4 :A14THROPOLOGICAL RECORDS : 12: 5 L E . THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY' CLEMENT W. MEIGHANi WithE ApPeWndixes. by Martin A. Baumhoff, Cherie N. Gregoire, and J. Arthur Freed 44, U UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1953 THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY CLEMENT W. MEIGHAN with Appendixes by Martin A. Baumhoff, Cherie N. Gregoire, and J. Arthur Freed ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. I2, No.5 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: R. L. OLSON, T. D. MCCOWN, J. H. RowE Volume 12, No. 5, PP. I71-224, plates 25-29, i figure in text, 3 maps Submitted by editors August i8, 1952 Issued March i6, 1953 Price, $i.oo UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA -C> CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page Introduction .................................................-171 Description of the site ........................................ 172 The shelter ............................ 172 The deposit ............................ 172 Features within the site ............ ................ 172 Description of artifacts ........ .................... 177 Domestic utensils .................. .......... 177 Basketry ..... .............. ......... 177 Cordage . . .................. 179 Grinding implements ............................ 179 Fire drills and hearths ............................ 179 Blades and scrapers . . ............... 180 Choppers ..... .............. ......... 180 Pottery ................... ......... 180 Sheephorn spoon ....................................... 180 Bone flesher ..................... ....... 180 Dress and ornament .................. .......... 181 Rabbitskin blanket ............................ 181 Sandals ................... ......... 181 Bone beads and bone tube . . .182 Body paint (?) . .. 182 Hunting tools ........... ... ....... 182 Arrow parts: points ..... ......... ....... 182 Arrow parts: shafts ..... ......... ....... 183 Arrow parts: foreshafts . . .............. 183 Flaking tools ................................ ; ........... 184 Arrow wrench ........ .. .......... 184 Ritual objects ........ .. .......... 184 Quartz crystal ........ .. .......... 184 Incised slate objects ........... .......... 184 Stream pebbles .... ....... .......... 185 Rock sulfur ......... .. .......... 185 M ineral paints (?) ...................................... 185 Miscellaneous and unidentified .......... ........... 185 Worked twigs .................................. ......... 185 Gaming pieces (?) ..................... 185 Problematical sheephorn objects . ................ 185 Leather fragment ........ .. ........... 186 Odds and ends .... ....... .......... 186 Ecological factors ........ .. .......... 187 Choice of site by the Indians .......... .......... 187 Population ........ ............ 187 Sources of subsistence and raw materials . . 187 Conclusions .. 189 Dating .. 189 Relationships to other areas .. 189 Appendixes .. 191 A. Minor sites excavated, by Martin A. Baumhoff . . 193 B. Cordage specimens, site Iny-222, by Cherie N. Gregoire .... 195 C. Mammal remains, site Iny-222, by J. Arthur Freed . 201 D. Plant materials and miscellaneous nonartifact remains . 202 E. Descriptive tables of specimens, site Iny-222 . . 204 1. Artifact count and distribution by house pit . 204 2. Depth distribution of artifacts . 205 3. Description of basketry specimens . 206 4. Description of wooden artifacts . 211 5. Description of bone artifacts . 212 6. Description of stone artifacts . 212 Bibliography ................................................. 214 Plates . .217 MAPS 1. Ecological Map of the Coville Site Area ..... .......... facing 171 2. Contour Map of the Coville Rock Shelter . .............. 173 3. Section Views of the Coville Rock Shelter . ............. 174 Tin Mt. Pine nut Chert Slate Juniper mountain Sheep - a a - - - =4 - - < - w - - - - aX-J ^- DX- -; sutwyors ll Death Valley Saline Valli Salt Suitur "SIGAI" X ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE t SPRING ---TRAIL 1 S 5MILES I rlr Panamint Valley obsidian? Map 1. Ecological Map of the Coville Site Area EMIGRANT WASH 'I,, . m I . a I 'i I ?\?Il'. ,\\\O \11\\\, z 't- _V" 11?1\\Il . Qkl' ?Al\-' ?\Ill I lz ?116% -.4 I -4? -zilf, _ZVI: "t INNI 11 ////,.p!, \1 . / 4 '. .,/?/ -Z. i ??N?Ill I ..47 -?4 'I -111. 4 . :z_ 7, .A? 'I'll- --;p_ 11= F' .li--L Z, 7? THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER, INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY CLEMENT W. MEIGHAN INTRODUCTION The excavation here described was carried out as a co8perative project by the National Park Service and the University of California Archaeological Survey (UCAS). The San Francisco office of the National Park Service (Headquarters for Region 4) made arrangements for ex- cavation within the Death Valley National Monument and furnished funds for subsistence of the field crew. The UCAS contributed the services of the writer, plus trans- portation and camping equipment for the field crew. The site, officially designated as 4-Iny-222 in the records of the Archaeological Survey, was named by us after Frederick V. Coville, botanist with the United States Expedition to Death Valley in 1891. Coville took time from his other duties to write a short, but valuable, paper on the Panamint Shoshone (1892), and his contribution is the earliest scientific account of the Indians in the immediate region of the site. The shelter was discovered by a UCAS crew in Feb- ruary, 1951, after the area had been called to our atten- tion by a visitor to the region who had rieported a canyon containing a large number of caves. The February survey crew felt that there was a real danger to the sites dis- covered, since a newly built dirt road permitted easy access to the sites by tourists and relic hunters. The sites are in a remote and unpatrolled section of the Death Valley National Monument, and it appeared only a matter of time before they would be damaged or destroyed by pot hunters. Recognizing the danger of site destruction, the National Park Service, at the request of R. F. Heizer, Director of the UCAS, sponsored an emergency excavation aimed at salvaging the available archaeological material with a minimum of delay. A field crew was accordingly organized by the UCAS, and the work was accomplished in June and July, 1951. The field crew made a complete excavation of the only site of any size in the canyon surveyed, as well as ex- cavating minor sites and making a comprehensive survey of the area within a few miles of the canyon. Although the site excavated is small by the standards of other areas, it is the largest one in this part of the Death Valley Monument, and the material recovered probably represents as com- -plete a sample as can be obtained in the immediate region. As in most archaeological undertakings, the labor of many individuals has gone into the project described here. My first thanks are due the University of California students who worked under often trying field conditions to recover the specimens: Martin A. Baumhoff, Leroy G. Fischer, Ernst Goldschmidt, and Bruce Harding. I am additionally indebted to Ernst Goldschmidt for doing the field mapping and for preparing the maps which accompany this report. Leroy Fischer assisted me in the preparation of the photo- graphic illustrations. Martin A. Baumhoff, now Assistant Archaeologist of the UCAS, wrote the report on the smaller sites excavated (App. A). Personnel of the National Park Service were instru- mental in furthering the excavation. Dr. Aubrey Neasham aided in setting up the work contract between the Univer- sity and the Park Service. Superintendent T. R. Goodwin and Park Naturalist L. F. Keller of the Death Valley staff co8perated with the crew in the field. Dr. Jesse Nusbaum spent several days with the field crew on behalf of the Park Service and gave valuable advice on the excavation. The problem of specimen identifications was solved by the willing co8peration of experts who took time from their other duties to report upon the Death Valley material. A sample of the plant specimens was identified by G. Thomas Robbins of the University of California Herbarium. Dr. R. A. Cockrell of the University of California Forestry De- partment studied the wooden artifacts. J. Arthur Freed analyzed the mammal bones, and Cherie N. Gregoire was kind enough to undertake a report on the cordage speci- mens. Dr. S. F. Cook, Department of Physiology at the University, identified a lizard found in the site. In describing the artifacts, I have grouped them on the basis of function rather than material. This makes it much easier to view the objects in their cultural context and gives a more coherent picture of prehistoric Shoshone life. In the tabulations in Appendix E, however, the artifacts are listed by their material for the convenience of students seeking individual items for comparative purposes. The collection of specimens from the site is in the Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley Campus of the Uni- versity of California. Catalogue numbers used in the text are the permanent numbers assigned by the Museum. Normally the UCAS publishes in its Reports series the results of field work carried out under its auspices, but the present report is too extensive for the Reports and has therefore been placed in the Anthropological Records series. [171] DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE THE SHELTER The Coville Shelter is situated in a small canyon of dolomitic limestone in the Panamint Mountains of south- eastern California. The site is in the Death Valley Monu- ment, roughly halfway between Ubehebe Crater and Ube- hebe Mountain. The canyon containing the Coville Shelter trends east and west; the site is in the south wall of the canyon and faces north. It is a little over 150 ft. above the canyon floor, on a steep slope which is covered by a layer of loose rocky talus. Above the site is a nearly vertical cliff of limestone about 100 ft. high. The lime- stone of the canyon is in tilted layers, which have split and weathered to form shelves a few feet wide. Many small caves have weathered into the back wall of these shelves, and the Coville Shelter is composed of two small pockets extending a few feet into the rock at either end of a rock shelf. The shelf itself is a little over 45 ft. east- west by 15 ft. north-south; originally the whole shelf formed a single protected shelter, but the center part of the roof has caved in, leaving only the ends now habitable. Vegetation is sparse in the site area. The canyon floor has scattered desert shrubs of different types, the largest of which is Prunus andersonii ("desert peach") which reaches a height of four or five feet. The rock walls of the canyon are bare except for scattered tufts of grass, small plants, and a few joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia). A few species of cactus also grow here; the most common are Echinocactus polycephalus and Opuntia basilaris. The elevation of the site is almost exactly 5,000 ft.; 1,500 ft. higher there are junipers (Juniperus utahensis) and pifAon pines (Pinus monophylla). Birds and mammals are very rarely seen in the region of the site. During the month of field work, birds were seen only once or twice a week. The only mammals at all common were several types of nocturnal mice and rats which appeared in the camp. Mountain sheep (Ovis nelsoni) still inhabit the surrounding cliffs, and wild burros have become common throughout the area since the advent of the Caucasians. Surface water does not occur at the site at the present time. There are several small springs within a few miles, however, the closest of which is Quartz Springs, 1.25 mi. to the north. This spring is over a couple of ridges from the site, but one familiar with the terrain could undoubt- edly make a round trip for water in an hour or so. Water may have been obtainable at the shelter at some times, since there would be temporary pools after each rain- storm. Also, the narrow ravine just east of the site con- tains green vegetation all summer, suggesting that water might be obtained here by digging a shallow well. A note on the climate may be of some interest, since the Death Valley Monument is noted for its extremely hot weather on the valley floor. The site area, being at an elevation of 5,000 ft., is quite different in climate from the lower elevations in the region. The winters are ex- tremely cold and windy, with occasional light snows at this elevation. In summer the days are hot, but not unbear- ably so, being often milder than the summer weather in the San Joaquin Valley. Summer nights are cool enough to make a blanket welcome for sleeping. THE SITE DEPOSIT The occupation deposit in the shelter consisted of a layer of dust and vegetal material which was only a few [172] inches thick at the outer edge of the shelter but increased to a depth of 36 to 40 in. against the back wall. The mid- den did not extend into the central rock fall, although a few artifacts were found in the rocks, presumably trans- ported there by pack rats. Below the occupation deposit, there was a zone of mix- ture between the midden and the base; this was only a few inches thick in most places. The base material was a white powdery dust from the decomposed limestone. This dust layer was up to 24 in. thick and rested on the bed- rock limestone ledge. The dust contained occasional pieces of charcoal, abundant seeds of Prunus andersonii, and an occasional flake of stone or obsidian. The dust layer probably does not represent human occupation, how- ever, the articles occurring in it being most likely due to rodent activity. The deposit of the shelter was protected by a slight overhang of the cliff above and by the niches in the back wall at either end of the shelter. The deposit was there- fore dry enough for the preservation of basketry and cordage. A little moisture could get into the shelter, how- ever, particularly at the mouth of the opening, and oc- casional artifacts from this part of the site show some moisture damage. The entire deposit of the site was troweled to bedrock by 6-in. levels and screened in a 1/4-in. screen. The material here described thus represents a total sample of the site. Of 354 counted artifacts, it is interesting to note, 109, or 30 per cent of the total, were found in the course of screening and were overlooked by the trowelers. Most of the artifacts missed were small bits of cordage, which were not spotted in the mass of vege- table material composing the midden. However, the shel- ter is not dark, and the fact that careful trowelers could miss so many specimens is a strong indication of the desirability of using screens when working cave deposits. FEATURES WITHIN THE SITE The most prominent surface features of the site were two house pits, one at either end of the shelter, sepa- rated by the large pile of limestone blocks which had fallen from the roof of the shelter. These were separately defined as features 2 and 3 (house pits) and feature 7 (rock fall). The term "house pit" may be somewhat of a misnomer, since there is no evidence that these features ever had a surface structure built over them. However, they are excavated areas which represent the habitation centers of the site, and the term "house pit" seems appli- cable. To give a coherent discussion of the surface features it is necessary to summarize the history of the shelter to show the relationship and development of the features. Originally, the shelter was a single 45 by 15 ft. depression' formed by weathering of a limestone layer. At some time in the past, probably several hundred years ago at least, the central part of the roof caved in, leaving the two shel- tered ends separated by a large pile of limestone blocks. Subsequent to the rock fall, the shelter gradually accumu- lated rock dust and rc Jent-carried seeds. It was not until a foot or so of dust had gathered on the shelter floor that the first human occupants entered the site. The first peo- ple enlarged the living area and improved protection from the elements by digging shallow pits in the deepest corners of the site, lining them with grass and other material. In I U) U 0~~~~~ 0 0 0 C~4 0. 173 $4 40 m W C) Ez 0 o 0 0 0) P o 01 o a 0 Q u 0 4". C) 04 Cl) 0. Cu w a 0 0 U 174 t- z u z w 0: E-4 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER the east house pit (feature 2) the pit was not dug to base, but the grass layer was placed on sterile rock dust a few inches above the shelter floor. The west house pit (fea- ture 3), at the shallow end of the site, was excavated to edrock. The two living areas were probably excavated at about the same time, although the east house pit con- tains a greater depth of deposit and may have been occu- ed slightly longer. After the initial human occupation, the site was visi- d sporadically by small groups. Fresh grass was oc- sionally added to the pit floors, and this, plus plant eds, broken artifacts, and other debris, accumulated each pit to a depth of 2 to 3 ft. against the back wall of e shelter. The site was abandoned at some time prior to Cau- aian contact. Since abandonment, there has been some n erosion; the top few inches of dust and debris have en blown away, leaving a layer of small rocks on the face of the site. Each of the house pits was close to 7 ft. in diameter; * depth of the west pit was only 7 in., while the east had a maximum depth of 22 in. in the center. The pits have been slightly deeper before the surface erosion, they are probably quite close to their original size. LThe central rock fall is well shown in the site maps ps 2 and 3). The archaeologists could not refrain from that the rock had fallen on a habitation area, there- burying and preserving such artifacts as might be in area. This was not so; the pile of rocks went all the to the bottom of the site, and the labor of removing added nothing to the cultural picture. The only other feature immediately observable on ering the shelter was an accumulation of five sticks three stones wedged into a crevasse of the back wall, t above the rock fall. The longest stick was about two t in length by an inch in diameter; the stones were les of the local dolomite. One of the stones was tly battered on the end, possibly because it had been ded into the crevasse, but none of the other objects owed any signs of workmanship. The function of such ollection of material is problematical. Campbell noted eral similar features in the Twentynine Palms area; believes that such sticks serve as "spirit protectors" tabu signs to guard the cave against robbery (Camp- l, 1931). The location of the Coville feature in rela- to the rock fall might also suggest a magical function the prevention of further cave-ins, since dwellers in shelter must have been acutely aware of large blocks imestone hanging above their heads. Other features of the site included fire hearths, cache and one cache of artifacts. Only two clearly defin- e fire areas were found, although fragments of char- occurred throughout the midden. Both fire hearths outside the house pits, and cooking was apparently e over fires located near the edge of the shelter. De- iption of the individual hearths is as follows: Feature 4: Pit B-3, just outside the east house it. A circular concentration of charcoal and ash, 4 in. in diameter and an inch or so in thickness. re was not built in a pit but is a surface feature, t below the surface dust of the deposit. Feature 8: Pit A-7, near the rim of the shelter t the west end:-a fire area 24 in. in diameter and in. in depth. Like feature 4, there is no prepared it or hearth; this is simply an area where fires save been built. sour pit features were recorded. Feature 5 is a sim- 4ug pit, 16 in. in diameter. The top of the pit is 12 below the surface of pit B-2 and extends into the layer of decomposed limestone. Nothing was found in the pit, but such cache pits may have been relatively com- mon, being rapidly prepared. Feature 5 was noted be- cause of the color change between the midden-filled pit and the white dust base soil. Pits in the midden proper could not be distinguished, although feature 1 (an accumu- lation of artifacts) must have been placed in such a pit. The west house pit also had a grass-lined cache pit in pit C-7. The feature (no. 9) was excavated by the Indians from a level 15 in. below the surface level, and consisted of a pit 18 by 24 in. and 9 in. deep. The bottom of the pit was only an inch above bedrock, and the interior of the pit was lined with bundles of grass from 1 to 2 in. thick. Nothing was in the pit to indicate its former use. Two additional storage pits were found, one in each house pit. These pits were lined with slabs of dolomite and were then lined with a grass layer a few inches thick. Both pits were empty, although feature 6 had some arti- facts around its rim (see pl. 26, a for illustration. The other cache pit, feature 10, is illustrated in pl. 26, h). Feature 6 was the largest cache pit discovered. It was 36 in. in diameter, 17 in. deep, and was dug originally from a layer 9 in. below the surface of the east house pit. The walls of the pit were made up of 11 angular dolomite slabs, one of which had been used as a metate for a brief time. The interior was lined with grass (of an unidentified species now growing in scattered tufts at the mouth of the shelter). Feature 10 was a small pit, 20 in. in diameter and a few inches deep, excavated from 9 in. deep in the west house pit. The cache pit was dug to bedrock; in the illus- tration (pl. 26, h) the grass lining has been removed. Grass and slab-lined storage pits are of nearly uni- versal occurrence in the Basin and Southwest. Ethno- graphically, the Death Valley Shoshone and all Nevada Shoshone groups used bark or grass-lined cache pits for the storage of seeds. (Steward, 1941, pp. 231, 281.) Steward reports, "Pits were preferred to storage houses because they could be concealed, as people were con- stantly searching for caches to rob" (ibid., p. 333). The Northern Paiute also reported seed storage in bark-lined or grass-lined pits (Stewart, 1941, p. 376), and several Ute groups also affirmed the use of stone-lined cache pits. 1 California shows the following archaeological occur- rences of slab-lined cache pits. An open site (SBa-477) near the Santa Barbara coast (M. A. Baumhoff, personal communication), a rock shelter in Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County (Steward. 1933, p. 334), and numerous ex- amples in the Twentynine Palms area.2 In Nevada caves, cache pits are common but do not seem to make use of stone slab linings. Lovelock Cave had forty-eight cache pits, eight of which contained burials. They were lined with grass, rushes, or scraps of basketry. (Loud and Harrington, 1929.) Similar pits occurred in Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS) and Hidden Cave, the latter near Fallon (G. L. Grosscup, personal communication). Farther north, grass-lined cache pits are recorded for Massacre Lake Cave in extreme northeastern Cali- fornia. (Cressman, 1942, p. 121.) Slab-lined cache pits are common in the Southwest. Nusbaum reports (1922, pp. 23-60) thirty-one round slab- 'Stewart, 1942, p. 251. The specific groups include the Kaibab and San Juan Southern Paiute and the following Ute groups: T8mpan8wotsnunts, Taviwatsiu, Mawataviwatsiu, Mowatci, Wim8nutci. 