H. NV. HENA O ANTHROPQLOGICAL RECORDSS THE MISSION INDIA VOABLAIERO * , 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ~H W . HENSHA EDIED WIT ETNGAHCNT .~~~R F. HEZ p ? UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1955 V.It 4..w4 1 .. 4 II -", ,ml . " t,?j "I o;l I I I.- I 'c-" CALIFORNIA INDIAN LINGUISTIC 7 ~RECORDS ..A. The Mission Indian Vocabularies of H.W. Henshaw EDITED, WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES, BY R. F. HEIZER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS VOL. 15, No. 2 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Editors (Berkeley): R. L. Olson, R. F. Heizer, T. D. McCown, J. H. Rowe Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 85-202, 3 figs., frontis. Submitted by editors April 19, 1954 Issued January 24, 1955 Price, $1.50 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Page Introduction ....................... 85 Source of vocabularies ..................... . 87 Vocabularies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Phonetic Key .................... 93 Chumash .................... 94 Addenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Costanoan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Addenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Text in San Buenaventura Chumash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 List of Chumash villages ..................... . 194 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 ILLUSTRATION First page of parallel-column text in Chumash (left), Spanish (right), by Juan E. Pico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facing 85 L&># 5OO$( WS9;ff0a16 M RAi CA. bNok; CLA V A L Lk C&UMVAV-L CAR.L&~ \6O'1. .?S Os,% WA AE M% U;Mk L4V MC414ZMV~L- L w IL I \ a - M~ (MaVj39b ) U,W .a 'PAX VY,DLUL ",LLU o Ux - cD. LU tX &.. - y yL * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ W*, o I-Ax, nv AMUV6 . A c ~ W WWJ 3 LXi ~ L A.A \ \'sX ei r &IWVt 12 L4 First page of parallel-column text in Chumash (left), Spanish (right), by Juan E. Pico .1 I .I I .i j j CALIFORNIA INDIAN LINGUISTIC RECORDS The Mission Indian Vocabularies of H.W Henshaw EDITED BY R. F. HEIZER INTRODUCTION 1s report is the second in a series whose purpose is ke available unpublished linguistic data on California languages which are now extinct. 1 r assistance in organizing, copying, and checking ird list I am indebted to Bernard L. Fontana and tG. Squier, students in the Department of Anthro- r, Biographical data on Henshaw were collected and arized by Fontana. , M. W. Stirling, Chief of the Bureau of American Logy, Smithsonian Institution, kindly arranged for films of the Henshaw materials to be made at the ry of Congress, and has given me permission to h the data in California. It is a pleasure to acknowl- ay thanks to Dr. Stirling for his generosity. ancial support of this project has come from the ite of Social Sciences of the University of Califotnia, um grateful to the Institute and its Director, Dean Dennes, for their continued assistance. Other rs of this series are in preparation. Henshaw records are part of the manuscript collec- the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian ion. Although their existence is widely known, few ihaw's word lists have been published. Kroeber published, with the permission of W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Henshaw's in vocabulary. The vocabularies were earlier used doning the Powell classification of North American languages, and indeed Powell himself makes clear try greatly Henshaw's labors contributed to this uental accomplishment. (Powell, 1891, p. 142.) iry W. Henshaw "belonged to that school of pioneer can anthropologists who in the eighties and nineties graduated from other professions and engaged in rch pertaining to the science of man with no other round save that of training in other fields and with e of falsities to penetrate; yet with this handicap 1d much of the foundation on which American anthro- ,now stands" (Hodge, 1931, p. 98). Henshaw was a 1850, became interested in natural history, espe- ornithology, and in 1872 became naturalist for the pr Survey at Salt Lake City. whaw's first visit to California in 1875 marked the lg of his rather long and productive career as an pologist. In June of that year he assisted in the pological investigations of Paul Schumacher on Santa Oland, making natural history collections at the time. From June 23 until July 13, Henshaw was r. H. C. Yarrow, helping with excavations on 's Island, ten miles from Santa Barbara. Thence ceeded to Old Fort Tejon (letter from Henshaw to ,Merriam, Ft. Tejon, Aug. 8, 1875) via the Casi- Ms to the Ojai and Santa Clara Valley, through San ftst number comprises the Mission Indian vocabularies of A. L F. Heizer, ed., 1952, AR 15:1-84). His companion, Leon de sab made linguistic records. In 1952 M. Henri Vallois, Direc- lMuie de l'Homme, had an extensive search made in Paris for ac records, but the hunt was unsuccessful and these precious roma to be found. Francisco Pass to La Liebre ranch and past Castac Lake to the Tejon. Here he spent a month collecting biological specimens in the vicinity. Through the month of Septem- ber, Henshaw and his party collected in the region of Mount Whitney (letter from Henshaw to C. H. Merriam, near Kernville, Oct. 21, 1875). He returned to California in 1876, staying in the Lake Tahoe region from September 15 to November 20 (letter from Henshaw to C. H. Mer- riam, Hot Springs, Lake Tahoe, Nov. 7, 1876), going from there back to Washington. During the following year, 1877, Henshaw's field work brought him to northeastern California. At the close of the field season in October of 1878, Henshaw spent a short time in San Francisco before returning to Washington. This was his last trip for the Wheeler Survey, that organization merging with the United States Geological Survey in 1879. Henshaw and California were not long separated, how- ever, and in 1880 he accepted a position from Major J. W. Powell to attach himself to the recently established Bureau of American Ethnology. The understanding was that Hen- shaw would make this his life's work, should the new field prove to be congenial. In the fall of 1880 and the spring of 1881, Henshaw visited all the Indian reservations in Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and California in connection with a census of the Indian tribes. He collected a great deal of additional information on these trips. During the months of October and November, 1883, he was engaged in linguistic researches in California and Nevada. Hen- shaw made a count of the Washo Indians, and the vocab- ulary he collected of that language sustained the independ- ent position of the linguistic stock. 2 He also worked among the Panamint Indians to the south, counting 156 of them, and obtained a vocabulary of this previously unre- corded language. In 1884, Henshaw's major linguistic re- searches in California were begun. To quote from Powell (1887, pp. xxx-xxxiii): Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited Southern California for the purpose of pursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the Santa Barbara Indians. Al- though these Indians became known at a very early day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of Cabrillo's voyage along the California coast in 1542, but little has been ascertained in respect to their lan- guage and its relation to the speech of neighboring tribes. Few vocabularies were collected by the early Span- ish missionaries and those gathered were very imper- fect, so that no conclusions can be based upon them with confidence. As a result of the policy pursued by the various mis- sionaries among these docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon exchanged for others imposed by the priests. Tribal organizations were broken up and the Indians were removed from their homes and located about the 2Washo is now classed as a member of the Hokan language family. [85] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS missions. In addition the Spanish language was early introduced and so far as possible made to replace the aboriginal tongues. As a consequence Spanish became familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the surviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the Mexican dialect of Spanish. In- deed, the impression prevails generally in California that none of the Indians can speak their own tongue. As a matter of fact, however, in their own families and when away from the white men they discard Spanish entirely. The attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the larger population attributed to this part of the California Coast Mr. Henshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these widely scattered over several counties. A number of these dialects of the linguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw's arrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was the last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa Cruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family were found, which are believed to be all that are now extant. In the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa Island, but one Indian remained to speak it. Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals only. The exist- ing dialects named according to the missions around which they were spoken, are as follows: San Buena- ventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the exception of the last named the several dialects are very closely related, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words not contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which are common to all. The dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo dif- fers much from any of the others, and a critical com- parison is necessary to reveal a sufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their com- mon parentage obvious. Extensive vocabularies of the dialects of San An- tonio and San Miguel were obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these languages around the old San Antonio mission. These languages have been supposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been termed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr. Henshaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are considered to form a distinct family. Mr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose of determining the exact north- ern and southern limits of the Shoshonean family, which extends quite to the coast in California. At San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabu- laries representing four dialects of the Yuman family. Henshaw's researches of this period resulted in the publication of his paper, "Perforated Stones from Cali- fornia," which appeared as Bulletin 2 of the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1887. Henshaw, on the basis of his inquiries at Santa Barbara and San Buenaventura, gave three primary uses of these perforated stones, which he listed in order of importance as follows: first, as weights to digging sticks; second, as gaming implements; and third, as dies for fashioning tubes, pipes, and simi- lar cylindrical objects. It was Henshaw who proposed and followed a biological method of linguistic stock precedence and nomenclature, and although he, with the aid of others, conducted the re- search incident to the classification, Powell was the mol ing spirit. The final result was the publication in 1891 of the 7th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnolo under the authorship of Powell. A more complete elabor tion of Henshaw's data was published in that report. Re- garding Henshaw's California work of 1884, Powell (189B p. 68) had this to say: The inland limits of this family [Chumash] cannot be exactly defined, although a list of more than one hun- dred villages with their sites, obtained by Mr. Hen- shaw in 1884, shows that the tribes were essentially maritime and were closely confined to the coast. In 1884 Mr. Henshaw visited several counties for. merly inhabited by the populous tribes of this family [Chumash] and discovered that about forty men, wo and children survived. The adults still speak their o language when conversing with each other, though o other occasions they use Spanish. The largest settle ment is at San Buenaventura, where perhaps 20 indi viduals live near the outskirts of the town. Powell utilized the material Henshaw had collected the missions of San Antonio and San Miguel to unite the two dialects into what he termed the Salinan language f ily. Henshaw found about a dozen survivors of this gro in 1884. In 1885, 1886, and 1887, Henshaw spent his time i East working on the preparation of a synonymy of tribe and settlements north of Mexico, which became the sk ton for the all-important two-volume Handbook of Ame can Indians North of Mexico published by the Bureau o American Ethnology in 1907-1910. In the months of August, September, and October o 1888, Henshaw was again on the Pacific slope, and aft some time spent in Washington among the Cayuse, U tilla, and Nez Perce, he traveled to the neighborhood Mission San Rafael in Marin County, hoping to find so of the Indians formerly gathered about the mission the He learned that there were no Indians at or near San fael, but subsequently found six survivors on the sho of Tomales Bay to the north. A good vocabulary was tained from one of these, which, as was expected, wa found to be related to the Moquelumnan (Miwok) of the terior, southeast of San Francisco Bay. This vocab removed any possibility of Coast Miwok being intimat related to the Costanoan south of the Bay. Henshaw next worked in the region of Santa Cruz Monterey, substantiating the Costanoan family and na bering the survivors, about thirty, then scattered ove several counties. Perhaps the most valuable work done by Henshaw vicinity of Monterey was his collection of Esselen ma He recounts (Henshaw, 1890) how he found two wome the Salinas Valley who claimed to be of Esselen blood neither of them was able to recall any of the language having learned early in life to speak the Rumsien (Co noan) language in place of their own. An old woman w found in Carmel Valley, however, who succeeded in ing to mind more than one hundred words and short p of the Esselen language, formerly spoken near Monte less than forty words of which had been previously Near the town of Cayucas, to the south, an aged blind was visited who, like the woman, was of Rumsien bi who was able to bring the total number of Esselen wo one hundred and ten and the phrases and short senten sixty-eight. The old man was further able to give vale information concerning the original home of the Esse coastwise territory running south of Monterey Bay aU 86 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW ithe Santa Lucia Mountains. Henshaw, from a study of pwe vocabularies, determined Esselen to be a distinct istic family, thus reinforcing a conclusion origin- d rawn by Curtin from a study of the vocabularies ected by Galiano and Lamanon in the eighteenth cen- From 1889 through 1891, Henshaw's duties kept him Bureau in the East, working on the Indian syno- and caring for his other office duties. In 1889 he e the editor of the American Anthropologist in that l's second year of publication, a position that he until July, 1893. His health gave way, and in of 1892 Powell sent him to New Mexico and Cali- to collect linguistic material and information for tribal synonymy. He was also commissioned to make tions for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chi- and a great deal of the material he gathered was ted in the Bureau of Ethnology's exhibit there. He btained a considerable body of linguistic and other pertaining to the tribes of Southern California, but ealth became further impaired. ting the early months of 1893 Henshaw conducted ogic and linguistic researches among the Maidu of Butte, Mendocino, and San Diego counties s from Henshaw to C. H. Merriam, Bidwell Ranch, , Nov. 5, 1893; Ukiah, Nov. 5, 1893). Ill health in ear forced him to ask for an indefinite leave of ab- and in 1894 he left for Hawaii. In 1904 he came to California with his health greatly restored, and several months in this state he returned to Wash- , D. C., to attach himself to the Biological Survey his old friend, the founder of the Survey, C. Hart am. nshaw's writings concerning California include the ing: "Perforated Stones from California," Bur. of Amer. ol., Bull. No. 2, 1887. 34 pp. 16 figs. in text. "A New Linguistic Family in California," Amer. hro., o.s., 3:45-49, 1890. (A complete discussion Renshaw's Esselen researches.) In addition to these, Henshaw makes considerable tion of California in the Handbook of American ans North of Mexico, BAE-B, 1907-1910, in his cles on "Exchange," "Popular Fallacies," and eating and Sweat Houses.' Henshaw's autobiography appeared in the Condor 19) 21: 102-107, 165-171, 177-181, and 217-222; 20) 22: 3-10, 55-60, and 95-101. Renshaw's obituary was written by F. W. Hodge, earing in Amer. Anthro., 33: 98-103, 1931. References to the work of Henshaw for the Smith- ian Institution appear in the following Annual Re- a of the Bureau of American Ethnology: No. 2, xx-xxxiii (1883); No. 3, p. xxvii (1884); No. 5, (1887); No. 6, pp. xxx-xxxiii, xlv (1887); No. p. xxxiv-xxxvi, 68, 70, 76, 93, 101-102, 128, (1891); No. 8, p. xxviii (1891); No. 9, pp. xxxv- W(l892); No. 10, pp. xiv-xv, xviii, xxi (1893); 11, p. xxxi (1894); No. 13, pp. xxvi, xxx, xxiv- (1896); No. 14, pp. xxxvi, xxxviii, xlv, xlvi (1896). SOURCE OF VOCABULARIES languages are represented in the following word ase lists: Chumash of the Santa Barbara region d and islands) and Costanoan of the region be- Big Sur and San Francisco Bay. Each list is here ed, and explanatory data accompanying individual e given. Chumash vocabularies. - 1. Santa Rosa Island. MS 296, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Recorded by Henshaw at Los Alamos, October 30, 1884. At the end of the manu- script occurs the following note on the informant. The Indian, Pa-hY-la-tcet by name, from whom I obtained the Santa Rosa vocabulary, is a very old man, much older than any Indian I have met in Cala. He is blind and his head shakes constantly with somne nervous affliction. His hearing is, however, perfect and his voice firm and strong. He is said to have been in the service of the [de la Guerra] family 72 years, entering it when he became a Christian which was on his reach- ing the mainland from the Island. He entered the serv- ice of the grandfather of the man (now about 35 years old) now on the ranch who owned a very large tract of country and kept some 200 Indians in service. The cause of the Indian leaving the island is said to have been a violent earthquake on the occasion of which many of the Islanders were persuaded that the Island was to be engulfed by the ocean. This was probably the result of the [Spanish] priests' teaching. At all events many of the Indians left the Island and in order to insure safety to themselves became converts, this Indian among the rest. In addition to his own language this Indian speaks more or less of S. Barbara and S. Ynez dialects and hence it is not unlikely that some of the terms given me may belong to one or the other of these tongues. He affirms that the inhabitants of S. Rosa, S. Cruz and S. Miguel islands spoke the same language by which I infer that they were able to understand each other without difficulty. Each language doubtless dif- fered from the others dialectically though not to the same extent that they did from the dialects spoken on the mainland. In person this Indian is short and squatty. His forehead is low, his cheek bones very prominent, his nose short and expanded with large nostrils, chin small, lips protruding, hair iron gray. Notwithstanding his great age his figure is erect and his movements disclose little decrepitude of age.3 One may suppose that the great earthquake mentioned above was that of 1812 (Heizer, 1941, pp. 221-222), and indeed this is proposed by Henshaw (note 59, p. 155). Santa Rosa Island was the headquarters for American and Russian sea-otter hunters who employed Aleutian and Kodiak islanders to secure illegally these valuable furs in Mexican waters. The Santa Rosa Island native's account of the Pacific Eskimo hunters as recorded by Henshaw follows: 31n the Bancroft Library is a brief mention of this informant in a pen- cil manuscript (undated) written by James L. Ord and bound without com- ment in Benjamin Hayes' Scrapbook of the Indians of California. "Anisetto Pajilacheet the last of the Chumas and Papuma tribe of the Indians of the Islands off the coast of Santa Barbara, now about 65 years of age, is a native of the island of Mascui (Santa Rosa). He was brought from the island in the year 1812 at the time of the great earthquake. He was baptized by Padre Ripoldo in Santa Barbara, one of the Spanish priests who was expelled in the year 1828 by the Mexican authorities. "The sun appears to have been one of their objects of adoration. The swordfish was also one of their principal [deities? ] of the sea; as they [swordfish] killed the whale and they came on shore, which they eat raw as they did their fish or seals. Their money was small shells, which in their language was called coya; money, anchum; Santa Barbara, Hanaya. Island of San Miguel was called Wimat. Island of Santa Rosa was called Mascui. Island of Santa Cruz was called Hujuar. Island of Anacapa was called Anayapa. On the coast along the little creeks there were Indians. -Dos Pueblos, Mickcivici. The old mission of Purissima, Alahaslacupi; Santa Ines, Alahulapu; San Buenaventura, Michcanaca; Santa Catalina, Alapuya. "The Indians of Santa Catalina spoke the same language [i.e., Gabriel- eno, a Shoshonean tongue] as those of San Gabriel. Those of the islands and the main spoke the same language [Chumash]." 87 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS The following was told me by the S. Rosa Indian at his own instance, he having asked me if I knew of any Indians living on an island to the northward and having skin canoes such as he described. Ku-li-a-ka was the name of a tribe (their own name) who first brought red beads to the S. Rosa Indians. The canoes they came in were white, slim, and "covered with skins.' They told the S. Rosas that in rough weather they covered the holes with a skin (apron) and then could roll over in the water without sinking. They came to hunt seals and to trade. Many of them settled on S. Rosa. The knives they brought were the first ever seen in S. Rosa. This story indicates a traffic between some of the Esquimaux tribes and the islanders at a period ante- dating the Spanish occupation of California. The term Ku-li-a-ka may mean Koniaga, the natives of Kodiak Island who are known to have been employed on the California coast by the Russians (see Ogden, 1933, 1941; Heizer, 1945). Nidever (1937, pp. 39-46) tells of the "N. W. Indians" on the California coast and describes a fight with them on Santa Rosa Island in 1836. 2. La Purissima. MS 867, Bureau of American Eth- nology, Smithsonian Institution. Place of record not stated, September 18, 1884. No further data available. 