection. This finished, he left on burned bones were found, showing that the meat on" schooner at 9 a.m. I then tramped till noon, examining bones had been cooked. Most fish bones were found rocks within radius of 1 to 2 mi. from house. Notes as the major portion of the skeleton together. Two pi recorded on February 18. Dinner 12 m. and then, with one large and one small, were found in house site, an old Mexican, St. Iago [Santiago], about seventy years below surface; a few rude bone tools were also fo old, been on the Island for thirty-seven years, rode out The refuse, shells, etc., extends to the bottom of to see mounds. Just north of [Boat] House canyon is trench-3 ft. at least. Will sink this lower, to end ridge between two canyons. Twelve years ago this was deposit. green and fertile: now it is bare and sand erosion is progressing rapidly. A large encampment has been Friday, February 22 located here but it has been entirely destroyed by the Left ranch 9:30 a.m. Delayed by heavy fog. Cou3 sheepherders and shearers. About 5 mi. westerly, on find the horses. Went by way of second terrace-al the first terrace and 200 yds. from Cafiada Verde, is 500 to 600 ft.-to mouth of Caniada Verde, thence found another encampment. Hut circles can still be made coast to western end of island. Between the Canada out and whale bones are in place, apparently marking and Cantada Soledad there are no signs of Indian ca graves. On the west side of Caiiada Verde and distant near the coast. The coast line is abrupt and precip 3/4 mi' is another large encampment. This was partially On the west side of the Caniada Soledad we came to dug by St. Iago and Prof. Eisen2 about three or four region where wind and sand erosion is progressing; years ago. Many human bones scattered about-made where encampments are encountered. These are of quite a number of surface finds. The prospect is very sand dune variety, some have been excavated, som encouraging-discovered that my aneroid is out of order eroded by the wind, and some remain intact-these; and does not work. latter are such as are covered by vegetation. Enca ments are met with at intervals, over several muie Wednesday, February 20 from here to the western point. One or two camps Breakfast 6:30 a.m. About eight left with St. Iago for noted, and others will probably be found, on the fla the southeast extremity, called Skunk Point. Traveled on beside the canyons, north and south, where blacka first terrace, crossing several deep arroyos. Erosion is soil occurs, rather than sand. These as a rule are - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~one mile from the coast line, sometimes less than. 'John D. Cook, not able to make the trip on account of illness. Nothing of importance was observed on the surface 2 Gustav A. Eisen, engaged in zoBlogical research for the California teeselhas Academy of Sciences at about this time. teeselhas [202] JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 203 * February 23 Tuesday, February 26. Camp No. 2 rked all day on bluff point, north side of Boat Worked all day on camp site No. 2. North side of Canyon. Conditions here are peculiar and puzzling. Boat House canyon-same place as yesterday a.m. Con- are five apparent hut circles, now covered with ditions very curious. Found 15 to 20 skeletons in circle growth of the malva weed3 -"cheese plant"-which radius less than 5 ft. -some in proper relation, others way seems to grow in all places where have been fragmentary and evidently disturbed by subsequent camps and where any vegetation is now found. I burials. Large rocks above all-some of these used the opinion that some digging has been done here mealing stones. Number of small articles, ornaments, for at the extreme edge of the bluff I found the etc., secured, but could not say with any one body; of one skeleton, all jumbled up and in fragments. often 2, 3, 4 bodies all jumbled together; heads gener- ound a portion of a stone ring, a piece of basket ally to the east. This place has not been dug by any and a bit of crystallized quartz which had been curio hunter, for strata of ashes, shells, refuse, or an ornament. St. Iago says he found two similar (Olivella biplicata, etc.) were at various places intact here some time ago. In digging into what are evi- either above or below the rocks. These about 4 to 6 in. the refuse heaps of these hut circles, I found a below ground surface, which is here sloping to the r of rudely pointed bone implements and two or south. In some places two or three layers of bodies. bone needles. These refuse heaps have certainly Eight feet northwest started new hole and found six en disturbed and while the amount of material found milling stones, weighing 75 to 200 lbs., and three m is not large, still it is worth getting-I shall work shoulder-blades of whales-these latter forming sort of It least one day more. Heavy westerly winds prevail cover or roof to graves, with stones above. Here un- chooner or steamer yet. earthed nine skeletons, all packed together in contact, and jumble of bones. With them were one pair of February 24. Camps No. 1 and No. 2 scissors, broken mortar, and one mortar and pestle, d day's work, a.m. With Billy, 4 worked on camp intact, small, fine workmanship. Soil same as rest of st side of Boat House canyon-just across canyon mound-ashes, shells, and refuse. Bones in this lot yesterday's work, and found 10 skeletons: 9 adults rather more rotten than others, in spite of their recent e child, about twelve years old. Bodies lay irregu- date, as witnessed by the scissors. Found fragment of in the squat or doubled-up posture, generally east braided textile material, like braided rope-three strands. est, with the head to the west, face down or to the and in seven cases on the left side with the left hand Wednesday, February 27 the head. First male-nothing; No. 2, female- Continued work in same camp site (No. 2) as yester- g; No. 3, male, and with this body 73 shell orna- day. Whale bones, pieces of redwood, and rocks and mill- of medium, large, and peculiar fashion, all differ- ing stones in abundance. Unearthed about 30 skeletons, nd 10 or 12 shaped ornaments or pendants. Nos. 4 but with two exceptions these were all in groups of 3 to male and female-nothing; No. 6, a child, abalone 6, piled in and jammed together-no general orientation. ents and beads; No. 7, female-nothing; No. 8, Under large slab of whalebone found one (No. 15) skele- long slender abalone beads; No. 9, male-nothing; ton with large number of fine beads, long shell pendants, 10, male, showing old injury to vertex of skull, 2 made from columellae of shell. Strings of beads had ne cups or vessels. In the refuse heaps near this been bound about the head-only small fragment of skull were found a few rude bone tools and arrowpoints, could be removed and this shows lines with binding and ck and two knives. The graves were in shell and trace of fabric; this man was lying on a bed of clean rth and over each was a number of stones-concre- beach sand. No. 16-various beads, ornaments, and and slabs of sandstone and shale (see notebook). wampum found with these collections of bodies-could not identify, in most cases, and so all is put together. a, February 25. Camp No. 2 No. 17 found under a very large stone with two shells rked until 11 a.m., when SS Santa Cruz came for full of red paint-some 200 to 300 triangular flint knives, . Billy was needed so then quit work and helped and a number of very fine columella pendants, also sheep. Sent mail by steamship to San Pedro. lying on sand and with asphaltum on cranium. All these m. Worked on village site on point east of Boat skeletons are very recent and the disturbance of bones canyon. On south side of this point found burial has evidently been due to other subsequent burials. In d-in sand, shells, refuse, etc. As usual, large one place four were evidently buried together and at one s placed above bodies-some 6 in. below surface. time. Nothing with them. Many skeletons of children. location is somewhat below the level of the hut rings, Numbers of glass beads. Fragments of another cranium e slope of the point. The first skeleton unearthed is with asphaltum found. 11, SRI. Male, usual posture-east-west. Head west side, hand under head. With the body was one Thursday, February 28 ring, somewhat in front of the chest, and necklace Continued work on Camp No. 2. North side of Boat eli ornaments. House canyon. Very successful day. Found general rule . 12, SRI, was 15 inches north of No. 11. This was a as already noted, i.e., skeletons in groups of 3 to 6, between fifteen and twenty years. Nothing with body. huddled together and frequently showing signs of having 13, SRI, 20 inches west of No. 12. Also a child, be- been disturbed, those on the lowest level as a rule single ten and fifteen years. With this were shell orna- and not disturbed. s, beads, one stone ring, one imperfect arrowpoint, No. 18. Single skeleton, male, on belly, face down, one piece quartz crystal. Most of the ornaments were head north, badly decomposed; with it many beads and d over the chest. Both of above, Nos. 11 and 12: wampum and fine large pestle. In all cases beads and -est, on left side. wampum are found about forehead, face, and chest; often right hand is under head and beads, etc., found in it. 3alva parviflora. Nothing peculiar about beads, etc., so placed in general 4Guillermo Guivara, Jones's Mexican helper. box. Just west (18 in.) of No. 18 was found No. 19, at 204 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 5 ft. below surface; fragmentary skeleton; fine pipe east. Cloudy early morning, but sun shining now: (serpentine) with it. About 2 ft. east of No. 19, and 6.5 Tried putting shell ornaments in boiling linseed o ft. deep, under flat whalebone, found single skeleton, much heat-spoiled two or three by flaking. Allo No. 20, carefully laid on belly, face down, arms at to cool somewhat and put in another lot. Seems to sides, forearms flexed, etc. (see field notebook); unique them, but cannot tell anything till they dry. The 1 bone and quartz implements, pipe, etc. Must have been ness and the feeling of utter and complete isolati big chief. to make themselves felt. I must be at work all the No. 21 was alone and 3 ft. below surface. Triangular or I grow very restless and uncomfortable. flint knives and stone pick, red paint. North and northeast of here, in about an 8-ft.-square area, groups of bodies February 24, 1901 in hopeless mixture-beads and wampum all put together I think simply soaking in the oil, careful drai in general box. Many skeletons of children; numbers of and drying in a place free from dust will toughen glass beads and shell ornaments found, 2 asphalted shell ornaments and renovate them quite satisfact baskets, burned, 4 fine arrowpoints, a bone "spoon," Cleaning them is the most difficult part of the wor cooking stones, etc.-for details see field notes. Have I do not know just how this can be best done-may almost exhausted this place. with a camel's-hair brush. Friday, March 1 Monday, March 4 Finished Camp No. 2, a.m. Very unsatisfactory on Started 7:15 a.m., rode to southeast coast, Ra account of the manner in which bodies are jumbled to- Viejo, and along coast west of there. The end of gether. Unearthed some 25 skeletons-all in groups of Island is lower than the average and the southern as high as 7 in a group. On same level as No. 20 was is, here, less abrupt and more sandy. A mile or skeleton No. 25, on top of which five others had been farther west, however, this changes and the sou piled. Mixed up with all these bones were a number of coast becomes exceedingly precipitous, more so shell ornaments in no way peculiar, and bone implements, the northern. From Skunk Point for 4 to 5 mi. w three of which got broken in untangling the mass of bones; numbers of camp sites and refuse heaps occur. also one stone pipe, a large stone bead, and a stone saw of these are being covered by drifting sand; other or similar tool. being rapidly destroyed by erosion; a few remain Out of the mixed skeletons I have obtained 20 skulls, cally intact. The larger camp sites have burial p most of them without the lower jaw. This was almost of regulation variety, with the whalebone marker always broken or entirely missing. These are in addition one or two of these which I saw had been at least to such special skulls as have been numbered-5. ly dug out. I secured, as surface finds, 5 very All shell ornaments and beads, unless beyond doubt stone rings, a number of good picks, and a dozen occurring with a special single skeleton, will be put to- more very good worked flints-arrowpoints, so' gether and marked simply as coming from Camp No. 2. quite unusual form, and the effigy flints peculiar This also applies to skulls as above mentioned. these Channel Islands. Some prospecting will be Afternoon-cleaned up myself and some shell orna- quired to find unrifled graves here, but that there ments-sent Billy out prospecting. such I am quite confident. Careful search will re I have no doubt, a good collection of surface find Saturday, March 2. Camp No. 3 etc. Schooner Restless, Captain Burgess, came in early this morning from San Miguel with Captain Waters, who Tuesday, March 5. Camp No. 4 lives there, on board-bound for Santa Barbara. Stopped East side of mouth of Caniada Verde on first to only long enough to get mail and meat. Brought no mail, -bluff coast line. On this, and the west side of a so I have had no word from anyone for two weeks. Left canyon or gorge, have been large camps, origin about 8:30 and rode to south side of the Caiiada de la Agua. marked with whale bones and stones. I had thou Here is camp site No. 3, of considerable size. It is al- commenced work here, that this burial place was most completely overgrown with cactus, etc., and so turbed. Learned today, however, that Coast Surv could not be well examined. Is on a bluff point, similar camped in the Caniada Verde for six months, in I in location to Camp No. 2, but I should judge is larger. and then, before commencing work, surmised At one place at edge of cliff, we were able to determine dug this place at that time; digging showed this a burial place and digging revealed 9 skeletons-buried true, but their excavations were very imperfect singly and undisturbed-from which I secured 4 good several good finds were made today, and only a a skulls. With one body was found a good mortar, some area covered. There have been about ten hut circ ornaments, and 2 curious soapstone beads. This man had here and as many more on the east side of the go caries of the spine-the second I have noted thus far, and No. 28 was an old male, [with] some lesion of th the specimen is to be found with the material from this found wrapped in seaweed. He was found in extre grave, No. 27. In the afternoon found four more camps, southern portion of burial ground, head southwes one on south side of fence south of Water Canyon, one as are all, doubled up. No. 29, found about 4 ft. farther east on same ridge, and two on bluff coast ter- under a flat rock above which were mixed bones, race. All these are at present so overgrown with vegeta- dently dug as above. With it was cache of triang tion as to make prospecting practically impossible at the flints, with red paint (note also No. 21), long she present season. Shall not waste time hunting in such stone ring, 2 shells with asphaltum inside, and places when there are others already marked, waiting to mortar; all but mortar lying near head-mortar be excavated. feet. No. 30, 18 in. west of No. 29, also underi bones and flat stone; with this were four good co Sunday, March 3 stones of Catalina magnesian mica. A large num Last night barometer fell to 29.55 and wind changed to southeast; this morning barometer 29.75, wind still south- 5 Reference probably to the Wheeler Survey party. JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 205 s and shell beads and ornaments were found which large number of shell beads, made from Olivella bipli- not be identified with any one body. cata, stone beads, wampum, arrowpoints, etc., and also a number of pestles and a couple of good mortars. esday, March 6. Camp No. 4 (continued) Bone implements, single- and double-pointed, some ntinued work on old and excavated burial place, and very small and fine, are found in fairly considerable many things of interest and value. In the loose soil numbers; they have served a variety of purposes. Work- has been dug over are many good shell ornaments ing in this weather and place is veny trying. shell and glass beads; these cannot be identified and placed in general lot. Below three feet are occasional Saturday, March 9. Camp No. 5 (concluded) tons that have not been turned out by the previous ex- At this place shells and camp refuse cover the ground ers. They are, however, often so mixed with turned- for probably five hundred yards; it is impossible to say nes that orientation, or indeed determination of how many huts there have been, but I think not over 12 many individuals are represented, cannot be made to 15, distributed at irregular intervals. Graves have There is no rule in regard to orientation, but the been in some cases marked with whale bones, but these e is always the same, squat, with, as a rule, one graves have been excavated. I covered the site with pot or the other, generally the right, under the head or holes 10 to 20 ft. apart and located 6 bodies; 5 were on No. 31, child, many beads, fragments of skull with the right side, head west or northwest, and covered with attached, stained green; nearby are fragments of large abalone shells. The sixth was squatting, feet down od (?) [plank canoe] with holes and asphaltum. No. and head up, with a number of large stones over the male, head south, a few triangular flints, blanks for head. These were all found on the sea, or northern, g wampum, and 4 paint or asphalt shells. In the slope of the sandhill. Nothing with any of them. At place dirt near here was found good arrowpoint with where most of the burials have been, near the eastern itum and fragment of wood. No. 33, male, head end of ridge, and where bleached bones show that exca- , face up, small mortar over head. No. 34 male, vation has been done, found a lot more Olivella and wn and head north, two very fine and unique orna- Trivia shell beads, some very fine. These were on made of plaques of asphaltum in which are set shell surface, and must have been left by previous explorers. , forming pattern: these seemed to be under fore- No beads of this sort, with both ends of the Olivella Four magnesian mica cooking stones, with holes, shell ground away, found anywhere else as yet. Found cached in dirt about one foot from nearest bones. a number of arrowpoints-surface finds. The refuse is entified. thinly spread over the surface and is nowhere more than 1 ft. thick-a contrast to Camps 1, 2, 3, 4, where refuse March 7 piles were from 2 to 6 ft. deep. I do not think there were No. 4-finished. Continued working north in over 50 burials at this place; certainly none remains now. ce. About center, 3 children's skeletons and with An infected soree on my right wrist makes writing very could not say which individual-were beads, shell slow and painful; the weather is vile. a, and large slabs of Olivella shell, drilled as if fd. Similar slabs or ornaments were also later Sunday, March 10 in a cache near 2 adult skeletons. No. 35, at north Sent Billy to collect large stones used as mealing ty of burial place, was a small child, apparently stones, and others simply pecked, all of which had been .in a large basket and with it a copper cup or vessel. placed over or under the bodies of the dead in Camps 2, y under this was an adult skeleton, No. 37, and one 3, 4. Most of these are from Camp No. 2. I am staying east another skeleton of a child, No. 36, with a lot quietly at the house nursing the sore on my wrist. Gen- pum and rather unusual shell beads made of Ceri- eral notes are made as follows. Arrowpoints, except shells, bored for stringing but not otherwise fash- such as are buried with the dead, or specially noted, do With this were also found 3 brass chains, 3 in. not seem to be found in or near such camps as Nos. 1, astened to fragments of decayed wood at each end. 2, 3, 4, but are found in the shell heaps (eroded tem- 1 adult, head to the northeast; one cooking stone porary camps?) like No. 5, and those on Skunk Point r, back of head, and others arched over chest. A and west of there (3/4/01). These wind-swept sand .amount of fine brown hair is with this one; it is so dune camps do not show the same large amount of 'that the stench from the skull is most marked and accumulated refuse as do those more genially located oying. A few other bodies were found-seven in (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4). Certain forms or special objects general orientation, but nothing was with them. seem to be confined to certain localities; in only one place have I yet found Olivella beads, i.e., No. 5. In , March 8. Camp No. 5 No. 2, were 2 finely wrought stone picks of peculiar ..quarter mile from mouth of Caniada Verde, on form. On south coast, about 1/2 mi. from second Coast the west; sand dunes can be plainly seen from Survey Mark, found 2 stone picks, also carefully wrought, No. 4. Here all signs of hut circles, etc., have but of different design entirely; at second C. S. Mark, literated by erosion; only in one or two places can west of point, found large number of stone picks, some roximate original elevation be made out; the gen- fine and some rude-here was temporary camp, and el-it is all eroded into dunes and hollows-is manufactury of picks. The coast is here rocky and the to 15 ft. lower than at the time of occupancy. formation is a pebbly sandstone formation, the pebbles -and general camp refuse are distributed over a being large volcanic pebbles and suitable for making able area-much greater, probably, than was picks. Cripples are not uncommon-at No. 4 found 2 or ily the case-and human bones are in considerable three specimens in mixed bones already disinterred ce. In some places these have come to the surface showing pathological conditions. Uy while in others they have evidently been dug out. aSlmost impossible to do any work, as the wind was Monday, March 11 * about 30 miles per hour and the sand was simply Left about 7:15 and rode along ridge southeast of .We scoured a portion of the surface, securing a house, across the Island to South Point. Reached altitude 206 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1,350 feet. -Dos Pechos-and just south of there saw southern and northern coasts and the valleys runnin