2 Campbell, 1931, p. 32. In the Twentynine Palms area: "Generally a place in a cave was scooped bare and then circled with large stones, inside of which smaller stones were laid to form a shallow pit and over this grasses and brush were spread bird-nest fashion, often the whole braced with soft decaying yucca stumps." 175 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS lined cists with an average diameter of 5 ft. found in a Utah Basketmaker cave. Other examples occur in Bas- ketmaker caves in Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 30, pl. 9, c; Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 77, 78), the Hueco, Big Bend, and Upper Gila areas (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 164), and in Fremont Basketmaker caves of northwestern Colorado.3 One large slab-lined cist, 8 ft. in diameter, is reported for the Rio Fuerte of Chihuahua (Zingg, 1940, p. 37). Kluckhohn and Reiter report (1939, p. 33) slab-lined cists, some of them roofed, from Chaco Canyon sites dated between 800 and 1 100 A. D. From the distribution just outlined, it appears that the practice of lining cache pits with stone slabs is a dis- tinctive Southwestern trait. The examples from the Basin area seem to be typically grass-lined. Slab-lined cache pits in California are all southern and, with the exception of the Santa Barbara pit, in regions which show other in- fluences from the Southwest. Even the Santa Barbara region could have had fairly close contacts with the South- west, as evidenced by pictograph motifs and other cultural elements (Lathrap, 1950, p. 22; Heizer, 1946). It may be remarked that cache pits dug into the usual powdery cave deposit require a lining of some sort if the wall of the pit is not to cave in. Grass or bark is suf- ficient for the purpose, and these linings also protect the articles placed in the pit. The stone-lined pits, how- 3 Burgh and Scoggin, 1948, p. 32. Small slab-lined cists occur, but the common Fremont Basketmaker type is a bell-shaped hole in the cave floor. ever, frequently have a grass lining within the stone wall of the pit, and it is difficult to understand the function of the grass in these. The only other feature recorded for the Coville site was a cache of flint blades and mineral materials (feature 1). The cache was found at a depth of 11 in. against the east wall of the shelter in pit A-1. The associated ob- jects included: 7 blades of gray chert, all more or less the same size and shape (see pl. 29, b, c, d); 2 unworked lumps of rock sulfur a few inches in diameter; 1 crumbl- ing lump of yellow ochre (blades which were in contact with this showed oxidation stains); 1 small coil of bas- ketry weft material, probably willow (this was slightly above the other objects and may be a fortuitous associa- tion). These objects were in a small pocket a few inches in diameter, but there was no indication that they had originally been placed in a container or a prepared pit. They appear to have been buried in a shallow hole with no other preparation. The occurrence of sulfur in the cache is of some in- terest. Native sulfur occurs in Saline Valley, a few miles to the west, and it is probable that the present specimens derive from this source. The sulfur may represent a mineral paint, but it could equally well have been used ritually or medicinally. The pieces are rounded and look waterworn; they show no signs of working. The yellow ochre in the same cache had crumbled into fragments, and it was impossible to tell whether it had originally been a shaped lump of mineral material. 176 DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS DOMESTIC UTENSILS ems of domestic use recovered from the Coville 1 Shelter include containers, grinding implements, aking tools, stone tools, and a sheephorn spoon. mes of dress and adornment are discussed in the psection. The general assemblage indicates that the ,a used primarily for domiciliary purposes. This Firth mentioning at the outset, for the inaccessible pon of the site might suggest some other use, such torage, "fortification," or even ritual use, as in * Southwestern caves. aketrv.-Although no complete specimens were re- ted, 115 fragments of baskets were found in the de- (this figure includes 7 specimens from the survey rted in Lathrap and Meighan, 19 51). The specimens *d&vidually tabulated in Appendix E, and the present On is devoted to general description and discussion. be Coville basketry fits easily into the pattern of it Basin specimens. The most common form is an i-twined conical burden basket, but there are also Mples of twined winnowers or seed beaters, pitch- ted baskets (possibly water containers), cooking ril," and circular coiled trays. There can be no doubt baskets were very important to the aboriginal inhabi- | of the site. On the basis of quantity, baskets were moat important single item of domestic use, serving icy did for carrying, seed harvesting and storage, lng, and water containers. summary tabulation of basketry fragments is as iSkets No. of Twined (68) Close-twined ..................... 3 Open-twined ....... .............. 65 Up-to-right ...................... 66 (2 close-twined, 64 open-twined) Up-to-left ......... .............. 2 (1 close-twined, 1 open-twined) f pieces Coiled (47) 3-rod foundation ....... .......... 30 2-rod-and-bundle ................. 7 Interlocking stitch ...... .......... 7 Split stitch, one side ..... ........ 10 Split stitch, both sides ..... ....... 8 Top rod split by stitches .28 (all 3-rod pieces in sufficiently good condition for identification) Up-to-right ...................... 43 Up-to-left ....................... 4 Dw many baskets are represented by the fragments vered is a question which cannot be answered exactly. uld of course be possible to get dozens of fragments a single burden basket, and the total collection re- red might then represent only two or three.large bas- However, a check of specimens shows a minimum baskets, including 4 burden baskets, 2 or 3 trays, each of winnower, seed beater, cooking basket, and -covered container. The similarities of technique, of decoration, and small size of some pieces make ,curate count impossible. A study of the distinctive ets which can be surely identified, however, suggests here are not more than five pieces of any one basket in the site, and for some baskets only one or two frag- ments remain. It appears probable, therefore, that the pieces recovered represent at least 20 to 25 individual baskets. There are two probable explanations of the smallness of the pieces of broken and discarded baskets found in the site. Broken baskets and similar debris could easily have been tossed out of the shelter to the talus slope, where the weather would soon destroy them. It is also possible thatin this region of scant firewood discarded wooden and basketry objects were used as fuel. This seems particularly likely here, for the replenishment of firewood required scrambling down to the desert floor and then climbing back up the cliff-an arduous exercise that would be understandably avoided if combustible de- bris were at hand. The supposition finds some slight confirmation in the recovery of a single carbonized piece of coiled basketry (1-130191). If broken baskets were consistently used thus, then the baskets whose fragments were found in the site were either used around the cache pit rims or happened to be concealed in the dust and grass of the shelter floor. Broken baskets could be used as mends for other baskets, reinforcements to keep dust out of caches, or fuel, and the fragments remaining to the archaeologist were in a sense "lost" by the Indians rather than thrown away. This is of course true to some extent for most specimens found. None of the Coville basketry has a colored design, and only one- piece (1-130340, pl. 27, d) shows decoration achieved by spacing of weft rows and modification of weave. This absence of decoration emphasizes the utili- tarian nature of the basketry. All of it was made for service and, except for the one piece mentioned above, ideas of aesthetic merit do not appear to have entered the basketmaker's mind. The work is not fine, and the emphasis on utility is also shown by irregularities in weave and by the crude mends applied for repair. Techniques used in making the baskets were relatively few and simple. New wefts were simply caught under one stitch; new warps (inserted at intervals in the conical burden baskets) are usualiy sharpened at the ends before insertion. Mends (6 examples recovered) are made of either hastily applied strips of bark or of cordage and other baskotry fragments. Details of mends are given in the tabulation of basketry (App. E) and examples of mends are shown in plate 27, c, d, e. Except for a specimen pre- viously recovered and described elsewhere (Lathrap and Meighan, 1951, p. 17), there are no starts present in the pieces recovered. Rim treatment includes the following techniques. (1) A possible rim for a twined burden basket (1-130172) consists of 5 twigs, presumably warp elements, attached to a heavy stick by a weft coiled around the whole bundle. Specimen 1-130398 is similar but has only 2 twigs wrapped against the rim piece. (2) A twined winnower rim (1-130185) made of three warp elements. Paired wefts cross one another on the outside of the rim; one weft encircles the rim before crossing the other weft. The two weft elements then proceed back across the basket, forming another weft row. (3) A twined winnower (?) rim (1-130220); paired wefts are twisted together (S twist) about 5 times at the edge warp and then reverse and go back across [177] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS the basket. (4) Unidentified twined form (1-130391) in which weft elements simply cross one another at the edge warp and then proceed back across the basket. (5) Unidentified twined form (1-130388, see pl. 27, b); paired wefts cross at the edge warp and pro- ceed back across basket. A heavier stick is added for the rim-it is bound to the edge warp by a willow splint which coils between the weft rows. (6) Twined winnower (1-130430, see pl. 27, d); a "bundle" rim attached by coiling. The analysis is complicated by a mend or reinforcement on the rim; for complete description see p. 210. (7) Coiled tray (1-130280) with 2-rod-and-bundle foundation; the rim is simply the top coil. Both rods of the top coil are split, possibly accidentally; the piece is in too poor condition for detailed analysis. (8) Coiled bowl (1-130190); 3-rod foundation with top rod split. Rim is simply the top coil without the top rod split. The conical, open-twined burden basket, noted pre- viously as the commonest form in the site, is a type of basketry most common to Central California and the Great Basin. Although archaeological remains of such baskets are relatively rare, they are known ethnographi- cally for such groups as the Pomo (Barrett, 1908, pl. 26), Miwok (Barrett and Gifford, 1923, p. 230, pl. 54), and Paiute (Stewart, 1942, pl. 2, a). The type does not occur in the Anasazi basketry of the Southwest.4 The Southwest area has conical burden baskets, but their only similarity to the California type is in form, and even this shows sig- nificant differences. The Basketmaker and Pueblo speci- mens are of fine coiling and not at all comparable to the rigid openwork pieces here described. The northern Great Basin also seems to lack this type of basket archaeo- logically, although the modern Paiute have it (Stewart, 1941, p. 387). Cressman does not report it (1942), and Fenenga and Riddell failed to find it in Lassen County, northeastern California (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949; Riddell and Fenenga, MS). To the east, the type was not found in caves near Salt Lake (Steward, 1937, p. 35) or in northwestern Colorado (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948). Lovelock Cave in central Nevada yielded 104 pieces of twined basketry, but this was the least common type of basketry at the site, and the burden baskets were pri- marily of soft-twined tule (Loud and Harrington, 1929). A few specimens of the Coville type were also found, in- cluding one fragment which shows an identical rim treat- ment to that described under (3) above (Loud and Harring- ton, pl. 31, j, i). A single fragment of this basketry was also found near Lovelock in a cave designated as 26-Pe-8 (Robson and Baumhoff, MS), and it has also been reported from the Leonard Rock Shelter (Heizer, 1951b, p. 91, fig. 40) and from Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS). In California, one of these burden baskets has been re- covered frorAi a cave in Amador County (UCMA specimen [with burial 12-8313]). Spier gives a distribution of conical burden baskets (1928, pp. 153-155, fig. 27), but it is based on form only, without consideration of technique of manufacture. It appears that the rigid open-twined form discussed here is more restricted in distribution, centering in the west- ern and central part of the range, of conical burden baskets in general. The absence of open-twined burden baskets in many of the archaeological sites suggests a relatively late date for this type of basket, simple as it is in construction. As Morris and Burgh, 1941. See also Nusbaum, 1922; Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 59; Cosgrove, 1f47; Zingg, 1940. previously mentioned, the type occurs ethnographically in some regions where it has not been found archaeologi- cally (i. e. the northern Great Basin, where it is absent except for a couple of pieces in Lovelock Cave and vi- cinity). At the same time, this type is abundant in late period sites, such as the Coville Shelter, in the southern Basin. Definite statements are not possible, but it ap- pears that in at least part of their range open-twined burden baskets are later in time than other forms of carrying containers, including close-twined burden bas- kets and soft "bags" of open-twined tule. However, the type occurs in the lowest levels of Humboldt Cave, dated by the C14 method at 1,953 years (Heizer, 1951b, p. 97), where it constituted only about 2 per cent of the total num- ber of baskets in the site (Heizer and Krieger, MS). On present evidence, it might be suggested that this open- twined type of burden basket originated in central Nevada or possibly eastern California. Aside from burden baskets, the Covilie site yielded open-twined Winnower fragments and three pieces of close-twined basketry. Three pieces of one winnower were found that could be fitted together to form half the original basket, which was 26 cm. wide at the fourteenth weft row from the handle. All the pieces (nos. 1-130051, 1-130053, and 14 in the original survey) were found in an area of one square foot in pit B-2, one on the surface, one at a depth of 6 in. and one at 7 in. The first fragment found is described elsewhere (Lathrap and Meighan, 1951, pp. 17, 18, pl. 3G), so the description is not repeated here. The three close-twined specimens cannot be definitely assigned to any one basket-form, although the largest (1-130070, 37,b) could well be a piece of a close- twined burden basket, of the type illustrated for Yokuts- Mono groups (Gayton, 1948, p. 18). Coiled basketry fragments in the site seem to repre- sent only trays and cooking bowls. Remarks on the occur- rence and distribution of the trays are made by Lathrap and Meighan (1951, pp. 14-16). The single bowl-shaped cooking basket (1-130190, pl. 28,_q) has an interlocking stitch and an up-to-the-left weave, both of which traits are rare in this site. Coville, referring to the Panamint Shoshone of 1891, comments that coiled basketry is made on a foundation of "two or three grass stems and one very slender withe" (Coville, 1892, p. 359). For decoration, devil horns (Martynia proboscidea) served for black patterns and tree yucca roots (Yucca brevifolia) were used for red (ibid.). The Paiute of Owens Valley used a 3-rod founda- tion most commonly, although 2-rod foundations were used for crude specimens. When 3-rod foundations were used in non-interlocking stitch, the top rod of the founda- tion was split by the stitches. There were some grass bundle foundations also (Steward, 1933, pp. 270-271). The 3-rod type appears to be identical with the Coville types, although neither 2-rod nor grass bundle founda- tions occur in the Coville site. Farther north, the Sur- prise Valley Paiute have only single- and double-rod coiling, and stitches are not interlocked or consistently split (Kelly, 1932, pp. 121, 122). A marked difference between the archaeological and ethnographic specimens in the Death Valley region is the fineness of weave. Four Death Valley specimens at the University of Utah Museum of Anthropology have been tabulated as having respectively 60, 76, 95, and 102 stitches per 10 cm. (Steward, 1933, p. 272). The finest of the Coville Shelter specimens had only 40 stitches pert 10 cm., and only three fragments were this fine, some of the specimens having only 18 or 20 wefts per 10 cm. Six fragments of the coiled basketry have a pitch coating; three have pitch on one side only, and the other 178 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER e have it on both sides. These could represent a er container, but since the conventional water bottle region is twined, it seems more likely that the ent specimens are pieces of cooking vessels. Stew- Inotes (1933, p. 271) that coiled containers of the o Lake region were sometimes pitch-coated on the ide for cooking, pottery not being made there. The le specimens probably represent this same practice he Panamints; there were only two small sherds of ery in the site and basketry must have been used for The 3-rod coiled basket, like the twined ware, is t characteristic of the Great Basin. Similar 3-rod etry is reported for Lovelock Cave,5 Humboldt Cave zer and Krieger, -MS), Tommy Tucker Cave (Fenenga Riddell, 1949, p. 206; Riddell and Fenenga, MS), and sine of the Oregon caves (Cressman, 1942, p. 48). basketry is not typical of Southwestern archaeologi- specimens and did not appear in the Southwest until blo II times (Morris and Burgh, 1941, fig. 4B). two-rod-and-bundle coiling, of which there were en fragments in the Coville site, is more typical of jouthwest. It was -the commonest type in a Utah Bas- aker site (Nusbaum, 1922, pp. 90ff.), and also red in northeastern Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1, p. 59) and the upper Gila district of New Mexicao grove, 1947, p. 173). Morris and Burgh (1941, pp. 13, fig. 3J) date this foundation type as from Basket- er H to modern times, and give a distribution of its urrence in some fifty Southwestern sites. Two-rod-and-bundle did not occur in the Oregon ves,6Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pp. 68), Tommy Tucker Cave (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949; elI and Fenenga, MS), the Leonard Rock Shelter izer, 1951b, p. 91, fig. 40), or Humboldt Cave izer and Krieger, MS). The foundation'is not recorded ographically for the Ute-Southern Paiute or Northern ute,7 Nevada Shoshone (Steward, 1941, p. 291), Owens ey Paiute (Steward, 1933, pp. 270, 271), or Surprise ey Paiute (Kelly, 1932, p. 121). To sum up, the two- -and-bundle foundation is characteristically South- tern and seems to be lacking in the Great Basin ex- t for the Coville Rock Shelter specimens. These may cally be regarded, therefore, as due to influences mthe Southwest or as actual trade pieces. The former sition seems more likely, since the bundle appears to joshua tree fiber, which is a local material. In one Co- e specimen (1-130280),- the bundle is grass and the hes are interlocking, differentiating this piece from the other specimens and indicating the presence in the of at least two baskets with this type of foundation. Cordage.-The Coville site yielded 155 fragments of bdage. This total includes 4 pieces of braid and 11 3Loud and Hlarrington, 1929, pp. 65, 66. Lovelock Cave yielded -pieces of coiled basketry, 91 per cent of which have stitches it on one or both sides. The pieces are mostly 3-rod and up-to- -right; some of them have the top rod split. dCressman,. 1942, pp. 45-57. Cressman considers the 2-rod- p-bundle triangular foundation as "structurally the same as the od triular"t and in comparisons treats it as the same thing, welating (p. 49) the Oregon caves with Basketmaker and variants 1s early culture. However, Morris and Burgh indicate that there sharp temporal difference between the two types of foundation in Southwest, and since there also appears to be a clear areal dif- 'ue between these foundation types in the Southwest and the Great - , the comparison lacks validity. Similarity in structure does necessarily mean temporal or areal comparability. 7Steart, 1942, p. 270; 1941, p. 386. Informants were not beifically aked about this trait, but the overwhelmin predomi- ?e of 2-rod and 3-rod affirmations makeS it unlikely that the and-sd-bundle formation was used. 179 fragments of twisted animal skin which are probably pieces of the rabbitskin blanket (1-130320, pl. 27,y). Also included are 6 specimens composed of bundles of willow twigs or grass stalks twisted together; these are rigid and could not have functioned like the other cordage, but they are classified here because they were made in the same way as the other cordage. Most of the Coville Shelter -cordage is 2-ply right- twist cordage of Amsonia, joshua fiber, or juniper bark. The pieces are all quite small, none exceeding a few inches in length. A few pieces are in place on other specimens (basketry and sandals), giving some indica- tion of cordage use. Cherie N. Gregoire, who has studied the aboriginal cordage of California in some detail, has kindly under- taken the task of checking my field identification and of adding some distribuitional data. Her more detailed re- port on the cordage specimens is included here as Ap- pendix B. Grinding implements.-A single metate and mano were found. There is nothing particularly distinctive about them, both conforming to the usual simple type found in the Great Basin. Description as follows: 1-130410. Mano, of heavy pink stone with relatively coarse crystalline structure. Size 8 x 7 x 6 cm.; shaped on all surfaces. One flat side has been used and one edge appears partly used. Found against the west wall of the shelter (pit A-9, 6-12 in.). 