ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 16:8 A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA THE PALMER COLLECTION, 1887 BY WILLIAM C. MASSEY and CAROLYN M. OSBORNE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1961 A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA THE PALMER COLLECTION, 1887 BY WILLIAM C. MASSEY AND CAROLYN M. OSBORNE ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. i6, No. 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Editors (Berkeley): J. H. Rowe, R. F. Millon, D. M. Schneider Volume 16, No. 8, pp. 339-364, plates 12-17, 7 figures in text, 2 maps Submitted by editors May 16, 1960 Issued May 12, 1961 Price, $1.00 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America PREFACE In 1888 an archaeological collection of material from Bahla de Los Angeles in Baja California was ,deposited in the United States National Museum by Dr. Edward Palmer. Although the material was duly catalogued, together with Dr. Palmer's notes, it has gone undescribed until the present. Dr. Robert F. Heizer called this collection to the attention of the senior author in 1948. At that time the archaeology of Baja California was receiving emphasis at the University of California because of the interest of the Associates in Tropical Biogeogra- phy, under the chairmanship of Dr. C. 0. Sauer. The late Professor E. W. Gifford, then Curator of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Cali- fornia, arranged with Dr. T. Dale Stewart of the United States National Museum for a ternporary study loan of the collection. From the beginning, the division of labor between the authors has been primarily in terms of "hard" and 'soft" artifacts. Massey has handled the analy- ses of the imperishable artifacts, their ethnographic and archaeological distributions, and the distribu- tions of all artifacts for Baja California. Mrs. Os- borne has dealt with the netting, textiles, and cord- age, and the distribution of their techniques outside Baja California. Dr. Lila M. O'Neale began the analy- sis of the textiles and netting and directed it until her untimely death. Professor E. W. Gifford advised on the initiaL description of the imperishable arti- facts. This presentation has been delayed for many reasons, but the intervening years have added much detailed information to the original data, both in the literature of anthropology and in subsequent field work. We are very grateful to friends, past and present, for their help and encouragement. We wish to ac- knowledge the support of the Department of Anthro- pology, University of California, for the photographs of the imperishable materials. Thanks are due Bob Ormsby, a University of Washington student, for the drawings of netting. All other drawings and the maps were done by June M. Massey. We acknowledge with thanks the assistance of Mrs. Gene Marquez, whose services as a typist were provided by the Depart- ment of Biological Sciences of the University of Florida. Above all we wish to dedicate this small work to the memories of two tireless teachers and workers in anthropology-and in humanity: Dr. Lila M. O'Neale and Professor E. W. Gifford. W.C.M. C.M.O. CONTENTS Preface. Introduction . Ethnographic background......... The site..................... The burials. Artifacts Stone. Bone. . .. Shell. Midden potsherds. Wood . Cordage and textiles . Simplest uses of prepared cord Haftings . Matting Netting. Feathered apron or cape...... Human hair cape ........... Tump band ............... Cotton cloth .............. Summary and conclusions ......... Bibliography . Explanation of plates ............ Page . iii . 339 . 339 ............................ .341 ............................ .341 . .......................... . 341 .. .......................... . 341 ............................ .342 . .......................... . 342 . .......................... . 343 . .......................... . 343 . .......................... . 345 .. .......................... . 345 .. .......................... . 346 .. .......................... . 34o . .......................... . 347 .. .......................... . 349 . .......................... . 349 . .......................... . 350 . .......................... . 351 .. .......................... . 351 ............................ .352 ............................ 356 MAPS 1. Baja California, showing location of Bahia de Los Angeles. 2. Linguistic groups of Baja California ............... . ........ . facing 339 .. ............ . 340 FIGURES 1. Detail of arrow or dart (139587), showing sting-ray spine point and cuplike depression at butt end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 2. Tie-twined matting technique. . .................. 346 3. Square-knot technique .................... 347 4. Method of beginning hairnets and carrying nets. ................... 347 5. Detail of lower, fitted edge of hairnet .................... 348 6. Detail of lower, gathered edge of carrying net .................... 348 7. Detail showing insertion of feathers in hitches of carrying net . 349 . BAJA CALIFORNIA 0 s 00 I S I I,l t jET I Ii i Ii 11 '..::-.j .11 t .t .I i Q 4 Map 1. Baja California, showing location of Bahia de Los Angeles. R - | A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA THE PALMER COLLECTION, 1887 BY WILLIAM C. MASSEY AND CAROLYN M. OSBORNE INTRODUCTION In December of 1887 Dr. Edward Palmer, the natu- ralist, set sail from the port of Guaymas in Sonora, ;rossed the Gulf of California, and landed at Bah!a de Los Angeles on the peninsula of Baja California. Then, as now, there was a modest gold-mining opera- ion at the bay. During his brief stay at the mining station, Dr. Palmer excavated a small natural cave which had been used by the Indians who were then imtinct in that part of the peninsula. Seven partially disturbed skeletons and a variety of associated artifacts were collected and deposited it the United States National Museum. The collection also included some potsherds and shells from a mid- den on the shores of the bay. All of these items were listed and briefly described in the Annual Report of Bie United States National Museum for the year 1888 tp. 127-129). Aside from the intrinsic value of presenting ar- chaeological material from the little-known area of Baja California, the Palmer Collection has particu- 'Jr importance because of its immediate geographic source. Bahla de Los Angeles lies in that part of Baja California most accessible to the Mexican main- Ind (map 1). Not only is there a relative physical closeness, but the Gulf islands form here a series of "stepping stones" from Bahia de Los Angeles across to Tiburon Island, home of the Seri, and thence to the adjacent mainland coast of Sonora. The bay lies in the north-central desert region of the peninsula, where the environment is especial- ly difficult because of extreme aridity, scarcity of surface water, and the consequent dearth of plant and animal life. In view of these conditions, it has been suggested that the Seri may be descendants of people who, hard-pressed by the environmental poverty of this section of Baja California, may have moved across the Gulf to Tiburon Island and Sonora (Kroeber, 1931, pp. 5, 49-50). This hypothesis has appealed to one California archaeologist, although at present there is insufficient evidence from archaeology or ethnography either to support or to deny it (Rogers, 1945, p. 194). However, the archaeological collection from Bahia de Los Angeles does indicate trade and some contact across the Gulf. In this paper emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the Palmer Collection with respect to the known archaeology and ethnography of Baja California. ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND The Indians who inhabited the area surrounding Bahla de Los Angeles spoke the Borjeflo language of he Peninsular Yuman group, of the Yuman Family of languages (map 2). They were linguistically and historically related to other Yuman-speaking groups of the peninsula and areas to the north (Massey, 1949, . 