outcropping of light-colored shale with many fossil across this Point are all more or less great refuse oysters in it; some of these are disintegrated and make piles-camps have been dotted here and there but th a mixed shale-limestone. Inspected the southern side wind erosion has practically destroyed all landmar of the Island and find it strangely like San Nicolas-no leaving nothing but a bare, eroded, and uneven surf terrace formation can be noted here and the erosion has of sand, stones, and shells. Made a goodly number been and is such as to leave deep, precipitous, rocky finds-arrowpoints, flints, 3 good mortars, large n barrancas, or gorges, with but little vegetation and very ber of picks and pestles, also some of the small, h poor, rough trails. As nearly as could be estimated, the mealing stones, of various materials. The sands ar strike of the strata was N 300-400 E, and the dip 8-120. shifting continually, on this portion of the south coa At Caniada San Augustine, 300 ft. altitude, one mile and covering one part while they uncover another p from coast, in stratum of pebbles lying under shale and of the shell heaps. The appearance presented is ve over sandstone, found fossil shells of spiral univalve- singular. I note a great variety in styles as well as unknown to me. In La Cueva de la Vieja, some one or materials of arrowpoints; the personal equation mu two miles from the coast, is a large rancheria of great have been a considerable item in their manufacture, interest; another is located on the point near wreck of though I have reason to believe that the Indian make S. S. Crown of England, another up the San Augustine, followed, somewhat, chance and the form of the na another at La Cueva (?), and another, location unknown, fracture, especially in curved or odd-shaped points on the way from La Cueva (?) to the House. For further data see field notes and subsequent entries when these Friday, March 15 are reached. My wrist is extremely painful; the weather Left about 7 a.m., rode over the "cuchillo," past today was very cold and windy, and most trying to my Pechos, and reached the south coast at Piedragosa wrist. rough and rocky hill, a little (1-2 mi.) west of the on which was wrecked the S. S. Crown of England. Tuesday, March 12 Piedragosa must be a little west of the South Point. Skunk Point, surface finds. Almost impossible to here west to the West Point 6 are seven camp sites, write-stayed in house all day poulticing sore on wrist. covered with vegetation and apparently undisturbed, Sent man with pack horse to gather surface finds on hut circles being well-marked and ranging from 3 o shell heaps on Skunk Point. He has just returned with a to a dozen or more. These are seemingly old and p good load of rings, pestles, mortars, picks, and arrow- anent village sites. They are quite inaccessible, as points, a good day's haul. trails, both over Piedragosa and from there via the Noted yesterday, at about 600 ft. altitude, near Cerro Bolsa7 are very bad. But little water is found on Negro, a sandstone formation full of round concretions. side of the island (though there has been a good sup Very much like the lower formations, also full of concre- and it is not very good. There are also ti,ree large tions, on San Nicolas. Here, the outcropping being much eroded camps, in the sand, from which I think a go exposed and weathered, the concretions have accumulated deal of "surface" material may be secured. Also, on the surface to a great extent. I have secured specimens two camp sites on north side of main divide, one we of mortars fashioned from this material, and also con- of C. Soledad and one east of there. These are on cretions that are naturally half- or two-thirds-made broad ridges, some 500 ft. altitude, and have not b mortars. Cannot write more-too painful-my whole arm dug, I believe. Is swollen and sore. Saturday, March 16 Wednesday, March 13 Schooner was sighted off north point at sunrise, Skunk Point, surface finds. Sent Billy with a pack as no wind was blowing, it was nine a.m. before bo horse to gather surface material from the shell refuse reached wharf. Brought mail, some boxes of stuff I and camp site mounds on Skunk Point. Brought back 2 Shaw and Hunt, a lot of cardboard boxes for packing or 3 pretty good mortars, some 20 pestles, a number and 30 boards (1 x 16 in. x 14 ft.) for making boxes. of picks and worked flints, and 15 very fine arrowpoints. John Cook came: is feeling better but not fully stro I have done little or nothing except sort over arrowpoints as yet. As my trunk came, I indulged in the luxury and miscellaneous surface finds as well as I could with a bath-in places-and clean clothes. In the afterno' one hand; my right wrist seems to be somewhat better, I sorted and packed a good deal of the stuff, small and I think I will be able to go out tomorrow morning. things, thus far collected. Will get them all into sh No schooner appears as yet. Have been looking over stone tomorrow for final packing. I want to get all this s rings; they seem to be of several classes: (1) rough packed up before any more comes in and before the heavy ones, certainly for work-probably hammers or come over to do the shearing. I think the best way 1 dig-stick weights; (2) small rough ones-for haznmers; work the camp on the south side of the island will b (3) fine worked heavy ones, and fine worked lighter ones, charter a small schooner to land men where possib possibly for mallets in making shell work; (4) purely near the camps, carry fuel and water, and remove ornamental or significant rings (see note for 2/25/01). material when gathered and boxed to the wharf here The third type (above) may have been hafted with a short for future shipment. Have written for Moran to Co handle, which would account for the wearing by hand on down here as soon as he can, so as to take charge o the side where the conical hole has the smaller diameter. the work when I leave, about April first. The holes seem to be of three varieties, double-taper (biconical), straight, and simple taper. Upper surfaces Sunday, March 17 of types 1 and 3 are polished-have not yet seen one of Sent Billy to Rancho Viejo 9for surface finds; bt type 2 so polished, in some very good arrowpoints, a fine mortar, and Thursday, March 14 6 Sandy Point (see map, p1. 86). Skunk Point, surface. Left 7 a.m. with Billy and pack 7 La Bolsa is the region just east of Sandy Point. horse for Skunk Point, to gather surface finds. The 8 Aot iextrfeme eatr|n f h sad JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 207 ellaneous stuff. John, McGrath, and I made up instance today, save one (No. 42) was a single body found s-out of the lumber that came yesterday-they sawed not in actual contact with at least one or two more, and - hailed; made 13 boxes out of 11 boards and quit in many cases a number of skeletons would be lying to- se we ran out of nails. In p.m. packed one of these gether, with the bones practically interlaced. Shell orna- first to be ready for shipment; it weighs about 300 ments, beads, arrowpoints, quartz crystals, and one and contains almost all the fine stuff, stone rings, stone pendant were found but could not be identified as and material thus far gathered in. I should judge coming from any particular body. No. 42 was a male, tere remain at least 5 or 6 more cases, not includ- found at west extremity of hole, head east, and under e skulls-2 to 3 cases more. I wish to get all this occiput was a stone ring of good workmanship and show- ial packed up and out of the way before the work of ing evidence of having been used as a hammer. Inextri- ng more begins. Will probably finish this packing cable confusion reigns amongst the skeletons (see field orrow. notebook) and the exact number found cannot be given on this account, it was about 21 yesterday and 28 today. March 18 The amount of material found is not large, but the quality ished packing up material thus far collected. Cases is very fine. It is not in any way dissimilar from material up yesterday are just right in size and strength, found in previous graves. en packed they weigh from 300 to 500 lbs. All the aterial is packed in Nos. 1 and 2, but some mor- Thursday, March 21. Camp No. 6 (concluded) etc., from the camps thus far dug were put in the Continued work, following lead of skeletons, which cases. All material not otherwise marked is trended to the west, toward the hill. Between 15 and 20 ce." All shell ornaments and beads that were not skeletons were turned out, but only 2 of these were iso- way distinctive or in which the definite position lated so that posture, etc., could be determined; both of lations could not be determined were packed to- these had heads to north, lying on left side, with left In all, I have, all packed and ready for marking hand under head. With one of them were 32 columellae pment, 12 cases: Nos. 1 to 9 inclusive are of beads, interspersed with small white beads, strung ological material; Nos. 10, 11, 12 are skulls and around the neck; the other had nothing with it. A goodly and should be shipped to S. F. [San Francisco], number of shell ornaments were found here and there, the balance will go to Berkeley. In the afternoon not identified, some of them very fine workmanship. ned No. 1 and No. 2, but am now convinced that Found 2 obsidian arrowpoints with holes drilled through, re finds are to be made in either of these camps. near base, and showing a good deal of wear, as of having been rubbed. In one place, near 3 skulls and fragments March 19. Camp No. 6 of bodies, was a cache of triangular flints with red paint da de la Cueva de la Vieja, south of the island, -the occurrence of these two things together has been one mile from the coast (see 3/11/01). Camp is on previously noted. Another stone ring, also showing use bottom of canyon and has been eroded by alterations as a hammer, was found in loose dirt, not with any par- .channel of the two streams that here come together. ticular body. Over a group of four, heads all to the south- vertical bank shows, at point, 2 to 3 and 4 strata. east, was found a large and fine slab of fine sandstone, covered with from a mere trace to a 6-ft. deposit showing use on both edges, as a "saw." It is to be noted is, ashes, etc., 6 ft. at point, then 2.5 ft. wash that no glass beads, pestles, or mortars have been found d gravel, below which is 6 in. of refuse followed in this cemetery, and only two fragments of mortars; in. of gravel, with another layer of refuse below this with the exception of the basket mortar already one place the fragments of a skeleton were found noted. (No. 39-see field notebook). Rusty knife found in bottom stratum, protruding from the bank. The looking over dirt turned out of No. 38. ems to be black adobe and is almost as hard as only a couple of imperfect [skull] fragments could Friday, March 22. Camp No. 7 med. At the point, on top, found 2 skeletons, On top of first main ridge east of Water Canyon, on to west, face north, on left side. About the center east side of fence. Many shells, etc., but no sign of hut triangular flat some graves were, after much circles-may have been obliterated by cattle and sheep. g, located under large stones, of which but the Dug 25 holes 10 to 15 ft. apart, found nothing. otruded. Two, Nos. 38 and 39, were located at Camp No. 8. One-half mile farther south, on spur e time about 25 ft. apart. Nothing with either. of small ridge, east-west, running down into valley. head northeast. No. 39: head south (with 39, Largely overgrown with prickly pear cactus, and chili- mortar-see field notes). Midway between found cothe vine, on which account no hut circles can be made r and several buried near by. Here the upper out. Should judge from other signs-amount of refuse, -have been disturbed in order to make more recent etc., that some half-dozen huts have been located here. as Camp No. 2. Located 21 bodies; no orienta- Bedrock crops out and is very close to surface on north many of them in groups of 3 to 5. No. 40, a youth, side of this small ridge-south side, there is more soil ny shell ornaments and beads (see field notes). and more refuse. Bodies lie very irregularly and with- 1 is a stone ring, unidentified, which seems to show out any general orientation, save as noted in field note mer use as a short-handled hammer, such as used book. Dug out 25, today, commencing at west end and e work. following up the hill and from south to north-those on outskirts, as usual, seem to be paupers; very little sday, March 20. Camp No. 6 (continued) found. No. 43, a youth, head northeast, 3 stone beads tinued work. The bodies at first were found running in hand; No. 44, male adult, 3 arrowpoints; No. 45, north of center, but later swung to the northwest, shell beads-flat, abalone shell, fine work-not near s, many flat and showing evidence of having been body. One stone ring, and fragments of one, both show- as mealing stones, others of irregular forms, and ing hammer marks; one fine pick; 2 mortars; broken, y sandstone chunks, are found very profusely lying one having been mended with asphaltum; some miscel- the bodies, or rather groups of bones, for in no laneous ornaments. Over the bodies and below level of 208 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS soil, many good flat stones, showing evidence of having flat, and is in no way marked. No marking stones o been worked. Bodies here are in a single layer and are stones over bodies are found here. But one layer of" 2 to 4 ft. deep. Seem to be running up on the hill and skeletons and these fairly well separated, so that or more stuff occurring with them as they go up. It is kill- tation and posture may be determined. Disinterred ing work, account of the high wind-it fills one's eyes, skeletons, all but one lying on left side; heads in al nose, ears, and hair with dirt. No. 46, child-shell directions, no prevalent direction. ornaments-see field notes. No. 48, youth, 12 to 15 years old, head southwe cache of shell ornaments over abdomen and some a Saturday, March 23 neck; one fine arrowpoint, so judge child to be a m Camp No. 8. Removed balance of No. 46 and sieved No. 49 is 2 ft. east of here; male, adult, head sou the dirt to get shell beads. About 2 ft. west of here found left side, legs drawn up but not cramped. Swathed another child, lying, apparently in a cavity cut into the head, neck, and chest with a large number of very bedrock. With this-No. 47, which was lying on back, shell ornaments, 4 whistles, bone tools, triangular head southwest, legs drawn up-were a considerable flints. No. 50; 4 ft. east of No. 49; male, same po number of shell ornaments, one or two unusual shell stone ring at knees and bone implement in right ha beads, and in the left hand some quartz ornaments with No. 51; 3 ft. northeast of No. 50, right side, many asphalt adhering, showing method of suspension. These small shell ornaments, 2 abalone shells under face, may have been attached to the string of beads and orna- stone ring under occiput; 3 whistles and 2 small bo ments which was around the neck and probably pendent, tools. No. 52; male, head west, left side-shell o for loose beads and an occasional ornament were found ments around neck. No. 53; head northwest, left si in the dirt all about this skeleton. In all, 9 skeletons shell ornaments around neck. These shell orname. were unearthed today, making a total of 34 for this camp. (48 to 53) are very fine and numerous designs repr The last 8 had nothing with them; the heads were towards the north and west and they were all within 4 ft. of No. Tuesday, March 26. Camp 11 (continued) 47, lying on the bedrock, which is here 3 to 4 ft. below Cleaned out hole already dug here (8 x 12 ft.) an the surface. I note a deposit of ashes and refuse directly looked for more bodies by extending the excavation above the bodies, and in places on the bedrock (shale). all directions from this as a center. In this way fr Camp No. 9. One mile southeast Camp 8 at place 6 to 10 ft. more on all sides was examined, but no. called "Jack's Old Camp." Nothing but temporary camp- other bodies were found. I then reexamined the en ing-place. No hut circles, no burials. situation, and note that the amount of shell refuse Camp No. 10. One mile east of No. 9; 4 or 5 skeletons not great and that it is strictly limited to a compar have been dug out of here, one of which I found on surface. tively small area. It is possible that others are b Shows old injury and Inca bone, so is preserved. No other near here-at this camp-but it is extremely imprd graves could be found. Left here and went to Rancho Viejo and Skunk Poin finding a few fine arrowpoints. I was very glad to Sunday, March 24 serve the process of wind and sand erosion: the No work today-heavy west wind continues and we are west wind continues and while such observations a all tired from the past week's work in the wind. It is to hard on one's eyes, this one paid for the pain. It be hoped that this wind will not continue very much longer; almost beyond belief, the rapidity with which the it makes work very difficult and unpleasantly dirty. Note is cut away and the sand shifted-one can actually that in the two inland camps from which material has been the soil melt, and the land is carried out over the secured (Nos. 6 and 8), no glass beads have been found, in a dense cloud that almost conceals Santa Cruz while at Nos. 2 and 4 these beads were found in large about 7 miles away. In p.m. packed up box of sku quantities and considerable variety. The workmanship of bones-No. 13. material found in Nos. 6 and 8 is better than that of other material. These facts may indicate older camps, or Wednesday, March 27. groups of Indians that did not care for commercial inter- Sent Billy with John to look over the southern course with white traders in early days. From the fact the island, near Piedragosa and the shore from th that material from the mainland and other islands is west. An exceedingly windy day-worst of this blo highly prized (Catalina serpentine and soapstone, obsid- morning packed another box (No. 14) with fine s ian, quartz crystal, deer bones, etc.) I judge that there from Camps 6-8-11-and all material collecteds was no very great intercourse with these places, though last packing. There is about half a case over, re communication was undoubtedly maintained, probably by ing unpacked-mortars, etc. In afternoon made up boats of some sort. I have seen nothing that would prove more boxes, as those made up before are now all occupancy at a time so remote as to preclude the possi- Washed some clothes and took a bath. Looked over bility of boats being modeled after those seen in the pos- of the shell ornaments collected and am more than session of early navigators; 250 years would suffice to impressed with their great delicacy and beautiful create the archaeological remains here as well as on San I am astonished that I was able to get out many of, Nicolas. Steady diet of shellfish will result in piling up a they are so frail, yet so far as I know very few ha large heap of shells-and these are all loosely packed. been broken in digging out. I have noted numerous lections of round pebbles coated with asphaltum, Monday, March 25. Camp No. 11 mentioned by Schumacher, in the sand-and shell h At La Cruz, near the head of Water Canyon, where -have not yet seen any with dead or in graves, h this and another small stream join. A flat between the conclude they served some purely useful and very two, backed by a hill which rises to the divide, was ble purpose in the Indian economy. I note that Schu used as a camping-place. Traces of several hut circles macher (same pamphlet) expressed the opinion thi remain, faintly. The ground is covered with Malva (? ) islands were populated in sixteenth and seventeent and I consider it good work to locate the burial place centuries: I agree. Since then specialized types, here at the fourth attempt. It is about the center of the the stone rings, must have developed. Why? JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 209 day, March 28. Camp No. 12 mile farther down canyon, on opposite side, is another Cafiada La Jolla, about 2 mi. from south coast. considerable encampment, with burial site marked by are two large, and one small, caves, on the south- stones and whale bones. The sides of the canyon are side of the canyon and some 50 ft. from the water well dotted with camps, large and small, which is doubt- first; the second is about 100 ft. higher. The less due to the excellent water found here. For data in has cut a narrow irregular channel through the regard to conditions, at greater length, see field notes. O bedrock, leaving perpendicular walls on either No remarkable results of today's work. which rise in various places to from 20 to 50 ft. 4 is a mortar found 8 ft. below the surface in cliff; Sunday, March 31 i5, another mortar, 25 ft. from surface; No. 56, a In the morning sent Billy out to fill up the pot holes ave stone, 12 ft. from surface. For further data dug at Camps 9 and 10 and then to ride over some of eld notes. Cave No. 1, the smaller of the two the Rancho Viejo shell heaps and gather in any surface r caves, is almost completely filled with sand and finds he might chance upon. He brouaght in 2 stone rings tone boulders, fallen from roof of cave. Fragments and a number of partly worked and some finished flints, s can be seen sticking out from loose soil filling. though nothing very good. of clearing out the filling, etc., down to the origi- Packed two more cases-Nos. 15 and 16. In No. 15, r of the cave, was commenced and about half in a small wooden box, are the small finds from Cave 1, ed, today. In all, 29 bodies removed: probably Camp 12, and also a number of abalone shell dishes, but all are comminuted and fragments of burned Cave 1, Camp 12. These are very frail, owing to rotting, burned bones lie together. A number of articles and may not travel well. Also 4 stone rings and 4 pestles workmanship were found. See field notes. The in this box, together with sundry chunks of red paint from number of abalone shell dishes is a noticeable Cave 1, Camp 12. In Box 16 are the mortars and grave This is the oldest camp I have yet seen on the stone (54-55-56) (notes 3/28/01). No. 59 (3/29/01), two flat gravestones, Camp 8, a surface mortar, Rancho Viejo, another from near C-12 [Camp 12], and a peculiar y,March 29. Camp No. 12 (continued) worked sinker, or anchor weight, also surface, Rancho ye 1, continued. I did not go out today owing to an Viejo. to my left foot yesterday. It did not prove so s as I thought it would. I will be out OK tomorrow. Monday, April 1 ohn and Billy out to continue work. Kept