1-130484. Metate, made from a natural angular slab of dolomite which has a somewhat granular text- ure. Dolomite like this can be picked up in the canyon below the site but not at the site itself. The slab has a circular used area in the center of one surface; there is no other modification and the specimen could not have been used more than a few times. Size 31 x 28 x 7.5 cm. This piece formed the main slab in the wall of a cache pit (feature 6). Fire drills and hearths. -The following firemaking equipment was found: (a) 4 hardwood fire drill fragments (1-130016; 1-130060; 1-130061, pl.27,t; 1-130249); (b) 1 hardwood foreshaft for composite fire drill (1-130305, pl. 27, 1 ); (c) 1 juniper hearth (1-130139, pl. 27, u). Measurements and description of the pieces are given in Appendix E. Comparative material is relatively abundant, for fire hearths and drills are well documented, both archaeo- logically and ethnographically. The Coville Shelter has evidences of both simple and compound fire drills, the hardwood foreshaft of the compound drill being presum- ably mounted in a cane shaft. Hough has commented (1890, p. 538) that the composite fire drill is distinctive of the Shoshonean area. The foreshaft and hearth are generally of sage (Artemisia tridentata); the drill is used in the hands, the bow drill being unknown (ibid.). Specific groups affirming the fire drill include the Northern Paiute (Stewart, 1941, p. 381), and the Surprise Valley Paiute.8 One-piece drills were claimed by the Owens Valley Paiute (Steward, 1933, p. 276, pl. 3, a), who say that drills were cane or hardwood, used with willow or sage hearths. Among the Ute-Southern Paiute all groups except the Goshute denied compound drills, claiming in- stead a simple drill with an Artemisia or juniper hearth (Stewart, 1942, pp. 261, 262). In Southern California, the Kamia used a simple drill and a hearth of arrowweed, the hearth being used once only (Gifford, 1931, pp. 42, 43). Kelly, 1932, p. 142. The tip was of sagebrush. Kelly saw a conical one, 3-1/2 in. long, whlch fitted into a 30-in. shaft. The hearth was usually juniper. I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Archaeological specimens have been recorded from the following sites: Lovelock Cave: 6 simple drills (4 hardwood and 2 softwood), and 36 hearths, mostly willow but some of cane and cattail stalks (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 96). Humboldt Cave: 1 fire drill of cane, 11 hearths (Heizer and Krieger, MS). Oregon caves: 13 compound drills, 2 simple drills, 1 hearth (Cressman, 1942, p. 71). Tommy Tucker Cave: 1 sagebrush foreshaft for fire drill, 2 sagebrush hearths, 1 possible greasewood drill (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, p. 205, fig. 56c; Riddeli and Fenenga, MS). Twentynine Palms area: 1 fragmentary hearth of softwood (Campbell, 1931, p. 77). Pueblo ruins: "Fire drills and hearths were recovered from nearly every dwelling investigated. The former are round sticks averaging 3/8 in. in diameter . . . All the hearths are of soft wood save one, which is made of a sunflower stalk, and all but one are round" (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 120, 121, pl. 50). Salt Lake Caves: Hardwood foreshafts for fire drills; a complete specimen also had a hardwood shaft (Stew- ard, 1937, p. 19). Upper Gila and Hueco Areas, New Mexico and Texas: 60 drills, 86 hearths. Eight drills are of hardwood, others are of yucca bloom stalks. Hearths are all yucca ex- cept 2 cedar or juniper (Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 146, 147). Blades and scrapers.-The Coville Rock Shelter yielded 23 stone blades and fragments. None was found in a con- text which would indicate function, but since they are much too large for projectile points it may be assumed that they are blades used for cutting and scraping. All appear to be utility tools, with the emphasis on simple and rapid manufacture. All are percussion flaked and subtriangular in shape with a convex base (pl. 29, b, c, d shows range of variation; 29, b is the only one with a base which approaches a square shape). Size range for the whole specimens is from 4.5 to 8.5 cm. in length, the average being 7.0 cm. Materials used include red chert, 2 examples; white chert, 4; gray chert, 11; obsidian, 6. Details of individual specimens are in Appendix E, table 6. Blades were apparently used without hafting; no evi- dence of a haft was found. Seven of the blades (1-130025 to 1-130031) were found in a cache (feature 1) with lumps of rock sulfur and yellow ochre. Two of these were un- finished, being only partially chipped along the edges. Scrapers from the site number 20 specimens, all but two of which are exceedingly simple and appear to be ran- dom pieces which were picked up, used once, and then discarded. A count of types includes the following (see App. E, table 6 for individual descriptions) Carefully made chert end scrapers (1-130092, 1-130303, pl.29,f ) ............... 2 Amorphous chert flakes with use chipping only. . . 5 Amorphous chert flakes with minor retouching.. . 5 Obsidian flakes showing use retouch . . 3 Quartzite flakes showing use retouch .......... 1 Coarse dolomite core scrapers of amorphous form with edge chipping ..................... 4 The function of the scrapers is problematical; the amorphous flakes could have been used for cutting as well as scraping. The two end scrapers were probably used for shaping wooden objects such as arrow foreshafts. One of the foreshafts found (pl. 27,i) shows surface stria- tions of the sort which would be made in shaping with a scraper of this kind. Choppers.-Thirteen very crude choppers were re- corded from the site (individually tabulated in App. E, table 6). All are natural angular pieces of dolomite which have been chipped and/or used along one or more edges. Maximum lengths range from 10.5 to 25 cm.; the largest specimens weigh several pounds. These artifacts are so rudimentary in manufacture that none appears to have been used more than once or twice. What uses such heavy tools could have been put to is a puzzling question. They may have been used for chopping (more properly "battering") down joshua tree trunks for fuel, and could also have served for chopping and pounding joshua tree spines in preparing them to be made into cordage. Pottery.-Only two small sherds were found; these fit together to form a rim piece. Both sherds were found in the west house pit, one in pit B-8 (surface), the other in pit B-9 (6-12 in. level). The pieces are important as an indication that the end of occupation dates from the pot- tery period of this region. However, the exceedingly small quantity of pottery suggests that the site was aban- doned shortly after pottery was introduced into the area. Surface sites of the historic and protohistoric period yield a fairly large number of sherds (over 900 from limited work at Iny-2) (H.S. Riddell, 1951, p. 20), and the presence of two small fragments of a single vessel at the Coville Shelter probably means that pottery was still fairly uncommon in the Panamint area at the time the site was occupied. Description of the fragments is as follows. 1-130069. Rim piece forming a corner of the larger sherd below. Dimensions: 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.6 cm. 1-130415. Roughly smoothed inside and out. Rounded rim, appears to be from a bowl with outward flaring sides, not from a hemispherical or incurving vessel. Dimensions: 7.0 x 6.8 x 0.65 cm. The pottery is fired in a reducing atmosphere, sand- tempered (no mica visible), black in color throughout, with a crumbling fracture. There is no decoration. Al- though interpretation based on a single vessel fragment must be regarded as tentative, this does not appear to be the same pottery previously found in the site area (Lath- rap and Meighan, 1951) and later defined as Owens Valley Brown Ware (H.S. Riddell, 1951, pp. 20-23). The evi- dence of reduction in firing plus the apparent outward- flaring shape make the pottery most similar to Southern Paiute Utility Ware (Baldwin, 1950). If this similarity is authentic, the pottery affiliations of the Coville site are toward the east rather than the west. Sheephorn spoon.-A single damaged spoon or scoop of sheephorn (10.8 x 5.4 cm.) was recovered in the original survey of the site. It is described elsewhere (Lathrap an Meighan, 1951, p. 21) and additional comment is unneces s ary. Bone her.-Completing the inventory of domestic utensils is a bone artifact which is here called a flesher, largely for want of a better term. The piece is of split mammal bone, 12.3 by 1.9 cm., and has all edges and surfaces polished (1-130081, pl. 27, p). The longitudinal edges are slightly beveled as if from use and it seems likely that this tool was used in the preparation of small animal skins, either for scraping the flesh from hide or ; for softening the skin. A closely similar object from an 3 180 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER na cliff dwelling is figured by Kidder and Guernsey 9, pl. 128, fig. 51), who call the piece a scraper. DRESS AND ORNAMENT might be expected from ethnographic accounts of egion, evidence for clothing is rare in the Coville There are a couple of sandals and fragments of a bkin blanket, but presumably the aboriginal inhabi- of the site used little or no clothing. More surpris- the virtual absence of ornament types. Pendants, beads, and similar common type ornaments are y absent, only a few bone tubes indicating orna- At Iny-2 in Owens Valley, some 60 shell beads enting ten types were found (H.S. Riddell, 19 51, 8, 19). This site was occupied in the nineteenth ry and the disparity of ornament types found in ite and in the Coville Shelter may indicate a marked e in the use of shell beads in this region during storic period. -totTwo fragments of what appears a rabbitskin blanket were found on the rim of a pit (feature 6); they are described as follows: ^1-130320. Made from strips of twisted skin, pre- ly rabbit (hair is all gone), woven together in ple twining. The twining is rather haphazard; ne of the weft elements pass over two warps rather n one. All elements are S twist; new elements are ded by tying them on with a square knot. Associated i this piece was specimen 1-130312 which is prob- y part of the same blanket. The latter piece is ^ 25 cm. in size and is the same as above except t some strands are Z twist. Both pieces are cen- l fragments, and the edge treatment cannot be ob- ved. Dimensions: 21 x 17 cm. Pl.27,X. bbitskin blankets were used as robes, mostly during ter, by the following groups: Owens Valley Paiute rd, 1933, p. 266), Surprise Valley Paiute (Kelly, pp. 107, 108), Northern Paiute (Stewart, 1941, p. many groups of Ute-Southern Paiute (Stewart, 1942, 71, 272), Nevada Shoshone (Steward, 1941, p. 245), e Kamia of Imperial Valley (Gifford, 1931, p. 33). of these groups also used the robes as blankets-for le, beds for the Paiute of Owens Valley were rabbit- lankets on the ground (Steward, 1933, p. 266). the ethnographic accounts describe rabbitskin blan- mde with warps of twisted skin and widely spaced of string or cordage. None of them describe the e Rock Shelter type which has twisted skin for both and wefts. Some groups do attest the occasional buckskin for wefts, including the Owens Valley (ibid.), Surprise Valley Paiute (Kelly, 1932, pp. 08), Northern Paiute (Stewart, 1941, p. 388), and DOthern Paiute (Stewart, 1942, pp. 271, 272). How- this is not comparable to the Coville specimens, have warps and wefts of the same material and must had both elements covered with hair at the time the was made. The most common practice in recent ha been to have warps of twisted skin (the hair- ed element which makes the blanket soft) and wefts rous material, including such things as bark fiber cloth strips, twine, sinew, or apocynum cordage. ferences cited in this and the preceding paragraph.) eological specimens of twisted-skin blankets have d in several dry sites. In California, a rabbit- lanket was found in a Kern County cave (Ker-185) Ir, 1951a, p. 31). Lovelock Cave contained skin tX of several types (Loud and Harrington, 1929). All had cord wefts, and those made of delicate skin strips were supported by twisting the skin strips over a cord before weaving. Skin blankets with yucca cord wefts oc- curred in northeastern Arizona (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 175) and in the Upper Gila and Hueco areas (Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 66, 67). Zingg reports (1940) fur- cloth fragments from the Rio Fuerte Basketmaker of Chihuahua, but they are not described in detail. The most interesting pieces, for purposes of comparison with the Coville specimens, are described from caves in Colorado: A few fragments of fur cloth were found. Strips of rabbit fur about 0.2 in. wide were twisted to bring the soft fur outside to form a fluffy cord. These were inter- woven to form blankets, probably without the usual warp foundation of fiber cordage (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948, p. 66). From the description, these pieces are the only ones re- corded which are identical in manufacture with those from the Coville Rock Shelter. The differences in manufacture between the Coville Rock Shelter specimens and ethnographic pieces from the same region also extend to the method of attaching new elements. The Coville specimens have new elements tied on with square knots, whereas the Owens Valley Paiute joined the strips of rabbitskin by inserting the end of one through a hole in the end of another and twisting (Steward, 1933, p. 266). Rabbitskin blankets occur in both the Great Basin and the Southwest, hence the Coville examples mark the cen- ter of the distribution of the type. The differences between the Coville specimens and those made in recent times may imply some antiquity for the archaeological specimens. Sandals.-Since sandals are not reported ethnographi- cally for the site region, the occurrence of three of them (possibly 4) in the Coville site is of some interest. Stew- ard has commented: Although the occurrence of fiber sandals in the Southwest and among Paviotso Northern Paiute and in northern California would suggest a former use of them in this area [southern Nevada and eastern Calif- ornia], there is no evidence of it, except from a cave in Owens Valley. (Steward, 1941, p. 246.) The modern Owens Valley Paiute deny having sandals and claim to have used skin moccasins (Steward, 1933, p. 274); the Surprise Valley Paiute also claimed moccasins but made theirs of twined tule or sagebrush bark (Kelly, 1932, p. 109). Groups which affirmed use of fiber sandals in- clude the Southern Paiute (Stewart, 1942, p. 283), the Pahvant Ute (ibid.), the Kuyui, Tovusi, and Sawa bands of Northern Paiute in Nevada (Stewart, 1941, p. 295), and the Kamia (Gifford, 1931, p. 38). This spotty distribution, plus the presence of archaeological sandals in areas where they were not made in recent times, probably indicates that moccasins in this part of the Great Basin are a rela- tively recent introduction which have replaced sandals. The Coville specimens are described as follows: 1-130226. Joshua fiber, a small fragment 10 x 7 cm. in poor condition. Made by simple twining of paired elements, knotted together in a square knot. Warps are doubled; twining is on one set of warps only. The piece is fragmentary, however, and the twining may have passed over both sets. Edge is formed by the doubling of the warps. 1-130117. Joshua fiber, 18 x 8 cm. The heel is worn out, but this is probably very close to the original size, indicating that the sandal was worn by a very I 1- 181 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS small person or a child. The warp is composed of a doubled piece of 2-ply joshua fiber cordage (see cordage tabulation under the same number for de- scription). A loop is left at the toe end, and bundles of Joshua fiber (slight S twist, ca. 1 cm. diam.) are closely twined across the two warp elements. Wefts cross only once in the center of the sandal, passing in a figure-eight motion from warp to warp. The loop of cordage at the front of the sandal is apparently in- tended to pass over the toes. Three unattached pieces of cordage (1-130116) were associated with the san- dal and may have formed the heel attachment. They total 36 cm. in length, which would be about right for passing around the heel and attaching somewhere on the front of the sandal. Details of heel construction cannot be made out. This piece is illustrated in plate 28,t. 1-130015. Juniper bark, 15 x 8 x 2 cm. A small edge piece which is doubtfully classified as a sandal fragment; it may well be part of a carrying bag in- stead. Made by simple twining with warps and wefts diagonal to the edge. At the edge the wefts pass over the warps and are woven under one stitch to catch the ends. The piece is very fragmentary and other details cannot be ascertained. 1-130313. Twined rabbitskin strips with juniper bark sole (24 x 11 x 2.5 cm., pl. 28, u). This appears to be made of a piece of a rabbitskin blanket. The blanket piece had a bundle of juniper bark placed over the sole, and the edges of the blanket fragments were then bent over the bark to the size desired. The bent- over portions range from 2 to 6 cm. in width and served to hold the juniper bark in position without further preparation. To judge by the packed-down portion of the sandal, it was worn on the right foot. There is a short piece of 2-ply juniper bark cordage attached to the front of the sandal in such a position that it would pass between the big toe and second toe. An associated but unattached piece of the same sort of cordage, no. 1-130139, appears to have formed the sandal tie. The specimen is ingeniously made, but its construction does not appear very practical-the juniper bark sole would be worn out or fall out with very little use. The sandal was probably never in- tended to serve as more than a temporary expedient and was discarded after a short period of use. Archaeol6gical sandals are commonly reported from .the Great Basin and Southwest. In the Basin, the Oregon caves have yielded three types of multiple-warp sandals, none of which is closely comparable to the Coville speci- mens (Cressman, 1942, pp. 57-61, fig. 91). From Love- lock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 54) and Hum- boldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS) there are numerous sandals of tule and rushes, again none of them very simi- lar to the Coville examples. One sandal from Tommy Tucker Cave does appear to be like specimen 1-130117 described above.9 The Twentynine Palms region of Cali- fornia yielded one pair of woven sandals, twined of loose- ly twisted yucca leaves, and three fragments of hide san- dals (Campbell, 1931, p. 72). Outside of California, the Salt Lake caves contained no sandals but did have skin moccasins (Steward, 1937, pp. 57 ff.). In the Southwest, .Pueblo sandals illustrated by Kidder and Guernsey (1919, pp. 100-107) are not like the Coville pieces, being much more elaborately made and having more complicated sandal ties. The very finely made sandals characteristic of Basketmaker sites (ibid.; 9Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, pp. 206, 207. Their specimen 1-81565 is similar in manufacture but is not made on a cordage warp. also Nusbaum, 1922, pp. 79-80; Haury, 1945, p. 42, pl. 17G) are very different from the Covilie specimens, although one type of Basketmaker sandal is somewhat similar to 1-130117. This is Kidder and Guernsey's type lb, made of twined yucca leaves but not twined over cord- age warps (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 158). The Hueco and Upper Gila areas are characterized by a pre- dominance of scuffer toe sandals, with full-length sand- als rare. There are some two-warp sandals, but none with cordage warps (Cosgrove, 1947). The modern sandal of the Southern California desert tribes is the type most comparable to the Coville sandals. Kroeber (1925, p. 807, pl. 62) illustrates a Cahuilla san- dal which is made of "mescal fiber, untwisted bundles of which are woven back and forth across a looped cord." This sort of sandal was also worn by the Kamia (Gifford, 1931, p. 38) but is not recorded for the Colorado River tribes (Kroeber, 1925, p. 807). It should be noted that in the ethnographic form the entire loop of cordage is filled in by weft material, whereas in the archaeological speci- men the loop of cordage at the toe end is left free. How- ever, there is probably some historical connection be- tween the two occurrences, for the technique of weaving on a looped cord seems to have a quite restricted distri- bution. Nothing comparable to the Coville sandal made from a rabbitskin blanket fragment has been noted in the litera- ture. The Los Angeles County Museum has on exhibit a sandal of animal skin, collected in a Southwestern cave, which is similar in having the sole padded with juniper bark. Bone beads and bone tube.-Tubular bone beads are the only Coville artifacts which appear to have been used for bodily adornment. Even these may not be beads, for they could equally well have been used for gambling counters or gaming pieces. Four specimens were found; they ap- pear to have been made by scoring the end of the bone, breaking off the tube, and then polishing the broken end. The pieces are all of small size, and descriptions are given in Appendix E, table 5 (see also pl. 27, , r, s). Cut bone tubes are nearly universal in distribution, and their areal occurrence is probably of little signifi- cance. However, they do not seem to be reported as common from any one locality. Other cave sites which have yielded cut bone tube$ include Lovelock Cave (15 specimens) (Loud and Hartiington, 1929, p. 38), Tommy Tucker Cave (14 pieces) (Riddell and Fenenga, MS), caves of the Upper Gila area (only 4 examples, noted as "rare") (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 151, fig. 146), Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS), and scattered examples from caves in the Salt Lake Region (Steward, 1937, pp. 27, 28), northwestern Colorado (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948, p. 65, pl. 14F), northern Arizona (Kidder and Guernsey, . 1919, p. 189, pl. 86C,D) and Oregon (Cressman, 1942, pp. 65, 66). Body paint (?).-Small lumps of yellow ochre (1-130032). and red ochre (1-130479, 1-130482) were found in the site. This is mentioned as possible body paint, although there is no positive evidence that it was so used. HUNTING TOOLS The only weapon evident from remains in the Coville site is the bow and arrow. Related objects include arrow parts, tools for flaking stone arrowheads, and one wrench1 for straightening arrow shafts. There is no evidence for slings, snares, or other hunting aids, although these may, have been used in addition to the bow and arrow. Arrow parts: points.-Stone points for arrows were relatively scarce in the site; only five specimens were I 'I I I I A I A I A 182 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER all in the west house pit (description of individual iens in App. E, table 6-see also pl. 26, d-g). Four Fints are more carefully flaked miniatures of the previously described, having simple square to [bmes. The fifth example is a triangular corner- L type of common occurrence in the West. None of s were hafted. Since they were all found in a re- i part of the west house pit it seems likely that ie made at the site and were never used because te "lost" in the midden. %;teresting comparison may be made between the p*ieces and the points recovered from Iny-2, a *site in Owens Valley (H. S. Riddell, 1951, p. 17, $Uthough both the Coville forms occurred at Iny-2 ts types 5 and 11), the Iny-2 points are consis- waller. The convex-based points ranged from 1.7 lm. in length at Iny-2; at the Coville site the range I2.1 to 3.8 cm. The single corner-notched point at Vile site is 3.8 cm. long; at Iny-2 there were no C'8pecimens but they are estimated to have been cm. in length. Although the sample for com- is small, the difference is sufficiently great to 8 a definite decrease in the size of projectile ith the passage of time. This change has been B many other areas of the country, but the Coville h are interesting because the same forms are E persist in a smaller size. It is worth noting that hhe unworked flakes in the Coville site are large O be used for making the small historic points. ) also be observed that there was a great increase kitiber and variety of points during the early his - ,l od in this part of the Great Basin. The Coville 4ded 5 points of 2 types; Iny-2 yielded 58 points of a (Riddell, 1951, table 1). Most of the points from rre surface finds, but since there is no evidence 1 site was a specialized hunting camp the great * in numbers found at the two sites must indicate I change. 