ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 9:3 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI NORTHWEST COAST BY PHILIP DRUCKER UNIViRSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1950 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI NORTHWEST COAST BY PHILIP DRUCKER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 9, No 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: E. W. GIFFORD, R. H. HEIZER, R. H. LOWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 9, No. 3, pp. 157-294 Submitted by the Editors April 19, 1948 Issued February 15, 1950 Price, $1.50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED BY OFFSET BY EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC., IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page uction . . . 1 5 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 roups investigated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 nformants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 161 thods involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 e element distributions list . .. . . . . . . . 166 bsistence . , , , , , . . , . , . , , . . . . . . 1 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . s ist hince . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Land hun ing . , , , , , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Sea hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Land hunting. .gatheri . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Animals eaten. . etc, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Vegetable-food gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Cookery, dishes, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 177 es strutures. , , , . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . . . , . . . . . 18 elling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h s 178 her structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 180 ion. .can.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 out canoesn.nc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 181 her canoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 oe appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . . . , . . 18 ing . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 ols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 chniquer s . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 dar boxes.. . . , . , 183 (other than harpoons, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 L es , . , , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . 184 ows... . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . 185 ivers . . , . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 rclubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 ggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 kes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 ings.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 onceremonial) .8 . . . . . . . , . . . 18 othing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 r dress, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 189 ial . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . o19 ilations and ornaments . . 1 . 9 . . 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . i9o sonal care..192 B. o-o....... ....192 ting . 1 . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 ketry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 rics ...o............ o. . o-o........ -oo 1915 ia ..195 cedar bark shredding.. . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . 195 ssing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 195 and land travel.. . . . . . . . . . . . 196 instruments . . . . . . . . . 197 ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 tles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 amusements ......,,....,..,............,... 199 a8sing games...........,.,... .................200 !e gaes..201 ilmes. ...........,,.,..............,.....201 .. ~~~~~~~~~iii iv ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CONTENTS (Continued) Paints and dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar, directions, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . Directions . . . . . . a . . O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is. . . . . Lunar observances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money and valuables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . . . 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Child treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cradles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Postnatal observances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutilations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Twinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First-game observances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Girls' puberty observances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Menstrual customs (mature women). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mortuary customs. . . . . . . Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Social customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Religion and ritual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food-quest observances: fishing rituals . . . . Hunting observances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purification ritual for luck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shamanism: source of power , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Shamanism: regalia. Shaanim: egaia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ Shamanism: disease and curing . . . . . . . . . . Minor shamans, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . Black magic .............. Souls, ghosts, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . o Secret societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potlatches, coppers, and finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potlatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Finance. Elements denied by all informants. .. . . . . . . . . Ethnographic notes on the element list . ... Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI NORTHWEST COAST BY PHILIP DRUCKER INTRODUCTION *following pages present a survey of Cook (where they abutted on the Kwakiutl) to itures of seventeen ethnic groups of to a point between Nitinat and Sooke (the asts of British Columbia and southeast latter held by Salish), with an outlying The region covered includes most of group, the Makah, across the straits on the re advanced cultures of the Northwest northwest tip of Washington. Ethnographical- an area which extended along a narrow ly they fell into two or, more likely, three of seaboard from southern Alaska to divisions: a northern one, from Cape Cook rn California. The fundamental pat- to Esteban Point on the southeast side of of the areal culture are well known. Nootka Sound, a central division, from lude: a fishing and sea-hunting Esteban Point probably to Barkley Sound, and a corresponding development of with the Nitinat and Makah very likely form- transport, high development of wood- ing a third group, although their respective a somewhat localized development of cultures are not sufficiently known as yet earts, a social system featured by in- to place them with assurance. The northern in wealth and rank, and, among the division was characterized by a complex treated in the present paper, an ela- politico-social organization and a strong ritualism. There were other distinc- overlay of Kwakiutl influence; the central raits and complexes, but the foregoing division by less social complexity and less e salient outlines of Northwest Coast alien influence--what there was being Salishan rather than Kwakiutl. The present lists are all from the central group of tribes. GROUPS INVESTIGATED Hupachisat (hupAtcisAtH). This tribe lived on Sproat Lake at the head of Alberni tribal groups and linguistic divisions Canal. They were definitely not a sea-coast ented are as follows: Nootka: but a lake-and-river people, who used canoes sat,2 Tsishaat, Clayoquot (2); much less, and hunted on land far more, than 1: Koskimo, Kwexa, Wikeno, Bella Bella did their congeners. Culturally they were t division), China Hat (or Xaihais), the most aberrant of all the Nootkan tribes, Salish: Bella Coola;3 Tsimshian: a fact which may be attributed in part to yBay (or Kitqata), Tsimshian proper their land-locked habitat, and perhaps in a division), Gitksan or Upper Skeena still greater measure in their history. If San (Kispiyox division); Haida: traditions are to be believed, and there is or northern Haida, Skidegate or good evidence for crediting them,4 not many Pn Haida (Skedans division); Tlingit: generations ago the Hupachisat were not an (Cape Fox), Chilkat. For the sake Nootkan but Salishan in speech and culture, entation, the location, local environ- an outpost, over the short low pass, of the and recent history of each group will Gulf of Georgia groups. As the Barkley Sound Nootkans began to press up the canal, tka.--Nootkan-speaking tribes occupied the Hupachisat were transformed by contact st coast of Vancouver Island from Cape and intermarriage from a Salish to a mixed and finally to a Nootkan tribe. Numerous element lists were obtained in two parts, the items of culture remained, however, to attest kan lists in 1936 and the remainder in the their former alien origin. sd pring of 1937. Funds were provided by the Tsishaat (tsicaAtH). The Tsishaat were a tty of California. convenience, s. simplified spelling of tribal 4Sapir has recorded some fragments of the been used. Salishan dialect formerly in use, which he classifies ie lists, the Bella Coola. a.re given between a.s most nearly related to Pentlatch.- E. Sapir, ao nd Bella Bella., a.s accords with their Abnorma.l Types of Speech in Nootka., CGS_M 62, 1915, ical position. 19. 157 158 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Barkley Sound group who moved up Alberni earth's history (according to the lege Canal, apparently just previous to or in early chronology), they moved into Quatsino historic times, taking up their abode on the where they found a people called Huay salt water just below Hupachisat territory. (huya'alis) dwelling. Of these ancien They were in most respects a typical central habitants many wonderful things are re Nootkan tribe, and seem to have been much Apparently the Koskimo and their ne less influenced by their ex-Salish neighbors formed a rather isolated Kwakiutl outp than the latter were by them. There was nearly as much contact with Clayoquot (L'a'TkwAtH). Probably the Nootkans around Cape Cook as with the richest and the dominant tribe of the central Coast Kwakiutl before the concentration' province, the Clayoquot were originally a tribes at Fort Rupert. small local group on Clayoquot Sound. Their Kwexa (kwexa). The Kwexa were one o chiefs were all from a single closely re- four Kwakiutl tribes who assembled at. lated family, a fact which substantiates Rupert in historic times. (The others this account of tribal origin. They were the Walas Kwakiutl, the Kwakiutl prope typically Nootkan in their emphasis on ["Real Kwakiutl"; Boas refers to them marine economy, and shared the honors with "GuetEla"]6 and the Qomkutis [extinct. the neighboring Ahousat and the Moachat (of some time.]) Formerly these tribes we Nootka Sound) of being the most ardent whale confederated, although they had a good hunters on the coast. At the beginning of of contact and in severalty held a con the historic period the Clayoquot were the strip of coast from Niwiti territory largest of the central tribes. -north to the Nimkish River. In late t Kwakiutl.--The Kwakiutl tribes held a at least, they all held salmon-fishing continuous stretch of coast from Cape Cook on rights on the lower Nimkish River and the west coast of Vancouver Island and Cape rights at Knight's Inlet (on the mainl Mudge above the Gulf of Georgia to the and annually visited these places. Th northern e.nd of China Hat (Xaihais) territory centration of the groups at Fort Ruper about the vicinity of Swanson Bay. In this their virtual control of the early tr northern portion of Kwakiutl range, the (the informant asserted that his peopi outer coasts were held by southern Tsimshian, dom worked, but got their furs and ber who also cut off the Xaisla, at the heads of from other tribes) enriched them treme Douglas and Gardner canals, from the other and probably had a marked effect on t (Kwakiutl) groups. Linguistically there culture. were three divisions, according to Boas:5 The Kwexa consisted of five "nuimayms Southern Kwakiutl (kwaqiui1) among whom were (nAmima [sing.] in the informant's pro the Koskimo and Kwexa of the present lists; tion), most of which traditionally re the Heiltsuk, including the Wikeno, the ted distinct lineages and local groups Bella Bella, and China Hat; and the Xaisla. well. They were as follows: kwukwo Koskimo. The Koskimo, together with two ha'anaLi'no, ya'aixyakAmi, ha'aiyili other local groups, the Quatsino (kwotsinoH) and gigilqAm. and Giopino (gTopinoH), held Quatsino Sound, Wikeno (wikenox). The Wikeno were the northernmost inlet on the west coast of owners of Ri.ver's Inlet, perhaps the r Vancouver Island. Adjacent to them were the sockeye grounds along the coast. For Klaskino (LasqTinoH) of Klaskino Inlet. This they held the entire inlet, and most last-named group is said to have been mixed Calvert Island at its mouth, but were Kwakiutl and Nootkan, and most of its mem- up to the head by the Bella Bella. S bers were bilingual. The Koskimo consisted quently they remained hemmed in at t of two divisions, the gixsAm and ninsHyg. of the inlet and on Awikeeno Lake, an Whether these divisions were vestiges of a lated compact little group. Just wha former fusion of local groups is difficult tribal organization was in ancient t to say. According to their traditions, the difficult to say. There were numerou Koskimo are descended from a union of the villages and camps all around the lak Transformer (adA) and a Salmon-woman, Spring- the reduced and concentrated populati salmon-spawning-offshore (ixtsTimzi). The the present day it is not easy to de original tribal home was not in the Sound how far these villages were autonomo but on Cape Scott, the northwesternmost tip groups. There was a strong sense of of Vancouver Island. Very early in the unity of all Wikeno, and through the 5F. Boas, Social Organization and Secret Societies 6Th1d., 328 ff. of the Kwakiutl, USN-B, 1895, 3l1-578: cited 7Boas gives the lake groups as separate trt hereafter as Boas, Secret Societies. distinct fromn the Wikeno proper. Ibid., 328~ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 159 ogamic preference they were all very much lets the climate is markedly different from rrelated. that of the outer coast, a fact clearly re- the chief outside contacts were with the flected in the native economy. The rainfall ila Coola, over a short low pass (a half- is much less, the winters severe, and both Is journey, it is said) to South Bentinck flora and fauna differ. If traditions are with the Goasila (gwosilA) of Smith to be believed, the Xaisla came originally L, and over another low pass to the from Awikeeno Lake, crossing overland to akleen River to Knight's Inlet. Bentinck Arm, and from Kimsquit by trail to lla Bella. The Bella Bella consisted of Douglas Channel. The Kitamat division, at tribes, the Oyalit (oyalitH), Kokwiat least, tried various sites in Douglas and qaiAtH), Owiklit (owTLitH), and Istet Gardner canals, and for some time lived the tetH). Anciently there were some others year around up Kitamat River near their h have since become extinct or merged. present fishing site. The subsequent history edary history states that the Bella Bella has been one of constant removals of the s formerly lived up Dean Channel, in the village in search of a location sheltered borhood of Kimsquit, gradually shoving from the gales which sweep down the narrow rd and southward. Despite contact and steep-sided channel.9 rrelationships, the divisions were auto- It is unquestionably significant that the s until they assembled at Noluh, an common place names of the Xaisla villages lt site on the southern end of Hunter's are Tsimshian (there are, of course, Xaisla d, in early historic times. The Oyalit names also). Only a low pass separates the the richest and strongest, and, after head of Kitamat River from the lower Skeena, other divisions had been decimated by and there was a good deal of contact over box epidemics, took the leading place in this route. (recent) confederacy. Some sixty years The mouth of the inlet was held by the village was moved to its present Tsimshian also, with whom the Xaisla were ion on Campbell Island. usually on good terms. ina Hat (Xaihais). The present China Salish.--Bella Coola. An isolated outlier represent the remnants of a few small of the Salishan stock,-widespread far to the groups of Heiltsuk who held the coves south and east, the Bella Coola held the nlets along the mainland shore just heads of Burke and Dean channels and can be of Millbank Sound. The territory out- considered only a semicoastal group. Their of Findlayson Channel belonged to the habitat approaches the interior in climate: u Tsimshian. Apparently the China Hat the summers are hot and relatively dry, the ' were never very large or strong, and winters rigorous. The occurrence of rabbits to the remoter coves for protection. and foxes in the regional fauna demonstrates happened was that Bella Bella war parties the really noncoastal nature of the environ- north by the inside passage to fight ment. An inventory of culture traits relating 3imshian or Haida would raid the China to economy sets the Bella Coola off rather lllages en route, just to warm up, as it sharply from the dwellers of the outer coasts. and perhaps again on the way home; There are two major divisions of the bound parties of Haida and Tsimshian Bella Coola, apparently, one consisting of do the same. The informant spoke of the villages at the head of Dean Channel and when his people ate all their food raw for some miles up the Bella Coola River, the the smoke of cooking fires betray their other including the villages up Kimsquit Arm. t--this may be an exaggerated picture, The two divisions seem to have maintained a certainly indicative of the precarious fairly regular contact, however, and probably ence of small groups surrounded by differed not a great deal culturally. and ruthless foes. Tsimshian.--Coast Tsimshian territory ex- the 1870's, the present village of tended from the north side of Millbank Sound was built as a cordwood station for (outside of China Hat lands) northward to the oats, and the China Hat assembled there mouth of the Nass. There were two divisions, he surviv6rs of the Kitisu Tsimshian. each subdivided into several groups, the sla. The Xaisla consist of two divi- southern Tsimshian, including the Kitisu, ,-one at the head of Douglas Channel at Kitqata, and Kitkahtla tribes, and the t (a Tsimshian word said to mean Tsimshian proper, who belonged on the lower e of the snow place") and the other up 1' Canal at Kitlope (Tsimshian, "People 9Olson has a full account of Xaisla tribal and t---") .8 At the heads of these deep in- social organization and traditions. R. L. Olson, _~ ~~~~~~~~~~~T . social Organization of the Haisla of British Xwere obtained from the Kitamat group only. Cf bia, UC-AR 2:169-200, 19140. 16o ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Skeena. (The Gitksan, or people of the upper willow, with only patches of conifers Skeena, spoke a slightly divergent dialect and there until one reaches the real ed and formed.culturally a unit distinct from of the valley. Caribou, rabbits, and the Coast Tsimshian. The Nass River tribes appear in the faunal list. This interi [Nisqa ]formed a third major unit.) environment was reflected in innumerable Hartley Bay (Kitqata). The Kitqata had ways in the native culture--in the eco their permanent home at Old Hartley Bay, about which emphasized land hunting, in mini twelve miles above the present village, and use of canoes, and the like. It was, held the whole mouth of Douglas Channel. only the wealth of salmon in the river Coming originally from the lower Skeena (in kept the Gitksan in the valley bottom a early legendary times), they retained owner- Cultural contacts were downriver wi ship rights in the olachon grounds at the Tsimshian (the latter usually came upri mouth of the Nass, journeying there every the Gitksan rarely journeyed down); acr spring and returning in time for the salmon the mountain to the Nass; and with the run in their own territory. Traditionally Western Carrier, whose nearest village, each of the four clans was once a separate Hagwulget, in Bulkley Canion, is only a local group, but long ago they merged to form miles distant from gitanamAks (modern a single tribe. Hazelton) and a little farther from Kis Tsimshian proper. The Tsimshian consisted Haida.--There were three main Haida of nine tribes, each of which had its sepa- sions: the groups of the northern and rate territory on the lower Skeena. Beginn- tern portions of Graham Island, now co ing with the uppermost, they were: gits'ilasu, trated at Massett; the Kaigani, who are giluts'a, gicpaHlo'As, gitando, ginadoiks, posed to have separated from these nor gitlgn (the sequential place of this tribe Haida, crossed Dixon Entrance, and est may be erroneous), ginaxangTk, gitwilgyo'ts, lished residence on Southern Prince of and gitzis.10 The tribes are said to have Island in what is now Alaska; and the s lived anciently all year in the lower Skee.na Haida, located chiefly on Moresby Isla villages, later establishing their winter the islands just south, who are now ass residences along Metlakatla Pass, just out- at Skidegate. 13 side of modern Prince Rupert, where, as in The climate of the Queen Charlotte I their old home, each tribe had a separate is the mildest along the northern coast site. In the spring they went to the Nass the surrounding waters teemed with mar for olachon."1 After the olachon season life. The land fauna was peculiarly re everyone moved down to the old sites on the stricted. The best stands of cedar no Skeena for salhion fishing, returning to Vancouver Island grew on the Queen Cha Metlakatla in fall. and the Haida, particularly those abou The present village of Port Simpson has Massett Inlet, were justly famed as ca been occupied only since the establishment makers. of the trading post there. Many Haida crossed over to the main Gitksan. Kispiyox (kicpaiyakws) .12 With every spring for the Nass olachon fish the upper Skeena tribes we encounter another They took canoes, carved chests, sea-o semi-interior culture, one of more definitely skins, dried herring eggs, and seaweed interior cast than that of either Xaisla or trade with Tsimshian for the prized "g Bella Coola. The valley floor i.n the vicini- and with Tlingit for Chilkat blankets, ty of Kispiyox (a good 150 miles up the and mountain-goat a.nd sheep horn. Skeena) rises in a series of broad terraces Massett. The northern Haida haveeb covered chiefly with aspen, birch, and red co.ncentrated at Massett village for so interior _ cast thanthatofeitherXaislaor trand their culture has been so modified BlBoas includes the groups of the Skeena cainon European influen^e, that it is next t. (Gitaoave sEr) with the Tsimshian proper. F. Boar, possible to isolate local differences. Tsimshian Mythology, BAE-R 51, 1916, 482. list given purports to describe the cu 11Tsimshian informants claim the Nass to the head the informant's group (tc tcgitAne, UP of tidewater, and insist that Nisqa territory was sett Inlet), but is to all intents and entirely above this point. Unfortunately it wa.s not poses generic "Massett" in content. practicable to obtain a Nisqa list; from the areal Skedans. The southern Haida displa point of view this is the greatest gap in the present significant differences of culture fr body of material. northern kin. In part this may be at 12Barbeau gives a. ma.p and list of Gitksan villages, sO it will not be necessary to repeat them here. '3The loca.tions of the Haida villages arei M. Ba.rbeau, Totem Poles of the Gitksan, NMC-B 61, in Swaton, Ethnology, of the Haida., AMNXM 8:: 1929. 1909.i CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 161 the greater contact of the "Skidegate" Clayoquot (N2). (Duplicate list.) Jimmy ps with southern Tsimshian and Bella Jim. Old, health good. No English. Excel- l la. lent informant, superior in general knowledge Tlingit.--Sanyakwan (sanyaqwon). The to NC. A probable source of error derives akwan, of the village of qac near Cape from the use of the same interpreter, who were, with the near-by and related was somewhat bored by the repetition. List ass people, the southernmost of the therefore only fairly good. Interpreter: it. Their proximity to the Tsimshian Joe Hayes. Fair. Nisqa is mirrored in the presence of Kwakiutl.--Koskimo (KK). Quatsino Sam. alien elements. It is said that the Ninshye^ numaym. Old (ca. 70), health good. kwan preferred to go to the Nass for No English. Very willing informant; infor- hon grease to fishing in their own mation excellent, though inclined to launch hon river, the Unuk. The Nass grease into recitals of of traditions on the supposed to have a better flavor. slightest pretext. The Quatsino are cultural- Chilkat (tcilqat). The northernmost ly the best preserved of any of the groups rial obtained is from the Chilkat, well worked in the present slirvQy. Interpreter: nn Canal. There were threQ or four Walter Nelson. Mediocre. at villages between which there existed Kwexa (KR). Charley Nowell. gigilkAm n bonds of dialect, habitat, and tradi- numaym. Old (ca. 70), health good. English 1 origins; the present list comes from good. Good informant, though occasionally kwan (L'Akwon), twenty-some miles up the somewhat bored by the lists. This man, who at River. Again, interior environment gave the rich data for Clellan Ford's "Smoke interior affiliations are forcibly from their Fires," was particularly well in- ed to our attention. While the iiifor- formed on ceremonialism and social structure ts declaration that his people never --in fact, he had conscientiously collected d or hunted on salt water anciently may data on these fields for his own interests. noverstatement, they probably did so Wikeno (KW). Cap'n Johnson. Old, health rarely. The distance from the open sea, fair. No English. Information good. Wikeno rigors of the climate, and the absence culture is fairly well preserved, or has been ed cedar are reflected on every hand in until recently; its decline is due to dwind- my, dress, and manufactures. Of special ling of population rather than acculturation. best also is the fact that the Chilkat Interpreter: Dave Bernard. Excellent. engaged in trade with the interior from Bella Bella (KO-). Oyalit. William Dixon. est times, obtaining quantities of furs, Old, health good. English good. Fairly bou hides, and copper, which were traded good informant but incliLned to be suggestible. othe southward. Also they were the sole K02. Moses Knight. Owiklit tribe. Old, 'acturers of the famed Chilkat blankets, health good. Little English. Good infor- tically the peak of textile work on the mant: gave data chiefly on social organiza- tion, potlatches, secret societies. Inter- preter: Willie Gladstone. Good. The Bella Bella, owing to their exposed INFORMANTS situation and sixty or more years of mission- ary influence, retain but little of their ootka.--Hupachisat (NH). George Hamilton. ancient culture. There have been no dances le age, health good. Cooperative, intel- performed there, it was reported, for well it nformant, inclined however to stress over fifty years. ancient" (pre-Nootkan) culture, which China Hat (Xaihais) (KC). Peter Starr. uced a certain amount of error. The Old, health good. Little English. Very o of the Hupachisat and Tsishaat is the good informant, considering the state of his modified of-that of any Nootkans from culture; slightly suggestible. Interpreter: y Sound north, probably because of Arthur Neasloss. Good. Is part Tsimshian; proximity to Alberni, the largest and may have influenced informant's answers on t permanent white settlement in Nootkan doubtful points. Aory. China Hat culture has been only a memory ishaat (NT). Jackson Dan. Old, health for many year. Well informed, intelligent--data good. Xaisla (KX). Andrew Green. Very old, reter: Alex Thomas. Good. health fair. No English. Well informed, yoquot (NC). Yaksuis. Very old, health being one of the few remaining individuals No English. Knowledge somewhat uneven, who participated in the old life to any ex- lized. List therefore only fair, tent, but poor raconteur; a type of informant preter: Joe Hayes. Good, to whom the direct-question technique is 162 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS especially suited. Information good, although Tsimshian-speaking groups investigated., the ancient period when the Xaisla lived up Haida.