on clean- John and Billy went to Camp 12 and worked Cave 2 t the upper soil in cave and removed 26 skeletons. and Cave 3 (that below Cave 1 where a large shell tons same as yesterday; bones very much mixed deposit is found in front of the cave and formning the oken and crushed, largely by heavy stones falling cliff embankment of the canyon). I went to Skunk Point and mixed up. Fragments of whale bone which show for surface finds, as I did not care to be out of sight of xed with bones that do not. Number of abalone the house and bay, in case the schooner should come cups or vessels found. Also 2 lots of rude, large for me during the day-it did not come! No remains of globular and tubular, made of some material any sort were found in the excavations in and in front on casual examination looks like Catlinite. No. 57 of Cave No. 2. Three skeletons, miscellaneously ache of 4 such objects, not nearer than 2 ft. from placed, were found in breaking away the cliff in front ull. No. 58 is a lot of some 40 such beads and of Cave 3. This is just what I expected would be the ents and 2 boat-shaped vessels-one soapstone and case. Cave No. 1, while at first used as a dwelling- edstone, the latter broken in removal. No. 59 is a place, later became the burying-place for the "better w mortar which has been broken and mended with families" of this small community and was abandoned tum. Sundry bone implements and other minor ob- as a dwelling-place. Camp No. 13. About a quarter to 'This stuff is mostly crude but is of exceptional a half mile below Camp No. 12, on the opposite side of st, owing to its material and the peculiar, rough the canyon, and on a considerable promontory, left by cter of the work. It will reward careful study in the erosion of the stream, is a large flat, well-covered ture, with shells. At one place a portion of a skeleton is seen protruding from the bank, about 5 ft. below surface, and day, March 30. Camp 12 (continued) at another place a mortar is sticking out from the bank, ye 1, concluded. My foot OK again, so went out to 4 to 5 ft. below the surface. Prospect holes were sunk ork, Continued in Cave 1, upper layer, cleaned it at various places, but nothing yet found. No hut circles d removed 6 more skeletons-fragmentary, like are noted on the surface. already removed. A number of abalone shell dishes vella beads secured. Nothing else. Cleaned out Tuesday, April 2 soil, which is composed of dark dirt mixed with Skunk Point and Rancho Viejo, surface finds. Went to al, ashes, shells, refuse, etc. Found three bodies section named for surface finds uncovered by the recent entary condition. Under the crushed skulls of high wind. As the sheep shearers will be here very soon o of upper stratum removed were found bones of it is desirable to gather in all the material of this sort d, so judge the generalLy prevalent posture-hand possible before they come. Found a number (25-30) head-was observed here. In sand stratum, not far good arrowpoints, 2 or 3 good mortars, one mended No. 58, was found the bottom of an asphalt-covered with asphaltum, and numerous picks, rub stones, , in which are numerous small pebbles embedded pestles, etc. At one camp on south side, near beach, alt (packed in Box 15). About 100 yards below Cave found a numbet' of fine small arrowpoints and many same side of canyon, is an arched rock, in front triangular flints, which show that they have been used ch is very large deposit of shells and refuse: 3 as drill points and been discarded. This is what I have tons are seen protruding from the bank; nothing with been looking for for some time but hardly expected to them. Cannot work this place today for the wind find at all. Naturally these delicate tools, when used ate fine dust up into one's eyes. About one-quarter and discarded, would not be buried with a body but would 210 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS only be found under some such circumstance as this. 1 p. m. Left SRI [Santa Rosa Island]. 2 p. m. They are of various sizes and their evident use as drills anchored Forney's Cove, Santa Cruz, on account of or reamers is beyond question. I have divided the find high seas and wind. and take a portion with me as samples to show the men SRI-J. D. C. 12 Prospected at various places at who I know are interested. The triangular flints them- Camp 13, in front of other caves, on banks below C selves are similar to Wilcomb's 10 found near Stockton, 1, where shell deposits occur, etc., but without res and thought by McGee 11 to be "lancets" or "ceremonial Occasional single skeletons located but in no case knives"-rot! No schooner today. thing with them. Wednesday, April 3 Sunday, April 7 Skunk Point and Rancho Viejo, surface finds. I did All day at anchor-high sea and wind. not go there, but went to inspect the camps on the Bolsita SRI-J. D. C. No work done. field, which is situated on the northeast point, being the upper boundary of Beecher's Bay. John and Billy went to Monday, April 8 R. V. [Rancho Viejo] and returned with a load of stuff and Left Forney's Cove 3 a. m., arrived Santa Barba some dozen good arrowpoints. As the boat may come for 2 p. m. me at any time, I do not care to go very far from the SRI-J. D. C. Camp 14, in Cueva de la Vieja, ab house. The Bolsita is a peninsula, corresponding to that 3/4 mi. below C-13. Here considerable shell deposil of Skunk Point; the latter was originally of the same eleva- etc. were noted and one skeleton was seen protrudin tion as the Bolsita is now, but erosion has cut it away from bank. Careful prospecting failed to reveal any very greatly. This process of wind and sand erosion is burial place; it seems probable that the burial place now going on on the Bolsita and in a number of places the been in that portion of the river terrace which has b result gives the same appearance as is to be noted on washed away. Skunk Point or the Rancho Viejo; great cuts are made in the soil, leaving occasional small buttes or rises, from Tuesday, April 9 which the original level can, in some cases, be deter- SRI-J. D. C. Explored the Bolsa (east end of isl mined. Enormous quantities of sand are shifted during and gathered some surface material. Some good she every heavy wind storm. Packed another case, No. 17, beads and bone ornaments or implements, a few arr with surface finds, mostly from the Rancho Viejo, but points, and one large, good mealing stone, (J's No. one or two gathered around the house and from the Bol- also a few mortars and pestles. There have been la sita. These are of no significance however. We are camps, as indicated by the shells on surface, etc., running short of grub-entirely out of tea and potatoes along the coast from Caniada Verde to east end; thes -look anxiously for the schooner. have for the most part been dug, as have those at S Thursday, April 4 Point and Rancho Viejo. But at the latter place arro Skunk Point and Rancho Viejo surface finds-John and points are found in numbers and flakes are profuse, while in the former vicinity (Bolsa) arrowpoints are Billy. As no boat appeared this morning, I was afraid to ' ~~~~~common and flakes are scarce. This iS not due to t go far away, so stayed in the house, wrote up some things havin bn gatere forte flakeiswouldreman and got my trunk into shape so as to have everything ready fher, tee Bat isrmuhme inaccessbldetan when the boat does come-if it ever does. The men brought Sunk Pth andRa ch. I thinkctesle toan in a number of excellent finds and some particularly good an aowmang one, lrely owing the pres arrowpoints and stone picks. I recorded in my field notes of a asratm andsone ll ofonic pebbles today the theory that some of these rough stone picks may ar atzite mate all veryasitable f have been used to gather abalones and mussels from the thios frartzi intfonat all atth est end an rocks. Something of this sort is almost an absolute essen- atthes oratinc is f t cro uti the waster- tial in gathering these shellfish, and the roughly made led Rancho Viejo he beenw stone picks would answer very well the same purpose for lint. for many and have yiele lare b n which the steel or iron is used by abalone hunters of today. ber gather by men who come work onrte is Packed box No. 18 with a sack full of miscellaneous bones - ers, D herd ers, c. from Cave 1, Camp 12; (these are just as they were re- - moved, some burned, others not, all fragmentary) and Wednesday, April 10. surface material from Skunk Point and Rancho Viejo. The SRI-J. D. C. Billy quit about noon. Camp 15, cold west wind continues and it, together with the waiting, 5 RI-J.. t c. B qit botwn Camp 15, a ' ' ~~~~~~500-ft. terrace, on a ridge between Caniada Seca an wear on my nerves very much. Cafiada Verde, near Soledad trail. Four bodies wer Friday, April 5 found, lying on left side, head to west, face to no Skunk Point and Rancho Viejo. Same program as yes- left hand under head-customary posture. With thea terday and same results. Fairly good lot of finds, but I around necks, etc., were beads and shell ornament think the place is now pretty well gleaned over until apparently about the neck of one were a number of another storm comes and removes some more sand. I bone beads-from 1/2 in. to 1-1/2 in. long. Some of am growing horribly nervous from the inaction of waiting with engraved ornamentation. One stone ring found for a boat to turn up and doing nothing to speak of; last pelvis of one body. A good mortar (J's No. 59, pac night could not sleep and feel pretty rocky tonight. in box No. 19), hollow down, beside neck; a few trix lar flints and pieces of red paint under mortar. Ov Saturday, April 6 bodies, probably on surface originally, were rough John and Billy to Camp 13, La Jolla. slabs-showed no sign of usage. 9 a. m. schooner came in, bringing shearers. -_______ -__ 12 Refers to John D. Cook, Jones's assistant. Jones's notes f 10 Probably a local collection, not identifiable. April 6 to May 1 were apparently written from records kept by C 11W J McGee, then attached to the Bureau of American Ethnology, who remained on the island. JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 211 day, April 11 over one skull a shallow basket mortar (J's No. 60). .C. No outside work done. Tuesday, April 23 April 12 SRI-J. D. C. Camp 22, north of Soledad House; small -J.D.C. Camp 15, continued. Took out 5 bodies camp-one body found, nothing with it. Some rough stone hing with any of them. work on surface. p 16. Small, near 15, nothing found-prospecting no sign of burial place. Wednesday, April 24 p 17. Ditto 16, save found one stone ring on surf- SRI-J. D. C. Went to ranch for grub; returned and prospected one camp-nothing found (Camp 23). y, April 13 to Monday, April 15 Thursday, April 25 -J. D. C. Moving and making camp at Soledad SRI-J. D. C. Camp 24. Beach near mouth Soledad -one body found, usual position, nothing with it. April 16 Friday, April 26 -J.D. C. Camp 18, north side Soledad on ridge, SRI-J. D. C. Camp 25. Coast, near mouth of the terrace. Found one body, lying on face with head Soledad-west, nothing found. west. Small lot of shell ornaments about neck. Not e work. Saturday, April 27 SRI-J. D. C. Hunted through Bolsa and above Bolsa da , April 17 fence looking for camps. Located one in Bolsa and one -J.D. C. Camp 18 continued. Careful search with cave above Bolsa fence, in which human bones could be rospect holes failed to disclose any more bodies. seen-no digging. to have been a temporary camp and this burial 01) merely a casual one. Sunday, April 28 SRI-J. D. C. Went to ranch and stayed night. a April 18 J.D. C. Camp 19. Ridge north of Soledad House Monday, April 29 Very many flat stones used in burials, being SRI-J. D. C. Rain, no work. around and over bodies. Skeletons of 3 adults and d found here. No. 1, C. 19; large flat stone over- Tuesday, April 30 on right side, head west, face south; No. 2, nothing; SRI-J. D. C. Rainy-prospected Camp 26-nothing child; many good beads, mouth filled with some found. nes; fine shell ornaments around neck. Some alfound with Nos. 1-2-4 and boxes marked but no Wednesday, May 1 de. Nos 2-3-4 on left side, head 'west, face north. SRI-J. D. C. Camp 21-1/2 (J's Cave 2). April 19 Thursday, May 2, to Saturday, June 1 J. D.C. Camp 20. Nothing found. [No entries about Santa Rosa Island.] 21. Ridge north of Soledad, below house; 4 ns, one infant, very near surface. With infant Saturday, June 1 me beads, many in mouth. All on left side, head Left Santa Barbara 9 a.m., arrived SRI 2 p.m. John came in at 3:30 with load from Soledad, where he has been in camp. April 20 J.D.C. Camp 21-1/2-ridge 1/2 mi. below Soledad Sunday, June 2 Bodies all mixed up, buried very close together; Phil and I made 14 boxes and packed No. 20 with at rocks; bones much mixed and could not deter- mortars, rings, etc. Surface from north side of island ything-heads to all points of the compass. Three between Soledad and Bolsa. John and Frank with four ants: No. 12, Camp 21-1/2, large numberof beads pack horses went to bring in stuff from Soledad. e shell ornaments; No. 15, a nice lot of shell orna- No. 8, adult-stone ring apparently of polished, Monday, June 3 dstone at hips, shell ornaments near neck, few John and Frank to Soledad in the morning. Brought in near arm. No. 14 had apparently been disturbed all camp stuff and all finds, including some very fine ial; with it were some arrowpoints, shell orna- stone rings, whalebone mortar, fine stone mortar (bbl. and pieces of quartz crystal. Near by were 2 No. 26) etc. All packed: boxes 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and shell dishes, one seemed to have been used for Bbl. 26. In the afternoon baked and cooked and got asphalt while the other had been broken and mended ready to leave for south coast tomorrow. in Box 23). Tuesday, June 4 April 21 Left house 8 a.m. and steamed around Skunk Point, J. D.C. No work; went to ranch. landing on Johnson's Lee, one mile east South Point, or Piedragosa (Camp 33). Here has been a large camp on A Aril 22 the bluff, or first terrace, which is to be seen all around -J. D. C. Camp 21-1/2 continued. Finished here, the island. About twelve hut circles were noticed, and taken out twenty-five skeletons altogether; very between them and the water were several flat stones, 'hese so buried that bones not mixed with bones of marked and worn as though used for mealing stones. ters. Found several abalone shell dishes and Digging here showed at once that the stones had been 212 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS removed and placed here and in all probability this burial data see notes. At 2 p. m. embarked and return ground has been excavated. Much prospecting was fruit- ranch house by way of West Point, thus having corn less. Embarked and went to west side of first canyon west the circle of the Island. Rock formations, strike, of south point of Piedragosa, where is Camp No. 34. pitch seem to be the same on the south as on the no This is where I found skull when I came over this ground, side of the Island. Got to ranch house 7 p.m., very with Billy, on March 15, 1901. Further digging only showed that the major portion of this burial ground has Thursday, June 6 been washed away, leaving only three bodies, which we Hauled all material to wharf, got all outfit toge unearthed; with one was a fine stone ring, at hips, some cleaned and packed, ready for shipment; and got ev red paint. Another had stone ring, some unusual shell thing ready for departure early tomorrow mormnng. ornaments, and some red paint cached at hips; another camp and personal equipment packed in three boxe had large number of Olivella shell beads around neck. A be shipped to L. A. [Los Angeles]. All material fo few small objects were found, unidentified. Camped here south coast, June 4-5, 1901, is packed in one of th overnight; did not sleep at all on account of combined boxes, for further examination this fall. Gathered heat and mosquitoes-these quite the worst I ever saw. samples of pine, oak, and another tree for Jepson; also a few plants, though most vegetation, except i Wednesday, June 5 plant, is now drying up. Up at 3 a.m., called men, breakfast at 4:30 a.m. Eight a.m. moved to Camp 35, about 3 mi. west of No. Friday, June 7 34 and also on a bluff point. No. 35, like No. 34, largely Left SRI 6:30 a.m. Fog-calm. Arrived Santa B. wasted away. Here disinterred eight bodies. Some very 11:30 a.m. choice material found with one of these, and some sea- weed fabric and rope found in kitchen refuse heaps. For 13 Willis Linn Jepson, the well known California botanist. NOTEBOOK oint 3 to 4 mi. from house west near (3/4 mi. from) primarily, on sea food and consequently dwelt near their point. Shell deposit covered 1 ft. with dirt-no base of supplies. So far as I can judge at present, there is in [it]. Shells, ashes, stones, and bones firmly were not more Indians living here than on San Nicolas, ented together and older than any yet seen. if indeed as many. Some of the camp sites are undoubt- think the shell heaps of San Nicolas are the most edly o'der than any I saw on San Nicolas. I have yet seen, and those on the southeast end Here one can see the process of erosion going on and ta Rosa next older-then the mounds and shell not nearly so far advanced as on S. N. [San Nicolas]. At s on the northern and western part of Santa Rosa- the west end of the island the "sand dunes" are still im- ,for the following reasons. On San Nicolas the shells perfect-the soil in many places has not become com- d to no great depth beneath the surface, except pletely devoid of vegetation and eroded. When the vegeta- e has evidently been a dumping place or where a tion dies the wind sweeps away the particles of sand; al and an artificial shell deposit occur on the same these cut away the alluvial soil; this is washed and blown ce and near together. Also the shells in the lower- away. So the process goes on till the terrace takes on layers show comparatively little disintegration and the form of "dunes" and but little save sand, shells, 10t in any case seen cemented together, as is so fre- bones, stones, and snail shells is left behind. The large ly the case in the bottom strata of the older shell number of land snail shells seen in some places is thus -as, for instance, that near Avila. This applies easily explained. These snails are to be found in num- one to those shell heaps on the sandy and exposed bers in localities where the moist ice plant thrives; ern end of the Island, but also to all those seen, when this dies and is blown away, the heavier shells such as were somewhat protected and in which remain and strew the ground for acres. This end of the a thin layer of sand the eharcoal-blackened soil island, called La Bolsa, 14 was for years the part of hells could be found. the island on which the sheep were herded and fattened. Santa Rosa-at the east end, or what is known as It is a living illustration of the destructiveness of sheep. Point, the erosion has been such as to almost This is now an absolute waste, though at the time the ely remove the terrace on which the camps were Indians lived here it was undoubtedly covered with vege- ally located, leaving the north side of the point in tation. This is evident from the few small places which bed condition, the higher, less eroded portions now remain at the original elevation and sparsely g the appearance of dunes or ribs. On examination covered with vegetation. "dunes" are seen to be the remnants of the original Three terraces can be roughly determined; one about ce, and on a few of them can be found the original 50 ft., one 500 to 600 ft. and one, I should say, about lace and dump pile of the camp. In no case could I 750 ft., though I have not been upon this terrace. -From a deposit of shells more than one foot thick, and the 500-ft. terrace, with the sighting level, the terrace ntation in the bottom of the shell stratum, as well at the northwest end of Santa Cruz Island can be seen integration, was almost nil. On the north side of and is at the same apparent elevation. nt the shells forming the deposit are almost en- The appearance of large and spread-out camp sites mussels, clams, and abalones, with a few bones is at least partly due to the action of erbsion, already dog or fox. On the east side of the point are large mentioned. As the erosion proceeds the shell heaps are rs of land shells-common snail-and also bones for a time left as the soil is held together by the shells, s, in addition to the shells already noted. Here etc. These slight elevations finally cave in or break y be seen an enormous number of shells of the over onto the lowered areas around them, the soil is la biplicata. Passing along the northern coast line, blown and washed away, and the shells become distri- und, or rather deposit, just west of the house, buted over the surface for a considerable distance from more disintegration of the shells than in the place the original location. Thus we find, over large areas, entioned-Skunk Point. This may possibly be due a mere surface deposit of shells, etc. This is not found fact that here the shells lie in a mass of soil ap- to be the case in places where erosion has not occurred tly similar to black adobe. Still farther west, three at all-as for instance, on the bluff point near the house r miles, is found the deposit noted above-and then, and the northwest side of the Boat House canyon. Prob- six or seven miles west, just east of Canada Verde, ably the same conditions maintained on San Nicolas small village site mentioned in my journal under Island before erosion commenced and while the soil was February 19, 1901. Here the deposits seem to be tied down by vegetation. At the time when this latter extensive and more disintegrated than elsewhere island was first explored-by Schumacher-it had for have seen. This statement is based on a merely years been heavily stocked with sheep, and it would not 1 examination, however, for at the present writing require many years for a large number of sheep to cut done no excavating at this place. out entirely all vegetation, especially where the soil is at San Nicolas, the western end of the Island (ter- very sandy, as is the case on S. N. I. [San Nicolas Island]. snails, sand erosions, lowering of shell heaps I note many picks of roughly flaked stone and no flint tribution, stone picks) seems to have been more or quartzite picks. This is probably due to the fact that dvely occupied than the other portions. While it is but little flint or quartzite is found on the island [Santa ge island, a great deal of the territory may be at Rosa], and that little only in the form of a few pebbles exccluded from the question of Indian camping, for