3. Santa Barbara. MS 291, Bureau of American Eth- nology, Smithsonian Institution. Recorded at Santa Bar- bara, November 10, 1884. The vocabulary was given by Hostu, an Indian per- haps 50 years old and a native of S. Barbara. It was obtained by means of a very good interpreter. I be- lieve it to be pretty accurate, though I do not consider the Indian to be perfectly trustworthy. He is a great drunkard and the work was interrupted several times by his sprees and finally had to be abandoned. Wal-wa-r'en`-n9 was the designation for the tribe given me by Hostu. It is not the name of any of the Santa Barbara towns, and I question if it be the proper tribal name, it being doubtful if he clearly compre- hended my question. Yates (1891) refers to a Santa Barbara informant named Justo, who is no doubt the same person. 4. Santa Ynez. MS 292, Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy, Smithsonian Institution. Recorded at Santa Ynez, September 18, 1884. Though not stated, the man named Raphael was almost certainly the informant. Henshaw's description of the miserable survivors of the Ynezeiio Chumash gives us a picture of the dying Mission peoples: The Santa Ynez Indians, some 20 in number, live upon a small stream emptying into the S. Ynez and perhaps a mile from its mouth. They are distant about one mile from the town. The land they occupy belongs to the Church being part of a grant. They have no title whatever to the ground but it is under- stood they will be allowed to remain here till their final extinction which judging from the report of the death rate will not be a long time. There is said to be but one pure blood among them-Raphael-who is I should judge not much over 55 or 60. He alone has full command over his language tho he assures me that among themselves they use their own dial- ect and not Spanish, which is contrary to the usual belief. Little, however, is known about them by their white neighbors, who utilize their services so far as convenient and for the rest part let them alone. Judging from appearances they eke out but a scanty livlihood. They live in wretched huts and th4 household furniture is of the scantiest and poorest kind. The houses are built of scantlings and rafters planted in the ground or on a wooden sill and rising a height of 8 feet; the roof is pitched from the tq of these to a ridge pole and thatched with willows. There is usually no floor. This according to Raph is a modern style of dwelling, their pristine huts as nearly as I can understand, conical with a smo hole in the center. They own no stock as a rule. ing the week the men are employed about the neig ing ranches and return home on Sunday when they usually have a general drunken spree. For they a all, with the exception of Raphael, greatly addict the use of liquor. The women may usually be foun home sewing or attending to domestic duties. Thl much of the washing of the town, their work being satisfactory than that of the Chinese. Every famiy its little garden where is raised a little corn, wat melons, garden stuff and fruit. Doubtless did they choose to apply themselves to labor they might re raise enough to satisfy their wants, but the appea of the ground under cultivation indicates that the lessness and indolence characteristic of the race left to their own efforts is even more unstable th usual. They have no capacity to shift for themsel1 but work well only spasmodically or when under supervision of the energetic whites. Of their mor condition I have learned little. The women all live men but the ties between them are, I am told, of loosest kind. Children appear to be common amo them and, so far as appearances go, are healthy. told that the mortality among them is, however, v considerable. Yates (1889, p. 304) speaks of an Indian who is ob viously the same person as "Raphael Solaris, the la male representative of the Tsa-ma-la tribe, who oc pied a village called Tsok-to-no Ha-moo, near the Ynez Mission, Santa Barbara County. 5. San Buenaventura. MS 3075, Bureau of Amer Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Recorded at San ventura by Henshaw in November, 1884. Informant, Estevan Pico (also author of another section of this Henshaw's introductory note reads: Taken from Juan Estevan Pico, a half breed h considerable pretentions in the way of an educati Speaks Spanish or Mexican fluently and writes the guage with ease. This is undoubtedly the best as the most copious of the several vocabularies of [Chumash] family. I believe the man to be reliabl and as I had the services of a very good interpre there was no reason for doubting that the vocabul is in the main correct. Some of the terms were me by two old women but these are not distingui as they were usually verified by Pico. -H. W. H. 6. San Luis Obispo. MS 852a (with some additio notes from 296, 302, and 647.) Vocabulary taken Oct. 19-28, 1884, from a f blood Indian named Alikano living near San Luis po on Mr. Jasper's ranch. He is not a very inte Indian but speaks his language fluently and appea4 be honest. Is very much addicted to strong drink the protracted sprees he indulged in very seriou terfered with my work and finally broke it up. I 88 MISSION INDIAN VOCABU rspeech was at all times low and indistinct and thus hard to catch. In 1888 the same Indian was interviewed and some new terms obtained and others verified. -H. W. H. 8stanoan vocabularies.- 1. Soledad. MS 302, Bureau of American Ethnology. ,te of record not stated; informant, a woman named lara. Clara lives with a man named Jesus Patceco [Pacheco] at Arroya Seco, 10 miles from Soledad. She is old and was raised to womanhood at the mis- sion. She speaks Carmelo. (H. W. H.) iThe Soledad vocabulary is of particular importance cause of the paucity of information on this Costanoan 1ect. Kroeber (1904, pp. 241, 243 ff.) could find 22 words of the Soledad speech. The Soledad word ecorded by Pinart has been published (Costa- I, in Heizer, 1952). Rumsien. MS 647, Bureau of American Ethnology. Vocabulary of Rumsien taken from Eulalia, an old woman who lives some three miles east of Carmelo Mission in Carmelo Valley. She may be about 70 years old. Honest but not over intelligent. Has little occasion to use her own language and hence has for- botten most of it. She it was who furnished the greater art of the Esselen vocabulary.4 Recorded by H. W. enshaw, Sept. 29-Oct. 8, 1884. 3, Santa Clara. MS 296, Bureau of American Ethnol- The words in first column are S. Clara as given by Felix Buelna, Sept. 27, 1884, at Mission of San ntonio. According to him the language[s] spoken at B, Cruz and Dolores Missions were precisely simi- h recounted in Henshaw (1890). The Esselen vocabulary was printed yKroeber (1904). LARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW 89 lar. In this he was doubtless mistaken though it is probable there were only slight dialectical differences. The three probably represented one and the same lan- guage. Recorded by H. W. Henshaw, Sept. 27, 1884. The following note occurs on another page of the list: Felix Buelna who is in charge of the Mission of San Antonio is a half breed probably over 60 yrs. old. It is said that he used to be Alcalde. He claims to have once spoken the dialect of Santa Cruz Mission fluently but from want of practice he has forgotten most of the language and has at command now a com- paratively small number of the commoner terms. It may be doubted if he ever possessed a thorough com- mand of the language though he doubtless spoke it well enough to fulfill the duties of Interpreter which position he held. He speaks English a [bit], Mexican fluently; the latter he writes. He states that the lan- guage spoken at the Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and Do- lores Missions was one and the same. He is doubtless correct so far as the ability of the Indians of these Missions to understand each other is concerned. Doubtless, however, the language differed dialecti- cally as in fact published vocabularies5 show. 4. Santa Cruz. The list from which the words of this dialect were copied is a typewritten copy of a manuscript in the Bureau of American Ethnology. On the title page of this copy appears the notation that the list was re- corded by H. W. Henshaw on September 26 to 29, 1888. There is no information about the informant nor is the catalogue number of the manuscript given. It is possible that Henshaw's informant was either Felippe Gonzales (of Watsonville) or Lorenzo (of Santa Cruz). Henshaw notes in the Santa Clara manuscript (taken in 1884) that both of these men could speak the Santa Cruz dialect. 'A vocabulary of the Santa Clara Mission language was printed by Alex- ander Taylor in the California Farmer (newspaper) for November 23, 1860. I VOCABULARIES PHONETIC KEY Henshaw used J. W. Powell's system for recording Indian languages and employed the Powell Schedules as printed by Powell (1880). The phonetic key is given below. as in far, father nearly as in what, not as in hat, man as in law, all, lord as in aisle as oi in boil, soil as ou in out as in blab as sh in shall, shrew as th in thin, forth as th in then, though as in dread as ey in they as in then as in fife as in gig as in ha, he, hoot as in pique as in pick, thin as z in azure as in kick as in lull as in mum as in nun as ng in sing, long 0 p q r s t u ri v w x y z dj hw hy ly fig ny tc as in note, most as in German soll as in pipe as ch in German ich as in roaring as in sauce as in touch as in rule, fool as in pull, full as in German kuhl as in but, run, son as in valve as in wish, will nearly as Arabic ghain (the sonant of q) as in you, year as z and s in zones as j in judge as wh in when, why as in hue as lli in million as in finger as ni in onion as ch in church Excessive prolongation of a vowel marked thus: a+ Nasalized vowels written with superior n, thus: en An aspirated sound marked with inverted comma, thus: b' An exploded sound or hiatus marked with apostrophe, thus: b' Syllables are separated by hyphens The accented syllable of every word marked by an acute accent thus: Tcu-ar'-u-llm- pu-rftn-knht [In the original, the acute accent marking the syllabic stress is placed sometimes over the letter and sometimes at the end of the syllable. 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Va) CU4 '0 co bi0 Co CU 0) .C c.0 0, _ 1 , I 80 CU a) Co4 a 0 0 0 0 0 ADDENDA SANTA ROSA ISLAND The Coyote Dance (As'-ka'-snu-wftc) [79] Ni-mus -tcu'- mu- cYk'- pus Ni -mus -ci -l ka -ti -swbl Ka-k'ni-was-luk-ti-w,fk- cik-pas Ka-kai-ya-ti-yuk-h5k-ni-w5c My heart is sad. It has lost its power of witchcraft. All that is left of me is my song. Who will bring my power back again. The Bear Dance (Ka-sm8'-w8-hus) A- pi-yi-tak' -tak' -ka Sa-ki-wi-ki-wun- a-la- pai Si-wOl-lu-lu-h'e -mi- cup Ca-li-cu-wa-lak-a-cik Ya-ki- sTs- si-pu-ku-h'a I'-hi-ya-a-ha-hu-ha I ya-ka-mi-ha-mi NAMES OF TOWNS AND BANDS All speak the same language, though there were slight dialectical differences. 80 1. A -kait '- sk 2. Ka-la-wa'-ctik 3. Tfr-k6p-si 4. Mic-ta- pa-wli 5. Srik-ta-na-ka'-mu 6. Hu-hu-na-ta 7. Hu-wa-mfir'p 8. A-woc-la'-tirk ACTS OF FAITH, HOPE AND CHARITY In Henshaw's Santa Ynez manuscript is a copy of three prayers written on a wooden tablet at Santa Bar- bara Mission. Henshaw was not able to determine the date of the prayer board, but noted that "its appearance indicated a very respectable old age." I have compared Henshaw's copy with one made for H. H. Bancroft by E. F. Murray on June 27, 1878. The Bancroft Library copy is on the last page of the Archivo de la Mision de Santa Ynez, Libros y Docu- mentos. Both Henshaw and Murray agree except as in- dicated by parenthetical alternatives. Act of Faith (Acto de Fe) Dios nox pi capalipi (or capanpi ?) ulinu caquepi ulinu capipi ul Santa Yglesia uquiya sacantuch. Can- tuch _la (or ta ?) ul tiepit ul Santa Yglesia. Cantuch ipi cac Dios. Cantuch capec hueleguas Listen to what I am about to sing. Listen to my breathing on high. Listen to my stamping, I tear the ground up. Listen to my groaning. I am done. SANTA YNEZ meyela (or ineyella?) ul_. uiqui. Cantuch i sunanagu. Alaipai ulischoje suquepes. Cantuch sas unanagu missupu uligenche. Cantuch qu Misterio de la Santissima Trinidad cacayau cu us Huopo que Espirito Santo si massege. Pera que pacasi Dios Cantuch Dios Huopo secuele ii acsegus Maria Santissima suc clagua ma ma joni salag -sumu iono iquig - que uquiya el til sac - sa ul Santa Cruz esquinanicoi massege chugualame sapuit. Alapai islequeni uscuyugul coco caquimi usnuna sajetini sac - ticulumogj que uligenche Cantuch ul Santo Sacramento us uquiya - has. Cantuch iquisaquinanicoyo gua si yugui uquiyamuen. Cantuch yela malcantuc Yglesia Catolica Apostolica Romana ul tiyepi Act of Hope (Acto de Esperanza) Dios nox capsunuscuyit caquepi capa choj4 sene que chojo panteque cuiyamus i Jesucris sucutanit yela ucascagua sa ecuelit ic choje m sanunanit Alaipai. Act of Charity (Acto de Caridad) Dios nox caquepi capanchojo caquepi caps ipantec que caquepi pagnichoyug iquique nor6 yela u canteque que sinigualaitsi yela ocas upsuju guiliniguas no capsunuscuyin caqueq caguichi caquepi capsa oyonit casutiquemue, cacsa caquequimi icascaguichi Dios nox q ipsoyonit meche yela ulquiqui (or ulquiuqu nox cagnichojo yela ulu (or utcu?), Amen. SAN BUENAVENTURA Coyote Song (Ka-a-lal-pi -ni-ka-a-la-hu'-wut) Ku-ka-tca'-m-i- pil- mi'-luk-en-at-85pi A - tci -yak - tci -nin -t ci- kwai -kwai -ai Tcu-yi-ip'- pu-k '-un-t83-t8-t8-t8 '-t83 I have told you to come away from the border Because the small crabs will bite you You want to say Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay [148] NOTES: CHUMASH lsw's Chumash vocabularies are of especial im- because they contain a wealth of ethnographic these peoples about whom we know so little. sah have been studied primarily by J. P. Har- rho, as long ago as 1917, was reported to have * entire year in continuation of his intensive the Chumashan tribes of California, obtaining ody of important information which at present lDus stages of elaboration and which will com- hut 1,200 typewritten pages" (Hodge, 1917, pp. low, nearly forty years later, Harrington's adata are presumably still in "various stages tdon," and the only Chumash data of signifi- as published are the Culture Element Distri- b (Harrington, 1942). Of these data, Kroeber gton, 1942, p. 4) has observed that they are -consistent and are therefore to be considered . The culture element list, however, is no or the fuller descriptive account which is bue from the pen of Mr. Harrington, and until fiable we must be content with attempts to ex- aphic details from secondary sources, as ne by Eisen (1904), Kroeber (1925, chap. r (1943, pp. 39-59). There is still oppor- me scholar to write a definitive monograph ethnography based on all available published ript materials. This important task was be- tain) James Robson (USAF) in 1951, but his tive service in Europe has forced him to academic work for the indefinite future. owing notes Henshaw's data are noted as by are given verbatim. Some of these ethno- a require explanation or amplification, and ations will be enclosed by brackets so usion may arise over what is original (H. W. t is added by the present editor. umash tribe Kroeber (1925, p. 550) says, no group in the State that once held the impor- Chumash concerning which we know so little," 8paniards were disposed to regard the Chu- a superior to the other tribes of California mthey had acquaintance, and on the whole m to have been correct in this opinion. We little of the religion of the group that it is lb1e to decide whether they attained to the com- e height of semi-abstruse symbolism that the lno and Luiseno displayed. In their industries, art that accompany ease of life, possibly in *zation of society, they rather surpassed Woshoneans. The consequence is that Chumash Epresents the appearance of a higher develop- the material, technological, and economic on the religious, but we cannot be altogether that such a formulation would be reliable. r eaffirms this view in his important "Area I paper (Kroeber, 1936, p. 106). appear that the Chumash were considered and 'outstanding by the Spanish explorere and mis- ! and that their psychology was as distinctive ieYurok (Kroeber, 1925, pp. 4, 13, 39, 118) e (ibid., pp. 729-731), or the Central Cali- bples (ibid., p. 466). Thus, in the Portola 1169-1770, the Chumash are repeatedly des- "dQcile." Crespi (Bolton, 1927, p. 159) char- acterizes them as "of good figure and disposition, active, industrious and inventive,'" and Palou (1926, 3:232, 236) says they are "extremely intelligent and skilful" and "ex- tremely alert, very intelligent and rather bold." Fages (1937, p. 47) saw them as "of good disposition, affable, liberal and friendly toward the Spaniard," and Font (Bol- ton, 1931, pp. 255-256) judged the Chumash as "clever and not very dull" and "gentle and friendly and not very warlike." Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 42) characterized them as "intrepid and of a proud nature, their fixed domi- cile [making] them subject themselves to the yoke of obe- dience and religion with greater facility and constancy than the other nations." The Chumash psychology must in some part account for their patient submission to the mis- sionization whose effects have been so well analyzed by Cook (1943), the sole exception being the Purisima revolt in 1824. 1. Polygamy was permitted and was probably pretty general. The question simply resolved itself down to the very practical one of how many he could buy and support. They were paid for in money (shell), clothes and food. Can find no trace of a division into gentes. There appear to have been no special restrictions in the marriage law. A girl could marry in her own village or find a husband in another. Adultery was punished by whipping. If this proved ineffectual the woman was cast off. The virtue of the unmarried was assured by a rigid watch kept by the old women. -H. W. H. [Costanso (1910, 1:47) and Portola (1909, p. 29) state that only chiefs (i.e., "captains" ) could have two wives, other men could have only one, and Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 46) says, "The men of this nation have no more than one wife." Fages (1937, p. 47) says, "The captains here [San Luis Obispo] also have many wives, with the right of putting them away and taking maidens only; here also the other Indian men so not have this privilege, for they have only one wife and do not marry a second time until they are widowed." Fages (1937, p. 33) also states that men and women "who marry a second time may do so only with a widow or widower." There may be some allusion here to the levirate or sororate institution. Yates (1891, p. 375) says the Chumash were monogamous, that there was no marriage ceremony and "no provision for divorce. " Aside from Harrington's statement (1917, p. 113) that totemic clans occurred among the Chumash, for which no detailed evidence has been presented, Henshaw's state- ment on the lack of gentes is generally admitted as accu- rate (cf. Gifford, 1926, p. 401). Harrington (1948, p. 32) speaks of nonlocalized, patrilineal, totemic (?) clans among the Churnash as distinct from patrilocal lineagee which he refers to parenthetically as "clans." The distinc- tion between his two categories, if any actually exists, is not clear from his element listing which is (understandab- ly) fragmentary and (regrettably) not accompanied by any analysis or description. On adultery, Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 46) observed that in 1792 this was "not considered a very grave offense:'] 2. Pa-hY-la-tctt, the Santa Rosa Indian, wears his hair natural length. Just above the forehead in the middle line it is gathered and tied into a tight knot or erect tassel. This, he says, is the old time fashion of wearing the hair. -H. W. H. [Menzies (1924, p. 324) observed in 1793 at Mission Santa Barbara that "the men . . . wear their hair gathered [149] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS up in a bunch on the crown of their head & fasten'd there by running a skewer of wood or bone through it."' 3. The prefix "p" means "your" (poss. 2nd person). -H. W. H. 4. The Santa Rosa Indians formerly plucked out their beards with shell tweezers. -H. W. H. [Fages (1937, p. 32) says of the mainland Chumash: "The few men who desire to cut their beards accomplish it . . . by using a pair of the shells of the clam or large oyster, which, being fastened together on one side by nature, can be given a kind of opening and shutting motion on the other. With these they extract the hairs one at a time by the root, as though pulling with nippers." See also Yates (1891, p. 375.] 5. Sa-kets k'-wem is the name of a long, sharp, spa- tula like article made of bone which my informant told me was worn in the hair by men of importance. The butt was ornamented usually with beads or pieces of shell stuck on with asphaltum the appearance being, as Hostu said, very fine. -H. W. H. [Fages (1937, p. 51) and Font (Bolton, 1931, p. 250) mention a cuchillo worn in the hair of men, a wooden handled knife into the end of which was asphalted a pointed chipped flint blade. The form described by Hen- shaw's informant is known archaeologically and one is illustrated here in fig. 1.] 6. Bead measure called SU-me-ke'-kgn. String be- tween 1 and 2 finger at base over back of hand round wrist, over tip of middle finger and back again across tip of middle finger to crease in palm. This is just 10 cts. of shell beads. Pon-ki, from tip of middle finger to crease on wrist. This was a measure for blue beads and was worth ten cts. -H. W. H. [Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 45), in speaking of the mainland Chumash says, "In their bargaining they use, as we use weights, their poncos of strings of beads. This word ponco is used for a certain measure of these strings, two turns from the wrist to the extended middle finger. The value of the ponco depends on the esteem in which the beads are held, according to the difference in fine- ness and the colors that are conumon among them, ours (i.e., glass beads) being held in higher regard. The value depends upon the greater or smaller extent to which the beads have been circulated, the new values depending upon their abundance. The value which should be placed upon our beads is always estimated with respect to their own, and in everything they keep as much order as the most careful man who has accumulated some money." Further information on similar methods of measuring shell beads can be found in Strong (1929, p. 107) and Benedict (1924, p. 389)] 7. Beads are measured by string held at the base of first and second finger, passed across tip of middle finger around wrist, back to tip of middle finger, sko- X t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7...7 -. mu -ya, 6 cts. The above repeated to the base of mid finger inner side, st5-12 1/2 cts; ic-skom-mi-ya, frc base of first and second fingers across tip of middle : to knuckle of middle finger-5 cts. Standards of value sisted of deer, deerskins and beads. -H. W. H. 8. Ahr-ta-kac', beads roughly made from a shell1 ka'-c; t'si-s-tsi-ku, blue glass beads; stu', a string4 beads equal to distance from between 1 and 2 finger q of 2nd finger-12 1/2 cts; ic-skom-ic-sta, a string of equal to distance from between 1 and 2 finger aroun of 2nd finger to outer edge of hand.25 cts; the small in long beads and noselets were drilled with fine bo found in the swordfish. The whisker bristles of the lion were also used. According to Pico they did not sand or other gritty substance with water in the bo process but revolved the implement rapidly betwee palms. -H. W. H. [The long beads are made of the columella of shell. Hoffman (1885, pp. 30-31) states that he be the long holes in these beads were drilled by me sea-lion whiskers and fine silica dust, but he does cite any evidence. Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 45 scribes the method of making shell disk beads whi to be very similar to that employed by the Pomo w the chief manufacturers and purveyors of the flat disk beads of Central California.] 9. Ti-en'-nY is the bead measure; from base Of 2nd finger across back of hand over tip of middle to crease in middle of palm. Such a string of b worth according to Alikano $100 or the price a T6-kA-ka ($200) from tip of forefinger over ba to elbow. Pak-cit-st?3 ($400) from tip of forefi back of hand to elbow back and over tip of fore middle of palm. E'-suts-sta (25 cts) to first ph forefinger. -H. W. H. Pa'k-cits-st5 (50 cts) from tip of forefinger joint. Sk?-mQat-sta ($1.00) from tip of forefinger. joint. Es-su-kla-na-kuts-ku ($2.00) from tip of to wrinkle on back of wrist. The values of these as above given are excessive as compared with the Santa Barbara tribes generally and would i beads had a proportionately higher value in th tribe or else that my informant had in mind a b particularly valuable kind. -H. W. H. [With reference to valuations of certain typ note the statement of Longinos in n. 6, supra. 10. Inserted in nasal septum. -H. W. H. 11. Mostly used for insertion in nasal sep [Font (Bolton, 1931, p- 251) and Longinos 1938, p. 46) note the perforation of the nasal women and men, but do not specify what sort was worn in the hole.] 12. Paint was obtained from cinnabar whic the mis. not far from Ventura. The cinnabar Fig. 1. Bone hair ornament from Santa Cruz Island decorated with abalone shell beads affixed with asphal- tum. Length 8.75 in. Specimen in UCMA, No. L-13816. - - 150 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW then ground up. -H. W. H. 0 far as can be determined the prehistoric Chumash ot use cinnabar for body paint, though some other brnia Indians did. See Heizer and Treganza, 1944, 111-312. Body painting was apparently extensively iced by the Chumash. Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 8ys red (ocher) and other colors were used to paint kce and body, and that by the manner of painting the as could recognize from what rancheria each person Both sexes painted the body, men especially when trent to war and women on "festal occasions" (Fages, pp. 34-35, 49; Costanso, 1910, p. 45.] T he island of S. Rosa contained many villages, Village apart from the others. A man marrying out town village was never allowed to return. He was that village henceforth. The villages were gen- friendly. -H. W. H. observation of village endogamy is also mentioned .61, and also for mainland Chumash village No. 42 .A of Henshaw's collection of village names printed e in this paper. Although villages may have been aly friendly," there were apparently numerous age conflicts since nearly all of the eighteenth- explorers have something to say on this matter. native villages of Santa Rosa Island named Kshi- Lilibeque, Muoc, Ninumu, Niquesesquelva, , Patiquilid, Patiquiu, Pilidquay, Pisqueno, d Siliwihi are listed in Handbook of American Part 1, p. 297, 1907.] Dwellings. -Made of saplings planted in the earth over to a common center and tied together. A left in the covering for exit of smoke. The cover- isted of smaller branches interlaced. Each mem- e family was assigned a place which he always , Fire was in the center. Rude bedsteads were planting four forked sticks in the ground to sup- amework of poles. Hostu speaks of a ticking made les and filled with straw, but this and the bed I presume, an innovation taken from the whites. Hostu stated that only the rich aspired to beds, ry Indian being content with the ground.-H. W. H. so (Simpson, 1938, p. 41) speaks of beds on with covers of skins. Henshaw appears to have error in attributing Chumash beds to Caucasian for the earliest land explorers note their pres- ges (1937, p. 49) says, "Their beds are built up edsteads, which are here called tapextles, of cks; a reed mat serves as a mattress, and four curtains, forming a bedroom. Beneath the bed- n the ground ? ) are the beds of the little Indians Similar information is contained in the 1769-1770 of Costanso (1910, p. 47; Portola, 1909, p. 29) enzies (1924, p. 325) in 1792. See also Yates, 374. gs of Chumash, as well as other Southern Cali- tive dwellings may be found in Woodward, 1949.] e introductory notes by the editor. Cf. also n. co says the villages contained from 15 to 30 Rincon, Ventura, Pt. Magu, and Santa Barbara age in each island were regarded in the nature "or chief places and in them were held festi- gRtherings. Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands ited only temporarily, if indeed they can be ye been inhabited at all, as they contained no permanent water. It was usual for the islanders to make trips to them at night during calm weather for the purpose of gathering shells, pebbles, etc. The houses were circu- lar in shape; oval at top. They were made of saplings stuck in the ground and brought together at top. Brush was interwoven and fastened to the holes by means of ropes. Over all tulle mats and . . . were thrown. The rushes were perhaps used as thatching. -H. W. H. [House, family and population counts are contained in a number of Spanish explorers' accounts. Henshaw's list of Chumash villages, printed elsewhere in this paper, indicates those villages which were said to be "capitals." These are likely to have been larger towns whose situation was central with reference to a series of outlying smaller villages. Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 49) noted in 1792 that "each rancheria, or small district of adjoining ranch- erias, has its own chief." Round houses as much as 60 feet in diameter, with pole framing and covered with reeds, and housing several fami- lies are described by Font (Bolton, 1931, pp. 251-252), Menzies (1924, p. 325), Costanso (1910, p. 43), and Fages, (1937, p. 48). Additional features mentioned are a mat- covered doorway, central fireplace, center smoke vent in roof, and two or three windows.] 17. This Indian affirms that the Santa Rosa Islanders obtained their bows and arrows from the mainland and that they were unacquainted with their use till taught by others. Their sole weapons consisted of their "fists and of stones." -H. W. H. [Costanso (1910, p. 35) saw at Pueblo de la Asumpta islanders who had come to the mainland for a visit, and states further (ibid., p. 49) that the mainland natives hold intercourse with the island people from whom they obtain the coral (i.e., shell) beads which serve as currency. Font (Bolton, 1931, p. 272) says that in 1776 he saw no baskets being made on the channel coast and quotes "some fathers" who claim they are made on Santa Cruz Island and traded to the mainland people. On his return trip he says that he saw no baskets because his party had secured them all on the way north (ibid., p. 457).] 18. To chip a stone knife or arrowhead the flint was placed in the cleft of a large stone. A very hard trans- parent slightly pointed pebble of agate was held against it and struck a light quick tap with a second pebble of quartz held in right hand. Pico states that the Islanders were more skillful in the production of stone implements and these formed their stock in trade. From the mainland they received in exchange seeds, acorns, bows and arrows, etc. -H. W. H. [This method of flint flaking is not the usual one prac- ticed by California Indians, but something like it is known in the northern part of the state. (See Squier, 1953.)] 19. Specific denial of use of shield, sling, war club, war spear and wrist guard by Santa Barbara Indians. - H. W. H. 20. Canoes. -These were made by the Santa Rosa In- dians in shape like a fish's tail, as my informant said, with room for three paddlers. They shaped their canoes with stone implements without the use of fire. He claims there used to be pines on Santa Cruz which they used for canoe timber. The outside was coated with asphaltum. -H. W. H. [For what is known about the plank canoes of the Santa Barbara region see Heizer, 1938, and for watercraft of the 151 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS California coast see Heizer and Massey, 1953.] 21. Tlk' is the name of a shrub from the bark of which is extracted a fibre which is made into thread, ropes, etc. especially fish lines. The bark is first dried, then rolled on stones to separate the fibers which are then rolled into lines on the knee by the palm of hand. Mats were made of this fibre. The Spanish name of the shrub is Cana sada. -H. W. H. [This plant may have been Indian hemp, Apocynum.] 22. Made of a red wood, probably manzanita, Spanish to-yon. -H. W. H. 23. Cup is the name of the stone plummet like objects which archaeologists usually have termed sinkers. The "sinker" theory receives apparent support from the fact that many of these have one end pecked for no other ap- parent purpose than to permit a string to be tied about it. Two of these were shown Hostu, one having the incised end, the other having both ends squared off. He instantly pronounced them to be sorcerers stones and said a com- plete set consisted of twenty. These were usually of dif- ferent colors and were, as I gathered, made from stones of rare and curious sort. When a sorcerer was consulted he placed these stones in a circle, pushed them violently together and sprinkled water over them; when smoke is- sued from them he answered questions put him. In reply to the question why were the ends thus incised Hostu re- plied he did not know. Almost all of them were so. He further stated that they were never used for sinkers on fish lines, saying that though stones were thus employed they were ordinary stones picked up on the beach and were never shaped. -H. W. H. [Cf. n. 69. For further discussion see Orr, 1943, pp. 49-50, and Holt, 1939. The account of L. G. Yates (1889, pp. 304-305) concerning uses of charmstones and a Ven- tura song in text is worth reprinting here. In a recent interview with one Rafael Solaris, the last male representative of the Tsa-ma-la tribe, who occupied a village called Tsok-to-no-Ha-moo, near the Santa Ynez Mission, Santa Barbara County, I ob- tained direct information which substantiates.my views as to the uses of these implements. Rafael at first dis- claimed any knowledge of the use of the so-called plum- mets; but when shown a perforated one he recognized it and said it was worn suspended from the neck for defense, and to make the wearer impervious to arrows, and that in time of war any one biting this implement was rendered invisible to his enemies, and enabled to travel with safety. The medicine men, after fasting one month and abstaining from the use of fatty substances, after drinking several cups of the decoction of a herb which they called Tol-whach-ie (Datura meteloides), were in proper condition to make use of the charm stones. In a still more recent interview with the host (last ?) of the Tchu'-mah Indians I obtained the words and translation of a song which refers to this subject. The meter and music are Schu'-may (or Chuma); the words are in the Mish-khon-a-ka, or language of the Ventura Indians. It is called Su-to-wen-cush. Song Ka'-yu-wa-will-le I am going to tell Le-le-ni-mu-stu me-sip-posh Uneasy my heart Su-mus-il. Ka-teush-wen Charm stone I have not. La'-li-o-li-o lwen-new I am sad. Juan de Jesus, a Ventura Indian, stated that the im plements which these figures represent were idols. Feathers were tied on each end, the idol placed in a basket or similar receptacle in the house of the medic man, when the people who were desirous of obtainingl favors from the spirit or power attributed to the idol; threw in seeds and other offerings to the receptacle ui til the idol was covered up. It is needless to say the offerings were appropriated by the medicine man. Justo, a Santa Barbara Indian, stated that the chat stones were sometimes arranged or scattered in varl4 places; those without perforations were covered up, while the perforated stones were placed on the surfaci of the ground, and during the dance, upon the approac of the individuals who had been made holy by the cere. monies before mentioned, the perforated charm stonq would elevate themselves on one end, to be grasped bi the fortunate individual, who thereby obtained their dO sire in relation to having a good year. These stones were suspended upon the person of the medicine man i only during the sacred dances, except in the case of warrior, who would hang them upon his person to re der him arrow-proof. In this connection I learned tha the peculiar stone implement figured in Vol. VII, Wheeler's Report, on page 215, the uses of which hal been heretofore unknown, was used in the following manner: Twenty of them were arranged in a square, five o each side; in the center was a bowl of water, beside which stood the medicine-man, with a long stone pip shaped like a cigar, in which an herb, called pispiva by the Mexicans, resembling southern wood, was sn The smoke was first directed toward the bowl of wat then toward the stones. The people came and moiste their faces with the water in the bowl, which had bee made holy by the previous ceremonies. This cere brought rain, caused death to enemies, and various other things.] 24. Made out of mussel or clam shells. -H.W.H. 25. Denies that the Islanders smoked or had smo pipes. -H. W. H. 26. Small size for pounding tobacco. The tobacco used in the stone smoking pipes was a kind of weed ing in abundance about S. Barbara. It was gathered,. dried on heated stones and then pounded up in small mortars when it was ready for the pipe. -H. W. H. 27. The long curved beads or pendants while per} designed primarily for ornaments were also used am charms. Young girls undergoing the monthly perio used them to scratch their heads with to prevent the hair falling out. They also served as body scrapers scratchers the nails of the hand being considered poisonous. -H. W. H. 28. The Santa Barbara Indians, says Hostu, use make much pottery out of a red clay found back of 152 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW n the hills. These were usually made of a round and were fashioned by the hands alone. They were d in the fire. This statement was made in response iestion by me whether they ever had pottery, and I ) reason to doubt the statement except for the very tant fact that no pottery has been exhumed from the o or found about the village sites. I can see no rea- r a deliberate misstatement on the part of the In- who apparently never hesitated to say "I don't know" isked for information he was unable to give. But if dians ever made pottery previous to the time of contact with the whites or subsequent to that time, ! are the fragments now? So strong is the negative ice in this instance that I must discredit the above Rent and wait for further confirmation. -H. W. H. nshaw was correct in believing that the Santa Bar- 'humash did not make pottery in pre-Hispanic times. 11887) describes two pottery vessels found in an eological site near Santa Barbara and further states Dttery fragments occurred on the surface of the site. quantities of European-made objects were also pres- ke pottery, though perhaps native made, is therefore 1-1770 date and not prehistoric. The Franciscan Dnaries taught some of the Indians in their care the que of pottery-making. Costanso (1910, p. 45) says Le Chumash "do not understand the use of clay (i.e., y) as it is used by the Indians of San Diego."] Used to mix "chia" in. -H. W. H. For measuring reeds and articles bartered in bulk * were used. These were of several sizes and al- idoubtless the standard was not very exact, they odmately approached a standard. Baskets were of the shape as women's hats. Ep -su, smallest, holding Blbs. of ground acorns;~t-tik', ten times size of The above were all that Pico could remember. -H. is woman's basketry hat fitted the head closely, ac- Ito Menzies (1924, p. 324). Fages (1937, p. 48) es the woman's hat as "shaped like the crown of a Id "decorated with handsome patterns." This type of doubtless like that of the Shoshonean tribes to the made by the coil of twine technique, and patterned ier, 1925, pl. 73).] ,Iobtained a clear idea of the use of the digging om several different Indians, especially from who used them. The stick was a smooth and round at one end. The stone whorl was slipped over and fn to about the middle of the stick where it was ap- t held in place by the bulging of the stick. Its func- solely to add to the weight. At Ventura I was in- by Pico that occasionally a hole was sunk in the the digging stick and a stone let into it for the purpose. The root mostly obtained was the ka-ko- the Spaniards call it or hu-ku'-h or ci-k in Ve,n- -hon in Santa Barbara. This is onion shaped and nto the Spaniards. -H. W. H. haw (1887) published separately an account of the ights for digging sticks, and because of the addi- tail it gives the pertinent part of his discussion is here as follows. K Santa Barbara Indian, to whom a specimen (of rated stones) was shown, a man sixty or more of age unhesitatingly affirmed, the moment he t, that it was a digging stick weight, called "al- -ur." This implement, he said, was formerly in Fig. 2. Gray volcanic stone digging-stick weight from Santa Cruz Island. Specimen in UCMA, No. L- 136 5 1. Fig. 3. Cream-colored stone digging-stick weight from Santa Cruz Island. Specimen in UCMA, No. L- 13656. use among the women in his tribe. In describing it he said the stick must be strong and very hard. The wood usually employed grew only in the mountains and was called "burtch." The especial function of the digging stick was to dig a kind of onionlike root called "ci -hon." When in use the weight was slipped over the handle till it rested about the middle of the stick, like a collar. As my inquiries were made through the medium of an interpreter, I found it difficult to learn how it was held at this point, in the absence of a suitable stick to serve as an example, but it seemed likely, from the descrip- tion that the stone was supported by a knob or projec- tion, natural or artificial. The sole function of the stone collar was evidently to add weight to the pointed stick and thus to increase its effectiveness. The work of digging the root for which the digging stick was employed devolved almost entirely upon the women, assisted more or less by the boys and old men. A large and varied assortment of these stones, includ- ing many different patterns in the museum of Mr. Clark, of Santa Barbara, who kindly offered every facility for examination, was pronounced by the Indian to belong to the class of digging weights. Even some very small per- forated pebbles, the minute size of which seemed to preclude the idea of any economic function, he pro- nounced to be digging weights for children, remarking 153 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS that everything used by the grown folks was duplicated in miniature for the children-a suggestion, by the way, which has occurred to more than one archaeologist, on purely theoretical grounds, and which is full of signifi- cance. The statements of this man were corroborated independently by his wife, of about the same age, to whom the digging stick had formerly been a familiar im- plement. While visiting the San Buenaventura Indians, thirty miles distant, additional proof of the employment of these stones as digging weights was found. Here an expressive pantomine was performed by an old gray-haired woman which would have been quite enough to remove all linger- ing doubts as to one use, at least, of these stones. Visit- ing the old woman one day, I found her seated on the ground, which served as a floor to the hut, close to the fireplace. By way of introduction I showed her one of the digging weights, putting it into her hands without a word of suggestion or inquiry. Bringing it close to her eyes she scanned it eagerly, then broke into a laugh, gesticulating wildly, and with every sign of surprise and interest. Being questioned as to the cause of her pleasure, she said: "It is many years since I have seen one of these stones; where did you get it?" Being told that it was plowed up at Santa Barbara she assented to the prob- ability of this statement, adding, "We used to bury them with the dead." In reply to the question "What do you know of its use?" she instantly seized a small stick from the fireplace and slipped the ring down to its middle, pre- cisely as the Santa Barbara Indian had done, holding it there with the left hand, grasping the stick just below it to show that the middle of the stick was its proper posi- tion, and began to dig industriously into the dirt floor. This pantomimic explanation of the use of the stone weighted digging stick was almost as satisfactory as it would have been to come across her at work in the field digging roots with a veritable digging stick of the olden time. This woman also said that the bulblike root called "ci-hon" was the principal root dug with the implement, this root forming an important article of food as well as of barter with other tribes. A second old woman living in the same village, who might have been perhaps seventy years old, but who passed as much older, subsequently corroborated the account in every particular. An intelligent half-breed of this same village, less than forty years old, from whom I derived much varied information, had no knowledge of the use of these disks as weights to digging sticks. This man, however, was too young to have personal knowledge of any but compara- tively recent times, and it is probable that the stone weights had been generally abandoned before his time. The digging sticks described by the half-breed were made of a very heavy wood and were not artificially weighted. The half-breed, however, stated that he had seen such a stick with a small stone sunk into the top parallel with its axis. This could hardly have been for a weight, but might have been a charm. Subsequently this Indian stated that on inquiry among the old people he learned that the stone disks were formerly used as weights to digging sticks on Santa Cruz Island, as also were disks of similar shape made of whales' bones.] 32. The stone disks for which various uses have been suggested were one and all maintained by Hostu to be weights for digging sticks. They are termed al-stu'-wtirts; the hole is called slak. The first one shown him was one of the more common sort, of sandstone with the hole worn and grooved by use. This he stated to be the ordinary kind and said there were some made of a dark stone which came from "the Islands," and which were usually well polish The first named were used by the common class of In- dians; the last belonged only to the wealthy. The wood employed for digging sticks was a sort of "Iron wood" hard and straight. It was called burto'. The weight wa, fixed to the middle of the stick to give it proper balan Two were never used on one stick. When small perfo ated disks were shown him he said children used th So far as he knew they were never put to any other us no matter what their size, shape or condition of f Ci-hon is a kind of onion shaped root for digging of these sticks were usually used. -H. W. H. [For additional discussion see Henshaw (1887).] 