--Massett (HM). Andrew Brown." the river is probably unduly emphasized. (tcitcgitAn&e). Old, health good. Eng- Interpreter: Heber Amos. Fair. good. Fair informant. The culture of,. KX2. Angeline Grant. Middle age, health Massett group has been shattered so lo good. English good. Basket-weaver, etc.; since that good informants are extreme gave information on textiles, chiefly. In- scarce. An added source of error was formation good. the list was rushed through to keep up KX3. Chris Walker. Middle age, health the boat schedule. good. English good. Had knowledge of cer- Skedans (HS). Henry Moody. Old, h tain activities in which he has participated. good. English good. Good co'operativel Few remnants of Xaisla culture exist or formant. Data good. have existed within the lifetimes of any but HS2. Mrs. Tulips. Old, health good" the oldest informants. No Kitlope informants English good. Expert weaver. Gave inP were obtainable; preservation conditions tion on textiles. there might be better. Tlingit.--Sanyakwan. (LS). George Salish.--Bella Coola (BC). Stanley Napi. (kaian). Old, health fair. No Englis1 sArnL!AmH village. Old, health good, eyesight Well informed. Data fair; would have subnormal. No English. Well informed but good, but list was rushed through. Int inclined to ramble; data only fair, partly ter: Peter Kyan. Good. because of the interpreter, who was unco6cpera- Chilkat (LC). George Saunders. Old. tive. Contributed partial list, elements health good. Little English. Well in! 1-1009. Interpreter: Joe Saunders. Poor inclined to overemphasize the "ancientt BC2 (elements 1010-1797). Jim Pollard. culture, when, according to tradition, Kimskwit. Old, well preserved. Little Chilkat did not know there were any peo English. Well informed, intelligent; infor- down the coast." The list is nearly as mation good. Interpreter: Gilbert Jacob. the interpreter's as the "informant's," Fair. however. The interpreter, Johnny Mark,- Tsimshian.--Hartley Bay (TH). Peter Bates. extremely well informed for a younger Old, health good. English fair. Willing and was able to give a good deal of the informant; knowledge best on material cul- material himself. ture. LC2. Mrs. Mark. Early middle age, TH2. Heber Clifton. Old, health good. good. English good. Basket and blanke English good. Gave information on social weaver. Gave an excellent account of t organization, rank, dances, etc.; knowledge crafts. good in view of the fact that most of his in- Tlingit culture, at least in the twcs formation is secondhand. Most usages of this places visited, is much better preserv sort were given up before his time. than anywhere along the northern coast Tsimshian proper, Gilutsa tribe (TG) British Columbia with the possible exc Ben Tate. Old, health fair. No English. of the Gitksan. Kno&wledge best on material culture; some knowledge of other matters. Information averages fair. Interpreter: Henry Pierce. METHODS INVOLVED Fair. TG2 (Ginaxangik). Mrs. Dudoward. Gave The use of element lists in secur good information on special topics (especial- ethnographic data was rather new when ly dances) and supplementary data on various material here presented was collected, points. the specific aims of the investigators TG3 (Gitsilasu). Mrs. Pierce (wife of in- plying the method vary somewhat; accor terpreter for TG). Contributed information it may be well to state at the outset on girls' puberty. purposes envisaged. First of all, thei Gitksan, Kispiyox (GK). John Brown. Old, lists are intended to define cultural health fairly good. English passable. Well ments of the groups studied, and only, informed, sincere informant. Information darily to describe the cultures themse good. If a certain article or custom was fo GK2 (Kitanamaks). Alfred Daines. Old, be constant over the whole area or any- health good. Little English. Gave informa- defined portion thereof, it is treated tion on special topics. Interpreter: unit whether it is a single trait or aN Louisa Daines. Good, of traits. Explanatory material has bl The culture of the Gitksan is far better relegated to the section of "Notes" in preserved than that of the other two of being incorporated into the list in CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 163 m of subcaptions. The common olachon net, thoroughly as the expert. The effect of evice widely (and probably recently) dis- such specialization was, however, variable ibuted, offers an example of this treat- rather than absolute. Most men would have at t. This net is always funnel-shaped, least a general knowledge of the implements ys has withe rings at the mouth for and techniques used in these pursuits, which ing it down, the rear end is always tied were regarded as important and of common in- t, pulled up with a crook, and untied to terest. The situation was analogous to that y the catch into the fisherman's canoe. of certain skilled occupations in our own determining cultural relationships it is culture, say, that of an automobile mechanic. legitimate, or perhaps even more legiti- A first-class mechanic's description of his P., to represent this net by one caption tools and techniques would doubtless be it is to spread it out over half a dozen better than a layman's, yet the average gories. After all, if this net was dif- American could give a fair account of the ed from a single center, as seems likely, equipment and might even be able to describe vas adopted into each local culture as a some of the simpler repair processes, because t complete with all its appendages. The most men have to do with automobiles and are a of making a funnel-shaped net did not interested in their upkeep. ad independently of the rings or tied In some pursuits, however, the expert and or the crook for pulling the end up, or the layman were more sharply differentiated, se items would not be invariably united especially in fields ascribed to one or the rywhere. There was thus but a single other sex. While the average male very sfer at each step of its diffusion; to likely watched many a canoe maker at work and tiply the number of the items corporately observed with interest the spear and snow- sed would be to overweight statistically shoes of the mountain-goat hunter, he paid group similarities. The "funnel-shaped little or no attention to the way his wife on net" is therefore a single entry, wove baskets or cedarbark robes. Looking at its details are described in a note. It the finished basket, he could say whether it swithout saying that the identity of was a berry basket or a harpoon holder, but article so treated was established in the chances are that for the life of him he field. could not explain that one was made in a It must be admitted that this effort to wrapped twining and the other in checkerwork. 1 cluttering up the lists by the addition To extend our modern analogy, the average rely descriptive captions was about as American man can differentiate between a the result of field conditions as of crescent wrench, a spanner, and a Stillson .theoretical bias as to what constitutes with ease, and might even be able to explain "element." Perhaps from the point of view how to take up the bearings on his car, but tatistical treatment, in some cases at probably would not have even the least idea t, it would be more desirable to divide of how to go about making a cake. Few occu- trait into its ultimate units to avoid a pations in Northwest Coast culture were ex- ective weighting of various traits (as the clusively women's domain, but in such as iously described olachon net is weighted). there were, male informants cannot give ver, any one who would do a survey.. of the satisfactory information. The sections west Coast within a reasonable length of dealing with textiles therefore had to be must adjust his program of work accord- stripped to a bare skeleton, since male in- to sailing schedules. On an average formants were relied on--native women know i-some hours were spend with each infor- but little of technical details of hunting to increase the lists to the point and woodworking. The writer questioned women D they took longer would have been im- informants on three occasions on textile tical. Items which did not call forth working and other feminine specialties, and 'iate responses were ruthlessly discarded; he regrets not having done so in every femi- iptive details were jotted down as notes. nine field. Ideally the investigator should tform was retained in the revised lists. turn to the specialist in each important veral cultural factors affected the vali- fie%d with his lists, just as he would in 'of the lists. Occupational specializa- ordinary ethnographic research. was one of these. Such activities as Another matter which must be taken into unting of land game, canoe making, consideration is the emphasis on historic i, etc., were restricted to but a few tradition in Northwest Coast culture. When- riduals of each group because of the ever an informant lacked firsthand knowledge a). knowledge--both practical and magical of some subject, his immediate recourse was bessary. The average man could not be to the stock of folklore at his command. The 'ted to know one of these topics as most striking effect of this dependence on 164 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS mythology occurred among a few groups who, A point in connection with rituals (in according to tradition, once participated in cluding crisis rites) is worth noting. a different sort of culture, away from salt formants did not think of a rite as a b water, living an interior or semi-interior of items or traits but rather thought in- life. So convincing are these narratives terms of a series of acts in a certain o that it is hard to avoid giving them a good The sequence is paramount. The writer I deal of credence, yet they have undoubtedly that questioning according to the field introduced error into the lists. Some infor- which because of gaps in the published- mants seized on this traditional period as sources could not be arranged beforehand the one-representing the purest of aboriginal conform to the sequential patterns, was culture, since during their own lifetimes often confusing than not. The method re- they had seen only a civilization diluted by sorted to was to obtain a brief free acc European elements. They drew upon their of the procedure, then supplement it by legendary knowledge of the "really old times," direct questions from the list. Omissio and since the traditions stressed the dif- were made by this practice, but the write ferences of culture, answers were doubtless hopes they are preferable to the outrigh often improvised to fit the pattern. errors that would have been introduced by- An example of this occurred when the rigidly following the lists. Chilkat informant refused to describe the When it comes to evaluating the lists types of canoes used by his people, other topically, the writer considers the sect than the rather rude cottonwood dugout, on relating to economy and material culture the grounds that anciently they did not even (with the exception of such topics as tex know of other canoe types. In a sense he tiles) by far the best. The reason seem was correct, for there is no red cedar in be one of interest. The modern native t Chilkat territory, all the cedar canoes having about fishing by choice as avidly as any been imported, yet these vessels have been Izaak Walton; and the same interest that' traded in and used for many generations. tributed to the development of superior In less extreme examples of the influence technical craftsmanship in the area is s of this pattern of historical-mindedness in- tained today. In addition, of course, formants based their replies on mythical al- there is the fact that material culture, lusions to material objects or usages. For being patent and tangible, is easier to instance, when the investigator asked about describe. The data on ritual (including types of knives, an informant, whose people rites of passage) and shamanism rank next since the beginning of historic times have although most of the observances have be used nothing but iron blades, might recall a discarded for many years. Poorest of al legend in which the hero used a beaver-tooth the subject of social organization and knife, and would therefore specify such an usages. An element-survey schedule does implement. The chances are that the legend allow time for gathering case material, gives no details, for instance, about the native generalizations in response to di mode of hafting, hence the informant affirmed questioning are apt to be worthless. Th the type of haft that seemed to him most data presented on society represent a s practical--in other words, he made a guess. sis of as full accounts as could be obta Usually the investigator could guess as well under the circumstances.14 or better. Such answers, which of course are worth nothing, may easily pass undetected. 14one or two major topica omissions mut be Again, the tradition on which the informant counted for. A brief section on Cordae was falls back may speak of some implement of to save time, with the intention of filling it fantasy--say, a knife made of a killerwhale other sections, e.g., on fishing lines, bowstrX tooth or of copper. The native's belief in etc. This was a mistake for, as it turned out, this tradition is quite as firm as in the one many entries remained blank. The investigatora which refers to more mundane traits and, set out with a section on "Warfare," which incl lacking firsthand knowledge, he will .insist series of items concerning tactics, i.e., nights on the actuality of the item. Naturall.y daylight attacks, use of spies and scouts, divi& both these sorts of traditionally conditioned the war party into fighting-men, plunderers, cm error might affect research by ordinary guards, etc. It was found that satisfactory methods, but normally they are easier to con- to these queries could not be got from direct q trol, because the investigator has more time, ing but only from the intenainable wr tales hI knows his informants better, and has the p- formants delight in telling by the hour. So dh& portunity of checking doubtful statements tion was dropped to save time sand through cares with other people some practicable traits, such as type of war pa taking of heads and scalps, etc., were not put b to the lists. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 165 In conclusion, the writer offers the As a second suggestion, list sections on lowing suggestions for use of element lists rituals should be arranged so far as possible the field. First of all, the time should to conform to the sequential patterns, if allowed to consult experts on various the lists are to be followed, even if this cs on which there is a strong tendency means considerable duplication of the ard specialization. This should be done captions. The duplicate items can be dis- for certain nonoccupational matters, carded if necessary in the final preparation ,, women informants should be questioned of the material. erning birth and puberty customs, etc. Finally, social and political organization 8 could be done in an additional day or might as well be cut out of the lists en- , and would more than repay the time tirely, since these subjects are not amenable t. The writer is assuming, of course, to the list technique. The data should be we are more interested in getting a collected of course, but by the customary 1-rounded inventory of the culture studied field method; and they can just as well be in testing the amount of information presented in the form of a brief sketch essed by a single individual. alo.ng with, but not in, the lists. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYNBOIS USED IN THE ELvE2AT LIST + Trait present S "Sometimes," i.e., occasionally practiced Trait absent R Practiced but known to be of (+) or (-) Not certain; "probably present" recent introduction or "probably absent"' Misunderstanding O Absent because geographically impossible (e.g., tidewater fish * See section "Ethnographic Notes traps among lake and river groups) on the Element List" RI EKIENTS OCCURRENCE NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KCK EtH TG G B HM RS IS STBSISTENCE Fishing 1. Tidewater salmon traps* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ( + + + + + + ? 2. Weir of stakes and poles. + + + 3. V entries. + ( 4. Wide aperture, closed at high tide* | _ _ _ + -- + + 5. Impounding box of poles . *+ l 6. Weir of stones +++ +++ 7. Impounding box, without weir.. + + + * - - 7a. Baited, for perch, etc. ._ + + + * - _ 8. Cylindrical river traps* . . . ...... . . . + + + + + + _ + + + *+ + + + *+ 9. Funnel entry . . . .......... . + + + - *+ + _ + + + + + + + + + 10. No funnel entry, mouth upstream . . . - - - *+ + - - - _ 11. Trap door for removal of catch . ... + + + + + - -+ - - + 12. Trap hauled ashore for removal of catch + + - + | + 13. Used with weir across stream. . . . - | _ _ + + + + + + + + 14. Used with V-shaped weir . . . .... . + + + - + + - - - + + - - | | 14a. Inverted V-shaped weir, two types *+ 15. Open-top trap, in frame of posts*. . .S ........................ | ..... + + _ _ + |+ _ _- + + 16. Ventry . . . . . ................. . . . . . . .. + + _ _ + |+ _- ++| 166 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 167 .N NT NC N2 KK EKR KW BC KO KC ET| T TG G MBE | SLe 17. Raised (vertically)to remove catch , + + - - + - - - (+) - 18. Used with weir across stream , + _ _ _ + _ + + + 19. Used with long leads of stones | . + _ +- Rectangular trap, immovable* .. .- + (+) - + + - * *. 21. V entry . - | + +- 22. V wings . ., ., . + _ + +- 23. Removable top for removing catch . . . _ + +- .Grid traps* ...... . . . *+ + + + + + + +*(+)+ - *+ 25. Barrier of oblique stakes + + + + - + - _ 26. Barrier of logs and stones . . . . . + 26a. Barrier of oblique planks . | - _ _ _ _ + 27. Rectangular box entry | . _ *+ *+ - _ _ _ - _ 28. Inverted V entry . . . . . . . . *+ - _ - 28a. Fixed and floating screens for entry *+ 28b. Fixed screen at entry . . . . | + |280, V wings .,,, . . . . . + thanger" traps* .. . . . . . . . . + + + _ + +- er: row of vertical stakes* + +. . . . | + . + + + + er: row of oblique stakes ., . . . . _ *+ + + + + 32. Catwalk on top of weir ..... . . + + + (+) e weirs for salmon . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ *+ 1salt-water traps* .. . .- + - + + - + - + + +- 35. Globular* .... . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + + - + - + 36, Rectangul-ar . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . - + +- 36a. Baited (mussels or sea urchins) . - + - + + - + - + + +- 37. Used with floats .... . . . . - + - + + - + - - +- onharpoon with single head . . + + - - + - - + - + + + + + + + + zn harpoon with two heads ,,,,,,,,. | - + + + - + + + + + + + + S f1. Heads tripartite, wrapped and pitched, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 168 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NE NT NC N2 |KK R KW BC KO EC | TH TG GK MHS 41a. Heads one-piece, multiple-barbed, line-hole (not toggling)* . . . . . . . 41b. True toggleheads, with detachable foreshaft. 42. Line to shaft . ......I ......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 43. Light-harpoon, for throwing*..- + - + + + + - + (-) 44. Trident finger rest on base* . . + - + + + + - + + 45. Finger holes in base* .-....... . . . * - * + +- 46. Leister: two-pronged* .. + + + +-+ + + - 47. Leister: three pronged* . .......... . + - - - + + + _ - + - _ 48. Prongs detachable ...... . . . . .... +- 49. Gaff hook* .-. ..... .. . . .... . .. . .+ +. R + + R R R 50. Untipped flounder spear .... . ...0... . O + + _+ + _ + _+ 0 + 51. Two-point flounder spear . . .0.. . . _ + + - ++ _ 0 - + 52. Four-point sea-urchin spear . .0....... . | + + + + + + 0 - - 53. Two-point sea-urchin spear . .0....... . | - - - - - - + + - - o - + 54. Single-point sea-urchin spear . .0...... . | - - - - - - - - + + + 0 + - 55 Sharp-angled spring-salmon hook*. . - + + + + +- 56. Trolled ......+ + + + + + - - - - - - _|| 57. Same type used for cod .- + + + + +- - | 57a. Sharp-angled hook for trout . ..... 57b. Many put on setline ....... 58. Bent U-shaped halibut hook* .. + + + + + + + + - + - 0 - | 59. One hook used with floatstick* .- + - + -- - - 60. Two hooks, suspended from bar . . . . . . - R + R + + + + + - + - 0 - | 61. Float on line . . . + + +0 - -| 62. V-shaped halibut hook* .. .+ + + + + 0 + + 63. Two-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + S O + Si 64. One hook on line ......... . . ____________S 0 + - 65. Two hooks},suspended from bar . . . ............... |_ ---|-----+ R |- + 0 S _- CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 169 NE NT NC N2 KK KR W BC KO KC X TTE TG GK EM ES LS LC 67. Manv hooks on setline* .+ + + + + 0 - (+) + ent circular cod hook* . . . . . . . . . . ... 0 + ...(+) | ++ + Bone gorge for kelpfish, etc. .. . .+ (+) + *.. . -- - hook for trout . . . ........ . . + ader of nettle-fiber twine .-. * * * . _ + + - ader of gut . . ........... . . . + _ + _ + + .Lader of plaited hide . . ... . . . . . . .. - + - _ of kelp stem .-........ . . . * * * . + + - - - - - -+ + + inof cedarbark twine . . .. . . . . . .-. + . . + + + + + + + + _ + Line of spruce root (twisted) . . . . . . . + + ed stone sinker .-.S.-.-.+...... ... . | - + _ + + + + - + ed sinker, bound in 2 withes* . . + + + | + (-) - - - - + | S enfloats .....+- | _ + + _ 77. Zobmorphic.. . . . .. . . . . . (+) | S -paunch floats ++..- - _ + + _ + + + + S + stomach" floats .. + + + nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **+ + *+ - - - - *R *+ *+ *+ | nets* .... ......... _+ _ __......... _+ _+) + +__ _ __ t on double crossbar frame*.- + + + + * t on brailerlike frame*. *+ + )+ *+ + *+ + (-) + (-) ton A-type frame* + - - . . . . *+ + - - + + | (-) . (.) ton Y frame ...... . .. .. . .. . *+ funnel-shaped olachon net*.0+ . . . . . 0 0 O | + + + O ++ + RO I O *R type for salmon* .+..... . . . . . . of nettle twine.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + *+ of cedar bark.- - - - + | of fireweed fiber ........ . . . . + + + + of hide or gut ........... . .. | + + tshuttle................. |.+ (-) - | - _ _ + |+ + | (+) |*- + 170 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC aX TH TG GK EM ES i" 90. Boat-shaped net shuttle* . | + + + _ 91. Cross-stick net shuttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 91a. Rectangular wooden mesh gauge .* + + + + + + + l + 92. Net floats of wood*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ _ *+ *+ _ 93. Net sinkers of stone* . . . . . . . . . . . . . *......... *+ *+ _ 94. Suspended in withe ring' .... . . . . . + - + + - 96. Herring rake ...... . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + 97. Brush "fences" for herring eggs*.- + + + + - + + + + 0 + + + 98. Noose snare on a pole for fish + + + + 98a. Cod spinner-lure*.- +- 98b. Spear used with lure .-.+.. . . . . . . . l 99. Ball-ended halibut club . - + ++-++ + 0 ++ ++ 100. Used for salmon . - + - +------+ - 101. Straight salmon club.- + - + - + + + + + + S + + ++ | 102. Salmon-spearing shade . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 103. Night spearing by torch light* ... . . . + + - + + + + + + + _ *+ * 4 104. Salmon split down back ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + S - - + + 105. Salmon split down belly S + + - - 106. Mussel-shell fish-cutting knife .... . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + 107. Bone fish-cutting knife ........ . . - **+ *+ + + - - - + - 108. Stone fish-cutting knife ..... . .... . + + 108a. Copper fish-cutting knife ... . . . . . . 109. Thinning board, semilunar cross section . . + * * + + + + + + + _ - 110. Thinning board, high narrow block ... . . . l l 111. Smoke cure for salmon . .+ + ++ + + + + + + + + + 3 lIla. Whole salmon frozen for winter . . . . . . . 112.Roe stored in boxes .... . . . ..... . + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + 113. Roe stored in seal paunch ................ ...|....+ + |+ + -____ - __|+ + 114. Roe stored in pit lll *+ |*+ *+ 114a. Reads, etc., stored in pits ..... ...... CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRTBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 171 IE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GKBIMHS iS L Halibut sun-wind cured .0......... . | + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + Cod un-wind cured . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + + - + - + + + + + 0 + + + Herring dried .0........ . | + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + - - | 0Olachon dried ........ ..... ,,0 0 0 0 0 + - + 0 + + + + 0 0 0 - _ Olachon grease rendered*. . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 + + + + 0 0| 0 + + 8a.In wooden boxes ..... . ....... 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 + + + + 0 0 0 + - bIn canoe (or canoelike trough) .0.0.0.0. | O O 0 O | O - - - 0 0 - + Shell for grease-skimmer .. 0 00 0 - - 0 - - - 0 0 - S- 'Wooden scoop-ehaped grease-skimmer .0 0 0 0 0 S (+) + 0 + + + + 0 0 0 S + Olachon grease put in boxes for storage* 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 + + + + 0 0 0 + + lchon grease stored in kelp bulbs* . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 + + - 0 - - 0- - 0 0 0 ? - lack cod oil rendered .+..... . . . . . + + auntin (O = species not found locally) ri seal hunted .0.... . . . . . . . . . | + + + + + *+ + + +*- + *S 0 + + + + . Double foreshafted harpoon* .0..... . | + + + + +- - - - -| 4.Single foreshafted harpoon .0-+ ..... . + + + + - + + 0 + + + + .Tripartite barbed heads* .+.+...... . | O + + +-+ - + - +- - - .One-piece barbed heads* .-. . . ..... - - + - + - + - - + + 0 + + + S 127. Bilateral barbs . 0 .-.-..... . - -+ + - | + + + + s + 128. Line hole ...... . . . 0- - . (-)-+- .- + + 0 - + + + + toggleheads, detachable foreshaft . . . 0 - - - - - dof sinew or gut. + + ....-. + + - - + 0 + + + S d of babiche. . ..... . . 0 * d of nettle-fiber cord .0... . . - *- - + 0 - - - - d of cedarbark cord .0 .+ _ - - . + - ? -- -- ofnettle-fiber cord .0... . . . . . | - S - + - S - - - 0 - - - - of cedarbark cord .......... . 0 - - + - - + - + + 0 - - - - of gut,, . .. . .. . ..........+ + - - + 0 + + + - of babiche .0...... +............. 172 ANTH{ROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 IKKKR]KW BCKO KCKI THTGa HMHES 135. Line to snaft*................ 0 -+ - - - + 0 + + 135a. Hand line to shaft. .........0 - - - - S -- -+ 0 -- 136. Line free (toharpooner) ...........O0+ ++ + + +-+ +- 137'. Held by harpooner ...........0- 0 - 138. Tied tocanoe thva.rt.0 +++ + + - - + 0 139. Released with float..... 0 - + S - 0-- 14o. Trident-shaft butt* .............o0+ ++ + ++-+- - 141. Perfforated-shaf't butt. ........... 0 *** + +*()0 -- 142. Long shaft., thrown by middle. ....... 0 --+ + 0 + + 143. Seals clubbed on rocks ........... 0+ + + + -+ + + SO0 + + 144. Seal "traps"* ..*...... 0- + - - + - 0 - - 145. Seal nets. .................0 - *- -- 0 - - 146. Sea lion hunted ............... . 0+ + + + *+ *(0) + + *(0) * + 0 ++ 147. Harpooned (sealing-type harpoon)*.. . 0 + + + -*+ - -s 0 *( 147a. Floats on line ... . ..... 0 + + + -- 0 -- 148. Clubbed on rocks. ..........0 +--+ SO + 149. Speared on rooks ........... 0-- 150. Porpoise hunted. ..............0 + + + + + - - + + *+ +* 0 )* 151. Harpooned (sealing-type harpoon)* o + + + + + - - + +() + -0 -- 152. Lure for porpoise*. .......... 0 + + + - + -0 - 153. Whale hunted. + + + -0 - 154. Harpooned .-..... + + +-0-- 155. Two fitted bone or horn bands. - + + +-0 -- 156. Mussel-shell blade. + + +-o - 157. Whale-sinew lanyard- + + +-0 -- 156. Sewed with nettle string or oherry bark .-... + +-0 -- 159. Spliced yew-wood shaf't . - + +0 - CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 173 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC EX TH TG a IEM HS IS LC 162. Two sections. .- + + + - - - - - O - 165. Sealskin floats on line. . + + + - - - - 0 _ _ _ 164. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - - - 0 _ _ _ 165. Four to a line. . . + + -- 0 _ _ _ _ 166. More than four. - +- - - - - - 0 _ _ _ 167. Line released on strike . .-.... . . . + + + -- - - - - - - O 168. Lance for killing . . . . . . . . . . . . + +- _ _ _ 169. Long slender bone point. . + +- _ _ 0 170. Whale's mouth tied shut . + + +-0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 171. Whale buoyed .-.......... . . . + + + - 0 ............ _ - - - - 172. Blubber given away by whaler. | + + + - 0 . _ _ _ _ _ - - - - 173. Blubber rendered in boxes . + + + - - 0 - - - - 174. Blubber rendered in canoes . _ + - + - 0 _ - - - - 175. Oil stored in seal, sea-lion paunch . . - + + +-0 - - - - 176. Mussel-shell blubber knives . - + + + - - - - - | - - O | _ 177. Woven cedarbark harpoon holders . _ + + + - _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 - - Stranded whales used . *. - ..*(o) + +*(+) + *(?) 0 + + |*+ 179. Blubber rendered . . - _ _ + + + + + - 0 + + + Sea otber hIaated . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .0 + + + *+ + *S*- + + *S +*(o)0 + + |*S 181. Shot with arrows . 0 . ....... . O - + ++S - S - + + + - 182. Harpooned (sealing-type harpoon) . . , 0 + + + - + - + + + + - 0 + + + - 183. Retrieving spear .0..... . . . . - + + + - _ _ -O 184. Surround hunt* .0.-. . . . . . .... . 0 + ++ + - 0 + + |R 185. Individual hunt .0.......... . , + 5 + S + + ++ + -0 + + +- 186. Meat eaten ., . O . . . . . . . . . . - - + ++- O + Land Hunting (O = species absent) ontain goat hunted ............ 0 0 0 0 0 *0 + + + + + + + + 0 0 + + 188. Put to bay (or driven past hunters) with dogs* .0000.................. 0O ....... +?+ ++ +|+*-+ 00O ++ 189,Speared* .0.... 0 0 0 0 0 + - + + + |+ + + 0 0 + + 174 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 K KR W BC KO KC HTGG HMHS BS 190. Simple snares for mountain goat*. . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 *+ *+ -0 0 191. Springpole snares for mountain goat 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 _ 192. Mountain sheep hunted .0000 0 000000 0 0 0 0 0 193. Driven past hunters with dogs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194. Snared.0000 0|00000 0 0 0 ? | ? 195. Elk hunted ............. . . . . + + + *S + + 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 196. Individual stalking .... ..... . . + + 197. Snared (simple snare) . . . . . . . . + 198. Deer hunted .............. . |+ + + + + + + + + + + + + *0 *0 *0 199. Driven into water with dogs*. . . . . . |+ - + + + + + 200. Snared (simple snare) .-.... . . . (+) + + | *+ + + _ +- 201. Caught with deadfalls* . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + 202. Caught with pitlalls. + 203. Caribou hunted ...............0 0 00 00 00 0 00 0 0+ *+0 204.S-nared ................0 0 00 00 00 0 00 0 0 + 0- 205. Stalked .0.0.0............ . | 0 0 000000 0 0 + +0 206. Black bear hunted* .+............ . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 207. Grizzly hunted* .0.0.0.0.......... . 0 0 O O O O + + 0 + + + + + 0 0 208. Deadfalls used*.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 209. Snares used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 209a. Simple snare . . . . . . . . . . 209b. Snare on lever arm*. + + + + + + 209c. Snare with choke-bar* + + 210. Lances used* .. . * . * * * _ - + + + + + + + + + 1+ 211. Marmot hunted* ....... . | . . . . . . . + 0 | 0 212. Deadfalls used* .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 212a. Carved pegs for marr:K traps*. 213. Beaver hunted* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0 + + + + + + + + + + 0' 214+. Deadfalls used*. ........... + 0 + T + T - + - + + _ CrULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 175 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC IKX TITG aK H LS ISLC 215. Nets used* .*+*(+) - - . - - *+ | _ - .Deadfalls for (other) small game ... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + p.Snares for (other) small game.- - + - + RF - - - - + + - + | - + + i 218. Springpole type . - - + -R| + - + + + r 1Waterfowl hunting by torchlight* . - + + + + + + - + +- 220. Casting net . . - + + + + + +- 220a. Long-handled double crossbar frame* . + + + + +- 220b. Long-handled circular frame . .+ *221. Clubbing.......... . .. .. . + + + .Canoe-blind stalking* . R + + + + + + S + + R + + - + + - .Snare for waterfowl . + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + _ + 224. Springpole type for geese* ..... . | + + + + + + + + + + -- 224a. Underwater noose snare for diving ducks* . + + + + + - - - - _ + .Baited gorges* .-............ . . . + + + + - _ _ _ _ _ + .Vertical net in canoe for waterfowl. *+ _ _ _ _ Eagle-catching from blind* .- + + + + + + + + + + *- 228. Catching with hands . | _ _ + - + + + _ + | _ 229. Catching with noose on pole . | _ + + + + +- Animals Eaten* Canidae eaten* Cougar eaten* .... . . ........ . . +- 0 *0 0*0(-) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O LIynx eaten*.0000 00 + 0 0 + 0 0 - + Wolverine eaten . 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - - )Muatelids eaten* Rabbits eaten .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 000 + 0 0 0 ++ | 0 0 + 'Prcupine eaten ...............0 0 00 0 0 + ? + + + + + + 0 0 + + oon eaten . . . . . + + + + + + S - - - + 0 0 0 0 00 leeaten .-. + - + |+ + + + + + + |+ - _ |- S* 176 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 K KR KW BCKE KC EtO |C X HG CE HM ES 239. Raven (and crow) eaten. 240. Seagull eaten ......... . . . - . - + S + S + + + + + + +* + + 241. Loon eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + - - + 242. Cormorant eaten . . .+ + + S + + + + - 0 + + 243. Crane eaten .+... . . . ., + * _ + - . + + 244. Owl eaten. 245. Grouse eaten ................ , + + + + + + + + ++ 246. Sea-bird eggs eaten.- | _ _ + + + 0 + + 0 + + 0 + + 247. Frog eaten*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248. Clams eaten .0......... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 248a. Dried ................ 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 249. Mussels eaten .0......... ... .. . | + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 250. Abalone eaten .......... . + + + 0 + + 0 + + 0 + + 251. Sea urchin eaten.0 + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 252. Squid eaten ...... .. . .. . . + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 253. Barnacles eaten* ....... .. .. . . . + + 0 + + 0 + - a (+)+ Vegetable-Food Gathering 254. Root digging by women* ........... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 255. Digging stick: double pointed* ...... . + + + + S- 256. Digging stick: straight handle* . - - - - S + -+ + + 257. Digging stick: crutch handle* . + + + | + - - 258. Digging stick: ball handle* .-.-. . . . .. . + +-+ 259. Berries dried* . .......... . . * * * * + + + + + + + + *+ + + + 260. Berries stored in grease* . ....... . . + + + + + + + 261. Inner bark eaten*. . . . . . . . . -*S + + + + + + + + + ++ 262. Mussel-shell scraper .-.. . l - _ . + + + - + S + + + - + + 263. Bone scraper . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - S - - - + 264. Inner bark dried .+............A.. . l + + ++ ++ + ++| +- 265. Seaweed eaten (as food) ............... CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 177 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG CK | BIS |S C Seaweed eaten (as medicine).- _ - _ + +- 267. Seaweed picked & dried . , | _ + + + + + + + + + + + 268. Seaweed imported ..........+ - - + - - + _ _ _ + Soapberries gathered ........... . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 268b, Beaten into basketry trays with stick + Cookery, Dishes, etc. Stone boiling ............ . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 270 In boxes. ...... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 271 In baskets . . . . . . . . . . .*+ + + + + 272.In bark vessels . * * * * . _ _ _ + + - + + _ - _ - _ 273. Makeshift only .. . . .... . | _ + + - + + - | _ | _ 274, In (mountain-goat) paunch . . . . . . . + + + + + + + | _ + 275. Makeshift only . . . .. . . . + + + + + + + | _ + 276. Split-stick tongs . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + 277. Two-stick tongs (end bound) . . | + | teaming in earth oven . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + oden dishes * ............. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 280. Rectangular. .......... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .281. Zo5morphic*.- , | - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 282. Large feast dishes* .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 283. Named * . . . . . . . . . . . . (-) + + + + + (+)() *+ bowls | _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ \ _ 5 + + + + 285. Imported.- + + + 286 Made ____ ______ _ _ _+ :dishes* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - - - - *287a. Birchbark vessels made .-.. . . . . . _ 0 0 - 0 0 + 0 0 0 - tone dishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ _ _ _ 288a. Stone mortars for berries* . ..... + coen ladles . .. . .|+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 178 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I?I NT NC N2 |K KR KW BC KOK C KX TH TG GK |M ES IB 290. Wooden spoons . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 291. Mountain-goat horn spoons . . . . . . . . . * + + + + + + + + + + + + 292. Mountain-sheep horn spoons* . . . . + _ _ + - + + + + + + + 293. Clamshell spoons . .+........... . + + + + + + + _ _ + S 294. Soap berry spatulas . ... . .*+ + + + + + + + + + () - 294a. Wooden oil dishes ("cups") . .. . . . + + + + + + + + + + 294b. Shredded bark napkins . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + STRUCTURES Dwelling House* 295. Rectangular plank house . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 296. On ground level* ..+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 297. Excavated central pit* .-.-. . _ - _ + + + S S S S - S - S S S 298. Series of "steps"*.- - - - + + + + + + + - + - + + + 299. Plank-lined*. - - + + + + + + + |+ - + + + 300, On pilings* ............ . . . . . . *- S + - - S S S - - - -| 301. Permanent framework, removable sheathing* . *+ + + + + + - - - -*(+)| 302. Frpmework and sheathing inseparable* . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + 303. Round posts . . .+ + + + + + + + + S*+ _ 304. Squared posts ....... . . . . . . . . . S *+ + 305. Z66morphic carvings . . . +. . . | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - S 306. Two-pitch roof .-.B.......... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +' 307. "Shed" (one-pitch) roof . . . . . . . + + -*S- 308. Single ridgepole .-. . . . . + + . *+ + 309. Directly on posts . + + *+ S- 310. Paired posts with lintel . , , . - - - S *+ S- 311. Double ridgepole .... . . . . . . . . . . . *S S + + + + + + + + + + 312. Intermediate be.e;s* ,+ + S- 515. Beau.s rroiJect through fa,cade*. . . . + + 1-- S S' -+-S- + i 314. Roof plltteo and si11s* .,.................,------+ S + + + T + .+ + + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKFR, NORTHWEST COAST' 179 NI NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO-EC KC TH TG GK MRS is L 315. Slotted for sheathing* .** - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 316. Posts slotted for sheathing* .+. . . . Sheathing horizontal-* ........... . + + + + + + S +- -- -+ 318. Supported between vertical stakes* . + + + + + + + + 319. Overlapping (clapboard)* ...... . + + + + + + + +- Sheathing vertical . . . . + S + + + + + + + + + Roof of boards. ........... . + + + + + + + + + + + .,*(+)_ S S + 321a. Rabbetted .+............. + + + + - (S)- Roof of bark . ....*(+ + + S S 323. Double layer of boards* ....... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 324. Bound with horizontal polRes. - + + - + + + + _ + S + + + 325. Weighted with rocks .... . . . . . . S , _+ + + + + + S+ 326. Overlapping peak* .-... . . ... . . . + _ _ + + + + + + + _+ - 327. Ridge cover: dugout pole . . .. . . . . . 8 Ridge cover: horizontal boards* . . | - + + - + + -Earth floor* ..+............ . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Board floor... . .. + + + Corner fireplaces* . ............ . + + + + + + + Central fireplace for rituals (only) . . + + + + + + +- Central fireplace (everyday use) .......+ + + + + + + + + + 334. Fire on floor level .. ..... . . + + - - + + + + + + + + i + _ 335. Fire in pit* .-........... . | *+ *+ + + + + 336. Sand and gravel filled* .+ + + + goof boards moved for smoke* ....... . + + + + + + entral smokehole .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 339. Adjustable smokehole shield* .+ + + + + + + + + + + + leeping platform around walls* . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 341. Of boards . + + + + | + + + + + + + + + + + 1,342. Ba.nkette of earth* .-.........,. +-______ 180 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS N_H NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TGC HM E 343. Discontinuous (at sleeping places only) + + _ _ _ _ + - - S + _ _ + (+) _ 344. High shelves for storage* . . . . . . . . . . + + + + (+) + *- + + _ _ _ + + + + 345. Sleeping rooms (cubicles)* .- - - - + + + + + + + S S 5! 346. Partitions between places*..- - S + + - + + - - + - - + - S 347. Doorwav in gable end . . .-.-........ .. + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ l 348. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - S 349. Oval-round* . . . .- +---S S- + S - ++ Si 350. Portal pole* . . . S S - S S +* S S S S 351. Wooden door ........ . . .+.+. . | + + + + + + + + + + + + + 352. Propped against opening* . . . . + + - + + _ _ +- 353. Suspended by top* + + - + , + + + 354. Suspended mat door . .S + + + 355. Painted facade* ......... . ... | S S +*- + + + + + + + + + + + +*+ 356. False facade .... . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 357. Individual backrests or settees* . . - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + R 358. Carved and/or painted . . _ - - + + + + + + + + + + ++ - 358a. Wooden stools. . ... (+) (+) - _ . 359. Walls mat-lined at sleeping places* . .. + + + + + + + + + S 360. Walls hide-lined at sleeping places . Other Structures 361. Bark houses at canps* ...+.. . . - . . + + + + + + + - 362. Rectangular, gabled shape . . . . - _ . + + + + - + + | 363. Double leanto .-.. +- + 364. Log cabins at camps *+ - - 365. Semisubterranean earth lodge . .. . - - 366. Storehouses. . .. + + + + + + + S(+) 367. Cache of pole cribbing . .... + - _ 368. Elevated ....+ - - 369. On gr'ound....... CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 181 NH NT NC N2 SKK R KW BC KO KC Et TH TG C B HM HS IS LC 370. Subterranean caches* . . . . . . . . . . * + + + + + + + + + + + 371. Earth-covered.- - - _ + + + + + + + + + + + 371a. Pole- or slab-lined . . . _ + 372. Outdoors .- _ + _ + + + - - + 373. Indoors .......... . . . * + + + _ + + + S *Stockades .-. .. .. . .. .. . . + + + * + + + + + - + + + +*- Sweathouses* .-....... .. .. . .. . . . . _ + + + + + + + 376. Board hut over pit .-.-. . . _ . _ _ - _ . . + + + + - S + 377. Earth-covered . | - - - - + + + - _ + - 378. Inside house .. . . + - + 379. Dome-shaped hut of poles.- - - - +? (+) - 380. Mat- or brush-covered.- - - --+ - + + NAVIGATION Dugout Canoes* "Nootkan"-type canoe* .... . . . . + + + + R R- "Northern"-type canoe*.- - - - + + + + + + + + + *+ + + +*- "Northern" type: no cutwater* . .. + + + - - + + - - "Spoon" canoe* . . . . . . + + - + Kvaqiutl "war canoe".- - *- *- + + Dugouts of cedar.+ . . .. + + + *+ *+ + + + + + + + *+ *+ + Dugouts of cottonwood . . . . . . . . .S - - + - - + - -*+ Other Canoes Cedar- or spruce-bark canoes*. . . - +)*- - + + + + () - (+) - + - 389. Ends bound in withe clamps*.- | _ - + + + + + - + - in-covered canoes .... . . . . . Canoe Appurtenances arved decoration* .- , | - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - anted decoration*. .........,..|- + + (-) |+ + + + + + + |+ + - + + + - pitted floorboards* . ....................... + S -+ + +(-) + (-)+ + + + + + + + + - 182 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS T1 HNT NC N2 |K KR KW BC K0 CC KX TH TG GK BM HS IS 394. Paddle: "crutch handle"* .+... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 395. Paddle: leaf blade* . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _*+ - - - + + + + + 396. Long slender tip* . . . . . .. + + + - +- 397. Paddle: angular blade* . . . . . + +- 398. Paddle: round-tipped blade ........ + + + + - S + _ _ 399. Paddle: painted .... . .......... | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 400. Blackened over* . . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + _ + + _ + + 401. Decoratively * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S - + + + + + + + + + + + + 401a. Poling rod: plain point .+......... + + + + + + + + + + + + 402. Bailer: wooden triangular* ..... . . + + + + - 403. Bailer: cedarbark, cross handle*. . . . - + + + - - S- 404. Bailer: cedar scoop (makeshift) . . . . . . + + 405. Bailer: wooden scoop* . .- - - - R + + + + + + + + 406. Stone anchors ..-....... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 407. Grooved* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - + + + S ++ 8: 408. Sails used* ..-.+.. . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +' 409. Spritsail rigged* .. .. . S+ ++ R - ++ + R ++ + 410. Square-sail rigged* .. . .-. . S - + - S + + ---_ 411. Cedar-mat sails . .-.. . + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + 412. Board sails. 413. Hide sails .............. WO0DWCKITG Tools 414. Stone chisel.+*- + + + + + . + + + + + . - 415. Hafted .. + + - + + - _ + + - 416. Grumet on haft . - + + - + + - _ + + _ 417. "Pear-shaped" stone hand maul*.+ + . . . . + + + + + + + +- 418. Stone maul, lateral striking head* ................... |----|---+ - -- ---|-- a 419. Chopping adze* + |+ + (+) |+ + a CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWdEST COAST 183 MIl NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KK TH TG GK HMHS LS W .Woodenwedges* . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 421. Symmetrically tapered* .+ + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + 422. Curved*.- + - + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + 423 Withe grunet on head .+. . . .... . + + + + + + + + + + + + | Horn or bone wedges.+. ... S Natural stone for wedge-driving* .... . S S + + + +- RHafted stone sledge hammer*.+ + + + + + - + + + + Wooden maul of trunk and branch* . . ++ +s S 4 D-shaped" adze* . . + + + R + + +- 'Elbow adze*. | _ _ + *+*+ + + + + + + + + + + + 430. Adze blade, stone .+ - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 431. Adze blade, bone or shell .- + + +- Woodworking knife: beaver tooth* .- - - - + . . . - . . + + + . - + - 433. Haf ted .- - - - + . . . - . . + + + . - + - Shafted bone drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . (+)+ + + + - (+). + + Climbing ring* ............... *- + *_ + + + + + + - - _ _ Techniques Trees chiseled down ............ . + + + + + + + + | 437. Fire as aid ........ . + + S - + +- frees felled with chopping adze* + + + (+) + + + + Part split from standing tree*. + + + + + + + ++- r(- ) - Canoes hollowed with adze and wedges only* . | - *-+ - _ - + Canoes hollowed by burning . . . .+ + | + + + + + + + + + - + + + - Canoes spread by steaming*.. ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Superstructures on bow and stern* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Gunwale strips pegged on.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1ullcleaned by scorching* . + + + + + + + + | + + + iellinlay decoration in woodworking* . . . - + - + + + + + + + + I + + + + + l ~~~Cedar Boxes*llll l KSidea of one piece, kerfed ..... ....... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 184 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK R KW C KOK EC ITH TG GKE|M RS 447. Steamed over the fire* .+ . + + + + +--------+ 448. Steamed in pit* . . . .(+) + + + + + + + - + 449. Bottom mortised* . . . . . . . . .- - - - S S + S + + + + + + + + +| 450. Plain flat lid* .... ....... . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 451. Flanged lid (overlapping)* ... . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 452. L-shaped lid*.- | + + + + + + + + - + + _ | 453. High mortised lid ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + 454. Boxes decorated* .-+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 455. Realistic painting* . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + | + 456. Realistic carving* . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + - + + 457. Fluting .-... . . . . . . | - + + + + + + + + + + + + S + 458. Corners painted* . . . . . . . . . . . 459. Boxes for food storage ...... o - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 460. Boxes for treasure.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 461. Boxes for water bucket"* .......- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 462. Cross handle* .- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 463. Boxes for canoe water-container* . - + + + + - - - - - + + - _ + 464. Lid pegged on*.- - + + + + - - - - - + + - - + 465. Hole for access* . . . . - - + + + + - - - - - + + - - + 466. Sucking tube for drinking* . - - + + - + - - - - - - - + 467. Boxes for hunter's kit* . . .. . + + + + + + + + + WEAPONS (other than harpoons, etc.) Bows 468. Simple bow . (-) + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + 469. 5'-6' long . . . - + - + + + + + 470. 4' long.- + + + _*+ _ -+ + _ 471. 3 'long . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - 472. Wide thin limbs, tapered ................ - + + + |+ + + ()++ + |+ + + +| + 473. Flat belly, roundiedback .... .. - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 185 NHI NT NC N2 KK KW BC OKC TH TG GK EMHS LS LC 474. Grooved belly ......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S - 475. Constricted grip .- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 476. Recurved tips . . . .|- + + _ I477, Round limbs, slightly tapered.... . . . .. + 478. Wrapped grip .......... . . + 479. Recurved tips ..........+ 480. String shock receiver. . . . . . . .. + Simple bowas minor type . . . . . . + -+ - - (+) + lined bow.++----_ (+) + + _ . Wide thin limbs, tapered . |+ +- _ + + + _ | Round limbs .. .... + + Reflexed bow.+ _ _ _ | (_) + + _ + bowrstring ....... . I_+ + + I+ _ __+ + + I+ + + ......................... + + I+ S rbowrstring .... ... .|+ _ _ _|_+ _ + ___|___....................... rtle-fiber bowstring ... + - painted (decorative) . . - S S + + + + + e blade on bow .S.-.-.-.-.-..-. -S Arrows d arrows, of cedar* .. I + + + + + + + S + + + S + - + + + - 2.Carved grip*.* * * * + + + + + + + + + - + + + - of hardwood shoots .+ _ _ - *S - + - - - + 3a. Straightened by warming, bending with hands .. . + _ _ _ + - + - - - + ering: triple, radial. - + + + + - + - S *S + ering: double, radial* ...+ + S-------+ _ + _ | _ ering: double, tangential . + + + _ + + + + + _ - | S - points .+.... . . o . . . . . . . + + + + +(+)S + + + + + + + + S + ,Iong, multiple bilateral barbs .+ _ _-+ + _ + + - + + *+ .Lng, unbarbed ............... |+ + + + |--__+ S + |+ _ + S +|(+- 0.Short, one pair ofbarbs . ... -. .... + +_ + -S -__ + _ 186 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _______________________ H NT NC N2 KK K KW BC KO KC KX TE TG GK | S 501.Shellpoints*.- + + -. + - - - + + + + - * + 502. Goat-horn points .0.0.0.0.0.0. . . . ... . O O O O O O + S _ + + + 503. Unbarbed, socketed .0.0.0. . . ... . | O O O O | + + --- + + + - 504. Stone points*.. . .. . + _ + _ + _ + 505. Imported.......+ _ + + - 506. Copper points ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 507. Hardwood points (small game) . .- +. .... . . + + + - + | 508. Multiple-point bird arrow . . . + + | _ + + + + - + + 509. Ownership marks on arrow .. . .... .... + + + + + + + S S + + 510. On point ...... ..... . . *+ *+ _ _ _ 511. On shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 512. Paint. 513. Negative pyrographic spiral* . . + + + + + S + + 514. Bow held horizontally . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 515. Bow held vertically .S 516. Thumb and 4th finger inside. . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 517. Arrow release: Primary . .+ + + + + + - (S) + + + + + S + + | 518. Arrow release: Mediterranean*.. ...* + + + - 518a. Wristguard of bone or horn . .. . . . . . . Quivers 519.Woodenquiver . . .4 + + + + - + - + + 520. Telescopic boxes (wide, flat)* .... - + + + - *-+ - (+) - - + 521. Cylindrical*.- + + + + +- 522. Skin quiver . . . . . .. .+ _ _ _ - _ S + + + + + + + + 523. Hide (Seal, etc.) . . . . . + + + + + + + - + 524-. Buckskin. + -------+ + + 525. Moose-hide quiver, imported. . . 526. Combination bow case and. quiver . . + . 527. B3asAetry quiver ...........................+ + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 187 NH NTNC N2 KKEKR KWBC KOEC KK TH TGGK M4HS LS LC Quiver carried on side* . + - + + + + + + + + . + + Quiver carried on back* ....... . + S _ S War Cluibs* Plain wooden clubs..+ + S - + - - - + + Horn clubs, with spike . . . .+ + | (+) -. Stone or bone "pick," hafted L . _ *+ _ _ + _ _ . . + + Whalebone clubs .......... . .. . (*-) + + + + + - + + + + + - + + - - 534 Flat, two-edged + + + + + - + + - + + - + + - - Stonepunch, cylindrical*.- - + + + + - + + - + + - (+ _ Daggers Dlaggers of bone . . + + - + + - + - + + |- Daggers of copper . . . . . S *+ Pikes se-tipped.- + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + ipped .. . + +- For war ......... .. .. .... . | + + + +| + + + + + + +| + + +| + | + + Slings ings used for war .-...... . . . + + *. . + + + - + + _ + + _ + _ - _ ings used as toy only ....... . . . . _-+-+ + Armor de tunic (long) . - - - - - + + _ cuirass . . . . .+ . + + - + - + + + + + + + - _ adrod jacket .......+ _ + _ | + _ + _ | + d cedarbark jacket (heavy).- - + + . helmet .... | _ . _ _ _ | _ _ _ _+_ _ + + + + + den helmet ....... ... *+ + ~ + | |+ + . Eeldweth teetha.n l | + + + +| Ldorwood* ..+ _ +---+ 188 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK E KW BC KO KC aX TI TG GK HM HS 553. Round .+ + _ _ _ _ 554. Rectangular ....... . . . 555. Arm guard of heavy hide for bow hand + _ + DRESS (Nonceremonial)(M = Men, W = Women, + = both) Clothing* 556. Robe of sewn skins*.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 557. Robe of woven yellow cedar bark* .+ + + + + + + + + (+) + + - + *+ + 558. Fur-trimmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(-) + + + + + + + + (+) + . - + + 559. Robe of woven (goat) wool* . . . . . . . . . *+ + 4. + + + +*_*_ *_*_ 560. Robe of woven skins.*_ + - _ 561. Robe belted .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 562. Woven belt .... . . . . . . . . . . + + - S + - + S + + + + 565. Cedar bark (plaited) ... . + + _ + + _ + _ _ _ + + 564. Wool .-... . . . . . . . . . . _ *S + + + _ _ 565. Leather belt ... . . . . . . . . . . S + + S ++ _ + .S - - 566. Buckskin shirt . + _ *M -M M - - 567. Long sleeves + M _ . 568. Shredded bark front apron . . . . . . . . . . .+ W *- + *W W + + *(W) S _ _ _ + + 569. Fur front apron . *M *S M M - | - 570. Buckskin front apron . ...... M W M W - _ 571. Rear apron worn (same material as front) . .-* W 572. Knee-length gown of buckskin . ...... . (W) -*W W | - 572a. Long-sleeved ............. 573. Breechclout of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . (M)M 574. Shorts of buckskin ............. 575. Leggings of furs* .- - + M M M - M + + _ _ 576. Leggings of buckskin*.M-M _ _ 577. Leggings for daily wear .......................... M-___ _______ _*+ M _ _' 578. Leggings worn in mountains, cold weather only ....... ..........___-_+ M M M *M M - _ _ _ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 189 NHNTNCN2 KKKRKWBCKOKCKX TH TGGK HMHS LS LC Moccasins. . . + M + M*+ M + + - - 858. Daily wear. + - - - - + - - S + 581. Worn in mountainss, cold weather, only - + M + M + M + - - + - C abination suit of pants and moccasins (one- Lpiece) . . . . .I + d parka . . . . | + ain hat* ..+ + + +*+ +(+)+ + + + + + + + + + 585. Wide flaring brim* . . . - + + + (+) + + + + *i *+ + + *+ + corated dress hats* ........... . . -. + + *- + + *+ + + *+ + *+ *+ + + *+ + 587. Painted decoration ..- + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + + + 88. Woven rirngs on crown* ........ . S S + + + + 589. Convex brim* .. . +. .+. . | + +-+ tnical rain cape* .. + + + + + + + + - . .*. *. 591. Of twined red cedar bark . . + + + + + + + + - . |. . 29. Fur-trimmed .. + + + + + + + + _ . . . _ r cape of (doubled) cedarbark matting* * * * * * (+) . . . + + | bear- beaverskin for rain cape . . . . + + + cap (in winter, etc.)* .... . .. . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ttens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + e innice weather* .... .. . . M .-M - - - M - - Hair Dress r short (to neck or shoulders) . ..-.-.-. | - -- M -M - M M *M lon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . . . . . W +l + + Wl + + + + Worn loose . . M . . . . . . . . . M -M M-MM MM -|M M - - Knotted behind or on side .... . .. MM M MM - MMMM MM - + M M - Knotted on top* ........ . M.... . M M M M M - MM- Braided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W W+ + W W W WW W W W + 603. One braid (behind). M + --W W W -| W W S |6D4. Twobraidsn. ................. |W W WW |W W+ + W W(W)| W WW - - |W S Fdwooden comb* ..................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + 1,7~ 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC K TH TG GK BHMS 606. Carved bone cmb .+ + _ _ | , Facial Hair 607. Eyebrows trimmed (plucked) .W W W W *-W W W W (W) - W W W - . 608. Men wear beards . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . S S S + + + + S + S S + 609. Men pluck beards . + + + | + + _ | + - S S R; 610. With fingers . + + + _( +- _ - _ _ _ + - + _ 611. With tweezers - _ _ - (+) R Mutilations and Ornaments 12. Tattooing* . . . . . . . . . . . .B. . . . . R + + + |R*+(B)- + + + + + + + + + 613. Facial. . ....... | M - - - - M M - -- SS - 614. Line connecting eyebrows . . . . M - - - - M - - - 615. Arms ....