4elative scarcity of stone points in the protohis- iod may be due to the Indians' use of wooden :8 without stone points. This supposition is sup- several ethnographic sources. Coville ob- fi 1891 that wooden arrow points were used and ged: "Stone arrowheads appear to have fallen into lsuse among the Panamints since the days when |e employed in war" (Coville, 1892, p. 360). The alley Paiute used plain blunt greasewood fore- r rabbits, probably the commonest game hunted , 1933, pp. 260-262). The Surprise Valley Pai- one-piece sharpened sticks for small game 1932). The Northern Paiute habitually used plain boints (Stewart, 1941, p. 384), as did the Ute- Paiute (Stewart, 1942, 'p. 267). All of the Ute- i Paiute sometimes used merely a sharpened arrowshaft. The evidence suggests that stone Kints were primarily used, in aboriginal times, lre and the hunting of large animals. Since neither ;activities was of major importance, so far as can in, it i8 difficult to explain the abundance of points f the historic period. Apparently the late groups Fag stone points for small game; this may have Fe effect on the observable reduction in point size. :tice must have been short-lived, however, for toville, as quoted above, found only wooden Wuse. -reconstruction just given can be used as a work- esis, the points in the Coville Rock Shelter must either warfare or the hunting of mountain sheep, _e the only large game animals in the region. Bones pin sheep were found in the site, and it is possible that the stone arrow points were made specifically for use in hunting this animal. Small game was apparently hunted near the Coville site with wooden points, as shown by the presence of the foreshafts described below. The point types found in the Coville Rock Shelter are so common as to have little distributional significance. The corner-notched form (pi. 27, A) occurs in the South- west from Basketmaker to recent times (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 183, fig. 90; p. 126, fig. 48). This is one of the commonest ethnographic shapes for the Nevada Shoshone (Steward, 1941, p. 237, fig. 2), and is also re- corded archaeologically from such scattered localities as Oregon (Cressman, 1942, fig. 39), Colorado (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948, p. 49, figs. 20-22), New Mexico (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 141, figs. 130, 131), and Texas (Coville, 1892, p. 360). Arrow parts: shafts.-Evidence for arrow shafts in the Coville site rests on a single fragment of cut cane (1- 130248, 12.0 x 0.7 cm.). The hardwood foreshafts are also presumptive evidence that cane arrow shafts were used. Coville reports (1892, p. 360) that the Panamint Shoshone used arrow shafts of willow and cane. Other ethnographic groups which use cane for arrow shafts include the Owens Valley Paiute (Steward, 1933, p. 260), Northern Paiute (Stewart, 1941, p. 384), and Kamia (Gifford, 1931, p. 28). Cane arrows were not used, however, by the Surprise Valley Paiute (Kelly, 1932, p. 143), who employed rose, currant, and service for arrow shafts; nor were they used by any Southern Paiute bands except the Shivwits and Kaibab groups (Stewart, 1942, p. 267). Cane is by far the commonest material for arrow shafts from archaeological sites in the Great Basin and Southwest. It is reported from Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 97) (the only site noted which also contained solid shafts in the form of 1 softwood arrow and 5 hardwood arrows), Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS), Northeastern Arizona (Kidder and Guern- sey, 1919, pp. 122, 123; fig. 47), New Mexico and Texas (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 62), the Twentynine Palms area of Galifornia (Campbell, 1931, p. 74), Chihuahua, Mexico (Zingg, 1940, p. 59), and the Salt Lake caves in Utah (Steward, 1937, pp. 13, 14). Arrow parts: foreshafts.-Three arrow foreshafts were found, in addition to the fire drill foreshaft previously described. All specimens are more or less carefully shaped to a blunt point on both ends (1-130159, 1-130219, 1-130329, pl. 27,h,j, k). One piece has wrappings of sinew around the hafting end, but none show any trace of attachments at the point end. Two of the foreshafts appear to be greasewood; the third was thought to be willow until Dr. R. A. Cockrell examined the specimen, stating that it was definitely not willow, but an unidentified hardwood from some desert shrub. These foreshafts are closely similar to, although a trifle smaller than, those described for the Panamint Shoshone by Coville, who reports (1892, p. 360): The head of the arrow is a pin of very hard wood, taken, I believe, from some species of Atriplex or greasewood. It is about five inches long and tapers evenly to a blunt point. The base is inserted about three-fourths of an inch into the hollow of the reed and rests against the uppermost joint. It is bound in place by a thin band of sinew. Steward mentions recently made Death Valley arrows with 4-in, wooden foreshafts fitted into cane and bound with sinew (Steward, 1933, p. 262). Other groups in the Great Basin which used such foreshafts in historic times 183 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS include the Owens Valley Paiute, 10 Northern Paiute 1 Nevada Shoshone (Steward, 1941, p. 290), and Ute- Paiute bands in Northern Arizona and Utah (Stewart, 1942, p. 267). Archaeologically, Lovelock Cave contained fifty fore- shafts of which forty-eight are identified as greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 97, pl. 47). The illustrated specimens are longer and less carefully made than the Coville ones, and they also appear to be more sharply pointed. The average Love- lock specimen is more than 22 cm. long, of which 9 cm. is imbedded in the cane arrowshaft. The Coville speci- mens are much shorter, being 13 cm., 7.5 cm., and 5.8 cm. in length. Other archaeological foreshafts have been found in the Southern California desert (Campbell, 1931, p. 77), at Tommy Tucker Cave (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, pp. 209, 210), Humboldt Cave (specimens average 27.3 cm. in length) (Heizer and Krieger, MS), the Salt Lake caves (Steward, 1937, p. 12), and numerous Southwestern sites (Nusbaum, 1922, pp. 110-113; Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 122; Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 62, 63; Zingg,. 1940, p. 60). The small size of the Coville foreshaft is not typical of the sites in the Great Basin, although it is quite close to the ethnographic form for the Death Valley-Owens Valley region. This similarity might suggest a more recent date for the Coville Rock Saelter, but it could equally well indicate an areal variation not previously recorded. Flaking tools.-No flaking tools could be positively identified in the collection from the Coville site. Possi- bilities include one bone object (1-130402, App. E, table 5) and one wooden object (1-130373, App. E, table 4, pl. 27, j); both of these implements should probably be inter- preted as something else. Lack of flakers in the site may reflect a predominance of percussion flaking, although some of the projectile points are made by pressure flak- ing. Arrow wrench.-A single arrow wrench of sheephorn was found, described as follows: 1-130252, 1-130266. Two pieces of a sheephorn ar- row wrench, (see pl. 27, w). Wrench is formed of a slight- ly curved piece of shaped horn with one hole in the wide end. The piece is 13 x 3 x 1.1 cm.; it has three random indentations on each edge and two on each face, which look as if they were made with a sharp stick when the horn was plastic. The perforation is 1.2 cm. .in diameter and biconical. The piece broke at the perforation and was discarded in the west house pit; the fragments were found three feet apart in the 0-6 in. level of pit C-7. The sheephorn arrow wrench is another object from the Coville site which is not recorded for the historic tribes of the region. Coville mentions (1892, p. 360) the grooved stone used as a shaft straightener, but he ap- parently did not see a sheephorn wrench. There is no mention of a sheephorn wrench for the Owens Valley Paiute (Steward, 1933) or the Surprise Valley Paiute (Kelly, 1932). Among the Nevada Shoshone, only the northern bands affirmed this implement; the Death Valley and Beatty groups denied having it (Steward, 1941, p. 290). 10 Steward, 1933, p. 260: "Cane arrows had willow foreshafts, 6 inches long, with heads varying in type. A plain, blunt greasewood ... foreshaft served for rabbits." 11 Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 154: "In shooting birds, rabbits, or any small ground animal, arrows tipped with hard greasewood, Sarcobatus, were used; never arrows tipped with stone, which were reserved for large game." See also Stewart, 1941, p. 384. Only the Central Nevada and Northeastern California bands of Northern Paiute reported it (Stewart, 1941, p. 385). To the east all the Ute-Southern Paiute bands did affirm use of the sheephorn wrench which had from one to four holes and was heated to make the horn pliable for working. However, the Paiute of Southern Utah re- ported single-hole wrenches (Stewart, 1942, p. 268). Campbell recovered a fragmentary archaeological specimen with two perforations from the Twentynine Palms area of California (Campbell, 1931, p. 73, pl. 42L). In the Great Basin, there are examples from Lovelock Cave (2 specimens) (Loud and Harrington, 1929, p. 42, pl. 15, j, k), and Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, MS) A few more pieces are in collections from the Southwest. Kidder and Guernsey report four specimens from Pueblo.' sites in Arizona, one example being identical with the Coville specimen (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 129, pl. 46, a). A single specimen of subrectangular shape is recorded from a Basketmaker cave in Utah (Nusbaum, 1922, pp. 123, 124; pl. 61, a), and a wrench with one per- foration was found at Mantle's Cave, Colorado (Burgh and Scoggin, 1948, p. 43, pl. 17, a). The general distribution of the sheephorn arrow wrenc suggests that it was more widespread than the ethnograp distribution indicates; it probably occurred everywhere the West where horn was obtainable. However, these wrenches are relatively uncommon in the areas where they do occur, and there may be a functional difference to explain their rarity. Steward comments, "The. per- forated horn arrow wrench was used for straightening hardwood arrows" (Steward, 1941, p. 237). If this was a general rule, sheephorn arrow wrenches might be ex- pected to be scarce because of the predominance of cane arrow shafts in the area under consideration. RITUAL OBJECTS The Coville Rock Shelter contained a few objects whic cannot be interpreted as functional tools and are there- fore presumably for some other use, such as medicine, aesthetics, magic, or religion. The Coville specimens are rocks and minerals of various sorts; as described below. Quartz crystal.-A single quartz crystal (1-130205, 5.2 x 3.3 x 1.9 cm.) was found in the 24-30 in. level of pit B-3. It is much flaked and battered and could have been used for striking sparks from another stone in making fire. However, as firemaking appears to have been by means of a fire drill, the stone is more logicall classified as a ritual object. Quartz crystals were widely used in California. The Luisefno used them for the tips of wooden wands in the ritual of the Chungichnich cult (Kroeber, 1925, p. 665). Archaeologically, quartz crystals occur as burial offer- ings in all horizons of Central California (Lillard, Heiz and Fenenga, 1939). Three cracked quartz crystals wer also found in Tommy Tucker Cave (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, p. 209). In contrast to their abundance in Califor quartz crystals seem to be rare or absent in most of the Great Basin and Southwest. In the Great Basin, aside from the Coville and Tommy Tucker sites which are cl to the Sierras, the only similar occurrences are a calci (calcite?) crystal from Lovelock Cave (Loud and Harr ton, 1929, p. 108) and a single quartz crystal from HumZ boldt Lake bed (26-Ch-15) (Heizer, MS). Quartz crysta may be a characteristically California artifact, but this conclusion must be regarded as tentative until more evi dence is at hand. Incised slate objects.-These small decorated tablett-l of slate are the only artifacts from the Coville site whii 184 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER t aesthetic elaboration. There are three specimens; are complete and only one is large enough to give Indication of pattern. Complete description follows: k 1-130290. A thin tabular piece of black slate, pted red on both sides (mineral paint, presumably pd ochre). One side bears an incised pattern, made her the piece was painted. The edges are not worked, iI there is no evidence of an attachment which would it the object to be worn as a pendant. Dimen- n8: 6.4 x 2.5 x 0.3 cm. Pl. 26, b. -130372. A fragment of incised tablet like the cmen above. This example is also painted red on sides, but differs in having both sides incised. fragment is too small for the determination of qrn, but one side has 4 parallel lines and the other has 2 wavy lines and a chevron. Dimensions: S 2.0 x 0.2 cm. P1. 26, c. i-130393. A small chip; this specimen is not ated and shows only 2 lines on one side. Dimen- : 1.5 x 1.0 x 0.13 cm. Tere is little comparative material for these linens. Lathrap and Meighan describe (1951, fig. 1C) an identical example from a site a few e away. The only other closely similar pieces described from the Southern California desert on (Rogers, 1939, pp. 63, 64, pl. 17). To the east, waves in the Salt Lake region yielded unshaped e pieces which had incised geometric designs. r caves in the region have the same objects in tone rather than slate (Steward, 1937, pp. 77-79). as Valley has yielded two steatite pendants, one N*hich is 4 in. long and bears an incised pattern ward, 1933, p. 275, fig. 7). Whether these bear relationship to the Coville specimens is conjec- they look sufficiently different to be entirely endent. pebbles.-The west house pit yielded four Fed stream pebbles, all subrectangular in shape ta hard, black slatelike material. They were prob- icked up in the wash below the site, where such can be found with a little searching. When the these objects was found in the site, it was de- y the field crew, after some discussion, that the iwas probably brought in by pack rats; it was there- rown away. Shortly after, the second one appeared, identical to the first, and it began to seem as the pebbles were selected by the Indians and to the site. The function of these stones is un- F they may represent raw material, fetishes, or ere souvenirs which happened to strike the fancy sing Indian. 5th pebble of the same material added some weight hypothesis of selection by the aborigines. This ea (pI. 29, h) is a natural ring-shaped stone which epicked up as a souvenir by almost any passerby. urement of the pieces is as follows. 130441. Dimensions: 3.5 cm. diam., 0.9 cm. perforation 1.6 cm. diam., pl. 29, h. -130380. Dimensions: 5.3 x 1.6 x 0.5 cm.; pl. 294. -130439. Dimensions: 5.1 x 2.3 x 0.5 cm.; pl. 29, k. L1-130447. Dimensions: 4.6 x 3.0 x 0.8 cm.; s sulfur.-The occurrence of two lumps of rock i in a cache has been previously noted (p. 176). The F (1-10033, 1-10034) are fist-sized and unworked; Oeriors are smoothed as if waterworn. The use of this material is unknown-possibly it served as paint or medicine. Mineral paints (?).-Presumed mineral paints oc- curred as follows. 1-130032. Lump of yellow ochre in feature 1; ca. 4 x 3 cm. 1-130479; 1-130482. Two small lumps of red ochre; 1-2 cm. diam. Red ochre was used for painting the incised slate tab- lets described previously. Both red and yellow ochre are also suggested as possible body paints. MISCELLANEOUS AND UNIDENTIFIED Like all sites, the Coville Rock Shelter contained its quota of problematical objects. These are briefly de- scribed below. Worked twigs.-Sixteen objects which can only be classed as "worked twigs" were recovered in the ex- cavation. Most of these show a minimal amount of work- ing and many are no doubt the result of idle experimenta- tion. Some may have been functional, as parts of snares, for example, but none can be explained by their shape or position in the site. Individual specimens are described in Appendix E, table 4. Gaming pieces (?).-Two short sections of twigs with carefully cut ends were found (1-130158, 1-130333; see pl. 27, m, n). They are the same size and are differentia- ted only by the fact that one specimen has the bark peeled off and the other retains its bark. Since they are small enough to be easily held in the hand, these may represent gaming pieces for some sort of hand game. This theory would be considerably strengthened if the two objects had been found together, but it must be admitted that they were found at opposite ends of the site, one in the east house pit and one in the west house pit. Nonetheless, the case for the use of similar objects as gaming pieces seems sufficiently strong to suggest this function for the Coville specimens. Wooden pieces were sometimes used by the Owens Valley Paiute in the hand game. These were small enough to hide in the hand and one of the pair was marked with dark material in the center (Steward, 1933, pp. 285, 286). The Surprise Valley Paiute used similar cylinders "just big enough to hold in the hand," usually of willow (Kelly, 1932, p.172). There seem to be no similar archaeological specimens in the Basin. There are three examples from the South- west, however, all of which are mentioned as possible gaming pieces. Morris found short wooden cylinders in northern New Mexico (Morris, 1928, p. 45), and Kidder and Guernsey report (1919) cottonwood twigs with one flat surface (some marked with incised lines at the ends). A number of small softwood twigs were found in the Hueco and Gila areas. Many were painted; some were plain and some had the bark removed. (Cosgrove, 1947, pp. 152, 153.) Problematical sheephorn objects.-In addition to the spoon and arrow wrench previously described, two prob- lematical objects of sheephorn were found, described as follows. 1-130369, 1-130370. Two pieces of worked sheep- horn which fit together to form a spiral-shaped object. This may have been wrapped around something at one time, or may simply be a scrap from the manufacture of another artifact. Specimen 1-130369 is 2.6 cm. in diam., 0.6 cm. wide, and 0.3 cm. thick. Pl. 27,x. 1-130395. An oblong, shaped piece of sheephorn, 185 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS possibly a handle for something. One end broken. Dimensions: 5.7 x 2.1 x 1.4 cm. Leather fragment.-A triangular piece of gray leather was found (1-130304), 6 x 3.5 x 0.1 cm. It is soft and pliable and must have been tanned. There is no indica- tion of use and the piece is probably a scrap trimmed off another object. What the inhabitants of the site were making of leather is unknown, since no other piece was found. The present specimen seems too soft to have been used for moccasins, for moccasins of this kind of lea- ther would be short-lived in the rocky area of the site. Odds and ends.-Specimens not previously described are summarized as follows: 1-130326. The specimen is basically a fragment of open-twined basketry. A single pair of weft ele- ments with their associated warps forms the founda- tion of the piece. The warps have been bent so that they lie approximately parallel to the wefts; the whole bundle is then secured by two coils of joshua-fiber cordage at one end and a twisted willow twig at the other (see cordage under same number for descrip- tion). Function unknown-may have been intended as a basket mend. Dimensions: 26 x 4 cm. Plate 28, k. 1-130140. Fragment of pitch, probably pine. Dimensions: 4 x 3 x 1 cm. 1-130225. Natural angular piece of dolomite with red ochre on one corner. Dimensions: 6.5 x 5.5 x 1.5 cm. 1-130426, -27, -28, -29, -45, -77. Unworked ob- sidian flakes-spalls from chipping activity. All are large enough to serve for making the very small points produced in the early historic period. 1-130480. Ten small chips of obsidian from 12- to 18-in. level of pit C-8. Remains of chipping activity in this level. 186 ECOLOGICAL FACTORS Having discussed the objects recovered in the exca- on, we may now pay some attention to ecological ors and the place of the site in the general culture ern of the Indians. The questions who occupied the when, and why, are essential to an understanding e archaeology of the region. historic times, the area of the site was occupied small group of Panamint Shoshone. There is no on to doubt that the archaeological remains found e Coville Rock Shelter belong to the rather immedi- Incestors of the people living in the region when the ieasians first entered it. The linguistic boundary be- n Shoshone and Paiute is only twenty miles west of ;site (along the crest of the Inyo Mts.), and it is con- able that the occupants of the site may have been te-speakers. However, the few evidences of contact other areas (discussed in our conclusion) suggest an ard orientation, and it is concluded that the Coville represents a prehistoric Shoshone camp. eward gives a summary account (1938, p. 80) of the [on of the Coville site at the time of contact. * Sigai (flat, on the mountain top) or Sigai wattl, the ,mountains separating Saline, Death, and Pan.mint *Valleys, People called Sigaitsi. Two villages. One at Goldbelt Spring . . . the other at the springs in Cotton- rood Canyon . . . called Navadt . Sigai people procured pine nuts, various seeds, btabbits, and mountain sheep in their own territory. IWhen local seeds were unusually abundant visitors came from Saline Valley and sometimes from Sur- keyor's Well to gather them near Navadfl . For festivals Sigai people either went to Saline Valley or Saline Valley people came to Sigai; but both >laces never held them simultaneously . . . Chiefs' towers were definitely extended and groups more losely associated in post-Caucasian days. The village census given by BD for perhaps 1890 howed: Navadtl, 2 families totaling 14 persons 'uhu, one family (seven persons) . . . Coville site is situated in the center of the district m as Sigai (see map 1). CHOICE OF SITE BY THE INDIANS MThere is little in the imediate area surrounding tke Llle site to attract settlement. The canyon where the ter is situated has too sparse a vegetation to permit e than a meager seed harvest at any time, and there > water within a mile of the site. The determining in the choice of the site was probably its well- tered location near a trail, possibly with some con- ration given to use of the camp as a base for hunting ntain sheep. Food and water seem to have been sec- xy considerations, the site serving merely as a way on for people en route to or from the pine nut har- Saline Valley, or the village at Goldbelt Springs. scarcity of evidence of domestic activity (such things rinding implements and fire hearths) also affirms the orary nature of the site. e elevation of the site above the valley floor (over I 150 ft.) and its difficult approach suggest defense as one of the factors in the choice of the shelter. Actually, de- fense is probably not tb be taken as a serious determinant; the site is the only rock shelter of any size in tne canyon, and had there been one lower on the slope it would prob- ably have been the one occupied. POPULATION The size and configuration of the site are such that it would be impossible for more than two families, say ten or twelve people, to occupy the area without serious crowding. From what is known of the sparse population of the region, it seems probable that there were never more than six Indians at the shelter at any one time. These probably included occasional small bands of hunters and families passing through the area. The presence of a mano and metate in the site attests some occupation by women; the presence of a child's sandal indicates children at the site and hence, presumably, family groups. As to the season of occupation, this was probably the fall, chiefly September and October when groups were passing through the canyon to gather pine nuts at higher elevations. From November to March the site would be almost uninhabitable because of cold weather; it is ex- posed to biting cold winds in the winter, and snow falls occasionally even at this elevation. If the camp had been occupied at all during this part of the year, one would expect to find much more evidence of fire. Spring and summer visits to the site are not evident from the ma- terial recovered, but there were probably occasional stopovers made at the shelter. Steward mentions the visits between the people of Saline Valley and Goldbelt Springs. Assuming that this sort of visiting through the area was going on in protohistoric times, occasional stopovers might be made at the Coville Rock Shelter at almost any season. The site, therefore, was probably not occupied for more than a day or two at a time. If we use the popula- tion estimates previously made, this means that the shel- ter was probably used not less than 12 nor more than 36 man-days each year. Such minimal occupation does not lead to the accumulation of much refuse, and the three feet of deposit in the site may therefore represent a fairly long time span. SOURCES OF SUBSISTENCE AND RAW MATERIALS It is of some interest to examine the artifacts from the site with a view to determining their origins. This infor- mation is presented visually in map 1 and is also tabulated below. Information in the tabulation is largely from ob- servations made by the field crew in the course of their survey work in the region, although some documentary information has also been used. Sources given are the closest places the material could have been obtained. These are not necessarily the actual places from which materials were derived, although for most of them it appears likely that they were obtained from the nearest source on occasion, if not as a regular practice. The term "local" is used to mean within one mile of the site. [187] 1? t i. 4 1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Closest Source Distance from the Site (mi. on foot) Seeds of grasses and shrubs ................ Pine nuts ............... Mountain sheep .......... Rabbits ................. Water................... Willow .................. Greasewood ............. Juniper bark ............ Juniper wood ............ Cane.................... Joshua-tree fiber ........ Spike rush .............. Amsonia ................ Mammal bone ........... Sheephorn ............... Chert ................... Food Food Food Food, skins Basketry Foreshafts Cordage Fire hearth Arrow shafts Cordage Cordage Cordage Tools Arrow wrench, spoon Blades, points Obsidian............. Blades, points Dolomite ................ Slate................... Ochre .................. Rock sulfur ............. Quartz crystal........... Core tools Tablets Paint Local Crest of the Panamints Local Local Quartz Springs Quartz Springs Local Crest of Panamints Crest of Panamints Saline Valley (?) Local Saline or Death valleys Local (?) Local Local Some local, some from higher in Panamints Possibly Darwin at S end of Panamint Valley Local Crest of Panamints Saline Valley Probably the Sierras Excluding food, this list includes 18 raw materials-8 derived from plants, 3 from animals, and 7 from minerals. As might be expected, most of these can be obtained near the site, yet it is interesting to note that probably every item in the site came from within 40 miles. This emphasizes the general impression of a marginal group living in a self-contained subsistence area with little outside contact. Material Use 13 1.5 1.5 13 13 10 10-15 1-10 ca. 40 13 10 ca. 40 188 CONCLUSIONS RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER AREAS Ictors which indicate some antiquity for the Coville er include: (1) the complete absence of Caucasian rials; (2) some degradation of the surface of the (3) differences between artifacts in the site and ob- made by the Indians of the region in historic times. c same time, many of the artifacts are much like graphic specimens, and it appears most likely that lte was abandoned not too long before the entry of mians into the region. Probably 1750 is a reason- guess for the date of the last occupation of the site. ke beginning date is harder to determine. As noted usly, the occupation was so light that even the I amount of midden may represent many years of atdon. No change in the artifact types within the Ian be observed, however, so the occupation cannot id too far into the past. The writer's conjecture is bie shelter was visited sporadically for maybe 300 i, thus dating the site between 1450 and 1750 A.D. dating may be several centuries in error but in the ice of any precise way of checking, the estimate - a reasonable one. ,his date is accepted for purposes of discussion, ml important questions arise. Unfortunately, the of comparative site reports and the small size of oville pite make conclusions impossible at this Ho*ever, as frank speculation which may lead to ted research in the region, the following problems uggested. Fey-The evidence from the Coville site suggests la) Southern Paiute Utility Ware precedes Owens y Brown Ware in this region; and (b), there was no ry whatever in the -region before about 1700 A. D. nggestion in (b) agrees with H. S. Riddell's tenta- tonclusion based on excavation of Iny- 2 (H. S. Riddell, ,ipp. 23, 24). qccasins.-The presence of sandals in the upper levels Coville site suggests that the moccasins which were * in Owens Valley may be very late introductions to leneral area. However, this may equally well be a pee between Shoshone and Paiute cultural patterns. ieral culture.-The scant comparable material from ,iwould seem to indicate an elaboration and diversi- o Of material culture in the early historic period. .ktratigraphic change can be observed in the Coville AU, probably because of the small size of the sam- kable 2, Appendix E, gives a depth distribution of ts, but it would be very hazardous to draw any con- iU from the small numbers of each artifact type Fnted. On paper, there is an increase of twined in the late occupation of the site, but further necessary to confirm or deny this point. In discussing the distribution of artifact types, oc- casional reference has been made to possible connec- tions with other areas. To sum up the statements pre- sented this far, the Coville Rock Shelter shows some connections with the Southwest (slab-lined cists, two- rod-and-bundle coiling), a large number with the Great Basin, and virtually none with California. The culture may be defined as typically Great Basin of the proto- historic period, with slight evidence of some Southwest- ern connection. The only distinctive specimens from the Coville site which link it to another California area are the incised slate tablets and the sandal woven on a cordage warp; both are probably connected in some way with those of the desert regions to the south. The slate objects are characteristic artifacts of the Amargosa II culture, de- fined by Rogers as a Basketmaker III type of culture and dated at 700-900 A. D. (Rogers, 1939, pl. 21). This dating does not conform to that given for the Covilie Rock Shel- ter, and, since the latter site has also yielded point types comparable to some Amargosa specimens, a closer examination of the question is in order. Either the Coville dating is wrong, the Amargosa dating is wrong, or the Amargosa slate objects represent a modi- fied and earlier form of the Coville pieces. Which of these theories is correct cannot be determined from pre- sent evidence, but the point is mentioned as worth further investigation. The discussion of such connections as have been men- tioned is not to be interpreted as necessarily implying direct contact between the Coville site and other regions. The similarities observed are more likely to represent the sharing of a common tradition. The cultural picture of the site is of a very small group of people, living by seed gathering and hunting in a marginal area which is a self-contained subsistence unit. Within these tiny groups, scattered across miles of empty desert, it must have been possible for a man to live his whole adult life with- out ever seeing a person he did not recognize. Under such conditions personal travel or even trade must have been minor influences in the lives of the people. In handling the artifacts from the Coville site, one is struck by their lack of variation. Generally, objects are made in one or two ways, not more. They are made in the simplest way for utilitarian service and are almost never elaborated for aesthetic satisfaction. The site would serve as a good example for those who argue that necessity is never the mother of invention. The impression is of a group which, having developed a pattern that enabled it to wrest a meager living from a hostile environment, was slow to experiment or to play with the objects used in maintaining life. [189] DATING APPENDIXES APPENDIX A MINOR SITES EXCAVATED By MARTIN A. BAUMHOFF F addition to the main site (Iny-222) several lier sites were excavated in the area. All but one * within a mile of Iny-222 and each was completely wated in a day's time or less. All the artifacts re- ered from these sites are reported on in the follow- paragraphs. SITE INY-103 rnis small limestone cave, approximately 3 ft. long dft. in diameter, contained no midden. The only act found was a twined parching tray, apparently Wed and then forgotten, which, although somewhat ted by packrats, could be almost completely recon- icted. rne tray was more or less an isosceles triangle it 70 cm. in altitude and 55 cm. across the base. t wefts were ribbons (probably willow) 4 mm. wide 1 mm. thick, the warps round sticks (again probably pw), averaging 3 mm. in diameter. The weave is rnal twine (what Meighan calls over-two, under-two 6ternate pairs of warps, as illustrated in plate 27, c, the pitch of the stitch is up to the right. As each weft e reaches the tray's edge, which is a heavy stick a centimeter in diameter, the two elements of the cross over one another and start back on the next Jr course. The first few courses at the narrow end tray are made of round twigs about 1.5 mm. in eter rather than the flat ribbons which make up the pi1 wefts. Wproaching the wide end of the tray the warps, which kbeen getting progressively smaller, are finally Fred by one course of 3-strand up-to-the-right twining. emaining warps sticking out from this are bent down er direction and secured to the course of 3-strand by a row of stitching such as would be used in basketry. Finally, a stick is laid across the top of nd secured by another coil of stitching, the bundle t-down warps being used as if it wete the bundle in -fo4ndation coiled basketry. In these two coils the es are interlocking. There may have been a decora- attern in this piece with bark weft courses alternat- th smooth ones but the piece is too weathered for us sure. The piece is certainly a parching tray because cave side is covered with burnt material. SITE INY-130 bis is a small cave facing northwest and situated t 75 ft. above the floor of a small draw. There are looms in the cave, one about 10 ft. square, the other F half that size. Both rooms have outside entrances; they are connected by a hole large enough to permit a man to crawl through. Only the larger of these two rooms con- tained any evidence of occupation. This had a mound of midden 78 in. in diameter and about 18 in. in depth al- though the deepest artifact was only 12 in. down. The mniddle of this mound was a concavity with a diameter of 63 in. This appeared to be a house pit of some kind al- though the cave was not more than 7 ft. high and would not contain much of a house. Also, it does not seem likely that people would want a covered house within a dry and well protected cave. Basketry.-The basketry from Iny-130 is of three types: openwork diagonal twined, openwork plain twined, and close diagonal twined. On all the pieces the pitch of stitch is up to the right. There are three pieces of plain twined openwork. The warps of these are peeled (willow ?) twigp with an average diameter of 4 mm. The wefts are of (willow ?) ribbons with an average width of 3 mm. and thickness of 1 mm. On one of the pieces the weft courses seem tQ be in pairs with an interval of 1-2 cm. between the members of each pair and 4-5 cm. between each two pairs. There seemns no way of knowing whether all three pieces come from one basket. The openwork diagonal twined specimen has warps and wefts of the same material as the plain-twined. The warps have an average diameter of 3 mm. and there are 25 warps per 10 cm. The wefts have a width of 2 mm. and a thickness of less than a millimeter. The count of the warps is 40 per 10 cm. Orle piece of close diagonal twined basketry h4d peeled twigs 2 mm. in diameter for warps and ribbons a mza. wide for wefts. The warp and weft count was about 35 each per 10 cm. Wooden objects.-Four wooden objects were found in Iny-130. Specimen 1-130719 was an arrow foreshaft of an unidentified hardwood, 25 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter at the center, tapering to a point at either end. Specimen 1-130717 is a hardwood stick 38 cm. long and 8 mm. in diameter with one end cut off; its use is unknown. Speci- men 1-130718 is a hardwood stick 25 cm. long and 13 mm. in diameter with one end blunted. Again, the function of this piece is not known. Specimen 1-130727 is a conical piece of softwood whose base measures 1.5 cm. in dia- meter, its length 6 cm. Stone artifacts.-The only stone artifact from this site is a blade fragment of 4 green cherty substance. The piece is 5 mm. thick and seems to have been either leaf- shaped or triangular when whole. Pottery.-Three potsherds, apparently all from the same vessel were recovered from Iny-130. In the follow- ing characteristics they agree very well with what Bald- win (1950) calls Southern Paiute Utility Ware. [193] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Comparison of Inyo-30 Potsherds and Southern Paiute Utility Ware Construction . Firing atmosphere ... Core color . Temper. Carbon streak . Texture core . Fracture . Luster . Iny-130 Coiling Mainly reducing Black Very coarse None Coarse Crumbly Dull Surface color ........ Black Firing clouds...... None Thickness of vessel walls ............ 7 mm. Rims ....... 4-mm. flare Decoration .......... Fingernail decoration on the flaring rim Slip .None Paint .None Thus in all characteristics except firing clouds and rims this pottery corresponds very closely to Southern Paiute Utility Ware and there can be little doubt that it is an example of that ware. Baldwin (1950) places it in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and perhaps some- what earlier. Since this is on the periphery of distribu- tion, it must be somewhat late with respect to the general area and thus places the site almost certainly late in time. SITE INY-217 This is a triangular-mouthed cave about 12 ft. across at the mouth, tapering to a point at the rear 15 ft. away. A column of midden ran from front to back but with very little depth-the greatest depth at which an artifact was found being one foot. One metate fragment was recovered, bringing the total from the site to five, since Lathrap and Meighan found four other fragments in their earlier sur- vey (1951). This piece was of a gray sedimentary rock, as was theirs, and seems to conform in all other ways to the ones previously recovered. They are not all from the same metate, however, but represent at least three in- dividual artifacts. One small chalcedony scraper (6 x 2 cm.) with bifacial chipping along one edge was found; also one other scraper in the form of a semicircle with a dia- meter of 4 cm. This last was made of pink and white chert and was chipped along part of the circular edge. A fragment of a chalcedony blade was found which had bifacial chipping along all but the broken edge. It was impossible to tell what the original form had been. A hardwood stick 4 cm. long and 1 cm. in diameter, with one end cut, was also recovered. SITE INY-218 Iny-218 is a small cave with a circular mouth about 50 ft. above the floor of Lost Burro Canyon. It is roughly tubular in shape, being 5 ft. in diameter and 7 ft. deep. One almost complete coiled parching tray and a flint scraper had already been recovered from it (Lathrap and Meighan, 1951). Southern Paiute Utility Ware Normally coiling and thinning with paddle and anvil, although many vessels were thinned by scraping Uncontrolled, but probably mainly reducing Dark gray to black Very coarse Occasional Coarse Usually crumbly Dull Very dark gray to reddish brown to black Present Bowls, 3.5 to 7 mm. Bowls, straight to slightly outcurving, rounded or flattened, often uneven Often none. A number of jars have small fingernail decorations over entire surface None None There was a piece of coiled basketry in this cave. It was only a double coil 1 cm. long but it was posgible to determine from it that it had a 3-rod foundation and non- interlocking stitches. One piece of twined basketry of the diagonal openwork variety was found; the warps were twigs 3 mm. in diameter, the wefts ribbons 3 cm. wide. The pitch of the stitch in this piece was up to the right. A small bipointed bone, 3.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, and 3 mm. thick was recovered. One end of it was covered with pitch or asphalt; it looked as if it might have been part of a composite fishhook. Another bone object from this site was a spatulate piece 4.6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, and just 1 mm. thick. It was polished on the outside, while the interior had a sort of cellular structure; it might have been part of the leg bone of a bird. Besides these abori- ginal artifacts two small pieces of cotton cloth of a late European style were recovered. These probably have nothing to do with the aboriginal occupation of the site. SITE INY-220 From Lathrap and Meighan (1951) we have the follow- ing information. Iny-220 is a cave which is rather difficult to enter. It is 35 feet vertically distant above the canyon floor, and most of the 35 feet must be negotiated by hand over hand climbing. The cave is small in size, measuring 8.5 by 5 feet with a ceiling so low that it is impossible to sit erect within it. At least 16 inches of deposit has accumulated behind the single course rock wall which extends across the mouth of the cave. The artifacts found on the surface here include a piece of diagonal twined basketry, a winnower fragment, and several coils of material for basketry weft. In addition there were recovered, in the summer of 1951, a piece of rabbitskin cordage and a potsherd. The cordage, which had a Z twist, was the same as that found in Iny-222 in the rabbitskin blankets. The potsherd is of the same type as that described previously for this area (Lathrap and Meighan, 1951; also H. S. Riddell, 1951). 194 APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF THE CORDAGE SPECIMENS, SITE INY-222 By CHERIE N. GR1fGOIRE total of 155 fragments of cordage were recovered X the Coville site. Of this number 22 are composed of msl materials, whereas the remaining 133 a-re com- d of vegetable materials. All the specimens of- vege- t material have been identified through comparative roscopic study by the writer. The subtotals for the trials are as follows: agzia brifolia (Amsonia). a evifolia (Joshua) . niperus (Juniper). ilopsis linearis (Willow) . on haP sr;14z%ImR i 2 1 l -- - -- - -- - -- - 1goInaris UD -piJ-e euJ .................... rass s..................2 niDerus and Yucca brevifolia .............1 kwhide ..................................5 ryctolagus (Rabbit) .............. 11 new .-..-....--..----.....-- 6 Total .. 155 he appended analysis of cordage gives detailed infor- on concerning the specimens. The terms "S" (right) NZ" (left) for twist of cordage, as used by Fenenga Riddell (1949, p. 208), have been applied in this paper. aimbers of specimens are catalogue numbers of the lersity of California Museum of Anthropology. ithe following discussion the usual division between and string will not be made. There is little signifi- difference in the diameters of the Coville cordage, there is no correlation between twist and diameter. msonia brevifolia, Yucca brevifolia, and Juniperus ire the three most common materials used for cord- it Covilie site. They account for 120 of the 155 tctal Limens, or 77.41 per cent. W?onia brevifolia.- The most common fiber used for age in the site, accounting for 49 of the specimens or i per cent of the total. Of the 49, 46 are 2-ply S twist, 3-ply Z twist, and of the remaining two, one is a ad of a 2-ply piece and the other is too fragmentary dentification. The average diameter is 2.11 mm., Lg from 0.3 mm. to 3.6 mm. The range in length is 1I cm. to 53 cm. pese specimaens have the finest texture of the cord- pund. The Amsonia fiber is very similar in appear- .to its relative Apocynum, ranging from gray through w to red and brown in color. It is soft and silky to the 1, although such texture depends upon the amount of pl wQrking of the fiber when the cordage was made. plant is indigenous to the desert areas of California, Ing eastward into the Great Basin. (See section on ibutions.) ica brevifolia.-Ranks second only to Amsonia in ency. There are 41 specimens of this material, rep- dtng 26.51 per cent of the total. Of the 41, 30 are 41 twist, 2 are 2-ply Z twist, 3 are 1-ply Z twist aby part of 2-ply pieces), 5 are bundles of fiber not twisted, and 1 specimen is too fragmentary to be analyzed. The average diameter of the specimens is 6.26 mm., ranging from 1.5 mm. to 8.5 mm. The range in length is from 3.3 cm. to 39.0 cm. Among these specimens there is an even greater variety in texture than among those of Amsonia. Some of the fiber has been pounded until it has become a fine silky yellowish fiber. However, more often the spines have been stripped and the fibers pounded slightly, leaving a bundle of rough heavy filaments. Some of the specimens still show evidence of the original spiny skin. The color of the fiber ranges through yellows and pale greens. Yucca brevifolia is common throughout the desert regions of the southwestern United States. (See section on distributions.) Juniperus sp.-Well represented in the site; the 30 specimens of this material represent 19.35 per cent of the total. Of the 30, 12 are 2-ply S twist, 6 are 2-ply Z twist, 3 are 1-ply S twist, 5 are 1-ply Z twist, 3 are bundles of fiber not twisted, and 2 are too fragmentary for analysis. The average diameter of the specimens is 8.61 mm., ranging from 0.7 mm. to 12.0 mm. The range in length is from 3.0 cm. to 20.0 cm. Most of these specimens are made from loosely twisted shredded juniper bark. From the number of knots in the specimens it would seem that this type of cordage was probably used for tying bundles of sticks together. Speci- mens similar to the more tightly twisted fragments from the site have been found as parts of carrying baskets else- where. Color ranges from a light red to a deep brownish gray. Without close examination the deeper shades of red may be easily confused with cedar. Chilopsis linearis.