33. The disks with holes in the center (tg-kgi) arn used by the Ventura Indians only to play the game of disks called t -t8'-8c. A court is prepared 8 x 12 fee very smooth and with bounds marked with upright one at each corner. When 2 men played the court w small, the bounds being designated by 4 stones; by when 3 played; by 8 when 4 played. The lance was a as large as the little finger, made of oak 6 or 7 feet long. The game is 10 points, one point being scored each time the stick is cast through the disk. Thel is held in both hands. The disk used is the ordinary stone disk with a small hole (about as large as mid finger). Pico says the Ventura Indians did not use disks as weights to digging sticks. For these, they cured a heavy wood in the mts. and if more weight wanted a hole was bored in the top and piece of ston was sunk in. He added that the Santa Cruz Islanders used disks for digging sticks made of stone and als whale's bones. A disk made of hard rock also serve shape stone pipes. The pipe was turned in the hole. H. W. H. [Hoffman (1885, pp. 32-33) describes the Santa bara Chumash as employing "a barrel-shaped stone- three inches in diameter and four in length, at whi players shot arrows, the idea being to penetrate th hole while the ring was in motion. The players st upon either side of the course." Font in 1776 desc the game field as follows: "All the settlements or erias of the Channel have a community place for p consisting of a very smooth and level ground, like bowling green, with low walls around it, in which play, rolling a little half-round stick" (Bolton, 193 253). Palou (1926, 2:156) observed that each Ch village contained two neat "enclosures," one for the other being their "ceremonial temple."] 34. Ci-hon, a root shaped like an onion; greatl teemed by Indians and forming an important food, 35. Pa-hY-la-tcet stated that the [Santa Rosa] did not eat seeds-in fact they had none to eat-bu entirely on fish. -H. W. H. 36. Meat of seals. -H. W. H. 37. Slight breathing sound after last syllable. 3 8. Chrome yellow. -H. W. H. 39. After 10 Raphael became mixed and fin up the attempt to enumerate. His 12, 13, etc. wF same as his 20, 30, etc. -H. W. H. i 40. And so on. -H. W. H. 154 I MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW 41. The San Buenaventura Indians recognize 12 or letimes 13 moons to the year. T' swa' , or winter pn, was from Dec. 25 to the last of March. The word n8 "much water and many storms." Ka-pu'-ni, spring, nlast of March until last of June. Spe'-nec, summer pans "flowery field"), from end of June until end of tember. Yak-si'-ni, fall, means harvest time or a people get hungry. The Dec., Jan., and Feb. moons ah-na-ma-nan. This means to be hungry because is scarce. The moons are hence called "hungry "-H. W. H. P;arrington (1942, p. 29) notes only that the Chumash udar was "descriptive," that it was not seasonally led, and the winter solstice was observed in the cal- Fr. Henshaw's notes confirm these data. Stars as fth markers mentioned by Harrington are not noted nshaw's informants.] li. 2. Grey fox. -H. W. H. 43. Bristles of the sea lion were used as needles by "Islanders, also as perforators. -H. W. H. |Cf. n. 8 supra.] 14. Brewer's blackbird. -H. W. H. lb. Red-headed ducK. -H. W. H. 46. Class name meaning "birds that swim." -H. W. H. 17. When heard at night indicates that one of the tribe ead. -H. W. H. ,8, Identified by Henshaw as Pipilo crissalis; "all nbirds like this are called by this name." i@, Identified by Henshaw as Colymbus septentrion- I. ~,.Identified by Henshaw as Podiceps occidentalis. 1. Identified by Henshaw as Geothyphis trichas. I,Quail, doves, roadrunner, blackbirds, sparrows, H. W. H. l Al-a-p8-18-18, a small shell used for earrings; for ornamenting baskets, mortars, etc. kg-i, a white shell from which a minute bead was made rung; constituting their most valuable money; the alone was used. -H. W. H. 9nt (Bolton, 1931, p. 254) noted that women wore pendants," and Menzies (1924, p. 324) observed omen wore "beads and other ornaments appending their ears."] The S. Rosa Indians sharpened the edge of an aba- ell and wore it around the neck as a scraper to ch their bodies with. -H. W. H. is not clear whether reference here is to a body her used when the skin itched, or whether the shell r might be the common Central California "sweat- described by Font (Bolton, 1931, pp. 250-251) as s: "They are also accustomed to carry a sweat which is a long and somewhat sharp bone or similar with which they scrape the body when they are per- to remove the perspiration. They say that this is good thing because by doing so they cease to be "] 55. Abalone shell was cut into the desired shape for ornaments by means of a stone knife which was held in one hand and struck with a small pebble held in the other. The piece was then rubbed down to shape on a rough stone, water being thrown on it to facilitate the process. The nicer polish was put on by rubbing upon a piece of leather stretched tightly. Both men and women made shell orna- ments. The work fell chiefly to old men and old women. U -ski-kac, long bead like pendants made of abalone shells. When young girls had their monthly periods it was only necessary to scratch their heads with these to prevent the hair from falling out. -H. W. H. [Cf. n. 27.] 56. The S. Rosa Indians paddled with their hands like a dog. They also swam sidewise over-handed. They were carefully taught to swim when young and could stay a long time in the water, as my informant said, "a whole day." -H. W. H. 57. Specific denial of the use of grasshoppers as food by Santa Barbara Indians. -H. W. H. [Yates (1890, p. 375) notes grasshoppers not eaten at Santa Barbara, but used by the Indians "farther down the coast."] 58. Used to induce pregnancy. -H. W. H. 59. In 1812 the great earthquake occurred on the Cali- fornia coast and at that time every soul left the island of S. Rosa. The waters receded from the island several hun- dred yards. This so alarmed the Indians that, fearful that the island was about to be engulfed, they departed and were settled in bands of three or four hundred at the sev- eral missions. The above is the story told by the Indian. It is not difficult to read the power of the priests in this abandonment. Doubtless predictions of heavy punishment in case the islanders still proved contumacious, had often been made by the priests, and this earthquake was inter- preted by the superstitious Indians as the first of a series of fatal catastrophes. -H. W. H. [What may refer to the same generic religious complex, or possibly was motivated by 1890 Ghost Dance influence, is recorded in an article, "An Indian Prophet; a Banning Witch Doctor's Foreboding," appearing in the San Fran- cisco Chronicle, June, 1892. Because of its interest it is reprinted in full: Palm Springs, June 17.-A [Cahuilla] witch doc[t]or residing at Banning, Cal., has suddenly put himself forward as a prophet of evil and his dismal croakings outvie those of the Canadian sage. While Professor Wiggins' followers are few and his gloomy forebodings are subjected to boundless ridicule, the Banning seer has devoted believers and his scoffers to avoid trouble have to gracefully hide their disbelief through fear of the wizard's adherents. The plan pursued by the hyperborean Jeremiah is imitated by his semi-tropical brother; and as he con- tinually foretells of earthquakes and other disasters it is not surprising that some of his warnings come true. When a temblor occurs the Banning prophet trium- phantly declares: "Did I not tell you so? " and even the stanchest unbeliever finds his strength weaken be- fore such palpable proof. The consequence is that several hundred Indians on the desert and in the lovely verdurous retreats of the San Jacinto and San Bernar- dino mountains are in desperate fear of the world coming to an end. I 155 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS The earthquake of June 13th revived all the terrors inculcated by his doctrines and if the Indians have not passed sleepless nights owing to the expected abrupt termination of all things in general, it is because no catastrophe, never so terrible, can interfere with their appetites or their sleep. The implicit confidence these wretched people re- pose in the wild utterances of this malevolent being is painful, and still more so wL en we consider that the educated Indians among them more strongly fasten their belief to his saying through a perusal of the daily press. To-day a highly intelligent Indian gave me a resume of the prophet's announcements. He reads the papers and says what he has gleaned from their col- umns fortifies the prophet's position. "Yes, the captain he much afraid," said Francisco opening the conversation gently, so he might gather my views upon the subject without compromising him- self. "Of what is he afraid? " I asked. It must be said that the redoubtable Captain Jose Rafael has a cold in his chest, and is overwhelmed with sorrow at the pro- spect of his approaching death. "Me die in two weeks," said the captain to me. Where and whence he obtained knowledge of his short lease of life he refused to explain, but emphatically reiterated, "Me die in two weeks. You see? " "He think we all soon be swallowed up," continued Francisco, referring to the delicate captain. "Swallowed up? " "Si. One witch doctor at Banning say that this year there be big earthquakes and the ground all open and we all die." "Surely you don't believe in such rubbish?" "How can I no believe," he pathetically replied. "The other day he say there come earthquake, and there come earthquake. Well he say more than that. He say there be next year big war. Now I read in the papers that next year there be big war. How can the papers say there be big war and the witch doctor say there be big war? They not know each other. Of course it be true. Then the witch doctor also say that soon next year there be big hunger and we all will go hun- gry, white man as well as Indian, there be nothing to eat, and we all die, and you see provisions already very high. So he speak the truth." "Well, do all the Indians believe this?" "Yes mostly all. Captain more than all. He think the world come to stop, and he say no use to work any more, to plant or sow, because we all soon die and then we have too much trouble for nothing. Some In- dians say to witch doctor 'it no true,' and he tell them 'for believe in God,' and they say 'yes.' Well he says 'God tell me so, and if you no want to believe God, then you die anyway. ' "Captain he get much afraid, and he go to Banning, and the witch doctor tell him: 'Captain, sure as you born world come to end; God tell me so, and if you no believe you go to seashore: there you see sea, and sea rise one inch every day. Pretty soon sea will be as high as mountain, and then it will come all over here, and you all die. But first, Captain, there and swallow up. . . . [some words omitted]. . . ." Im- puting that the destroying angel was not omniscient. How true is the saying. "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing," in the case of Francisco. His mind was too strong to permit itself to be frightened by the silly vaporings of the witch doctor, but when he read of war, probably "on the eastern horizon" of Europe, in a daily paper the coincidence was too remarkable to pass unnoticed. He referred again and again to the pa- per, which, according to the Indian, is infallible, and the man who can hundreds of miles away cause a paper, to speak his thoughts ought naturally to be in rapport with journalistic war-makers. "But the paper say so, and, of course, war come, he obstinately persisted, "and the witch doctor say so too. How cannot come?" "Do all the witch doctors say this?" "No; not all. One witch doctor in Banning, he old man, say, 'All wrong; no war, no hunger, no sea, no earthquake'; but the other witch doctor, he young man and heap strong, he beat him and say, 'Shut up your mouth, you old man; you don't know what you talk abou It seemed that this forcible argument proved effica- cious, and the young witch doctor obtained a signal tri umph over his elderly rival, for, according to my autb authority, not only was the scoffer beaten into silenie,, but was awed into acquiescence by the recent earth- quake. Undoubtedly the minds of the Cahuillas have been much exercised during the past year. The mysterious Salton sea frightened hundreds almost into catalepsy, and should any untoward atmospherical disturbance take place, or an eclipse obscure the sun or moon, or; an earthquake rattle a few stones down the mountain sides, a commotion such as we can hardly realize will assuredly happen. It is strange what a hold these wretched witch docto4 still retain over the Indians. No education, never so long, can entirely eradicate from their minds their superstitious fear. The witch doctor's power in cases of sickness is almost incredible. They admit the white man' s ability to cope with serious sicknesses, and hav faith in his medicines, which they will readily swallow but they will never obey his orders as to diet; on the contrary, any extravagant dance that the witch doctor commands will be ungrumblingly performed, and if death ensues the blame is evenly divided, for the astut witch doctor calmly informs the bereaved relatives th1 if the white man had not interfered with his diabolical doses a well man and not a corpse would have been the' happy result of the witch doctor's treatment. -John Hamilton Gilmour.] 60. Tsa-ma-la, name of band to which Raphael belon according to Gould and his manuscript. -H. W. H. [Reference here is to Bureau of American Ethnology Ms. No. 857-a, a vocabulary of the "Tsa-ma'-la band allied to neighboring bands at Santa Barbara and Ventura etc." The informant was "Rafael Solaris, the oldest of th few survivors of the band. Rafael's age seems about si He was a young man well grown when Alvarado was gov- ernor at Monterey." The vocabulary was recorded at San Barbara, June 1-2, 1887, by G. H. Gould.] 61. The Santa Rosa Indians buried their dead in the ground and with the body were placed all the possessions of the deceased. The hair of the widow was cut off and s was compelled to visit the grave at stated periods and mourn. Mourners were also hired by the relatives of the deceased. The widow also observed a prescribed diet perhaps fasted. The period of widowhood lasted one year, after which time she was at liberty to marry any man be. longing to her own village. No one was allowed to go out- side to marry. A man marrying out of his own village never allowed to return. The marriage ceremony consi of the couple eating mush together out of the same dish I 156 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW lic, after which they were man and wife. -H. W. H. Cf. n. 1: village endogamy was permitted, but vil- exogamy was also practiced. Compare also n. 13 Ihe situation of Santa Rosa Island village where endog- or exile if a man married outside his village, is Stioned again. Ihe archaeology of Santa Rosa Island is discussed by hers (1929, chap. 8), Bowers (1878), and Orr (1951). extensive work of Philip Mills Jones for the Univer- of California is being prepared, after 50 years, for lication.] 2. The Santa Barbara Indians used to bury their dead sitting posture. The legs were flexed and bound to body with ropes as also were the arms. The body was Poe to the grave on the back of a male relative and when grave was reached the bearer took position by the re and stood with outstretched legs, when all those followed, including the relatives and friends, crept 611 fours through his legs. The Indian, my informant, ed to make clear the meaning of this custom, but said should anyone fail to perform this essential ceremony th was sure to follow as a penalty. Into the grave was all the worldly possessions of the deceased. In case of an of importance his house was sometimes burned, but was not done ordinarily. It was customary for the DW to cut off the hair of the deceased and to wear it on own head in the shape of a sort of a net. -H. W. H. [The sitting posture for buried corpses does not ap- r to have been the -invariable rule for the mainland imash if we may judge from the archaeological records h usually attest to the flexed or contracted position the body lying on the right or left side. For Mescali- sland site see Orr (1943). he historical documents of the late eighteenth century Sin fairly full data on Chumash burial. The single description is by Fages (1937, pp. 33-34): When any Indian dies, they carry the body to the doratory, or place near the village dedicated to their do. There they celebrate the mortuary ceremony, nd watch all the following night, some of them gathered bout a huge fire until daybreak; then come all the rest linen and women), and four of them begin the ceremony s this wise. One Indian, smoking tobacco in a large tone pipe, goes first; he is followed by the other three, 11 passing thrice around the body; but each time he 8ses the head, his companions lift the skin with which is covered, that the priest may blow upon it three outhfuls of smoke. On arriving at the feet, they all ur together stop to sing I know not what manner of Laudation. Then come the near and remote relatives of he deceased, each one giving to the chief celebrant a {ring of beads, something over a span in length. Then Imediately there is raised a sorrowful outcry and mentation from all the mourners. When this sort of olemn response is ended, the four ministers take up body, and all the Indians follow them, singing, to cemetery, which they have prepared for the pur- se, where it is given sepulture; with the body are uied some little things made by the deceased person self; some other objects are deposited round about be spot where the body rests and over it, thrust into e earth, is raised a spear or very long rod, painted various colors. At the foot of this rod are left a few cs, which naturally represent the ability and kind occupation which the man had while he was living. the deceased is a woman, they leave strung on the od some of the boxes and baskets which she was accus- med to weave. In this detailed account there is no mention of the cus- tom of those attending the burial crawling through the outstretched legs of the corpse bearer. In the San Luis Obispo Mission return of the 1811 Interrogaterio (Kroe- ber, 1908, p. 17) there are mentioned the facts that one special person, who bears the corpse to the cemetery, also digs the grave, and that beads are distributed to all who have assisted in bringing the body to the grave. Cutting off the hair of the deceased is attested by Palou (1926, 2:156) who states that the hair of male dead is hung on the grave post (see also Portola, 1909, p. 29, and Crespi in Bolton, 1927, p. 169). Palou's remark (1926, 2:156) that there were separate cemeteries for men and women remains unsupported either by archaeological or other ethnological evidence. Although D. B. Rogers (1929, p. 381) admits "some uncertainty," he believes the Spaniard's claim of separate cemeteries is corroborated, but this cannot be admitted until the de- tailed evidence is produced.] 63. The corpse was buried in a sitting posture, the arms and legs being flexed, the arms across the belly, the knees well up to the chin. The arms and legs were bent while the body was yet warm and when cold remained in this position without tieing. A cloth was bound around the head and face of deceased. Head and face of deceased were covered with ashes. The body was then placed in a wicker basket and buried in the ground. Four men car- ried the body to the grave, supported on poles. A funeral feast was provided at the grave by the relatives of de- ceased. The friends brought beads and ornaments of abalone aiid threw them into the grave. The property of deceased was not buried with the body but was burned or thrown away. In confirmation of this statement the old woman states that on Santa Cruz Island the property was buried with the body, a practice different from their own. The house of deceased was burned as were the can- oes of the dead man; even his dog and cat shared the same fate. The hair of deceased was cut off as a memento. The only reason given for the destruction of property was the desire to get rid of everything that should recall the de- ceased to the memories of his friends. Two old women assured me that they knew nothing of a future. When they died that was end of them. The widow was expected to remain single for 6 yrs. She was then at liberty to marry anyone she chose. In case of unchastity during the period of her widowhood she would suddenly find herself con- fronted by the appearance of her husband. Her death was sure to follow soon after. It was the widow's duty to re- pair to her husband's grave occasionally to sing and cry. -H. W. H. 64. Means "he is covered with blisters.'-H. W. H. 65. As'-ka'snu-wurtc, the Coyote Dance, sung in case of sickness. Ka-snflr-wRir-kus, the Bear Dance. -H. W. H. [These songs are given below in the Addendum to the Santa Rosa Island vocabulary.] 66. Ak-stY-lu'-lu-is, a large sweat-house with steps leading up to the roof, the entrance being from the top, heated with wood fire. -H. W. H. [This is the Central Californian type of earth-covered sweathouse. Menzies (1924, p. 325) describes it as follows: At each Villaget we observed a sweating place made by digging a deep pit or cavity of from ten to 15 feet square in a bank near the water side & covering it all over with Spars & earth so as to be scarcely dis- I b i 157 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS tinguishable from the other parts of the Bank, except- ing by a small hole left open at the top for an entrance through which only one person could descend at a time by means of a post notched with steps . . . Font (Bolton, 1931, p. 254) some years earlier des- cribes the sweathouse or temescal as "a hot closed room for sweating, made somewhat subterranean and very firm with poles and earth, and having at the top, in the middle, an opening like a scuttle, to afford air and to serve as a door, through which they go down inside by a ladder con- sisting of straight poles set in the ground and joined to- gether, one being shorter than the other." Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 42) also mentions the temescal, but adds no significant details. D. B. Rogers' inference re- garding steam sweating (1929, pp. 374-375) is entirely unsupported by any other evidence, and is extremely im- probable in view of the distribution of this method of sweating.] 67. At the time of the menses girls (a--pai-y k6) were compelled to enter a hole inside a hut the entrance to which was from the top by means of a ladder. The hole was heated first by hot stones and a lining of tulle was then put in. Here the girl stayed for five days, leaving it for no purpose whatever. At the end of this time she was so stiff as scarcely to be able to move and two men took her by the arms and ran her about to restore circulation. She then returned to daily life. -H. W. H. [This refers to the seclusion of the girl and the stand- ard Southern California "pit roasting" of the individual pubescent girl. For details see Driver (1941, pp. 34- 37). ] 68. So-ke-li is a long ribbon or band made of tail feathers of Colaptes mexicanus. It is used by the Indian sorcerers for calling the wind. A few feathers of this bird tied on a string and put outside the door would cause the wind to blow. -H. W. H. [Branches of feathers tied to the end of a stick served as fetishes or idols to which offerings of food were made. See Fages (1937, pp. 32-33), Longinos (Simpson, 1938, p. 42), and Kroeber (1908, p. 16).] 