+. . + - + + + + + + + + W + + + 616. Chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M M- - M M M MM + + M ++ | 617. Back and legs . + + - 618. Crest designs.- iR - -. . + + + + + + + + 619. Tattooing by pricking* ... . . . . + + , - _ + + + + + + . . 620. Ears pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x + + + + + + + + + + + 621. Lobe and rim* .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + |+ + + + 622. Haliotis pendants .+ + + + + + + + + *_ + + + + + + 623. Dentalia pendants .+.+......... ... . S + + + | S + + + 624. Tooth pendants ... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 624a. Shark teeth . ... ...... + + + +*+ 625. Copper pendants .+..... . .. . . . . . S + W + + + -s + + 626. Wool pendants ....... . .. .. . + + + R 627. Bone pins ..... . . . . + - - _ + + (+)+ + + + . _ _ 628. Ear ornaments worn daily* .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 629. Nasal septum pierced ........... . M + + + + *S + + + + + + + + + + 630. Haliotis pendant*.- + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + 651. Dentalium pin .-...................... + + S . _ _ , , . . _ _- CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 191 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK |M ES LS LC 652. Bone pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + S + + - + 633. Wooden pin .... . . ...... . + + + + . _ _ _ . 634. Feather quill ........ . . . + + . . 635. Nose ornament worn daily.- + + + + . + + + + + S + + - + + Labres...W W W W W W W *W W 637. Wooden + + + + + + + + + 638. 3one .+ + + + + + + + + 639. Wcrn by all women .+ + + + - + + + 640. Worn by high-rank women only .+ - - - - + - | .Head ietormation* .......... . . + . + + + | W + + + + + - - - - 6.42. Cowichan type'* ........ ... | + + + + - + + + (+)- 643. Koskimo type"* .-.............. . | - - - W - 644. High-rank women only.- - - -+ - - - -- Nonritual face painting . . . . | + + + + * * W W W +* W W W W + ++ 646. Pitch and grease.- - - - + + + - + + - + + + + + + + 647. Covered with red paint.- - - - + +-+ - - + - - + 648. Red paint and tallow .+ + + +- 649. All-over (protection against sun, wind) + + + + + + + - + + - + + + + + + + 650. Designs .-.......... . . . . . . . S - - - W- Necklaces .. .. .. ... ... ... ... + W W W W W W + W W W W W WW R W ,652. Dentalia ..... . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W W + W . w W w w - w 653. Tubular copper beads ... . . . . . . + 654. Daily wear ..... . . . . . . . . . W W w w -W . W W WW W W R W elets . R R R W W WWW - W W W W W W W |656. Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . w - W- W W w 657. Dentalia.+ + - + . . . . . . + - | _ ts* . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. . W W W W W -w w -w w w 59.H13:ide .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | _- + + + + _- + EO0. Copper ......... -............... _ _- - ____+ + - + 192 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC No E KK KW BC KO KC TH TG GK lMIS LS 661. Dentalia . .... . . ....... . + ++ _ Personal Care 662. Urine detergent . ... .. . | + + + + + + + + - + + + 663. Sweat bathing (see nos. 375 ff.) . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + +| 664. For cleanliness . ........... 665. For minor ills .-..... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 666. Steam bathing, hot stones and water . . + + + + + + + + + 667. Sit on box or over pit, covered with blanket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +- 668. Hair oiled _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 669. Oil and scent .+ S S - + + + + + + + + TEXTILES* * * Matting 670. Cedarbark checker mats ..+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 671. Vertical warps, horizontal wefts* . + + + + + _ + + + + + + 672. Diagonal warps and weft* ....... + + + + + + + + + - 673. Worked on floor .+........ + + + + _ _ + - + + + + + - 674. Worked on frame ('half-loomt). | _ _ + + + - + + *+ + 675. Work from middle toward ends * * * + + + + + + + + + + + 677. Designs in red (see no. 941).* * * *.+ + + + + + + S + + + 678. Designs inblack (seeno. 944) + + + + + + + + + + + 679. Long feastmats ...... . . .... + + + + + + + + + + + + 680. Tule mats.P. ........... R + + R-- - 681. Twined .*.-.. . . .. . . *+*+ - *-- -l . 682. Sewn ..+ + +. .-. -- - . . . . . . . . 683. Long curved wooden needle .. . | + + + | 684. Creaser............+ + +-. . Basketry 685. Cedarbark checker baskets* ................|+ + + + |+ + + + + + 686. Vertical warp, horizontal weft . . .. + + + + - + + + + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCIKER, NIORTHWiEST COAST 193 NE NT NC N2 KK K KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HM HS LS LC 687. Diagonal warp and weft . . + _ _ _ + + + + *+ 688. Reinforced rim + + + + + 689. Large storage basket* .+ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + 690. Burden basket .?... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + | 691. "Hand basket ..-. . . . .4...... . .- + + + ? + + + + + + + + - 692. Folded hook- and harpoon-holder* . . * + + + - 4- - (+) + 4- 693. Spoon basket .... . . . . . ... . + + 4 - - + + + - | 694. Box cover .... . . . . . + | 695. Twined basketry .... . . . . . *R *B*R *R + + + + + + *R 4- + + 696. Spruce-root warp .+......... . | + + + + + + | + + + 697. Sprace-root weft .?......... . | + + - + + + + + | 698. Suspended warps ........... . + + + + S - + + | 699. Imbricated design .-. .-. .-.-.-..-+. . _ .Wsrp-twined basketry.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - I 701. Cedar-splint warps+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ 702. Cedar-splint passive wefts .+... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ 703. Spruce-root active wefts .+.... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . | 704. Wild-cherry bark active wefts .+ + + *R + R -- - - - - - 705. Rectangular shapes, wedge bottom* . . + + + + - + - - - - - - - 706. Rectangular shapes, flat bottom . . | - - + + + + + + + + + + + + - - 707. Burden baskets (general use) .+. . . . + + + + + + + + + - - - |* - 708. Olachon burden baskets only* ..... + + (+- 709. iHand baskets"* .+...... .. . . . + + + + + + + + + - | - - 710. Wedge baskets ........ . . . . .+ + + + + + - | _ _ - Coiled basketry.* - *. * -- -- -- - - - . . _ | Fabrics lellow cedarbark blankets woven .+.... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - *- + - 719. Soaked to soften .+.. . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + | + (-) - - + - 720. 3eaten Qo separate fibers .............. |+ + + +| + ....... + + + + + + | + -| - + -| 194 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HM HS LS 721. Grooved bone club ....... (-) (-) . + + + - - - + (-) +*(-) | + 722. Grooved wooden club .... (-) (-) +..+ + + l _ _ + 723. Stone club (paddle-like) . . . . (-)(-) - - *+ - - 724. Yarn spun on thigh (no spindle) ... | + + + + - - - -+ i- 725. Yarn spun with spindle . _ - _ + + + + + + + + + - - _ . 726. 4- 5" whorl .- - - - + + + + + + + + + - - _ _ 727. Goat wool woven ........... . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + (-) + + 0 0 728. Wool imported ....... .+ | . . . . .. 729. Spun on thigh (no spindle) .... . . 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 -l 730. Two-ply . . . . . . ......... , . 731. Spun with spindle . . . 0000 + + + + + - + 0 - 732. Goat wool and yellow cedar mixed 0 0 0 0 + _ + + - 0 0 733. Suspended-warp loom .... . . . . . . . ..+ + + + + + . . + - - + 734. Yellow cedarbark warps.+ + + + + + + + + + + * + - - + 736. Goat-wool warps . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0- + + - . - |- 737. Wool-and-bark warps .0. .0.0. .... . (+) - -i 738. Cedarbark wefts ..+.. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + 739. Goat-wool wefts with bark warps . . . 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + + - + - - - 740. Goat-wool wefts with wool warps . . . 0 0 0 0 0 - + + - + - | * - - | 741. Goat-wool wefts on borders only . . . +-. . _ _ _ 742. Plain checker weave ..(+) + . + - . - - 743. Plain twined weave .+....... . . + + + + + (+) + + + + | + 745. Twilled twined weave. 746. Woven decoration. 747. Crest designs. 748. Black dye. 749. Blue dye. 750. Yellow dye .I... | - 751. Weaving in panels ................. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 195 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HM HS LS LC 752. Three-strand overlay twined design borders + | 753. Long fringes. + 754. Pattern boards. + 755. Made by men. + 756. Notched gauge for measuring yarn. + 757. Gut and bladder sacks for yarn + Woolen belts, packstraps, woven ... . ... 0 0 0 0 0 (+) + + + + 0 0 + |Woven fur robe .......... ... . . . . + - _ _ _ + - - - 760. Four-pole frame . ............. . . . . + - - - - - + - - - _ 761. Checker weave . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) Varia Spindle (with whorl) for twine making . . | + + + + + . *+ + - - Porcupine-quill embroidery .... . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - *+ 762a. Feather quills used .S... . . . . . S 763. Simple overlay stitch ..... . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - 0- - - 0 - + * 764. Cross-stitch .... . . . . . . . . .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - | 0 - + | 764a. Wrapped fringes . .0.0.0.0.0. . . . | O O O O | - - - - _ - - - | - + Red Cedar Bark Shredding Shredded over board ........ .... . . . + + + + + + + 0 * 767. Whalebone shredder . *- (+) + + + + - - - + + *+ + + 0 H768.ardwood shredder .... . . . . . . . - S + + + + + *+ - + 0 769. Perforated handhold . _ (+) + + + + + + + + + *+ + + 0 | ~~~SKIN DRE5SSING .Sin dressing by: M, men; W, women (+ both) M M + + M + + + + W W W re tanned . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . || + + + + + + + + + + + + 772. Four-pole stretching frame ... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 775. Kelp lashing ..........|j +-_____|___ + | _ ' 774. Cedarbark lashing .....................S+ + +++ + ++ - 196 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _NH NT NC N2 K R KW BC KO KC KX TE TGGK GX S H 775. End scraper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + . + + + + + + + 776. Stone blade, hafted .-.-. . . . . _ _ + . _ _ + _ 777. Bone blade, hafted .-.-. . .-. . _ - . +- - - -_ 778. Side scraper of mussel shell + - - (+) + + + 0 + + 780. Tanning agent: urine . . . . . . . . . + + + 780a. Tanning agent: rotten salmon roe . . . + + _ _ S _ . 781. Tanning agent: tallow or oil .... . + + + - + (+) - + 781a. Tanning agent: brains ... . - _ S _ R | _ _ + - 782. Buckskin made ............... . + + + + + + + + + - _ 783. Hide laid away to slip hair .+.. . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 784. Dehaired by plucking . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + _ | + 787. End scraper . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + l l 788. Side scraper .. . . . + + _ + + + - _ _ _ 790. Sandstone buffer ... . . . . . + + + _ _ _ - 791. Tanning agent: deer brains ..-... . l + _ R -R + | + 792. Tanning agent: oil or tallow .+.. ..- + + - + +- - + 793. Tanning agent: salmon roe . . + + - _ + _ _ . 794. Buckskin smoked ...... .. . . . . + - + _ _ + + + + | 795. Frame over pit ..... . . . . + - + - - + + + + - _ 796. Rotten wood fire .. . + _ _ (_) + . . _ t PACKING AND LAND TRAVEL* 797. Basket for packing .+........... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 798. Skin bag for packing..........- - - 799. Imported - - -. . . . . .......... 800. Net for packing* . 801. Fiber packstrap, woven . + + + + + + + + + + S + + + + 802. Cedarbark (plaited strips) ... . . . + + + + + + + + _ _ + + 802a. Twined (shredded) bark fibers . ................. | - + + +|ll ll 803. Goat-wool .0000- - - - - - --............... O O __ __ _+ S _ _-( CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 197 NEH IT NC N2 KK R W BC KO KIT KX TH TG GK EM HS LS LC f Skin packstrap .............. . + - - - - - - - -S - + - - + + 805. Fur headpiece* .... ....... . (+) - - - - - - - - - - + - - + + 806. Bone pins to hold flat .-.. . . | + - - + . Eead pack (M, men; W, women; + =both) . . + W W W - W + + + - - - - + - - + + .Chest pack (M, men; W, women; +both + MM M + MM + + + + + + + + + - + 809. Head-and-chest straps for heavy loads . + + + Cross-chest pack* . | + + + + + + + _ + + _ + - Dogs packed. + 810b. Dog sled or toboggan .I Snowshoes ++ - - 1 - ++ - - + -+ + + + 812. Bear-paw + - _ _ | _ + + - - - + +- 813. Oval-frame.- | _ _ + + | + _ *+ 814. Long frame with trailer .+ - - *R R *+ + | _ + + 815. Upturned toe .+ + - - + + | - + + 816. Two-piece frame.- - + + - _ + + 817. Babiche fiLler. + (+) + - - + + + + 818. Withe filler . + (_)*+ *+ - _ | _ 819. Walking-stick with hoop - . . . . + + + - _ 819a. Leather (?) mask for snow and cold . . + MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Drums Skin drum, single head* . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ RR R R R *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + + 821. Circular frame .+... . . . . . . . . . . R R R R R R + - + + + + + + + + 822. Thong handle .+... . . . . . . . . . . . R R R R R R + - + + + + + + + + 823. Painted decorations .B. . . . . .. . . R R| R R R R + - + + ++ | + + + Wooden drums.- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 825. Long, narrow box*.- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 826. Painted decorations ............... |- + + + |+ + + + + + + |+ + + + + | + + 827. Suspended ............... |- + + + |+ *- + + + + + |+ + +| + + + + 198 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |NE NT NC N2 |RK KR KW BC KO KI K TH TG GK EM HS 828. Beaten with fist*.- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 829. Carved log drium .. . . . . . . . *+ _ 830. Ends carved . . . . (-) () (-) (-); 831. Beaten with sticks . . . + _ - - - (-) (-) (-) C-) 832. Carved sticks +- - - - - -(~) () () (4 833. 2lank drLm .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +| 833a. Ends carved* . ... ...... + + + + 834. Beaten with sticks.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 835. Carved sticks* . . . . . . . . - S S + *- + + + + S + S + + 836. -Clapping to keep time ........... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Rattles 837. Globular-ovoid wooden rattle . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + +, 838. Stirrup handle*.- - - +_- 839. Straight handle* .- - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 840. Carved . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 841. Bird-form rattle* ..+........... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 842. Imported. .... . . . . . . + 842a. Puffin-beak rattle (hoop)* . . . . . . + + (+) + + + 843. Two (concentric) hoops ..... ... ----- + - + + +' 844. Eoof rattle.- | _ - 845. Double-ended . .... . ..... . . 846. Hoof, puffin-beak, etc., dance aprons . . . + + + + + + + |+ + + + + ; 847. Hoof, puffin-beak, etc., bracelets and anklets* .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + + + + + + (+)(-) - _ 848. Hoof, puffin-beak, etc., dance leggings* . . + + + + 849. Horn or baleen rattle .-......... . . . *+ *+ *R 850. Pecten shell rattle ..- + + + *+- 851. Split-stick rattle . . . . - - - - . .... .... + + + + + + + 851a. Carved* ......... -.............. _ _- + + + + + + _+t CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 199 NE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC K0O Er, KX TH TG GK HM HS LS LC t ~~Wind Instruments ll l 2.Wooden whistles* ..... . .. . . | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - 853. Multiple* . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - 853a. Imported ... . . . . . . + + r Bullroarer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 855. With handle .+.... . .. . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ 856. Ceremonial usage . . . . . | *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ - - (+)- - - -| 857. Toy ..+ . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS r Shinxiy . . . . . . . ............| + + + +| -- +-- | + + RI + I + + 859. Whalebone ball.- - + + 860. Fiber-bundle ball.- .- . - - . - - + - - 860a. Kelp ball.+ 861. Hardwood ball ... . . (+) - .... - S + + - + - + + 862. Club with crook .+........... . + + + - + _ + + - + - + + 865. Ball buried at start . | - + - - - 864. Goal: marked by post or line | | _ _ + - _ - - + - _ *+ 865. Goal: marked by pair of posts |_ + - - - + - 866. Ball must go between + + - - - + - 867. Men play . . . + . . . . . + + + + - + + - + - + + 868. Women play (separately).- - - - - - + - - S - - (-) | _ S 869. Fixed number on side.- - - - 870. Intermoiety play .- - - -- - - + - (+) + Hoop-and-pole game . . . . . . . . R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 872. Wrapped hoop . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + + - | + |+ 873. Plain hoop ... . + . _ + + _ _ | _ _ + | _ | _ 874. Stone hoop .... . . . . . . . . . . + - - | _ _ 87. Lances throwfn at hoop .+....... ... + + + + | ......+ + + + + |+ + + |+ |+ + 876. While rolling .+....... ... + + + + | ......+ + + + + |+ + + |+ |+ + 200 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK ER KW BC KO KC K TR TG GK EM HS 877. While stationary* (second round) . + + + + 877a. Hoop thrown in air and caught (second round)*. S + 879. Losers hit with hoop .. . ....... . + + _ _ + + + - - | | 880. Men (M), women (W), play (+ = both) . M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 881. Fixed number on side . . . . . . 1+ *+ 882. Intermoiety play . , | _ _ _ _ + + 883. Ring-and-pin game .-.... . | - + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + 884. Seal humerus "ring" ,. .... . + + + + + - + 885. Root, etc., ring *.- . - | _ _ + _ _ + | | + 886. Split-stick "ring"* .+ 887. Individual play . . . . + + + + + + _ _ + . 888. For fixed number of points.- *+ *+ *+ - + + _ _ | _ *+ 889. For most points . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . + - + + + + _ _ + 890. Women's "volleyball" game . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 891. Fiber ball* .............. + + + + 892. Hit back and forth with palm of hand.. + + + + 893. Rebounding dart game* . | + + + + - + - _ Guessing Games 895. Hand game* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + R R + + + + + R + (R) (R) 896. Two pairs of bones . + *R + + + + + + + + + *R + + 897. Guess for unmarked .+... . . . . . . . . *R *+ + + + + + + + + *+ + + 897a. Play for 10 points- . ... . _ _ (_)*_ + - - _ . 898. Play for 20 points .......... ...__ . + + (+) - - + + + + 898a. Ten tally sticks, won twice . .+ 899. Tally sticks in center .+ | - (_) - + + + + 900. Tally sticks divided . . . . . . . R + + (+) + + - _ 901. Betting.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 902. Played by men (M), women (W), (+ = both) |* * * * | M MM | MM| 1 903. Singing. ............... + + + + + + + + + + + + +; CULT-URE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 201 NENT NC N2 KK R KW BC KO KC Ka TH TG GK EM ES LS LC 904. Plank drum and circular skin drum * * * * + + + + + + + + + + + t ick game* . . . . . . . . ....... .* * **| + + + + + + + + + + + + 96. Many in a "set ..'..... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + .907. Pair selected for guessing .... . + . + + (+) . [ 07a. Four (one ace, three "blanks') . . . . _ . _ | . + - _ 908. Two pairs selected for guessing . . . . . - + 909. Wrapped in shredded bark | . + + + + + + + + + + + + 910. Play for . ..... points . . . 10*10 . 12 10 10 10 20 10 * 24 911. Special play for winning points* + . + + + 912. Men (only) play . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 913. Oie on each side . . + + + + + + + |+ + + + 914. Mat for throwing sticks out . . + + + + + + + + + | 915. Hide for throwing sticks out . . . _ _-+ 916. Betting .|.......... . + + + + + + + + + + + + Dice Games thdice ...... .. . .. .. . . . . + + - -*+ - - 4 to a set ..... .. . . . . . . . + + . + . - + - - _ Men (M) and women (W) play .... . . . W + - - + - - _ iTentoaset . . . .- -.- - - - - |- -.+|. -|- - 22. Count number marked side up.- | _ - _ *+ | _ | _ 3.For ....points. | .... . . . . . . . . . . - - 20 - - - - Men and women play .-... . . . . . . . . . _ _ | + - - - - irdie, single* ..... . .. . . ... . . - - + _ _ - _ + + + + Sitting up counts 2 points . . . . . _ | - + + + + . On back counts 1 point .-... .... . |- - _ _ | - _ + + + + For . points . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 20 - - | - - (35 10 10 24 .Women (only) play . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + Pastimes*lll l l ingasmes* .........-.............. + + + | ......+ + + *+ +|___|_|_ 202 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ___ NT NC N2 KK IG KW BC KO KC K L |E TG GK EN RS 931. Walk to get stick .......... . . . + + + + + + + 932. Adults play (W =women only) . . . . . . * *W + + + + + + - - - - - 933. Tug-of-war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +* + + + + 934. Wrestling ............. + + + + + + + + 1. 935. Weight lifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ++ ++ 936. Foot races. . + + + + - + + + + + + + 937. Tops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 938. Cat's cradles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + PAINTS AND DYES 7, 939.,Red mineral paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ++ 939a. Red from swamp (scum) ..... . . + _ _ | . . 940. DIported .*....-- ....--- 941. "Red" dye from alder bark* .+ .+ + + + + + + + + + 942. Black mineral paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 943. Black charcoal paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + S - + + + 944. Black dye in mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + + 945. White mineral paint ... . . . . . . . . . . + _ + _ + + 946. White burned shell ...... .. . . . . . . + + + + 947. Blue mineral paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 948. Blue dye from copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948a. Yellow dye from moss (imported) . . . . . . . 949. Paint grinding pans of stone* . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 950. Multiple holes ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 951. Paint brushes of porcupine hair ... . . . . 0 0 + + + + | + + L 952. Diagonal tip .... . . . ... . . . . . 0 0 + + + + + + + + 953. Paint mixed with salmon roe* ... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + FIRE lll| > 954. Fire drill: simple ..............||++++++ |+ +- 955. Fire drill: bow drill* ............. ||+ _ _ _ - + CULT'URE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 203 NE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO EC X TE TG GK EM HS LS LC Shredded bark tinder ............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yire by percussion ............. . *+ *+ .Slowmatch . . . 1+ ++ + + + 1++ + + - -959. Cedar bark i rop eI........... + + + +.- + +- 960. Coals in clam (etc.) shell + + *. + + + + + _ + Torch of fine splints., bound . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + Manget firewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + Stone oil-lamps* .... . . . . . . . . . . . | + + oil-lamps*... .... . . + - R (+)+ R S R - R - | 965. Cedarbark wick . .-. | + - +-_ 966. Charred wood wick | . + + + + _ | _ - 967. Goat-wool wick .+ TOBACCO* tobacco' grown .+ + + + baccoi imported . .+ + + | _ | _ accochewed . .+ + + + + + + 71. Ground in stone mortar . .+ + + + + + (+) 2. Mixed with burned shell . .+ . + + + + 3. Mixed with other materials . ..*+ *S *+ Chewing by men and women .. . *. , | _ --+ + + + + + + bacco smoked .*(+)-+) -R er gum chewed .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CALENDAR, DIRECTIONS, etc. Calendar riptive moon count* ........... .. + + + + + ( +) (+) + + + + + | ical moon count . . . . . - (_) (_)- - - _ _ _ _ . *+ tices observed* .+.+.+.+ . .+|+ + + + + + + + + ++ a assciated with moon count* | + + + |*|*+ *+ *+ | *+ *+ 204 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC K TH TG GK HMHS Directions* 982. Tru.e cardinal directions..... .-.-.-.-- - - -+ - 983. Wind names for directions . .+. . ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + 984. Waterflow direction nomenclature* (+) + + + + - - _ *+ 985. North (on ocean) = downriver (+) + + + + - _ _ Lunar Observances 986. Lunations regulate good luck ritual . ? + + +--- -- 987. Observances during waxing only . ++ + + +--- -- 988. Shouting at March new moon ... . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ 989. Eclipse: Giant Codfish eating moon . .+ + + (+) - _ _ , 990. Eclipse: moon disappears* ... . . . . ... . . (-) + + + + + + *+ 990a. Eclipse means a chief will die . ...... + + + . 991. Siniging at eclipse ........... . .. .+ +- + + + .- 992. Mourning songs _ .+ 993. "Praying" (for health, etc.) at eclipse . . . + + - 994. Offerings (food, grease, cedar bark) burned at eclipse .+ + + _ . + + + MONEY AND VALUABLES 995. Dentalia fishery .-........ -+ - 996. Rake" of bundle of splints .- + - - +- 997. Long jointed pole handle . . . . . . . . *+ 998. Weighted .-.............. . . _ +- 999. Pope haul line .-....... .. .. .. . _ +- 1000. Dentalia boiled to remove flesh | _ + _ _ +- 1001. Dentalia collected on beach . . . . . . . . . *+ X *+ *+ 1002. Dentalia imported . .+ + + + - + + + . . + + + _ _ 1003. Opercula as valuables* ... . . . . .. . . + + + . + + . + + + + + 1005. -aliotis imported*.B + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1006. Coppers ...........................- _- * _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1007. Imported ......... -.............. |- + + +, + + +| + + +| + +| CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 205 NE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC K0 KC KX TH TG GK HM ES LS LC 1008. Made locally .-..... . . . . .. . . . *S- + 1009. Nam_ed.. . _ + + + + + + + PETS a. Dogs kept as pets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + |++ + + + + + 1009b. Used in hanting . . . . ... . . . . . -+ + + + + + + + - + + L= CYCLE Birth* * * * * * P.Parturient seclided .+ + + + + + + + *+ +* + +* + * + 101 . 'Room (or parzI-'oned corner) .+ + + + + ----- + . _ . * | 1012. Special birth t. .+ + + + + . + . + + 1015. M1sit be in lark . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 1014. Mav hear no noise ... . . . . . .. . + - + + + + + ,Midwife at tends. + + + + + + + + + + ? . + . S .*+ 1016. eired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + 1017. Female kinswoman.+ + + + + + S +- S S - . + . Husband excluded.--+ +-+ -.+ . . ,Husband tends fire, runs errands + + * + + + - + * _ . s | - .Shaman hired* ...+ + . + + + + + + . _ . . 1021. Female specialist .... . + + + + . .*+ _ + + _ _ . _ . . 1022. Difficult births only . . . . . . . . . + + - - + . . * Child Treatment Bathed with oil, medicines ........ . + + + + + + + + . + Bathed with warm water .... . . . + + . *- | + + + + - + - . . + Face shaped . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + . + . + Armsand legs shaped ..+..... . . . . . . + + + - _ - + + + + + . + + . Afterbirth: disposed of immediately .... . *+ _+ + . . + . . | . Afterbirth: disposed of 4th day .+ - + + + + + - + + - . . - | . 12. Buried . . .. + + _ _- + + + + + _ + . *. + . + |. - 13.Put in dry c ave . . . +- - . . . . . . - 206 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR W BC KO KCI X TTG GK EM HS 1031. Burned. . . . . _ . . 1032. Magic to determine child's career* . + 8() + + *_ + *- + (+) + 1033. By father .... . . . . . . . .. - . + - + - - 1034. By mother's kinswoman .... . . . . . | *+ *S . - *+ 1035. By midwife ..... . . . . | | _ _ . + - - _ + | 1036. Umbilical cord detaches in 4 days + + + + +*4+*4+|| 1037. Kept. ....... . + - _ - + + *++ - - - . .*+ 1038. Till child's maturity ..... . | - + + - + - _ _ | () . 1039. Tied to cradle 1 year.. _. . _ 1040. Disposed of.+ + + + - _ _ - + + + - **(+) | + 1041. Buried or hidden in woods . . . . (+) -+ + + - . *+ . + 1042. Magic to determine career .. . *+ *+ *+ + + - + + . + - . - 1043. Worn in old person's ear till lost - + + + _ _ _ Cradles 1044. Mat temporary cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - _(_) + - _ 1045. Furs, etc., temporary cradle . | + + + (+) - + + | 1046. Four days .... . . . . . ... . . + + + + + * + * * 1047. One moon .. ....... . . . ... . . + + . . . 1048. Wooden cradle . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1049. Dugout box.- - + + 1050. Bent box* . _ _ - + ? + - _ + + + - 1051. Oval (bent) frame, cross-sticks . | _ + 1052. Board cradle* .+ + + - _ - + + 1053. Slightly hollowed* .+ +*(+) - - - + + 1054. Basketry cradle ............ . + + .-S S - . . . . _ 1055. Ordinary openwork basket .+ + 1056. Cedarbark basket* .+ + . _ 1057. 4-slat reinforced bottcm* .4.4.. + + 1058. Double-folded large basket ................... . 1059. Bead presser applied ..........