292). At the time of European contact these people -like all other aboriginal groups on the peninsula- were hunters, fishers, and gatherers. The nearest igricultural tribes were on the lower Colorado River. Culturally, the Borjeflo were like other Peninsular rwnans of relatively late prehistoric and historic periods in central Baja California. However, they iVed in more widely scattered groups because of the greater scarcity of water in this part of the peninsu- hi Immediately to the north of them at Bahl:a de San Luis Gonzaga-at approximately the 30th parallel- decided break with the Peninsular Yuman tradition occurred. In 1746, during a voyage up the gulf coast from Loreto to the mouth of the Colorado River, Father Fernando Consag noted that (1) the Spanish and their "CochimP"' interpreters could not converse with the natives; (2) the natives had dogs; and (3) the Indians had pottery vessels (Venegas, 1944, III: 107-109). The Hungarian Jesuit was the first to note the southeastern linguistic boundary of the California Yuman groups, a boundary which lay immediately north of Bahla de Los Angeles. At the same time he placed the southerrnmost extent of dogs and the making or use of pottery on the peninsula in the 18th century. In describing the collection from Bahi:a de Los Angeles, we have the benefit of ethnographic descrip- tions from three periods of the Spanish occupation of Baja California prior to 1769 and the expulsion of the Jesuit missionaries. Some historical data derive from the initial voyages of the Spanish along the gulf coast in the 16th century. Later there were occasional contacts with these natives by Jesuit explorers during the first half of the 18th century. Finally, there was the period of active missionization, beginning with the foundation of Santa Gertrudis (1751) and continuing with San Borja (1762) and Santa Marla (1766). Toward the end of the 18th century there are appli- [339] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS jA-' -''- - - - - .... - _ _.( (S~~~~~~~~l 0 ~~~~~~C Map 2. Linguistic Groups of Baja California. Linqui3tic Groups of J3aja Calijornia m::CAIFORNIA YUMAN E] PENIN5ULA YUMAN GUAICURIAN x 340 MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA cable descriptions of Indians immediately to the north (by the Dominican priest, Father Luis Sales (1794). t The ethnographic information contained in the 4ocuments bears out the fact that the cave artifacts belong in the cultural tradition of the Borjefio who in- habited the region at the time of European contact and conquest. THE SITE Bahfa de Los Angeles is a semicircular bay, about four miles in diameter, on the gulf coast of Baja Cali- rnia at 28 55' N. and 1130 30' W. (map 1). On the rthwest it is open to the waters of the Gulf of Cali- rnia and to the Canal de las Ballenas, which runs tween the peninsula and Isla Angel de la Guarda, me twelve miles distant. (This island and the aller Isla Smith obstruct a view of the outer gulf, dfrom the shore Bahla de Los Angeles appears to completely landlocked.) Within a few hundred feet the shore, sandy beaches give way to the talus opes of the mesas and peaks which edge the bay. arroyo enters the bay from the west. The cave excavated by Dr. Palmer is situated on a granitic hill to the west of the bay, at an elevation of 30 ft. above sea level. Just below the mouth of the narrow fissure is a spring which supplies water to the little mining community. The cave itself measures 9 ft. in depth; it is 6 ft. wide and 5 ft. high at the mouth. Before Dr. Palmer's excavations, miners of the Gulf Gold Mining Company had removed some stones-referred to in the Report as a 'wall"-from the front of the fissure, thus exposing a few bones, which lay sun-bleached on the talus slope (Annual Report, 1888, p. 127). THE BURIALS The small cave at Bahia de Los Angeles contained least seven burials: six adults and "fragments of Joe or more infants" (Annual Report, 1888, p. 128). These burials were extended with an east-west orien- ~tion corresponding to the axis of the fissure; the ot bones were to the west, at the mouth of the cave, d the crania were in the tapered interior. The pub- shed report does not indicate whether placement s prone or supine. According to the Report the burials had been aced on a layer of sewn rush matting (1395331; see atting"), of which three bundles were collected. The artifacts described here were found in direct ssociation with the skeletons. There are few details h to actual associations. However, three hairnets 39534) were found on three of the crania. To date, the use of small caves for the specific purpose of burial appears to be characteristic only of the extreme south of Baja California, in the Cape Region. Interments there were customarily secondary, although primary burials, usually flexed, do occur (Massey, MS 1). In the extensive area that lies be- tween Bahla de Los Angeles and the Cape Region, excavations have failed to produce cave cemeteries. To judge from published reports, such a custom was rare elsewhere in western North America. A variety of artifacts accompanied the burials, but while the range of types is large, the number of any one type is small. Preservation of all specimens is generally good. We are fortunate in having perishable pieces-netting, matting, cloth, and wood. Certain general categories of items, such as household uten- sils and remains of foodstuffs, are absent and unre- ported. ARTIFACTS STONE Tubular stone pipes. -Two tubular sandstone pipes re recovered from the cave. They are dissimilar size, and, in somre particulars, in manufacture. The larger specimen (139563; pl. 12, e) is a ground ndstone tube, 29.8 cm. long. In shape it tapers very radually froma the broad bowl end to the narrower iuth end. The conical bowl is 3.5 cm. deep; the iouth end has a depth of 1.6 cm. A small (4 mm.) illed hole connects the two ends. The mouth end is Ued by a plug of partially carbonized matted coarse ers. There is a narrow carbonized strip, slightly from the bowl end, which runs around the pipe; 'Numbers throughout this paper refer to catalogue numbers of United States National Museum unless otherwise specified. this appears to be the remnant of a cord that had been tied around it. Since the pipe had been broken at that end, it may have been repaired aboriginally with such a cord. The smaller pipe (139564; pl. 12, d) barely tapers from the bowl end to the mouth end. The ends of this pipe are conically drilled and they interconnect; there is no drilled hole connecting the bowl with the mouth end, as in the larger specimen. A partially carbonized plug of matted coarse fibers also fills the mouth end of the smaller pipe. Although simple tubular stone pipes occur sporadi- cally in the archaeology of the Southwest, they are encountered frequently in central and northern Baja California. Stone tubes or pipes, called chacuacos are often mentioned in Spanish sources as part of the shaman's paraphernalia in this Yuman-speaking area V k I'll I I. ,r g! I 341 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS of the peninsula (Venegas, 1944, I:93, 95; Clavigero, 1937, p. 115). In the known areas of archaeological occurrence these pipes appear in two distinct sizes, even as they are represented in the two Bahla de Los Angeles specimens. There is the long type, measuring more than 15 cm., of which several specimens have been found in Baja California, at Bahla de Los Angeles, at a site near the Rosario Mission in the northwest, and throughout the central part of the peninsula (Massey, field notes). This type has also been noted from Ortiz, Sonora (Di Peso, 1957, p. 288), and in a late prehis- toric or historic level at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 331). The shorter type, usually about 7 cm. in length, is known to occur in the general central region around Mulege' (Massey, MS 2) and at Bahia de Los Angeles. In the Southwest, the smaller type has been reported from Chiricahua-Amargosa II levels at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 329); La Candelaria Cave, Coahuila (Aveleyra et al., 1956, pp. 174-175); San Cayetano Ruin (Di Peso, 1956, pp. 423-430); and from a series of sites, particularly in the Mogollon area (Martin et al., 1952, pp. 112-113, fig. 44). Similar pipes have also been found in the western Great Basin at Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pl. 52) on the old shoreline of Humboldt Lake (ibid., pl. 65), and at Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 71; pl. 31, , f). Ethnographically, pipes of straight tubular shape are characteristic of California, the Great Basin, and the west coast of Mexico; however, they are usually of pottery where pottery-making was known (Driver and Massey, 1957, pp. 262-263, map 70). In these areas they were used for smoking, frequently in asso- ciation with religious or curing ceremonies. In mission times tubular stone pipes were used throughout northern and central Baja California by shamans; they were smoked and the smoke was blown on injured or diseased parts, or they were used as sucking and blowing tubes for the removal of disease- causing objects. Miscellaneous stone artifacts.