in the strata of cemented pebbles and sandstone which us reasons, i.e., no water, no food nearby, too far shore, rough, and inaccessible. These people lived, 14 At western end of Santa Rosa Island. See p. 41, Jones MS. Vol. I. [21 3] 214 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS occur at the east end of the island. The scarcity of flint necklace of shell ornaments. would lead to its being economized and used only for No. 12: 15 in. north of No. 11; child, fifteen to small weapon points, knives, etc. For rough pecking, twenty, nothing. etc., a large pebble of very tough sandstone, concretion, No. 13: 20 in. west of No. 12; child, ten to fift or volcanic pebble could be as well used and would as shell ornaments, beads, one stone ring, one arro well suffice in the pecking out of mortars from the (imperfect) one piece quartz crystal. softer grades of sandstone. Tuesday, February 26, 1901 [No notebook record by Jones for the period February Ten feet south of No. 13, found two skeletons m 17, 1901 through February 22, 1901-Eds.] mixed up, as though had been disturbed in interrin others. Several small articles found in trench-co Saturday, February 23, 1901. Camp No. 1 not say near what bodies (No. 14-2 ft. west of No. Have been digging all day in heaps at point west of -woman's) and No. 15-all together in a bunch, no Boat House canyon and note a few matters of interest. with [them]. About twelve bodies hereabouts, som Found a few rude, pointed bone tools or implements- together and some in fragments. all found in beds of mussel shells-which may have been The condition of affairs revealed today was curi used in opening the shells or removing the mussels. I In a space less than 10 ft. in diameter were found find very many seal bones of various sizes. The refuse wards of twenty skeletons, all jumbled togetheri occurs in strata, with one very marked. Evidently the bunches of two to five. Practically nothing was fo food supply varied but of course was largely mussels. with them, though a few shell ornaments, a single The mussel shells are, however, separated in at least sidian arrowpoint, and numerous hammerstones w one place by a thick layer of ashes and charcoal, the found in various places in the digging. It is evident ashes being of different colors and from a large number the nature of the strata above and from the regula of fires. The appearance would lead one to believe that currence of large rocks, some evidently used as the dumping ground was occasionally changed and that, ing stones, above the bodies, that these have not b when the ashes were being dumped here, the shells and dug by the curio hunters. The disturbance has bee other refuse were got rid of in some other place. caused by the later Indians in process of burying The fragment of textile material mentioned in my dead. The ground is a mixture of soil, sand, ashe Journal under this date I have just examined again. It is and every sort of kitchen refuse. There is no reas a peculiar weave and one with which I am not acquainted. for burials being made here, for less than one h It does not seem to be a basket weave, but more like a yards from this point, west, is plenty of soft, eas thick fabric or matting in appearance. dug soil. It was not uncommon to find seal bones Dug into two of the hut circle depressions but found immediate vicinity of a skeleton and all sorts of 8 nothing, except noted that shells-finer than those in fish bones, etc., were always found. A little to th refuse heaps-and ashes extend to a depth of three feet west digging revealed, six inches below the surfac from the surface. The surface soil is full of fine vege- layer of huge mealing stones, from 100 to 200 lbs, table stains (?) and particles. (Query: Are these por- and beneath these three whale shoulder blades. U tions of the disintegrated material of the hut?) whale bones were three caches of human bones, ab fifteen all told, of which at least five were childre Sunday, February 24, 1901 this small hole was found a very fine small mortar It is difficult to determine whether the interments pestle, the pestle being in the mortar, which was were made in the hut circles or to one side, in the refuse ing on its base, and a very rusty pair of scissors, heaps. Many of the stones which in every case were noticeable that the bones found in these caches wer found over the body showed firing, and in one or two about the most rotten and friable of any thus far lo cases beds of ashes were in proximity to the skeleton. though they are comparatively recent, as witnesse In all cases a large number of Olivella shells were found the presence of the scissors. Nothing except these near the body, mostly near the head, orientation was not articles was found in this place, under the whale markedly uniform, though in all cases the head was more may be found tomorrow, for the place is not toward the west, with the face generally down or to the tirely cleared out. Two skulls were removed from north-in one case the body was on the right side with the and are numbered 14 and 15. They may fall to piec face to the south. All were doubled up in the very com- before they reach S. F. [San Francisco], however, mon posture, and were less than two feet from the sur- they are very rotten. Some of the rocks placed abo face. Nos. 7 and 8 were covered, near the head, each the bodies are curiously marked with a pick-in li with a fragment of the primitive metate or mealing stone, and rings-do not show any signs of use, while oth which had been broken in two pieces. This was the only have evidently been much used. used stone which was found above the bodies, though a well-worn pestle was found about 8 in. from, and behind, Wednesday, February 27, 1901 No. 7. As nearly as I can determine there were four hut Continued work on Camp No. 2, north side of B circles in this camp, though it is now almost impossible House Creek. In the course of the day I unearthed to determine the exact conditions, owing to the fact that twenty-five skeletons, most of them jumbled up to the camp was not at the top of the bluff, but on a bench, in bunches of from two to six. In some cases the some 12 to 15 ft. below the terrace-hence the washing were in proper relations, though the various bodie of the water coming from above has tended to even over were packed in-no orientation-promiscuously; in the ground. cases the bones had been disturbed for other buri They were in three layers, in some places, but in Monday, February 25, 1901. Camp No. 2 event a stone was above each layer or group of bod North side of Boat House canyon. In several instances there was a mass of ashes ane No. 11: canyon side of point-east and west-head asphalt (burned) beneath the head and in others, es west, on left side, hand under head, male; stone ring and ally those which had valuables buried with them, th JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 215 as lying on and protected from the shells and Friday, March 1, 1901 by a bed of clean beach sand. In two cases it was Continued in same hole, on level with No. 20 and for that asphalt had been used to plaster over the head 18 in. above, found, 3 ft. north of No. 20, a group of burial, and in one (No. 16), the head was covered about fourteen skeletons-a hopeless mixture. (No. 26.) itile fabric and bound about with string (samples Mixed with them and underneath were numerous beads -and strings of beads. This section of the camp and shell ornaments, one pipe, and some bone imple- he southwest aspect of the high point on which it is ments similar to those found with No. 20. These latter d, is a mass of bones; no less than sixty or seventy were unfortunately broken in removing the bones about su far been turned out by me. Today, at the great- them. The confused mixture of bones, in every direc- th at which a body has been found, 6 ft., I encount- tion, makes it exceedingly difficult to work with any 0 or three, jumbled together though bearing prop- satisfaction-one never knows when to expect anything tions in skeletons, and with these were glass beads, as the bodies that are alone are in unexpected places s ring, and a metal piece, probably from a ship's and without orientation. That this whole camp site is very recent, there Some of the skulls that have evidently [been] disin- no doubt. The absence of mortars may be accounted terred and reburied are filled with a mass of olivella ,the presence of large numbers of mealing stones shells. Have seen more of these shells made up into show evidence of wear. These were probably used beads-probably because they are so common. group of families instead of mortars. The peck- Camp No. 2-General Remarks.-Occupancy of this some of the larger rocks which are placed camp has been quite recent, as witnessed by the large the body or bodies are very curious, for fre- numbers of glass beads and manufactured metal objects the stones show no wear or usage, other already noted. The deeper burials are not the older ones, ese peckings. for the bodies above, in almost all cases, show very marked evidence of having been disturbed in order to a February 28, 1901 make the deeper burials. This practice of burying a 18. Just north of where we stopped work yester- large number of persons in a small space-fully 150 earthed a skeleton, lying on belly, face down, have been found in a space 25 by 15 ft. -is peculiar; it rth; with it large numbers of beads and wampum is also peculiar that the burials should be made in the e large pestle. heap of kitchen refuse-ashes, shells, etc. These facts 19. Just west of No. 18-a fine pipe with it. We cannot be due to the reason alleged by Schumacher-lack rking 5 ft. below surface and on top of whale bones. of soil and shifting sand-for there is ample soil on the o clear the space over these bones before going point, back of the hut circles (west) and the ground is not ought to be a good find below the bones. sand, but is largely made up of silt and humus and is 20. Under whale bone: man, belly, face, down, covered with vegetation. Any great respect for the dead ast-west. Three bone articles with quartz crystal must be short-lived or they would not have so badly dis- ends lying beside head, two on right and one on turbed numbers of bodies in order to make a fresh burial. tone pipe on left side of head. Left forearm crossed The graves were probably marked with whale bones and to right side. Arm (upper) lying straight by side. manzanita sticks, as fragments of these are encountered orearm flexed on (upper) arm and large crystal in 6 to 12 in. below the present surface. The occurrence of Nothing else with body (lower). Legs flexed on thighs, enormous numbers of olivella shells near the bodies must ghs on body. Six feet below surface. be noted, as well as the fact already mentioned, that many 21. Three feet below surface, 2-1/2 ft. south of of the skulls which have been disinterred and reburied are -could not determine orientation-number of flint found to be quite filled with these shells. What the signifi- one fine stone pick, one stone ring, fragments of cance, if any, may be, I am at a loss to say, but the fact th this one, red paint. remains. 22. Three feet north of No. 21, and on same level. Placing a layer of clean beach sand on the flooring on ads, ornaments, and remains of basket lined with which the body rested, in some cases, seems to show a and burned. A group of five adults and two children, recognition of the uncleanly method of burial in the refuse over one year old. All mixed together. heap, and the desire to provide a less repulsive couch king north, cleared a space 12 by 8 ft. and dug down for tbe dead. p, all over this area; first level, 12 in. from top, In this as in other places I note the fact that the bodies ups, five and eight, huddled together, evidently found at the center of the burial place are the ones with out to bury deeper and then replaced, bones mixed which things are buried, and that the poor, i.e., those rnaments with each group, skulls all broken or who evidently were not possessed of much property, [At] 2 ft., found two bodies, badly rotten, nothing are buried on the outskirts. Evidently there was an aris- em]. tocracy and a plutocracy then, as now-and a division 23. At three feet found: boy, twelve to fifteen into classes of rich and poor. Judging by the teeth, very Beads, shell, and glass, and bone spoon. Four few of the individuals were very old. Most, I should say, ve mixed-up bodies, nothing with [them]. Two under the age of fifty years. her north, found skeleton, in bad shape, four fine ints under head, asphalt on base of all, as though Saturday, March 2, 1901. Camp No. 3 something-latter not found. On bluff point south side Cafnada de la Agua, over- 24. Five feet below surface, head west, on face, grown with cactus and arrowroot, so could not determine ,shark teeth, and shell beads. much about camp. On north side of this point and camp 25. Same level as No. 20, 3 ft. north, under site found graves in bluff at edge. First four skeletons fine mealing stone-badly decomposed skeleton, lying nearly east-west, head west, face down and to bed of sand and ashes-could not determnine [sex] north. Nothing with [them] save flat rocks and one used bably male. With it three flat cooking stones, pick. One skeleton showed caries of the vertebrae: Dpick, and a small asphalt basket, almost per- specimen saved. Graves marked, as usual, by large great find. stones 6 to 12 in. below surface. Here I find a good many 216 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS thin flat stones, nearly round, evidently used: probably which are set beads and wampum. Head to east, fac used in cooking. Round cooking stones and fire ashes down, ornaments under forehead. A large number of are also found here. The bodies are placed very close beads-glass and shell, long and short, and shell or together, as in Camp No. 2-but show no signs of having ments, are found in the soil that has evidently been been disturbed. I write these notes as the man is digging. already dug over. These are in no way distinctive a The surface soil is silt, humus, etc. Underneath is found are put in the general collection of beads and shell o the usual mass of shells, dirt, etc. Out of a large pocket ments. All things in any way unique or peculiar are of such refuse a broken mortar has just been turned-an noted as coming from this rancheria. old break. Some of the flat stones found over bodies are The fragments of wood noted with No. 31 may be marked with a pick, in lines, as in Camp No. 2, but tions of a boat. Captain Burgess says he once found otherwise show no sign of usage. I shall take a smaller siderable of a boat made of slabs or rough planks of one or two from here-it is too difficult of access to take wood fastened together with hide and covered with as anything heavy unless it is a good specimen. Two more tum. I do not know that this wood belongs with No. 3 bodies-this time lying north-south, head north-are un- but place it there as it was in close proximity. Por covered. Careful search fails to reveal anything buried of semirotten pieces of wood, like stakes, etc., are with them. found quite frequently and may have marked special Note: all bodies thus far uncovered are found in a graves or may have had no significance. circle of 5 ft. diameter. A seventh body comes to light, with a fairly good mortar, mouth down, over the head, Thursday, March 7, 1901 which points to the northeast. With beads and shell orna- Continued same place. A little to east of center, ments at feet. Peculiar beads of soapstone, well wrought. deep, three small children and with them beads and Three more found, one east-west, one north-south, one shell pendants and a number of slabs of Olivella she west-east. Nothing with [them]. roughly finished but drilled and evidently strung wi No. 27. This is evidently only a small burial ground tubular blue shell beads so commonly found. Nothin -probably a few families only. The main village-it was special-head of all three kids were to the southwes quite considerable-and burial places are well concealed Several (7) skeletons unearthed as we move north, b by the rank growth of grass and malva and prickly pear nothing with any of them. Heads generally in northe c actus. (NE-N-NW) direction. Rode up along fence south of Water Canyon and saw No. 35. Small child buried in large basket. Bas village site on top of first main ridge. This also is too quite decayed, powdered; with it many beads and w thickly covered to determine anything definite. About 3/4 and copper cup. mi. east, nearly at end of this ridge, *is another camp No. 36. Also a kid-1 ft. away-beads made of site; ditto in regard to herbage, etc. shells (drawing of spiral). No. 37. With No. 36. Hair on head. So recent i Tuesday, March 5, 1901. Camp No. 4 still stinks-four cooking stones. Mouth Caiiada Verde. Circle 25 ft. diameter cleared of weeds. Marked by stone and whale bones. East side Monday, March 11, 1901. Camp No. 6 mouth of Canada Verde-trench at south end of circle, Saw a number of camp sites today, the most inte east-west-has been dug. ing being in La Cueva de la Vieja. This has beenr No. 28. One skeleton wrapped in seaweed, nothing large and the erosion of the stream which passes with [it]. has left cliffs, some 20 ft. high. Here the strata c No. 29. Under mixed bones, dug by previous man- plainly seen and I noted, about 10 ft. from the surf' under flat stone 3 ft. deep. With it, cache of triangular (dirt and shells) a stratum of shells and refuse, ov flints, red paint, long shell beads, stone ring, two shells which was a layer of gravel, several feet thick, an with black in them (asphalt?), and one mortar. Male, through the top layer of shells, charcoal, etc. This head northeast. place I shall carefully investigate as soon as John c No. 30. Just west of No. 29, also under a layer of and we can camp there. 16 bones already dug. No orientation determinable. With it were four cooking stones of fragmented magnesian mica, March 19, 1901 Catalina. Cueva Vieja-top stratum of shells and refuse, 6 Those who have previously dug here-probably Coast thick at point-then 2 ft. 4 in. of soil, and shell str Survey party, '75-'7615-evidently did not suspect more 6 in. thick, then 18 in. soil and stratum of shells. than one layer of bodies and did not go below any large Fragments of one body, 13 ft. from top in very flat stones which they found 2 to 3 ft. below surface. stratum of shells and adobe. One skeleton on point, Their work was very crude. deep, nothing with it. Female. Head west, face no doubled up on left side. Midway between hill and cr Wednesday, March 6, 1901 under large stones, four (?) bodies-twenty-five so Same place, continued working south. Beads are found another (these located at same time). in soil and under vertical (?) rock. Billy's, No. 38, under large pointed rock with e No. 31. A child with many beads-fragments of skull sticking out, has head to northeast, face down, noi with hair, and near by fragments of wood with asphalt. with it. Apparently a woman. John's, No. 39, head No. 32. A few triangular flints and a number of south, face down, and arms at sides, not under fac blanks for wampum and four pal'nt shells. Note good Legs spread apart about 18 in.; over pelvis is an o, arrow with fragment of wood and asphalt found in soil. shaped rock that has been a basket mortar, bottom Also four cook stones not identified. No. 33. Small mortar over head, to south, face up, 16 Camp No. 6 is on the south side of the island, while No. 5,i 3 ft. deep. mentioned here, is on the north side and was not considered of No. 34. Two very fine ornaments of asphaltum in importance, since there were only undisturbed skeletons there.,S l__________ time between March 7 and March 11 presumably could have been 15 See n. 5. largely in surveying or traveling. JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 217 Nthing else with [it]. These two burials seem to head of a femur. I am totally at a loss as to any explana- been made haphazardly as there is no indication of tion of this curious fact. A large number of flat stones, $al ground-further digging may reveal other bodies most showing some indication of having been used, are bouts, however. Midway between these two stones found in this cemetery, as in previous cases, lying above ther, under which was a woman and child-badly the group of dead. It is useless to attempt to give any ed. Nothing with [them]-under them five mixed up orientation or to record each individual as found, for the t and then No. 40, a youth, with which many fine reason that there is no general orientation and almost no ornaments and beads. This has not been excavated case of a single skeleton by itself. A few triangular flints s been dug by the Indians for subsequent burials. In were found, and some unusual beads, one of a flake of o the ornaments and beads were strung around the obsidian. These are all put together as "Miscellaneous *a few beads and then a group of four to twelve orna- finds." Head was to the west, face down. In going through ove bodies a few miscellaneous ornaments were March 21, 1901 No. 41 is a stone ring, numbered because it shows Triangular flints and red paint-knife in dirt thrown al the use to which it was put-a short-handled ham- out of first grave opened-no glass beads. This was found with a mass of bones of three skele- 2 ft. from top and 2 ft. north of center. March 22, 1901. Camp No. 7 is camp is peculiar in various ways. After trying in On ridge at side of fence, about 2 mi. southeast of most likely places, i.e., around the edges of the house, on east side of Caniada Agua. No sign of hut circles, eand finding nothing, I tried the most unlikely, at the but the ground for a considerable area is well covered of the triangular flat on which was the camp. Here with shells. Profuse growth of malva (?) makes it diffi- a sharp pointed stone sticking up out of the ground cult to see anything, but it can be readily ascertained n digging located body. Twenty-five feet east was that there are no hut circles now visible. Dug 25 holes er bunch of stones with a body under it. Nothing with through top soil, every 10 to 15 ft. apart, over entire of these and no bodies nearby. Tried midway be- ground-no result. Think this must be a temporary camp- and found a bunch-[have] taken out twenty-one so ing-place for a long time, but not a permanent camp site. d others in sight. In places they are two and three About 1/2 mi. farther south on the point of a rather steep the upper ones being, in most cases, disturbed ridge, running east-west into a valley and somewhat pro- or less in order to bury the lower ones. Heads point tected from high wind is Camp No. 8. directions; in one group of five, the heads were all It is pretty well covered with cactus and chilicota (?) er, within 6 in. of each other, with the bodies radi- plants, but evidently there has been quite a large camp in all directions. Most of the skulls are so badly site here-probably six to eight hut circles. The crown that they crumble at a touch. The soil is dark and of the ridge is north of the center, and from here it and there are occasional deposits of ashes and fine slopes abruptly to the north and more gradually to the The ground is, however, remarkably free from south. The southern slope seems to be the dumping place, e. I am at a loss to say why they crammed their and digging shows that here have been the burials. The together so, when there was such an ample supply bedrock is from 2 to 5 ft. below the surface and the. il all around. "soil" above is almost entirely shells, ashes, and refuse, mixed with a small amount of dirt. The first two skeletons 20, 1901 were lying with the heads to the southwest; the third west; 42, 4 in. below surface, to the west of center, fourth, east; fifth (No. 43), head northeast, lying on left with stone ring just below occiput. Head south, face hand in which were three unusual stone beads showing Worked along in this place following the lead of the evidence of having been painted red. The sixth head was and in all unearthed some 28, as nearly as could to southeast, the seventh to the east, the balance, 18, ckoned. They were crowded and packed in more were lying in an equally miscellaneous manner, though Iy and tightly than in Camp 2 and were frequently 2 the general trend of the heads was to the northward. No. 