|+ - +4| + + + + + + + - __| CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 207 NH NT NC N2 K KR KW BC KO KC, KX TH TG GK HM HS ILS LC 1060. Immediately after birth . + - + + + +-- 1061. After 4 days .+ + + + - +-- 1062. For about a year ............ . | + (+) + +-- Cradle (habitually) carried in axms. + + + + + +-+ + | Cradle carried on back .+ - + +(+) + + + + + S + 1065. Slung horizontally .-........ . | | + + (_) + + + + S | 1066. Slung vertically . . . . . . . . . . . | S (s) + Postnatal Observances Mother sits up .............. | + + + + + + - - - . . - 1068. Four days .............. | + + + + + + - - - . . - lMother reclines. . . .. . + + + + + + . + |* + 1070. .. days.. 4 (7)10 10 10 .10 .12 1071. Little sleep ............ . + + + - (+) +-- . . - 1072. Little food .+ + ++ + ++(+)++ + + + + 1074. Fresh salmon taboo.+ + + + + + + - - + - . + | . + | 1075. Cold water taboo .+...... . | + + - - + + - - + - . + 1076. Water taboo 4 days ...+ . . + 1077. Food taboos ...... days . 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---10 - . 10 1. 2 1078. Fresh salmon taboo 1 moon + - - + + + - - +. 1079. Bathes after 4 days .+ + + + + +-------. - . | '1080. Bathes after 10 days .... . . . . + + . + + . | 1081. Bathes after 12 days ............. | - lFather confined to house . . . . . . . . -) + + + - +------+ , _ | , 1083. Does not hunt . + + + + + + + + * + | . + 1085. Does no work . . ...... . . + +- _ -. . . + 1086. Food restrictions .+ + + + +-------- | . | 1087. Fresh salmon taboo .+ + + + +------- . . | 1088 . days . . 4 *5( . 4 _ _ 4. _ |Feast (or potlatch) for infant .............. |+ + + + |*+ *+*+ + + + + |+ + S |- ......................... l:1090. After 4days. ............+ + + + + +-_-_ -__ -_-_ --_-_ - 208 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I1HDNT NC N2 KK KRXW BC KO KCKX TH TGCG.K HHS 1091. "An.ytime" after birth... + + + 4 + + + + + 1092. Nlame given ..... .+.... + + + + + + + + + + + 1+ + - 1093. Prenatal feast .......... . .. . ..S S S S +S S S - 1094. Namaegiven ......... ...+. . + + + + 4 + +- 1095. Chi-ld's hair singed...... . . .....+ +() + + + + + 1096. (Approx.) 10 montuhs ... .+... + + + + -1- + 1097. Feast given for .... .+..... + +? + + S- 1098. Name given ..... . ...+ + + +**-q Mutilations 1099. Ears pierced in infancy..... . . ....+ + + + + + - - - + + + + - 1100. At birth to 4days .. + + + + + - - - + ll01. At 6months to ayear ........ ..+ - S- - - - + + - 1102. 'Any time' (at potlatch) ..... . - - - + + + + + 1105. Subsequent holes made at potiatches + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1104. Nose pierced. at birth........ . .. ...+ . --+ - + .- 1105. "Any time'. ....... . .. .. . + ? + + 4 + 1107. Labret inserted in infancy (girls). . . . . . . + . . .- 1108. Before puaberty . ... .. Twinning 1109. Twins from Salmon'shome ... . ......+ + + + *+ + + + + ? ? 1110. One killed..... . . ..)..-..-.*?+- + 1111. Both parents seclud-ed .. + + + + 4 ? ? + + + 4- lllla. Move to separate house in woods . + + + + - + + + + + - 1112. Use separate door .- .....* 1115. 4 months .. .. ......+ 1113a. 8 months ..+. + + + - .- - - - - - - -- 11"4. . years .... .-... . - 4 .-4 2 1 - 1115. Food-getting taboo ... .+... + + + + + - + + + *4- CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 209 NI ND NC 1N2 IR KW BC KO XC ITG GK EMS LSLC 1119. Sing to bring salmon . . . . . + + + + + S +- --- - 1120. Whole tribe sings. . - | - *4 * (+)- - -| - . Father free of restrictions .. . . . . .+ . + 1122. Mother (only) secluded.- - - - - - -+ + | 1122a.. Fresh salmon taboo year to mother .+ + | | . No restrictions on mother .() - + | 3a. Twins separated, cared for by different women . . . + . . b. Twins have power to foretell' future . . . + + S Deformed child salmon-child" also..+ + - + + - +--- - First-Game Observances Feast given with" boy's 1st game . . . . . . + + ++ -4+ + 4- + + _ 1126. Gifts given to boy's father's sisters . + + (+)+ | 1127. For first thing killed. . . . . . (+) - + + + 4 | + _ | 1128. For first of each major kind. . . . . . + + + + + (-)-- - - - - 1128a. Taboo for boy to eat . + + |- +-- - - - - 1129. For high-rank boys only.- - - - + + - + + + + _ _ | _ _ Same for girl's first roots, berries . . . * * * * ? S -+ - + + | _ _ | _ 1131. For high-rank girls only ... . * * * * + + - - + + | _ _ __ Girls' Puberty Observances * * Seclusion .+ + 44+ + ? + + + +1+ + + + 4 + 1133. Menstrual hut . . . . . - - - -+ 1134. Room of house (or behind painted screen) + + S S | + + + + + | + + * 1135. Bed, screened off with mats, robes . . | + 1136. Sat up .4............ . + + + ++ + *.*(+) + 1137. Legs semiflexed .+ ? + + + 4 + +(-)- *1138. Reclined (nlight move about, change position) .+ + (+) + + + + + ? l 1159. Little sleep+ + 1l140. I.o speech .4........ (?&) + + + + 4 + + 4 - - 4 210 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK EM S 1141. Pebble held in teeth . . . . . . *+ + 1142. Laughing taboo . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + | + + 1143. Work taboo . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + + + + + 1144. Fingers bound with bark or goat wool . . + 1145. Makes baskets, etc . . . ...... . . + + +- - - - 1146. Scratching stick .+ + + + + + + + - - + . _ _ + + 1147. Wood . .. . . + + + + | S + + - - + . - - + + 1148. Bone ..+ + + _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . _ _ . 1149. "Girl may not touch own face, hair"* .... . . . . . . . . + + 1150. Goat-hoof (rattle) necklace . ..... 1151. Girl proctored by mother. . . . . . 1152. Girl proctored by father's sister . . . | _ _ _ _ | + + - + + * 1152a. Girl proctored by father's sister's daughter .-..... . _ _ _ _ .-. . . . _ _ + _ _ 1155. Girl proctored by (any) female relative + + + + * + + * * 1156. Primary seclusion 4 days* .. + + + + | + + + + (+) *S _ + - _ 1157. Primary seclusion 8 days* ..... ...... ......- - - -*S 1158. Primary seclusion 16 days (4 X 4)*. + 1159. Primary seclusion 10 days*_ _ _ _ _ . .+ _ + + 1160. Food restrictions (during primary se- clusion) .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1161. Complete fast .- + - - - - *+ - + + *+ + + + + + 1161a. Dwation 4 days .- + - - - - 4 - + + + *+ *+ + + + 1162. Small emount onlyr of food . . | + - + + + + - + - - - *+ 1163. Fresh food taboo (when no complete fast) .+ - + + - + _ _ _ _ 1164. Fresh salmon and olachon only.- - 1165. Fresh meat taboo.+ _ + + _ + 1166. Left-overs taboo .- ................. + _ +___|___|__ Ul66a. Anything hot taboo ........... - .._+ _ +________ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 211 NH NT NC N2 KK ER KW BC KO EDKX TH TG G BEM HS LS L 1167. Separate set of dishes, etc., for girl . . . ..... ..... . .... . + + _ .- 1168. Water restrictions .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1169. Water taboo. + _ - - + + + (-) + + + + + 1170. Stale water taboo ........ + - + + + + 1171. Small aemount only ...+ + + (+) (+) . 1172. Drinking tube.+ _ + _ *_ _ | _ | _ | .Girl bathed after (primary) seclusion . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + 1174. Fresh water (stream) ...... . . . + + + +-. - 1175. Warm water .- . _ + + + + + + + + + + + . + 31176. Hair not washed ..... . . . - + + 1177. Hair washed .-.-........... . | + + + + + + + + *+ 1178. Hair dressed.+ + + + + + + + + + + + (++ + + | + 1179. Combed and braided . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. 1180. Ends cut off ......... . *+ + *-_ 1182. Weights tied in (to make grow)* . + + + + + +. +(+) + - - | + | . 1183. Eyebrows trimmed .+ + + + *(+) + + *. + + + | + - + - 31184. Special regalia put on . . . . .. 1186. Wrist-and ankle-bands + . + + + + + | + (+) + | _ | 1187. Of cedar bark + + (_) + _ | (+) _ | 1188. Of skin . .|. ....... + s( _) + + _ _ | _ 1189. Of dentalia + _ . _ _ _ _ 1190. Of wool . . . . . . . . . . + 1191. Hood (or big hat) . . (+) | + + + + + + 194. Girl put through rings of branches* . . + + + 1195. Ceremonial feeding of girl . . + + + + + + + *+ + *+ 1196. By father's sister . . . . . . . + + *_ + *+ *+ *+ 1196a. By any kin . . + + + - 1197. Mouthful chewed, given to girl . + + . -; .- Observances after primaryrseclusion . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 212 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _ E NT NC N2 | KKR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK IM 1199. Seclusion continued in mild form* . . . + + + + + + ++ + + + + + ll99a. Indefinite period (according to rank) .... . . . . . . . . + + + + 1200. Till next menses ...... . . +- 1200a. 16 days ............ _ +- 1201. ... months.- - 1- . . . . . . 1202. One year*. - + + + + + + + _ _ 1203. Two years . . . . . + + . 1204. Wears special regalia (1184-1191) meanwhile . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1205. Girl works . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + | | : + 1206. At basketry, etc. . . + + + + + + + + + 1208. Girl runs to become active e*+ 1209. Crossing river month taboo + + + + + + + + + 1212. Special camp during fishing season . . . . . . . *+ - _ _ _ 1213. Many girls together .. * _ _ _ 1214. Give feasts, play. *+ _ _ _ 1215. High-rank girls only . . . *+ | _ _ _ 1216. Food restrictions in force . .+ + + + * + + + + + + + + + 1217. Fresh food taboo (fish, berries, meat). . . . . . . . . + + + + | _ _ + (+) + - - + (+) + 1218. Fresh salmon (only). . . . _ _ _ _ + + (- ) + + (-) 1218a. Drinking tube .| .-.... . _ *+ 1219. For one year . . . . . . . . + (+) + + + + + + ? + + 1220. For two years .-. ..-...- ---. . + +. 1220a. Hair cut and eyebrows trimmed after completion of restrictions. 1221. Postpuberty observances longer for high- rank girls . . . . . . . ............... - - + + + |+ + + |+ + 1222. Public recognition of girl's puberty l + + + + + -. ? + + + + - + + + + + 1222a. Potlatch or feast during primary seclusion ........ -..... ....... _ - + - +-____ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER., NORTHWEST COAST 213 TI NT NC N12 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HM HS LS LC 1225. Feast after primary seclusion . - 4- | _ - + - + S S - + + + - 1224. Minor, for fath.er's sisters . . . --- - + - - 1 225. Potlatch after primary seclusion . . . - - S S - - S - + S S + - + S - _ 1227. Potvlatch or feast after completion of restrictions* . S ................... S S + - + + + S + + - S 1228. Public rite" (feast, potlatch) for all -girls . . . . .............. 0 _ _ 0 | 1230. Marriage privileges shown | + + + + | 1231. Sangerfest at girl's puberty .+ + + + _ 1232. Women sing .+ + + + -- |1233 . Men s ing ............|+ + + + | 1234. Improvised "love songs ...... . + + + + _ * 1235. Ask for specific gifts .+ + + + _ * 1236. Girl's father under obli- gation to comply . . . . + + + + - * 1237. Nightly, during primary seclusion + + + + 1238. Ceremonial purification of girl ... *+ *+ 1239. Privileges displayed .+ + _ _ 1240. Masks .+ + _ _ 1241. Torches .... . . . + + _ _ 1242. Ceremonial washing of girl . . + + Menstrual Customs (mature women) Seclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . + I*(+) -* + l1245. Menstrual hut ........+ | - |- + E246. Within house .......(?) | - - - 1247. ... days . * - .. - .... - - - - - - - - - - * - 10- 4 Food restrictions . . + + . + + -(_) _ + + + _ + + + 1249. Fresh fish taboo* .+......... . | + .+ + - - + + + (+) + 1250. Fresh meat taboo .. . + + ..-. . . + | + 4a~y not walk in front of man (particularlys '' 1 1 ++1++*+++*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Mutvid sick person.......||+ + + + + + + + + * ..* * 214 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO IT, a| TE TG GK EMES 1253. Must avoid shaman + + + + + + *+ 1254. Scratching stick . . . . . . . . . _ + 1255. Husband's activity restricted . . ..+ _ 1256. May not hunt, fish ....+ _ Marriage* 1257. Formal proposal party* .+ + + + + + +*t-)+ + + + + + _ 1257a. Four old chiefs sent to ask for her . + + +- 1258. Songs, dances used .. + + + + +- 1259. Gifts given (to girl's side) as option on girl.+ + +* (+) S _ _ _ . 1259a. Bride price given* . .(+) + + (-) + + * S 1260. Marriage follows immediately.+ + + + + + + _ _ S . _ _ 1261. Marriage year or two later . .+ + + + S . + _ 1261a. After period of service by groom + 1262. Marriage party from grocm's side .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1263. Groom accompanies .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1264. Songs, dances .+ + + + + + + + + + _(_) _ _ 1266. Special marriage privileges used* . . + + + + + + + *+ *+ + + _ + + _ _ 1267. Games "to capture bride"* + + + + + + + - - - - 1268. Special privileges of bride's family* . . . . . + + + + + + + - - - - 1269. Mock fight before get bride . . *+)*S S *+ *+ _ _ 1270. Bride price given . . .+ + + + + + + _ + _ _ . 1271. Feast (only) to bride's family .+.(. 1272. Gifts given to grocm (and family) ... **+ *+ + + S + + + - + 1273. Privileges, names, etc . *+ + + + S S - *S 1274. Food for marriage feast (only) . . + + 1275. Bride taken to husband's home .. ..... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1276. Short stay at bride's hcme, first . .- 1277. Gift exchanges after marriage* *+ *+ 1278. "?epaymkent of bride price" (dowr) ... ... + + + + |+ + + + + + + |*- *. * |*- *~. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 215 NH NT NC N2 K KR KW BC KO KO KC I TG GK BM HS LS C 1279. Double or more . ....... .+ . ...... + + + + + + + + + + | - - - | _ _ 1280. Names, songs, dances . .... . S S S S + + + + + + S - - - - - - - 1281. Right contingent on childbearinge + + + + 1282. Bride redeemed by repayment* .* + + + + + + (+)- Supplementary Marriage Forms 1285. Marriage by service * + *+ 1286. With- payments . . . . *+ 1287. Poor men only . . . o . + . (-) Poor marry for small payments* . ... . + + + + + + + S + S S + - S + + 1289. Little ceremony* o o o . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - | + + + 1.290. Poor marry without payments | | _ S + S S - + + S | _ IL292. Fictitious marriages*.- - - - + + + + + + 1293. To obtain privileges - - - - + + + + (+) + 1294. To young girl (child) - - - - *S + + + (+) +- 1295. Raises her status . . . . + + + + (+) +- sidence, Types of Marriage, etc. sidence: in husband's home.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + sidence: in wife's hame* . S S.S S | S S S SSS | _ (-) + |+ | .Poor men only . + + + + + - + + + + l nypracticed . . . . . . . + + + + + + + *(+) + + + + + + + + + Mainly by chiefs . | + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + Sororal . .+ + S S *-*-*- . +*- . S + + + + + zdr . _ . . . . + _ 0 .............................. + | (+ ) + Frateral* | _ _ _ _ a . _ | ......................... S | (+) + etial mating . (-) + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ (+) + + + + + + + + Man to: m br d (+)+ + + + ,+ + + 1305. m ss d 1306. fss8d.{____- ---- (+) +|+ + + + +........................ + | + 1307.Tfss... ... ....---------- + - + + + 216 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH_ NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK fM ES 1508. f brd . +) 1309. br d ........... .* + + 1310. Chief's widow marries his heir . . . -- -S S S S S + 1311. Marriage to remote kin approved* ... . . . + + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+- 1312. Group endogamy"* .+ +- 1313. Levirate .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1314. Junior levirate only. 1515. Compulsory ...+ (- 156 ptional.++ + + ++ + + + (+ 1317. Same marriage ritual.- - + - + + - - - S + 1317a. Feast given to aounce .+..... +.- + - + + + + + S + + + _ 1318. Sororate .... . . ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1519. Compulsory ...........+ + ---+() 1320. Optional .-... - ... + + + + + + + + + + + 1321. Same marriage ritual ... .. . S S - + + + ___+ S+ _ 1321a. Supplementary marriage form or feast . + + + _ _ _ + + + S + + 1322. Children to husband on divorce* .. + + + + + + + +- 1323. Children to wife on divorce .+ + + + + + + + Mortuary Customs * * 1324. Corpse left in house .- . , | - - + - + + + + + + + + 1325. Surrounded by property . , . _ - + - + + + + + + + + 1325a. Corpse dressed-in finery . _ _ _ - + - + + + + + + + + 1326. Four days . | _ _ - + - + + + + + 1327. 'Two, three, or four. _ _ _ __+ + + 1328. Corpse eviscerated. _ _ _ _ _ _ S . S + _ S S 1329. Stuffed with cedar bark . _ _ _ _ _ _ + . . + _ 1330. Only when died far from home + + | + 1551. Mourning songs sung nightly in the house*. _ _ _- *_ + _ + + + + + + + +, 1552. By assembled tribe ..... -..... _ _ _- + _ + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 217 NENTNCN2 KK KRKWBCKOKITK THETGGKMEHS LSLC . Corpse's face painted..- - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 1336.Solid red..- - - .. + + + + + +- 1337. Crest paintings ..- - - - -- -+ + + + + + . Corpse flexed .+ + + + + + + + + + + + -++ -- * Corpseput inbox . .+...... ...... ... + + + + + + + + + + + | + + - | 1340. Carved and/or painted box. . - - - + + + + + + | + + - .Corpse taken out immediately after death . . + + + + + - +- .Corpse taken out through door . ... . |- - - . *+ + + +- . Corpse taken out through wall . .... . + + + + + -*(+) + + + + + + .Corpse taken out through smokehole. . - - - - -| - _ - _ - + 1345. Ashes thrown after..- - - ----------*+ 1346. Dog thrown after . . . . . . . . . . . + | Disposal of Corpse .a. Charnel house . | _ _ _ + + +- .b. Individual hut .B.?.+..... . . R + + -R-++ S . + + + + X c. Box put in cave .+... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + | d. Box suspended in tree .+ + + + + + +- 1351a. 13mpty decorated box put in tree + + e. Box raised on posts.- - - - - |- _-+ + _ _ f. Box put in memorial pole. 1 -I+ + *R g.Interment 1 - R *+ +*+ + + - h.Cremnation . - _ S + *+ + + S S + + 1355a. Only when died far from home .". . | _ _ + _ + + | _ 1356. Ashes put in box. | + + + _ + + + + Special burial for shamans .- | _-_-_-|+ + + + 1358. Individual hut .- _ _ -|-_- + + + + 2559. No box .... . - - - - . . . . . . . . + + + + 159a. Corpse set up erect, tied to stake . .|- _ _-| _- -_ - -__ --_-+_| + + 0i36o. Apart from other dead .-...................... - - - - - - - - - __ _+ + + + 218 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KEKR KW BC KO KC I | TE TG GK HM HS 1361. Special burial for chiefs (by letter) |. . - a - *(c) - c ef ef 1362. Special burial for slaves* . .(.. | ( -) - _ _ |- -+ + + 1363. Thrown out, not buried . . - - - + - - - + _+ 1364. Special burial for twin..| + + + + + + - l l 1364a. Individual hut .. + + + * + + - - _ _ _ _ 1365. Apart from other dead . .. . . - (-) + + + + + - _ _ | _ _ 1365a. Window" cut in coffin-box . ..- * * * . + + - _ _ | _ _ 1366. Valuables placed with corpse . . . + + + + + + + + + + l + + + 1367. Slaves killed or freed . ... . - S S S + S + + S S | * Corpse Handlers, Mourners, etc. 1368. Corpse handlers: kinsmen . .. + + + . + + . . _ - 1369. Corpse handlers: father's clansmen . . . .-+ + + + | _ 1370. Corpse handlers: opposite moiety.- | _ _ 1371. Corpse handlers: paid . . . . . . . l + + + + + + + + + + + + 1374. Corpse handlers bathe .+ | * + + + + + _ + _ _ + + + + + 1375. Discard garments . .+. | . + + + | + + -+(+)_ + + + + | 1376. Avoid river 10 days .... . . . . . . +- 1377. Widow (widower) confined . ... . * * * * + + + + . + + _ + + 1377a. In room in house* .- , | | + + _ . + _ _ | + 1378. Sits up . . . . . + + + + * + 1379. Legs flexed.+ + + + * - + _ | - 1380. Complete fast .- - . . . + + * + + + | + 1581. 4 days.+ + + + . _ . - + - 1382. "Up to 10 days".. + . _ _+ 1383. Fresh fish taboo (those who did not fast) . . + + _ _ * 1384. Drinking tube . . . . . . . l + - - - , - _ _ | 1385. Scratching stick . . . . . . . . . . + - - - . | 1386. Speech taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + _ _ + + | 1587. Face paint black ............ll + *_ _ . l+ + _- + + 1588. Face paint: ashes .- .- + ._____ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 219 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TR TG GK HM HS LSLC *. Fingers bound + . .. | | P . | | | * Released by: bathing (or washing face) . . + - + . - + + + + . Released by: burning, or purifying, clothes . + - (+) . - + + | + + * Released by: going through rings .. o . | | + . . . + _ Released by: feast . . . . . . . . . . . + - + -(+) + * S | - + Post-seclusion restrictions.l + + + + + + (+) - - 1395. Work taboo 1 year . ................ll - + + + +- 1396. Fresh salmon taboo 1 year . l l - + + + + +*_* . 1397. Water travel taboo 1 year .-. l l _ + + + +- 1398. First salmon of next year, taboo . . . *+ *+ Other relatives cut hair* . . o | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mutilations other than hair-cutting . | - _ + + + + + +- l1400a. Women scratch faces. | _ - _ _ [ + + + +- 1401. Women cut scalps above temples . . . . + + Black paint or ashes worn . + - + + + + + touse purified .o o o o o . .|+ + + + + - + + + + (+)+ + - _ | 1 404. By smoking with branches, medicines . . + + + + + - + + + *+ (+) + + | _ | Personal property of dead burned . l + + + + + + + + + + + *emorial erected* .o o o .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 44O7. Taken into house after year . + (-) + rning songs repeated .o | o o o oS S ). Annually for 4 years . | | S S rial ................ | - S + + o ....... - - *+ S _ _ + _ _ + S .a. Skull brought into house . .+ + !. Bones picked up and buried | - + 1 Handlers paid . . . - + _ _ _ _ _ _ offerings to dead* ... . o o o . . . + + + + + + + + + + Burned ............... - ----------- II _l+ + + + + + + |I+ + + 220 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KRKWBCKO KCX THTG GKBMS SOCIETY* 1416. Autonomous local groups .... . . . . .. + + + + + + * + + (+) + + + + + + 1418. Descent: bilateral . .+ + + + + + + + S RB 1419. Patrilineal bias . .+ + + + + + + + (-) 1420. Descent: matrilineal ........S + + + + + + 1421. Moieties . .. . . . . .. . . ..+ + 1422. 4 clans (or phratries). . . . . . . . . .--) + +*(-) - - 1423. Named "clans with irregular descent ...-+ +- 1424. Crests clan owned + + + + + + + + 1425. Names clan owned . . . . + + + + + + + + 1427. Privileges owned .. .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1428. Personal names .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1429 House names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 1430. Canoe names ......... ... . . + + _ +(_)_ + - S - ++ 1431. Songs, dances .+.... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1432. Territorial rights owned .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1433. Fishing places .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1434. Hunting grounds .......... (-) - - - . *+ + + + + + + + 1435. Berry and root grounds . + + + + | + - + + + + + + + 1436. Property rights in sea memals*. . + + + + _ _ + + - + - 0 + + 1437. Rights in hair seal owned . ... . | *+ *+ + + | + - 0 + + 1438. Breast and legs .- - - - + +- -*-- - 0 - - 1439. Back strips and legs*.+ + + - | 0 - 1440. Legs .(+) - 0 + + 1441. Rights in sea lion owned.- _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ 0 + 1442. Rights in stranded whales owned . _ + + *_ _ _ _ *+ _ _ _ 0 *+ *+. 1443. "Saddle" to head chief._ . + + _ _ _ - (_) - _ - 0 * 1444. Whale shared byvafl, no rights+. . . . _ , _+ - + + - 1445. Hereditary chiefs ........................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1446. Title for chief... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 221 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TE TG GK M HS LS LC 1447. Title for chief's wife" . + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + _ _ 1448. Title for chief's heir" ("prince")* . + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + (-) + 1449. Title for "chief's daughter" ("princess")*.p.. | . (+) (+) (+) ( ? + + + + + + + + l _ 1450. Title for "village" (and/or) clan jchief ...............i____|+ + + |+ + + | ++ | + 1451. Title for "house chief | . . . . . . | + + + | _ 1451a. Chiefs of group or tribe ranked . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .Named class of commoners . , + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1453. Lived in chiefs' houses .... o o . + + + + + + + S + + + + + + + 1454. Worked for chiefs . ... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1455. Could marry into chief's family . + - - - + S _ S S Slaves held . ...................+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1457. Captured in war + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1458. Bought and sold . + ................. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1459. Could marry free person . | - - - - - - - -_ 1460. Could "marry" another slave .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1461. Chief's speaker* . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1462. Hereditary office.- + + + - (+) + _ (+) (+) + + + (+) 1465. Chief's kinsman (chosen, not hereditary) . . . . . . . . . . ++(-) +() S - - - ) + 1464. War chief ..+. . + + + + + + + + + | + + + + + 1465. Hereditary office. . + + + + (+) - . . . + (+) (+) 1466. Chief's kinsman (appointed) . + - S S - (-) - _ (+) | + |- -) | -) 1467. Ritually created war chief . . . *+ *+ *+ _ . . _ Law Weregild paid for murder ...... S + + + + + + + + 1469. Man of equal rank called out to die . . - - - - -S Weregild paid for manslaughter or accidental injury ...... . . . . . . | + + + + + + + + + Weregild paid for adultery ...... -........ + _ _ . + - 222 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |IIH NT NC N2 KKKER KW BC KO KC KX TR TG GKE|M RS Social Customs ... 1472. Avunculate .(-)+ + + + + + + 1473. Youth resides with mother's brother . . _-) + (-) + + + + 1474. Youth inherits mother's brother S + + + + + + + 1474a. Kin avoidances*. + + + + 1474b. Privileged familiarity* ..+ + + + +J 1474c. Teknonyrmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RELIGION AND RITUAL Food-Quest Observances: Fishing Rituals* 1475. First fish ritual* .+.+.+......... . | + + -++ +- - + ++ + + 1476. For all species of salmon . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ +- 1477. For spring salmon (only) .... -- + -- + _ 1447a. For dog salmon (only) . . - + - - - - 1478. For sockeye (only) . .+ + - + - 1479. For olachon .0.0.0.0. . . . . .... . O O O O (-)- + +000 1480. For black cod .( 1481. Prescribed mode of carrying .-. . .. . + + + + - 1482. Prescribed mode of laying down .. . - _ - + + - + + (+) + + + - 1483. Offerings (down, red cedar bark) . . . | - + - - + + - l + 7 - 1484. Prescribed mode of cutting and/or cooking . _ + _ + + + _ + 1485. Prescribed mode of disposing of offal + + + + + + + + + - - + + + - 1486. Ritual to bring fish* .+ + + + + + + + + *+ 1487. Shrine ............... . + + + +- Hunting Observances (other than preparatory purification rite 1488. Mountain-goat rites ............ . 0 0 0 0 0 0 - *+ - + + + +* 0 1489. Offerings of meat . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 - - *+ *+ *+ 0 1490. Goat head put byrfire .0...................... 0 0 0 0 0 -*+ _-*+ | - 0 1491. Offerings made to .0000................. 00 OO_*+ _ *. _ - 0 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 223 NH NT NC N2 KKEKR KW BC KO KC I TH TG G EMS LSLC .'Bear rites* .+ + + + + - + + - - | + + + + + + + 1493. Songs for slain bear* .+ + + + -+ + + + + + + 1494. Ritual disposal of head* . .+ + -+ - - + + Marmot rites .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . l| *+ *+ Purification Ritual for Luck* Bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + +.......................... + 1497. Scraping body with "medicines" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1498. Devil's-club bark infusion drunk* . . . + + + + + + + 1499. Salt water drunk ....... . . . . + + + + | ++ + - Fasting . . . . . . .... . ... . + + + + | _ .... . ..__ + + -| + | + + + 1501. Complete fast (four days duration) . . - --+ - _ + + + S + 1502. Abstinence from fresh foods (only) . . + + + + | S - S - 1503. Abstinence from water .+.. . . . | + + + Euman remains (bones, corpses) used . .. . + + + * Continence . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0bserveances regulated by moon phases* .. . + + + + - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ . _ _ _ Shrines to bring gene . . ......... . *+ *+ - - - - - - - - - - . - - 1 1508. Images made . . ........... . *+ *+ 1509. Human remains used . . . . . . . . . . *S *+- Wife's behavior affects luck* .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ,1511. Remains quiet during hunt*. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 'Canoe maker's ritual ... . .+... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + '1511b. Ordinary bathing ritual . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + -(+) + + ShamaniEm: Source of Power * .hsman's power from animal spirits.+ + + + |S S - + S S + + Shaman's power from monsters, etc. . | + + + + S S + + + + S ) Shman's power from winter ceremonial spirits - - _ + (+) + (_) - lovice's vision quest .... . . + + + + . . . - + +(-) S - *+ *S .516. Preparatory bathing ............|+ + + + | _ _- + + - + _ - + + - | 1517 . %4Medic ines" used. .......