-There are few stone artifacts besides the pipes. Among these is a worked piece of pumice (139613), 8 cm. by 4 cm., which has a bowl-like concavity ground through from one side to the other (pl. 12, c). There are two frag- ments of gypsum which have been roughly chipped along one or more edges (139568, pl. 13, f 139569). BONE Bone awls or "daggers. "-Two bone awls or "dag- gers" of identical type are included in the collection (139589, a and b; pl. 12, a, b). Both specimens are made of the sawed and ground metapodials of some large mammal, presumably deer. The shorter of the two (139589a) retains vestiges of a black adhesive for half the length of its convex surface. This is probably the result of hafting. Nothing precisely comparable to these specimens has been reported so far in the archaeology of the peninsula; however, similar arti- facts do occur in near-by regions. They have been' reported from southern California (Gifford, 1940, p. 161), from Basketmaker sites in Arizona (Kidde and Guernsey, 1919, p. 128), and from Ventana Cav where they are concentrated in Level 4 (Haury, 195 fig. 86J, p. 376, table 30). Other bone artifacts comprise two parts to flake (139556, 139557), for which see "Wooden Artifacts. SHELL A number of shell ornaments and a piece of cor were recovered from the cave. At the same time worked specimens were found and collected both fr the cave and from the midden which occupies the b shore just east of the cave. Abalone ornaments. -Three abalone shell orna- ments (139551-139553), identified as Haliotis sple dens were found. Two are complete, one (139553) is fragmental. They all appear to be examples of a single type. They are oval to circular, with the fol- lowing dimensions: 139551 (pl. 13, c) is 4.8 cm. in diameter; 139552 (pl. 13, a) is 5.3 by 4.3 cm.; and 139553 (pl. 13, b) appears to have been 3.9 cm. in diameter. Thickness varies between 2 and 3 mm. manufacture the original external surface of the sh has been ground and polished to a nacreous surface In decoration of the two complete specimens there a central conically drilled hole from which short i cisions radiate, and an additional hole is drilled on one edge, probably for stringing. The fragmental specimen (139553) has these holes, but in addition has three other holes drilled near the original cen- tral hole. The original description of the artifacts suggests that these holes may have been intended a repairs (Annual Report, 1888, p. 129). All three sh specimens are edge-incised, and two have punctate designs. Until the present, few shell ornaments have been noted in the archaeology of Baja California. No spe mens identical to those from Bahi'a de Los Angeles are known; however, all of the decorative elements and techniques recorded here can be duplicated am specimens of oyster (Pinctada mazatlanica) shell o naments from the Cape Region far to the south (Ma sey, MS 1). Since abalone do not occur in the Gulf of California, these shells must have been obtained by the Bahla de Los Angeles people from the Pacific Coast, either directly or in trade. Specific mention of the use of abalone among the historic Indians of the peninsula is rare in the documents; however, contemporary Kiliwa women use pieces of the shell for ornamentation (Meigs, 1939, p. 35). Abalone shell was commonly used by peoples of adjacent California. Both the shell and, probably, the ornaments themselves were widely traded into the Southwest. Ornaments very similar to the Bahia de Los Angeles specimens have been found in Basket maker caves in Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 49). Olivella shell. -Four broken strings of Olivella shell beads (Q. biplicata) (139546) were found with 342 MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA the burials. Two types are represented. There are three short strands, totaling 17 beads, in which only the spires have been ground from the shells for string- ing (pl. 13, e). The fourth strand held 9 Olivella shells, somewhat larger than the others, from which both the spires and bases had been ground (pl. 13, d). In addition to the strings of beads, Olivella shell is recorded in use with two other specimens in the collection. Fragments of shells are found as inlay on a wooden artifact (139565); for a description see the section on "Wooden Artifacts." They are also found tied in with bundles of human hair in a garment (139539). The use of Olivella shells, with spires, bases, or both removed by grinding in order to make beads, is known throughout Baja California archaeologically. Similar occurrences are even more frequent in the archaeology of southern and central California (Gif- ford, 1947, p. 11). Olivella shells inlaid in asphaltum have been found in southern California (ibid., p. 36). The inlaid fragments of the shell from Bahla de Los Angeles duplicate this type of decoration. Coral.-There is a piece of coral (139566) which may have been purposefully smoothed into an elongate object, 10.5 cm. in length. Unworked shell.-Dr. Palmer collected sample specimens of unworked shell from the open midden on the bay to the east of the burial site, as well as unworked shell in association with the burials in the cave (Annual Report, 1888, p. 129). These are listed below: Cave Specimens 139561 - Cardium elatum Sby. 139562 - Pecten (vola) dentata Sby. Midden Specimens 139590 - Cardium pentunculus 139591 - (Aximea) gigantea 139592 - Strombus gracilior Sby. 139593 - Strombus tesselatum 139594 - Callista chionaea 139595 - Chione fluctif raga 139596 - Crucibulum spinosum Sby. 139597 - Chione (?) succinata 139598 - Neverita reclugiana 139599 - Dosinia ponderosa 139600 - Arca sp. 139602 - Pecten (vola) dentata 139603 - Venus guidia 139604 - Cardita (Lazaria) californica 139605 - Avicula sp. 139606 - Tapes grata Sby. and histrionica 139607 - Solecurtus californianus Com. 139608 - Spondvlus princeps 139609 - Ostraea palmilla cpr. 139610 - Liacardium elatium 139611 - Phyllontus sp. 1-39612 - Prinna sp. MIDDEN POTSHERDS In addition to the unworked shells there are body and rim sherds from at least two pottery vessels which came from a shell midden on the bay. There is a single rim sherd (139614a) which comes from a shallow bowl with a direct flat-topped rim. Color of both the interior and exterior surfaces is buff. The paste is fairly coarse, with. a granitic sand temper which has also some pumice inclusions. There is also evidence of vegetable-fiber inclusions. There is no mica in the paste. The fragment is 5 mm. thick. The second fragment (139614b) is a large rim and body sherd from a large bowl which would have been 27 cm. in diameter and 17 cm. high. The rim is di- rect, with a grooved lip (pl. 18, a, b). The surface color is black to dark gray. The paste is coarse, with sand and quartz inclusions, some of which are as large as 5 mm. in diameter. No mica is present. The surface is scarred by burned-away vegetable inclusions. The specimen is about 9 mm. thick. This pottery could have been native-made pottery from the Mission period, or it could have been de- rived from pottery-making Indians to the north. Neither source has been adequately studied on the peninsula. Comparable pieces have been seen, how- ever, from mission ruins in central and northern Baja California. WOOD Flakers. -Two compound flakers, made by secur- ing pieces of ground bone to short wooden shafts, were found in the collection. In one specimen (139556) the entire flaker measures 12 cm., and the projecting bone 3.4 cm. (pl. 14, b). The other specimen (139557) is 13.1 cm. long, with a bone piece 5.6 cm. long (pl. 14, c). In both specimens the ground pieces of bone were laid in grooves in the round wooden shafts, and secured to them with 2-ply Z-twist cordage (see uHaftings" for details). Both of the wood shafts are incised with lines encircling the handle area. These lines may have been decorative, or they may have been intended to supply friction to the grasp. Flakers of bone have been reported for the northern part of Baja California (Sales, 1794, I:49) and must have been known to all peoples on the peninsula de- spite the absence of direct evidence in the archae- ology and most of the historical sources. They were known throughout adjacent regions, although usually in the form of simple antler tines. Specimens iden- tical to those from Bahfa de Los Angel6,s, except for the use of sinew lashing in place of the cbrdage, have been reported from Basketmaker caves in Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 96; fig. 15c). Cane whistles. -Two cane, or carrizo, whistles were found in the cave. They are identical in form and mode of construction, but they differ in decora- tive details. In both the whistle hole is cut into the cane at a node, and is reinforced with a black adhe- sive, possibly asphaltum. Around the whistle hole of the longer of the two specimens (139588a; pl. 15, h) are five pits which have been burned in; two are at one end of the hole, 343 ANTHROPOLOGICA three at the other. As added decoration a series of in- cisions encircles the shaft of the whistle, some of which, at the mouth end, are joined by pairs of cut lines. All of these incisions are blackened, either by carbon or through handling. The shorter whistle (139588b; pl. 15, &) has no burned pits at the hole, but the encircling incisions, minus the connecting lines, are present. At the end of the whistle opposite the mouth is the remnant of a hole in which there is a fragment of knotted cordage. No other whistles have been recorded for the ar- chaeology of the peninsula. Spanish documentary sources are unrefined in the differentiation of flutes and whistles; either or both were known to the his- toric tribes of Baja California. Use was restricted to ceremonial occasions in all recorded instances. Directly to the north of Bahia de Los Angeles, in the 18th century, shamans used whistles in ceremo- nies performed several days after a death (Sales, 1794, I:79), just as the modern Kiliwa use a reed flute at the fliwey ceremony (Meigs, 1939, p. 45). In neighboring southern California, the use of flutes was nearly universal, while whistles were used in- frequently (Drucker, 1937, p. 25). Bull-roarer (?).