'deep. Several times bones of 3 or 4 were found, all 44 is 3 arrowpoints, found with a skeleton of an adult nes matted together in actual contact. In two cases male, not together, but at different places, mixed in with were found quite filled with Olivella shells and in the bones of the legs. stance a body seemed to have been surrounded with No. 45. Some shell beads of very unusual form, were -shells, some whole, others broken. I imagine the found, cached, not very near any one body. Four of the in which the shells were found had been disinterred 25 bodies dug out today were children, and apparently ed with the shells before reburial. It is impossible they all had something, if nothing more than a few shell gine that these shells could have got into the crania beads, with them. natural manner. At various places shell ornaments No. 46 was found around the neck of a child and con- cads and stone ornaments, arrowpoints, etc., were sists of fine shell ornaments, strung with fine shell but in no instance could the identity of these be beads; as the latter are in no way unusual they are put ed. In one instance it seemed as though a lot of in common stock. Found good stone ring, 2 picks, 3 Hfne shell ornaments had been buried with a child; pestles, and 2 broken mortars, unidentified. Some very re were found, in addition to the fragments of a good flat stones were found over the skeletons, in some s skeleton, the bones of two adults. These orna- cases, and one or two of these will be retained. I note were not distributed, as though in a necklace, but here, also, the occurrence of Olivella shells in the dirt all in one cache. Of the total number found today, near to bodies-especially near the heads; these are not e infants, or individuals less than ten years of age. found anywhere else in this place. bones were found which show evidence of having been d: these were not together, but were found at least March 23, 1901 apart, and in each instance with skeletons which were Camp No. 8, No. 47. About at crest of ridge-a little ently entire and which showed no evidence of fire, south of highest part, grave of child about one to two f these bones is a small fibula and the other is the years old, head southwest, lying prone on back, large 218 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS number of shell ornaments around neck and trunk, pen- orientation. No. 52, head to west, left side, same dants from chain of shell beads. In left hand number of posture, shell ornaments around neck. No. 53, he quartz crystal pendants, some with asphalt cement by northwest, left side, shell ornaments around neck, which they were fastened. He is lying on bedrock and nothing else. there seems to have been a depression sunk into the rock Gathering the small stuff here is very difficult in which the body was placed. This body is 2 ft. south of deed, on account of the hard black soil. I spent two No. 46. About 18 in. west of here is the body of an adult hours in the hole, getting out material with No. 49, male, head north, and 1 ft. north is another, head west. was simply covered with dirt on account of the high Six more skeletons were found here, within 4 ft. of this now blowing. Again I note the absence of any glass place, making nine today. Considerable digging failed to thus far, and the shell and bone beads found are ve reveal any more bodies, so we moved to Camp No. 9. fine indeed. The shell ornaments are very numero Camp No. 9. Southeast of Camp 8, on a slight rise the profusion of different types and styles is wonde from two creeks that here come together-the place is It is to be noted that almost no large stones and no known here as "the old Jack camp" where a fence builder stone work at all (mortars, pestl-es, etc.) have thu once had his camp. The ground is covered with a profuse been found here, but that the general character of growth of Malva (?) and can be with difficulty seen. It is work is small and finely finished. Burials are fro full of shells, however, and has evidently been an Indian 4 ft. below the surface. The only thing that seems camp at some time or other though no hut circles can be general, in regard to these burials, is the placing made out. Men are now digging prospect holes but thus body on one side, generally the left, with the hand far nothing has been located. About one mile east along that side under the head or face. When the body is same fence as 9, is Camp No. 10. down, one or both hands are under the face, gener Camp No. 10. Here a few skeletons have been dug out, the left [hand]. and the ground is dotted with shells. Considerable digging failed to show any other graves. One skull, turned out Tuesday, March 26, 1901. Camp No. 11 (continued sometime ago and today found by me on the surface, is Cleared away hole, 12 ft. diameter, where yest noteworthy for the fact that it shows an old lesion of the day's bodies found and broke away soil in all direc left parietal, and also has the Inca bone. It is preserved therefrom, as it is impossible to say in what direc and numbered 10. the bodies are lying. Dug around hole to a distance 6 to 10 ft. in all directions, but same result, no m March 25, 1901. Camp No. 11 bodies could be located. Put down six more prospe At a place called La Cruz, in the Water Canyon. Here holes, no result. Careful examination of the ground two streams join and between their junction is a small shows that the deposit of shell fragments is very li flat, 100 yds. -backed by a spur rising to the divide in in area and that in all probability these bodies are which they have their origin. One of them is the Water that are here buried. It is certain that there can be Canyon. The deposit of shells is not very great, but the considerable number remaining interred at this plac growth of Malva (?) is great! The shells are finely com- for I have thoroughly covered the ground. minuted, however, and I believe this camp, though small, is an old one. Cattle have tramped here a good deal and March 28, 1901. Camp No. 12 the bulls pawing the ground have obliterated the hut Canwada La Jolla. Sandy soil, coarse, bones all circles and dug sundry holes. A prospect hole strikes mixed, whole bones with burnt human bones undern portion of a skull. I carefully dig this body out and find it Whole mass seems to be washed from back in the c is a child, No. 48, perhaps twelve to thirteen years old, and in part roof caved in. This cave may be conside lying on left side, head southwest, left hand under face, so far as its contents are concerned, in two parts: facing to left. Just over abdomen is cache of fine shell composed of yellow sand and rocks, in which many ornaments and portions of shell for making same, but bodies are found; and one of dark soil, dirt, ashes,. unfinished-also one fine arrowpoint. The soil here is a shells, refuse, etc., in which other burials seem 1 black adobe, very moist, and in consequence, while the have been made. Quite a number of the bones remo small bones of the kid have rotted soft, the shells are in from the upper, clean sand show the action of fire. fine condition. No. 49, 2 ft. east of here, male, adult, Some are entirely burned while others are but part head south, left side, legs drawn up, but not jammed to- burned; some are whole while others are very frag gether, left hand under head. Swathed about neck and mentary. In some cases a few of the bones of a ske chest with large numbers of fine shell ornaments; just in are in proper relation-as for instance a skull with front of chest 3 bone whistles, several quartz crystals, few vertebrae in contact, or both bones of the fore a fine obsidian drill, and a cache of triangular flints, or leg will be together. All are, however, so rotte ornaments strung with shell or bone beads, which have brittle, due to the continuous moist condition of the nothing unusual about them. No flat or other stones mark that hardly one can be removed and no single skull these graves or are over the bodies and only by persis- be obtained intact. Rocks weighing several hundred tent digging were they found. No. 50: 4 ft. east of No. pounds have fallen from the roof and mashed things 49, another male, same posture, has fine stone ring at pretty well. Three good arrowpoints, about fifteen knees and bone implement in right hand. Over him is bed abalone shells with the holes closed by asphalt, so8 of ashes 18 in. thick; this one and No. 49 are 3 ft. below rough wampum and olivella beads and bone implem surface. were obtained. Also found three double-tapering a No. 51: 3 ft. northeast of No. 50, lying on right side, of stone, slaty, may be dark shale-which had been head to the west. Many small shell ornaments around orated with a band of asphalt in which two rows of neck, very fine; two abalone shells under cheek and stone pum had been fixed. These may have been used as ring under back of head; both hands under head, legs rets (? ). The stone was so badly decomposed in all drawn up. Whistle and bone tools (small). Five other cases that the specimens fell apart as soon as rem skeletons (adults and 2 children) removed from this hole, from the sandy envelope surrounding them. The ca thus far, all within 2 to 3 ft. of each other. No general is an erosion in the prevalent coarse sandstone for JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 219 I and the rocks that have fallen in are chunks of the by the sudden inrush of water and dirt and deposited e sandstone and concretions. In size it is about 15 where we find them. The chief evidence of greater age wide and as many deep. Probably it was originally in the settlements at La Jolla is in the general crude- , high at the opening, increasing to 10 ft. at the ness of the art products and in the careless manner of er. As yet have not touched the lower, dark, layer. burial in Cave 1, where bodies were deposited so cleaning out the drift, debris, and upper skeletons near to the surface of the floor of the cave that Thus far have removed twenty-nine certainly, and they were burned by fires which must have been ably more, but the skeletons are so comminuted used for general camp fires. So far as a cursory it is impossible to say. Four stone rings were found examination of the burned bone fragments is con- e sand near the mouth of the cave. The manner in cerned, they show no evidences of cannibalism nor h the wampum is found leads me to believe that it do they seem to have been broken, save accidentally in strings about the necks of the skeleton-. Frag- and subsequently and by the violent disturbing of the ts of two asphalted baskets were found, and two or soil in which they lie, by the falling of rocks, shift- e very rough ane crude abalone shell ornaments, ing of the sand, etc. a perforated and polished stone, probably some h or ornament. Everything about this place is rough March 29, 1901. Camp No. 12 coarse and there is an air and atmosphere of anti- Cave 1. I was not present, being laid up with a sore that is lacking in all the other camps I have seen. foot, smashed by a rock which fell on it yesterday: this ctly across the canyon from the cave, which is lo- is written up from John's notes. Work continued in Cave on the southwest side, was found a mortar 12 ft. 1, on upper level-loose, clean sand and rocks, and from the surface, protruding from the perpendicu- twenty-six skeletons removed. These were in the same cliff which rises to a height of 30 to 40 ft. and forms general condition as those removed yesterday, all sides of the stream bed. This is No. 54. About 100 mixed up, skulls cracked and crumbling, broken up by farther down the canyon, and also on the opposite stones, etc., and are mixed with burned bones and frag- t was found another mortar, No. 50, of quite differ- ments of burned bones. A few arrowpoints-one very ize and shape, protruding from the cliff about 15 ft. small, of obsidian-a number of abalone shell cups or E the surface. In the south side of a deep barranca, vessels, miscellaneous beads, wampum, etc., a couple joins the main canyon about 75 yds. below the cave, of very nice shell ornaments, one partly decomposed found, 12 ft. below the surface, a flat rock, shaped pestle which seems to have been painted red, and sun- those used in graves over and under the dead (No. dry bone implements, some broken) were found in the On the opposite side of the barranca and some 10 ft. sand, in addition to: er the main canyon is seen a skull, protruding from No. 57. Four rude red stone or baked clay beads or all, about 12 ft. from the surface. There is no indi- ornaments very much larger than any found thus far or a of shells, ashes, charcoal, or refuse in the vicin- even seen by me before. They seem to be made of a f any of these articles-mortars, skull, and flat substance that looks very much like Catlinite, but as to -and it is probable that they were removed and this I cannot say until they are carefully cleaned and ed here and the soil above deposited then or at some compared with specimens. later during a heavy wash or cloudburst. Another No. 58. Some thirty similar red stone beads, some 'is found about 125 yds. farther up the canyon and larger and some smaller, six or eight variously shaped t 100 ft. higher in altitude than the first mentioned. serpentine beads, one plummet-shaped piece of red cave worked today will be called No. 1, Camp 12, stone, beautifully fashioned-one boat-shaped vessel of the last mentioned No. 2, Camp 12. Both caves are red stone (broken) and one rude boat-shaped vessel of e same side of the canyon, and about two miles from Catalina soapstone, and one flat red stone ornament. uth side of the island. On the same side of the can- Both Nos. 57 and 58 were found cached, but not as that on which the caves are located and 75 yds. nearer than 2 ft. from any skeleton or lot of bones. w them, the face of a large boulder is seen protrud- Fragments of 2 or 3 baskets, covered and lined with from the cliff. It is marked with sundry cuttings and asphaltum and apparently burned, were also found in holes drilled into it. I did not examine it closely the debris. for a large stone fell on my foot, making walking No. 59. One shallow, broken, and mended mortar. painful. Will make a careful examination of this This had been broken and mended by the Indians with rrow. The conditions here will readily compare with asphaltum, but came apart in getting it out. The broken e in the Cueva de la Vieja, where certain signs of boat-shaped vessel of No. 58 was broken by the bank's occupancy are to be seen in the canyon walls, caving when it was partly removed. ral feet below the surface; the distances in the two s, 8 to 15 ft., might readily occur by natural means Saturday, March 30, 1901. Camp No. 12 equalities in the old surface-and the period of occu- Continued cleaning out Cave 1, upper level, and be the same in both cases. The subsequent accumu- finished it up in the afternoon. Found three more bodies, of soil, if occurring at the same time at both places fragmentary, in the upper sand: a number of beads ch must have been the case owing to their proximity (Olivella biplicata) shell, and some wampum; also part uld have parallel conditions: and this is precisely of a broken stone ring. Then examined lower layer, we find, except that where the mortars and skull which is made up of dark soil, ashes, shells, and ound in La Jolla Canyon, there are no further evi- refuse. At south end and 1 ft. within line of front of es in the banks. Such deposits of shells, refuse, etc., cave, found two skeletons, both women, lying face re to be seen in the cliffs at La Vieja may exist in down, arms at sides, head to the north, legs drawn up. oblla but are not visible for the reason that subsequent Nothing with them and no more bodies in the floor layer. rng away of the deposits by the stream has not been From two of the three, found in upper stratum today, I 'e places where the deposits lie. It is also quite pos- should judge that posture was the common one-hand ,if not probable, that the objects found at La Jolla under head-for the reason that in these two cases the have been washed from their original resting place finger bones of the left hand were found under the skulls, 220 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS which were broken all to pieces. We then moved to a Monday, April 1, 1901 place 100 yds. below Cave 1, where at the level of the Did not go to La Jolla, as I am hourly looking fo cliff is an arched rock and in front of it a very large schooner to take me off. Sent John and Billy there, deposit of shells and refuse with three skeletons pro- I went to shell heaps on Skunk Point for surface fi truding from the bank. Nothing was found with these. Notes on La Jolla are written up from John's statet Work here is very unsatisfactory as the high wind which of the work done. The embankment in front of and now prevails blows clouds of fine dust up into the air, Cave 3 (that below Cave 1 in the La Jolla Canyon) obscuring one's vision by filling his eyes with dirt. I pretty thoroughly dug out with the result that three am of the opinion that this Cave 1 was at first used as skeletons were found at various places, laid promin a dwelling place and that a few burials were made in the ously in the shells and refuse, and with nothing wi floor, that later, as more Indians came to live here, them. Excavations in and in front of Cave No. 2 we this cave was abandoned as a living place, in favor of entirely without results-no skeletons being found. the two caves, one above and one below, and that Cave 1 way between Caves 1 and 2 a lot of broken bones we was then used solely for mortuary purposes, the bodies unearthed and fragments of one skull. This entirely being covered with sand brought in, and with rocks. Sub- confirms my opinion in regard to these caves: No. sequently other rocks caved in and mashed things up while used at first as a living place, subsequently pretty well. I am at a loss to explain the presence of came the burial place and the other two caves were charred bones and wampum which has evidently been used as dwellings. It is quite probable that a numbe exposed to fire except on the supposition that partial cre- of bodies may be buried here and there in this vic mation was resorted to. This may have been the case, but they are of little consequence. The people of an owing to the small amount of available soil and the fact standing-the plutocracy-of this Indian settlement, that it had to be brought in to cover the bodies. It is buried in the cave (No. 1). possible the Indians settling here in the earlier days of In the matter of stone rings, I wish to record so occupancy may have come from some region where cre- thoughts of today. There is no evidence from the sk mation was a recognized method of disposing of the dead and bones found by me or by others, so far as I am in cases of emergency or where circumstances made it aware, that injuries were observed-showing the pe necessary. In any event, one would expect sundry burials to have been a quarrelsome or warlike people. On at various places around here, in the vicinity but not in contrary, everything found and all recorded informa the cave, and it is probable that such bodies, if found, so far as I am aware, goes to show that they were p will not have much, if anything, with them. The rich are able and friendly, if comparatively low in developm always found in the more central places, and such were Such being the case it is not conceivable that those i those in Cave 1, as shown by the finds, by the number of settled on these islands would develop war implemen baskets (fragments only found) and the goodly number of when they had no use for them-"stone maces:' "sto abalone-shell dishes or vessels. The stream flowing in war clubs:' etc., as so often called by the "crossro this canyon is never known to run dry and the water is archaeologists.' Were the parent stocks-those foun by far the best I have found on the Island-it is most on the mainland-at all savage or warlike, they woul excellent. I shall not be surprised if further search have developed war implements and we would still f reveals other encampments in this canyon. On the trail them both on the mainland and here on the islands. between Cave 1 and the lower camping place, found one stone rings do not occur on the mainland-or at least stone ring. Both sides of this canyon are dotted, here very rarely found-while they are exceedingly comm and there in favorable places, with camps of various on all the islands. Consequently they must have deve sizes. About 1/4 mi. below Camp 12, on opposite side of through causes and influences which acted here in canyon is a fairly considerable camp site. Three or four degree but were not appreciable on the mainland. Wh skeletons are seen protruding from the bank, and on the can they have been? Consider the problematic use as level are flat stones and whale bones, used in marking weights for digging sticks. There is but little to dig burial