|+ + + + | _ _- + + - . _ | + - 224 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK |M HS 1518. Fasting . + + + + _ _ _ + + _ + - _ + 1519. Continence . .+ + + + + + _ + - _ + 1520. During waxing of moon . . + + + +-- _ _ 1521. Human remains used . ..S +- - -- _ _ . 1522. Definite period of preparation . . + + _ _ _ 1523. 8 months . . + + - _ _ 1524. Novice begins by dreaming. . . . + + + _ _ _ 1525. Beccmes ill, wastes away . . _ _ _ + + + _ _ _ 1526. Taken to woods ... .. ... _ _ + + + _ _ _ 1527. Remains 4 days .. + 1528. Spirit comes to, and cures . . . _ + + + _ _ _ _ 1529. Inheritance" of shamanistic powers . . _ - - - - - - -*(+)*~ + * 1530. Heir not specified by shaman . . _ - - - - - - -(+) - + 1531. All kin assemble at shaman's death. . . + 1532. Fast 2 days. . . . 1533. Fast 4 days. . . . 1534. Drink salt water. _ _ + 1535. Sing dead shaman's songs . _ _ _ 1536. One finally gets the power _ _ _ + 1537. Falls in a trance . _ + 1538. Novice bathes, fasts, etc., after first encounter .+ + + + + + S _ _ _ _ 1539. Seeks further power + + S _ _ _ _ 1540. Cuts tongues of animzals* 1541. Shamanistic power frcm encounter (unsought) S S + S-S+_---SSSSS 1542. Novice faints near supernatural place - - - - - - - + + + + - _ 1543. Taken into cave of spirits . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + * + + _ _ _ 1543a. Winter-ceremonial spirits _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + * t (-) - - - 1544. Remains 4 d.ays . . . . . . .- . * + | _ | _- : CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 225 NE NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC K| TH TG GK EM ES LSvLC 1544a. Returns home, "dreams of i E~~~~spirits ................... . . . . . . . . . S + __ __ 1545. Taught winter-ceremonial dances . - - - - | _ _ + * + i 1546. Specific shaman's dance . . - - - - | _ _ + * + 1546a. Taught regalia, curing methods, : ~~~~etc . . . . . . . . . . . _ Shamanistic power inherited . . . . . . . + 1548. Power goes with (hereditary) dance l privilege ........ . - - - - .- - - - + 1549. Novice given spirit power magically . . _ _ - - - _ _ - + 1550. Contagious magic (hair put in river or supernatural place) | - - - - - - + .'Supernatural experience makes ill + + + + + | S - S - _ 1552. Novice stays away from house .+ + + + 1553. ... days . . . . . . . . . .. 4 4 2 2 1554. Receives songs, instructions . . + + + + | .Novitiate period (after acquiring power) , . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + _ + 1555a. Novice "doctored" by other shaman . | + - + | _ _ _ X1556. Novice sings, dances . .-..... . . - . + + + + + + + + + + - + 1556a. ... nights (- equals no definite number) . - - - - 4 4 (4) 4 4 4 4 1557. At irregular intervals.- - + +- + + + - _ 1558. At winter ceremonial.- - - - | - + + + 1559. Displays sleight-of-hand . . . | _ - + + (_) S + + + + - + (-) - + 1560. Fire-eating, handling .. . + + + S ++ | + - + 1561. Vomiting blood .-. . . . . + S S | _ - + 1562. Clinging-robe trick .. . - + S _ - + 1563.Novice takeis "shaman name.+ - + + + + + + + + + + S 154. First cure (s) free . - . . + + + (+) - _ Shman has several spirits.+ + + + + + . _ _ .S + + + + Mothamans3men.|++ + +(-) |..... + + + + + | + + |+ + + + 16.Powerful female shamans.- | _ _ - S S - S - + |(_) - . S 226 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |NH NT NC N2 KR KW BC KO .; KI |T lr, GKEM HS Shamanism: Regalia 1568. Red cedarbark headband ... . . . . . . . . + + + + ++++ S S +* 1569. Red cedarbark neck rings ... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + | 1570. Ermine skin pendants + + _ _ _ 1570a. Carved bone pendant ... . . . . . . + + l 1571. Coronet of claws or horns ... . . . . . . . + + + | 1572. Eagle down on head ... . . .. + _ + + + + + + + + + + S 1573. Necklace of carved bone pendants . . . . . + 1577. Dance apron .... . . . . . . ..... . . + + + + + + + + + + 1578. Hoof or bird-beak pendants + + + + + + + + + 1579. Knee-length leggings _ + + + 1580. Globular wooden rattle .- - - - S + (-) + + + + + + + 1581. Zoomorphic rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S+ ) 1582. Baleen or horn rattle .-.. . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ _ 1583. Face paint black .-.-.+.+. . . . . . . .. . . . . . + + + + _+ S 8 1583a. Face paint red . _ + + 1584. Masks worn . - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1585. Shaman's hair never combed .. , + + + Shamanism: Disease and Curing 1586. Disease caused by intrusive objects .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1587. From natural source.+ + + + + + + + + + + (+) 1587a. Frcm shaman's grave. 1588. From evil shaman (see no. 1645).... + + + + + S + + - _ _ 1589. Disease caused by black magic (see no. 1651) + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1590. Disease caused by soul loss .. . . . . + + + + | + + + + + + + + + 1591. Through fright . + + + + (+)+ + + 1592. Disease by intrusion of evil spirit .+ + + + + + - (+) - | _ 1593. Shaman sings, dances ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1594. Becomes possessed by spirit ...........................*_)(*_) + + (+) + + + + + + + + 1595. Performs sleight-of-hand . . ..+ + + + S _ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 227 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BCKO EC K TH TG GK MHS LSC 1596. Dances with masks . . . ....... . | | _ S + 1598. Blows water over patient + + + + Intrusive objects extracted . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1600. By sucking .... . . (-) + + + + + + + S +- 1601. By pulling out with hands . . + + + + S S SS ++ _ _ _ 1602. By motioning (not touching patient) . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + 1603. Object displayed._ + + S - + S S 1604. Object sent away .S S S + s+ + + + + + + 1605. Object destroyed .+ + + + - + - - + 1606. Burned.- _ + S - + - - 1606a. Put in urine ... . . . . .. . .(-) S S + Intrusive spirit extracted .+ + + + - *+ - (+) _ 1608. abtracted with hands .+ + + + - - - + - 1608a. Extracted by sucking .... . . . . . S - + _ + - _ _ 1609. Sent away ..... . . . . . . . . . + - S S _ + - + _ 1609a. Destroyed ..... . . . . . . . - + S S .Lost soul recovered ...... .. . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *- S + + 1611. Shaman sees when dancing.+ + + + + | + + | . (+) + 1611a. Shaman drinks salt water 4 nights . . + 1612. Shaman dreams of + + . S + - . _ . . 1613. Sleeps on clothing of patient . + + . + _ . _ _ 1614. Shaman goes after in person . . . . . .(-) S + + + + _ _ _ 1616. Shaman sends familiar to get .... (-) S - - + + (+) + + + + 1617. Pantmnime search . . . . . . . . - - (+) - + + 1618. Shaman "calls back' by songs . * * * * (+) + - - | _ _ _ _ _ | - _ | 1619. Sh=mn may see solal lying about . . . . + _ 1620. Shaman captures soul in hands.- + + + + _ _ _ 1620a. Shaman captures soul in bone tube . . + + - 1621. In eagle down ......... .- + + | + - _ _ - 1622. puts on patient's head .......+ + + + + + + + + + + _- 228 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NE NT NC N2 K KR KW BC KO KC a C TE TG GK BM HS 1623. Disease cured by society performances . . . . |*(e) . **+ | - _ _ _ _ | _ _ | 1624. Singing and dancing by members . . . *+ . *+ *+ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1625. Minor ille only ., ..... . . . . . *+ *+ *+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1626. Payment offered when begins cure . .+ + + + . + + + + + + 1627. Spirits may demand more + + 1628. One payment for cure (many treatments) + + + + + + + + + + + 1629. Payment made whether cures or not . .+ + + + + - + + + 1630. Partial payment if fails . . _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ 1631. Clairvoyance by shamans ..+ + + + + + + + + + + Minor Shamans, etc. 1632. Special class of clairvoyants ....... . + + + + 1633. Foresee events ... . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1634. Diagnose disease ... . . . . . S S 1635. Cannot cure .... . . ... .... . . + + + + 1635a. Chiefly women .+.. . . . . . . . . . + 1636. Class of minor "doctors + 1637. Cure by singing + 1638. Cure by massage, etc. .... 1638a. Cure by brushing with feathers + 1639. Power frcm supernatural experience 1640. Knowledge learned ........... 1641. Treat minor ills only ......... 1642. Mostly women .+.. . . . . . . . . . . 1643. Special wealth, hunting powers + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1644. Encountered + + + + + + + + + + + + Black Magic 1645. Disease sent by shamans + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ 1646. Regular practitioners + + + + S + + + _ _ _ 1647. Power froxm special spirit . . + + + + + . . _ _ _ _ _ 1648. Send pebble,, shell, bone, etc. . .... |+ + + + | ......+ + + + _ | _ - | CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 229 IN NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KOKO KX TH TG GK HM 1S LSIJ 1649 Curablc .. + + + + + + + + - 1650. Extraction by sender only . + + + + - Disease frcm contagious magic ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1652. Body effluvia put with corpse, etc. . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1653. Incurable by regular shaman ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1654, Detected by regular shaman . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1655. Magician forced to undo ... . + + + + + + + + L656. Done for hire . | | .. S S + S + + S + + + ,Contagious magic learned secret .. . | + + + + + + + + + + + S S S 1659. Inherited in certain families .+o . | + + + + . (+) + + + + + |(+) () * Contagious magic from revelation . . ..... 0 - - - + + 1661. Possession by mouse . ... . | -- - +- + S 1662. Magician "cured" by driving out mouse - - - + + 1663. Magician thrown in water . . | - - -- + + 1|646 Magic from vision experience . - - - S 1665. Magician assumes animal form . . - - - + 1666. Magician travels miraculously . - - - * + Regular practitioner kills (without shooting" object) ............... + + + |1668. By sending spirit (or "in dream") + + + 1669, Pantomime struggle . . . . | + 1670. "Fight" with other shamans or magicians + + Souls, Ghosts, etc. ecial land of the dead* .. (+) + + - + + + + - + + + + + 72. Village near that of living .- - + - - + - + * 73.Above .... ... ..... . | - - + + - - + - - - | _ , . S 74. Underworld ............. . (+) - + + - + (_) (+) + - . _ . . l 75. Progressive series of places - + (_) (_) + - . - _ . e otstay about ......... ,|+ + + + | + + + + + |+ + + + + l 77Dangerous to living ......... |+ + + + |+ + + + |+ + + + + l 230 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO EC KK TH TG GK HM BHI 1680. Souls assume animal formn.S S S + | _ (+ ) S - | + + 1681. Reincarnation ....... . | _ _ S S S + S S S + 1682. Indicated by marks (of scars, ear perforations, etc.).. 0 | _ + + + + + S + + 1683. Identity revealed in dreem.- - - - + + + + + 1684. Young kinswoman wears relic of dead person . . . . . SECRET SOCIETIES* 1685. Winter ceremonial (i.e., specific season) . . | _ _ _ + + + + + + + (+) + + 1686. Performance at any time . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+-() _ _ 1687. Ranked series of dances .. . . + + + + + + + + + + 1688. Two distinct series . . _ + *_ *. + + _*(+) + (-) 1689. Three distinct series . . . .+ + + ( ._) 1690. Unranked performances . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + (+) 1691. Two distinct societies . . . . . . . + + + +- --) 1692. Initiation by inspiration . . . . -. . _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 1693. Dance spirit "thrown into" novices by dance official .+ - - - + + - + 1694. Novice "disappears" on hearing whistle - - - - + + + + + + + + + + S 1695. Initiation by abduction . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+) - - - - - - - 1696. By supernatural wolves . .. + + + t (+)- - - - - --_ Dances 1697. Cannibal dancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + (+) + + 1698. Fire-thrower dancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + () + 1699. War dancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + (+) + + - . _ + + 1700. Warrior-fool .. ....... . - - 1701. Rook-swinging dancer . .- - - - +- - - -. _ _ 1702. Skewering dancer . .+ + + +. +.- - - - . . . . 1703. Spear- or club-carrying dancer . | - - - - + + (+) + + - . (-) + (+) 1705. Dog-eating dancer ........... .- l _ - - *(+)*(+) + + +| + + + + + 1706. Grizzly bear dancer ..... . .......|- - - - |+ + + + -- - |- - - | + | CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 231 NEH T NC N2 KKKRKWBCKOKC X THTGGK HMHS LSLC Shaman dancer ...... . + + + (+) + - - GOhostdancer . . . . _ _ _ _+ + + + + + C.edarbark society insignia . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 174. Head rings ... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - 1715. Neck rings .... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ 1716. Dyed cedar bark ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ Age-grade groups associated with ritual . (+) (+) + + ( + - - - - - - - - - - - .1719. Mens groups . ........ . + + + + + + . - - - - - - - - - | _ - 1720. Women's groups . ....... . + + + + + + . - - - - - | - - - | - 1721. Animal names . ........ . + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - t Ceremonial circuit clockwise - - ........-+ + + - | Ceremonial circuit counterclockwise.. + + + + + + + -+ + _ Masks used in society performances. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + | Bullroarer used in society performances . + + + + + _ POTLATCHES, COPPERS, AND FINANCE Potlatches* Ywntion of house group or village (not clan. units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +*+*+ *S- tion of clan or moiety . . *s*S *S + + + + + + o secret society performance* .+ + + + + + + + + + +- typotlatches* .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 730. For succession of heir (separate occasion) .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + I*- 1*-*- 731. For building house of heir (separate occasion) . + + + + + 732. For erecting memorial to dead chief (separate occasion)* .* *S + + + + + + R tlatches at life crises .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B ..irl's puberty.+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + | - 6Marriage* ... |+ + + + |+ + + + + + + |+ -................... - - |- |+ + 232 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS' NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HM S 1741. Face-saving potlatches.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1742. Ccmpetitive potlatches .(-) (-) + + + 1743. Property destroyed.|-) () + + + 1744. Pole (uncarved) to memorialize . _ + 1745. Fixed order of potlatch seats . + + + +- 1746. Seats according to individual rank .+ + + +- 1747. Tribe or clan sits as group* .+ + + + + + 1748. Fixed order of receiving .+ + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 1749. Chiefs first.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1750. In order of rank 1751. "Eagles" first. + _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ 1752. Eagles: non-chiefs . . . .- - - - - + l 1753. Names assumed at potlatch.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1754. Privileges assumed at potlatch + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1755. Gifts according to rank .+ + + + S S + + + + + + + + ++ 1756. Gifts to all guests (at major affair) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1757. Host's wife or sister gives to women .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1758. Gifts to repay services (carving, tattooing, housebuilding, etc.) . . . + + + + + + 1759. Services vicariously performed . + + + + + + 1762. Fixed seating order (of individuals) at feasts . + + + + +- 1763. Property rights in seals (see no. 1437) .--- _ + _ + + o + + 1764. Feast left overs taken home by guests . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Coppers (see also no. 1006) 1765. Value of copper from original price . . | _ _ - + + + + + + + + + + + 1766. Value remains same (or slight increase) .................... t-|--(+) S + + |+ + + + +|| 1767. Value pyramidal (or doubles with each sale)* .-............... _ _ _ + + (-) S-__ __ CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 233 NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KK TH TG GK EM HS LS LC 1768. 'Value clepend-s on size . . ............................ . . . . . + 1769. Coppers broken.- | _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 1770. At mortuary potlatch . _ _ _ + + + + + + + 1771. pieces given to guests* . | _ _ + + + + + + + 1772. In competitions ......+ - (-) + + + 1773. Pieces thrown away . ....+ _ _ _ + | + - 1774. At potlatches (for display only) . . . - _ _ + + - | - (-) _ 5 Coppers displayed at potlatches .. | _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 6 Ritual purchase of copper .. | _ _ _ | + + * * * * _- 1777. Option purchased.- - _ _ + + * _- 1778. Additional amounts requested.- _ _ _ + + . _- Finance* .Slaves as wealth ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Trade blankets as wealth .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + | + + + .Skins as wealth .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1782. Sea-otter skins . . . . . . . . . . . .(-)+ + + + + - - + + + + + + + + 1783. Marmot skins .... . . .. . . . . . + - - + + 1784. Caribou (or moose?) hides . l + + + + + + + + FLoans made .-....... . -_ + + + + + + + + + + + 1786. For potlatching . | _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + 1787. By brothers-in-law . . . . . .. _ + + + + + 1788. By anyone. | _ + + + + + + S (_) S S - _ 1789. At interest. | _ + + + + + + + + + + (+) 1790. Fixed rate . . . - + + (+)- - - - - - -(+) - _ 1791. Short term: 50 per cent . . - _ - + + *_ _ _ _ 1792. Long term: 100 per cent . . _ - - + +(*+)- - - - - - -(+) | _ 1792a. No fixed rate* i - _ *S + + + + + + + + i 1793. Loans at borrower's request .- _ - + + + + + + + + + + S S p794. Loans formally distributed by lender* _ _ _ + + + - (-) | 1795. Preparatory to potlatching . . . - _ _ - + + + - ~ (-) - - 1796. Repaid double or more .-............ | _ _ + + + - _ _ | _- 81797. Formal occasion for calling in loans* - _ _ - + + + + + + + + + 234 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS1 SUBSISTENCE WOODWORKING Fishing.--Salmon harpoon with 3 heads. Tools.--Straight adze. Multipoint spear, spread by ring. Hair "hook" for trout. Bilaterally barbed fish- hooks. Seined nets. Reef net. Crab-claw WEAPONS or deer-hoof signal device (for dip net). Fish shot with plain or harpoon arrow. Stone Bows.--Composite bow. Sinew-backed "hammer" for killing fish. Fish poison. Non- Arrows.--Harpoon arrows. Arrows fore rectangular mesh gauges. Yurok type net ed. Arrow wrench, any type. Arrow reld shuttle. Secondary, Tertiary, Mongolian. Sea hunting.--Disguise, decoys, or call Quivers. --Cedarbark quiver. for seal, sea lion. Shore screen (i.e., Other weapons.--Pike with stone blade blind?). Antler blubber chisel (for whale). War lance with detachable point. War l Land hunting.--Nets for land game (except (for throwing). Throwing board (but cla beaver). True communal hunts or surrounds. by LC to have been used by Sitka and Kl Deerhead or other decoys. Deer, elk, etc., people in a war). calls. Beaver castor bait (except recent). Special harpoon for beaver. Multiple-prong bird spear or dart. Permanent high duck net. DRESS (NONCEREMONIAL) Animals eaten.--See elements 230-255. Vegetable-food gathering.--Digging stick: Necklaces of claws, teeth. sabre handle. Acorns, camas eaten. Seeds Bangs worn. Hair brush. Women's chit eaten. Salt used. tattoo. Cookery, dishes, etc.--Salt used. (Dugout) trough for stone boiling (except LC olachon rendering). Paddle food-stirrer. Pounding TEXTILES slab, with or without hopper. Stone rendering platters. Wooden mortar. Meal brush.* Meat Fabrics.--Dog wool, duck down, cattai- or fish pulverized.* down woven. Woven (or sewn) birdskin ro Roller loom, weaver's stool, etc. STRUCTURES PACKING AND LAND TRAVEL Dwelling house.--Circular semisubterranean earth lodge (see 365). Anteroom in plank Dog sled or toboggan (except recent). house (reported for "hunter's cabin," 364, GK). Door in side. Three-pitch roof. Slid- ing door. Inverted funnel shield for smoke- MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS hole. Whale-vertebrae stools. (Wooden stools probably.) Drums.--Rectangular frame skin drum. Other structures.--Mat lodges for camps or wall drummed on. Foot drum. Basket (any type). Skin tent. Sweathouse as men's drummed.* house. Grass thatch houses. Wind instruments.--Flute. Musical bo NAVIGATION GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS Dugouts.--Shovel-nose canoe. Shinny with double ball and wrestlin Other canoes.--Kayak. Birchbark canoe. Multiple-ring type ring-and-pin game. Canoe appurtenances.--Oars. Double-blade Guessing games.--"Disk lahal." Many paddle.* Special type paddle for women. g,ame (northwest California variety). Notched-tip or side-notched paddle. Split- end poling rod. 1Universal neegativoc which have been inforred .re maaked. with an asterisk} (*). CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 255 TOBACCO others) at girls' puberty recognition rites (exclusive of displays of privileges, e.g., bacco smoked (probably) (and therefore masks which dance). Mutilations (ears, nose, pipes, etc.). Tobacco offering. lip perforated, tattooing, etc.) at puberty. Marriage, residence, etc.--Arranged by hired intermediary. Suitor accompanies woo- MONEY AND VALUABLES ing party, sits near door, etc. "Half-mar- riage," sister exchange. Repayment on divorce. entalia graded in strings. Horn purse Distinguishing garb for divorcee. dentalia. Olivella or clamshell bead Mortuary customs, etc.--Canoe burial. y. Ritualist to purify mourners, corpse handlers. Finger sacrifice. Mourners pitch faces. Mourning necklaces, wrist bands, etc. LIFE CYCLE adles.--Cradles differ according to sex RELIGION lld. stnatal observances.--Scratcher or Ritual treatment of deer. Dancing, etc., ing tube for infant's mother. Hotbed. at First Salmon rite. r sweats, runs, etc. Restrictions Shamanism.--Guardian-spirit seeking by ter for first child. Sitting-type all; guardian-spirit singing. Novice control e. dance (northwest California type). Female s' puberty.--Any rites, observances, shamans predominate. Ritualist for curing, ations, or vision quest at boys' puberty. purification. rls' puberty observances.--Vision quest. d for pubescent. Dancing (by girl or 236 ANTlHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST ReiferenCe is to elements or entries marked by an asterisk (*) in the tabular list SUBSISTENCE Fishing 1. Doas has described a number of forms of these tidal traps in use among the Kwaki- utl tribes (1909, 465). HM: The informant's tribe did not have this kind of trap, but a neighboring group at the head of Massett In- let built a stone tidewater trap. 4. This was a. wide gate, closed by pulling _ . a section of latticework into a vertical po- sition by means of ropes. 5. N2: The box portion of the tra.p was placed at the apex of the weir. \ b olachon trap, used early in the season I the run was still sparse. 9 and 10. KK: Entries 9 and 10 are n contradictory. No. 10 was a special typ * used for dog salmon; the closed end of t trap was raised above water so that the I rent;s force carried the fish highi and Fish cannot swim backwards, and the end I the trap was narrow so they could not around. \// 14a. N2: Two cylindrical traps were / \ // ranged thus: b .. This trap was in common use among the Nootkan tribes farther north. 7-7a. KK: Reported for the Koskimo by Loas (1909, 463). S. KX: The cylindrical trap described (nos. 8-14) was for olachon only. The sal- mon trap differed in type. HM and HS: These were trout traps primarily. LS: This trap differed from the rest somewhat in type, but has been put in the same general category for convenience. According to the description given, it was "shaped like a ballon," with a funnel mouth of netting held open by 15. This trap was quite large, shap strings. When the trap wa.s full, the strings something like half a barrel, with itse were relea2ed by the fisherman so that the lashed to vertical .posts which supported mouth co1l9. be pulled shut. LC: This wa.s an plank scaffolds on which men stood. Wh6 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 237 ugh fish were caught, men loosened the e. (Fig. 2) V-shaped leads of stones hes binding it to the posts and hauled it (no. 28c). -till the catch was within easy reach. The 27, KO, KC, and 28, GK: The purpose of ts acted as guides. This was a type of these entries was to turn salmon going up- especially suitable for large rivers; stream back onto the grid. absence among the KO and KC was said to due to the smallness of the rivers in their l itories. 17. LS: The box part of the trap could _ raised or lowered to adjust it to the level ____-__-.___ [the water (and presumably to remove the t _+__ __ ___ dh also). 20. Boas describes this type of trap, 27 .which he gives the designation "mE eWa"'27 9, 463). KO, KC: A structure resembling trap was used as the entryway to another the grid trap (nos. 24 ff.). Since the were really taken oi- the grid, these classified as grid traps. 4. See Boas, 1909, 462 (description of - 'ls)s. KK: The Koskimo had such devices, the writer failed to differentiate be- _ n these traps and those of the "pothanger" \' (no. 29). HM: A gridlike tray was used --- - times for coho, in conjunction with an 28 top tray (no. 15), but the manner in it operated-was not made clear. LC: ustrated below): 28a. HM: The trap was described as follows: JV~~~~~~~~ a. Weir of stakes (barrier. b. Fixed screen, over which fish must i - ......... e ~~~pass. c. Floating screen, loosely a.ttached to grid (d), which fish can raise to pass under when it makes a run. Screen (c) drops down CLt - c behind the fish, so that it is out of water, and slides down onto grid (d). ..... d .e 29. See Boas, 1909, 465. LS: A neigh- boring group, the na'a people, owned falls where such traps could be used. Barrier of oblique planks, in pairs 30. Stakes were driven vertically in the 6a). riverbed and lashed at the top to horizonta.l Fixed screen (no. 28b) which led fish poles whose ends were made fast to the bank. rid. Sections of latticework were put against the Grid. stakes. Latticework sections were probably (Fig. 2) V-shaped weir of stakes, for universally used in ma.king weirs, wings, etc., aoing down:otream (no. 28,c). along the coast, but inadvertently were not 238 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS specifically inquired for. 46. 31. BC: The weir was a tremendous affair, because of the size and strength of the river. (See illustration below.) At spring low water vertical posts (a) were driven and lashed to horizontal poles (b). Rocks were piled along the upstream side, on which good-size poles 47. LC: The leister was used for fis (c) were laid longitudinally with the current. through the ice in winter. Poles chosen for this purpose were young up- rooted trees; the butts were upstream, forced into the riverbed so that the root snags would catch rocks and gravel and be held firm- ly. The downstream ends, resting on the rocks, were the higher. On these a transverse row of heavy poles (d) was placed, forced 49. The writer does not believe that down by a second course of longitudinal poles gaff hook was an aboriginal implement on (e) (smaller than the first) on which rocks part of the coast, nor did most informanf were piled. A screen or lattice of boughs think so. (f) was rested against this framework, the 55. This was a highly specialized ho' buitts tied to the horizontal pole, the tips see Boas, 1909, fig. 155. St downwards to catch gravel to hold them firm. 58. See Boas, 1909, 2470-471, and 33 59. The "float stick" was to preven hook fouling on the line as it sank by holding it 33. KW: cf. no. 19. LC: cf. note 24. out to one side. It was 34. These are basketry traps for perch, rigged thus: b.. kelpfish, etc., baited and placed in suitable An interesting parallel- spots. The fisherman hauls his traps into is reported from Oceania; his canoe to empty them. see Gudge, 1927, figs. 35. See Boas, 1909, 470 and fig. 147. 58, 59, 60. 41a. Blanks should probably be absences. 62. See Krause, 1885, Among some tribes, a (larger) harpoon head p1. II, 8, LC: Halibut, of similar form was used for sealing. See cod, flounder, etc., are present and a note 126. fished today in Lynn Canal, but the inf 41b. HM: A detachable hardwood foreshaft insisted that formerly his people (from was used with the tripartite harpoon head. Kluckwan, 25 to 30 miles upriver) did Dawson reports the same peculiar combination. water angling. Dawson, 1880, 144 B. 67. The setline was a long line wit 43. Light throwing harpoons were used for sinker at either end. A hand line, to "finners" on salt water; the common harpoon a float was attached, came off one end. was a long-shafted thrusting implement, used hooks floated above the line, owing too on rivers. buoyancy. 