-One highly polished wooden arti- fact (139565) may have been used as a bull-roarer. This artifact, with a length of 23.5 cm., a diameter of 5.1 cm., and a thickness of 6 mm. (pl. 15, i), is made of a very hard dark wood-probably ironwood, Olneva tesota. It is concave on both faces. At each end, and at a right angle to the main axis of the speci- men, is a groove filled with a hardened black sub- stance inlaid with fragments of Olivella shell (Q. bi- plicata). The hole at one end is biconically drilled. This artifact has been tentatively called a 'bull- roarer" because no other purpose can be conjectured. It is too large for a net-gauge, which it somewhat r.e- sembles because of its concave ends. There is no mention of bull-roarers in the Spanish sources for the peninsula; however, one archaeologi- cal specimen has been recovered from the surface of a cave in the San Julio Basin, to the east of Co- mondu'. This wooden bull-roarer has a conventional shape; it is a long oval-shaped piece of hardwood which is double-convex or lenticular in cross section and has a length of 21.5 cm.2 The use of bull-roarers for ceremonial purposes was nearly universal in southern California (Drucker, 1937, p. 25). They have also been reported for the Kiliwa of northern Baja California, where they were used by shamans in the fliwey ceremony, and for pla- cating ghosts by anyone in an emergency (Meigs, 1939, p. 45). Proiectiles.-A single compound arrow (139587) or dart is in the Palmer Collection. Although it is broken, there can be no doubt that the two pieces of cane shaft form a single piece, 92.5 cm. in length (pl. 15, a). There is no foreshaft. The sting-ray spine, which makes an excellent natural projectile point, aThis specimen (3-10308) is in the University of California Robert H. Lowie Museun of Anthropology, Berkeley. Location is from field notes, Massey, 1946. !LL RECORDS was let directly into the split end of the cane, and was secured by cord binding (see 'Haftings "). In- stead of the usual nock in the butt end of the shaft for a bowstring, there is a cuplike depression (fig. 1). This suggests, of course, that this may have been a dart for use with a thrower or atlatl. Although that weapon is unreported in the Spanish sources on cen- tral and northern Baja California, dart-throwers were reported by Spanish explorers for the first quarter of the 17th century for the southern Cape Region; they are also known archaeologically from the same area (Massey, 1957, pp. 55-62). Fig. 1. Detail of arrow or dart (139587), showing sting-ray spine point and cuplike depression at butt end. One smoothed wooden specimen (139560) appears to have been a foreshaft. It is sharply pointed at one end, and has a cuplike depression in the opposite, thicker end. It is straight and tapered, with a length of 38 cm. (pl. 15, f). Similar specimens are common in historic levels of caves in the Sierra de La Gigan- ta (Massey and Tuohy, MS). Viznaga spines. -A bundle of seven spines of the Viznaga cactus (Echinocactus wislizeni) was found (139547; pI. 14, a). These spines had all been straight. ened from their natural curved condition. They could have served a variety of piercing purposes. Miscellaneous wooden artifacts. -In addition to the artifacts of vegetable origin that can be identified with certainty, there are several fragments and whole specimens which remain to be considered. There is a round straight piece of wood (139559), measuring 30.5 cm. in length and 8 mm. in diameter, which has both ends blunted and rounded, apparently from use in grinding and pounding (pl. 15, e). Its exact use is unknown. Two sticks, lashed together in two places, were found (139585a). Together they measure 50 cm. in length (pl. 15, c). The longer pointed stick has a notched end as for an arrow butt (see "Haftings" for details of the tying). There is also a round, sharply pointed, and tapered fragment of hardwood with a length of 8.8 cm. The shape suggests that it may have been part of a dig- ging stick; however, the specimen is very highly polished on all of its preserved surfaces. Two wooden fragments (139586) are listed in the catalogue of the United States National Museum as parts of a bow. Actually there is little about their shape to suggest such a use (pl. 15, b). Both are round in cross section, and they do not fit together. One piece (139586a), which is 58 cm. in length, is slightly curved, with a knob carved on the complete end. There are faint indications that there had pre- I 344 MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA viously been wrappings at this end. The other speci- men (139586b), with a length of 56.5 cm. and a diame- ter of 1.3 cm., is fragmental at both ends. It has two places in which the shaft has been carved around. In- cised diagonal lines mark the surface in several places. CORDAGE AND TEXTILES In addition to the cordage used in the fabrication of articles of apparel, household utensils, and for the hafting of tools, the cave contained the usual miscel- lany of prepared fibers and knots (139544) usually of agave fiber. There is also a bundle of unspun hair tied in the center with an overhand knot (139543). The bulk of the miscellaneous cordage is 2-ply cord- each single S-twisted with a final Z-twist. Since the spinning is so uniformly of this twisting, it is highly probable that manufacture of the cordage followed that described by Kissell for the Papago, and noted in many other places. This method of "down move- ment" followed by an "up movement" to make the 2-ply gives a preliminary S-twist and a final Z-twist (Kissell, 1916, p. 229). Under the microscope, one of the specimens shows a single fiber, used as a tie at a position where a new bundle of fibers is added, weaving in and out of the old and new bundles. This gives the fibers much stronger binding than does twisting together alone. The twist is normally medium-hard to hard with an occasional crepe twist. Fur-wrapped cord, of which only fragments were recovered, consists of strips of hide with fur attached, about 1 cm. wide, wrapped around (S-twist) already prepared 2-ply agave fiber cord. No articles were found which had been constructed with fur-wrapped cord. Since these fragments are undoubtedly bits broken from finished articles or remnants from the construc- tion of articles, it is not surprising that, with one no- table exception, they cover the range of prepared cordage for the other specimens. The exception is cotton cord, of which no fragments were recovered. This strengthens the hypothesis that the cotton cloth (139537) was brought to the peninsula in its manufac- tured state. Both human-hair cord and palm-fiber cordage, comrnmon to cave collections from the Cape Region of southern Baja California, are missing here at Bahia de Los Angeles. Square knots are most common in the collection of miscellaneous cordage. This is to be expected, in view of the square-knot construction of the hairnets and carrying nets found in the cave. Identifiable vegetal fibers include those of Apocy- *n sp. (probably cannabinum) and Agave sp. 3 On a comparative basis the cordage and miscella- eous knots from Bahla de Los Angeles are most like historic-period materials from central Baja Califor- 3ldentifications were made by Dr. Herbert Mason and Miss etta Carter, University of California Herbarium. nia. Excavated sites and large private collections there contain an overwhelming amount of cordage that is 2-ply Z-twist; both square and overhand knots were found. Again like Bahia de Los Angeles, nets were made by the square-knot technique (Massey and Tuohy, MS). The southern part of the peninsula, on the con- trary, exhibits 2-ply Z-twist cordage only in slightly over 50 per cent of collected specimens. Both knots were known, but netting was made entirely by lark's- head knotting (Massey, MS 1). Simplest Uses of Prepared Cord Four-warp weaving. -Many samples of 4-warp weaving were found in the miscellaneous fiber collec- tion (139544) and in a group of woven fragments (139554). None was found in connection with the fin- ished articles of the collection, so that their use is purely conjectural. The warp is generally 2-ply, Z-twist, medium- to hard-twist cordage; the weft is the same, but generally lighter in weight than the warp. Cord-wrapped sticks (bobbins ?).