places. I rather expect to find this, or another here, save for graves. Cultivation of the soil was un place, rather rich. known, roots are few and, so far as I know, not edib Undoubtedly a goodly number of Indians have lived the wild onion is common, but it does not require a along here, taking advantage of the excellent water. In specially weighted digging stick to obtain it. Further Cave 1, yesterday, fragments of four water baskets- more the various forms of stone picks which are fo baskets covered with asphaltum-were found, and one in great abundance are very much more useful, dur of these is the bottom and inside-it is a mass of asphalt and convenient than a stick with a clumsy weight on about one inch thick in which are numerous small pebbles could be. In regard to their use as weights or sinker embedded' This is certainly startlingly direct evidence in for fishing nets, I believe Major RustW has a dozen support of my theory that the round pebbles coated with he purchased from an Indian who was using them at asphalt and commonly found in camp sites hereabouts, time for this purpose. This, if I am correct as abov were used in the process of coating the inside of the bas- proves nothing, for we have no evidence that the Indi kets with asphalt. In this case, they probably got cold, used or knew anything of nets, and these, originally for some reason or other, and hardened in the bottom made for some other purpose, may have been found before they could be removed. I am very glad indeed to made use of by the Indian from whom Rust purchase4 have secured this specimen. them. Furthermore, were they intended for such a Have taken many photographs of this region [Caniada purpose they would not be so well finished and would La Jolla] and hope some of them will show more clearly show the evident wearing and polishing action of the the actual conditions. In places, where deep barrancas hand, which many of them do show. There is unmist have been washed by drainage from the side hills into the able evidence that some of them have been used ash canyon, there are very considerable deposits of finely mers, but that all have been so used may be a matte; comminuted shells to be seen, often extending down to a doubt. Nothing so influences specialized types in dev depth of fifteen or more feet. These, in at least one or ment as habitat and food supply; now the food supply tw nsace,Iamiclndtobliv, r as epst ' 7 Horatio N. Rust, an amateur archaeologist and collector livi and have no special significance. California. JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 221 ost entirely shell fish and the art products were drills, of which class I have several specimens; others y made from shells. It seems to me probable that may have been used somewhat in the nature of cold stone rings have some direct connection with these chisels, for breaking or chipping away material-stone, ngs, but what that connection may be, and how shell, etc., in the production of a designed object. Some rings were used and for what are questions diffi- seem to have been used in digging or pecking into the answer. The reason why so many of them have soil, others must have been used for pecking out mortars, e double tapering is, I think, obvious; it was the rubbing stones, pestles, and [some may be] the flat, -shape when the hole was bored in the easiest pecked, and sometimes used stones that are found in r, as illustrated in many specimens thus far col- graves and marking burial places in some cases. Yet all by me. To make a straight uniform hole, or one these various uses do not seem to account for the very g clear through, would require an unusual amount great numbers of these picks, nor for the occurrence of on the part of the artisan, and a considerably used picks fashioned from comparatively soft material tme. It would be easy enough to mount a ring -material not at all suited for pecking stones. It has double tapering hole on a handle for use as a ham- just occurred to me as probable that some of the cruder with the aid of asphalt and cord, and both of these forms, and those not well adapted to the purpose of peck- s were at hand and largely used. Certainly a very ing out stones, mortars, pestles, mealing stones, etc., percentage of them, even those that are finely may have been used in gathering the shellfish which was d and polished by the action of the hand on one almost the only article of food-it was certainly the one how indentations and pittings on the other side, great staple, and fish, seals, etc., were secondary and gh used as hammers. unreliable food stuffs. Just as the present-day abalone fisher uses a pointed or wedge-shaped iron bar in gather- ay, April 4, 1901 ing his abalones, so may the Indian have used a great ting for the schooner or boat that is hourly ex- many of these stone picks. A quick thrust of the pointed to take me away from the island, so cannot go far end under the slightly raised abalone shell, followed om the house. John and Billy busy for three days instantly by an outward or upward pressure, using the ingup the surface finds from Skunk Point and vicinity. point as the fulcrum of the lever, and the abalone is ve been greatly puzzled at the very large number easily detached. Without some such tool the gathering e "picks" which have been found by me. Some are of abalones and mussels is an exceedingly slow and diffi- kably well worked, some are but roughly wrought cult process and one, in the case of abalones, not un- More or less well defined implement, but all pre- attended with danger; with such a tool, on the contrary, to a greater or less degree the same constant form the work may be as well and almost as quickly done as angle tapering to a point which may be quite sharp with the iron abalone bar now used. This I know from t; many of these show a good deal of use while personal experimentation. This supposition would help do not appear to be at all worn. They occur in a to account for the great number of rough picks which I arlety of sizes, materials, and degrees of finish, found, principally along the south side of Skunk Point, ubtedly served as tools for the accomplishment and along the coast from there westward; in the immedi- e than a single object. Doubtless many of the ate vicinity of all the places rocky reefs run out from r and very tapering ones were used as reamers or the shore and shellfish abound on such rocks. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY Bowers, Stephen 1877. History and Antiquities of Santa Rosa Island. Smithsonian Inst., Ann. Rept. for 1877, pp. 316-320. Coggeshall, A. S. 1950. Anthropology. Ann. Rept. for 1949, Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 12-14. (Summary of archaeological work on Santa Rosa Island.) Orr, P. C. 1947. Santa Rosa Island Expedition. Museum Leafl., Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 22, No. 8. 1949a. Anthropology. Ann. Rept. for 1949, Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 12-14. (Photos of Santa Rosa Island burials and round house floor.) 1949b. Third Santa Rosa Island Expedition. Mus. Talk. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 24, No. 4, Winter, 1949-1950. 1951a. Ancient Population Centers of Santa Rosa Island. Amer. Antiquity, 16:221-226. 1951b. Fourth Santa Rosa Island Expedition. Mus. Talk. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 26, No. 1. 1952a. Fifth Santa Rosa Island Expedition. Mus. Talk. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 27, No. 1. 1952b. Indian Caves of Santa Rosa Island and their Relation to Antiquity. Monthly Report, Stanford Grotto, National Speleological Soc., 2:41-43. Stanford, California. 1952c. Review of Santa Barbara Channel Archaeology. Southwest Jour. Anthro., 8:211-226. Rogers, D. B. 1929. Prehistoric man of the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist. (Chaps. 6 and 8.) [222] PLATES DESCRIPTION OF PLATES The photographs of material-from Santa Rosa Island corresponding to those used in the following pages, except for plates 90 and 91-are arranged by camp sites which the collections are described. (see pl. 86) and separate graves, in the order of their The requirement that all holes or trenches be fil excavation. Often a number of bodies were grouped so as the work progressed, not allowed to remain open closely together that it could not be determined to which a hazard to grazing sheep, made the work of excava particular individual the specimens found really belonged. in many places somewhat difficult. Sometimes the upper layer or layers of bodies had been All bodies, when located, were disinterred by the disinterred for the purpose of making a burial at a lower slow but satisfactory method of removing the dirt w level; in this event the bones seem to have been replaced a trowel. When it was found that ornaments, beads, in the proper relations, as nearly as could be done, and had been placed with the body, the use of the trowel all the material originally buried with those disturbed suspended and the dirt was removed with the hands, was replaced in the common grave. There is consequently assisted by the blade of a knife. It is undoubtedly o a considerable amount of material marked "miscellaneous," to the care taken that such a large and varied assort or "unidentified." 1 Orientation was often difficult or im- of shell ornaments is represented in the collection. possible to determine, owing to the confused mixture of All the dirt removed in excavating a burial place skeletons and to the fragmentary condition of many remains. passed through a moderately fine screen, thus sav It is to be noted that objects of glass, metal, etc., of many hundreds of fine specimens. When a great nu extraneous origin and obviously derived within the historic of small shell, serpentine, or glass beads encounter period from Caucasians, were found only in the camp in a grave showed no distinctive characteristics, the sites on the northern coast; camp sites in the interior or dirt was thus screened and the whole mass boxed to on the southern coast yielded only objects of aboriginal sorted subsequently. manufacture. In the excavation of a skeleton every possible carI It is further worthy of note that, except at SRI- 147 and precaution was taken to remove the articles bur (Camp 6), skeleton 39, in no instance when the sex could with it intact; in spite of all effort, however, many s be determined with any degree of certainty (by the size mens were broken while being removed. A large n of the head and shape of the pelvis), were any articles of of specimens, especially articles of bone, were foun use or ornament found with a female. Often, however, crushed or rotted to the point of partial destruction. large quantities of ornaments, beads, etc., were found Everything of an unusual nature found in the 1mm with skeletons of children too young to permit of any ate vicinity of a skeleton was preserved. As will be determination of the sex. from the accompanying photographs, oddly shaped The few published comments on the mode of burial of were treasured by many of these Indians and buried* the Indians of the Santa Barbara coast and the Channel them. The finding of a single oddly shaped pebble w Islands all state that no regular method seems to have mean little or nothing; when everything from each been employed and that the only constant feature is the is saved and it is found that such pebbles are a matt doubled-up or squatting posture of the body. This is not frequent occurrence, it is at once apparent that suc true of Santa Rosa Island or of some other sections of finds are not purely fortuitous. I know of no other c the territory mentioned. While it is a fact that no special tion of material from this section of California that orientation seems to have been preferred, still the pos- been made with even approximately the same degree ture and general arrangement were fairly constant. The attention to these minor details, absolutely essenti majority of the bodies found on Santa Rosa Island (749 any satisfactory study of grave contents. skeletons were excavated) were lying upon the left side Shell determinations have been attempted by mys with the left hand under the head; a lesser number were and may not be free from error. found lying upon the right side with the right hand under The scale used in all plates is a two-inch scale, the head; very few, and these were obviously exceptional, markings in tenths of an inch. were found in any other posture. Following is a list of camp sites2 where the burl Three very different sorts of material were occasion- place was found and of any skeletons excavated, tog ally used to wrap or surround the body; shells of the with the number of skeletons excavated at each cam Olivella biplicata, clean beach sand, and sea grass. nearly as it was possible to make such an estimate. Two skulls that had been disinterred for the purpose of making a lower subsequent burial were found to have' 2 The prefix "2SRI" is used in the system of site designation of. ofe m a ki n ge a low er s u bll s e q u e nte bu rilla l w ere fo u n d to h a vU niversity of C alifornia A rchaeological S urvey. F or Santa R osa been filled with shells of the Olivella. the site numbers are generally based on those assigned by the On the map (pl. 86) are indicated the local names of Barbara-Museum of Natural History, from a survey conducted in canyons and places, names that are in common use by 1950. (See P. C. Orr, Ancient population centers of Santa Rosa the men who either work upon the island from time to Amer. Antiquity, 16:221-226, 1951). This survey included 142 sites. P. M. Jones in 1901 had assigned numbers to only 35 "ea time or have lived upon and are thoroughly acquainted although he had circled the island in search of sites. It is therefoo with its topography; these names are generally accepted apparent that he did not find many of the sites later noted by the by everyone included in this category. The locations of Barbara Museum survey, or that sometimes he assigned one nu camp stes ar also ndicaed on he chat by nmbers to an extensive camp, for example, to which the Santa Barbara Mus ____________________ ~~~~~~~~assigned several numbers. In any case, most of the locations ar roximate only, the exceptions being the coastal sites located at lIn modern parlance. dissociated, mouths of named streams. At Camp 32 [SRI- 114], not listed in tabul at least 4 skeletons were found. [224] JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 225 Camps Skeletons Camps Skeletons amp 1 [SRI-60] 10 Camp 20 [SRI-33] 3 amp 2 [SRI-60] 150 Camp 21 [SRI-34] 25 amp 3 [SRI-78] 10 Camp 22 [SRI-23] 1 amp 4 [SRI-40] 100 Camp 24 [SRI- 19] 1 amp 6 [SRI- 147] 70 Camp 26-1/2* [SRI-18] 27 amp 8 [SRI-76] 34 Camp 29 [SRI-125] 3 amp 11 [SRI- 20] 12 Camp 30 [SRI-6] 221 mp 12 [SRI-4] 55 Camp 34 [SRI-156] 3 mp 15 [SRI-50] 9 Camp 35 [SRI-31] 8 amp 18 [SRI-35] 1 mp 19 [SRI-24] 6 *Called also Camp 27 or Cave 2; see Journal for April 1, 1901. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 86 PLATE 90 Catalina Island. These plates, compared with ph Map of Santa Rosa Island, photographed from Coast graphs showing the coast line of San Nicolas and S Survey Chart No. 5200. 3 Shows location of 35 "camps" Rosa islands, illustrate the difference in coast-line (i.e., archaeological village sites; see n. 4). topography which directly influenced the numbers of inhabitants and manner of life. On Catalina there ar long, low reefs covered with easily gathered shellfii PLATE 87 The points and headlands here are all abrupt and de into the water at a sharp angle; the shore falls off a a. From 750-ft. elevation, looking west toward Dos ruptly into deep water. Conditions exactly the reve Pechos. Typical topography of north side of island's are noted in the coast-line topography of both San N higher elevations. b. From 550-ft. bench on Cerro las and Santa Rosa islands, and on both of these isi Negro, looking east about 200 north, toward Skunk the Indian population was many times that of Catal' Point. Shows extensive erosion across Skunk Point. Island. The trip to Catalina was made for the doubl c. Near head of Boat House canyon. Shows character purpose of examining this matter and of studying th of strata and old erosions. d. Boat House canyon, aboriginal soapstone and serpentine quarries. near mouth. Shows stratification, dip of strata, old a. From Pots Valley, looking west. b. From to erosions, etc. grade east of the isthmus, looking west. Shows sev drowned valleys, sharp angular headlands, etc. c. North coast east of Pots Valley, looking east. Show PLATE 88 sharp headland and large landslide of 1898; recedin coast line. d. From hill east of Avalon, looking ea a. Recent wind erosion. Taken near east end of the Sharp, angular point; no shellfish obtainable in such extensive erosion shown in b of plate 87. b. East Point, spots. e. From hill east of Avalon, looking west north side. Recent wind erosions, rapidly progressing. Avalon Bay. Drowned valley and sharp headland. Near here many finely worked flints were found. Hut circles on flat to south. No burial place could be located; camp entirely eroded. (For saurfaQe flints and arrow PLATE 91 points, see pl. 122, b-f.) c. Same location as in b of this plate, a little farther east. Note camp site debris Catalina Island. Pots Valley and aboriginal quar on surface. d. Skunk Point, eastern extremity. Shells Here all the soapstone and probably all the serpen show location of many temporary camps. Santa Cruz used by the Indians of the islands and the neighbori Island in the distance. e. Between Skunk and East Point, mainland was obtained. These rocks as observed in about 1-1/2 mi. north of the latter. Portions of two Pots Valley correspond exactly with the materials dunes, with partly covered camp site between them. by the Indians; there is no other accessible source f. Same as in 88, e. These dunes moved nearly 20 ft. soapstone or serpentine known to us that in any way during my stay, uncovering and covering portions of corresponds to the worked articles found hereabout two camp sites. g. Near summit of main ridge. Shows Other volcanic rocks, more or less of the nature of denudation of heads of canyons and of large areas on serpentine, are found here and seem to be similar. watershed resulting from overgrazing by sheep. h. the material in certain manufactured products found Trail near summit, altitude 1,250 ft.; south side Dos the burial places of the islands and mainland. Care' Pechos. Shows complete denudation of watershed. determination of these specimens would be very de able. a. Camp site at Pots Valley Landing (about 4 mri. PLATE 89 east of isthmus, on north coast). Steatite outcropp 1/4 mi. east of Landing. b. Taken from same place a. Main north-south ridge, south of summit. Recent a, but looking up Pots Valley. Large mass of serpe gullying has followed denudation of watershed. b. Recent and steatite in middle distance, center of valley. cl water erosion, following denudation of watershed by Rock seen at center of b. Many grooves made in sh sheep; near head of canyon, on the south side of the ening implements. d. Steatite quarrying in outcrop- island. c. Eastern extremity of extensive erosion e. Detached portion of steatite from outcrop. f. La shown in plate 87, b. d. East Point before rounding the aboriginal quarry, about center of Pots Valley. Tak extremity of the cape. e. South coast, looking east looking up steep incline. Great quantity of chips and from SRI-31 (Camp 35). Piedragosa in the distance. debris at bottom of mass; many pot-forms remai Note the character of the long, low reefs, offering ex- ringlike depressions in the rock. cellent habitat for easily gathered shellfish. Old camps near every such reef. f. South coast. Very recent water erosion. C. South coast. Site of SRI-63 (Camp 33); flat PLATE 92 gravestones on surface, thrown out by previous excavators. 3Sma11 capital letters on map refer to locations mentioned in illus- a-g Types of the large flat stones found in aime tration captions, as follows: A, Dos Pechos; B, Cerro Negro; C. all burial places, over and under and sometimes ars Boat House canyon (referred to in later years as "Ranch House canyon"); h kltn.Alo hs tnsso ekn;s D, Piedragosa.thskltn.Alothsstnsso ekg;o [226] JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 227 obviously been used for mealing stones, PLATE 95 r for grinding seeds or for grinding down and ing shell and softer stone ornaments or im- a. Left: SRI-60 (Camp 2). Glass beads and sea-grass ents. string bound about head; long beads of Pachydesma, Mytilus californianus, and columellae of Thais lamellosa or Kellettia kellettii about neck. Skeleton 15; adult PLATE 93 male (? ); orientation undetermined. Right: SRI-60 (Camp 2). Ornaments of columellae of shell, probably Mouth of Boat House canyon. Burial place of Astraea undosus and Haliotis, about neck and at chest. 0 (Camp 1) in the foreground. Ten skeletons ex- Skeleton 17; male; left side; head east. b. Enlarged ed at this burial place, with four of which material view of four shell ornaments shown in a. c. SRI-60 nd; no historic materials found at this camp. (Camp 2). Paint shells (one Pecten, the other Lottia 2 burial place beyond, on other side of canyon. gigantea), containing red paint, and flint flakes were that both camps, 1 and 2, are here referred to found with skeleton 17. About 400 of these slender tively as SRI-60. Ed.]. b. From SRI-60 (Camp flakes were found cached about the knees. They were king up Boat House canyon. Hut circles to the undoubtedly used for drill points, graving tools, etc., not shown. Shows character of soil in which numerous authorities to the contrary notwithstanding. s were made; largely soft camp refuse. c. SRI- See plate 123, d, showing used implements of this type. p 2). Excavations difficult owing to the re- The majority of all specimens of this type are original, filling of all holes as the work progressed. unworked flakes; some show evidence of having been small areas could be excavated at a time. d. SRI- worked down to the present form, triangular in cross p 1), 86 ornaments of Haliotis rufescens. Found section, from a larger flake or chip, after the method neck and in front of chest of skeleton. Skeleton 3; described by Yates, Wilson, et al. Not a flaker's scrap, left side; head south; 18 in. deep. as stated by Yarrow;4 not "ceremonial lancets," as claimed by several writers. d. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Stone club at right side; probably a club, not a pestle; glass PLATE 94 and shell beads (not shown), about neck. Skeleton 18; male (?); usual posture, but face down; head north. SRI-60 (Camp 1). Top: 84 ornaments of Haliotis e. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Stone pipe near right hand. Very Bottom: beads of shell and bone, very small and fine specimen; either serpentine or black limestone. me engraved on edge. Beads about neck; orna- Skeleton 19; male (?); skeleton fragmentary; probably about neck and body. Skeleton 6; infant; left side; on left side, head east. f, &. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Objects outh. b. SRI-60 (Camp 1). Remarkably fine flat found with group of about nine bodies disinterred for s shell ornaments in poor state of preservation. lower burial and reburied, in ashes, under scapula of long curved tubular beads or ornaments made whale. Mortar and pestle (f ) found as shown, with pestle rim of Haliotis shell, bored longitudinally; edges in mortar. Shown in g: scissors, ring, neck of bottle, Iely engraved; one at bottom of plate, second and metal object, probably lamp bracket from someship, left shows remarkably high degree of skill in bor- found together and near mortar. Note portion of sea- grass ound about neck and at chest. Skeleton 8; male (?); string tied to ring, showing that it may have been sus- side; head east. c. SRI-60 (Camp 1). Two whole pended as an ornament and not worn on the finger. s shells, siphon holes plugged with asphaltum, near head. Skeleton 10; male; left side; head south. PLATE 96 -60 (Camp 2). Articles of bone from refuse heap. e heap 3 ft. from hut circle; 7-1/2 ft. thick; com- of shells (mostly fragments) of Modiolus, Mytilus, a. SRI-G (Camp 2). Two bone implements with iotis, though specimens of numerous other species quartz crystal tips in right hand and one in left hand; ountered; bones of fish, sea otter, seals, etc., loose crystals (shown at center of plate) near right mmon. No true stratification, though beds of hand; no red paint on crystals; pipe, with mouthpiece sand, etc., are found to interrupt the continuity of bird bone set in asphaltum, near right side of chest. se; refuse at bottom similar in all respects to Skeleton 20; male; 6 ft. deep, under scapula of whale; top. Five hut circles at this camp. Burial place face down, arms at sides, forearms flexed so that en hut circles and edge of cliff, to the east. About hands are near and at sides of head. The stone pick, ies excavated here. e. Left: SRI-60 (Camp 2). or drill, does not belong with this skeleton, but with ents of Haliotis shell about neck, some very fine, skeleton 25 (SRI-60). It was inadvertently placed with ring (not shown) in front of chest, Skeleton 11; the material from this grave and error was not de- left side; head west. Right: SRI-78 (Camp 3). Two tected till after the photograph was made. b-e. SRI-GO d stone (serpentine ?) beads (shown third from (Camp 2). Ornaments found with a group of approxi- lower row) in left hand, under head; ornaments mately fourteen bodies, 3 ft. north of skeleton 20. *otis shell, some very fine, about neck; mortar Those shown in b and c have been treated by being own) near head. Skeleton 27; male; left side; head placed in hot linseed oil, which restores the coloring. Had three pathological spinal vertebrae. f. SRI- These bodies had been disinterred to make way for amp 2). Fine and unusual ornaments of Hali- graves at lower levels. All ornaments here shown, of hell, found together in front of chest; beads, which many are particularly fine specimens, are of and fine, about neck; stone ring (not shown) Haliotis shell, with the exception of two in d. One of and arrowpoint and fragment of quartz crysta; these, the second from right, second row from top, | on rght),foundnear kees. he riglikeis an oblong plate of calcium or magnesium sulphate; o,rnaments at top of plate are particularly fine the other, immediately beneath it in the photograph, telicate. Skeleton 13; infant; posture and orien- 4 Actually, by C. C. Abbott. Chipped Stone Implements. In U.S. undetermined. Geographical Surveys West of the 1 00th Meridian., 7 :69, 1879. 228 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS is a pendant of Pachydesma shell. f. SRI-60 (Camp 2). places, is largely filled with refuse and shells, she Stone ring, fine pick or drill, wrapped in twined fabric fragments, etc. About 100 skeletons were excavat of sea grass (upper right corner), and the flint flakes, here. Fragments of whale bones mark place of bur with which were small masses of red paint (upper left top stratum of bodies in this burial place had been corner), found cached in front of chest, near right hand. cavated; lower stratum of bodies undisturbed. c. S Stone ring shows bruising owing to use as a hammer. (Camp 4). Head of skeleton wrapped in sea grass; 5 Several hundred flint flakes [drills ? ], only a few of below surface, extreme northwest edge of burial p which are here shown as samples. Skeleton 21; male; body flexed; left side; head southeast. No artifacts left side; head west. body. Two specimens of Lottia gigantea, together numerous fragments of shells, are plainly seen. d 40 (Camp 4). Ornaments about neck, columellae of PLATE 97 Kellettia kellettii and bored specimens of Mytilus c fornianus or Hinnites giganteus; shells, one of Hal a. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Very fine ornaments of Haliotis and one of Lottia gigantea (upper left corner), the 1 shell, near neck and chest; ornaments of columellae of drilled at edge, filled with asphaltum and two small Kellettia kellettii and Mytilus californianus (shown lying bones for applying same, found mouth to mouth, ne horizontally in upper right and left corners), bored chest; stone ring and flint flakes with red paint, at longitudinally, many of them bushed with small shell mortar (e below, pl. 99, a) near head. Stone ring sh beads at the ends of the hole; in front of chest. Skeleton bruising and chipping owing to use as hammer. Skel 22; sex and orientation undetermined; youth; skeleton 29; male; about 4 ft. deep; head northeast; left side; fragmentary. b. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Implement of bone under mixed bones thrown back by previous excava (top); unmodified shells in pairs with small holes bored e. SRI-40 (Camp 4). Mortar found near head, two near edge contain red paint and asphaltum-4 Pecten; Cf. pl. 99, a. Skeleton 29. 1 Haliotis; 2 Lottia gigantea (lower right and left cor- ners). Skeleton 23; probably youth; mixed with bones of five other skeletons. c. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Two shark PLATE 99 teeth (center of plate) bored for suspension; beads or ornaments of Mytilus californianus and either Hinnites a. SRI-40 (Camp 4). Mortar found near head, tw giganteus or Pecten aequisulcatus, the hinge having views. Cf. pl. 98, e. Skeleton 29. b. SRI-40 (Ca been the portion used. Many are bushed with minute Flat soapstone cooking-stones, one of unusual curv shell beads at the ends of the hole. Skeleton 24; male; shape, found near feet. Skeleton 30; sex and orient face down; head west. d-&. SRI-60 (Camp 2). Soapstone undetermined. c. SRI-40 (Camp 4). Top: fragmen plates (g&5 arched over chest; small twined basket (d) wood [canoe planks?], broken and mended with asp coated and filled with asphaltum (exceedingly rare); 6 and showing holes plugged with asphalt, found near stone pick or drill (f, see also pl. 96, a), four views of Bottom: skull fragments with hair still attached. S same object taken on same plate; stone pipe (e), and 31; child, left side, head east; many glass beads (n bone implements, to the right of chest between elbow shown) about neck and in mouth. d. SRI-40 (Camp and hand. Bead, serpentine (?) and quartz crystal Shells, in order (top, 1. to r.): Pecten containing r (lower left corner, e), near right hand; blanks for making paint; Lottia gigantea, red paint; two Haliotis, con fishhooks or shell ornaments (Haliotis), together with ing asphaltum; found in pairs as given, mouth to three flat pieces of sandstone for use as saws or files, near chest. Flint flakes, only a few here shown, near pelvis. Complete shells, one Lottia (left) and one (lower left) unfinished shell beads of Olivella bipli Pecten (right, e) containing traces of red paint, mouth found near knees. Skeleton 32; male; left side; hea to mouth near head. Skeleton 25; badly decomposed north. e. SRI-40 (Camp 4). Ornaments, of very r skeleton; probably male; on face; head north; lying in able nature, under forehead. Ornaments made of f bed of sand and ashes. shell beads (Olivella biplicata ?) set in asphaltum,. Slightly concavo-convex, with convex side up; mari on back as though attached, at one time, to smooth. PLATE 98 or hide. Nothing else with body. Skeleton 34; male; east; face down. (SRI-40 [Camp 4], copper cup wi a. SRI-78 (Camp 3). Four flat stones; three sand- skeleton 35. See pl. 120, e). f. SRI-40 (Camp 4). stone and one soapstone (upper left); not with any one Large quantity of glass and Olivella biplicata shell skeleton, but in dirt over graves. The soapstone speci- about neck. Fragments of wood with brass chains men is of the sort referred to by Putnam (Wheeler Sur- attached, near hand (?). Other shell ornaments of vey, 7:100), used both as cooking stone (?) and arrow Cerithidea californica, pendent from strings of gla straightener (?). Skeleton 27; male; left side; head beads, and Trivia californica (lower two rows), s north (cf. pl. 94, e). At this camp ten bodies excavated. Also Trivia solandri (two shells in upper left corn Almost the entire camp site was overgrown with cactus. (rare); and Littorina planaxis (?), shown below Tr b. SRI-40 (Camp 4). View of site at mouth of Caiiada shells. Skeleton 36; child; most bones gone. . Si Verde. This camp is of considerable size; two areas (Camp 4). Plates of soapstone (from Catalina Islan have been used at different times; but only one burial arranged about head; almost all hair still remaini place could be located. The top layer of skeletons in the skull at the time of excavation; nothing else wi the burial place had been dug out; probably by the mem- body. Skeleton 37; male; left side; head northeast., bers of the Coast Survey party who camped in this can- yon in 1875-1876.7 The soil here, as in all burial sUsually called "comales"; used for baking. PLATE 100 6 This specimen is actually a pseudomorph after the basket. 7The reference is probably to the collecting party led by the Rever- a, b. SRI-40 (Camp 4). Miscellaneous material end Stephen Bowers. Bowers' brief report appears in the Ann. Rept. upper layer of bodies, previously excavated and le: Smiithson. Inst. for 1877. JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 229 er workers. Arrowpoints (b) have asphaltum still few ornaments and then a few beads. Skeleton 40; youth, bring, showing method of hafting. Large bone imple- age ca.. fifteen to twenty; head to west; face down; hands t (b) with one end of bone plugged with asphalt, may under face. e. SRI-147 (Camp 6). Ornaments of Haliotis bbeen knife handle. c, d. SRI-40 (Camp 5). Exca- shell, very fine and fragile; too delicate to be cleaned d previous to my visit and much eroded by wind. until treated with preservative. Skeletal association un- ndisturbed bodies found here. All these ornaments determined; possibly with- a child, under five years. in sand at place where five or six bodies had been Fragments of three skeletons, two adult and one infant, ved. c. Two upper rows, beads of Olivella bipli- found together; ornaments found near fragments of crani- third row and first three on left of fourth row, um of child. or ornaments of most unusual shape, from Oli- and Haliotis; fourth from left of fourth row, le; fifth, bone tube; balance of this row, beads of PLATE 103 ntine; fifth row, ornaments of bone; two lower massive beads of Pachydesma, precisely identi- a. SRI-147 (Camp 6). Shell ornaments. Skeletal asso- wth "money" of Central California Indians, in use ciation undetermined (see legend, pl. 102, e). b, c. SRI- esent time. The rectangular shell beads in third 147 (Camp 6). Miscellaneous material, found with groups are the only ones of this shape known to me. d. of bodies so jammed together as to make identification S part of an agglomeration of beads of Olivella, impossible. Ornaments of Haliotis shell, many of them ples being shown in top rows of c. (There were unusually fine and delicate, especially the ringlike orna- a few hundred ornaments of Trivia shells, not ments shown in b. d. SRI-76 (Camp 8) (see pl. 104, a- e. SRI-147 (Camp 6). One of very few bodies c). Top, right: three stone beads, painted red, in left separate from others. Shows the typical posture, hand, under head. Skeleton 43; male; head northeast; et side and with left hand under head; head south. left side. Top, left: three arrowpoints at knees; arrows ng found with body; 3 ft. below surface. probably placed in front of body tips down. Skeleton 44; male; left side; head northeast; left hand under head. Bottom: ornaments of Haliotis and other shell beads. PLATE 101 The rings of Haliotis are particularly fine and delicate, many of them being engraved at the edges. Skeleton 45. SRI-147 (Camp 6). Burial place, unmarked and e, f. Miscellaneous material, most of it from SRI-147 with great difficulty, lies near center of flat, to (Camp 6), found under same conditions as specimens t of which in picture is seen a small tree, the only shown in b and c. Ornaments and pendants are particu- In the picture. This photograph taken from mouth larly fine. The two round pebbles (f, center) are red ye shown in c and d. About seventy bodies exca- stone. Five pieces of asphaltum (f, upper left), evidently here. Burial place unusual in that it was not lo- have been plugs in piece of wood.5 e. Detail of certain between the hut circles and the water, as is al- objects. Four specimens in upper row, left, are from invariably the practice. b. SRI-147 (Camp 6). SRI-147 (Camp 6); balance from SRI-40 (Camp 4). The of cliff in river bottom, at point of junction of two three specimens in the upper row, left, are especially s, shown in a. Crosses (extreme right of plate) interesting; obsidian arrowpoints and flake, drilled; ate strata in which are ash beds, deposits of shells, stone ornaments (two in upper right, one in lower right), refuse, etc. Measurements taken at place under very fine; large glass bead (center), bushed with small as follows, from top down: shells and refuse, 6 shell bead; serpentine bead (lower left corner), also ash soil and gravel, 28 in.; shells and ashes, 6 in.; bushed with shell bead; arrowpoint (lower row, center) soil and gravel, 18 in.; refuse soil to a depth of 13 with asphalt and cast of wrapping; bone tube, lower right. here the bottom or lowest shell and refuse deposit ted. In this bottom stratum, in what appeared to be hard black adobe, were found two fragments of PLATE 104 bones, protruding from cliff. c, d. Cave across n from SRI-147 (Camp 6). Has been used for dwell- a-c. Objects from SRI-76 (Camp 8); see also plate poses only; no burials near by. d. shows mark- 103, d. Camp on top of rocky ridge, small amount of on wall of cave, somewhat like markings shown on soil covering rocks; overgrown with dense cactus; only plate 120, f. three hut circles could be made out. About 34 bodies excavated here; all from 6 to 18 in. below surface and many of them resting on bedrock. d-f. Objects from PLATE 102 SRI-20 (Camp 11). Small camp, far in the interior; only three hut circles discernible. Twelve skeletons exca- Canada Cueva la Vieja. Cave from which photo- vated here. Bodies not jumbled together, and all mate- , plate 101, a, was taken, shown in plate 101, c. rial found here is very fine. gs are on opposite side of cave entrance to those a. SRI-76 (Camp 8). Beads and shell ornaments strung in plate 101, d. Largest cup-shape mark is 3/4 about neck, alternating, a few beads and a few ornaments. diameter. b. SRI-147 (Camp 6). Note the con- Ornaments of Haliotis shell particularly fine; ring at a of bones; four skulls in contact, near center; two center of plate is bored horizontally through shank, so em fragmentary. Miscellaneous bones above; flat engraved surface would be outward when suspended. , under which are other bodies, just to left of group Edges of most of the ornaments incised, as shown. ull. Typical of many burial places. c. SRI- 147 Other shells (right) used as ornaments are, Trivia p 6). Basket mortar (two views), face down~, over californica, Trivia solandri, Pseudomelatoma torosa; i; nothing else with skeleton. Skeleton 39; female; some are in too poor condition to be positively identified south; face down; arms at sides and not under face. X-147 (Camp 6). Ornaments of Haliotis shell strung, Th Probably in one of the Chumash plank canoes. (See R. F. Heizer, (upper right), aonnekAlraty,a Studier, 7:193-229, 1938.) 230 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS but are probably Nassarius mendica and possibly PLATE 106 Cerithidea californica. Skeleton 46; child, probably not over ten years; lying on left side; head east. a, b. SRI-4 (Camp 12). Caniada La Jolla. Two cay b, c. Ornaments of Haliotis, Acmaea patina, Mega- of which No. 1 was first used as a dwelling place and thura crenulata, and Mytilus californianus, (b) about subsequently as a burial place; this is shown by the neck and trunk; large quantity of small shell beads character of the sand and dirt with which it is nearly (not shown) about neck; crystal pendants (c, lower two entirely filled. Upper stratum is clean yellow sand rows) probably at ends of strings of beads, with asphalt large masses of sandstone from ceiling; contained f mounting, in left hand; whistles, obsidian implement five skeletons. Lower stratum, original floor level and pebble (c, top), at right side of body. Skeleton 47; cave, is burned sand, ashes, charcoal, and camp r child about two years old; lying on back; legs drawn up; Cave No. 2 shows smoke-blackened walls, large am resting in a pocket in the rock, covered with ashes, of refuse in front, but no burials. camp refuse, and small amount of dirt. Note the hook- Skeletons all comminuted and most show signs of Like ornament in b. All objects of this character have partial cremation; in one or two instances, the bon been pronounced Trfishhooks" by Rau, Holmes, Putnam, the hand were found under the head, as though buril et al. Many, if not all, were not fishhooks but orna- had been made after the customary manner. In no i ments. 9 Note also the peculiar marking on large stance could the articles found in the cave be identi whistle (c, upper right); this is apparently illustrative as being with any particular skeleton, owing to the of arrow feathering. d. SRI- 20 (Camp 11). Ornaments confusion which prevailed. This condition was due t and blanks for making ornaments, and arrowpoint crushing effect of large masses of sandstone which (left, center) cached at abdomen; not strung. Ornaments fallen from the ceiling. These were too large to mo of Haliotis shell, particularly fine and delicate, though (some of them weighing probably from 750 to 1,000 in good condition; two at left (upper and lower), bored and had to be broken up before removal. longitudinally and edges engraved. Skeleton 48; child; Excavation here was very carefully performed. probably male; left side; head south. e, f, SRI-20 the top stratum, of clean sand in which many burial (Camp 11). Ornaments of Haliotis, very fine, about had been made, was first removed; the original floo head, neck, and chest, with considerable quantities of was then excavated. shell and bone beads (not shown); one ornament of dark a. Caniada La Jolla. Looking down into canyon; c red stone (center of f); cached in front of chest were shown in b at extreme right, center. Cave shown in quartz crystals, whistle and small bone implements, just beyond left extremity of this photograph. b. C two pieces of obsidian and one obsidian drill, eight La Jolla. Two cavelike erosions, the upper one of c pieces of some calcareous seaweed (?) (pl. 105, a, siderable size and used as living place. Large amo top), and a large number of the flint flakes with tri- of refuse in front of upper.cave; no burials here. c angular cross section (pl. 105, a), only a few of which Caiiada La Jolla. Cave No. 1. Rock shown in plate I are here shown. Note the particularly fine workman- c, is 100 yds. below and to left of this cave. In this ship of shell ornaments and the manner in which cave some fifty persons buried. d. Cave No. 1. N several of them are bored for suspension. Skeleton 49; the miscellaneous distribution of fragments of bone; male; left side; head south; legs drawn up but not skulls and most bones comminuted, probably due to jammed against trunk. pressure of fallen masses of rock from cave roof. Artifacts from SRI-4 (Camp 12), Cave 1. On the lo right, group of four massive beads from soft, red PLATE 105 probably shale that has been fired by contact with eruptive. On the left, forty such beads and orname a. SRI-20 (Camp 11). Top: eight pieces of some cal- together with five of serpentine (four of latter sho careous seaweed (?). Right: flint flakes with triangular second row from top; one tubular bead, perforation cross section. Skeleton 49 (see pI. 104, e). b. SRI-20 showing, is at bottom, center). These were found (Camp 11). Stone ring at knees and bone implement in caches, the four massive beads by themselves, an right hand. Stone ring shows evidence of having been other beads together and by themselves. used as a hammer. Skeleton 50; male; left side; hand under head; head south; buried 3 ft. deep; 18 in. of ashes above body. c, d. SRI-20 (Camp 11). Ornaments PLATE 107 of Haliotis shell about neck and a few on chest; very fine and delicate; stone ring (d), showing use as ham- a. Caniada La Jolla. River terrace cliff opposite mer, found at back of head; two Haliotis shells, siphon X indicates place where mortar (pl. 108, a) was fo holes plugged with asphaltum, under cheek; whistles, 12-1/2 ft. below surface, protruding from cliff w crystals, and fine bone implements (d, bottom) about Note numerous strata above mortar. b. Caiada L a foot in front of chest. Skeleton 51; male; right side; Jolla. Shows mortar (pl. 108, b, d) in situ in the c both hands under head. e. SRI-20 (Camp 11). Orna- wall, 15 ft. below surface of old river terrace. A ments of Haliotis shell about neck. Excellent workman- note numerous strata above. The soil with which th ship on ornaments, three of which (lower left) are dec- mortar was filled was not removed since it is a fat orated with incised lines simulating the markings of the sample of the stratum in which the mortar was fo Megathura crenulata. Some of these ornaments are quite massive. Skeleton 52; male; left