44. Where both traits were reported, they 68. This was a type of hook similar were alternatives, not used on the same har- the U-shaped hook but lacking the bone poon. The lower end of the shank itself was bl 245. NT, N2: Both probably should be over to form the point and lashed in pL negative, with spruce-root splints.- CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER: NORTHWEST COAST 239 This type was probably KR: Reported by Boas as a Kwakiutl type, e widely distributed abandoned ca. 1860 (1909, 467). The cross- the lists indicate; .4Zttt pieces of the Kwakiutl net were closer to- rn iron hooks are gether, and the net had a deeper bag, than e in this form, e.g., the Nootkan variety. the KX, for whom, 83. The "bailer" frame consisted of a refore, a plus has hoop on the end of a long pole. This was nentered in parentheses. commonly made by bending and lashing together ,68a. KR: Boas states very small bent U- the two arms of a natural fork. KR: Dip net ed hooks were used for kelpfish (1909, used for olachon. KO: A dip net of this type . LC: Gorges were sometimes used on a was 'made like a basket"; the informant was ine for trout. not clear as to details. TH, GK: Dip nets 70. NT, NC, N2: While the practice is not used for salmon from scaffold built over cifically recorded, these groups doubtless eddy. ormed to the common Nootkan pattern, 84. See Boas, 1909, fig. 145; and for the g nettle-fiber leaders and a line of kelp modes of use of these nets by the KR in ola- s for their angling. chon fishing, ibid., 468 ff. KW and BC re- 2. NT, NC, N2: See note 70. ported essentially similar modes of use. 3. KR: Reported by Boas, 1909, 475. 5. Two withes were bound crosswise at r centers, a stone was placed on the .b tion, the withes were drawn up tightly on side and tied at the top. here was another method of securing sink- apparently those of the setlines, though informants thought it was used for the lines also, which is no longer clearly rstood. The line was tied so it detached a fish struck, obviating the need of ng up the heavy weight. Niblack (fig. figures one way in which this was done. 85. LC: The frame was made of a fork 0. NH, NT, N2: Presences are probably in about a fathom across the arms; the handle or refer to recent innovations. Sproat might be 2 or 3 fathoms long. The web was es use of nets in the Alberni-Barkley made up in a bag deep enough so that by giving region (NH, NT), and the writer's other a lift and twist the hanging line across the kan informants denied having anything but arms of the Y would close off the bag. This nets in former times. TH, TG, HM, HS: implement was used for salmon, and a dip net gill nets reported were introduced from of the same form, but larger and with a finer- Nass River, where they were used for fish- mesh web, was used for olachon. through the ice. Apparently the introduc- 86. The principal runs of the olachon, was of comparatively late date and in- highly prized as a source of oil, occur at nts TH and HM asserted the nets were Knight's Inlet, Rivers Inlet, Bella Coola, r made locally, but were imported-already Kitamat River, and the Nass. The KwagiuL owned fishing rights at the head of Knights 1. The trawl net consisted of a small- Inlet and went there every spring. The Bella web bag of conical form. Dimensions Bella had no olachon rivers. Minor runs of varied from 2 to 4 fathoms wide by 1 to the fish occur in Xaihais territory, at laikw thoms high at the mouth, and 3 to 4 (Poison Cove) and a place nearby, gwula; in ms long. Two poles were fastened one on Tlingit territory in the Unuk River (owned side to hold the mouth open, and mani- by LS) and in Chilkat River (LC). LS went ed from canoes. annually to the Nass, for Nass "grease" was . Used for herring. A rectangular reputed to be better than their own product. lon of web was fixed to this frame: It is said that the run in the Kitamat River was formerly rather sparse; in fairly recent years it has become quite heavy. The Kitqata journeyed annually to the Nass, along with the nine tribes of the lower Skeena. These 'Tsimshian claimed all the grounds on the ~~~~~~mouth of the Nass. Informants claim that t ~~~~~~~~~~anciently the Niska (Nass River tribes) held 240 ANITHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS no territory below the head of tidewater, as they were caught. This net was probab and ventured down to the "solohuck" only after not in use among any others of the prese their coastal cousins had left the olachon grouos. grounds for the salmon fishing on the Skeena. 87. LS: This is the imported olachon n The Haida did no olachon fishing, but went 89. LS: The only net shuttle the info regularly to the Nass to trade dried halibut mant could recall was of European type. and herring eggs for the "grease." 90. See Boas, 1909, fig. 90. 91a. NC, N2: Fingers were used to mea meshes in tying nets. 92. These floats, used on the gill ne (see element 80) were of the following fo ci 92-93. NH-NT: These elements were re- ported for the questionable gill nets. For a. description of the net and its use, note 80, NH, NT, N2.) TG, HM, HS: Entri see Boas, 1909, 465 ff., 468 ff. refer to the Nass River gill nets (see These nets, tied of ordinary net twine, 80, TG, HM, HS). *are in use today wherever olachon run south 94. See Niblack, fig. 162. of Tlingit territory. They may be of fairly 97. See Curtis, X: 20-21. recent introduction, as suggested by the name 98a. See Curtis, IX:51. takal (or tagal) common to all the Kwakiutl 103. The spearing was done on salt w dialects, the Tsiinshian and southern Tlingit. (except, of course, that of the Gitksan) The Bella Coola., however, have their own name KO, HS: Men went night spearing without for it, Altiuk. The Xaisla claim to be the light when the water was phosphorescent. inventors of the device, stating that a young Trout were obtained by torchlight, using girl of the tribe received the inspiration sharp-edged wooden spear instead of a h from watching a. bullhead swallow young trout 104-105. LC: Early salmon were spl (the conformation of a bullhead resembling, down the belly. Later in the season (w in a generic way, the form of the net). Tsim- the fish were less fat), they were spli shian informants say they obtained their nets down the back. The bellies of king (spr from the Xaisla, crediting the latter with salmon were cut off and dried separatel the invention, also. Whether the more south- they were very fat. erly tribes would admit the same origin for 107. NT, NC, N2, KK: The bone knife their nets I do not know. BC, KC, KO: Were ported was intended for splitting herri reported to have used cylindrical funnel- It was made of a deer ulna. Most infor mouthed traps for olachon anciently. stated that only small varieties of her 86-36a. LS: Anciently, olachon fishing was occurred in their territories, and these done with a dip net and a ra.ke. The takal dried whole. net was first obtained from the Nass about 108a. LC: The informant wa.s highly three generations a-go; the first ones were pressed by the fact that his people obt bought made up, but after a time the LS began and distributed a great deal of the nat to ma.ke their own. They never used them ex- copper so highly prized to the southwar tensively. However, the informant described Consequently he insisted that the Chilk a salmon net of what seemed to be the identi- even in ancient times made knives and o cal type; called qo'kwAtc. It had a wide and tools of copper. Confronted by the wel rapidly tapering mouth, with a cylindrical known fact that the material of which t bag 8 or 10 feet long, so narrow that a sock- latch "coppers" was made was quite soft eye could not turn around to escape. The delcared the metal from Copper River wa mouth was fastened solidly to stakes, while a but that secured by the Chilkat from "R pair of rings of withe at the apex of the Hollow" in the interior was hard enoiug funnel regulated the depth at which the net hold a cutting edge. The present write lay. A watcher was sta.tioned at the end of not know if this would be possible or n the free-floating bag to remove fish as fast At any rate, all the LC entries on use CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER: NORTHWEST COAST 241 per should be evaluated with reference to of his culture as essentially riverine, as informant's bias. traditions describe it "in real old times." * 109. NC, N2: Negatives are probably in How far back through the mists of time one or. would have to seek to find the Xaisla so llla. LC: See note 569, LC. bound to the land is naturally impossible to 113. LC: Mountain-goat paunch (or gut) was estimate, but it would seem that sea hunting ed instead of seal. was a rather unimportant art even when the 114. GK: Salmon roe was stored in birch- people lived along salt water. TG: This in- k-lined pits. HM, HS, LS: Roe was stored formant had the same difficulty in correlating pits lined with skunk-cabbage leaves. LC: his answers with the traditional history of mon heads, and sometimes whole fish, wvere his people as did the Xaisla informants. In red in pits, but the roe was not. (See the ancient days when the Tsimshian tribes a). resided all the year around on the lower 18. The rendering process was as follows. Skeens, the Gilutsa rarely, if ever, hunted fresh olachon were dumped into pits to sea mammals. The lKitwilgyots and Ginahangik pen," as informants sometimes phrase it. tribes were the great sea hunters. The fol- n they were rotten it was easier to extract lowing entries are really Tsimshian as a the oil; the effect on the flavor of the whole, describing sea-hanting paraphernalia se was of no concern to the "old timers," as used by all the people after the removal gh young moderns are more squeamish. The of Port Simpson. rid mass was dipped up in scoops, put in 125. See Boas, 1909, 488. s of water, and boiled with hot stones. 125. This is a slightly enlarged edition the oil came to the surface it was taken of the compound salmon harpoon head. Boas with wooden skim.mers. The last few drops figures an ancient and a modern point of this oil were extracted by placing the boiled- type (1909, fig. 156a, fig. 157). pulp in a soft sacklike basket and squeez- 126. This point is multiple-barbed, with it between two planks, catching the a narrowi or pointed base seated in the end of ase" in small vessels. The lady perform- the shaft. The line hold is close to the this operation did it by the simple pro- base, so the point does not turn crosswise of sitting on the uppermost board. on striking. 19-120. It is understood that tribes who 129a. LC: The lanyard for the one-piece not manufacture their own olachon grease barbed head was braided babiche: that for a ht it, usually by the boxful, from their togglehead was a flat strip. hbors, and kept it in the wooden contain- 130. KR: Sometimes nettle-fiber cord was The Quatsino tribes who got grease from used (Boas, 1909, 489). Kwakiutl bought it in kelp bulk containers 135. The line in these cases was made eli as boxes. Apparently there is a fast to the middle of the shaft, and the ety of larger kelp found about the lower slack wound around the shaft spirally. When of Queen Charlotte Sound, which was used a strike was made, the line unwound and the his fashion. shaft dragged crossways through the water. LS: To a hunter who observed the proper bath- ing rituals, etc., special ways of attaching Sea Hunting the line to the shaft might be revealed in a dream. The informant knew five by name. 22. KW: Sea mammals were relatively un- They are said to have depended for their ef- rtant to the Wikeno, particularly to the ficacy on the place on the shaft to which the Bions up on the lake. They did hunt on line was fastened. The mechanical principles occasionally, e.g., by way of a change involved are not altogether clear; the ordi- they went down the inlet in spring for nary laws of stresses and strains were ap- halibut, and seaweed, but they never parently supplemented by supernatural forces. in for the pursuit of sea game so exten- (a) tsahohtzas. The line was fastened to ly as groups dwelling along the outer the exact center of the shaft, so that, a.s es. KX: The informant denied sea-mammal the quarry swam, it would wind up, drawing ing by his people; "Just the outside the shaft tight against his body. thus im- er coast] tribes hunted seals and sea peding his progress. (b) qahyAtitza.s. The s." While the sea mammals are undoubted- line was tied close to the end of the shaft, ss commonly found at the heads of long so the latter would drag more or less verti- ts, sulch as Douglas Channel, than at the cally when the quarry swam under water. A rbeaches, they do come in, particularly bulnch of eagle feathers, which could not be ng fish runs. The informnant was thinking submerged for long at a time, wa.s tied to the 242 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS butt of the shaft. ihe feathers showed above foroed. the surface of the water, so the hunters 145. KR: According to Boas, "i.n olden could follow the harpooned seal with ease. times seal nets made of cedar withes wdr (c) tsacAxittzas. This hitoh was so nicely used, but no detailed information in rega adjusted that, as the seal came up to breathe to them could be obtained" (1909, 506). the shaft floated up e.ndwise above him, BC: The net was of nettle fiber, tied in coming partway out of water. Just as he long cylindrical form. It was set at the tried to breathe, the harpoon shaft over- miouth of a cave, etc., when the hunter balanced, striking him on the head or back thought a seal might be inside. From the4 as it fell. The seal was frightened, and description given, the net was about the, would dive without getting a full breath, so as the beaver net (element 215). (Perha he soon tired. The li.ne had to be just the the same net was used for both purposes. proper length, of course. (d) tsawAktAkt 146. KR: The Kwakiutl did not care f tzas. This mode of fastening was calculated sea-lion meat, and simply did not bother to make the harpoon shaft drag close behind with the animals, according to the presen. the seal at a very acute angle. When he informant. Boas' account states, howeve turned his head to look back, the end hit him that the animals were hunted for the hid in the eye, blinding him. It was no trick at and guts, used in making thongs and lines all for the hunters to capture a blinded (1909, 506). KW: See note 122 KW. BC: seal. There was once a young doubting Thomas lions were seen near the river mouth on. who did not believe that this line hitch rarely. KX: See note 122 KX. TH: No pa really worked. He tied the head end of the ular reason was given for not hunting; li.ne about his body and dove under water. haps there are no "sea-lion rocks" in th He took a look back to see if the shaft was vicinity. Swimming sea lions are shot oc towing as people said it would; it was, and casionally nowadays, and eaten with grea his skepticism cost him an eye. (e) relish. The related Kitkahtla people we tsugatinitzas. This tie was measured off so .noted sea-lion hunters. TG: See -note 122 the shaft dragged obliquely behind the seal, 147. "Sealing-type harpoon" refers o holding him close inshore. The hunters course to the implement reported for eac paddled straight along the beach, confident specific group. See elements 125-142. that the shaft would prevent their quarry KC: This is a questionable entry. The h from turning out to open water. poonizig was described as for retrieving Everyone knew of the li.ne hitches, but wounded animals (shot, or partially st only the favored few knew how to adjust them. from clubbing on rocks). HS: This i.nfor These people would sometimes impart their tion (and that on element 148) may be in knowledge to others in return for a handsome error. It is based on an account by a f payment. of the informant's at Skidegate of find 140. See Boas, 1909, 495. As Boas ob- an old, very large harpoon, apparently o served (loc. cit), both this and the follow- compound type, attached to a long heavy ing type (element 141) are very reminiscent of twisted cedar withes, in a cave near of the use of the throwing-board. Cape St. James. The old men talked it o 141. NT, NC, N2: Probably negative. KW: and decided the outfit must have been us The informant told of an old man of his tribe by the "old timers" for sea-lion hunting who had experimented with this device. He they couldn't think of any other use for gave up the idea when he inserted his fingers From the descriptio.n the weapo.n was not. too far anlld nearly broke them. Haida type, but resembled the harpoon us 144. The "traps" noted here are deserved- farther south. LS: The informant gave ly in quotes. They depended in each instance ly the most ratio.nal answer of all, amoa on the occurrence of a long narrow entryway groups who did not manufacture a special to a lagoon where seals were accustomed to sea-lio.n harpoon. If a hunter chanced o haul up. It seems the animals favor sheltered small sea lion, one he thought would not coves and caves. at low water, a canoe would likely to get clean away with his relati be stationed at a shallow place, so that when light seal harpoon, he would not hesita the seals were scared out, they had to pass attack it. Big ones were let alone (ex i.n easy harpooned range. Places with all when they could be killed on rocks). necessary features are rare, and cherished 149. 1S: The spear described was a property. KO and TH were reported to have thrusting weapon with a heavy barbless X placed large -wooden traps resembli.ng the point of bone. It was the same as that! cyli.ndrical river traps for salmo.n (elemle.nts for land hunti.ng (nos. 189, 210). 8-14) i.n the mouths of these cul-de-sacs; 150. KX: The informa.nt had a cha.nge. this informatio.n, however, may have been hea-rt as regards sea hunting. Perhapsh CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 243 lt a few positive statements were in order. However, they could always sell whale grease : The informant tired of explaining that to the Haida and Tsimshian, which explains ciently his tribe "knew nothing about sea their eagerness to get it. ting" and that his information referred to 180. KK: All the Quatsino Sound groups ter times, so he flatly denied all further hunted sea otter considerably, at least in tenis relating to salt-water hunting. HiM: historic times. The Klaskino were the sea- e people did.n't care for porpoise, and otter hunters par excellence. This is only dn't bother with it." Once in awhile, in to be expected, for a sea-otter woman was an se of necessity or if one had too good an ancestress of theirs; consequently they had portunity to resist, he might harpoon a more secret rituals, magic, and "medicines" rpoise with his sealing harpoon. HS: Ac- for sea-otter hunting than anyone else. rding to legend, the people of Quaigalanas KW: Wikeno hunters did not set out after sea liage used to have a net for catching otter, but if a man chanced to sight one, he rpoise. No o.ne else had such nets, however, naturally tried to gat it. See note 122. r did other people care much for porpoise BC: Sea otter were very rare in Bella Coola at. LS: Although they knew their relatives territory. KX: Sea otter were rarely seen. the north ate porpoise, the southern Once in a while one was found asleep, and was ople did not. Eating porpoise meat caused taken. TG: See note 150. LS: There were sebleed. some sea otter around Cape Fox, but not many. 151. See note 147 (general statement). The "outside" people (on the west coast of The informLant described a variant type Prince of Wales Island, etc.) were the real harpoon (the southern sealing implement), sea-otter hunters. LC: Sea-otter hides came th double points and line free (to har- in trade from Yakutat; the Chilkat did not ner), as used for porpoise. This corre- hunt them. nds to Boas' account of Kwakiutl harpoons; 184. The surround may have been an his- e note 125-126 KR. toric innovation over a wider part of the 152. Porpoise were hunted chiefly on coast than the entries here show. A common rk nights. The hunter took along a quanti- if not invariable feature was that the otter of gravel, small shells, etc., which he belonged to the first man to score a hit, no ew over the water by handfuls to imitate matter how lightly, so long as his arrow e sound of shoals of small fish (herring, stuck. The lucky marksman had to pay a few lchard, etc.) jumping. This is said to pairs of blankets to the next two or three tract porpoise. men to hit the animal, and also to the one .153. KK: Neither the Koskimo nor their who finally harpooned or speared it. The ighbors of Quatsino Sound were whalers, writer suspects this style of hunting dates t legends relate that wonukumagi'lau, chief from the days of the fur trade along the the Huyaalis people (who were living on coast. Sound long ago when the Koskimo moved in om Cape.Scott), used to hunt whales. This st be true, the informant averred,..because Land Hunting re are still quantities of whale bones on ebeach at Huyaalis. 187. KR: Only the tribes dwelling on the 178. KK: The Koskimo never got stranded mainland hunted mountain goats. See Boas, les, because they were so far up the inlet. 1909, 515; idem, 1955, 18-19. ir only "outside" places were at Cape 188. The hunting was done by a party tt and Cache Creek, where, so far as the with their dogs; a single hunter had little ormant knew, whales never bleached. The chance to approach the wary mountain goat. pino (Koprino Harbor) chiefs, hcwever, Usually some men were stationed by narrow de- en got whales; the informant, by virtue files or blind alleys into which the quarry his first chief's place among the Giopino would be driven within spear range; the rest well as at Koskirno), "owns" a very large of the party tried to get above the goats to ce of any whale drifting ashore in Giopino drive them down. This could be do.ne, natural- ritory. The Koskimo often bought whale ly, only when the goats were feeding on the made by the Giopino. BC, KX: It was lower slopes of the mountains. In winter the y rare for whales to beach in either of animals often come down close to the salt se places. If one did, the people would water. GK said that hunters should be on the e use of it. TG: See note 150. LS: grounds by dawn, when the goats were nearly ni they were lucky enough to fi.nd a beached through feeding. Vfhen full of feed, the Sle, they cut it up and rendered out the goats foundered whe.n pursued by the dogs a.nd iase. They ate a little of it themselves, gave out i.n a relatively short time. Of ;not mnuch -- "they didn't care for it." course the plan of the hunt was arranged to 244 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS suit the local terrain. For example, on top In others, a weight was attached to the of a mountain behind the X-aihais village of in such a way as to be released when the laikw was a pocket from which the animals goat struggled, dropping down and chok could not escape when the entry at each end the animal. The writer could -not unders was closed. The main goat trails on the the mechanism by which this device was mountain led through this natural trap, so posed to have operated. all that had to be done was to station men 192. LC: Mountai.n sheep were found 8 there, then frighten any goats that happe.ned thirty or forty miles (as the informants' to be on the slopes. This place was the estimated) in from Kluckwan. Mlien from property-of a chief. village went to hunt them. Hunters were Most i.nformiants remarked that there were stationed up above, the.n dogs were set many little pockets in the mountains i.n which the sheep. It was said to be irmipossible properly trained dogs could hold goats until drive rmountain sheep downhill (as goats the hunters came up. "Training" meant, of driven); they always went up. The anima course, the performing of magic rites over were also caught with springpole snares the dogs, rather than schooling thein. A i.n the trails. typical process was that described by LS. 195. N2: Elk were not hunted extensi The right forefoot of a kid was warmed over until the Clayoquot obtained guns, stat the fire, then pressed against the pup's the informant (but some of the northern feet, once a day for four successive days. Nootkan tribes hunted and trapped them). Then the hoof was taken to the mountai.n to be 198. GK: Deer have come into the co secreted in a crevice. The owner fasted only since the railroad was put through, during the rite. Whe.n the pup grew up, he informant averred. HM, HS: Deer were i would run as surefootedly over the rocks as ported to the Quee.n Charlottes only twe the mountain goats themselves, and easily or thirty years ago. At present they ar turn them downhill. (This procedure was quite plentiful. equally eff'ective o.n human infants.) TG: The 199. The driving method is particul informa.nt believed dogs were not used, but effective on small islands, to which de, that parties of hunters drove goats in the frequently resort in order to escape fr same manner. wolves and cougar. When deer took to t 189. All the inforrmiants of goat-hunting water, they were easily overtaken in can groups except BC agreed that the weapon used and clubbed or drowned with the paddles. was a long pike ("spear") with an unbarbed NH: Deer were driven into Sproat Lake b bone or horn blade. The Bella Coola excep- parties of hunter who shouted and "howle tion is probably an error. The same infor- like wolves"; dogs were not employed for mant reported the pike as a necessary part of this purpose. KK: There is a tradition the goat-snarer's equiprment, so the weapon the ancient Huyaalis people used to go was associated with goat hunting after all. to Limestone Island en masse, armed with A stnared goat, if not already choked down, dance rattles, to drive the deer into th could be dispatched with a club, a knife, or water, where others killed the creatures a handy sto.ne; one would -not need to carry a from canoes. The informiant insisted thi spear all the way up the mountain. Why a Koskimo never did this nor did they use close-range weapon (the pike was thrust, not to drive deer. thrown) should be so consistently preferred, 200. KR: Boas describes springpQle informants could not say. The writer suspects snares for deer (1909, 511). LS: Snared that the advantage of greater range of the used only occasionally, it was reported,. bow was outweighed by the weapon s fragility They were not considered particularly et when the hunter was scrambling over rock cient. slides and the like. With all due assistance 201. The types of deadfalls are des6 of magic for mian and dogs, the goat hunter farther on. See note 208. had to be fleet and surefooted; an arm that 203. HM: A few caribou were found 6. needed constant protection would inevitably north end of Graham Island. The infir reduce his speed. who did not know much about how they wei 190. KW: The device, of a twisted cedar hunted, believed the animals were obtal withe, is referred to by Boas as a lasso but seldom. LC: On their annual tradin (1909, 515). According to my information it junkets into the interior, the Chilkat was set as a snare. The snares were of caribou intensively for the highly valu plaited cedar withes. O.nly a fe-w places were hides. The hunters surrounded a bunchX suitable for placi.ng the s.nares; such sites ca?Son a.nd shot as many as they could. were know.n by .name, a.nd privately ow.ned, the Chilkat and the GK i.nforma.nts stateJ BC: Simple snares were used i.n some places. dogs could .not be used to hunt caribou;r CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 245 ,ribou would scatter, and were too swift to in the air like a snared rabbit could iot be overtake.n. handled. The solution may be diagrammed as 206-207. There was but little difference follows: the rmethods of huntlng black bear and izzly, as far as a hasty survey could de- rmine, except that, foi example, a trap ilt expressly for grizzly was larger and re strongly built. These beasts would a..... matchwork of an ordinary black bear dead- I1. The types of traps used for both d. cies were identical. Doubtless there are L ferences in the habits of the two which of importance to the expert hunter or apper, but such traits were not brought t in the lists, so elements 208-209 may be sidered as applying to both species over ir ranges. ' 208. All the bear deadfalls except that LC were described as of the same pattern, t of a weight supported by a lever arm Noose (d) is set between stakes, held open by a trigger. See Boas, 1909, figs. by light strands of grass or cedar bark. 161, 163. When a bear is caught, he lunges, dislodging Variations on this pattern consisted in the end (a') of weight (a-a') from the smooth erences i.n the ki.nd of trigger, whether top of post (b). As a' drops, forked post trap was baited or built across a trail (c) serves as a fulcrum, so that weight end a trip-string, etc. (a) rises, lifting the animal up on his hind The Chilkat. bear trap was said to be thus: legs, or clear of the ground if he is not too big. The end (a') of a heavy log could be raised up by several men with levers, be- , X t ....... b cause it would be far enough from the trail so that the necessary marks of trampling, etc., would not frighten off the quarry. Usually a-a' would be a fallen log resting on a windfall, etc., at c. KR: This type of snare was reported by Boas for southern Kwakiutl (1909, 512 and -.fig. 107). 