-There are two kinds of sticks wrapped with cordage: single short sticks loosely wrapped around the midsection (bob- bins ?), and pair s of sticks tied togethe r end-to - end tightly in two places. The cord on these specimens is invariably of the common 2-ply Z-twist agave fiber. One of the pairs of sticks (139585a), with a total length of 50 cm., consists of a pointed stick with a nocked butt end lashed tightly to the second stick in two places (pl. 15, c). The stick with the nock appears to be the butt end of a projectile shaft. If it were, it would be unusual for Baja California, where projec- tile shafts are usually of cane. The second specimen (139558d) consists of two lengths of cane, 10.3 and 5.4 cm. long, which are loosely bound with a single- strand fiber (pl. 14, f). Four specimens of sticks wrapped with cord were recovered. Lengths of these specimens are as fol- lows: 139558a, 22 cm. (pl. 15, d); 139558b, 15.8 cm. (pl. 14, e); 139558c, 17.3 cm. (pl. 14, d); and 139549, 11 cm. Strings for beads. -Shell beads were strung on a very fine 2-ply cord, probably made of agave fiber; each ply consists of about three fibers, probably of agave also (139546; pl. 13, d). Both of these groups are fragments, so use is again problematical. Miscellaneous. -There is a piece of hide wrapped with a 2-ply cord, probably of agave fibers, loosely Z-twisted (139548; pl. 14, g). The first end is secured by wrapping-over; the outer end is drawn under some of the cord and pulled tight. Noticeably lacking from the cave materials are sections of reed strung on cord, which formed the aprons of women throughout most of the peninsula. Specimens of this type are abundantly reported for all of central and southern Baja California, and they have been archaeologically found in the central area (Massey, MS 1). 345 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Hafting s Five different types of hafting were found among the Bahia de Los Angeles artifacts. Flakers (see "Wooden Artifacts"). -One bone flaker (139556; pl. 14, b) is hafted with eight rounds of cord, of 2-ply Z-twist agave, medium- to hard-twist; each single consists of three to five fibers, Z-twisted, loose-to-medium. The original end was secured by wrapping-over; the final end is broken and not se- cured at the present time. An overhand knot with no function occurs in the wrapping. A second bone flaker (139557; pl. 14, c) is hafted with a 2-ply agave cord, S-twist, medium, which is wrapped three times around the bone and wood. The end is drawn under the three wrappings and twisted to the original end. Darts or arrows. -A third hafted specimen (139585) consists of what appears to be broken parts of two arrows hafted together for greater length, wrapped in two places. The "rear" haftings, obviously the main tying, consist of a cord wrapped twelve times around the two pieces; the first end caught down by the succeeding wrappings and the final end pulled tight under the entire series and cut off. The same type of cord is used for the secondary "front" tie, where it is wrapped around from the middle and tied with a granny knot. The sting-ray spine point of the cane projectile (139587) was simply inserted into the hollow cane shaft which had been split down to a node. The cord securing the point begins at the node on the shaft where the cord end is caught under three wrappings, carried up the split in the cane, wrapped three times around the end of the cane, and broken (fig. 1). It may once have been secured by drawing under the final wrappings, as were most of the Bahl:a de Los Angeles haftings. The cordage used is 2 mm. in di- ameter of 2-ply agave (?) with a medium-to-hard Z-twist. Each single is S-twisted and very loose. Water bags (?).-There is a cord wrapping around what may have been the neck of a bladder or skin water bag (139555; pl. 16, b). The piece of skin had been folded together very evenly by accordion-pleating and wrapped for a length of 2 cm. with a 2-ply loose- ly twisted Z-twist cord, and finally secured with a granny knot. Skins of animals and fish bladders were in use as water containers in this area in early historic times, as reported by Francisco Ulloa in 1540 (Wagner, 1925, pp. 25, 28). Farther south on the peninsula similar water bags were reported in use in the 18th century (Baegert, 1942, p. 85; W. Rogers, 1928, p. 208). Matting Two pieces of matting of distinct types were pre- served in the collection. They probably were saved by Dr. Palmer as samples of the types in the cave. One of the pieces (139544) is sewed, or threaded, rush matting (pl. 16, d). The lengths of rush (Juncus acutus var. phaerocarpus), which form the warp are pierced at intervals of about 10 cm. by the sewing thread which is a continuous length of cord, probabl of agave. This sewing element, which serves as the weft, consists of 2-ply Z-twist cord with a mediumn- to-hard twist. Each single ply is Z-twisted in medi- um degree. Total size of this well-preserved frag- ment is about 50 cm. by 21 cm. The one selvage which has been preserved would indicate that the width of the mat at least was set when the worker began the sewing process. Apparently threaded or sewed matting was not widely used in neighboring areas to the north. Such matting with a decorative selvage was found by Cos- grove in a cave in the Upper Gila region (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 114). Distributions which he gives are con- fined to early Pueblo period cultures in the South- west.4 The trait was specifically denied for Hum- boldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 58). The second fragment of matting (139540) consists, of bundles of unspun fibers secured by cord with a simple overhand knot which holds the fiber warp closely together (fig. 2). In this tie-twined matting the wefts are spaced at intervals of 3.2 cm., and they consist of 2-ply agave (?) cord with a loose to medium Z-twist, with each single strand S-twisted. The warp bundles, identified as grass, are not twi sted. Fig. 2. Tie-twined matting technique. Although none of the Spanish accounts lists the use of matting by the natives of Baja California, ar- chaeological specimens of both the sewed and tie- twined types have been recovered from caves in the central region of the peninsula from Mulege' to Co- mondu' (Massey and Tuohy, MS; Massey, MS 2). The tie-twined matting also occurs in the extreme south 4He lists Tularosa Cave (Hough, 1914, p. 87. fig. 178) and Segi Canyon (Guernsey, 1931, pl. 58a). 346 MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA of the peninsula (Massey, MS 1). Mats are recorded as part of the household furnishings of most southern Californians. Mats of Juncus sp. are noted for the Mountain and Desert Dieguefio. The Yuma do not use mats (Drucker, 1937, p. 21). The use of tie-twined matting appears to be an old trait in the Desert Area and its cultures. It is known throughout the peninsula, where old traits were re- tained, and also in archaeological collections from various parts of the Great Basin and Southwest. A sampling of the literature reveals the following oc- currences: Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 56-60); Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 57); Danger Cave (Jennings et al., 1957, pp. 242- 243); Promontory Point (Steward, 1937, p. 29); Hueco Area (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 113; see also p. 114 for various other Southwestern locations); the Guadalupe Mountain area (Ferndon, 1946, pp. 15-16); and por- tions of Texas (Jackson, 1937, p. 157). Netting Hairnets. -Two complete hairnets (139534a and b) and one fragment (139534c) were found on crania in the cave (pl. 16, a, c). All of these were tied with a single-element square-knot technique (fig. 3). Cord- age is of the 2-ply Z-twist type with each single S-twisted. The cord is probably of agave fiber. Fig. 3. Square-knot technique. The two complete hairnets are begun with a center circle of discrete tied yarn. Ten large loops are cast onto this. In the next round, each of the large loops has three loops tied onto it with