69. Ma-nuc-nu, a plummet shaped stone used by magi- cians for making rain and for practice of sorcery gener- ally. T'sa-naut or tu-caut' is a magician's stone. They are said by Pico to be found only [on] S. Barbara Island. It is a roundish oval quartz pebble covered with a dark deposit of iron and differs little if any in shape and gen- eral character from the usual beach worn pebbles. In an incantation this is placed in the center of a circle sur- sounded by 12 of the plummet shaped stones I(ml-nuc-nu). Chia and other seeds were then ground up very fine and the meal, together with down from the breast of the white goose was then spread over the stones. Red ochre (m_- n5'-sm8) was also spririkled over the whole. A dance was then held around the magic pile while 3 old men sang. Ceremonies similar to the above were held to cure sick- ness, to cause rain, to put out fire in the mts., to call fish, when a war expedition was to be undertaken, etc. These ceremonies were usually held in a round house in which were 5 fires one at each corner and one in the centre. The t'sa-naut being placed just before the center fire. This stone when pressed in the hand for some time will be cov- ered with moisture. This is attributed to the "power of the stone.'-H. W. H. [A similar account was published by Henshaw, 1885, pp. 6-7. See also n. 23 supra. D. B. Rogers (1929, p. 388 states that on the floor of one of the ceremonial areas found "two clusters of the sacred cigar-shaped 'chars stones, ' apparently as arranged by the shaman, all rM ing from a central circular piece that was encircled bl band of asphaltum and rested in a small cup-shaped?L der, like a golf ball in a tee."] 70. Same as word for sun. -H. W. H. 71. Co is the herb formerly used by the Indians. It called by the Mexicans "Coyote Tobacco." Pio-pi-ba- the Mexican name. -H. W. H. [Compare "peribate," a paste made of tobacco with ground sea shells in Longinos (Simpson, 1938, 72. Strong drink. -H. W. H. I 73. The past tense seems to be formed by additi time adverb. -H. W. H. 74. Horse and dog by same term because both ar tic animals. -H. W. H. 75. Both being domestic animals. -H. W. H. 76. Said to be but one word for brother and siste W. H. 77. whan equivalent to Juan (? ).-H. W. H. 78. [As given by Henshaw.] 79. [Frequently sung in case of sickness.] 80. [C. Hart Merriam recorded certain informa cerning the Santa Ynez peoples in 1911 as follows: Oct. 4, 1911, I visited the remnant of Santa! Indians living on a small creek a mile or two lb (southwesterly from) the present village of Sat Talked with several of the Indians, includi intelligent old woman . . . They call their lan Kah-sah'-kom-plgh'4- and say that their territ tended easterly about 27 miles-ifnto the mount southerly to the high main range of the Santa Y Santa Barbara Mts; westerly 9 miles down the Ynez River to a place called Ahn-sahn on the Buell ranch (line passes close to the ranch ho north for at least 13 miles-into the San Rafael Their territory included Zaca Lake, which the Ko'-o, which they visited to hunt and fish. They gave me the names of 6 of their ran villages, all in the Santa Ynez Valley (broadly as follows: Ah-ke-tsoom' - about 20 miles east of Mis-stah'-ke-wah - about 16 miles ESE, Marcos Ranch. Kal'-ah-wah-sah' - on the South bank of River 3 or 4 miles below Santa Ynes This was the largest rancheria of the Saw-taw--n6ch-mo' - on the north bank Ynez River directly opposite the lar Kal-lah-wah-sah'. Hoon-hoon'-nf-tah'- near present Zaca on railroad a couple (about 3) miles of Los Olivos. Me-wah'-wan - at the base of a big whi in the San Rafael Mts, about 12 or 1i north of Santa Ynez. 158 MISSION INDIAN VOCABUL ey say that a tribe called Ah-moo' speaking a of their [Chumash] language, lived to the west rth, from La Purissima and Lompoc to Santa and up the Santa Maria and Sisquoc valleys. ould understand parts but by no means all of age. Farther north was the San Luis Obispo e which was wholly different. ,ARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW 159 The tribe inhabiting Cuyama Valley they call Kah'- she-nahs'-moo' and say that they differed from both themselves and the Ah-moo'. The tribe at Santa Barbara they call Kas-swah'. They speak a language similar to but somewhat differ- ent from the Santa Ynez Kah-sah'-kom-pth'-ah. ] COSTANOAN English J Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz i man ................ woman ............. old man ............ old woman .......... young man .......... young woman........ virgin .............. boy................. girl ................ infant.............. twins ............... married man........ married woman. widower ............ widow .............. bachelor (old) ....... maid (old) .......... the old people ....... the young people..... a great talker ....... a silent person ...... thief............... head ............... skull ............... hair ................ scalp ............... face ................ forehead ............ eye ................ eyelash ............. eyebrow ............ upper eyelid ........ lower eyelid ........ earlobe ............. ear................. perforation in ear.... external opening of ear. nose ............... nostril ............. cheek .............. beard .............. mouth .............. upper lip ........... lower lip ........... cu-rYc-ma sYn-nYk-Y-nYc cu-cYk '-Yn-nYs cYn --Y mu -w6 cu- rYc-ma-ma-ku-trs hu-ri'-ah' cu '-rYc-ma-hu- ris'- men mu-w6 -at-ha-wa'- tys cu-mu-cu-rrc-mi- a'- tr-muk-u-trs pf-wo wtir -h' wtr '-irh'-pa-tak-tTs hmn u-ri' hYn wi'- nas wi'-nas wYn- na '-ps wYn- na '-pTs a'-kum-ci'-rYn a'-tco a'-kum-ci'-rTn ta-hrin- cu hus u-muh~ / ki-ri'-ti san'-tcrik-Y s'e p '- p6 k hai a-tuk'-co mu '-kr-umk latc '-i-tim-krint e'-wY- ctm le-hY-htm tin '-nrimk- si '- nY- umpk atc-yumk a'-yum si '-nYmk atc-cumpk si '-nYmpk su'-tY-rTmps ha'-wa-ntinth ur-nikt a-lus-ta mu'-kY-umk- a'-lust latc-Y-rim-krint-a'- lust a-nrimk-se-le'-sr- um a '-tT-nrist ut tco-htn ut tu '-rum trams u '-ri hin' tut '- s pes mak-tu- rum' p6l '-ssYk-Yn tuk's tu'-p'6n us mak-us tsamse es h aik wip'-sur wip'-sur [160] tca'-Y cu-rique' gi'-4-hon' gi-46-ho'-na mek'-tca-i a'-la-tcas mu'-hva a'-lac tcYk'-a-mai a-la-cac mA-ko' han'A-nac gi-a-han'-ni tcYk-a- mai a- paran'-tcgi-tco '- tcu u-li' ka '-ra hmn' la-kin' ar-l1n le'-ni eh' -tA '-li wk-km ka-ltmp' tra- rrs kYtc - k4em '-mt mi - t6s '- mYn cu'- lTk ka- trak '-rnYn atc-a'-ma lTn'-matc (little) atc-a '-ma a-la'-cu pa-lYtc'-Y-mrn hau'- s6n la-wen hu-i-yu u-i-ya-kus-tra-ri kg'-trak-ma nan- sw&c -mYn tf-tas'-ti ap-sv-ras-mYn u-li' trap pa-ta' h&m'4t ti-ma hYn hai '-ye su-nup o. -tco hul'- pu hus pun'-truk u-tu' he-is w%-hAr'-a tan'-kar (lip) I JI i i -1 m 161 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz Dth. lbvt ................ oat............... am's apple ........ OY................ der ............ k. east of a man...... le breast ......... Wa8t of a woman .... s.............. ,... ... ... . .... . arm ............. pits ............. arm above elbow arm ............ elbow .......... elbow ............ t hn .......... hand ... ...... .. hand ............. of hand ......... of hand ......... prs .............. finger .......... rnail ........... Ie ............. .............. ove knee ....... .............. I the leg ........ . . .. ....... f foot .......... r numbered notes, tit sas '- seh' rus hor'-ktis s6p-hek krit- trik rim'-mE A-lt / leu-nuk ha'-p'g / mu'-mu mus mus mus hit '- tcal pyt '-i ha-no Ts'-so a '-wYe mu-tcu'-tcuk stim '-ma ptk 'a pYlk '-a-hait-t'-tha pik '-a-a-wYc Ys'-su rs ,-su rs'-su-hai-a-tcas- mYn/ Ts'-su-hai- lt-tha Ts-su-a '-wYc rs'-su hit'-sa-rs-su w6t-tY-re-Ys'-su hYm- m't-Ys -su tu-rYs su '- pYs kor'-o' mak-kus' ya '- ttis yrai-i-k6r-o ko-rot'-ka hit '-sa-pr'-o ko4r'-o-pi-re it-Y-en'-k6r '-o sit lash' rus-a'-tcos ho'- raks a '-wis kat- sk a-ks a -ma alt rumse tuk mus tca '- pal pi-tin lapts is y6e'- At - kai -is tca '-taks lu'-tum sa'-ma-ka-is ku '-lulse sa-mat-ka-ku-lulse Iy6'-ke6t-kai -ku -lulse is sa'-mat-kai-is' yUek'-kAt-kai-is ' puts en'-mis tus kor-o talse ta'-kutsp taks kor '-o talt sai'-an ketc'`-tc'6n la-se' pu-tcunk' tca- rTn mu'-cy pun- cunk' le-kYn' pu'-cuks Pu pbr-tcrink' kor-o sYt lwas-se rus -we hft'-kas ki-hat ra-na'-i tuh' - mur a-lat ' ku-m.s mus mus mus tci'-pai hu-tu la '-ha rs-su a'-wYs cym'- ctrm rs-su sam'-ma ta-wle"p'(below elbow) ku-lu-lTs an- pai'-i srim-a-ta-wi (right) a-wrs-ta-wi (left) ya-wu sa-ma' a-wYc' nu '-mp i-su tu'-yrs ptin'-lrih tul' ya -kan' kor'-o tu- mrc' sai'-yan ha- pan' kor '-o ha'-tac sa-yan I , see p. 186. I 162 ~~~~~~ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz toe.......... blood ........ vein or artery..... brain......... bladder........ heart......... kidney ........ lung ......... liver......... stomach ....... rib.......... pulse......... s pine......... skin......... bone......... intestines....... breechcloth...... pair of moccasins .... blanket........ barehead ....... naked ........ barefoot ....... rabbit skin ...... robe of rabbit skins . .. buckskin ............. thread of sinew .... headdress of feathers bone (beaded) inserted in nose. necklace of shells .. paint......... black paint ...... red paint....... ear ring ....... village........ house ........ smoke hole...... fire ......... fire wood....... doorway ....... a light ........ ashes ........ smoke ........ mat ......... bed ......... a stone........ spring........ ko- rot'-ka- pi -re' pa '-yan pa '-yan lu '-pa tca-la' 'no '-so pac '-pac ha'-natc-ha'-po si'-dA no '-so ttik4'-ra no-so ru-mi'-mn~tc Iho- po-Y-to' yi'- sas tra'-i pi'-ti 'ek-kwe'-nah-pu-ruh' a-mai'-y'e 'ek-kwe'-rah-kor'-o e~m- me '-ya yu-kuhl 1 tu'-nAk ma-s '6'neh'- cu-tcu- ras- mrien u'-tuh' ki- rrt-ti-mrn saq'- tan ha'-nac ni'- sYs kar'-Ys tg'-kAi pa'-tcan lu'- pak pan '- tcal si'- rY tak rumse tru '- rrim tcatc rilthk '6sk kwer'-o-te bi-rAk-ka-hYn [21 lvem'- me mi'-hanse mas si-na-kar'-sYs-4nse sa-u-tYst-'6nse tu'-p~n sa-to tci'-ri kas tts iz'-r'gk Si I ha-1l6n' ti' -cwem PA'- lAn ke'-lrs sa - p6t '- a sa-paq'-na ki-sa-na tu'-y~s pai -yan' ha-li' mrn'-i ta-we' si'-re pi'- ti ha-1l6m' ru- mes pa-ta' tai'-yi li '-tlbk ha'-ta rrs-sar '-a u'-ri ris'-ke kr)r'-o sfl-lu' hai'-ytip hurtk ti-wi ma-stt mur-tu-sa-i pat-ka-mn&- i-yi-kas ca-tau' ta'- pA rn -nu YUki cuk-mu-i td-ko' tA-ko' kA-nAt' tci-ria' mo-hi '-na sat'-ta ta- paL' suk-a-mai et' ta-nfn ereh'-i 162 163 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz ter......... ~'nk ........ rwof wood ......... ew on back of bow.. OW............... h in end of arrow r arrowhead ...... ch in end of arrow r bowstring ....... owhead of stone lt of arrowhead ... ow shaft of wood ... ow feathers ....... ler ............... eld ............... Oe............. net .............. string ............ ok .............. hook....... for catching bits ............. it trap........... line ............. of stone ......... cco .............. stem of reed .... made of stem of nt............... rtar . e. drill ... .. .. .. .. . e conical seed bas- (carried on back) owing basket ..... ow basket ....... et basket ........ e water jug (for g water in lodge) (of seed) ........ basket ......... t. L (green) ......... e of cocoons...... ey... ... .. .. .. .. . et... ... .. .. .. .. . y.... si si * . . ta '- wa tai '-yts la '-wan hu'- rk teps si' u - wer' ta- mik ' teps i '-dek kit'-ta skep '-pos tcu '-cic o -wan ta-nai' tu '-ytis tram- pa ma-keh' cu'-ku-mai ur '-wan tu-m6m-ca u'-cit wark '-san tca-ya a'-man kur'-ka to'-ti pu'-lu-ma Yt'-t,68 ha-tlk-a-rias mus p6t-sy p6t-sY li'-4s ka'-rotc uts * *p- seps ka-nbn per tuts la- wans e ula-leuf ur '-kan pu'-ti-un kark wa '-sn haps hut '- sun a'-ma-hrinse dAts pu '-hut pet '-sn tA1- mli I la '-i-r6k san'-kel sa'- ro bare- sa san-was' ta- rep '-a ma-tctn' tcu'-ku-r tap '-pro-so'-to so '- kai ya- sa a-la '-ha to-mo'-tcr a-ma '-yyn to'-pai e-ris' pa-r'em mu'-ci Si li'-ti pe-tc'en' ti-yas' ti '-pe si-pb6s' u-pu wa-li cak ruk' ta-wYp' wi-hi' luk ta-r'ep' ma-ter' tci-sa' tar-wan' pak-can' htl '-ap sYk '-ke ci-w6n' war- stan' a-ma' mu-yen' sa-wi' ris sYt-ntn hi-ltp' mus tu-ma' I f I I r- ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English f Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz mush ................ black ................ blue ................. green ............... red ................. vermilion ........... white ................ one ................. two ................. three ................ four ................. five ................. six ................. seven ............... eight ................ nine ................. ten.......... eleven ............... twelve ............... thirteen ............. fourteen .......... fifteen ............... sixteen .............. seventeen ............ eighteen ............. nineteen ............. twenty ............... twenty-one ........... twenty-two ........... thirty............... forty ................ fifty ................. sixty ................ seventy .............. eighty ............... ninety ............... one hundred......... first ................ second .............. third ................ fourth ............... fifth ................. sixth ................ seventh ............. eighth ............... ninth ................ tenth ................ mu '-ru-ti tcuk-truk '- mi ts '-tes - mrY tcu-hu-ra-nmr hYm- mYt '- sa u '- tin kap'- pan u '- tyt por -o-wes him-Y-nuktc u-tttiktc' tait' -mYn wa'- tus mat- su hYm- mit -6t- tcus u -tYn-net-tcus kap- pan-4t-tcus u-tit-tt- tus por-o-wes-4t-tcus wats -t- teus utfn-mat-sun'-mY him-m't-sa-u-tYn- mat- sun '- mY kap- pan-mat- sun-mY u-tYt-mat-sun-mY mat- su-mat- sun-mi h Ym- met-s6n-mes ka'- sis suk '- suks u-ttit kil'- pum pa'-ha-last im'-ha-la u '- tis k'ap'-pis u'-tci-tim hAl-Y-is hl-Y-rak'-4n u-tYi-mai-sak '-4n kap-pa-mai-sak''--n ptak tan- svat tan- sWat-i- ma-la-wa- gtc [3] tan- sAt-u-tis utins-tan- sat k*p- pis - tan- sat tca'-kai mu-tu'-i * . . patc '-tcam * . . los-kkas-mY a - m'gL-hYn' u-tca-hYn' ka- pa- pan' ka-tco '-as mi-sul' sa-ken tu-pYar' u-sats' nu-ku'-i i-w6s' * . . mul-tas-mYn he'-u * . . pat-ka-mYn * . . las-kAs-mYn Ym-hn u-tYn' kap-han' kat4-a-wac' mis-sul cak-ktn' tu- pu-i-tuk' u-sa '-tYs nu'-ku i-wEs' Ym-hnn-i-yis u-tecn-i-yis kap- pan-i-yis kat- a-wac-i-yi mi-sul-i-yis cak-kAn-i-yis I tu- pu-i-tuk-i- u- sa- tYs-i-yis. nu-ku-i-yis u - tin- i-wh S , im-hen-i-wes * . . kap'-pa-pan-i-wnes' ka'-tco-as-si-wts' mi-snl'-li-wes' sa-knn '-ni-wes tu-prit'-i-wes' u-satc'-i-wes' nu-ku'-yi-wes i-wWss- se *. . * * * * *. . u-tYn-i-wes kap-han-i-wei kat-4-wac-Y-1 mys- sul-y-wei cak-kAn'-Y-w tu-pu-i-tuk-i4 u- sa-tfs-i-r nu-ku-Y-wea hu-yYn u-ti-nYn ka-pen-nYn kat-a-wa-nY mYs-lu-nYn cak-ntn-n tu-pin-nfn us-ta-nin nuk- su-nXn en-se-nn 164 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) LEnglish |Soledad | Rumsien | Santa Clara | Santa Cruz r ~ ~ ~ ~ kce. lce ... cice ............... times ........... ar.............. n.............. half of moon..... quarter of moon . ise .*...*..... ning ............. rnoon ............ eht ............ before yesterday.. rday ............ row............ ter tomorrow ... adverb) ......... pe ............. ;ly bear ......... bear. at.............. ............... tailed deer..... mouse........... a. gopher..... an lion or er....... mouse ..... mouse...... at ....... bbit ........... ;al rabbit ...... or polecat...... u - tYn- mes kap- pan-mls u-tyt- mes sutc-ki-nYn-tra u-kutc-i-tra' tu '-hi mu '-r u'-Y-kris-tY a-wgs '-tY mu-re'-wa tu '-i-yins-ty u'-i-ka-yi a-ku-tY-Yss-mY si6t-kis '-tY-mu-ru- tri s u-i-koi'-tYs u'-i-koi ng-e'-na mu- re '-wa u-cum'-tuk-tu ne -nin tu-y'6 cimr'-tTYk'-Y-la ti'-wys A-Ys tA'-ro-ma hu '-tclk-n'6s tE '-tcin tic '-cfn s'6-w6t o-wo'-han c -lon tci '-y6s u '- rAh tik '- cin neya-tus (this day) mur a-ru-wat-ta- a-ke-minn a-ru-is-ta-ki-is-mYnn a-ru-at'-pi-ki-is'- min a-ra- ak-kis-min a-ni -tus u -ik ne-ya-tus tear -we a'-ni-ak4n-ni ne .- tsuts -ma-kal ti'-ki-sinm hAm ma-tcan tra'-ta-ki-tot tra'-ta-ki-tot puks unse s ekt h**ks tcAt'-lan hi'-rAk tces we "-mrn ti"- sinn ma-tcu'-mai a-kut' mul'-te hi-ni-nins-men el-l'en hu-yu-is-min e - re -y- i -s mun-a is-Mtn' lak'-a-mul-te' au- res' tA -tci si-bAt' kA'-k'dn kitc-in' ko-tci-we' w6r -din hut . him-hetc-hu-yi-nin u-tcin-hu-yi-nin kap-han-hu-yi-nin kat- a-wac-hu-yi- nin e-te'-au hi-np'-ha tru-hYs mur- rut' ar'-u a '-ml tu '-his a'-kun hal-pi-en-mu'-rut u-i-kan-tis u-i-kan' n6p- pi-tu-his mun'-sa a-wtn'-tak na-ha his '- men ti'-yu-y*6n wi-r'ek-nis ta'-yan A-res mur-tuc-mrnn ta-ro '-ma tcu-ku tft-tre tA-tre si-wu yu-r6h ' si-wat md '-ris rin'-ya ra-mts ' tce-y6s we-Arn ya-wi I k - I m 165 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English f Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz racoon .............. seal ................. squirrel ............. grey sqtuirrel ........ ground squirrel ...... coyote ............... whale ............... antlers .............. fur .................. horn ................ tail.................. hide ................. meat ................ bird ................ blackbird ............ red-winged blackbird.. crow ................ dove ................ sparrowhawk ......... hummingbird ......... eagle ................ white-headed eagle.... bluebird ............. duck ................ lark (finch) .......... white goose. Canada goose ........ red-tailed hawk....... night heron .......... chapparral jay ....... meadowlark .......... yellow-billed magpie.. great horned owl...... whooping crane ....... widgeon ............. burrowing owl........ brown pelican ........ band-tailed pigeon .... plover (killdee)....... green-winged teal .... red-headed vulture.... great California vulture woodpecker .......... red-shafted wood- pecker ............. yellow-shafted wood- pecker ............. sqc-cY-ran cu - cu-Y th' mai '-yan ti'-wi tci'-ri mar '-rah' tci'-ri kok pu '-ns pa'-teal-su-tcu-ras- mYn pa- tcal- pa- ra-tup ka '-k'A-Ys t6t-ttk hu- mi'- na pa-ra'-tut hu'-wYs we'-tcf-tcm tu'-rY-u sac -ran ta'-rinnse shu -i eh' ma '-tcan-tca-tcu-ki- ma-tcan tim tcmrh' kak tci '-tul tAts ris '-kan ku '-lY-yan ka'-ka-ru hu '-nu-shYm mat'-kal u '- mrin sirh' lu- paihl astn ti-ri-tcrm tu'-kun wal'-waltc as' ha'- ran ti vutk tru'-tu-lun * . . krin - t6 nk ' * . . ta-tchi es-lak su-ku-nin' su-ku-nin' lu -lu kak-u-nu'-Y nu-maks-lak' sa'-kum / si'-di tcu-wys ' si'-u t'ro-pY-o-kArt wan -u lnk-a-lk / wai-a-wai se-u-k'l1' watc '-Y-watc tcyt-si hi'-mr-hYm' tu-Ars Si-u-si'-u sptir '-i-ha ku-tcus' wa-cak' tak '-tak * . . su '-lan . . . hi-re' mai-yan' sYk-kYl tci-ri * . . tcl-ri tu-pu-r pu '-rs cu-krmn hu '-nu-nu i-li'-lu hu-mu'-nu sa-sa (golden) si-ri ka-k'nu ti-ritc'-mYn a-re' hu '- mYs sa-wa'-ya ti'-wak pu'-tcutc I 166 167 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) English j Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz 'common raven ....... ,spotted woodpecker quail ................ crest ................ leathers ............. wings................ tail.................. blegs ................. eak or bill .......... es ................. claws......... lWS................. rd's nest........... ird's tracks......... y................ ish............... rab................. Imon .............. cker............... ut................ ite fish............ swim ............. all frog ........... ard ............... ttlesnake........... ttle of snake ....... e............... ter snake ......... d. toise.............. ant .............. ug .............. a................. sshopper ......... erfly............. got .............. quito ............ rgo ............... waspit ........... Ider........... ow wasp.......... Iowjacket ..... Lck ant....... of tree ........... !................ S... . . . 0..... de bark. rbark. a tcu- ru-tYit s6p'-p6s s6p '-pos kok es -sgn i -hrn --nrs hu'-minn hu-yi ha- pa-mtik-kr ko'-trh' pah' po-lo'-kYs k a -h'ai .-to ma'-lutc pa'-ka cr-inrftc hu -yi hi'-ris sesp wa '-mun klk kl'- ro ka '-ras tus mA t wa-es '-Yn u '-mrin i'-tcan u'-rSk hi '-ru ah me-h%.-rYn ip wa-tcis'-kYn ti' ktch wa'-katc-Ym a '-wu-nin a'-hau ratc'-katc-u pflr pAf-lo-kdntc si'-ltlk u-m6n kah' tdl'-hls mA'-mA-yu tca'-hitc-im pft-ta-reuh' pi'-nan a-sfn-rin wai-ya'- sin wa-a'-rYn wa-si'-rA sa'- rai ek-sen ku' -tcu ru'-ka min * u -r wi-le' nu-maks-u '-rak yak-u-mu '-Y pa-tai' i-wi '-hze tcflm'-pi si-pas wi-ma tu- pu-i wa-ka-wtp- p'r' o-trau he'- sYn wYn '-na wu-yi cu-ra-tru-mfn hu-ra-ka tcin-wi ta-ma'-ya yu-ha hai-mYnn' i- pi-wa ha-kan hin-tci-wa ra-yYs-min ka-rts ca-lau' plr u-ru-wa tal-ku ka-hai' hai-yu plc-kAi-inrn ha-psn' pa-ta' i : . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz t, tule ................. outside oak bark. body of trunk......... stump ............... root ................. tree ................. wood ................ brush ............... a flower ............. flowers .............. forest ............... fruit ................ grass ............... ripe ................. unripe ............... oak.................. willow. buckeye. live oak.............. white oak ............ beetle (? ) ............ willow bark .......... cottonwood ........... wild cherry .......... elder ................ blackberry ........... soapweed. north ................ east ......... south ................ west................. above ............... a cloud .............. the clouds ........... sky.................. sun.................. moon ................ r tars ................ r tinbow.............. fog .................. frost ................ snow ................ hail ................. ice .................. foam ................ ocean ............... wave ................ tide ................. ma-yuhl he '-kAt pa '-ktin mar-Y-an' ti-wyc a'-man tcr -tcah' hi-wris-ta i'-tas yu'-kYs ar '-ru-wah' a'-was hYm-mYt'tsa ka-kun yek-ku-mun U,-mu- i a -ma'-nrY pYs-'-sa-ttn tap'- ri * * . rs - my a-'-wYs-na tcik- e-mnaY pr*-a yo'- puk p *h" putc ka-lAn' hu-ba's-t raks a-b'a-ran mai '-yar hek-k-t mai-yas tic hutc ti'-us hutc 6n'- n6n hun i'-kust a-just yuks ta-ra tcatc tooks aks ram sir-htn-ti rTn m6tc tar'-a tank is - mtn pa'-kras ti'-ktls ma'-tca ser'-rrmps pu'-suns e se-rtimpse putc a'-lYn wa-tu '-m6n-Yn-ka-lYn ta-pa-rai sa'-was i-wil-hY tcai-ya' u '-tcy a -wts' ma'-ra pg- pal is-lai' ta-pi-o ke-wi ri'-ni ka:kAn mut-te" mut-te' is-m6n" c aks--m'gn l'gn'- tT- n mul-te' ka-wY si-i-Ark ei -lgm hi-kaqt' hu-i-ya pa-ya -wa ti '-wYs am-sYtn' tra-rYn yi-wun a-sro tca-ya' yu '- kfs pa- pa ya-k' mu-i a-wkt-ka a-kes a-n&s' pyc- ca his '- m6n tra us-Si su-ku '-lai me-tc'6k-nes wak'- kan yA'- pak wak'-kan kas ru '-ne kau I I I I 168 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz p ain ................. under .............. nd ................ irth wind ........... ast wind ............ ghtning ............. est wind............ e ground ........... st ................. ud................. and................. lt................. ock (stone).......... arthquake ........... trm ............... ower .............. y son .............. y son's son ......... yson's daughter .... ydaughter ......... yfather ............ father's father .... father's mother ... y mother ........... y elder brother ..... is my .... ........ elder sister ...... younger brother ... younger sister .... husband .......... wife.............. ily ............... wife's father (male peaking ........... wife's mother male speaking) ..... son's wife ........ husbandLs father emale speaking).... husband's mother emale speaking) ... te man ........... gro................ end (one of the tribe) ripr ............. my (one of the tribe) I ive ...............I ... am '-lYn tu'-ran ka'-wi ka-wi-u-wi / a-wus- tem-ka-wi hYs - men-Y-Y- et- tcan- nYs-ti-ka wrt '- p1 ka-kun-tum-ka-wY kYk'- sT kuk'- sr a'-wYs i '-r"ek hi-nY-pi-Awt a-mY-ni-hYn-ni-mrlk- kY u '-kYlt-k'si ik' -n'-nis ik - pYip'-lai ik- ptp-lai Yk-ka' ik-ap'-pa Yk-ap-pa rk-me'-rY Yk-a '-na rk - ttk '- ka - mYs - sYs ka'-nrk Yk-ta rk-tan-si-nTs Yk-tan-si'-nis i'- nam tu '-ra terh' a-ka- si-t'61 min'-i-nu-si yak'-r-mu-wi ri'-ni-ka-wT am'-ne tru-la ta '- rrc ra-ma- i-ter rin-i-ter tu'-ra tu-ri lat wis gks i'-r6k i-tcAm ketc-Ys- pi-ri a '-lam-a-man kai-is'-wYn kai-is '-mYn ka-ap'-pan ka-an'-an ka-u'-rYn ka-ha '-wan ma-han'-wrin he '-rnk he'- renk a-wes ' ai- rwes'- ka'-na-si'-ni ka '-na-si'-ni Ka'-na-a'-pa ka'-na-a'-na ku-tcus-ta-ka ku'-tcus-si'-ni ka'-num-ma-ka' ka'-num-ha'-w'e-nek ka'-na-han'-a-nak wfl-l'ep si '-ka hYt '-tTn 1a wys a-wes' i- rwk ' i- m'en ' ya- si-am-ni kan-Yn'-rnTs kan-mg-rAs ap-p'nan ho-wo' a-nan' tak-nan' ta-nan' u'-t6k u '46k pa-lup hau-nan' hu '-Y-lus ka-a'-pan-ha'-wan ka-an'-u-rYn ka-tis '-tan p a s pu-di (female speaking) ka-ho'-w-tn * . . mu '-w-ta-ra-ka mu '-we-cu-tcu-ra na '- tcr ka-tcin' ka-uk' a -ta-san ka-wais' wi - hai kan-mak'-ko-ap'-nan las'-kos mal-tue * . . lAs-kgs- nmYn-tra-Ys mur-trus - mYn tcA wa-yas * * I t 169 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English f Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz war ................. I belong here......... a coward ............ battle ............... Santa Cruz........... prisoner ............. god (white man's)..... house of God ......... dead body ........... corpse of boy......... dead body before fixed for burial .......... grave in the ground health ............... sickiness ............. pain ................. vertigo .............. headache ............ toothache ............ a cold ............... fever ................ diarrhea ............. rheumatisrrL .......... smallpox ............ *a sore............... a cut ................ a scar............... a bruise ............. I am dizzy ........... a sick man .......... hu-yu-mi-mrik-kY nY- na'- wris a-na'-puhS hu-yu-mi-te-hai-ya pa-tY-ti- nu ti-t6s-ty ru'-tu kai-yi-a-ma sYh- pe '-ni kai'-yi-i-tcYp' kai'-yi-i-sYt to-ha-re'-nY ta'-wa-ni-frm-ma tcuk- rrn' kai-yi-i- tai-yi wai-tcu'-ni wyr'-ha-nYs i-46n'-nuh' ru-tu-t6t a sick woman ........ ru-tu-t'et-cu-rc-rnma a lame man ........... wai-tcus-ti-i-ka-ro a lame woman........ a lame boy........... a lame girl .......... a blind man .......... a blind woman....... a blind boy........... a blind girl .......... mal '-ttis-tY a deaf man ........... I ka-tris-tm a deaf woman. kam lu'-tcam caq'-ha-lYist li'-tem tai-ruk' tra-ra-tai-ruk' lak ti- nim-lak-kun a-ma-lak-ku -nin tcu '-hul mn ka-i hYn '- sust cai-ka-uts (my) sit ter' tan '-ka-nYn pi --tc'6r-Yn pa'-kas hg'-kai / p.A'-hai wa'-lu-nYn amse ka-tcu- cu-nTn ka-hYm- su- nYm i-mn- ci-na-nin-kY- Yimp i-mn- ca-latc-m-trmp sa-a'-lust-mu-kY- Gmp sa-a '-lust-latc-m- ,6mp si'-ni-ump-a'-lust si-na-atc-ump-a'- lust ci-na-mir-km-ump- lo-kYst im'-u-la-la-tci-um- lo-kYst im-ha- la- a-tcumk- lo-kYst im-ha-la- si-nm- umk- lo-kYst atc-Akmst-ca-nin-km- ump im-ha-la-tcY-umk- Atc-kst * . . a '-sAm her '-mos htr'-mYn-su-ri ka '-wi * . . h'er-manse-tcar-i her-mans-tcu'-rYk ser-mon-hbn' ha-tctm a-mi-ftn'-ta se-man no-so in-han' ka-yYs ka-yi-u-ri mu- rus tar'-sYn su'-i-san se-mAs-te ka-yi wa- run' wa-sitc sem-ho a-lus-ti a-las '-iYn-cur-ki-ma a-lAs-mYn-cYh-ni lfis-mYn-at-sa'-ma ku-lus-mYn-ma-hai ketc - kem- ma- ma-h iai 170 I .41? o i I MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW 171 COSTANOAN (contd.) English | Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz a deaf boy ........... deaf girl ........... breath ............... ,weat ............... blood ............... urine ............... Ul ................ tun.. edicine ............ medicine man ...... medicine woman weat-house ......... dream ............. Iong .CC****@ lce ............... ,11, ................. ood rattle .......... edicine lodge ....... od whistle ......... rse ............... eads ............... ld................. n.............. ver ............... oney ............... t................. cket ............... ad ................ terpreter........... gar ............... skey ............. rror .............. dge ............... e man ............. o men ............. ee men ........... men ......... y men ........... the men .......... me men ........... man .............. ther man ......... woman ....... im-ha- la-a-tcumk- atc-krst im-ha-la- si-nT- umk- atc-krist nfi'-sa am- bran pa'-tc'en ka-tas' unse ash' ash am '-ra ka '-is-tu-nTn tcu-nT-i-hun tci '-tY-h'6n Ts-joi-kYnts tar-ras hu-ya-mis-in- pi-si- Tn-unse hat '-kas tca- kT-ulse ia -wTin cu-na-kl- pu-mas he'-tcTr ma'-tYk i-rek-mash' a-rTs utc in ci-na-manse ca-ta'-mai ca-kak- si hu-ya-wi- rup-hun hu-ya-tu-hus i-ma '-ha-la-ma-kY- umk u -tTs-ma-kY-umk kl p '- pTs - ma-kY- umk pitc-ha-la-ma-kT- umk e '-hIt- ma-kY-umk im-me- ma-kY-umk im-ham- ma- ma-kT- umk ku-we-ma-ma-kY- umk an'-teus-ma-kT-umk pa- rem'-Ys tul'-si u-rYn' yer '-koy etc '-tchen-nY tau tci-te' im-i-hYn-tchAX ha-ta-tY- tcha 4gs im'-mtn-tcha'4's is-qutn-a-tcha4's ngr-pi-tca'-4s tra- lan pa-yan i-hi ir-ka' u-nas so-ySs' tu '-pen a-san (medicine song) tcai-tci (medicine dance) cu-luk ma-s%eh tak-lep i-rwek' i-reh tu-ma ka-h?as her-we '- pa hYm-h&tc-tra-l1es ut-hTn-tra-l6s kap-han-tra-l1s h'6m-m'et-tra-1'6s ya- cir-tra-les htm- met - tra- lAs hai -pi- li- tra -l'gs u-ku-i-tra-lAs a-y6- tra- lts im-ha-la-la-tcT-umk im'-mtn-tcu-rique L no-se '-bYt mi-tT-u-nT pai '-yan tc"el '- l Au- duk tca '-tca u'-ten tca '- tcas tu'- pSen Ts -ta '-n'en tcum-yu-Y tci'-te pis '-mYn Tn -nan tan'- sTs I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz . | X .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ two women.......... three women ......... few women .......... many women ......... all the women. some women ......... no woman ........... another woman. one boy.............. two boys............. three boys ........... few boys............. many boys ........... all the boys .......... some boys ........... no boy............... another boy .......... one dog.............. two dogs............. three dogs ........... few dogs............. many dogs ........... all the dogs .......... some dogs ........... no dog............... another dog .......... one arrow ........... two arrows .......... three arrows......... few arrows .......... many arrows......... some arrows......... all the arrows........ no arrow............ another arrow........ one hat .............. two hats ............. three hats ........... few hats ............. many hats ........... all the hats .......... some hats ........... him-rnYt-sYn-ni u'-tYn-i-sYn-ni kap- pan-i- sTn-nr u-kut-ktic-i-sYn-nr hu-Y-lus-i-sYn-nr wYit-tY- sfn-ni wut-tYn-hu- lus -sYn- nr kap- pan-tgi-yus hin-nan-tinn-tfti-yus hu-yu-lus-tli-yus yus e'k-kwe-tAi-yus atttsti-u u"'-tYs-la-tcY-umk kap- prs-la-tcr-umk pitc-ha-la-la-tcr- umk e '-h '6'-la-tci-umk im-me-la-tci-umk im-ha- ma- la-tcY- umk kwe- ro -te -la - tc- umk an-teus- la-tcr-umk im-ha-la- st-ni-umk u'-tYs-si-nY-umk kap- prs-si-nr-umk pitc-ha-la- si-nt- umk e-h e-si-nY-umk im-me- si-nY-umk im'-ham-ma-a- tcumpk kwt-ro-te-si-nT- umk an-teus- si-nY-umk im-ha-la- ma- tcan u-tTs-ma-tcan kap- prs- ma-tcan pitc-ha-la-ma-tcan eh ? -ma-tcan im-me-a-ma-tcan im-ham- ma- ma- tcan kwt-ro-te-ma-tcan an-teus - ma-tcan im-ha-la-t'6ps u-tys-t'eps kap- pfs-t'6ps pitc-ha-la-ttps e-he1-ttps im-ha- la- ro -tYs -tps * . . ku-tcus- rique ha-ta'-ti-rique em-mw6n-tcYk '-kY-ma * . . hYm-h'6tc -kA-trAk-i3 ut- hYm '- k--trAk-mYk * . . ha-tam-tcik-ki-ma ek-kwtn-nem-kY-na i-me-teps kw6- ro-tY-t'6ps an-teus-tlps im-ha-la- purps u-tYs-purps kap- pis- purps pitc-ha-la- purps eh-purps im-me-a- purps im-ha-la-a-ro-tYs- purps I I I i i o 172 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz no hat ............... another hat .......... one leaf ............. two leaves ........... three leaves ......... ew leaves ........... many leaves ......... 11 the leaves ......... ne stone ............ two stones ........... tree stones.......... fw stones ........... many stones ......... 11 the stones......... male dog............ emale dog........... .ale horse .......... bmale horse......... hale cat............. lemale cat .......... le deer ........... male deer.......... le eagle........... emale eagle ......... s man............. at man ............ ese two men........ ose two men........ ese men ........... soe men ........... a woman .......... at woman .......... ese two women. se two women. see women ... . se women ......... a boy ............. tboy ............. n6p-pY-cu'-rYc-ma nu-pY-cu '-rc-ma ni-he'-was-u'-ti- cu-rYc'-ma nu-hu' -was-u'-ti- cu-rTe -ma ni-hi'-was-cu-rYc- ma nu-hu'-was-cu-rec- ma kw'e-ro '-ti- purps an-teus- purps im-ha- la- as u-tys-aqs kap-pYs-as pitce- ha -la- as e'-hA-a-as im-me-a-fis im'-ha-la-i-r'6k u-tYs-i-rek kap- pTs-i-Ark pitc -ha -la -i- rAk eVS'6e- i - rek im-mY-i-r'6k ma -tco-wa-mu-kY- umpk wa-latc-y-umnk-ma- tea tcak-i-yus- mu-kY- umk wa-latc-i-umk pe-n6k-wa- late-i- umk pe-n6k-wa- mu-kY- umk wa-mu '-kY-umpk- tats wa-late -Y-ump-tAts sirh' -mu-kY-umk sirhl -wa-late-r-umk nec-Y-na-mu'-kY- umk ei-na-mu'-kY-umk nie '-r-na-u-tYs-nmu- kr-umk pi-nas-si-nas-u-trs- mu-kT-umk ci- n-a-kan-mu-kY- umk ei-nr-a-kan-mu-kY- umk ne- ei-na-late-Y-umk nu- ei-na-late-r-umk ne-ei'-na-u-tYs-late- r-umk nu-ei'-nr-a-kan-u- trs-late-Y-umk ne- ci-na-late -r-umk ne-ci-ni-a-kan-latc- r-umk nc-T-na-ci-ni-ytmp wa-kai-ca-ci-ni- ktmp * . . ngr-pi-tca'-rYs hYm-tca'-rYs ngr'-pi-tcu'-rique * * - ., .. n6r'-pi-tcik-a-mac wa'-klim-tcik-a- mac p i-na-tra-ris nrp- pi-tra- ris nYp-krlm-ut-tra-hfn'- tra- rrs ai-ha-tra- rrs nap-kznm-tra-rrs ai-ha-tra-rTs ner-pi-ketc-ke'-ma nu-pi-kttc-ke'-ma nip-kam-ut-hrn-kttc- ke'-ma * * . nip-kam-ketc-ke'-ma pi-na-a-la'- cu wa-ka-a-la'-cu I i I t I 173 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS COSTANOAN (contd.) English Soledad Rumsien Santa Clara Santa Cruz these two boys ....... those two boys ....... these boys ........... those boys .......... this dog ............. that dog ............. these two dogs ....... those two dogs ....... these dogs ........... this shore ........... that horse ........... these two horses. those two horses. these horses ......... those horses .........I this knife ............ that knife ............ these two knives. those two knives. these knives ......... those knives ......... this axe ............. that axe ............. these two axes. those two axes ....... these axes ........... those axes ........... right eye............. left eye ............. both eyes ............ right ear............. left ear.............. both ears ............ right hand ........... left hand............ both hands ........... right foot ............ left foot ............. both feet............. d6p'-pY-cauallo pin'-i-a-cauallo nep' pY-kam-u-tYn-- cavallo ni-hi-was- cavallo nep-kam- cavallo ins'-su-hai-a-tcas- minn / is'-su-hai- '6t-tha is-'-su-a-'-wins sAMim'-m*-sft-kl-ra a'-winc-sft-kA-ra u*tn . . f-r nic-Y-na-kan-u-tYs- ci-ni-yrimk nuc-r-na-kan-u-tts - si-ni-yumk nic-Y-ni-a-kan- ci-ni- yump nuc-r-na-ka- ci-A4- yumk nYc-T-na-ma-tcan pi-na- ci-na-ma-tcan nrc-i '-nT-a-kan-u-tYs- ma-tcan ne-ci-ni-a-kan-u-tfs- ma-tcan nYc-i-rnY-a-kan-ma- tcan nYc'-Y-na-tcak-y-yus nu-ci'-na-tcak-Y-yus nY- cT'-nn-a-kan-u-trs- tcak-Y-yus nu-ci-nY-a-kan- u-tYs- tcak-Y-yus nY- ci-nf-a-kan-tcak- r-yus nu- ci-nY-a-kan-tcak- T-yus nYc'-Y-na-tip nu- ci-na-tip ni- ci-na-kan-u-tYs -tip nu- ci-na-kan-u-tTs- tip ni- ci-na-kan-tip nu- ci-na-kan-tip ci-na-te'-ris [4] ci-na-te '-ris nYc '-Y-na-u-tTs-te'-ris pi-nac-na-te-ris nrc-y-na-te-ris pi-nac-na-te-ris sam '-mat-kai-hin' yk'W-Akt- kai- hin ' wa-hin [5] ci- na-sam- mat-kai- tus ytk-kYt-kai-tus wa-tus sa'-mat-kai-is' y6k '-k'et-kai-is ' wa-is' sal'-mat-kai-ko'-ro yYk-k6t-kai-ko'-ro wa-ko'-ro ner- pi-u-tcu-hin ai-ha-ut-trrn-a-la' -c nip- kum- ut- trrn-a-1a cu ai-ha-a-la'-cu sam'- ma-bin a-wins-hYnn ut-hYnn sam-ma-o-tco a-wns -o~-tco sa-ma a- wic' I 174 I II I I .I z W' I Co a) CU $-4 I.0 -0 Co, C.H -0 . $14 $.4 C1) .0 ~ -.0 CUd CUd -.0 "0 . 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C) a Co) 4) CO J., 14 41 S 0>) . 0) C) 0) 0) 0 , 00) Co co c 'CO ? '0 C) .140 .Co2 .0) ?'-40) 0) 0)0)? 0 .0.0 .0 +4 - .? ? 0)0) .0 .0144"4 "4 0) ? 0 ? -.4 0)0) CO ?.0.O .0 ? +4 ? 0) 0 Co 0C:0 a)4.0 z 01 0) .14 14) 10~ 0"10 C OOz 0 ) .?4 C4 1,4C 00 COO ' Cd S& 141 4 CO CO) CO , a): 0 Co .0o 0) 0 -4 0). 14I -.4 00Q) 1 0 . .Co .0 En C o . 0 0) 0 ) + 0 ( 40) 4 .0 . 0 . 4 1 CO C.) COI .0I .C., CO 0. 0I .04 0) 0) Co CO 0) .0 CO 14 0 ).4 I 0+ .0 1-4 4O.4 0' 0.14 Co Co +1414 CO I., CO CO C)I $0 14 0 0L) [a 1~4 0 0) 0 0) .74 0L) CZ P4 0 C) C1 -1 14 0) 0-- 0 $.4 L +4 0 co 0- '0 l 1414 0)0) Co 0) Co CO 14 I.0 P4 0' ?.0. 0 "4 "4 '.0 .0. Co ? -0 0 ?'-' .5 ? -? CO ? C) 14 ?C) +40) Co4-405 ?0) CoO 0) 0) .0 .0 I ?j I ii .i II I -O CO c3 I 3 C C.) a~0 -Y 2 s l) C) C) C) C)) | Y | Ya) 53 (55 Ct ct@ca I ( C ad C )~ 0) C) C) C) CO I A ) a4a -4 a C a a C) .C) ~~~~~~~~14r -- I a4 C)- ) ) C O O C )dC )C ) a - 'C I )-a -~~~~~ *~~ "-S' 4O + C - ) 4~~) ) ~ .~C - C- t a4- -(I) -a14 + - a co a *~c Cd C a a a t -c* aa a C C) CO a -a- -a-~~~~~c I I IL -aI I CO ************** . ********* 0 0 d ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ 0 . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~, -4 .ld I .H 314 cd 4 (j~~~~O ) .d CO ***** .. .... .... .... ..... . . . ..... ***. .0) 'CO :.... . . . . . **.* . 0)** *** CO **********~~~.*** . ... ................. * * .* . ***** s0 .0) ? 3 s X o z s X ? . y . ; . X s . O C ) ; C) C) C) ;S -4o) C) C)r .) CO o Q C 0 - C) XE= COz QXg0 -2 C) 2 C rr,, O D * >> > , 0)0 '? 5 0)~.0- cJd0) g i,s C O 2C O 0)~~~~~~~~~2~~~C - 1S-aC C O c 0) C) -4 C DO -.. >, -'4 44 -'4~ -' - Cd Cd (1) cis 41 ~ C O CO I 1 i C IO c )I Cd C) cd 0 ~ 0) ) ) )0 O C 0 0 0 # _: 4 H X; (L)$-,000) _- ' O~ 00 C) -a- +~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~~~~~~a C) C) - _~~~~~~~~~' $- . 0 + . a $.0 .C) 4 0 C)J n c C) Sl sod Cd S 1dS s- 41 .m E sH 4 C I a C) *7 a 4 C)) l *7 * 4 a1 ) C 0) S- 0) aC) CO CO 0) CO co C) 0) .0 0) ) -a * . * 41 0) *) * * 0) 0 * 0 C O l-a~ 0 -4 0 CC) C * * a h0-a : C) CO CO CO* 0H CO 3 CO M O l .~-a * C) CO COd 0 - 1 - C) CO C) -a- 4 . CO ,,% I cd I c c d c d 3 I a d C) CO CO C)C C -C)~~~~~~~~~~C ad CI C C )AC CC , ) , C , C , , X,. X IC) a . 0 . 0 ) - *- - * * -aCO CO, - o 0 0 CO b.0 bO.0 ~o o - C: :D .- d *0 * ' * cd 0) * S- C 0 00 0.0 o 4) 0 0 b- Db0 1- -4 .,4 .. C) 0 -a) 0) CO co 0 0 bD -4 .1- C) 0) -C) a) CO CO CO 0L) .0 01 I C) CO C)d CO CZO 0) CQ 0) -C) Q C) I COS Cd I l-a I I I I CO COd CO CO COd co 0L) C ) I ., (n 3 C) l H -2 m o = X 0, w , L. I v) z 2 * * a * * - .0) * 0) .0 .0 ~ ~ 0 C O. CO - * C C O CO C OA C) * * 0 co * . * c * U *~ *0 CO . -) 0~ CO CO 0 .0 Cd Cd~~~~C CO -: 0-a S- CO* * CO* CO - *O CO*0*00 * .* 0 * S-A, I l 1 C CIO I , -A 0. 0. *-a CO CO.) CO Cd~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -W 1 C) c ' C) CO ? I I C) I I CO -a.) a) 0 CO C-4-a) Cd . 0 * . * * * X--- *S - 0 * C O * a 0 * * * * >-- S- * CO X * *a) C) *~ . $ *~ * - 3 * * . ) . S-a *) S C). o . ) O 0X ) * CO * - Co 0 0) . -a- * -= Y CO CO O C O - - 4 . ~ .0 CO - 0 040 - - > ac o- - a . . CO 0.) CO s- .C 04 C) l CO COI l 0L) 0)1 l 0). 0* C: CO sq : 0H ) -4 C - C: -- 0)- ~ro :0 I C) 0) 0) Go CU m .C) p4 i Cad C) 24 C) Cad Ca3 2~4 0 $-4 $-4 0 0 24 $4 r. 0 24 C) Ca Ca 24 24 C)1 .,.I CD . 0 . Ca. co,. "4 Ca -4 co 24- Ca Ca 24- Ca Cad '41 a) a, 0 $4- -, ~Ca Ca Cad Cad CaI >4 Cad 24 C)1 0' 24. Ca. a,. a,0 24Ca *,- Ca $424 -a,M .-0 Ca4 a, 24. 2~4 2~4 Ca CZI 24 $-4 Ca 0 CL) C.) Ca Cad S 24 24. Cad S .0'. 0. C).: Ca, a,.1 Co V Ca a, 'H Ca a -z S Ca 'H 24 Ca'.? C)1 '24 5Ca 'H C) Ca4-4 CaCa -z?Ca a,. 0* Ca 0. .0. Ca. Ca. S. a,. 24' "4 a, $4 "40 *? 24 241 coa 3.4 Ca ' 0C "4). 'Ca a,O 0. Ca 24 Ca 'H 4 -4 Ca I A Ca Ca 24~ Ca (Ca 24 $4 Ca) 10 0 Ca Ca 24 Ca1 Ca Ca 02. a. - b.0 Ia: a, . 02: Ca0 ).0 ~40 -- -4, 0 0 Cad Ca Ca Ca $12 C:aj Ca Ca a, la) 24 EC a Ca) 0 24. 0 b0 0 .0 .0 ,V. 2 14 0"4 Ca Ca Ca . 0. c Ca I Ca Ca I~ ~I '.5 Cam Ca.0 Ca Car- Ca Ca S 1a Ca) 24 121 r-.C cr. CD r.I Ca. a, 0 0 .0 .0 ,.C Ca >43 Cad Cad 0I Ca +12 $-4 .0- I4 0t Ca Ca. a, Ca Ca Cad CaI Za, ECa 0I Ca 4$1 C., '.0 ' 4, 24 -Y. 0240 U 02 24 a, $4 >,4 "-4 Ca Ea Ca Ca Ca Cad $-4 Ca 24 0 -Ca CL) a, 24 Ca Ca 0I $12 2 4 Ca 0 0 b.0 Ca0 -.4 -.4 $4. 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Ca) 0 0 $-4 24 -4 0 24 24 Ca 24 a, 'a,1 24 CZI Ca Ca -4 Ca 0 I'a, CaI Ca 24 CaI a, $-4 $-4 Ca Ca Ca Ca3 0 Ca 2I4 24 a,I $~4 Ca C)I 24 C's" 24 Ca. $4 10 40 0 Ca $4 Ca3 24 a,- Ca .0 -4 214 CZ CZ 2-4 2~4 2.4 Ca 0 4Ca 0 2~4 Ca Ca 2 4 2~4 24 CTa a, 0 ~0 2~4 Ca a, .,- 24 (Ca 24 a, 0 24- 24 Cad Ca 24 Ca1 Ca0 Ca Ia En b.0 24 0 0 1-d Ca 10 Ca Ca3 Ca Sn Ca 24 Cad -Ca a, Ca .0 24 CaI CZ Ca' 10 C-) z Cad 24 :Ca 24 Ca1 a) 0 _C) Ca0 a, -a Ca .>4 Cad CZI Cad 0I 412 Ca 2>4 Ca C) a,q 24- a, $I 2>4 2-4 (Ca 24 .Ca) Cad Ca CaI CSI IVI $4 .a,. .0 24 Cad a, 24 C.) 2 4 --4 Ca 10 2 4 CL) .C) Ca Ca Ca3 Cad $1I Ca 2-4 Ca co Ca 2-4 Ca 24 .0 .0 Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca CL) Ca Ca Ca 24 $4 a, a., CZa Ca 'H Ca 24 la -o Ca $4 bCa -a 24 Ca 0 0 Ca 412 24 Ca co, Ca 'a, Ca Ca Caw Ca a, I'd $~4 02 0 02 04- EC a) .0 4,n $4 S~ 214 24 2~4 Ca) _Ca a,s a,: a,) ~0 0 b.0 Ca -a 412 Ca CaI 24 Ca Ca 02 0) Ca 3Ca) CZa 24- $4 Ca a,) Ca b0 0 $412 Ca 24 'H 2!4 Ca Cad Ca 14 214 $4 +a .0 .0 I,1 ca -a Ca 'HI Ca Ca Ca1 Ca1 24 C)I $4 0 Ca la, a, 24 -4 -~4 la Ca 0 241 I., C) CaI 24 (Ca 24 >.4 CaI 24 1)I $4 a., .0 24 C.) 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B CU CU CU CUi ~~~~~~~~~~~ C~U'C Cd z~~~~~~~~~~C ***. . * . .U . . . C * . * . .C . .* . a)* .C . . . . C . * CO* *d Co *I. * * . * * * CU L Cd Cd 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $. C * * * * * *C*U * * * * * d .s . . . U . . C) *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E b -) CO : CO CO CU a)-~~~~~~0 ~~~~4- C' 0d a) a)o0 C ADDENDA SOLE DAD The language here spoken by Se'-nan is the Ka'-Kun. Ka'-Kun [large blot] for Indians on west side of Salinas Valley and in mountains. A-w>s-wrus -on east side of Salinas Valley and in mtns. Spoke outside different lan- guages-Moqiielumnan. The river was the line. They extended ovei to) the San Joaquin; at least the S. J. speak the same language. The Esselenes claimed from Santa Lucia Mt. near Holon [Jolon] along coast and in mts- Monterey Mission. So says Se'-nan a Soledad Indian. The Ka'-kuri claimed to the top of mts west of Sali- nas Valley and to the headwaters Arr-oyo Seco, and to Santa Lucia Mt. -H. W. H. RUMSIEN Rum'-si4-n ......... . tribe around Carmelo Mission and Monterey Es'- se-lven .....n.....,. tribe in upper Carmelo Valley about a small lake called Tulacitos gh-ThY-an .......... tribe in mts near Carmelo Wak-a-ron ............ tribe at Castroville Ka'-len-ta'-ruk ......... tribe that lived beyond CastroJ ville, sotuth Mission Carmelo . . Ti-lus I am from the mission ... Ti-lus-i-rukL; Name of San Luis Obispo. Ti 1-he'-n"e SANTA CRUZ [The following words which occur in Henshaw's list were not entered in the comparative word list because comparable items did not occur in the Soledad, Rumsien, and Santa Clara vocabularies. They do not appear to be of particular significance, but for the sake of complete- ness are given here. -Ed.] a seat ........ . my home .............. floor .............. wall .................. adobe ................ street ................. beaver .... .... bush rat. gray wolf . hoof ............ skin of fish ............ bee ................... full moon ............. half moon ............. water ................. low tide ............... high tide .............. eclipse of sun.......... large basket to carry on back............. milk .................. chaparral cock......... cormorant (shag)....... gull .................. blue crested jay...... u - lys' kan-ru'-wa ri'-prin pa-le'r a-la' ya-wun hi-nih' u -mu ko'-ro pa-ta' po-truk-mrYn pu-m'en-tra a '-lum Si kau -wen hop- pen u-i-ka 'n ci-wen mu s u-yu -i sa-rai mau-lo '-ma u-ya-Y screech owl ........... egg shell .............. black oak.............. to cut wood........... pepper wood ........... mask ................. colt .................. bull .................. cow . .......... hog .................. cat ................... hen ................... boots ................. stockings ............. handkerchief .......... bread ................. flour .................. friction match ......... paper ................. book .................. well .................. railroad .............. my father's elder brother ............. my father's elder sister .............. f. s. my father........ f. s. my mother....... (h.) my husband ...... (h.) f. S. my husband... name of tribe [Sta. Cruz ? ] ....... tg-ko'-ki ma- te ca-ta' tuts-ki sa-katc tu-lu 'p s5n- mak h61l '- l1e pak ra'-ra' pe-nek lel-lo lah' - wen' Yt-tu' cel- l4k pa- 're-mYs mu-i-ywen cer -to ta'-u hai-yu a'-wtl i-nu (same as road) e-t'nan an-si' kan-ap'-nan kan-a '-nan pa- lup kan-mak-ko' he-mett-ra-kat ?? ? NOTES: COSTANOAN 1. [Same word used for thumb and all fingers.] 2. He is naked.-H. W.H. 3. [Henshaw notes in this list that two women assert that the Rumsien counted only to ten.] 4. [Henshaw's informant stated that there was no dif- ference between "this" and "that" in Rumsien.] 5. The word for "both" is doubtful; given with doubt. -H. W. H. 6. [Note two Indian versions of same English phrau4 7. [Note two Indian versions of same English phragW 8. I can find no distinction between present and pal tenses.-H. W. H. 9. [This is as given by Henshaw. Note that he gives the Spanish word for horse in later Soledad phrases.]) 10. Am quite unable to get "you" and "I" in Soledadjt [informant] insists on saying "we."-H. W. H. [186] I II 1 I 4 m 7 TEXT IN SAN BUENAVENTURA CHUMASH [The following accouint is largely self-explanatory. Fuan E. Pico, whom Henshaw characterizes in his San Puenaventura vocabulary as "a half-breed having con- jiderable pretentions in the way of an education," was Opparently uirged by Henshaw to record some Chumash inguistic data, and to have made for the Bu-reau of kmerican Ethnology a stone-weighted (ligging stick, The etter, written in Spanish and dated at San Buenaventura inApril 21. 