-There are 6 specimens of this material or 3.87 per cent of the total. Although they are twigs twisted around each other, they have been included in the classification of cordage for convenience sake. Of the 6, 2 are 5-ply S twist, 2 are 3-ply S twist, 1 is 2-ply S twist, and 1 is 2-ply Z twist. The average diameter of the specimens is 5.92 mm., ranging from 3.5 mm. to 8.0 mm. The range of length is from 2 cm. to 29 cm. These specimens show no evidence of having been wefts in a basket and are therefore counted as some type of tie. The scrub desert willow is indigenous to the deserts of southern California and the Great Basin. (See section on distributions.) Eleocharis.-The 4 specimens of this material consti- tute 2.58 per cent of the total. All 4 specimens are 3-ply braid. In cross section the braid ranges from 7.0 mm. to 10.0 mm. in width and 4.0 mm. to 6.0 mm. in thickness. There are 1 to 9 strands in each ply. Each strand is a whole dried stalk of the rush-not pounded, split, or modified in any way. It is a common material used throughout the Great Basin for braid and matting. (See distributions.) Grass.-The 2 specimens made of grass represent 1.29 per cent of the total. Of the 2, 1 is 2-ply S twist, the other is a bundle of stalks not twisted. The average diameter of the specimens is 3.4 mm., ranging from 1.3 to 5.5 mm. [195] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS The range in length is 4.0 cm. to 31.0 cm. Combination of Juniperus and Yucca brevifolia.-Rep- resented by 1 specimen which is 0.65 per cent of the total. It is 2-ply S twist and 82 cm. in length. The dia- meter ranges from 3.0 mm. to 8.0 mm. This specimen was recovered in association with the sandal (1-130313) and is probably a sandal tie. It is com- posed of a large cord which is knotted in a square knot with 2 paired smaller cords. The large cord is of mixed juniper and joshua. For the initial 17 cm. one element is juniper and one is joshua; the next 7 cm. both elements are juniper; then 11 cm. of one juniper element and one joehua element; the last 12 cm. is entirely of joshua. The smaller cords are all joshua fiber. At one end of this specimen there is a reef bend attach- ing a new element to the joshua element. At the other end the whole cord is tied into a square knot with the smaller cords. The smaller cords are both 2-ply S twist. A new ply element is added in two places by being tied with a reef bend. The whole cord is looped and the two ends are tied into the large cord with a square knot. The second cord is probably worked in the same way, but it is impossible to be certain because of the poor condition of the piece. If *the second small cord was the same, the over-all specimen formed a large cord with two pendent loops of smaller cord, each loop about 6 cm. in diameter. The sandal found in association with this piece has a small piece of juniper cordage, of the same diameter as the heavy cord, attached to one corner. Rawhide.-There are 5 fragments of rawhide which represent 3.23 per cent of the total. Of the five, 1 is 2- ply S twist, 3 are flat pieces not twisted. The average diameter of the specimens is 3.2 mm., ranging from 2.0 mm. to 5.0 mm. The range in length is from 5.0 cm. to 6.0 cm.; the strips are 2-3 mm. in width. Apparently the flat untwisted fragments of hide were used as thongs or lashings. Lepus(?).-Eleven specimens which represent 7.10 per cent of the total. Of the 11, 5 are,2-plyS twist, 4 are 2-ply Z twist, 1 is 1-ply Z twist, and 1 is a flat untwisted piece. The average diameter of the specimens is 2.92 mm. The diameter range is from 2.0 mm. to 3.0 mm. The range of length is from 5.0 cm. to 20.0 cm. At least 10 of these specimens are probably fragments of rabbitskin blankets. Small bits of hair can still be seen caught in the twists. Sinew.-Accounts for the remaining 6 specimens which are 3.87 per cent of the total. Of the 6, 2 are 2-ply S twist, 1 is 1-ply S twist, 1 is a flat piece of untwisted skin, and the last 2 specimens are 11-ply Z twist. The average diameter of the specimens is 2.68 mm., ranging from 1.7 mm. to 2.5 mm. The range in length is from 2 cm. to 10 cm. TWIST FREQUENCIES Twenty-two specimens either consist of untwisted ele- ments or are too fragmentary for positive determination. For the others (total, 133) the twist frequencies are as follows: l-ply S twist ............ 4 2-ply S twist ........ 99 3-ply S twist ............ 3 5-ply S twist ..........2... 2 1-ply Z twist ............. 9 2-ply Z twist ............. 14 1 1 -ply Z twist .-- 2 DISTRIBUTION OF CORDAGE MATERIALS Amsonia brevifolia.-Indigenous to desert flats and canyons, particularly the north side of the Colorado Desert, the eastern Mohave Desert, Inyo County. The distribution continues east to Utah. (Jepson, 1925, p. 768.) In the literature this particular genus of the family Apocynaceae is not mentioned as being used for cord- age. However, after a microscopic examination of all the specimens, the writer has come to the conclusion that the specimens from Coville site are Amsonia brevi- folia and not Apocynum cannabinium. There has been some question of the wholesale identifications of cordage as belonging to the genus Apocynum and it is quite pos- sible that a number of the specimens formerly identified as Apocynum from the interior of California and the Great Basin are in reality Amsonia. Yucca brevifolia.-The distribution is primarily limited to mesas, the Mohave Desert. It is widely distributed and- forms extensive groves north of eastern Kern County and Inyo County. It continues east to Utah. (Jepson, 1925, p. 247.) Yuccas are known widely from the desert areas of the United States. (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 67; Harrington, 1933, p. 159; Haury, 1945, p. 49; Haury, 1950, p. 391; Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 113, 171; Nusbaum, 1922, p. 103.) However, the identifications from the Southwest indicate different species Afrom the one known from Co- ville site. Yucca brevifolia plants were seen growing around the site and some cordage was made from specimens of the plant brought to the Museum of Anthropology. This cord- age could, with care, be made to look very much like that from the site. Juniperus sp.-Mohave Desert south to Lower Californi and Kern County. The specimens may be J. utahensis or J. californica, both of which are distributed throughout the desert ranges and Inyo County. (Jepson, 1925, p. 59). Juniper bark cordage is mentioned sporadically for Utah and Nevada. (Forde, 1931, p. 126; Haury, 1945, p. 49; Nusbaum, 1922, p. 103; Steward, 1937, p. 37; Stewart, 1942, p. 279.) However, as it does not make particularly effective cordage we may assume that it is used only when there is little else available. Chilopsis linearis.-Distributed through sandy washes or near springs, mostly in deserts. Principally in the Mohave and Colorado deserts. It extends east into Texas and south into Mexico. (Jepson, 1925, p. 950.) There appear to be no references in the literature to cordage made from plants of this genus. However, since it is limited to exceptionally dry areas of the country, this is readily understandable. Usually the twigs are quite, thin and have little tensile strength. Salix is the genus of this family that is used most commonly in Nevada and parts of the Southwest. Eleocharis.-Possibly the species E . rostelata, which i distributed in meadows, coastal Southern California, and - the Colorado and Mohave deserts. It is generally distri- buted throughout North America. (Jepson, 1925, p. 149.) Grass.-This has not been identified as to genus. A similar kind of material was located at Tommy Tucker Cave. (Fenenga and Riddell, 1949, p. 208.) Sinew.-Although this material is not usually abundant it seems to occur in most sites which represent a hunting culture. Particularly in desert areas, where there is a shortage of suitable vegetable materials, everything at hand must be used to the best advantage. Sinew makes usable cordage and is excellent for lashing and binding. Its general tendency to become brittle is its major draw-- back. I 196 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER KNOTS irhand.-Overhand are the most common of all the round on cordage in the site. This knot is probably st simple of all, usually serving as a base for pore complicated ones. However, it is often used lo prevent unraveling of a twisted cord. (Fig. 1, a.) re and reef bends.-These occur in almost equal . Actually reef bend is another term for square pwever, in this context it has been used to distin- k*xots used to tie two pieces of cordage together hots made in one piece of cordage only. Reef bend 4here refers to the former. (Fig. 1, c.) -square or reef bend is a most useful knot. It does Io drawbacks: if the cords are of unequal diameter, ,t will slip; or if the knot is put under great tension, Sam. Rt bend.-Only one example of this most common of #ig knots was recovered from the site. These knots pellent for netting ,because they neither jam nor slip p bear a great deal of tension. This particular ken is unusual because it was tied with two parallel (Fig. 1, d.) &.-Two specimens of this type of knot were re- d. It is a useful one for tying a cord around a bun- 1ig., e.) My.-One specimen. This knot is often made by when a square knot is the aim. It is a very poor ecause it usually jams and is unsafe. (Fig. 1, f.) B. B.> F. Fig. 1. Types of Knots in Coville Cordage. TABLE 1 Knot Frequencies Material Overhand J Square J Reef bend Sheet bend Hitch Granny Amsonia .................. 1 ... 2 1 ... Yucca .................... 8 4 3 .. 1 Ju iperus ................. 2 ... 2 ... 1 Grass ................. ..... ... ... Yucca and Juniperus ....... ... 1 2 ... ... Oryctolagus ............... ... 2 ... ... ... Sinew .................... 1 1 ... ... Total .............. 13 8 9 1 2 1 TABLE 2 Cordage lo. 119.. I . I I * .I - _ . I _ . . I Material I Length (cm.) I Ply I Joshua 150 .... Joshua 45.... Juniper 76* . . . 082.... "6 .... 103 .... M96 .... D)7 .... 102 .... Amsonia Joshua Amsonia Joshua Amsonia Amspnia Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Joshua 15 1 9 2 * * .. . 3.5 10 7.5 7 2.4 2.4 8.5 8 6 2 2 . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Diam. (mm.) I Twist 5 5 2 2 2.5 2.5 2 2 3 None S S None S S S S S S S Remarks A square knot in one end and a reef bend in the other Overhand knot in one end Bundles of bark which may have been knotted; however, it is too fragmentary to be analyzed Sheet bend made with double elements Reef bend Damaged specimen Two pieces scribed more fully in the text. I I .____ i I I I i 197 1-11 A, E ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 2 (cont.) Cat. No. JMaterial Length (cm.) Ply Diam. (mm.) J Twist Remarks 1-130115 ... 1.-130116 .. . 1-130132 1-130133 .... 1-130134 1-130135 1-130136 1-130137 .... 1-130138.... 1-130141 1-130141 1-130142 .... 1-130143 .... 1-130143 .... 1-130145 1-130146 1-130147 1-130148 1-130149 1-130150 1-130151 1-130152 1 -130153 .. 1-130154 1-130155 1-130190 1-130202 .... 1-130203 1-130204 .... 1-130206 1-130207 .... 1-130209 1-130210 .... 1-130211 1-130215 1-130216 1-130217 .... 1-130227 1-130228 1-130229 .... 1-130230 1-130231 1-130233 .... 1-130243 .... 1-130246 1-130247 .... 1-130256 .... Juniper Joshua Joshua Joshua Juniper Willow Juniper Juniper Rabbitskin Rawhide Joshua Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Rabbitskin Joshua Amsonia Sinew Amsonia Amsonia Juniper Amsonia Joshua Juniper Juniper Joshua Joshua Amsonia Rabbitskin Amsonia Joshua Joshua Amsonia Amsonia Joshua Amsonia Amsonia Joshua Joshua Joshua Joshua Amsonia Amsonia Amsonia Amsonia Amsonia Juniper Joshua Willow Joshua Joshua Sinew Joshua Joshua Joshua Joshua Joshua Amsonia Juniper 10 21 9 6 39 4 29 10 8 9 5 13 19.8 20 11 9 6.8 5.3 8 4.2 4 4.6 5.8 4 4 10 9 5.2 10 4.5 3 9 5 I? 8 1.7 4.9 5 2.2 2.2 5 3.3 1.9 14 8 25 6 3.5 3.8 4 5 11 12 3 8 22 7 14 9 10 1 15 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 5 2 2 11 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 S S S S 8.5 4 8 4 4 3 2 S 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 2.5 1.7 1.7 2.9 3 2.7 5 4 2 3 3 1.8 2.5 2.5 3 5 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 8 3.5 0.3 2 1.5 2.5 2 1.5 3.5 3 2 1.8 4 3.2 3 3.1 4.2 ? 6 S . z S z z z S S S z z z S z None S S S S S S None S S S S S S S z None S S S S S S S S S S S S S S z S S S z S S S S S S S Reef bend Recovered with sandal (1-130117) probably', part of the sandal ties Doubled and used as the foundation of the sandal (1-130117); see sandal descrip- tion Four twigs split one whole Square knot Square knot Poor condition; may have been tied in a square knot at one time Square knot (?) in one end Reef bend in one end Ends tied in square knot Strip of skin doubled to form an eye, then the two ends twisted together Woven into basket rim Ends tied in square knot Two pieces Strand of thread found loose in the midden Probably 1 ply of a 2-ply piece .Probably 1 ply of a 2-ply piece Four pieces of bark, one whole twig Overhand knot in one end Poor condition Overhand knot in one end Overhand knot in one end Overhand knot in one end Overhand knot in one end Reef bend and an overhand Poor condition L __________________________________________________ I 198 1 - 1 30117 - - - .1 Joshua I 199 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER TABLE 2 (cont.) )U,p60 . . . 10260 .... 10262.... 30271 .... 10272 .... 10274 .... 10275 .... 10277.... p0281 .... 10285 .... 10286.... 10287 .... 292..... 10293*... 10294.... 10295 ..... 0296 .... )297 .... 1298 .... )299 .... )300 .... 1313 .... i319* ... 1321 .... W4 .... )325.. .. i326*. .. 1327.... 1328.... 1331.... .S32..... 1355.... 1356.... '357.... '358 .... 1359 .... '360 .... 1361.... 162..... 1363.... 364..... .365..... 1366.... 67 .... 372.... 79 .... 083 .... .84 .... .085..... 392.... ,394.... 396.... 1397 .... 399*.0 . 401 .... 404.... 406 .... .09..... 411... Material Length (cm.) Joshua Juniper Amsonia Sinew Amsonia Juniper Rabbitskin Joshua Juniper Juniper Juniper Amsonia Joshua Amsonia Sinew Juniper Amsonia Amsonia Juniper Amsonia Amsonia Juniper Juniper Juniper and Joshua Amsonia Grass Amsonia Joshua Juniper Joshua Amsonia Amsonia Juniper Juniper Amsonia Amsonia Amsonia Joshua Joshua Grass Juniper Juniper Rawhide Rawhide Rawhide Amsonia Rawhide Amsonia Juniper Sinew Juniper Joshua Amsonia Willow Amsonia Juniper Amsonia Joshua Amsonia Amsonia Juniper 12 .... Juniper 13.-.. Joshua 2.5 7 3.3 2 2 7 5 3 9 7 10 4 6 53 10 4 10 6 11 15 6 18 8 82 8 31 2 26 5 12 6 9 7 6 2 1.5 3 11 10 4 3 5 6 5 6 * . . 2 20 2 30 4 4 9 3 17 6 6 2 3 20 10 ca. 15 Ply Diam. (mm.) Twist 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 . . 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 6 2 4 2 3.5 3.6 4 10 1.5 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.7 6.6 2.7 2.5 2.5 5.0 3.0 to 8.0 2.3 1.3 1.8 4.5 0.7 3.5 1.5 3.3 1.8 12.0 2.3 1.8 2.8 5.0 6.0 5.5 3.7 1.5 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.8 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 7.0 2.3 6.5 2.2 6.0 2.0 1.8 4.0 9.0 5.0 z S S S S S None S None S z S z S S z S S S S S S S S S S S S z S S S S S S S S S S None S z None None None S z z z z S S S S z S S S None S None Remarks Probably 1 ply of a 2-ply piece Overhand in each end Flat strip of skin Overhand knot in end Shredded Juniper bark tied in a reef bend Probably part of a 2-ply piece Probably part of 2-ply piece Reef knot Hitch, see sandal (1-130313) description Recovered in association with sandal (1-130313) and is probably a sandal tie Each ply is composed of 12 strands Wrapped around a bundle of willow sticks with an overhand knot in one end Bundle of shredded bark Poor condition Overhand knot in center Overhand knot in one end Poor condition Bundle of grass with overhand knot in center Thong fragment Thong fragment Thong fragment A few fragmentary strands not cordage One twig twisted around the other two Poor condltion Square knot Shredded Juniper bark with overhand knot in one end Wrapped around bundle of Erigonum sticks and tied with a hitch I I I I I I i i ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 2 (cont.) Cat. No. j Material | Length (cm.) Ply Diam. (mm.) Twist Remarks 1-130416.... 1-130418 .... 1-130420 .... 1-130421 .... Willow Joshua Sinew Amsonia 1-130422 .... Amsonia 1-130430 .... Joshua 1-130431 .... 1-130432 .... 1-130433.... 1-130437.... 1-130466 .... 1-130472.... 1-130473 .... 1-130478 .... Juniper Amsonia Amsonia Willow Amsonia Willow Amsonia Amsonia 11 3 2 12 14 14 3 3 15 3 3 9 3 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 6.5 2.5 3.0 1.4 2.0 1.3 4.0 4.0 1.8 3.0 3.0 7.0 2.8 3.5 2.0 2.6 S z S S S S S S z S S S S z S S Each ply composed of five or bix twigs Probably part of 2-ply piece Poor condition, twist and knot unidentifiable These two pieces are tied together with a granny knot These two pieces are probably part of the same piece since they are found on the edge of a basketry fragment (1-130430) One twig is twisted around the other two TABLE 3 Braid* Cat. No. Material | Length (cm.) j Width (mm.) j Thickness (mm.) Remarks 1-130018 .... Spike rush 9.0 7.0 4.0 One strand in each ply 1-130232 .... Spike rush 13.0 9.0 4.0 Four strands in one ply and three in the other two 1-130310 .... Spike rush 23.0 10.0 6.0 There are five to nine strands in each ply 1-130417 .... Spike rush 30.0 10.0 5.0 Four strands in each ply *All specimens of braid are 3-ply. 200 APPENDIX C MAMMAL REMAINS, SITE INY-222 By J. ARTHUR FREED lour genera are listed in the following tabulation of itified mammal remains from the Coville Rock Shelter. are Antrozous, Lepus, Neotoma, and Ovis. All are ently to be found in the region today and are included list of mammals recorded by Grinnell for the area th Valley below s ea level (1 93 7, p. 1 17 ). Though his trvations were limited to specific elevations there is peason to believe that any of the four mammals found y-222 were out of their natural range. It is on the of Grinnell's work, however, that specific names Fe assigned to the remains. For Ovis canadensis a sub- pies designation was applied as well. All of these ps were given largely because geographical range dif- *1tiations for the mammals in question appear clear *ugh to warrant such precise nomenclature even on the j of the limited skeletal material studied. >&few remarks may be made here regarding the occur- iOes of the desert wood rat, Neotoma lepida, and of the t4rt bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis nelsoni. That the mer may be found in caves or shelters, as at Iny-222, Incated by Goldman (1910, p. 10): "As a rule the bers of the genus [Neotoma] prefer rocky or moun- ious areas, where they live commonly in cliffs or res." Grinnell states that the desert wood rat ranges up 7,000 ft. in altitude in areas surrounding Death Valley 137, p. 158). Grinnell also wrote (1937, p. 134): My own regrets are deep, that I did not, during my first two trips into the Valley, take opportunities then offering to learn more about the dependencies of the few Indians I met, upon the natural resources of the country. I did observe that in April the women and children were actively trapping rodents in the mes- quite thickets around Furnace Creek Ranch. Neotoma and Ammosperophilus [desert antelope, ground squir- ,rel] were the kinds mostly sought and caught-in dead- falls, each consisting of a flat rock. These, along with lizards of the larger kinds caught with nooses, were boiled in kettles and eaten. As regards the aesert bighorn sheep there seems to be siderable agreement that the particular form repre- ated at Death Valley is Ovis canadensis nelsoni (Cowan, 10, pp. 559-565). Ingles does not discuss the point, Pugh he states (1947, p. 226) that the only species of mntain sheep found in California is 0. canadensis. Ober tes the case for subspecies designation while making it or that he feels "climatic and geographic conditions re met" which accounted for changes in the original suntain sheep as they "migrated from the Canadian ckies as far south as the northern states of Mexico." writes further (Ober, 1931, p. 29): "As a matter of .t the environments of the localities where the sheep re made their homes for years have necessarily had to do with their size and form. This fact is particu- ly exemplified in the Death Valley sheep." His paper Ibodies observations made during extensive field work in the Death Valley region and in other parts of Inyo County. By way of a final comment an important point made by Grinnell (1937, p. 168) should be cited here: The Desert Bighorn or Mountain Sheep is, inter- estingly, the only native ungulate mammal known to occur in the immediate neighborhood of Death Valley. Neither deer nor antelope have ever been reported authoritatively, to my knowledge, from anywhere in the surrounding mountain ranges, let alone from the Valley itself. Identified Mammal Remains, Site Iny-222 Species No. of specimens Antrozous pallidus (Pallid Bat or Desert Pallid Bat) Mandible .......................... Lepus californicus (Jack Rabbit or Desert Jack Rabbit) Skull fragment, maxillary ........... Mandible .......................... Humerus .......................... Radius ............................. Ulna ............................... Radius and ulna (fused) .............. Innominate bone .................... Femur ............................. Tibia .............................. Tibia and fibula (fused) .............. Right hind foot (articulated) .......... 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 4 8 1 1 Total ... 28 Neotoma lepida (Desert Wood Rat) Skull fragment..................... Mandible ........................... Humerus ...... e Innominate bone .................... Femur ............................. Tibia .............................. 4 13 2 2 12 2 Total ........................... 35 Ovis canadensis nelsoni (Desert Bighorn or Mountain Sheep) Scapula ............................ 2 Metapodial ........................ . 3 Astragalus .......................... 1 Astragalus and calcaneum (fused).. ... 1 Total .............................. 7 Grand total, identified specimens ...... 71 [201] APPENDIX D PLANT MATERIALS AND MISCELLANEOUS NONARTIFACT REMAINS, SITE INY-222 PLANT MATERIAL Mr. G. Thomas Robbins of the University of California Herbarium examined a sample of the plant specimens re- covered from the Coville site. Some seeds and species of plants could not be identified, but the following determina- tions were made. Seeds.-l-130679. Pinus monophylla; seed ripens in the fall. 1-130481. Appears to be something in the Cruciferae; identification uncertain. 1-130709. Lepidium aff. lasiocarpum; seed ripens in March, April, May. 1-130546. Prunus andersonii (desert peach). 1-130707. Opuntia sp. 1-130711. May be a species of Gilia. There was an observable difference in the depths at which the seeds of Prunus andersonii and Pinus mono- phylla were found in the site, the former being heavily concentrated in the lower levels. This difference could represent some change in the food habits of the people. This species of Prunus, however, has little in the way of edible fruit, the exterior of the seed being a thin husk. Also, when it is considered that most of the Prunus seeds show evidence of gnawing by rodents, it seems likely that the Prunus seeds were brought in by rodents. They are local seeds and occur abundantly in the levels where hu- man occupation is scarce or absent. The Pinus husks, however, are most abundant in the areas indicating the heaviest human occupation. Other plant material.