the continuous cord, making a total of 30 loops for the circumference of the net (fig. 4). The gauge of the succeeding 15 rows of knots is approximately 2.5 cm. In order to gather the lower edge of the net for fitting purposes, the cord was doubled and two loops were gathered together and tied with the same square- knot technique (fig. 5). The third net (c) has eleven loops cast onto the original circle; the technique of tying is the same, but the mesh gauge of 1 to 1.5 cm. is finer. Fig. 4. Method of beginning hairnets and carrying nets. 347 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Fig. 5. Detail of lower, fitted edge of hairnet. Among the historic tribes the wearing of hairnets, both plain and decorated, was universal among the women of Baja California. Such usage among southern Californians was denied by all of Drucker's inform- ants (Drucker, 1937, p. 45). There appears to be no mention of them from the adjacent west coast of Mexi- co, but they are known archaeologically from the Great Basin. Loud and Harrington picture several from Lovelock Cave, but give no description of the knotting technique (1929, pl. 41). However, in their discussion of knots they mention that the "mesh knot" (weaver's knot) was the most common, and the square / A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fig. 6. Detail of lower, gathered edge of carrying net. 348 I MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA was little used (ibid., pp. 83-87). Actually the s, as they appear in Loud and Harrington's plate, e very similar to the Baja California specimens in ing knotted rather than being made by the more quently found coil-without-foundation technique. Hairnets were also worn in ancient Peru. Some rnets described by Singer from Pachacamac were 4structed with square knots, but most of the 29 ecimens she describes were made with the sheet- nd (fisherman's) knot (Singer, 1936). Hairnets of the square-knot construction from Ba- de Los Angeles pose, at the present time, an un- swerable question of origin and extrapeninsular tribution. Carrving net. -One fragmentary net (1 395 35a), the iginal size of which cannot be determined, is simi- to the hairnets in construction, but probably was ed for carrying. The bag is tied with the same ele- ent square knot; the mesh size is approximately 4 cm. Both ends of this net, however, are gathered ether. The net beginning is a small circular piece cord. Four loops are cast onto this; the number of rking loops is increased to 16 in the next course the method illustrated in figure 4. The square-knot ng begins with the next course. At the lower end, the meshes are gathered together th a hitch (fig. 6). This may have been put through loops at what would have been the top of the bag hold it shut. This would serve as a supplementary ng cord rather than being part of the structure of e net. This fragmentary net has one notably unique fea- e. Feathers, presumably decorative, were caught, t in the knots themselves, but between them (fig. The knot used is identical to the "marline spike ch" described by Graumont and Hensel (1946, p. ;fig. 101; pl. 29). This type of knot-more properly lled a hitch-has not been reported elsewhere ong the methods of attaching feathers. As can be en in the reconstruction, the feather serves to hold e hitch, yet if the cord were to be pulled tightly ound it, the feather could be removed only with ifficulty. It remains puzzling that the carrying net, rather than the hairnets, should be so decorated. Fig. 7. Detail showing insertion of feathers in hitches of carrying net. Turning to other archaeological examples of nets from the peninsula, we learn that specimens of square-knot netting have been found to the south in the central region from Mulege to Comonduf. Caves to the west of Mulege have yielded two fragments of 349 square-knot netting (Massey, MS 2). Other examples derive from Caguama and Metate caves between Co- mondu' and Loreto. In Metate Cave there was a single complete carrying net (Massey and Tuohy, MS). Else- where on the peninsula little is known of them except for the southern Cape Region, where netting was in the distinct technique of lark's-head knotting (Mas- sey, MS 1). On the ethnographic level, carrying nets were widely used by Indians of western North America from Canada to Mexico, and again in Central Ameri- ca. As part of this general distribution they were used throughout the peninsula (Driver and Massey, 1957, pp. 274, 276, map 78). Among the Lower Californians nets were used for carrying suitable gathered products, and also, in the central part of the peninsula at least, for carrying in- fants. For the latter purpose two portage methods were in vogue: the net was suspended over the shoul- ders from a tump band across the forehead; or from the end of a pole held by one hand across the shoulder, as a "bindle." Feathered "Apron" or "Cape" Even though this piece (139535b; pl. 17, a) is ex- tremely fragmentary, it is one of the more interesting of the perishable artifacts. At present it measures about 25 cm. by 17.5 cm. Many of the tying cords and feathers have disappeared or are incomplete. The original bundles of bast fiber actually were probably little longer than in this fragment. The method of making the article has been recon- structed as follows. The heavy "waist belt" cord is a bundle of unspun fibers and spun cord, i.5 cm. in diameter. The origin of the spun cord is lost in the mass of material; it is probable that the cord itself was held by the wrapping cords from the bark units. The hanging bundles of shredded bark were doubled over this "waist belt" and wrapped with unspun fibers to make a rigid, tightly closed bundle. These fibers hold the feathers, which may once have covered the bundles completely for, on some, the wrapping covers the entire length. The length of these bundles varies from 13 to 17.5 cm. These bundles are held in place on the heavy cord by a wrapping cord of 2-ply Z-twisted agave, which frequently appears to cross the bundles and the heavy cord in a haphazard man- ner; feathers are wrapped onto the heavy cord by this means. Although now there is considerable ri- gidity introduced into the fibers by dirt, the mass of ties always prevented this from being a softly hanging piece. To date no like specimens are known from the ar- chaeology of the peninsula. We know of no similar articles in historic times in Baja California, nor to the north in southern California. Human Hair "Cape" The human hair "cape" from the Palmer Collec- tion (139539; also 139538, 139550) is fragmentary, but sufficiently intact to provide complete information I I I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS on the technique of its construction and manufacture (pl. 1 7, b). The hanks of human hair forming this garment are from 12.7 cm. to 27.5 cm. long with the majority falling in midrange. The hanks are about 6 mm. in diameter. Primarily, each bundle of hanks was held together by a light wrapping of single agave (?) fibers and some such adhesive material as pitch. In addition, these bundles are secondarily secured with fine 2-ply cord, which is 1 mm. in diameter, with a hard Z-twist. This fine cord also serves to tie each bundle to the main cord of suspension. The bundles of hair were held together by the same tie-twining as in the matting (fig. 2). There is an over- hand knot between each of the bundles. The twining cord itself is 2-ply, Z-twisted in a loose twist. This method served to fasten the bundles to the cord, space them, and to hold them closely. This tying consists of a basic cord and a wrapping cord. A third cord, which formed the wrapping of the individual bundles, is car- ried to the basic cord, wrapped around it, and in turn is wrapped by the whipping cord. This wrapping is not accomplished neatly; the garment-for all of this cord wrapping-is not a very strongly constructed article. In the Palmer Collection there are broken hanks of human hair, undoubtedly parts of this specimen, which are catalogued separately (139538). Among these is a string of Olivella beads strung on 2-ply cord, and wrapped in with the tying cord of a hair bundle. Thus shell beads were probably part of the original garment. Other tied hanks of human hair (139550) were undoubtedly parts of the specimen. There is no single item of native culture of Baja California so diagnostic or characteristic as mantles of human hair used by shamans. Few European chroni- clers who had a chance to observe them failed to men- tion this article. However, none have appeared in any other reported archaeological excavations on the pen- insula. As part of the paraphernalia of the shaman, the cape or mask of human hair was indispensable from the Guaicura north to the Kiliwa and Western