1891, advises Henshaw of progress in ecuring the digging stick. The text, which is preceded a long preamble, consists of a translation into Buiena- entura Chumash fronm Spainish. The manuscript is cata- logued in the Bureau of American Ethnology as No. 3718. The English translation is added for utility. The Spanish anti Chumash texts are transcribed letter for letter from Pico's autograph manuiscript, written in a clear longhand. The English translation is arn anony- mous one, probably made by or for Henshaw. It is taken fr-om a typed copy accomnpanying the Pico manuscript. It is excessively literal, but otherwise renders reasonably w-ell the meaining of the Spanish original. In workirng with the Chtimash text the reader shcould keep in mind that it is a translation of the Spanish., not of the English. -Ed.] CORRESPONDENCE OF MJAN E. PICO San Buenaventura, Abril 21 de 1891 in. Sr. H. W. Henshow. Sr. de mi distinguido aprecic y cariflo. No me ha sido posible concluir el manuscrito que stoy haciendo sobre las ramas v raices medicinales onocidas por los aborigenes (&c.) no me olvidare de oncluirlo lo mas pronto qtie sea posible, entonces omare una copia de lo mas interesante v le remitire ara que v. tenga conocimiento de ello; pero con anti- ipacion le suplico, tenga la boiidad de disimular rnis altas, pues v. sabe bien que soy incapaz para 1hacer o que he hecho y lo que voy i hacer: no conozco el dioma Espaniol como v. ve y conoce por mis escri- ras. Hoy recibi el palo de cavar, y solamente le faltan s adornos, que hoy mismo se le dio principio y con- rme se concluya se lo remitire que sera dentro de es o cuatro dias. El precio por lo que hasta hoy he agado son siete pesos y cincuenta centavos, lo que me ostard remitirlo aun no se. Debo tomar la explicaciorl del uso de ese instrumento, r que hay de diferentes construicciones y unos y otros n para diferentes usos, que el presente es del tamaiio as usado para los de la costa, es un tamanio y peso edio, para hombre 6 mujer. La madera es de Toyon, piedra es la que ellos (los oriundos)-llaman 6 nom- an piedra verde, bastante blanda para labrarla, de 8ta hacen varios objetos y es de bastante valor. Como estos, no tenian en las costas otra clase de ma que el asfalto (bituminous) 6 brea ceca, usaron lempre de este para la incrustacion de sus instrumentos dornos y objetos de uso de las familias. En fin Senior mio, en mi proxima le dare una idea mas [tensa para su conocimiento de este instrumnento. Por ahora mande A su humilde y seguro servidor. Q. A. B. S. M. Juan E. Pico. San Buenaverit-ura, April 21, 1891. Hon. H. W. Henslhaw. Owner of mnv distinguished esteem and affection [i. e., Dear Sir:] It has not been possible four me to finish the manuscript which I am preparing on the medicinal biranches and roots known by the natives (&c.). I shall not forget to finish it as soon as possible, then I will make a copy of what is most interesting an-d send it to you in order that you may have knowledge of it; but in anticipation I beg youi of your kindness to overlook my mistakes, since you Know weli Lhat I am incapable of doing well that which I do and am going to do, I do not know the Spanish languiage, as you see and from my writings. Today I received the digging-stick, and it merely lacks the ornaments, which were begun this very day, and as soon as finished, I will send it to you, which will be in three or fo>ur days. The price of what I have thus far paid for is seven dollars and fifty cents, and I do not know what it will cost to send it. I must give an explanation of the use of this instrument, because there are such of different constructions, and for different uses. The presetnt one is of the size most in use by the people of the coast, being of middling size and weight, for a man or for a woman. The wood is Toyon, the stone is of the kind which they (the natives) call or name green stone, soft enough to work it. Of this they make various objects, and it is of considerable value. As these natives had on the coast no other kind of gum than asphalt (bituminous) or blind pitch, they always used this for incrusting their instruments, ornaments and ob- jects for family use. Finally, dear sir, in my next letter I will give you a more extended idea for your understanding of this instru- ment. For the present I beg you to command your humble and assured servant. Who kisses your hands, Juan E. Pico. [187] I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS A la Institucion Etimol6gica de los Estados Unidos de America. Con deseos de hacer un obsequio 6 esta Institucion Etimol6gica, y no pudiendo encontrar otra cosa que la presente que es una sencilla traduccion en relacion A los gloriosos acontecimientos del 4 de Julio de 1776, dia en que toda la nacion entera se conmueve a cele- brarlo. Dedico mi iniutil trabajo para esta Institucion sin saber si serA de grata aceptacion por los miembros de ella: en caso que no fuere aceptado, que se me devuelva; bastante trabajo he tenido de traducir A la lengua ori- ginal de los Oriundos de Mizkanakan, "San Buenaventura California" lo que he sacado de un impreso, con el uinico fin de dejar este idioma escrito en referencia del ya mencionado 4 de Julio, haciendo en todo lo posible para dar cada palabra el mismo sentido en su traduccion. Como los Oriundos no conocian A ninguna persona que por su elevado grado de mando tuviera al nombre de Presidente, ni reuniones respetables como un Congreso, Asamblea &c., no tienen nombres propios, por que para ellos era todo desconocido, aunque ellos (los oriundos) hacian sus reuniones anualmente para deliberar sobre diferentes objetos, que esto tambien bastante trabajo me ha costado hacer su comparacion para distinguir el de mas poder y facultad: lo demonstrara la lista que se verA mas adelante. Debo advertir que me veo precisamente [sic] escribir todas las cosas y nombres que los oriundos no conocian con las letras propiamente con que se escriben, tambien las fechas con numeros usando u(nicamento la frase 6 preposicion correspondiente: omito los nombres com- puestos de los doce meses del anio por no encontrarlos propios, la razon es que, despues de la conquista, algun catequista ensenio A algun catecu'meno a conocer los nombres de los doce meses, y por ellos fueron com- puestos: lo que reconozco propiamente son las cuatro estaciones del anio. El no escribir las fechas con letras, es porque es demaciado espacio el que se necesita para escribir, pues se verA en la traduccion que en esta lengua de Mizkanakan se necesita mucha escritura para dar A cada palabra el sentido que se desea. El nombre "Mizkanakan," es diminutivo de quijada nombre que equivocadamente se les ha dado A estos aborigenes, su propio nombre por la tribu a que per- tenecen es "Lulah," el origen de este nombre es por el mismo nombre del lugar en donde tienen la rancheria que ellos reconocen como la capital, por vivir alli el capitan mayor de quien estAn todos sugetos y obedientes A sus ordenes, el nombre de dicho lugar es "Lulapin," que se escribe "Lul, apin," es un corto promontorio en donde subian a depositar sus ofrendas A sus idolos. Mizkanakan, es el lugar en donde hoy estA situada la escuela pu'blica de Ventura Cal. Mizkanakan tampoco no es el nombre de quijada (mandibula,) miz es pre- posicion, kanakan es diminutivo de janajan que este es el propio nombre. (janajan) Hon. Sr. H. W. Henshow, suplico a v. que despues que haya examinado el presente manuscrito, si lo en- cuentra que pueda serle de alguna utilidad puede some- terlo A esa Institucion, y si v. encuentra lo contrario en el, sirvase devolvermelo. En un corto de tiempo mas concluire la descripcion de todas las yerbas, raices, Arboles, grasas y otras cosas de que se servian los indios para curarse, re- medios que ellos conocieron por sus virtudes: tambien le dare una idea referente A las mujeres primerizas de To the Etymologic Institution of the United States of America. Desiring to do a favor to your Etymologic Institution, and being unable to find anything else than the present, which is a simple translation relating to the glorious events of the 4th of July, 1776, a day on which the whole nation is aroused to celebrate it. I dedicate my useless work to your Institution without knowing whether it will be acceptable to the members; if not accepted, let it be returned to me. I have found con- siderable trouble in translating into the original language of the natives of Mizkanakan, San Buenaventura, Cali- fornia, an extract from a printed paper, with the sole end of recording this language in writing with reference to the aforementioned 4th of July, doing my best to give to each word the same meaning in its translation. As the natives knew no person bearing the name of President in virtue of his high authority, nor any dignified body like a Congress, Assembly, etc., they have no special names [for these], since to them all this was un- known, although they (the natives) had annual meetings in order to deliberate on various matters. Thus I found considerable trouble in making comparisons in order to distinguish the person of greatest power and authority; this will appear from the list given farther on. I must note that I find myself obliged to write all things and names which the natives did not know with the letters with which they are properly written, and the dates with numbers, using merely the corresponding phrase or prep- osition; I omit the compound names of the twelve months of the year for the reason that I find no proper native names, the reason being that since conquest some cate- chist taught some catechumen the names of the twelve months, and by them they were composed; what I properly recognize are the four seasons of the year. Dates are not written with letters, for the reason that too much space would be required to write them, since it will be seen in the translation that this language of Miz- kanakan requires much writing in order to give each word the meaning desired. The name "Mizkanakan" is the diminutive of jaw-bone, a name erroneously given to these natives, the true name of the tribe to which they belong being "Lulah." The ori- gin of this name is from the name itself of the place where they have the ranch which they recognize as their capital, for the reason that the head captain to whom they are all subject and obedient lives there. The name of that place is "Lulapin," which is written "Lul, a-pin"; it is a short promontory whither they repaired in order to deposit their offerings to their idols. Mizkanakan is the place where at this day the public school of Ventura, Cal., is situated. Nor is Mizkanakan the word for jaw-bone (mandible); miz- is a preposition, kanakan is the diminutive of janajan, which latter is the proper word. (janajan). Hon. H. W. Henshaw, I beg that after examining this manuscript, if you find that it may be of some use, you will submit it to your Instititution, and if you find the con- trary, kindly return it to me. Within a short time I shall finish the description of all the herbs, roots, trees, grease and other things which the Indians used to cure themselves, remedies which they knew by their virtues; I will also give you an idea regard- ing women in first childbirth, of their menstruation, how I 1 4 188 ., , MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW su menstruacion de como las cuidaban, curaban y por 'ue las hacian ciertas cer emonias bajo ciertas creen- cias que las hacien observar. Dispenseme todas mis faltas pues por mi mucha in- apacidad las habre cometido sin advertirlas, y mande omo guste a su S. S. y amigo. Juan E. Pico. ,to El palo de cavar y el collar de piedra los he mandado hacer; pero aun no estA concluido el collar que es lo mas dificil, el palo en muy poco tiempo se puede labrar, conforme est6 concluido se los remitire por el express de W. G. y C. a they were cared for, and cured, and why they were sub- jected to certain ceremonies in obedience to certain be- liefs that led to their observation. Excuse all my mistakes, as I committed them through my great incapacity, without noticing them, and command as you please your servant and friend, Juan E. Pico. N. B. I have ordered the digging stick and the stone collar to be made; but the collar is not yet finished, as it is the hardest; the stick can be worked in very short time. As soon as they are finished, I will send them to you by W. g. & Co. Express. Lista de los nombres comparados, los cuales usare en su lugar respectivo List of the compared names which I shall use in their respective places Presidente. Gobernador. Juez Superior. General. C omandante. Soldado. Congreso. Diputado. Asamblea. Wot y ja, aj. Wot y alashhunach. Ca canay y al jilicnash. Wot y emechhesh. Alashhunach. Alal tikip. Ziuismo. As, hunanesh. Am al ishmoch. President Governor Superior judge General Commander Soldier Congress De puty Assembly Nombres de las cantidades de mas de cien Names of quantities more than 100 Cien, ciento. Mil. Million. Un pie (12 p, das) Una yarda Una milla. Una legua. Republica independiente. Heroe. Heroismo. Inde pendiente. Chijipsh. Zcumli y shijipsh. Zyeti is cumli y shijipsh. Paqe, et se el. Paqe, et y shucumusha, ash. Paqe, et y sucumunash. Paqe, et si meq. Aphaneshmu y al qitwo. Alicsijip. Icsijipash. Al qitwo. Hundred Thousand Million A foot (12 inches) A yard A mile A league Independent republic Hero Heroism Independent Entiendase bien que los Oriundos no distinguian clara- mente estos poderes y atribuciones; pero distinguian A us capitanes segun la bondad y afabilidad de cada uno, ue se hacia captar las simpatias de los gobernados, y stos llevaban el nombre del bondadoso capitan ante el rincipal capitan que le llaman: 'Wot y ja, aj;' y en la eunion general que anualmente hacian alll pedian se ombara aquel capitan propietario de su capitania, yA ste era considerado como un gefe mayor que los demas e su clase. Como estos oriundos reconocian ciertas rancherias omo capitales, reconocieron una rancheria que fue la e Punta de Duma, como la residencia de su principal efe, que a sus ordenes obedecian todos, y se ejecuta- an sus ordenanzas, A este capitan le he dado por su lase el titulo de Presidente, al capitan bondadoso como he dicho el titulo de Gobernador, los que llamare jueces son los que determinan las fiestas cuantos dias y a hon- ra de tal cosa 6 tal objeto, tambien en un caso de crimen ayor dan la sentencia por orden del gefe y A nombre el pueblo en primer lugar los ofendidos. asi por este nor he hecho la comparacion como se v6. Let it be well understood that the natives did not clearly distinguish these powers and attributes; but they distin- guished their chieftains according to the kindness and af- fability of each, by which they won the sympathy of their subjects, and the latter raised the name of the kind chief- tain above that of the head chieftain whom they call: "Wot y ja, aj"; and in the general meeting which they annually hold there they asked that that captain be appointed holder of their chieftainship, the latter being considered a greater chieftain than the others of his class. As these natives recognize certain ranches as principal ones, so they recognize one ranch, which was that of the Punta de Duma, as the residence of their head chieftain, whose orders all obeyed and whose commands they exe- cuted. To this chieftain I have given for his class the title of President, while to the kind chieftain, as I have said, I have given the title of Governor; those whom I shall call judges are the ones that determine the feasts, how many days they are to last, and in honor of what thing or object. In case of greater crime they also pass sentence by order of the chieftain, and in the name of the people, and first of all the plaintiffs. In this way I have made the comparison, as may be seen. I 189 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS THE FOURTTH OF JULY Cuatro de Julio de 1 890. Aniversario de la proclama (de indeperndencia de los Estados Unidos, el dia 4 (ie Julio de 1776. Ya habiari pasado cien afios dcsde el descubrirniento de la America por Cristobal Colon, arntes de que la In- glaterr a lograr a establecer alguna colonia en este continente. La primera colonia fue Virginia, establecida en 1607. En el afi) de 1776 la Inglaterra contaba con trece colonias en Norte Arnierica, (0O1 una poblacion de tres millones. El dia 4 de Julio de 1776 los (dipo- tados de las trece coloniias, en el primer congreso contiriental reunido en la ciuidad de Filadelfia, firmaron la piociama de Independencia, ein la que declararon que las colonias uni- das eran desde aquel momento, y debiarn ser hasta la consumacion de los tiempos Estados libres sober- anos e independientes, que estaba rota la alianza con la Inglaterra. "A nomrbre del buen pueblo de estas colonias, poniendo por testigo al Juez Supremo del Universo v con una firme fe en la proteccion de la divina providencia, para sostener esta proclama, nos comprometemos y obligamos unos a otros con nues- tras Fortunas, nuestras vidas y nuestro Sagrado honor." He aqui el documento solemne que firmaron los heroes de la independen- ameiicana, el cual empieza coIn la sublime declaracion de que- "Trodos los hombres nacen iquales y que estdn dotados por su creador con ciertos derechos inalienables, tales como la vida, la libertad y el derechlo de buscar cada uno su feli&-idad, v concluye con un llamarniento patetico dirijido i todos los pueblos del inun- do, declaraindolos eneniigos en guer- ra, en paz amigos." La declaracion de independencia escrita por Thomas Jefferson, con- tiene una lista formidable de agra- vios sufr idos por las colonias S. manos de su Madrastra la Inglaterra. La historia del rey de la gran Bretania, dice: Es una historia de repetidos agravios y arbitrariedades, cuyas tendencias directas se encami- nan al establecimiento de una tirania absoluta sobre el pueblo de los Esta- dos Unidos: y cuando una larga serie de abusos, nos prueba A las claras Zecumilu v Jllio sal 18'90. Al curm]i y shoip y samsuwakrnii- wash y sam ip si camu flu si tipti- peiwn- hewu sha aphaneslimu shi ial ishmoch, 4 si juiho sal 1776. Naiwash ish welejsh sal-chijipsh y shop y shushtelwash Cristob,-ld Co- lon iti sa ikmerica si miu nas huklep- wash Inglaterr a hal hinay la aphan- eshmu iti si jaaj is kilmes. Si canay sha aphaneshmu an Vir- ginia, zam sinay sal 1607. Y shup sal 1776 Inglaterra an zhalyet caashcomn ca sal masej sha aphaneshmtu sal utiyeet se ejteihieu sa America, si ial ishmnoch si ial aphanich an masej zyeti y shijipsh. Sal 4 si julio sal 1776 y setel- wunuch he sal caashcom ca sal masej sha aphaneshmu, si canay hu si yiwismo an lo ca jaal ca apha- neshmu Filadelfia, ca si nakhay zi sinay y si te si ca mu hu si tiptipei- wu, qin chi ninoksh yilaah sal sumak- paqeswunawash y si alhash ca si hu si nehet si la cayulwelwelejsh y shup si- muhu sashunanwuniih he si Ingla- terra. "Lo ish te he si qi aphaneshmu, qi-ip y sitaktakiyuw he y shup si qi hin wot, si jaaj shi qi shuwashech si hushushumishiyuw ca he hus oyoni- yuw si ho qi yikipli he si qi ipuch, si qial swakniil si qi alhash, qi ip si hu qi yikiip ca si hu qi ichcuhuchnash hu qi suInuwUs si qi bin ca si qi enhes ca si qi suyuwahachheshi." Caye cas ip y si waksicus sal y sinaipi y si te lowu si ial irsijip y sam as-hunanwash sa americana, sal sununaupi is ip y si suwakniil si "Yi- laah sha at,ajt,ajach an zi eke an paqset sal y netpi ca he walhn zyieus- wu he si qi bin wot is qeyemi sal mu alakwaay hal zani sekenuswu caye si qi enhes, ea si huqi netpi si hu qi ala- kniyewus, ca si hu qi uniyeu ish wash- ech si hu qi ilic, eh, is hutecli an zhu- waiiaal y shajsheshwu yilaah sha ap, - aphaneshmnuli iti y shup, z, ip si hu shichemechheshwu si hu am tikip, ca si hu shakshc. utiweshwu si la am akhay.1" Sal sotoyi is waksicus si hu am qitwo an Thomas Jefferson, ulyi ish tipekenpi ish netnetushwunuuch he sa apap haneshmuuh lo ca si tete Ingla- terra. Is hakutinaalesh lo casi hiiu wot cal jiliewu he si jaaj si Bretana, z, ip mu am watichoho hal zam uniyeu ne lu am teluetuswu hal zam silukonesh- piwu hal jaaj zilaah he sha ap, aphan- eshmuuh, qi kise ish naal y si nouno- woneesh sha al shujulch, eyech sal y netuspiwu he si ial aphanich, z, il is Fourth of July 1890. Anniversary of the proclamation of independence of the United States, orl the fourth of July, 1776. One hundr ed years had already passed since the discovery of Ameri- ca by Christopher Columbus, before England succeeded in establishing any colony on this continent. The first colony was Virginia, established in 1607. In 1776 England numbered thirteen colonies in North America, with a population of three millions. On the fouirth of July, 1776, the representatives of the thirteen col- onies, in the first continental con- gress assembled in the city of Phila- delphia, signed the proclamation of Independenlce, in which they declared that the united colonies were from that moment, and should be till the consummation of time, free, sover- eign and independent States, and that the alliance with England was broken. "In the name of the good people of these colornies, calling to witness the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and with a firm faith in the protection of Divine Providence, to sustain this proclamation, we pledge and oblige ourselves to each other with our for- tunes, our lives and our sacred honor. " The following is the solemn docu- meint which the heroes of the Ameri- can independence signed, beginning with the sublime declaration that "All men are born equal and are en- dowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty and the right to seek each one his happiness," and concludes with a pathetic appeal to all peoples of the world, declaring them enemies in war, in peace friends. The declaration of independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, con- tains a formidable list of grievances endured by the colonies at the hands of their stepmother, England. The history of the king of Great Britain says: It is a history of re- peated outrages and arbitrary acts, whose direct tendency looks toward the establishment of an absolute tyranny over the people of the United States: and when a long series of abuses clearly proves to us a mali- 190 I MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW un designio malicioso de reducir A las colonias al despotismo mas ab-- soluto, esta en su derecho y en su deber cambiar su actual forma de gobierno y arreglar inuevas disposi- ciones para su futuro bienestar. Despues de enumerat las injusti- cias mas notables cometidas por el gobierno ingles, agrega: Un prin- cipe que ha desechado nuestras peti- ciones mas humildes con insultos e injurias, y cuyo caracter se destaca con todos los rasgos con que se dis- tinguen los tiranos, no es digno de gobernar a un pueblo libre e inde- pendiente de su dominio. Tampoco hemos faltado en corte- sia A nuestros herimanos los ingleses, les henmos dado aviso de las tentati- vas de sus legislaturas que tratan de extender una jurisdiccion injustifi- cable sobre nosotros. Los hemos conjurado a nombre de nuestro corn- un origen a que cerraran sus usur- paciones que inevitablemente inter- rumpirian nuestras relaciones. Ellos tambien han sido sordos L la voz de la justicia y de la Sangre. Desde aquella fecha memorable empieza la historia poltica del pueblo de los Estados Unidos. La gran Bretania declar6o riebeldes ytraidores a los padres de la inde- pendencia americana, a los grandes heroes y soldados de la revolucion que con su sangre sellaron las eter- nas verdades contenidas en la de- claracion de independencia, y le- garon al mundo y a la humanidad la ep-iblica federal cimentada sobre h libertad civil y religiosa. Desde Lexington 1775 hasta York- wn 1781 tuLvieroil lugar cuarento y res batallas notables entre los ejer- Litos ingleses y americanos. Se hicieron notables entre los enerales americanos por su valor, Entre los ingleses fueron, Vinieron de varias naciones de uropa, varias personas nobles que restaron grandes servicios a la ausa de la independencia. qeyerni si hu si wayap is wanaal si hUl as, hunanwu si hu si yiliq, eh ca si hu si hu si salakwaay si ho- si sun- una su hu si akhay su hul y jilalte. Canawash inapali is halyet y si nounowomishwunaash si cumcumeel