-The following plant material was identified from level bags: Eriogonum sp. (buckwheat), plant stalks; grass, not identifiable beyond Gramineae; Opuntia basilaris, various parts of the cactus; Juniperus sp., shredded bark; Gutierrezia sp., a shrub used in lin- ing cache pits, of which numerous parts and some whole plants were found; Yucca sp., root, probably one of the smaller species and not Joshua tree; Yucca or Agave sp., bark, leaves, root parts scattered through midden; Arge- mone platyceras (?), seed pod found in the midden-seed ripens in the fall, but the pods remain on the plants through most of the year. Additional species occurring in cordage.-Identification of these species was made by Cherie N. Gregoire: Am- sonia sp.; Eleocharis sp. (spike rush). Wooden objects.-The wooden specimens were ex- amined by Dr. R. A. Cockrell of the University of Cali- fornia. With the exception of the fire hearth, which is juniper, all the specimens are hardwoods from desert shrubs. Specific identification could not be made'for lack of comparable slide material. Seeds, bone, and charcoal in two pits.-Tabulation by weight of seeds, bone and charcoal in pits B-3 and B-7 is given in table 1. BLE 1 Weight of Seeds, Bone, and Charcoal in Pits B-3 and B-7 (gm.) Depth (in.) Seeds Bone Charcoal Pinus iPrunus iMiscellaneous Pit B-3 0-6 ................ 4.98 3.17 0.21 13.96 9.48 6-12 ............... 4.76 1.23 0.13 14.32 4.95 12-18 ............... 2.00 0.80 0.00 4.13 0.00 18-24 ............... 0.70 3.90 0.00 5.37 0.35 24-30* .............. 0.43 0.68 0.50 8.86 0.00 30-36 ............... 2.75 70.10 0.54 2.80 0.00 36-42 ............... 2.33 48.20 0.26 2.11 4.81 42-48 ............... 3.00 61.10 0.13 0.28 9.40 Pit B-7 0-6 ................ 6.95 0.24 0.16 5.35 8.76 6-12 ............... 9.81 0.23 0.05 1.20 7.43 12-18 ............... 2.33 0.36 0.06 2.64 5.40 18-24 ............... 2.36 3.12 0.12 5.93 5.34 24-30 ............... 0.97 1.27 0.00 4.17 2.77 30-base ............. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 *Seeds from this level of B-3 were inadvertently mixed with other plant material which was discarded in the field. Figures given are from the adjacent pit C-2, which was not a full-sized pit but gives some idea of the proportions in this level. [202] I iI I i I I 11 I MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER rhe figures for miscellaneous seeds are low, since ly of these seeds were small enough to pass through icreen. The figures for Pinus are for the seed husks, rhole seeds being found. The bone is mostly small pnents of rodent bones. FAUNAL MATERIAL Mhe midden contained a number of small bones which pared to be from lizards. One dessicated and naturally irved lizard was found buried in the midden. It was tited by Dr. S. F. Cook, of the Department of Physi- 3 University of California, as Sceloporus, species i.bly magister. These lizards live much of the time krground, and the present specimen probably repre- sents a lizard which happened to die in the site. Two or three ground beetles (Tenebrionidae) were found in the site. Two live ones were also found on the surface of the site, indicating that this is probably a for- tuitous association. There were also two scorpions found living in the midden. These and the beetles were the only evidence of living things now occupying the site. FECAL SPECIMENS A few fecal specimens were found in the midden. These appear to be both human and dog or coyote. The human specimens are very fibrous, indicating a heavy diet of plant food, but further analysis has not been made. 203 APPENDIX E DESCRIPTIVE TABLES OF SPECIMENS, SITE INY-222 TABLE 1 Artifact Count and Distribution by House Pit, Site Iny-222 Type East pit West pit J Rockfall Total Basketry Coiled fragments ..... ......... 28 19 0 47 Twined fragments ..... ......... 48 20 0 68 Cordage* Amsonia ......... ............. 15 32 2 49 Joshua ........... ............. 18 9 0 27 Juniper .......... ............. 10 19 0 29 Twisted animal skin ............ 6 4 0 10 Twisted willow twigs ..... ...... 1 3 0 4 Twisted grass stalks ..... ...... 0 2 0 2 Eleocharis braid ............... 1 3 0 4 Wood Worked twigs ....... ........... 10 5 1 16 Wooden gaming pieces (?) ...... 1 1 0 2 Fire drills ........ ............ 3 2 0 5 Fire hearths ....... ........... 1 0 0 1 Spatulate wooden object ......... 0 0 1 1 Arrow foreshafts ..... ......... 2 1 0 3 Cut cane fragment ..... ........ 0 1 0 1 Wooden flaker (?) ..... ........ 0 1 0 1 Bone Bone beads ....... ............ 2 1 0 3 Bone flesher (?) ...... ......... 1 0 0 1 Incised mammal bone tube ...... 0 1 0 1 Stone Chert blades and fragments ..... 10 6 0 16 Obsidian blades and fragments . . 4 2 0 6 Used flakes (scrapers) ..... .... 9 8 0 17 Chert end scrapers ..... ....... 1 1 0 2 Coarse dolomite tools (choppers and core scrapers) .4 12 1 17 Arrow points and fragments 0 5 0 5 Incised slate objects ..... ...... 0 3 0 3 Mano ......................... 0 1 0 1 Metate ........................ 1 0 0 1 Sheephorn Spoon fragment ...... .......... 1 0 0 1 Spiral-shaped object ..... ...... 0 1 0 1 Wrench fragments .............. 0 2 0 2 Problematical object ........... 0 1 0 1 Minerals Yellow ochre ....... .......... 0 0 1 Red ochre ..................... 0 2 0 2 Rock sulfur ....... ............ 2 0 0 2 Quartz crystal ................. 1 0 0 1 Stream pebbles ...... .......... 0 4 0 4 Miscellaneous Sandals ........................ 2 0 1 3 Rabbitskin blanket fragments .... 2 0 0 2 Leather fragment ...... ........ 0 1 0 1 Pottery Sherds ........................ 0 2 0 2 Totals ... 185 176 6 366 *Figures do not include fragments attached to other specimens. [204] MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER 205 TABLE 2 Depth Distribution of Artifacts, Site Iny-222 (in.) Artifact type | 0-6 j 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 J 30-36 Coiled basketry fragments .... ..... 10 14 11 10 1 1 Twined basketry fragments .... .... 27 16 9 5 1 0 Amsonia cordage ...... ........... 9 17 12 5 1 1 Joshua cordage ....... ............ 11 10 5 3 2 0 Juniper cordage ....... ........... 8 13 7 3 0 0 Sinew cordage ....... ............. 0 4 2 0 0 0 Animal skin cordage ..... ......... 5 4 1 0 0 0 Twisted willow twigs ..... ......... 0 3 1 0 0 0 Tule braid ......... .............. 1 3 0 0 0 0 Sandals .......................... 1 2 0 0 0 0 Worked twigs ..................... 9 8 1 0 0 0 Fire drills ......... .............. 0 1 2 0 0 0 Fire hearths ........ ............. 1 0 0 0 0 0 Arrow foreshafts ...... ........... l 1 1 0 0 0 Bone beads ....................... 2 0 0 0 1 0 Chert blades and fragments ....... 5 9 1 0 0 Obsidian blades and fragments ... 0 1 2 3 0 0 Used flakes (scrapers) ..... ....... 3 10 4 2 0 0 Dolomite choppers and scrapers.... 9 5 1 1 1 0 Arrow points ........ ............. 3 2 1 0 0 0 Yellow ochre ........ ............. 0 1 0 0 0 0 Rock sulfur ......... ............. 0 2 0 0 0 0 Potsherds .........................1 1 0 0 0 0 Bone flesher (?) ....... ........... 0 1 0 0 0 0 Quartz crystals ................... 0 0 0 0 1 0 Cut cane fragment ...... .......... 0 1 0 0 0 0 Sheephorn arrow wrench fragments . 2 0 0 0 0 0 Incised slate objects ............... 2 1 0 0 0 0 Incised bone tube ...... ........... 0 0 1 0 0 0 Leather fragment ...... ........... 0 0 0 1 0 0 Rabbitskin blanket fragments ....... 0 2 0 0 0 0 Twisted grass stalks ..... ......... 2 0 0 0 0 0 Problematical sheephorn objects ... 2 1 0 0 0 0 Wooden flaker (?) ................. 1 0 0 0 0 0 Stream pebbles ....... ............ 0 1 2 1 0 0 Mano ............................ 0 1 0 0 0 0 Metate ........................... 0 1 0 0 0 0 Totals .................... 115 136 64 34 9 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 3 Description of Basketry Specimens, Site Iny-222 Twined Basketry Count Material Diam. of Elements Cat. No. Size (per 10 cm.) (willow) (mm.) Pitch Remarks I(cm.) Weft IWarp I Weft I Warp I Weft I Warp I(up to)I 1-130014 .... I 9x 7 1-130051 .... 1 13 x 8 1-130056....1 1-130070....I 1-130071....l 1-130072....l 1-130073.... 1-130099.... 1-130106.... 1-130109.... 1-130110.... 1-130111.... 1-130118.... 1-130119.... 1-130120A... 1-130120A.... 1-130122.... 1-130124.... 1-130125.... 1-130167.... 1-130168.... 1-130169.... 1-130172.... 1-130173A... 1-130173A.... 1 -130174 .... 6 8 Unpeeled Peeled twigs Unpeeled Peeled twigs 12 x 3 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 20 x 7 32 36 Split Peeled twigs 7 x 6 12 25 Split Peeled twigs 11 x 3 14 36 Split Peeled twigs 16 x 6 10 32 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 7 x 3 10 33 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 17 x 5 6 21 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 8 x 3 ... ... Unpeeled Unpeele 12 x 7 6 25 Unpeeled Unpeele twigs 6 x 10 9 x 6 12 x 4 4 x 6 23 x 8 7 x 2 19 x 3 6 x 3 15 x 7 7 x 6 11 x.7 11 x 2 2 3-4 R 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 2.5 2.5-3.5 2.5-3.0 2.0-2.8 i.6 2.0 R 3.0 2.0-2.5 2.5-3.5 2.5-3.0 2.8 2.0-2.5 R R R R R R R R R 3.0-4.0 3.5-4.0 -d -d 2.0-2.5 2.6 ... ... Unpeeled Unpeeled 5 25 Unpeeled Unpeeled 3.0 4 18 Unpeeled shoots 4-5 18 Unpeeled shoots ... ... Split 4 9 Split Unpeeled .. .. . . .... . . . ... Split twigs 3.0-3.5 Peeled 1.9-3.0 2.6-3.4 Peeled 1.9-3.0 2.6-3.4 Peeled ... ... Peeled 3.8-5.5 4.0-5.5 Unpeeled ... ... R R R R R R R * * ... .5 . .0 Peeled 3.5 2.5-3.0 19 x 4 11 x 3 7 x 5 * _______________________________________________________________ L Insertion of new wefts made by catching weft under one stitch A piece of specimen 14 de- scribed in Lathrap and Meighan, 1951 Same as 130051 and fits on to this piece New wefts have ends tucked under one stitch Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Very irregular construction. See illus. Part of 1-130110. This piece has a mend composed of a bundle of ten twigs stitched on with a strip of willow bark which passes around the bun- dle and through the spaces between the warps. (Mend size 6 x 2 cm.) Poor condition Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Probably part of a burden bas- ket. New wefts have ends caught under one stitch Irregular construction. May be part of 1-130013 or 1-130076 Part of a heavy burden basket Same as 1-130120 Part of 1-130110. Has 2 coils of material looped around I weft row, probably part of a mend. One coil is unpeeled willow; the other is not identified Part of 1-130120 Rim fragment, probably for twined burden basket; 5 warp elements are attached to a heavy stick, 11.5 mm. in diam., by weft coiled around the whole bundle Part of 1-130120 Part of 1-130120 Part of 1-130110 I 206 1-130052 .... 1 13 x 6 . . . . . . * . . . . . i ... ... ... ... ... ... MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER TABLE 3 (cont.) * . . 6 2 6 . 26 Un 12x 12 6 x 8 13 x 4 Ur ipeeled Peeled 2.0-2.8 3-4 -s--r shoots R . . * . . R ee.d. U. .e. ... . .. .. .. . . .. ... .. apeeled Unpeeled .. .. shoots I ... ... Unpeeled Peeled shoots 8 25 Unpeeled Unpeeled 3.0 9 20 33 Unpeeled Unpeeled Peeled Peeled 14 x 7 9 37 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 13 x 5 8 25 Unpeeled twigs 2.5 . . . 2.0 R . . R 2.0-3.0 2.5-3.0 3.5 R 3.0-4.0 . 0 . 2.0-2.5 R R 2.0-3.0 2.2-3.5 R Unpeeled 2.0-3.0 3.0-3.6 R 24 x 8 6 32 Unpeeled Peeled 2.0-3.0 2.3-3.8 .... 16 x 15 ... 8 x 4 ... 15Yx 10 ... 13 x 3 6 x 2 10 12 11 27 10 30 42 30 R Peeled Peeled 2.0-3.0 3.5-4.0 Unpeeled Unpeeled ... Unpeeled Peeled Splints Peeled Splints Peeled 3.0 R R 2.0-2.5 2.6-3.6 2.5-3.0 3.0-3.5 R R 2.0-2.5 R Remarks Part of 1-130120 Part of 1-130110 Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Part of 1-130120 Part of 1-130120 Two pieces Rim fragment. Rim is of 3 warp elements. Paired wefts cross one another on outside of rim, one weft encircling the rim before croasing the other weft Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. A willow splint, 5 mm. wide and 1 mm. thick, is bent around the 4 warps remaining A patch made of twigs and held together by a long strip of bark 5 mm. wide. Strips of the same bark compose three of the warps Simple twining on paired warps; three pieces Part of 1-130124 Over-2-under-2. At the edges the paired wefts are twisted together (S twist) about 5 times, then reverse and go back across the basket. New wefts are caught under one stitch New wefts caught under one stitch. Three pieces of cord- age inserted through warps; possible carrying attachment, but pieces are too fragmentary for detailed analysis. Over- 2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. See cordage under the same no. Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. Piece in poor condition Primarily over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps, but sometimes the wefts pass over one or three warps. No discernible pattern of weaving See notes at end of table Poor condition. One weft element paired See notes at end of table Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. New warps sharpened before inserting. New wefts caught under one stitch Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. Both sides appear to be pitch coated I . 11 x 3 . 11 x 7 . 12 x 6 10 x 4 8 x 1 11 x4 10 x 8 13 x 7 10 x 8 13 x 8 13 x 4 6 x 5 I 207 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 3 (cont.) Count Material Diam. of Elements Cat. No. Size (per 10 cm.) (willow) (mm.) - Pitch Remarks (cm.) Weft JWarp Weft Warp Weft j Warp (up to) 1-130354.. ..I 11 x 3 1-130368 .... I 9x 6 1-130388 .... 1-130389.... 1-130390 ....!I 5x 2 R 6 18 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 21 x 8 4 14 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 7 x 7 10 24 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 9 35 Unpeeled Unpeeled 2.8-3.2 3.2-4.0 2.9-3.7 4.3-5.0 3.0-3.5 3.5-4.5 2.5 2.8-3.0 R R L R 1-130391..... 11 x 1 1-130398 ....I 16 x 1 1-130430*. .. 25 x 8 1-130434 .... 1-130438 .... 1-130440 .... 1-130443 .... 1-130444 .... 15 x 3 7 x 3 8 x 3 12 x 7 15 x 6 1-130445.... 9 x 3 24 34 Splints Peeled ... 15 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 8 30 Unpeeled Peeled twigs ... 30 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 16 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 8 20 Unpeeled Unpeele twigs 9 30 Unpeeled Peeled twigs 2.4-3.6 1.8-2.8 3.2 2.3-3.8 3.0-3.5 - 3.0-4.5 3.0 3.0 Nd 3.0 3.0 2.8-3.4 4.3-4.6 2.0-3.7 3.2-3.7 R R L R R R R R 1-130448....l 9 x 7 Single peeled willow warp with unpeeled wefts Simple twining, one weft element paired. New warps sharpened and added by pair- ing tip with another warp See notes at end of table Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. New warps added without sharpening Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Fragmentary rim piece show- ing weft elements crossing at rim and proceeding back across basket Heavy rim piece with bark weft coiled around it. Rim 9 mm. diam. Weft 4 mm. wide; holds 2 smaller twigs next to rim piece. Specimen damaged by insect Close-twined. See notes at end of table Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Damaged by moisture Over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. New warps sharpened before insertion. New wefts caught under one stitch Single warp with paired weft elements. Both unpeeled willow I A A .II -1 I I I 208 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER TABLE 3 (cont.) Coiled Basketry Count Cat. No. Size (per (cm.) 10 cm.) i Weft IWarp 130001 .... 130002.... 130037.... 130079 .... 4 x 1 6 x 3 6 x 2 8 x 3 130079A . .113 x 3 130103.... 6 x 2 130104.... 7 x 2 I L30105.... 430127.... .. 130128.... 130130.... . 130131.... 130190.... 130191.... .0192..... 3 x 1 8 x 4 4 x 1 4x 1 6 x 2 .. . . .. 3-rod 21 16 2-rod- and- bundle . .. . *. * .. 30 25 3-rod 24 15 2-rod- and- bundle 2 2 0 * * . 3 - r 24 20 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2 2 w bark Peeled w 2.5-3.5 2-3 and j w bark Peeled w 2.5 w bark w and j 3.0 L R 2.0-2.5 R 3.0 R w P 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 . . . . . . wsplints Peeled w 2.5-3.5 1.5-4.0 2 4 2 4 3 - r o d w s p l i n s P d w 2 . 5 3 . 5 . 5 . . 24 24 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.5-3.5 1.5-4.0 . .. . .. 2-rod- and- bundle 30 20 3-rod w splints w and j .. w splints Peeled w ... 20 20 3-rod w splints Peeled w ... 19 x 11 23 23 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.5-3.5 1.5-4.0 18 x 6 3 x 1 3 x 2 21 24 3-rod w splints Peeled w 3.0-6.0 2.5-3.5 40 40 3-rod w splints ? 1.5-2.0 1.2-2.0 4-rod w splints Peeled and un- peeled w ..... * . -. R R R R L R L R 2-5 R 130193. ... . 1 5 x 4 130194.... 3 x 1 L30195. . . 130196. . .. 130197.... 00198 .... 3 x 1 14 x 3 4x 1 4x 1 36 L30199. . . .1 4 x 1 . .3r 3 -rod . . p . . w isplints P . d Peeled w 2.0 . . . . . . . . 1.5 . . . * . . . . . R . . . 3 . 3-rod 030200.... 3 x 1 130221.... 7 x 1 ..0222 ..... 5 x 0.5 24 15 2-rod- and- bundle . .. . . . 3-rod * .. . . .. . * ... w splints Peeled w and j w splints Peeled w . . . . . 2.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 R R R Remarks West house pit area One edge coil is split stitch; others are interlocking Piece of 1-130079 Split stitch; top rod split; both sides have pitch coating Mostly noninterlocking but some stitches interlock and some are split Same as 1-130131 One side is all split stitch, the other has occasional stitches split but not in any pattern. Top rod is split Piece of 1-130079 One side is all split stitch, the other has occasional stitches split but not in any pattern. Top rod is split Stitches split bundle Split stitch both sides. Top rod split Top rod split. Wefts completely cover foundation on one side. Interlocking stitch One side is all split stitch; other side has occasional stitches split but in no pattern. Top rod split See notes at end of table Carbonized. Top rod larger and split Fragment of one coil. Has bits of Amsonia cordage showing between warp elements Same as 1-130190 Specimen too fragmentary for detailed analysis Same as 1-130198 Same as 1-130201 Same as 1-130198 Split stitch on one side; top rod split. Split-stitch side has pitch coating Split top rod and split stitch. Too fragmentary for further analysis Specimen too fragmentary for detailed analysis Stitches split bundle and appear split on one side. Piece in poor condition Split stitch and split-top rod Single coil, too fragmentary for analysis PMaterials: w, willow; j, joshua fiber; g, grass. I 4 I I I 209 ... ... . . . ... 0J201. ...113 x 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 3 (cont.) Count C at No. Size (per Cat. No. ((cm.) 1 0 cm.) Weft IWarp 1-130234.... 1-130235.... 1-130236.... 1-130254.... 7 x 1 5x 2 10 x 2 24 x 4 1-130255... .1 6 x 2 1-130257.... 1-130261.... 1-130265.... 1-130280.... 22 x 3 3 x 0.5 8 x 2 32 x 10 1-130289....I 3 x 1 1-130306....I 8 x 3 1-130307.... 4 x 1 1-130308.... 8 x 1 1-130309.... 2 2 5 3 - o w s p . i n ts.. . . . . . . .0 29 25 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.0 * .. ... ... . ... . ...* - 32 27 3-rod w splints Peeled w 1.5 22 15 2-Kod- and- bundle 26 40 30 19 3 -rod 3 -rod 2-rod- and- bundle 1.6-2.6 R 1-3 R w splints Peeled w 2.5-3.5 3 and j bundle w s l n w splints w splints w splints *; w Peeled w Peeled w Peeled w and g bundle * . . 2-3 1.3-3 35 30 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2-3 18 10 3-rod w splints Peeled w 3.0 R R R R * . . 2-3 3-4 1.8-2 R 2.5-3.5 R 20 20 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.7-3.6 1.8-2.8 24 . . . 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.5-3.0 2-3 3 x 0.5 40* 20* 3-rod w splints Peeled w 2.0 R R 1.2-1.4 R I I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *Approidmate count. Remarks Same as 1-130235 Split stitch, split top rod Piece of 1-130254 Top rod split. Most stitches on one side split. Stitches interlock when not split Noninterlocking. Some stitches split. Stitches split bundle Piece of 1-130254 Split stitch; split top rod Split stitch; split top rod Interlocking stitch with occa- sional stitches split. Rim has both rods split Split stitch, split top rod. Stitches split on one side only Split stitch on one side. Basic ly this appears to be a 3-rod foundation, but in some plac the top rod is split and in others the other rods are split, giving appearance of a bundle of slats Split stitch, split top rod Split top rod; split stitch on one side Split top rod; interlocking stitcj Twined Basketry: Additional Notes 1-130246. Trhis piece has the following modifications: 1. A patch of mend, 11 x 6 cm., made from a frag- ment of a twined basket with unpeeled willow wefts. This is attached by: 2. At least three pieces of 2-ply joshua cordage, ap- proximately 50 cm. in length over all (see cordage under same no. for description). The cordage passes through the mend in 4 places and also attaches: 3. A heavy stick (support or carrying attachment) which is on the opposite side of the fragment from the mend. Cordage passes over the stick twice. Stick is 18 x 0.9 cm. The weave of the basic piece is over-2-under-2 on al- ternate pairs of warps. New wefts are caught under one stitch. New warps are sharpened and inserted at intervals. This is probably part of a conical burden basket. 1-130311. This piece is over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. It has been mended by twining 2 strips of bark, 5 by 1.5 mm., across the break. The bark is twined back and forth over groups of 5 to 8 warps. One piece of bark has an overhand knot in one end. 1-130388. Simple twining. New wefts are caught under one stitch; new warps are sharpened and inserted at inter- vals. Wefts go to the edge warp, where they cross and pro- ceed back in the next row. The rim is a separate piece of peeled willow, 7.6 mm. in diameter. It is bound to the edge warp by a willow splint, 4.5 mm. wide, which coils between the weft rows. 1-130430. The rim and 14 weft rows are present of this piece, which is a winnower fragment. Decoration is achieved by spacing of the weft rows and by varying the weave. Weft rows as follows (counted from the rim): Row 1: over-2 or over-3 warps Rows 2-5: over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps. (Between 4th and 5th rows there is a space of 6 mm. extending across the basket.) Rows 6-8: regular twining on paired warps Rows 9-13: over-2-under-2 on alternate pairs of warps Row 14: regular twining on paired warps, matches row 13. New wefts are caught under one stitch. Three of the warps come to an end without being bound into the rim. Reinforcement or rim: Above the first weft row a space of 6 mm. is left and the warps are then united by twining a pair of unpeeled willow twigs across paired warps (alternate pairs to the first weft row). A bundle of 12 peeled willow twigs (1.5-2.5 mm. diam.) surrounds the twined row and the whole is bound with a strip of bark (6.5 x 1.7 mm.) which coils around the bundle four times and has the end left loose. There are also 2 small pieces of joshua fiber cordage at one end of the bundle. Original4 these were undoubtedly part of a single cord which may have served as an edge reinforcement. For the rest of t14 rim, the warp elements are bent over along the edge weW I - - I I i 210 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER )w and the bundle is bound by a willow splint which ils around under the edge weft row, skipping from to 3 warps between coils. Many of the warps are cut off at the edge weft row rather than bent over. Occasionally 2 or 3 short twigs are added to fill out the rim bundle. Coiled Basketry: Additional Notes 1-130190. Pieces nos. 1-130130 and 1-130193 fit onto o fragment. The specimen is part of a large bowl with t inside covered with a reddish substance. The rim is iply the top coil without the top rod split. The rest of -basket has a split top rod and an interlocking stitch. Amsonia 2-ply S-twist cordage is worked around the rim and down to four courses. It may have been a pattern but looks more like an attachment for suspension. The com- plete bowl was about 40 cm. in diameter, judging from the curvature of the piete. TABLE 4 Description of Wooden Artifacts, Site Iny-222 30003... ..Sharpened twig. Length 5.8 cm.; diam. 3 mm. at small end. 4 mm. at large end. Split partway; may be a split rod of a large basket. t30016.... Fire drill, possibly mesquite. Length 32.7 cm.; diam. 1.3 cm. One end is charred and polished; the other end is split and shows slight charring. 