Diegue- fTo. In all recorded cases the hair was obtained from relatives mourning the death of a recently deceased member of the family or from the dead themselves. Construction of the garments must have been in the hands of the shamans themselves, so secret were most aspects of the medicine-man's lore. Although the cultural and tribal identification of masks or capes of human hair with the shaman is general for the Peninsular Yumans (Cochimi), such capes were found as far south as the Guaicura in his- toric times (Baegert, 1942, p. 123). Both of the major sources for the historic ethnography of the Yuman- speaking peoples of central Baja California attest to the use of this device by native medicine-men (Vene- gas, 1944, I:95-96, 100; Clavigero, 1937, p. 114). For the area nearest Bahfa de Los Angeles, the best de- scription of the use of these garments is that of the 18th-century Dominican, Father Luis Sales, who speaks of the capes as follows (1794, pp. 76-77): When all are gathered, ornamented with char- I coal and yellow, the old man places himself in th center of the circle. Under his arm he has a doubled mat of rushes in which he hides the rain cape from the fiesta.5 On another little stick he has the hair of the dead man suspended. He indi-' cates silence, puts on the rain cape of the hair of the dead, and causes as much horror as when a bear appears. He plays a whistle and tells them that the dead man is coming; but, however much they look, they do not see him coming. Neverthe- less they believe it. Then he shows them the little stick with the hair of the dead man, and tells ther that he is there, that they see him-and they see nothing. However they give cries, they pull their hair, and make other ridiculous actions. Finally, relieved by crying, the old man comforts them. He puts a thousand questions to the head of hair, and he himself answers them to his liking. This 18th-century description of Indians to the north of Bahia de Los Angeles, on the Frontera, has its exact counterpart in a 20th-century description of the fiwey ("Talking with the Dead") Ceremony of the Kiliwa (Meigs, 1939, pp. 50-57). Tump Band The tump band (139536) is made with the twining technique used so frequently in such constructions. Fragments of both ends are present, but the inter- vening central portion is missing so the original length of the specimen is not known. The largest section is 25 cm. long and 7.7 cm. wide (pl. 17, d). The original warps were three heavy cords which were loosely Z-twisted of two plys of 2-ply cord; each 2-ply single is S-twisted. The fiber is probably of some species of agave. The outer two of the three heavy cords form the selvage cords. The center cord was split into its two component yarns, and forms the beginning of the inner warp threads. Two-ply cords were introduced rapidly to make a maximurn of the 27 present at its greatest width. Introduction of the warp elements was accomplished very evenly, producing no distortion of the flat surface. Twining was done with the pitch up-to-the-right. The weft was also of 2-ply agave (?) cord. The one peculiar feature of this twined band is the form of the selvage, which gives the appearance of a sewing running-stitch along the heavy outer cords. It is extremely unlikely that this was a sling or belt. The band seems too rigid to have been used for either of these two purposes, and slings are not re- corded historically from Baja California. The only similar specimen know in the archaeolo of the peninsula is a fragment of a tump band from the upper or historic level of Metate Cave near Co- mondui.6 This fragment is identical with the tump band 5Sales, 1794, p. 69. In this, his first reference to the cape of human hair in use at another ceremony, Sales says, 'The old rrma makes something like a rain cape from the hair of the dead." 6University of California, Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthro. pology, specimen 3-13586. 350 d I MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA from Bahia de Los Angeles in weave, selvage, and cordage. Even the count is similar: 9 warps and 15 wefts per inch for the Bahfa de Los Angeles example, and 10 by 22 for the Metate Cave specimen. Either of these is much coarser than Basketmaker bands, like those from Segi Canyon with their 24 warps and wefts per inch (Guernsey, 1931, p. 9). The tump band was used for portage with carrying nets among the historic Indians of central Baja Cali- fornia (see 'Carrying Nets"). The modern Kiliwa of the north supported nets on the back by a band which passed across the forehead. At the forehead this band consisted of 20 "parallel cords" (Meigs, 1939, p. 38; twined or simple cords are not stipulated). Woven packstraps were used by all southern California In- dians (Drucker, 1937, p. 21). Babies and general bur- dens were carried in nets supported by the forehead thnpline in the central and northern areas of the pen- insula (Clavigero, 1937, p. 106). Cotton Cloth Since woven cotton (Gossypium sp.) was unknown inaboriginal Baja California at the time of European contact, its provenience must be beyond the peninsula. Presumably this specimen is a piece of pre-Columbian trade goods from the mainland of Mexico, and so be- longs in the cultural inventory of the cotton-weaving cultures of the Oasis Area. The weave of this fragment (139537) is Plain (over-one-under-one) (pl. 17, c). The piece, which measures 25.5 cm. long (warp) by 30 cm. (weft), con- sists of one loomstring end and neither selvage. The arp is white cotton cord, 1 mm. in diameter, in a loosely twisted 2-ply Z-twist. The weft of the same material has a diameter of 2 mm. of single ply, very loosely Z-twist cord. This weft is about the equiva- lent of commercial slub with no tensile strength. The thread count of the cloth is virtually square (6 x 5 per cm.), although the greater diameter of the tightly beaten weft makes it the predominant feature of the textile. The warp ends carry a decorative strengthening feature known to Southwestern textiles, both ancient and modern. Two whipping cords that are like the weft secure the end warp loops. They were structural and were probably inserted while the warp was being set up. One side of the cloth has a whipped edge holding irregularly broken weft ends. This rough mending was accomplished with the usual native 2-ply cord- age. Depth of the stitch into the material varies con- siderably-an indication of expedience rather than ornamentation. Since cotton cloth and cotton are absent from the pre-Columbian archaeology and the historic ethnog- raphy of the peninsula, this specimen must have been obtained through trans-Gulf trade with mainland Mexi- co. The Seri of Tiburon Island and Sonora were prob- ably the intermediary traders. These Indians are well aware of the peninsula opposite them to the west (Griffen, 1959). Although the weave of this specimen is the sim- plest of all weaving techniques, it is lacking among other textile materials of Baja California, such as basketry and matting. The precise mainland deriva- tion of this specimen must remain in doubt; all the tribes of Sonora-except the Seri-wove cotton (Driver and Massey, 1957, p. 216). Plain cotton cloth was ex- tremely widely distributed in the prehistoric Oasis area, and dates at least from Pueblo I times in the American Southwest (Kent, 1957, p. 491). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This small collection of archaeological materials has a marked diversity of types, with little duplica- on. Compared to similar artifacts from habitation caves, the specimens of the Palmer Collection are complete with the exception of the fragile garments d the netting. There are few household goods of any variety. ost of the specimens are ornamental or have a eremonial significance. A number of artifacts, spe- cifically the tubular stone pipes, human hair cape, :ane whistles, and the probable bull-roarer, were ssociated with shamans among the historic peoples the peninsula. It is most likely that one of the rials was a shaman, who had been interred with paraphernalia in this burial cave. Most of the material from Bahia de Los Angeles be duplicated from various sites in the Desert rea; however, a few have been recorded only in the chaeology or ethnography of Baja California. These clude the human hair cape and the exclusive square- ot netting. The majority of the artifacts and traits occur in the archaeological collections from Baja California and are mentioned in the ethnographic accounts for that region and for the north of the peninsula. Only the feathered cape and the specific type of bone awl, or "dagger," are not recorded. This material bears little resemblance to the collections or ethnographic descriptions from the extreme south of the peninsula. There is absolutely nothing in this collection and in the affiliation of its artifacts with cultural materi- als from central Baja California to support the con- tentions of Malcolm Rogers (1945, p. 191 passim). Without a doubt the Yumans of the peninsula entered long before the advent of pottery-making in the Colo- rado Desert region. Neither the Palmer Collection nor identical materials from historic levels in the central part of the peninsula can be explained as being due to a post-1450 invasion of Baja California by peoples representing the last phase of the Yuman sequence in southern California. I 351 BIBLIOGR Aveleyra-Arroyo de Anda, L., M. Maldonado-Koerdell, and P. Martinez del Rio 1956. La Cueva de La Candelaria. Tomo I. Mexico. Baegert, J. (Pedro Hendrichs, trans.) 