side; head west; left hand under head. f. SRI-20 (Camp 11). Ornaments of PLATE 108 Haliotis shell about neck. Skeleton 53; male (? ), head northwest; left side, a. Shallow mortar found in cliff wall at the place marked in plate 21, a,. by cross. b. Top view of 8 9 Cf. R. F. Heizer, Curved Single-piece Fishhooks of Shell and mortar shown in situ in plate 107, b. c. Cafiada Bone in California. Amer. Antiquity, 15:2, 1949. Jolla. Rock bearing cup-shaped scuilptures (right ci JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 231 yds. below Cave No. 1. Rock is 3 to 4 ft. below PLATE 111 ce. Note old river terrace and numerous strata in distance. d. Mortar shown in a, b; side view. a. SRI-24 (Camp 19). Ornaments of Haliotis shell around neck; bone tubes, large and small; two "fishhook" ornaments; two pieces quartz crystal (center) with PLATE 109 asphaltum mounting in which Haliotis shell plaques are set; piece of fossil (?) (below ornamented quartz crystal), SRI-4 (Camp 12), Cave 1. Two boat-shaped dishes, drilled; one pebble painted red (below right-hand "fish- of serpentine and the other (upper) of soft, red hook" ornament); fine bone knife or other implement , same as large beads; piece of serpentine, (bottom). Skeleton 1; male; right side. b. SRI-24 (Camp thed and bored; portion of fine stone ring (to left 19). Beads and ornaments, of Haliotis, Pachydesma, pentine dish); arrowpoints, etc. b. SRI-4 (CamF Mytilus californianus, many of them finely engraved on Cave 1. Objects of bone. c. SRI-4 (Camp 12), edges, around neck; larger beads in mouth. Skeleton 3; 1. Samples of dishes made by smoothing shells of infant; left side; head west. c. SRI-34 (Camp 21). Left: tis rufescens and plugging siphon holes with ornaments of Haliotis. Skeleton 1. Right: stone ring of ltum. One (lower left) contains sample of red dark, hard, highly polished stone, evidently used as a with which it was filled, and the other contains hammer; one ornament of Haliotis with unusual method as found, being a good sample of the character of boring, indicated by bristles passed through the holes. sand filling the cave. There are sixteen of these Skeleton 2. d. SRI-34 (Camp 21). Left: specimens * from the cave. d. SRI-4 (Camp 12), Cave 1. found with skeleton 8. Also had a stone ring (not shown ments of Haliotis, Olivella, Megathura crenulata, here). Skeleton 8; male; left side. Right: specimens a californica, Calliostoma annulatum (?), and found with skeleton 14 (see also e). One arrowpoint lum hexagonum (upper right corner). At the top, painted red. e. Haliotis shell dish, broken at bottom r, below two rows of small beads, are shown and mended with asphaltum. Skeleton 14. f. SRI-34 specimens of stone, tapered, decorated with (Camp 21). Ornaments of Haliotis shell and beads com- 'beads set in asphaltum; in fragmentary condition pletely surrounded body; only a few here shown; 182 found; probably nose ornaments, though possible others were found, not shown. Of the four dark objects e-g. SRI-4 (Camp 12), Cave 1. Mortar of sand- at center of f the first, at left, is a red pebble with painted red; has been broken and well mended asphaltum attached for suspension; the next two are of asphaltum; pestle belonging with it shown in plate soft red stone, same as beads from Cave No. 1 (pl. 105, f. Pestle also painted red. e); the last, at the right, is a piece of hard red stone. One very large and fine ornament of Haliotis shell (right, center), perforated longitudinally, as shown by bristle. PLATE 110 Skeleton 12; infant. &. SRI-26 (Camp 21). Fine orna- ments of Haliotis shell around neck; remarkably fine d. a and b, specimens found in Cave 1, SRI-4 workmanship. Skeleton 15; infant. p 12). Other specimens are from surface, west f island, and from refuse heap, SRI-31 (Camp 35). *f pebbles, c, found on surface, west end, at PLATE 112 camp site; a typical heap of asphaltum-covered s, as mentioned by Schuimacher. Use heretofore a, b. Artifacts from SRI-18 (Camp 26-1/2, also called wn. Specimens herewith demonstrate their use in Camp 27, or Cave No. 2). Conditions about the same as the inside of baskets with asphaltum, for the in Cave 1 (SRI-14), save that here there is no lower se of making water bottles. Pebbles were prob- stratum showing fire; has been used only for burial pur- eated and then dropped into the basket to be thus poses. About twenty-seven skeletons excavated. c. SRI- together with fragments of asphaltum; rapid 6 (Camp 30). Ornaments of Haliotis and Megathura with eat of the basket would then have the desired asphaltum adhering, seem to have been fastened to some- the hot pebbles melting the asphaltum and coat- thing like wood. Other ornaments of Megathura and Trivia ebasket. e. SRI-50 (Camp 15). Ornaments of mixed with red paint. Top: ornaments found with skeleton i shell in front of chest. Skeleton 1; male; left 1; adult; sex (?); head north; right side. Bottom: orna- head west. Nine skeletons excavated at this camp. ments found with skeleton 3; adult; sex (?); head north; -50 (Camp 15). Beads, bone tubes, fishhook parts right side. d. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Fragments of orna- center), pieces of obsidian, crystals, two obsid- ments of Haliotis rufescens, and two fine bone knives.10 Its embedded in asphaltum (top, center), bone Skeleton 2; male; face down; head to west; body wrapped a (to right of fishhooks), about neck and at chest. in sea grass, some of it twisted into string. e. SRI-6 in upper part of box on left are of serpentine. (Camp 30). Left: dish of serpentine, broken and mended crystals have been worked to point for use as with asphaltum. Right: dish of Haliotis shell, also bro- Of the two slender pieces (lying perpendicular ken and mended with asphaltum. Skeleton 3; male; face other specimens, near center of plate), one is down; head west; body wrapped in sea grass. f. SRI-6 otis shell and the other of bone. They have been (Camp 30). Arrowpoints near knees; shell ornaments d together with string or sinew and asphaltum; and beads at neck; bone tubes near chest. Skeleton 4; ly the two together represent a fishhook. Skeleton male; face down; head west. e; left side; head west. j. SRI-50 (Camp 15). fragments of Olivella biplicata and Haliotis rufesv 10 Probably "sweat scrapers." probably for manufacture into beads and ornia- .-Stone ring (right) at knees. Skeleton 3; male; de. 232 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS PLATE 113 Stone implement (top, center) or nose ornament ( groove at equator. Skeleton 15; male (?); left side a, b. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Upper left corner; four ser- west. f. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Stone ring and file (? pentine beads; crystal, with asphaltum mounting; small of coarse sandstone. Skeleton 16; infant. g. SRI- dish of serpentine (shown best in b, which gives four (Camp 30). Very fine stone ring, of volcanic rock views of the specimen on one negative) has a hole highly polished and showing use as a hammer; fo drilled through bottom for some unknown reason; knees. Skeleton 17; male; left side; head west. slightly ornamented with beads of Olivella shell set in asphaltum. 11 Skeleton 5; infant. c. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Top: bone implement, in right hand; body swathed in PLATE 116 ornaments of Haliotis and Megathura; 76 of the latter and 416 of the former, all very fragile. Skeleton 6; a. SRI-6 (Camp 30). The specimens in the s male; on face; head north. d-f. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Ob- box, and the seven specimens below it with skele, jects found in large mortar shown in e and f. Skeleton All the other specimens with skeleton 19. b. SRI 7. One skull showed trace of burning; some grass (Camp 30). Thirty-four small bone tubes; unusua1 wrapping found with fragmentary skeletons. ornaments made from shell of the Pachydesma, bushed with small disks of Haliotis. Skeleton 20; (?). c-e. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Mortars, unidentifie PLATE 114 found in burial place. f. SRI-114 (Camp 32). Bo plement (upper right), and stone tube or bead (lo a. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Objects found with skeleton 8; right); other ornaments of Haliotis shell. Skeleto male; 5 ft. deep; face down; head to south. b. SRI-6 male; right side; head west. (Camp 30). Very fine bone pins; two tubes of Catalina serpentine (?). Skeleton 9. Bodies much mixed; this lot found with three or four, packed closely together. PLATE 117 c. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Unusual ornaments of shell of Pachydesma, small bone tubes, and-Trivia shells a. SRI-114 (Camp 32). Some fibers of materi (lower left corner), found at chest; paint mortar (upper (lower left) of sea grass (?) matted about head. left corner) and piece of yellow paint (upper right cor- ornaments, some very fine, about neck and on c ner) at side. The latter was the only piece of yellow Skeleton 2; male; head west. b. SRI-114 (Camp paint found on the island. Skeleton 10; male; face down; Unusually fine ornaments of Haliotis shell; massi head south. d, e. SRI-6 (Camp 30). About neck and remarkably well made. Two rows of ringlike or chest 139 pieces of Haliotis shell ornaments and bone at top are all bored transversely; in several spe beads; obsidian knife (e) in front of chest. Skeleton 11; the portion of the shank bearing the hole has been male; face down; head south. f. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Top: ken off and a second hole bored. At bottom center bone netting needle (?)12 and two other large bonte im- large quartz crystal with asphaltum covering one plements. (See also pl. 115, a.) Bottom center: fish- Skeleton 3; male; left side; head west. c. Objec hooks. Skeleton 12; male; face down; head south. All ably from SRI-114 (Camp 32). Skeleton 4. d. S material found near knees and pelvis. (Camp 32). Miscellaneous material, unidentified, burial place. e. SRI-156 (Camp 34). Beads of 0 biplicata around neck; one stone ring (not shown PLATE 115 red paint, ornaments of Cypraea spadicea (lower Haliotis rufescens, etc.,, together with two red a. SRI-6 (Camp 30). Two views of mortar made from one arrowpoint painted red, one large broken bo vertebra of whale. Skeleton 12. b. SRI-6 (Camp 30). plement (upper) and some fragments of bone imp Two implements (?) on left, bottom, are of stone and at hips. The long bone implement extended from have been decorated with asphaltum and shell beads; chest, in front of body. Skeleton 1; male (?); head just above them is tooth of sea lion (?), showing asphal- away; left side. Eight or more hut circles may b tum and string or sinew wrapping at one end. Skeleton outlined at this camp, and the camp has been ext 13; male; left side; head west. c. SRI-6 (Camp 30). The burial place in the customary location-betw Five bone implements (on left of plate); seven odd peb- hut circles and the water's edge of the cliff-has bles, all red; one whistle; two pointed, flattened, stone almost entirely washed away. Three bodies exca implements (right, center), which have been decorated about equator with shell beads in asphaltum; possibly stone files (right). Skeleton 14; male; head west; right PLATE 118 side. d. Five pieces of skull of some animal (left) with holes bored in them; also rude ornaments of Haliotis a. SRI-156. (Camp 34). Two stone rings, four shell, 32 more of which were with body but not here of red paint, and flint scraper (upper right corne shown as they are merely rings identical with those pelvis. The small stone ring has been bored by o photographed. Skeleton 14. e. SRI-6 (Camp 30. Three the numerous boring shellfish common to the coa pointed bone tools (upper left); cylindrical stone imple- waters; the larger ring (lower center) is of hard ment (second specimen from bottom); whistles (center), canic rock, beautifully polished on both sides, an in pairs, fastened with asphaltum and wrapped; bone shows some bruising of the periphery. Skeleton 2 pins (above whistles), set in asphaltum, fanwise, some- head east; left side. b. Burial place at SRI-31 (C what like the fans or combs of the South Sea Islanders. 35). Mos3t of this burial place has been washed as - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~the waves. Camp 35 has been a large camp. Burt 1l This specimen is almost identical to ones from San Francisco place almost entirely washed away, as indicated h Bay sites, e.g., type X3bI in E. W. Gifford, Californian Shell Arti- Egtseeosecvtd.Fo h euehas facts. Anthro. Rec., 9:34, 1947.Eihskltn cavedFrmheefehap 12 Probably a shaft wrench or polisher, hut circles and just wrest of burial place, some ea JONES: SANTA ROSA ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 233 al was obtained. c. South coast; SRI-31 (Camp stone and bone (two bone objects shown in lower right -Skeleton of female with traces of very small bones corner) from the surface of various sites. Classed as tus (?) near and within pelvis. Nothing with body; "spindle whorls," etc. f. Three implements of hard, mary flexed posture; head to the west. d. SRI-31 fine sandstone. Specimen at left found in soil over heads p 35). Stone rings (right); flints (left center); of four skeletons, SRI-147 (Camp 6). The other two are of Haliotis shell (left) for making into ornaments, surface finds. Evidently used for cutting by grinding lvis; fishhooklike ornaments near head, nested. after the fashion of a saw or file. iton 1; male; left side; head east. PLATE 122 PLATE 119 a. Eight sinkers (5 on lower row, left, and 3 in SRI-31 (Camp 35). Arrowpoint at left side of center) or "charm stones," and sundry other miscel- ; bone tubes at right side of pelvis; the two peb- laneous stones. All found on surface of eroded camp shown (below projectile point) are black. Skeleton sites at the eastern end of the island. b, c, e. Arrow- e; on back; head west. b-d. Beads of Olivella points, knives, scrapers, etc. Surface finds, mostly ornaments of Haliotis, Megathura, etc. Only a few found at eastern end of the island, near eroded camp se found are shown; 186 pieces, not well made or sites. Materials, mostly Franciscan jaspers and sili- tine, not photographed. On the right of the pelvis cified shales. (See also pl. 123, b, c, e. ) d, f. Worked cached one stone and 32 bone tubular objects, flints of unusual shapes and fineness of manufacture. of them originally finely ornamented with small Animal-shaped flints, somewhat similar to those re- 8 set in asphaltum; traces still remain on some of cently found in Egypt by Flinders-Petrie. Materials * (see b). Skeleton 6; male; face down; head north- mostly of the Franciscan jaspers and silicified shales, arms under chest; hands together and under chest; most of them probably from the mainland. 14 drawn up and spread on either side of trunk. Body ped in mantle of sea grass decorated with beads of ella and ornaments of Haliotis, Megathura, etc. The PLATE 123 - and legs seem to have been separately wrapped sea grass. e. SRI-31 (Camp 35). Refuse heap. a. Two views of each of four picks or drill points, les of string and rope. f. Articles from refuse shown also in f of this plate. b, c, e. Arrowpoints, 1SRI-31 (Camp 35). The large bone whistle (lower) knives, scrapers, etc. Surface finds, mostly from been broken and mended with asphaltum and string or eastern end of the island, near eroded camp sites. w, then presumably broken again and thrown away. Materials mostly Franciscan jaspers and silicified shales. (See also pl. 122, b, c, e.) d. Flint flakes, triangular in section, similar to those shown in plates PLATE 120 95, c, 96,f, 99, d, and 104,., save that these have been broken or made shorter by use, and that all of these Pestle found with large mortar from SRI-6 (Camp specimens show clearly that they have been used for shown in plate 113, e. Copper cup from, SRI-40 drill points. Some of them are particularly fine and p 4). Skeleton 35; very small child buried in a delicate. All found at one place, an eroded hut circle basket, traces of which could be detected in the near the beach at Rancho Viejo. With them, in the sand ounding soil. b. The matting shown here was be- and refuse, were found numerous pieces, finished and a skeleton of the type which has been called "wild unfinished, of Olivella shell beads or "wampum." f. " which is said to have been plentiful on the Channel Small picks, drill points, or reamers. From surface s. It may be found to be some other animal, as of sites. ot identified. c, d. Objects of bone from surface of us eroded camp sites. (See also pl. 121, a,b.) Views of sandstone slab that has been used for PLATE 124 or grinding stone, bearing on one side incised Stone found on the surface of an eroded camp a. Two views of each of four picks or drill points near the Rancho Viejo.13 shown in plate 123, f. b. Pointed stone implements, probably used for different purposes where a heavy pecking implement was needed. All are well made and PLATE 121 show use. Some implements of this type may have been used for removing mussels and abalones from the reefs. b. Objects of bone from surface of various eroded I was led to this belief by finding large numbers of sites. (See also pl. 120, c, d.) c. Two views of roughly worked implements, more or less of this sort, ,only flaked and worked shell implement known by near many of the reefs on which large numbers of shell- er to have been found on this coast; of Pachydesma fish are found. c, d. Pointed stone implements shown d. Two views each, on one plate, of two objects in b; four views of each. e. Two stone objects shown otis shell. The upper is evidently a fishhook in b; two views. f. Ruder stone implements of the sort refuse heap, SRI-60 [Camp 2]); the lower is prob- already illustrated. Many of these types found near an ornament but is of the type generally classed as shellfish-bearing reefs. (See also pl. 125, a, b.) ooks" (from SRI-31 [Camp 35]). e. Objects of '4 Compare the pieces in p1. 122, f with those shown by H. N. Wardle, tseems possible that this piece, while not a deliberate fake, may Stone Implements of Surgery (? )fromi San Miguel Island, California, - ben altered by some Caucasian or missionized Indian. At one end Amer. Anthro., 15:656-660, 1913. See also M. J. Rogers, The Stone -tseen a cross and in the center the letters JR. Art of the San Dieguito Plateau, ibid.. 31:3, 1929. 234 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS PLATE 125 PLATE 127 a, b. Ruder stone implements of the sort already a-e, &, h. Types of concretions and boulders illustrated. Many of these types found near shellfish- as mortars, or partly made up into mortars. Som bearing reefs. (See also, pl. 124, f.) c-e. Unfinished volcanic rock but most of sandstone concretions. and finished stone rings of various types. (See also, Mortar of sandstone concretions, showing only a pl. 126, a-c.) Had various uses. Some were undoubt- amount of work to complete the mortar. edly used as hammers and probably supplied with a short handle, much after the style of the stone-cutter's PLATE wooden hammer; thus the portion in contact with the hand receives a high polish. Specimen shown in plate a-e. Mortars of sandstone concretions., showina 126, b, c, center, top row, has a small amount of '-'-' ' ' . . ~~~~~~~~a small amount of work to complete mortar. f, j. Ma asphaltum still adhering to hole and has unmistakably a been used in this manner, or some other, as a ham- of different types, showing varying amounts of wo mer. Most of the specimens here shown have been used as hammers, whether with or without handles, as evi- denced by the bruised peripheries. The holes through PLATE 129 all, except those shown in d, are larger at one end than at the other, and the larger end is invariably tnat a, b. Mortars of different types, showing vari opposite to the side having the high polish. 15 e. Shows amounts of work. c, d. Two views of same mor two views of the same rings as plate 126, a. showing that one side had been broken and the rou '- edges trimmed down, whereas the other side had more recently broken and the edges had not yet be PLATE 126 trimmed. e. Mortar of unusual shape. f. Morta that have been broken and mended with asphaltum. a-c. Unfinished and finished stone rings of various types. See legend for plate 125, c-e. a. Same rings PLATE 130 as plate 125, e; two views. b, c. Two views of the same rings. d. Two views of peculiarly shaped frag- a-f. Mortars broken and mended with asphaltu ments of stone for use in grinding or mealing. e. Soap- a-c. Three views of the same mortar, showing a stonespecmen-ws prbablyusedas ananchr. f-cTheviwoftesmmra,soina stone specimen-was probably used as an anchor. f. made by some species of the boring shellfish and Types of pestles, well finished, poorly finished, and plugged with asphaltum. unfinished. There are several hundred of these, of all sorts and sizes, from the island. (See pl. 109, e,f,.) PLATE 131 15 The specimens in pl. 125, c may be pitted hammerstones rather a-e. Mortars that have had a basket hopper than unfinished rings. fastened with asphaltum to the top. "-i~~~~~~~~C4 -1 *1 [235] 40~~~25 co (L) p4 C U [236] ab e ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f g. h _~~~~~~~~~~Pae8 [27 a b e f1 _ ~~~~~ Plt 89 _ _ _~~~~~[28 . ~~~~~~~~~~~Plate 90 .^ 1~~~~~~~~~~239- w W.i. Plate 91 [240] - g Plate 92 [241] 1 1 E ~~~~~~~~~b d Plate 93 [242] Plate 94 [243] Plate 95 [244] Plate 96 (245J - s - - : - : s . : .% o : \ ;et. = rX y'ts--. t. -s .s EF ...,. . . Plate 97 [246] -~~~~ Plte9 [471: 7 :X -~~~ Plate 99 *[2481 |-s-i~~~~~- [24]0 V ww - - - ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I AL 7A . . ~- .~ A * Plate 101 [250] 0 d lt 0 - *~~~~~~21 Plate 103 t252] d.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~ ~ ~~~. Plaste 104 [253J K . - -~~~~~~~~~~~ -j Plate 105 [254] a b C d _~~~~~~ _~~~~~~lt 0 _ I~~~~~~25 Ea - ~~~~~~~ b i Plt 107m [256] s: Si' :-s H l - } - * f + ; n , . i - ,ttt, _ iSo_ i '' v _ ' -41 '* N ' r i .' .', ' * r s - . . {t. ,- - . | sv"@i j ' :'.1':4 r ', Fff)'S7sL t' , . t i ' . . . I. I f- *- ., , , ,./,,. '': f ' --' l ;.l - ' I . . . . .\_ - , + ' 12571 4-r-rS -'9.X W t: |: y + 0 p E A U~~~~~~~~~[58 f~ Plt 11 E . 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~29 Plate 111 [260] Plate 112 [261 ] t i . # %~~~~~~~~~ +! -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A ,!.' -a-- 2631 : " a - - --~ ~~~~~V' . . . ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R Plate 115t ,ttitS [264] - *,-..I. ~ - * [26] |a a b C c ~~~~~~~~~~ ,_~~~~~~lt 1 _~~~~~~~~26 a b E |~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~lt 11 n ;:~~~[27 Plate 119 [268] s : : t Fi rE:s f? j.