130024.... Twig with spiral cut mark. Length 9 cm.; diam.; 5 mm. Material unknown. =30035.... Peeled willow twig with a square notch cut near one end. Length 7.0 cm.; diam. 5 mm. L30077. ... Peeled stick (willow ? ) with two shallow grooves cut around one end. Length 6.6 cm.; diam. 1.0 by 0.75 cm. (oval cross section). 30108.... Bipointed wooden pin (willow ?). Length 3 cm.; diam. 3.6 mm. 30121.... Unpeeled willow twig bent into a loop. Length ca. 11 cm.; diam. 3.5 mm. 30139.... Fire hearth, juniper. Length 8.3 cm.; diam. 1.9 cm. maximum (oval cross section). Six pits on one side, 3 on the other. Notches into pits are cut square, and the whole piece is worked with care. All pits are very slightly more than 8 mm. in diam.; probably all made with the same fire drill. 10157....Stick with shaped end; use unknown. Length 13.5 cm.; diam. 5.8 mm. Possibly a fore- shaft but shows minimal working. Willow. 1.58.... Short willow twig with both ends cut. Pos- sibly a gaming piece; very similar to 1-130333 but that specimen still retains the bark and 1-130158 has had bark removed. (This may be a differentiation mark for playing the hand game.) 0159.... Arrow foreshaft fragment. Hardwood. Length 13 cm.; diam. 6.5 mm. bpe end shaped to a blunt point. No a;tachment remains. .1...... Fire drill fragment, probably peeled willow; 6.6 cm. by 1 cm. ..1.... . Fire drill fragment, unpeeled willow; 9.7 cm. by 1 cm. 171.... Sharpened willow twig, unpeeled; 10 cm. by 5 mm. Both ends sharpened. 11... Thin splint of willow, cut and ahaped; 5.0 by 1.2 by 0.3 cm. Use unknown. 1-130212.... Spatulate wooden object; split and shaped hardwood; 15 by 2.5 by 1 cm. All surfaces and ends worked but not finished by smooth- ing. Use unknown; it was tested in the field as a bull-roarer but did not work. Possibly the reworked end of a bow, but the workman- ship seems too crude for this. 1-130219. ...Arrow foreshaft (greasewood ?). Length 7.5 cm.; diam. 7 mm. Tapered to a blunt point, sinew binding on base. 1-130248.... Fragment of cut cane, cut end burned; 12 by 0.7 cm. Possibly part of a cane arrow. 1-130249.... Fire drill fragment, hardwood, 9 by 0.8 cm. 1-130253.... Twig twisted into a loop at one end, 1.7 cm. 1-130263.... Twig tied in an overhand knot, 1.7 cm. 1-130288.... Twig, wood unknown, 14.7 by 0.6 cm. Peeled, with tool marks showing on surface. Possibly a piece of an arrow shaft. 1-130305.... Fire drill foreshaft, hardwood (probably greasewood). Shows tool marks and shaping similar to that of arrow foreshafts. Piece is too short for use in the hands and must have been mounted in a longer shaft. 1-130329.... Hardwood arrow foreshaft, probably grease- wood, 5.8 x 0.7 cm. Shaped and has sur- faces smoothed. Slightly tapered at both ends. 1-130333.... Unpeeled twig with both ends cut. May be a gaming piece; similar to 1-130158 except that 1-130158 has bark removed. 1-130352.... Two willow twigs with unpeeled willow twig wrapped twice around them. Length 1.11 cm.; diam. of bundle 1.5 cm., diam. of twigs 2.5-4.0 mm. 1-130371.... Cut twig with bark removed, 3.1 by 0.7 cm. 1-130373.... Pointed implement of hardwood (grease- wood ?), 23 x 1.1 cm. One end cut, the other tapered to a blunt point. Use unknown; may be a flaker but seems unneces8arily long. Possibly used for digging out lizards or roots. 1-130375.... Bent twig, 3 by 0.5 cm. 1-1U0376.... Cut twig, 2 by 0.4 cm. 1-130377.... Pointed wooden object fragment. Originally a stick ca. 1.6 cm. in diam. shaped to a blunt point on one end. Use unknown. 1-130403.... Twig cut at both ends, bark left on, 25 by - 0.6 cm. 211 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 5 Description of Bone Artifacts, Site Iny-222 1-130058.... Bone bead (mammal bone). Ends cut and polished; specimen has been burned. 4.7 by 0.65 cm. 1-130081.... Mammal bone, split and polished on all surfaces. Function unknown, but may be a fleshing tool. 12.3 by 1.9 cm. 1-130083.... Bone bead (bird bone). One end broken. 4.7 by 0.6 cm. 1-130156.... Bone bead (bird bone). Ends cut and polished. 3.8 by 0.6 cm. 1-130301.... Cut mammal bone tube. One end broken; one surface bears a faint zigzag incised line. 9.0 by 1.2 cm. 1-130316.... Possible scapula tool. Proximal end of the scapula of an immature mammal. Edge shows polish and possibly 2 notcheg. Identi- fication of this bone as a tool is uncertain. 5.4 by 2.5 by 0.9 cm. 1-130382.... Cut bone tube (rabbit ?). Ends were scored and then broken off. Center of tube also bears a scored mark for 3/4 of circumferenco 2.5 by 0.7 cm. 1-130402. ... Polished bipointed bone object. Black colorii on both sides; could be a gaming piece but the blunt points at either end look as if they were used for flaking stone. 4.1 by 1.0 by 0.4 cmn. TABLE 6 Description of Stone Artifacts, Site Iny-222 Dimensions Specimen (cm.n) Description (UCMA cat. no.) Length Width Thickness Blades 1-130004............ 1-130005............ 1-130021............ 1-130025............ 1-130026............ 1-130027............ 1-130028............ 1-130029............ 1-130030............ 1-130031............ 1-130101............ 1-130166............ 1-130213............ 1-130214............ 1-130241............ 1-130242............ 1-130276............ 1-130278............ 1-130302............ 1-130330............ 1-130344............ 1-130405............ 1-130419............ Scrapers 1-130020............ 1-130037............ 1-130039............ 1-130046 ......:. 4.0* 3.5* 4.0* 6.6 4.0 0.5 2.5 0.4 3.4 0.7 3.6 1.3 7.4 4.6 1.1 6.4 3.9 0.7 8.4 2.9 0.5 7.0 3.5 0.7 8.4 3.3 0.7 8.5 4.1 1.0 4.0* 3.3 0.7 5.6* 4.0 1.2 4.7* 4.0 1.2 2.0* 2.8 0.6 5.6 3.9 0.9 5.0* 3.2 0.6 4.5 2.0* 0.8 6.0 4.0 1.8 4.7 3.0 0.8 5.5 3.2 0.8 2.6* 2.0 0.4 4.9 3.3 1.1 6.8 3.7 0.9 2.0 0.8 2.6 2.0 0.3 Red chert blade fragment, with long shallow flakes ex- tending ca. halfway across blade at right angles to edge Red and yellow chert blade fragment; made from one longitudinal flake White chert blade fragment; surface find A large flake of gray chert, apparently intended to be a blade, but unfinished. Ovoid shape, slight stain on one side. Only an inch or so of each side shows retouching Found in feature 1 Unfinished blade of gray chert. Subtriangular shape; one side stained. Found in feature 1 Gray and yellow chert blade, subtriangular, found in feature 1 Gray chert blade, both sides stained; found in feature 1 Gray chert blade, found in feature 1 Gray chert blade, one side stained, found in feature 1 Gray chert blade found in feature 1 Banded obsidian blade fragment Banded obsidian blade, tip missing, heavy percussion flaking White chert blade fragment, base missing Obsidian blade fragment, tip missing Gray chert blade made from one flake with one surface retouched Tip of white chert blade. Both surfaces retouched Obsidian blade fragment, transparent brownish obsidi Piece of gray chert with a few chips off each edge, pro ably an unfinished blade Gray chert blade Gray chert blade 3-cm. fragment of the edge of an obsidian blade 1-cm. tip of obsidian blade White chert blade tip Flake of white chert, chipped on both edges from use Crude natural flake of local dolomite. Retouching on both sides of one edge Small flake of obsidian, 2 chip scars showing Small flake of white chert, chipped on both edges from use Id *An asterisk following the number means that, since the specimen is fragmentary, the figure for this dimension does not indicate the size of the complete piece. I : t !4?' IL t 4? I 212 MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER TABLE 6 (cont.) lT Dimensions Specimen (cm.) Description ,MA cat. no.) |Length I Width I Thickness _ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1-130091........... 1-130092........... .-130112........... ~-130162........... 1-130163........... 1-130164........... 1-130165........... 1-130223........... -130251........... -130269........... -130270........... -130279 .......... 1-130291........... -130303........... 1-130339........... L-130436 .......... ,ppers 1-130036........... 1-130062........... -130224........... -130250........... -130259........... -130267............ 1-130282........... 1-130283........... 1-130284........... 1-130322..... 1-130323........... -130385........... -130387........... ectile points ~-130238........... -130239........... 1-130240........... 1-130334........... -130400........... ed slate objects -130290............ 1-130372........... 1-130393........... sding implements -130410........... -130484........... 4.7+ 4.1 3.3 3.0 4.7 3.6 2.0 9.9 8.0 7.0 * . . 3.6 1.6 1.8 3.8 2.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.5 2.6 0.8 6.0 3.8 7.0 3.0 4.5 0.7 6.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 2.3 0.8 3.0 3.0 0.7 3.6 3.3 0.7 3.7 2.1 0.3 4.5 3.5 0.5 15.5 22.0 14.5 15.0 12.0 22.0 10.5 21.0 16.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 9.3 3.3 13.0 5.0 7.5 3.5 15.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 9.0 3.0 7.5 3.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 2.5 10.0 8.5 11.0 ll..0 5.0 4.0 9.0 6.5 3.8 1.8 0.6 3.5* 2.0 0.5 3.3 1.5 0.5 2.1 1.1 0.5 3.8 2.0 0.4 6.4 2.5 0.3 3.0 2.0 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.13 8.0 7.0 6.0 31.0 28.0 7.5 Quartzite flake with small use chips Carefully made snub-nose scraper of yellow chert Flake of white chert with one edge retouched White chert flake with slight use retouch Flake of yellow chert showing slight use retouch White chert flake with one edge showing slight use re- touch Yellow chert flake with one edge retouched Dolomite core scraper, one edge retouched on both sides Dolomite core scraper Flake of yellow chert with retouch on two edges. Either scraper or unfinished blade. Monofacial retouch Dolomite scraper plane Flake of banded obsidian struck off the exterior surface of an obsidian nodule. Possible edge use Irregular flake of banded obsidian showing use retouch along one edge Yellow chert end scraper. Both surfaces and edges re- touched; may be the reworked tip of a broken blade Yellow chert flake, crescent-shaped, with retouch along concave edge Irregular yellow chert flake with slight retouching along two edges Natural piece of dolomite from cave area. Subtriangular shape, small end is battered and large end has large percussion flakes off both sides Same as above except larger and chopping end is flaked fromn one edge only Dolomite chopper or scraper, natural piece of stone Dolomite core chopper with large flakes chipped off sharp edge Dolomite core chopper Flat piece of dolomite used as a chopper. Both edges and one end battered Dolomite chopper or scraper Heavy dolomite chopper with use flakes on one sharp edge Dolomite chopper or scraper plane. Angular piece with chips off one edge Large dolomite chopper; angular piece with one edge showing heavy battering Same as 1-130322 Natural angular fragment of dolomite with one edge used for chopping Same as 1-130385 White chert arrow point, both surfaces retouched. Con- vex base Same as 1-130238 but yellow chert Same as 1-130238 but white chert Fragment of banded obsidian point. Part of base is miss- ing, but the remaining corner suggests that this piece had a convex base White quartzite (?) point, stemmed, corner notched See text, p. 185. See text, p. 185. See text, p. 185. Mano. See text, p. 179. Metate. See text, p. 179. I I I t- L F 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS American Anthropologist American Antiquity American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers. New York Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin. Washington Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Indian notes and Monographs. New York Milwaukee Public Museum, Bulletin. Milwaukee Peabody Museum, Papers. Cambridge San Diego Museum, Papers. San Diego Southwest Museum, Papers. Los Angeles University of California Publications. Berkeley and Los Angeles American Archaeology and Ethnology Anthropological Records University of California Archaeological Survey, Reports. Berkeley United States National Museum, Reports. Washington Baldwin, Gordon C. 1950. The Pottery of the Southern Paiute. AA 16: 50-56. Menasha. Barrett, Samuel A. 1908. Pomo Indian Basketry. UC-PAAE 7: 133-308. Barrett, S. A., and E. W. Gifford 1933. Miwok Material Culture. MPM-B, 2: 117-376. Burgh, Robert F., and Charles R. Scoggin 1948. The Archaeology of Castle Park Dinosaur National Monument. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology, No. 2. Boulder, Colorado. Campbell, Elizabeth W. C. 1931. An Archaeological Survey of the Twenty-nine Palms Region. SM-P 7: 1-93. Cosgrove, C. B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. PM-P Vol. 24, no. 2. Coville, Frederick V. 1892. The Panamint Indians of California. AA 5: 251- 261. Lancaster. Cowan, Ian M. 1940. Distribution and Variation in the Native Sheep of North America. American Midland Naturalist, 24: 505-580. Notre Dame, Indiana. Cressman, L. S. 1942. Archaeological Researches in the Northern Great Basin. Carnegie Inst., Publ. No. 538. Washington, D. C. Fenenga, Franklin, and F. A. Riddell 1949. Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, California. A Ant 14: 203-214. Forde, C. D. 1931. Ethnography of the Yuma Indians. UC-PAAE 28: 83-278. [214] Gayton, A. H. 1929. Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-making. UC- PAAE 24: 239-252. 1948. Yokuts and Western Mono Ethnography. UC-AR Vol. 10. Gifford, E. W. 1931. The Kamia of Imperial Valley. BAE-B 97. Goldman, Edward A. 1910. Revision of the Wood Rats of the Genus Neotomai. North American Fauna. U. S. Dept. of Agric., Bur. Biol. Survey, No. 31, pp. 1-124. Washingt Grinnell, JosBeph 1937. Mammals of Death Valley. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th ser.), 23: 115-169. San Francisco. Guernsey, -S. J., atid A.V. Kidder 1921. Basketmaker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. PM-P Vol. 8, no. 2. Harrington, M. R. 1933. Gypsum Cave, Nevada. SM-P No. 8. Haury, Emil W. 1945. Painted Cave, Northeastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation, No. 3. Dragoon, Arizona. 1950. Archaeology and Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave. Univ. New Mexico Press and Univ. Arizona Press. Albuquerque. Heizer, R. F. 1946. The Occurrence and Significance of Southwester Grooved Axes in California. A Ant 11: 187-193. 1951a. A Cave Burial from Kern County. UCAS-R 10: 29-36. 1951b. Preliminary Report on the Leonard Rockshelter Site, Pershing County, Nevada. A Ant 17: 89-9 Salt Lake City. MS. Report on Site 26-Ch-15. Berkeley. Heizer, R. F., and A. D. Krieger MS. The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. Berkeley. AA A Ant AMNH-AP BAE-B MAIHF-INM MPM-B PM-P SDM-P SM-P UC - PAAE -AR UCAS-R USNM-R I i i 'i .I .I I MEIGHAN: THE COVILLE ROCK SHELTER 4t,Walter 890. Fire-making Apparatus in the U. S. National Museum. USNM-R (1888), pp. 531-587. es, Lloyd G. 1947. Mammals of California. Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, California. on, W. L. 1925. A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. Assoc. Students Store, Univ. of Calif. Berkeley. ly, Isabel T. 1932. Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. UC- PAAE 31: 67-210. Ider, A.V., and S.J. Guernsey 1919. Archaeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. BAE-B 65. clhohn, Clyde, and Paul Reiter, eds. 1939. Preliminary Report on the 1937 Excavations, Bc 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Bull., No. 435. oeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. BAE-B 78. thrap, Donald W. 1950. A Distinctive Pictograph from the Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County. UCAS-R 9: 20-26. fthrap, D. W., and C. W. Meighan 1951. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Pana- mint Mountains. UCAS-R 11: 11-33. Llard, J. B., R. F. Heizer, and Franklin Fenenga 1939. An Introduction to the Archeology of Central California. Sacramento Junior College, Bull. 2. Sacramento. iud, L. L., and M. R. Harrington 1929. Lovelock Cave. UC-PAAE 25: 1-184. Drris, E. H. 1919. The Aztec Ruin. AMNH-AP Vol. 26. New York. Drris, E. H., and R. F. 1urgh 1941. Anasazi Basketry... Carnegie Inst., Publ. No. 533. Washington, D. C. 215 Nusbaum, Jesse L. 1922. A Basketmaker Cave in Kane County, Utah. MAIHF-INM. Ober, E.H. 1931. The Mountain Sheep of California. California Fish and Game, 17: 27-39. State Div. Fish and Game, Sacramento. Riddell, F.A., and F. Fenenga MS. Final Report on the Archaeology of Tommy Tucker Cave. MS 62, UCAS. Riddell, Harry S. 1951. The Archaeology of a Paiute Village Site in Owens Valley. UCAS-R 12: 14-28. Berkeley. Robson, James, and Martin A. Baumhoff MS. Report on Site 26-Pe-8. Univ. Calif., Berkeley. Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939. Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. SDM-P No. 3. Spier, Leslie 1928. Havasupai Ethnography. AMNH-AP Vol. 29, pt. 3. Steward, Julian H. 1933. Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. UC-PAAE 33: 233-350. 1937. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region. BAE-B 116. 1938. Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. BAE-B 120. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XIII. Nevada Shoshoni. UC-AR 4: 209-360. Stewart, Omer C. 1941. Culture Element Distributions: XIV. Northern Paiute. UC-AR 4: 361-466. 1942. Culture Element Distributions: XVIII. Ute- Southern Paiute. UC-AR 6: 231-356. Zingg, Robert M. 1940. Report on,the Archaeology of Southern Chihuahua. Contr. Univ. Denver: Center of Latin American Studies, I. Denver. [ PLATES EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 25 Site Iny-222 seen from the canyon wall to the north. The site is just right of the center of the picture. PLATE 26 a. Feature 6, slab and grass-lined storage pit against east wall; white line indicates original midden surface. Nos. 1 to 3 are artifacts placed around rim of pit as follows: (1) two fragments of rabbitskin blanket (1-130320, pl. 27,y); (2) sandal made from rabbitskin blanket fragment (1-130313, pl. 28, u); (3) twined basketry fragment (1-130311, pl. 27, showing mend of willow (?) bark. b. Slate tablet, painted red and incised; 1-130290; length 6.4 cm. c. Slate tablet fragment, painted red and incised; 1-130372; length 3.0 cm. d. Chert projectile point; 1-130407; length 4.6 cm. e. Chet projectile point; 1-130238; length 3.8 cm. f. Chert projectile point; 1-130240; length 3.3 cm. &. Chert projectile point; 1-130400; length 3.8 cm. h. Feature 10, slab-lined storage pit against west wall; white line indicates original midden surface. i. View of the site from the northwest. PLATE 27 a. Twined basketry fragment with attached cordage; 1-130243; 14 x 7 cm. b. Twined basketry fragment showing attachment to rim; 1-130388; 21 x 8 cm. c. Fragment of twined burden basket with mend and stick support tied on with cordage; 1-130246; 16 x 15 cm. d. Edge of twined winnower; edge reinforced with bark mend on the left; 1-130430; 25 X 8 cm. e. Twined basketry fragment showing mend of bark strips; 1-130311; placed at edge of cache pit, feature 6; 15 xs 10 cm. f. Close-twined basketry fragment; 1-130070; 20 x 7 cm. g. Pointed wooden implement (flaker ?); 1-130373; length 23 cm. h. Arrow foreshaft; 1-130159; length 13 cm. j. Greasewood arrow foreshaft with sinew wrapping at bas 1-130219; length 7.5 cm. k. Greasewood (?) arrow foreshaft; 1-130329; length 5.8 cm. 1. Greasewood (?) foreshaft for fire drill; 1-130305; length 4.7 cm. m. Cut twig with bark removed, possibly a gaming piece; 1-130158; length 4.0 cm. n. Cut twig with bark left on, possibly a gaming piece; 1-130333; length 3.8 cm. p. Bone flesher (?); 1-130081; length 12.3 cm. _q. Bone tube (rabbit ?) with groove near center; 1-130382; length 2.5 cm. r. Bone tube, burned; 1-130058; length 4.7 cm. s. Bone tube; 1-130156; length 3.8 cm. t. Tip of willow (?) fire drill; 1-130161; length 9.7 cm. u. Juni hearth for fire drill; 1-130139; length 8.3 cm. v. Mammal bone tube with faint incised zigzag line on one side; 1-13030- length 9.0 cm. w. Arrow wrench of sheephorn; 1-130252; length 13 cm. x. Spiral-shaped object of sheephorn; 1-130369 diam. 2.6 cm. y. Fragment of rabbitskin blanket; 1-130320; 21 x 17 cm. PLATE 28 a. Three-strand braid of spike rush (Eleocharis sp.); 1-130310; length 21 cm. b. Three-strand braid of spike rush; 1-130018; length 9 cm. c. Joshua tree spine, pounded and knotted in a square knot; 1-130149; diam. 3.2 cm. d. Joshu fiber with square knot at each end; 1-130019, 1.15 cm. e. Apocynum cordage, two pieces tied together with a granny knot; 1-130421; length 14 cm. f. Juniper bark cordage; 1-130399; length 10 cm. g. Joshua fiber cordage; 1-130215; length 12 cm. g. Apocynum cordage; 1-130293; length 53 cm. i. Bundle of buckwheat stalks (Eriogonum sp.) tied with pounded spine of a joshua tree; 1-130413; length 10 cm. k. Bundle of twigs from a twined basket fragment, tied with joshua cordage-possibly a basket mend; 1-130326; length 26 cm. 1. Twisted bundle of twigs; 1-130133; length 21 cm. m. Twisted bundle of buckwheat stalks (Eriogonum sp.); 1-130324; length 30 cm. n. Twisted basketry fragment; 1-130110; 12 x 7 cm. p. Basketry mend (?) of twigs and bark; 1-130187; length 10 x 8 cm. g. Fragment of coiled bas- ket; 1-130190; 18 x 6 cm. r. Fragment of coiled basket; 1-130131; 19 x 11 cm. S. Fragment of coiled basket; 1-1302 24 x 4 cm. t. Joshua fiber sandal; 1-130107; length 18 cm. u. Sandal made from fragment of a rabbitskin blanket, associated with feature 6; 1-130313; length 24 cm. PLATE 29 a. Profile, west wall of trench 6. b. Chert blade, part of feature 1; 1-130028; length 8.4 cm. c. Chert blade, part feature 1; 1-130030; length 8.4 cm. d. Chert blade, part of feature 1; 1-130031; length 8.5 cm. e. Chert end scraper; 1-130303; length 3.6 cm. f. Chert end scraper; 1-130092; length 4.1 cm. .g. Obsidian blade fragment; 1-130166; length 5.6 cm. h. Natural stone ring, unworked; same material as j and k; 1-130441; diam. 3.5 cm. j. Unworked stream pebble; 1-130380; length 5.3 cm. k. Unworked stream pebble; 1-130439; length 5.1 cm. 1. Close-up of profile, west wall of trench 6. [218] 1 I $4 4) 4) 0 04 U) 4) Lf) 4) t 219 If A H J Plate 26. Features and Artifacts from the Coville Rock Shelter 220 IA B H M~~NP illa 2 B o G T U V Plate 27. Basketry, Bone, and Wood Artifacts 221 k I miar B A I x-' tG 4I! /i.'0,0\ a 4~~11 .1f IJ S Plate 28. Cordage, Basketry, and Sandals 222 I J I ft K L p M i I I .1 B G K A Loose dust and plant material. Guano and some plant material. Zone of mixture - midden and rock dust. Decomposed limestone. Sterile rock and dust. Bedrock. ji. L Plate 29. Soil Profiles and Stone Artifacts 223 J,JjL li im. I K? I H i .1 , A I , #1 11 D