1942. Noticias de la Peninsula Americana de California. Mexico. Clavigero, F. J. (S. E. Lake and A. A. Gray, trans., eds.) 1937. The History of Lower California. Stanford. Cosgrove, C. B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. and Ethnol., Vol. XXIV, No. 2, Cambridge, Mass. Di Peso, C. C. 1956. The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tu- macacori. The Amerind Foundation Inc., No. 7. Dragoon, Arizona. 1957. A Tubular Stone Pipe from Sonora. Amer. Antiquity, XXII(3):288-290. Salt Lake City. Driver, H. E., and W. C. Massey 1957. Comparative Studies of North American Indians. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 47(pt. 2):165-456. Philadelphia. Drucker, P. 1937. Culture Element Distributions: V, Southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Anthro. Rec., 1(1): 1 -52. Berkeley. Ferdon, Jr., E. N. 1946. An Excavation of Hermit's Cave, New Mexico. School of American Research. Monograph No. 10. Univ. New Mexico Press. Albuquerque. Gifford, E. W. 1940. Californian Bone Artifacts. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec., 3(2): 153-238. Berkeley. 1947. Californian Shell Artifacts. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec., 9(l):1-132. Berkeley. Graumont, R., and J. Hensel 1946. Encyclopedia of Knots and Fancy Rope Work. New York. Griffen, W. B. 1959. Notes on the Seri Indian Culture, Sonora, Mexico. Latin American Monographs Series, No. 10. Univ. of Florida, Gaines- ville. APHY Guernsey, S. J. 1931. Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. an Ethnol., Vol. XXII, No. 1. Cambridge, Mass. Guernsey, S. J., and A. V. Kidder 1921. Basket-Maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Ar' chaeol. and Ethnol., Vol. VIII. Cambrid Mass. Haury, E. 1950. The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Vs tana Cave, Arizona. Universities of Ar. zona and New Mexico, Albuquerque. Heizer, R. F., and A. D. Krieger 1956. The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. and Ethn., 47(1):1-1I Berkeley and Los Angeles. Hough, W. 1914. Culture of the Ancient Pueblos of the Upper Gila River Region, New Mexico and Arizona. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 87. Washington, D.C. Jackson, A. T. 1937. Exploration of Certain Sites in Culberts County, Texas. Bull. Texas Archaeol. Paleontol. Soc., 9:146-193. Abilene. Jennings, J. D. 1957. Danger Cave. Mem. Soc. Amer. Archaeo, No. 14. Salt Lake City. Kent, K. P. 1957. The Cultivation and Weaving of Cottonin the Prehistoric Southwestern United States. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 47, Pt. 3. Philadelphia. Kidder, A. V., and S. J. Guernsey 1919. Archaeological Explorations in North- eastern Arizona. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., Bull. 65. Washington. Kissel, M. L. 1916. Basketry of the Pima-Papago. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthro. Pap., No. 17, pp. 115-264. New York. Kroeber, A. L. 1931. The Seri. Southwest Mus. Pap., No. 6. Los Angeles. [352] I I I ?i 1; t i MASSEY AND OSBORNE: A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA oud, L. L., and M. R. Harrington 1929. Lovelock Cave. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. and Ethn., 25:1-183. Berkeley. artin, P. S., and J. B. Rinaldo, E. Bluhm, H. C. Cutler, R. Granger, Jr. 1952. Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change. The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves. Fieldiana: Anthro- pology, Vol. 40. Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago. ssey, W. C. 1947. Brief Report on Archaeological Investiga- tions in Baja California. Southwestern Jour. Anthro., 3(4):344-359. Albuquerque. 1949. Tribes and Languages of Baja California. Southwestern Jour. Anthro., 5(3):272-307. Albuquerque. 1957. The Dart-Thrower in Baja California. Davidson Jour. Anthro., 3(l):55-62. Se- attle. MS 1. Culture History in the Cape Region of Baja California. Ph.D. diss. (1955), Univ. Calif., Berkeley. MS 2. The Castaldf Archaeological Collection, Baja California. ssey, W. C., and D. Tuohy MS. Caves of the Sierra de La Giganta. igs III, F 1939. Rogers, Malcolm 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. South- western Jour. Anthro., 1(2):167-198. Albuquerque. Rogers, Captain Woodes 1928. A Cruising Voyage Around the World (1712). New York. Sales, L. 1794. Noticias de la Provincia de California. 3 vols. Valencia. Singer, E. W. 1936. The Techniques of Certain Peruvian Hair- nets. Revista del Museo Nacional, V(1): 16-24. Lima, Peru. Steward, J. H. 1937. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Re- gion. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., Bull. 116. Wash- ington, D. C. United States National Museum 1889. Annual Report, 1888. Washington. (Cited as Annual Report, 1888.) Venegas, M. 1944. Noticia de la California y de su Conquista (1757). 3 vols. Mexico. Wagner, H. R. 1925. California Voyages: 1539-1541. San Fran- cisCo. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Univ. Calif. Ibero-Americana: 15. Berke- 353 ey. 1( PLATES EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 12 (139587), total length of two pieces 92.5 cm. b. Two wooden fragments (139586), round in cross section; a. Bone awl or "dagger" (139589b), 16.5 cm. long, lengths 58 cm. and 56.5 cm. c. Two sticks lashed 2.2 cm. maximum width. b. Bone awl (139589a), 13.5 together (139585a), total length 50 cm. d. Cord- cm. long, 2.6 cm. maximum width. c. Worked pumice wrapped stick (139558a), length 22 cm. e. Wooden piece (139613), 8 cm. x 4 cm. d. Tubular stone pipe piece (139559), length 30.5 cm., diameter 8 mm. (139564), sandstone, 7.7 cm. long, 3.7 cm. diameter. f. Tapered wooden piece (139560), length 38 cm. e. Tubular stone pipe (139563), sandstone, 29.8 cm. g. Cane whistle (139588b), length 13.5 cm., maximum long, 4.4 cm. diameter. diameter 1.3 cm. h. Cane whistle (139588a), length 22 cm., maximum diameter 1.7 cm. i. Bull-roarer (?) (139565), length 23.5 cm., diameter 5.1 cm., PLATE 13 thickness 6 mm. a. Abalone (Haliotis sp.) ornament (139552), 5.3 cm. long, 4.3 cm. wide. b. Fragmentary abalone (Haliotis sp.) ornament (139553), 2.1 cm. present length, 3.9 cm. wide. c. Abalone (Haliotis sp.) ornament (139551), 4.6 cm. x 4.8 cm. d. Olivella shell beads (139546), same scale as ornaments, with bases and spires ground. e. Olivella shell beads with only spires ground. f. Fragment of gypsum (139568). PLATE 14 a. Spines of Viznaga cactus (Echinocactus wislizeni) (139547), which have been straightened. b. Bone flaker (139556), over-all length, 12 cm.; wood, 11.2 cm. long; bone, 3.4 cm. long. c. Bone flaker (139557), over-all length, 13.1 cm.; wood, 11.5 cm. long; bone, 5.6 cm. long. d. Cord-wrapped stick (139558c), 17.3 cm. long. e. Cord-wrapped stick (139558b), 15.8 cm. long. f. Cord-wrapped cane (139558d), 10.3 cm. and 5.4 cm. long. g. Cord-wrapped hide (139548). PLATE 15 a. Cane arrow or dart with sting-ray spine point PLATE 16 a. Side view of hairnet (139534a). b. Cord wrapping on piece of accordion-pleated skin (139555). c. Top view of hairnet (139534a). d. Fragment of sewed rush matting (139544), about 50 cm. x 21 cm. PLATE 17 a. Feathered "apron" or 'cape" (139535b), 25 cm. x 17.5 cm. b. Human hair "cape" (139539), hanks of hair about 6 mm. in diameter, lengths varying from 12.7 cm. to 27.5 cm. c. Cotton cloth (139537), warp 25.5 cm., weft 30 cm. d. Tump band (139536), largest section 25 cm. long, 7.7 cm. wide. PLATE 18 a. Rim sherd (139614b). b. Reconstruction of pot, diameter 27 cm., height 17 cm., thickness about 9 mm. [356] C. d. ! : '.. '. - , -. . , - . t .-, : " . : - . . - 4 0 PLATE 12. STONE AND BONE ARTIFACTS PLATE 13. SHELL AND STONE ARTIFACTS [358] L S a -] 1 : 1 X 0 ..4 f .1 0 ; . . th.s i , 3 :: ;fi: ta : 4 : C .; i :- :: . .. ; PLATE 14. VEGETABLE AND BONE ARTIFACTS [359] a. t i I d fl e- PL T i5 WO D N AR I A T [360] ii r b. IP PLT_6_ETIG ODG, N ATN [361] 0 (4 0 0 (4 w (4 -o bi [362] b. a PLATE 18. MIDDEN POTSHERD ARTIFACTS [363]