lowu si ingles, qi sibjey: sal jilicwu si wot an mu sitak si qi qeyewus ho- shu shalte si qi shushushtumish qiu chukoneshpiyiyuw, ca he chhuwak- mashiyuw chhushcuyiyuwsi mu a! alejmeme caipi qi mu salakwaay hal u sas, hunaniyuw si qi al qitwo. Ca he muna qi ushhoilwash hal qi ejnekenipiwu lowu ca qi alaliweeh ea ingleses, lache si qi tiyepuswu si husi netusiyuw si ial ekuel is wanaal hu si sumeheeh y si suklep c,ue cumel sal y shuLnushcuiyiyuw. Qi susit- penwu salnetpi qi qiyet ca he nelchne- het qiqi uniliq,eh iti. Qi shukliash qi nutihiri ish te si qi cuh qi mu hu si qimiyiih hal zi aj,ut,uh qiwe hush ninoksh ishnaal ish washech si qi alhash. Ca caiwu phala an zi ekuel y si ukshtu my si yitak ish hu wach,eh sal qeyemi ca sa ahn. Sal lache y sam aknitperi shi ishau cas hunurna ish tipeKenpi y si nenetu- uch si ial ishmoch sha aphaneshmu. He si jaaj si BretaRa an zip si ial tin,ah,al ca he ial okwolinich lo ca at y si ekuel qis qitwo sa americana, lowu si ial icsijip ca si ial al tikip y sam whototo, zi sunuwus y si ahu y si waksicus sal iw,eh y shup ca si cuh yilaah sha aphaneshmu sa al qit- wo chtipey y sam shuqepesh, ca si hu qi ekuel si qial akniyewus sal qe- yemi si hu qi ejnekenpi y shup su ho qial shuwashech. Chnunapi Lexington sal 1775 qis cumli Yorktown sal 1781 zeurrmush- caashcom ca sal mnasej y si cumshash she emechhesh si ingleses ca sa am- ericanos. Zi atajtajach si akniil si wotwot she emechhesh sa americanos an, Si ingleses sal iyaliweleejsh Zi yet si ial nuna siz, ohzohooz sha aphaneshmu se Europa, sha at, ajt,ajach sa al kilqeqsh y si ahu zi acti ichcuhunwu he y si azcau si husi qitwo. cious desigin to r'educe toe colonies to the most absolute despotism, it is their Iright arnd their dLty to change thieiIr existing for-m of government and to mak-e inew ar-rangenients for their futuire well-beinag. After enumerating the mor e niot- able acts of injustice commlitted by the English government, he adds: A prince who has rejected our r{ost humble petitions with insult arid out- rage, and whose character is marked by all the traits by which tyrants are distinguished, is not worthy to gov- ern a free and itndependent people of his dominioni. Neither have we been wanting in coortesy to olur brothers the English; we have given them notice of the at- tempts of their legislatures to extend an unjustifiable jurisdiction over us. We have conjured them in the name of oor common origin to cease theit usurpations wi-hich would inevitably interrupt our relations, They also have been deaf to the voice of justice and of blood. From that memorable date begins thie political history of the people of the United States. Great Britain declared the father s of American independence rebels and traitors; the great heroes and soldiers of the revoiution who sealed with their blood the eternal truths contained in the declaration of independence, and bequeathed to the world and to human- ity the Federal Republic foutnded on civil and religious liberty. From Lexingilon, in 1775, to York- town, in 1781, ther [sic] took place forty-three notable battles between the English and American armies. Xmoing the American generals, the followiing distinguished themselves by their valor: Washington, Parker, Allen, Pres- cc)tt, Howe, Lane, Wayne, Lee, Mont- gomery, Moultrie, Putnam, McDougall, St. Clair, Stark, Warner, Gates, Robt, Sumter, Campbell, Lincoln, Greene, Morgan, Pickens, Sullivan, Ledyard, Butler, De Grasse. Among the English were: lIowe, Clinton, Burgoyne, John Butler, Br-ant, Campbell, Prevost, Taileton [sic], Cornwallis, Rawdon Arnord [sic]. There came from various nations of Europe various noble persons who rendered great services to the cause of independence. 191 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS De Francia: el general Lafayette; el conde D'Estaing; el almirante Ternay con seis mil franceses al mando de Rochambeau. Tambien son dignos de mencionarse los patriotas polacos Thaddeus Kos- ciusko; el conde Pulaski, y los dos alemanes el baron de Kalb, y el baron Steuben El tratado final de paz, el tratado de paris fue firmado el tres de Seti- embre de 1783. Por medio de el la gran Bretafia reconocio la independencia de los Estados Unidos. So convino que los linderos de los Estados Unidos se extendieran por el Norte hasta los grandes Lagos, y por el poniente hasta el Mississippi. El tres de Noviembre de 1783 fue designado para desbandar el ejercito. -Sus soldados patriotas de la revolu- cion regresaron a sus hogares, con la alta satisfaccion que habian hecho a su patria libre e independiente. Al fin de la guerra el fltimo sol- dado ingles habia desaparecido de los Estados Unidos. Washington, el 4 de Diciembre de 1183 se despidi6 de sus oficiales en Nueva York, de alli paso a Annapolis en donde estaba en sesion el el [sic] congreso renuncio su empleo el 23 de Diciembre. Luego se retir6 A su hacienda de Mount Vernon, llevando consigo el amor y la gratitud de sus compatriotas. El gobierno de los Estados Unidos al fin de la guerra era una confedera- cion 6 liga de Estados. En lugar de la constitucion tenian sus Articulos de confederacion. Estos Articulos de confederacion habian sido sancionados por el con- greso en-1777, y ratificados por todos los Estados en 1781. La constitucion de los Estados Unidos fue decretada por la conven- cion constitucional que se reuni6 en Mayo de 1787, bajo la presidencia de George Washington. Fue firmada el dia 17 de Setiem- bre de 1787; pero no fu6 completa- mente ratificada sino hasta el aiio 1790. Washington fu6 el primer presi- dente de los Estados Unidos elegido en virtud de la constitution. Si y alactinaay Francia: lo ca wot ca emechhesh Lafayette; lo ca conde D'Estaing; lo ca wot ca emechhesh si muwu Ternay chniqhetwu yitiish- com zcumli y shijipsh si Franceses zas, hunanwu Rochambeau. Washech si huam saltihinwu lo ca ial suya aphaneshmun,ich lo si ish polacos Taddeus Kosciusko; ca lo ca conde Pulaski, ca lowu sal ish ish- com shi ish alemanes lo ca baron de Kalb, ca lo ca baron Steuben. Sa ajutekuelesh si chakwinpi, sa ajutekuelesh paris an zam sotoyi masej y setiembre sal 1783. Cal wanunapi qi lo ca jaaj ca Bre- tafia an zkise si hewu si ial ishmoch sha aphaneshmu anne y ca si qitwo. Zam ip si hul alaj wilpiih su hu si mishup si ial ishmoch sha aphanesh- mu an si he se ejtelheu an hus cumli lo ca jajaaj cas caash co oh, qi sal melewenpi shi ishau an hus cumli lo ca Mississippi. Masej si Noviembre sal 1783 qi sam ushhowu she emechhesh.-Lo ca ial al tikip ca ial suya aphanich an chwasechli y shi posh y si nali y si ap,aap, qiwe he ca si aphaneshmu an zi suqitwo. Ish tecli y sam toush sa alulekpey sa al al tikip si ingles an walin chush- ho iti si ial ishmoch sha aphaneshmu. Washington, 4 si Diciembre sal 1783 chushhowu is hinwotwoot Nueva York, cash nuna ish naal Annapolis ca samnakhay y siwismo qi cash nak- hay y shushho ish hushjilicash sul ejnekenpi 23 si Diciembre. Walin chnaal chakshuch is ap Mount Ver- non, chnunaal he ish posh sal utiyec y salak cumuswu, uh is iwenwunwash. Y si as,hunach he si aphaneshmu si ial ishmoch si nawamu am toush an cay lo cas wanaal sal as,hunanwu si ap,aphaneshmuuh. Mu si ekuel lu si hin zuanaal qin zi sinay si lache si hu si ishmoch y si aphaneshmu. He y si ekuel y si hinzwanaal an ne y si sulapinwash lo ca siwismo sal 1777, qi nupan cham ush, alte yilaah sal am akhay sal 1781. Y si utiwate sal qitwonpi y si hin zwanaal hewusi ial ishmoch sha ap- haneshmu an chi ipuch sal y yishmoch- wash si cayus ip ish ekuelesh Filadel- fia ca si nakhay Mayo y auhay sal 1787, nashteeeh George Washington ca wot y jaaj. Zam sotoyi si cayushnehet 17 y Setiembre sal 1787; c,ueh mu sam ush,ahte yilaah lushnehet qin cas cumli y shup sal 1790. Washington ca canaay y wot y jaaj si cal y nutiwatesh lo ca si ajutekuel ca si utiwate hewu si ial ishmoch sha aphaneshmu. From France: General Lafayette; Count D'Estaing; Admiral Ternay with 6,000 French troops under com- mand of Rochambeau. Others worthy of mention are the Polish patriots Thaddeus Kosciusko; Count Pulaski, and the two Germans Baron de Kalb and Baron Steuben. The final treaty of Peace, the treaty of Paris, was signed on the third of September, 1783. By virtue of it, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. It was agreed that the boundary of the United States should extend northward as far as the Great Lakes, and westward to the Mississippi. The third of November, 1788, was designated to disband the army. The patriot soldiers of the revolution re- turned to their homes, with the high satisfaction of having rendered their country free and independent. At the end of the war, the last English soldier had disappeared from the United States. On December 4, Washington took leave of his officers at New York, thence he passed on to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, and laid down his office on December 23. He then retired to his manor of Mount Vernon, bearing with him the love and gratitude of his countrymen. The government of the United States at the end of the war was a confederation or league of States. Instead of the constitution they had their articles of confederation. These articles of confederation had been sanctioned by Congress in'1777, and ratified by all the States in 1781, The Constitution of the United States was adopted by the constitu- tional convention which met in May, 1787, under the presidency of George Washington. It was signed on the 17th of Septem- ber, 1787; but it was not completely ratified till 1790. Washington was the first President of the United States, elected under the Constitution. 192 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW Cien ainos es un periodo muy corto en la vida de una nacion. Los tres millones de habitantes en 1776 son ahora treinta y ocho. El territorio de los Estados Uni- dos cuando se ratific6 la union fede- ral en 1790 era de ochocientas mil millas cuadradas. El siglo ha visto un progreso material sin ejemplo en la historia. El telegrafo, los buques de vapor, la imprenta, los ferrocarriles. Se necesitan volumenes para dar una idea de tantos adelantos que ha alcanzado el pueblo de los Estados Todos los que hemos tenido la dicha de vivir y ser testigos de estos adelantos, debemos hacer en cada aniversario, votos muy fervientes por la perpetuidad de la rep'ublica federal y de las insti- huciones que el pueblo se ha dado para alcanzar todos los benficios sic] que intentaron legar a la humanidad los heroes de la revolu- ion y de la independencia ameri- ana. Chijipsh y shup sal welejsh au knowowo is il sha aphaneshmu su hus cuta. Sal masej zyeti is cumli y shijipsh si ial aphanich sal 1776 an zcumli qepe sal masegshcaashcom ca sal malawa. Y si mishup hewu si ial ishmoch sha aphaneshmu, si nawa sam sajta- wase si hu ial ishmoch y aphaneshmu sal 1790 au malawa chijipsh zcumli y shijipsh y shucumunash zmakpaqees is makqeneet. He sal cuum y shup an zkise y shipjes y sam sakutinaal sal mus il a lalekepeyus. Sa alamle sha alal- hash, tomol sa al naleshpiy sa ala- piz eh so oh, walapaqees y wakshi- cushashmu ca sha aliash y nok,oz. Zuktiyeu ehe si wakshicushas qi hu salakwaay si huam shuwatiyetsh sal ahashli naway he sha aphaneshmu si ial ishmoch. Yilaah qiqe sal akpaniyuw ish wash- ech si qial iliq,eh anqi kise y shipjesh, zalakwaay si hu qi shushcush qepe is cu,um ishin chup, ca he laqhan wa si hus cu,um an hu qi nuqeyew he sha aphaneshmu sa al qitwo si lache su hus il,il ca sal nuqeyemi is hin zwa- naal, si ial akhay au chi alistajan qi si ahashli yilaah shi washech si hul am ush,alte yilaah si cuh cai y ushho- piwu lowu sal y ush,acwash y si ahu lowu sal y sucutanwash is whototo ca he zi suqitwo iti sa americana is kilmes. One hundred years is a very short period in the life of a nation. The three millions of inhabitants in 1776 are now thirty-eight. The territory of the United States, at the time of ratification of the federal union in 1790 was 800,000 square miles. The century has seen a material progress without example in history. The telegraph, the steamboats, printing, the railways. Volumes are needed to give an idea of so many advances attained by the people of the United States. All of us, who have had the good fortune to live in the midst of this progress and bear witness to it, should make on each anniversary very fervent wishes for the perpe- tuity of the federal republic and of the institutions which the people have given themselves in order to attain all the benefits which the heroes of the revolution and of American independence intended to bequeath to humanity. Por su servidro By your servant Juan Esteban Pico. 193 Juan Esteban Pico. LIST OF CHUMASH VILLAGES [The following list, the most complete one ever com- piled from native Chumash, has apparently never been published. It occurs on page 228 of the San Buenaventura vocabulary. The village names appear in the Handbook of American Indians (BAE-B 30, 2 vols., 1907), in alpha- betical position scattered through the two volumes. Hen- shaw's list was used by Kroeber in compiling his map of "Part of the Habitat of the Chumash and Alliklik" (Kroe- ber, 1925, pl. 48). Actually there are three lists of village names. The first (List A) of 106 villages between San Buenaventura and Malibu is by Juan Esteban Pico, informant for the San Buenaventura vocabulary and author of the text printed in this volume. The second (List B) of 36 villages situated north and south of Ventura is not attributed to an informant. The third (List C) is the shortest, 16 villages, and was contributed by Hostu, Henshaw's informant at Santa Barbara, and probably the same person called Justo by L. G. Yates (1889, p. 305; 1891, p. 373).-Ed.] LIST A Names of Indian Villages of the Santa Barbara Family from Cape Concepcion southwards to Maligo [Malibu] Ranch on the coast, the southernmost settlement. The stars (*) indicate the capitals or more populous and im- portant towns where festivals, feasts and perhaps coun- cils were held. The list is said by Pico to be by no means complete. I give the Spanish orthography as written by Pico as well as the phonetic spelling by myself from his pronunciation. -H. W. H. Place 1. Punta de Concepcion 2. El cojo nuevo 3. El cojo viejo Pico (Spanish Orthography) Humkak Upop Shisholop 4. Santa Anita 5. La gaviota 6. San Onofre 7. Arroyo ondo 8. La Quemada 9. El refugio 10. Caniada del corral Catch, tayet Onomio Mich, hiu Tuj mu Shushuch, y Kasil Ca, je Ka'-t-sta-y5t *O-no'-mi-o MY'-tc-hi-yu Tu .hc - mu Cu'-cu-tci Ka-sil' Ka-hc;o 11. Punta capitan Ajuawilashmu *A-wha'-la'c-mu 12. Los dos pueblos 13. Los dos pueblos 14. San Miguel (La patera) 15. Cuatro pueblos 16. Fueron habitados por 17. las tribus indigenas 18. Arroyos del burro Migiu Cuyamu S, aj pilil Hel-oh He-liyec Al caash Skonon Mi-gi '-u Ku-Y-ya'-mu Scpi '-lil Hel-lo' *je 'l-Y-ok Al-k-vac SkV6 -n6n 19. El castillo viejo Mis pu (light house) 1 [The original record, which is here reproduced exactly, was probably intended to be read as follows: "Quatro pueblos fueron habitados por las tribus indigenas." Granting this, the four vil- lages were probably those numbered 14, 15, 16 and 17.-Ed.] [194] Henshaw *Hum-ka 'k U'-Pbp Ci- c -lfip Mis -pu .1 4 II I I MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. Place Pico El puerto de Sta. Barbara Siujtun El muelle viejo Amolomol 195 HENSHAW Henshaw Si-u 'k-tun Am-o'-lo-m6l (at the old wharf at Burton house) 22. La salina S, vetete Swe-te't-Y 23. La matanza Sh, hal waj Ca'l-a-wa 24. El muelle de la carpenteria K, olak K'f'-lSk 25. Arroyo de la carpenteria Mishhoshnou Mic-hap'-sna 26. El rincon Shucuw Shu-ku' 27. Cafiada de los sauces Meshem Mer-c5m 28. Punta gorda Shish washcuy CT-ca'wc-ku-i 29. Los pitos Ch, wayec Tc'wai'-y5k 30. Rio de S.nJ B. Ventura Quinapuy, eh Kin-a-pui-ke 31. La Matanza Mishtapalwa Mic-ta-pa'l-wa 32. Alazumita Cach yoyocuch Katc-ya-ya'-kute 33. El esterito Chi-kachkach *Tu'-katc-katc 34. Frente a la calle de Fezueroa [Figueroa] Shisholop *Ci'-ca-lap 35. El muelle Antap An-ta'p 36. El barranco Johmoyozo Hon-mo-yau'-cu 37. San Pedro Jjsha I-ca' 38. La buena salina Wenemu We-ne'-mu 39. Alazuna contute el muelle Point Mugu 2 Shishlomow Cic-la-mA'-u 40. La bocana del estero Muwu Mu-wu' 41. Al norte del estero Si-mo mo *Si-mo'-mo 42. Punta pedregosa3 Wi hatchet *WiTha't-set 43. Las lajas Shal icuwewech Cal-r-ku-we'-witc 44. Boca de la cueva Sul a pin Su'l1-4-pTn 45. Bajada de la canada Ca, sakticat Ka-sak-ti'-kat 46. Caniada de los alizos Shuwalajsho Cu'-wa-la-cu 47. La terrera caniada Lojostojni Lo-has-ta-hc-ni 48. El rancho de Maligo Humaliwo Hu-ma'-li-wu 2[So written in original; meaning obscure.-Ed.] 3 These 3 towns (Nos. 40, 41, 42) were close together; no man or woman who married out of this town [No. 42? ] could ever return.-H. W. H. 20. 21. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Al interior de las sierras, Rancheria principales Place Pico Henshaw 49. El triunfo Hi-puk Hi'- puk 50. El conejo S, apjtuuy SaphC-tu-u'-i 51. Rancho Alazuna Satiwa Sat-wi'-wa 52. Rancho Cayeguas Ca-yewesh Ka-y5'-w5c 53. Cuesta de la mojonera Malhojshi Mal-hok-ce 54. Cuesta Santa Rosa Maluleweny Ma'l-u-15-w5'-ni 55. La canada del salto Sholc, ho, hoon C 'l-ka-h --n 56. Rancho Semi Shimiyi Ci-mi'-i 57. Rancho Tapo Ta, appo Ta-ap'-pu 58. Cuesta Santa Susana Cas hi wey Kas-hi'-we 59. San Francisquito. New Hall Tacuyamam Ta'-ku-yu'-mam 60. Rancho Comalos Ca, mulus Ka-mu'-lus 61. El Piru Cash tu Kac-tu' 62. Las tezui 4 Cash-tek Kac-t5k 63. Sespe Se-ek p, e *S64'k-pt 64. San Cayetano Majajal Ma-ha-ha'l 65. Santa Paula Mupu *Mu-pu' 66. Las posas ranch Maj, auh Ma-hau 67. Punta del pocito Malite Ma-li'-t5 68. Punta de la loma S, wine Swi'-no 69. Saticoy Sa,aktic,oy Sa-ak-ti-kai 70. Canon de Santa paula Sis ah *SYs'a' 71. Rancho viejo Auhay Au-hai' 72. Nordoff Sitoptopo Si-tq'p-ta- pa 7 3. Matilija Mat,ilaha *Ma'-ti-la-ha 74. El llano de Santa Ana Sal nojalcai-si cuw Sal na-ha-kai'-sr-ku 75. Rancho No 1, al norte S,ohmes S 'o-mu's 76. La calera arnazo ranch On, c, ot On'-kot' 77. Caniada del coyote- Coyo' Kgi'-yo 78. Canada del diablo Coj so' K-so 4 [Apparently so written; may be intended as reference to Kasua. -Ed.] 196 MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW Place 79. Presa de la mision 80. La escuela de Ventura Pico Ca an waya ca cuw Mitch Kanakan Henshaw Kan-wai'-a-ka-ku *Mitc-ka'-na-kan 81. La isla tod 82. El puerto p 83. El rancho l 84. En direcci( 85. Mas al oes 86. Punta del d 87. Mas al oes 88. En direccic 89. En direcci( 90. En direccic 91. Mas al est( 92. A la punta ( 93. En direccic 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. Estas son las rancherias que fueron habitados por los aborigenes Isla de Santa Cruz: [a Mich humash MY-chu principal Jajas Ha-ha's grande Nimatlala Ni-mat- on al coste 1 Mashchhal Mas-tcs te 2 Ch,heshe Tco-c5 liablo 3 L,alale A-la-li' te 4 L,acoyamu K1'a-ka an al sud-oeste Ch,oloshush TcA'-lA an al sur Shawa Ca-wa' an al este Liyam Li'-y'nrr e Nanawany Na-na-y del este Suajel Swa-h5l )n al norte Lu upsh Lu-u'p'l -mac -la'-la a'l -a'-mu i-cuc n wa'-ni tc Isla de Santa Rosa: Toda la isla Wi-mal Wi'-mal Rancho viejo Kshiu kshiu K'ci-wu-k'ci-wu El puerto Kichewen Hits-tco-won En direccion al oeste Siliwihi Si'-li-wi-hi Mas al oeste Niakla Ni-a'k-la Mas al oeste Nemqelqel Nom-k5l-kol En direccion al sur Nawany Na-wa'-ni Mas al sur Nilal,hui Ni-lal-hu'-yu 101 was a town celebrated for sorcery; no women or children were allowed in this town, only men. La isla de San Miguel y de mas, tienen un solo nombre conocido 102. San Miguel Tukan Tu'-kan 103. San Clemente Qin-qin Kin'-kin 197 198 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Place Pico Henshaw 104. San Nicola Jalashat Ha-la-cat (magicians' stones from this island) 105. Santa Barbara Si-wot Si-wat 106. Santa Catalina Huya Hu-ya LIST B [The following list of 36 villages is taken from Hen- Ventura. All these spoke the Ventura dialect. Mis'-ka- shaw's original field copy (in pencil) which is Ms. 293 na-kan'is their own name, so-called from the largest (pp. 184-186), Bureau of American Ethnology. The only rancheria." (H. W. H.) explanation given is the following remark appended to the It appears probable that some informant at Ventura, list: "The above rancherias are given from Ventura or someone whose home had originally been Ventura, con- south along the coast then inland N and then E back to tributed this list, but he is not identified by Henshaw. -Ed.] 1. Mls-ta-pal'-wa Rancheria or slaughter house 2. Ki-na-pu-1 A little farther along on the bluffs 3. Ka-mih-me' A little farther along on the bluffs 4. Hon-mgi-yai-yu Just below the wharf 5. Ci-ca-lap Just above the wharf, central village of Ventura rancheria 6. Mu'-u Close to Hueneme (Wen-ne-mu, Indian name) 7. Ap-wrir' Just below Hueneme 8. Sat-wi'-wrir Above HMeneme towards the hills 9. Kai-yt1r-wtirc Just below Springville 10. Ma-hau' Towards the hills from Kai-ytir-wir 11. A-hi-sap' Near Kai-yrir'-wrirc 12. Ci-mi'-i In the mountains W of A-hi-sa'p 13. Mu-pu Santa Paula 14. Ma ha- 'ha' he San Kaietano rancheria 15. Sek'-p6 Cespe Ranch 16. Sis-a' Just beyond the Mt. Kan-wtirhs-mrir, near S. Paula 17. Au-hai Ojai Ranch 18. Si-tah-ta'-pa Nordhoff Ranch 19. Mat'ki-la-ha Matiliha Ranch 20. So-mrirs' In-so-ma Ranch 21. Ma-pau'-wac E of In-so-ma Ranch 22. Kd-a-hAl-kai-hutc E of last named 23. Un-kft" No. 1 Ranch just beyond Santa Ana Ranch 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. MISSION INDIAN VOCABULARIES OF H. W. HENSHAW Kas-pat'-ka-wha E of Santa Ana Ranch Na-mun-sa'-la-wa E of last-named Tci-wu-un-ku'-ya E of last-named Ka-ma-ti-putc E of last-named Ka-ah'-ta'-wak E of last-named, place where the N wind blows Ka-sap-tu'-tu 30. Ka-tcu-ku-tcuk Means the little dove 31. Tc'-ak-pi-nin Means the little root 32. Ka-c6m'-c6m-mai Close to Ventura mill 33. Ka-an-wa-ai-ka-ku-'hu E of latter. Means the oak is hanging 34. Ka-yir-w-irc-i-wac E of latter. Means bead your old ? ? 35. K'ma-ntir-nAr Close to Ventura. Name of a bush out of which strings are made. 36. Ka'-witc-witc-hap-mam Main street of Ventura [Editor's note: Some duplications of. List B and List A are apparent. The following tabulation indicates these. List A List B List A List B 31 1 64 14 30 2 63 15 36 4 70 16 3 5 71 17 40 6 72 18 51 8 73 19 52 9 75 20 66 10 76 23 56 12 32 30 65 13 79 33] LIST C [The third list of Chumash villages is by Hostu, Hen- shaw's Santa Barbara informant. These names, which are either variant pronunciations or indicate a more precise location of one of Pico's places, occur as mar- tinal additions to List A, as though written in from a 7. Tuk-m4l De 8. Su-su-tci 9. Or 10. Kahu 8 c 12. Mi-ki-wi 13. Kui-a-mu 14. Sa-pi'-li' separate notebook record or from the informant with the completed A list in hand. Hostu's villages are easily identified because his name is given in parentheses after each entry. The numbered references here are equi- valent to those in List A. -Ed.] Xep canon 'tega's Ranch or 10 miles north of Dos Pueblos 199 200 15. 16. 17. Al-ka'c 20. Si-u'k-tun 23. Ca-lau-a 26. Su'-ku - CII'p Ha-na-ya Mis-ma'-tuk Al-pin-tca ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS At Moore's Island Near ocean near Moore's Island Near Moore's house [same as List A] A town just north of Shu-ku' (No. 26) In Mission Canon Near mts. Arroyo Burro Middle of present town of S. Barbara BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations American Anthropologist, Menasha, Wis. 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