209c. A bar was made fast, close to the eye of the loop. The standing part of the line ran through a hole in the bar. When a bear was caught and felt the bar on the back of his neck, he would, it is said, reach ht (a) was supported in a loon in line back with his forepaws, "just as a man made by hooking one end of peg (b) be- would," pulling it downward. This of course the standing part of line (c). A pull only served to tighte.n the noose. elease li.ne (e) unhooks peg (b), re- 210. Lances were usually used for ing weight (a). The end of line (c) is killing hibernating bears. Dogs were often to a post or tree (d). Both bait and used to find the den; if the bear could be line sets were made. So far as the reached from outside, he was speared as he er co-uld learn, the lever-arm-type dead- lay asleep; if not, he was smoked or shouted was not used by the Chilkat. This at till he came out. Bears are weak and easy ed peg release does not appear to be as to kill when rouised from their winter sleep, cient as the other uype; for one thing, or at leastv so informants say. The KW in- the description given it is difficult formant remarked that it all depended on how e what would prevent peg (b) from striztly you had observed the preparatory irLg and fouling now and again, though ritual; if yoU had done it perfectly, the ps there was some way of clearing it bear lying in his de.n would grasp the blade was .not me.ntioned, of the spear and aim it straight at his 09b. The most commzion bear snare was a heart. The less strictly you performed the nt on the familiar springpole. Of rites, the more trouble you might expect to se a pole s tout enough to yank a bear up hnave . 246 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Scaffolds were sometimes built over trails emaeshed would bite at the stick rather froml which hunters could spear or shoot the net. KO: This is a questio.nable plu bears that camne by. This hunting method was The informant apparently had heard some reported for: TH, TG, LC. Most informants of a beaver net, and hazarded that it mig spoke of imien who were brave enough to attack have been a dip net, with which beaver c.q a bear with lance or bow and arrows wherever be scooped up. GK: The net was similar they found one and adroit enough to have some that of the Bella Coola but made of babi chance of success; but whether this could be 219. A fire was carried on a board classed as a practical hunting rmethod is the stern of a canoe, screened so as to difficult *to say. NH, NT, NC, N2: Probably a deep shadow over the bow. The birds t negative. to avoid the light, and gathered in the 211. The marmot hunting deserves some shadow close to the bow where they couldt description. The marmot (in the regional netted or clubbed. This method of hunt colloquialism, "ground hog") furnished a depends, so it was explained to the wri light but finely furred pelt, prized through- by Nootkan informants, on selecting a pit out the area for clothing. In days before dark stormy.night. If there is the leas" European blankets, these hides were one of bit of starlight the waterfowl will rais the chief articles used in potlatches. Mviar- fore a hunter can come anywhere near. miot were plentiful in many localities in the Curiously, the multipoint spear used higher mountains. The grounds were usually this hunting by the Makah (Swan, 1877, privately owned, and huts or cabins were fig. 34) and reported for Nootka and Kwa built on them. The hunters with their by Boas (1909, 516) was consistently deT famLilies went up in the fall when the fur had by all informants. The region in which. set but before time for the marmot to hiber- occurred commonly was that of Georgia St nate. The season was a short but rich one, (Bar.nett); Juan de Fuca Straits (Swan, 1 for the animals were easy to catch, and the cit.). hunting parties came out with quantities of 220a. See Boas, 1909, fig. 171. the valuable furs. 222. Waterfowl often congregate alo 212. The principal way of catching marmot beaches, just far enough out so that a was with deadfalls, which were set directly on shore cannot get withi.n range. Bran in front of the dens. The deadfalls were of are placed around a canoe to conceal the the same type as those described for bear, cupant. The hunter goes far out around but smaller, of course. birds, then allows the canoe to drift in- 212a. See Niblack. The Tlingit inlformants toward them. This is still a very POPU said the uprights for the traps were carved method of hunting in many localities (of: into the semblance of the human figure. A course, shotguns are used rather than th young marmot would look out and see the up- bows and arrows of former years). rights, then go tell the old (well-furred) 224. The s.nare was one set on the fl1 head of the family, "Uncle, there are some at the upper edges of the tidelands for human beings come to see us. They are out in geese (which walk about feeding on the front of the house now." The old one would 224a. See Curtis, X, 15. hasten out, intending to invite the humans in, 225. The gorges were tied to a line and for his pains and hospitality would be water, and were intended for divi.ng spec caught. Such deceitful stakes may have been of waterfowl. used more widely. 226. KR: The net was described as s 213. Beaver were taken in a number of pended from poles raised fore and aft it ways. Likely they were sought after more in canoe. It was intended for catching co historic than prehistoric times. Harpooning rants. Several canoes thus equipped wo (with the ordinary seal harpoon) was a common go in line; another canoe might go clos mode of capturing them. The LS informant shore to scare the birds off the rocks. stated a spear, with rmultiple-barb bone 227. This method was similar to tha point, rather thaa a harpoon, was used by his widespread in the Plains area (G. L. Wi people., 1928). The hunter lay in a blind with , 214. The deadfalls all were described as bait close by to seize (or noose, see e. small editions of the bear deadfall. They 207) the eagle when he alighted to feed' were set across the runways. LS: Although the informant denied this 215. BC: The mouth of a long bag net of of catchi.ng eagles, he described in det. .nettle fiber was put over the e.ntra.nce of a the use of a bli.nd along the river's e beaver house. A stick of partially rotte.n pools. This extended out over the wate. wood was placed in the closed e.nd, the idea the hunter could seize ducks diving forr bei.ng that the beaver i.n his struggles whe.n (salmon roe) close to the edge of the bl CCLTURE ELElviENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 247 pri.nciple is obviouisly the same, althou6h province in the area, this work was not the writer the application to duicks sounds sharply restricted to them. Most informants iehow less practicable. qualified their answer to this query by sayi.ng that men com.monly assisted their wives at these tasks. A hnimals Eate.n The various roots used were not recorded, after a few vain attempts to identify the The following tabulatio.n refers to species plants from verbal descriptions. Roots of er than those for -wlich special liethods one or another variety of fern were dug huntiing have been described. nearly everywhere; clover roots were used The utilization of species mentioned pre- widely, although the range of this plant usly (elements 122, 14E, 150, 153, 178, does not seem to have been so extensive as , 187, 192, 195, 198, 2u3, 206, 207, 211, that of ferns. , 219) should be consulted in conjunction 255-258. There was a difference i.n mode h this portion of the lists. of use between the crutch- or ball-handled The (combined) list does not exhaust the digging sticks (elements 257-258) and those a of the area. Most of the larger mam- of the preceding types (elements 255-256). B are included, but some smaller forms The crutch or ball handles were placed e slighted unintentionally and, of the against the digger's chest or abdome.n so that ds anid invertebrates, only the common, her weight would aid in driving the point ily described forms were covered. into the ground. The other types were 230. Canidae found in the areas include, wielded as we handle, for instance, a post- ides the domestic dog, wolves (absent on hole bar. queen Charlotte Is.), foxes (found only 259. A great variety of berries were the territory of the BC, GK, and LC), and dried, salal berries being perhaps the most coyote, which in recent times has appeared extensively used kind. The same method was e territory of the BC, KX (?), GK, and in vogue everywhere: the berries were cooked to a pulp "just like jam," informants say, 231. The cougar, according to informants, then poured out in a layer about an inch been moving northward on the mainland in deep on skunk cabbage leaves in a rectangular t times, perhaps because of settlement wooden frame. When thoroughly dried, they the southern part of the provinces. BC, formed thin cakes which could be stored in eport it as a recent entrant in their boxes. itory. The regions approaching an interior 32. The lynx is probably absent in the climate, i.e., the territories of the Bella ions for which no entry has been made. Coola, Xaisla, and Gitksan were the sources reported it as very rare in his country. of the most and the best-flavored fruit, and 34. The rnustelids referred to are mink, the dwellers of the outer coasts eagerly en, and land otter, all of which were said sought to buy their dried berries. NH, NT, fe far too rank even for a native palate. NC, N2: Question not asked; but quantities of 38. LC: The informant stated that the salal berries were (and still are) dried an- tat people ate eagle, but the Chilkat nually by all Nootkans. TG: While the r did. Tsimshian dried some berries, they depended 40. GK: Reply probably should have been on the Gitksan for the greater part of their (absent or rare in the region). supply. 43. LS: Only old people might eat crane. 260. Several kinds of berries, chief of 46. LS: Only old people might eat sea- which were crabapples, were preserved i.n this eggs. manner. A small amount of olachon grease was 7. Frogs were regarded with a greal deal mixed with cold water and whipped to a froth, ,e and fear in the area. Those who knew "just like soapsuds." The berries were cooked ght use them for magical charms, etc., a little, allowed to cool, and then stirred few people had the knowledge and courage into a box full of this whipped grease. They sary. could be kept for a long time. Informants 53. The barnacles referred to are the say that grease a year or two old was best e ones growing on the outer coasts. for this. Some kinds of berries, e.g., crabapples and highbush cranberries, could also be kept I F Vegetable-Food Gatheri.ng for some time simply by putti.ng them i.n a box I t ~~~~~~~~~~of cold water. 1 4. While most of the gatheri.ng of roots The LS i.nformant described a third method | other foodstuffs was regarded as wome.n's of preservi.ng berries much used by his people. 243 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS The berries were cooked and pulverized, mixed them directlyr; sometimes men's nortions w with pulverized fresh salmon roe, and re- served from the large dishes into smaller cooked until stiff (apparently the albumen of (individual or 2- or 3-man) dishes. the roe caused them to "jell"). 283. It is difficult to decide where 261. The inner layer of hemlock bark was names stop. In a sense, all these chief' the commonest kind used, though bark of feast dishes were named, those in the no cottonwood, willow, and birch (within their (1C [?] , TG, TH, GK, HM, HS, LS, and LC) ranges), and young spruce was also utilized. being carved to represent a clan crest a KK: The Koskimo did not eat hemlock bark, owner and called accordi.ngly; e.g., the though they bought the dried cakes from their chief of the Kitqata Eagle clan had a di neighbors on the east coast of the island with eagles carved or painted on it call (apparently $iey did not dry any themselves). "Eagle dish" (kai1mAqski:k). The writer The informant was not sure what ki.nd of bark attempted to differentiate between such they used, but thought it may have been alder purely descriptive names and the imagine or maple. -names in the southern portion of the are Examples of these latter names are two f Cookery, Dishes, etc. the Kwakiutl claimed by the informant: cannot-reach-across" (i.e., it was suppo 271. GK: Cooking in baskets was a make- to be of such great size) (wewilas); "C shift only (i.e., when camping, traveling). to defecate in bed" (i.e., such quantiti Alder, maple, cottonwood, and birch were rich food were served from it) (ts'idila the usual materials for dishes (the two (Both these dishes had grizzly bear carv latter, of course, only in restricted KX: The head chief of the tribes, sanaxe regions). The dishes were dugout affairs. the only one to have named dishes. Dishes of cedar, kerfed and bent like a box, 287. These dishes were all of cedar were also nade rather widely, but the writer with the exception of those of the GK, w failed to get a distribution of them. made birchbark vessels of Carrier type. 272. NH, NT, NC, N2: Probably neg-ttive. cedarbark dishes were considered to be 279. Common shapes for dishes were: shifts, used more often by campers etc ____________________ than at home. N a 288. KK: None of the informant's tri \ / \ / had stone dishes, so far as he knew, but \ / \ / ~~~~~~~~Giopino chief received some in a marriq the daughter of a Bella Bella chief. BC one Bella Coola chief had a stone bowl R for feasti.ng. KG: The Della Della didn make stone dishes, but got them from the quolnagimix, a mixed group of Bella Bel \\_____________ D/ ella Coola livi.ng up Dean Channel, who exterminated in a war with the Oyalit. large stone bowl, carved into the form a _-:1:-_ -e:R__ _ _r~= frog, was said to have bee.n found in gwolnagiinix territory a few years ago. The stone dishes were small vessels use grea se . 288a. The rather large mortars fo occasionally at sites o.n the northern c < ~ ~ ; > ns~my havo bee.n used for this purpose. 291. KK: A few goat-horn spoons wer ceived in trade, but as the informant p \ a , ! / ~~~"They didn't really belo.ng here. They real Koskimo style." 292. While the negatives recorded f 281. Carved dishes such as these were, of KW and DC might be correct, the KC nega course, used only on festive occasions, not is probably in error. The LC were the for every day. group who manufactu>red thlese spoo.ns. 282. These dishes were often elaborately 294. KR: The spatulas were m1ade new carved, painted, and decorated with i.nlay. time, a.nd thrown away. (Elsewhere they One seuch dish was set before each chief at a well made, arid often decorated.) The s feast. Sometimes men were called to eat from berries were imported Trom t.he irnterior CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 249 STRUCTURES Dwelling House sheathing were separate units, the posts standing inside of, and not joined to, the The following elements refer to the per- planking, which was supported by pairs of ent winter dwellings. Many groups had poles. The positive e.ntry of KX has been nent houses at important fishing sta- put in parentheses, for the writer believes ns, etc., which approximated the winter it to be an error. Several groups buildings ses in type but often lacked the elabo- the same type of houses took some boards to teness and structural niceties of the lat- summer fishing camps (e.g., KO, KC, TH, TG); * but these were mainly roof boards, shelving, .296-299. Houses with a floor at ground and the like; the houses were certainly not vel (at most only leveled off) were the stripped as were those of, e.g., the .l type everywhere. southern Kwakiutl and Nootkans. NH: The Only a relatively few men in each village sheathing was not often taken down, for the houses with central pits (elements Hupachisat could not transport their house -299); the following remarks may be indic- boards as easily as the coast people. ye of their frequency. KK: The infor- 302. The slotted roof plates and sills t's mother's father owned the right to a (elements 314-316) which were incorporated se with a pit, and built one with three into the framework drew the line of the rs of "steps." The original house, which sheathing within that of the uprights. The obtained in marriage from the ancient sheathing in part supported the plates. alis, had ten steps. No other Koskimo 303-304. HS: The corner posts were left Ld build such a house. KR: A chief of the round; those supporting the central beams s Kwakiutl owns the right to a house with were squared, according to the informant. ps. KW: A Wikeno chief (the interpreter's 307. BC: It was related that a man some- er's father) rebuilt a house on the times built a shed-roofed house "as a be- land" in the river (built on an ancient ginning" (i.e., if he could not pay enough se site to which he had a right) which had people to work on a real house). Such a steps. He filled in the pit because the structure was considered to be "half a e often flooded it in high water. house." A few years later he would build the Other informants qualified their answers other half. saying, e.g., "Only a big chief could 308-311. KK: The informant owns the Ld such a house" (i.e., would be wealthy right to two different houses, one Koskimo h to do so), etc. The nomenclature of and the other Giopino. One has a single tral-pit houses among the northern tribes ridgepole, supported by two posts with a interesting: Tsimshian, ta'ax; Massett lintel at o.ne end and a single post at the al, da'a; Skidegate Haida, da; southern other; the other house has a pair of central Eit 9 ta:x! beams, each supported by a post at either 300. Pile dwellings appear to have been end. Of course all the posts and beams are ciated in most instances with sites named. In his present "big house" at le to be flooded by high water or big Quatsino he has erected both sets of roof s. If part of the village was situated supports: e extreme high-water line, the houses e would probably be built on the ground. a was expressly stated by all informants gave positive replies, and corresponds Mackenzie's observations at the Bella a villages, where he saw pile houses and ary structures almost side by side kenzie, Voyages, 1802, 258). A related etural type was the building of houses on g cribwork foundation, noted by Boas for iein Kwakiutl (1909, 34o) and by the ent writer for southern Tsimshian (archaeo- _ l al field notes). KR: Boas reports his niants also erroneously denied pile [lings, though Vancouver expressly de- bes such structures (Boas, 1909, 415). This -probably would never have occurred under 1. In these houses the framework and aboriginal conditions, but it at least shows 250 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS that both modes of construction were known, 328 and were made subject to hereditary right. 1512. jj f a. >u Da, ...............ai This may have been done aboriginally, it looks more like something learned s the introduction of iron nails. 329. Excluding board floors in pile dwellings (element 300), which naturally to have some kind of flooring. - _ L _ - _ - - - 1515331. Corner fireplaces were used eve where in the "smoke houses" in which fist 315. This was a special privilege, owned were being dried in the fishing season only by one or two chiefs of each group. The 335. Conti.nued use, of course, made end of the beam was carved, usually to rep- shallow depression, but only Haida and resent a sea lion. Tlingit informants reported definite pit. 314-515. NC, N2: Question may have been misunders 336. A common practice throughout t area was that of piling a heap of cook stones on the fireplace, to insure a ple ful supply. The entry here refers to t rAM : Eof sand and gravel filling to protect t f looring and plank lining of the firepit s however. In pile dwellings (no. 300) a similar - I - I * . r t2i vice was used. A rectangular box formed, poles driven close together into the gro' under the house and extendi.ng up through 3517-1519. See Bmmoas, 1909, 18.0-41. - flooring was filled with sand and gravel 317-319. See Boas, 1909, 34o-341. KW, which the fire was made. BC: Both types of construction were reported w used. The KW informant reported having ob- 157. The roof boards were pushed apa back shut, according to need, from below the older houses. a long pole. The Wikeno informant averr the older houses. ~~~that his people used only the fixed centX 320. LC: Emmons reports that the facade t .9 smokehole, to which smoke from corner f of the house consisted of vertical planking pf (1916, 18). ~~~~~~places might drift, if it would. (1916, 18). 321-322. TG: The informant reported roofs . with the lower layer (cf. element 322) of plank, the upper of bark. This is probably an error. e 323.~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. The shield was moved from one side to the other, according to the wind. 326. 340. This platform was in every ins low, consisting of a very wide board rai off the ground (probably mainly to prevei the damp from rotting it) by means of po or timbers. Some people would build it, foot or 18 inches high to make it a plaQ sit on or to lean back against, but it w Where bark was the roofing material -(cf. never higher than that. The GK informan .no. 1522), the problem of seali.ng the roof stated his people made rectangular bunki peak was solved by laying strips of bark right frames of poles, filled with leaves and. across the ridge. for beds. The LC .negative is probably d. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 251 Misunderstanding. elaborately painted; cf. Emmons, 1916, pl. 2. 342. See Boas, 1909, 415. 356. BC: Three rectangular screens of 344. There was some confusion in regard wide boards were put up against the front of this element. In some instances it was the house for painting- fficult to say if there was a real storage elf or if goods simply were set on the ofs of the sleeping rooms (element 345). The spaces between the sleepi.ng places e used for storage. 345-346. The enclosed sleeping rooms e used by people of high rank only, i.e., b. house chief and his immediate kin. Com- people might have (low) boards or mat itions on either side of their space or t mark the limits by piling their be- Screens of this sort may have been what ings there. Mackenzie saw (taken down) whose use he could 349. Oval-to-round doorways were reported. not determine. (Mackenzie, Voyages, 1802, atypical by most informants except HS. 238). ir frequency seems to have increased from 357. See Boas, 1909, fig. 113. th to-north. KK: One Koskinio chief owned 359. This was done for warmth; to keep right to use a round doorway, which came snow from drifting in through the cracks on riage from the Klaskino. KR: The in- a sleeping person. t had seen a house with a round doorway lert Bay; there were none at Fort Rupert. Only a chief's house would have a round Other Structures y. TG: "Grizzly-bear den [house]" i) was the only gilutsa house having 361. It should be noted that all the door (representing the entrance to groups had plank houses at their main camps, ,bear's den, of course) . LC: The entrances i.e., the summer villages at the fishing chief's sleepi.ng rooms were round, but stations, which differed from the winter the outer doors. dwellings chiefly in having permanent drying 50. Portal poles were common only among racks and in lacking the carvings and paint- Lida. TG: One of the old houses at ings (in some instances these decorative Simpson had a Beaver portal pole, but features were duplicated). The camp houses of the gilutsa chiefs had such an entry- referred to are those erected at hunting and minor fishing grounds. 2. The doorway was closed just at night. The cedar bark was peeled off in wide y, when people were going in and out and strips, which were kept flat by means of mies were likely to be lurking about, pairs of light rods lashed together across tryway was left open or covered with a the ends of each strip. (Informant HS re- ported an alternate method, in which a series Doors were suspe.nded from tbe center of perforations was made across the end of a edar withe, so they swung either side- strip of bark through which a stick, e.g. a r back toward the inside of the house. salmonberry branch, was run). These strips they were propped open in the daytime. could be rolled up in flat bundles that were ee informants reported types of doors far more convenient than boards to transport may be recent or entirely incorrect. by canoe. or slid to one side in grooved runway. The cedar-mat lodges in vogue among many Door hung on cedar-withe side-hinges. Coast Salish were not used in the area under The paintings for each house were, consideration, although people often made se, hereditary property. Some houses overnight shelters out of their overturned d carved facades; a distribution of canoe and the mat-sail. For short stops, as eature-unfortunately was not obtained a matter of fact, there was no rule but ex- as, 1935, 2). N2: Negative probably pediency. A "camp" might be made under a ous. LS: A special type of board was ledge of rock or beneath a densely branched or a house front to be painted by hol- tree, or a shelter of brush might be thrown a section of log to a thin shell, then up that would turn the worst of the rain. lly steaming and spreading it out flat. 364. GK: These cabins were built on the Qards were rather valuable. LC: While hunting a.nd trapping grounds. According to w ere no decoratio.ns o.n the house ex- the descriptio.n given, the side walls were of tefront walls of chief's rooms were poles or small logs laid horizontally between 252 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS pairs of stakes; the ends were filled in with The type of storehouse for roots, berries vertical poles and split logs, inclined i.n- etc., was a semisubterranean structure, ward slightly to rest on cross-braces from rectangular, with pole walls, gabled roof the side walls. The gabled roof was covered covered with poles, bark, a.nd earth, rath with poles and bark. A partition was made than a simple pit, as were other caches o across the front end of the cabin to make a this type. storm door. Wood was stored on either side 369. LC: Large bins of poles were bui. of this entryway. by the Chilkat, which were filled with ia fall salmon. Water was poured in until t d. fish were frozen into a solid block which * :a n _1_would keep fresh all winter long, "just ag * l . 4 l J good as a cold storage plant." (The LS terpreter who had tried these frozen fish, during a visit to Kluckwan, however, rep . c that such fish "don't taste very good; th a little bit rotten.") _370. Boxes of olachon grease, berries 'etc,, to whih repeated changes of temper * . ture would be injurious, were kept in pit. caches, well covered with earth. Cf. als The informant maintained that this was an element 114. KR: Reported by Boas for st ancient type of construction. of clover and cinquefoil roots (1909, 416 365. KR: Boas cites a mythologic reference 374. KK, KC: Protection in wartime wa to an "underground retreat" consisting of a sought in caves and on refuge islands. hole dug into the ground and a roof made of Breastworks of stones, which might be us earth (1935, 3). BC: The informant had ammunition as well as for defense purpos heard (presumably in myths) references to an were heaped up at critical points on ref ancie.nt type of house built below ground islands. level. He knew nothing of its form, however. 575. Cf. also element 6635. Sweathou GK: In ancient times menstrual houses were were probably absent among the KK, KR, semisubterranean, earth-covered, and, the in- 379. HS: This positive entry is prob for.iant believed, of rectangular form. LC: an error. NAVIGATION Dugout Canoes The entries under this head refer to the have had a specialized river canoe, madel manufacture of the various types, not pos- the typical "Northern" type, cutwater session through trade. all, according to the irnformant. The on 381. See Olson, 1927. These canoes were canoe seen at Kispiyox agreed with his made in a restricted area, principally by the description: the prow and stern pieces w Nootkan tribes of the west coast of Vancouver short and stubby, however, compared to Island, but were traded far and wide on the coastal canoes, and the cutwater was pro coast. The canoe known to the Haida as the portionately quite small. Probably a go "deer canoe" was of this type. deal of weight should be given the info 582. See Olson, 1927. The Haida, parti- explanation of the lack of development cularly the groups around .4assett Inlet, canoe making. His people, he stated, u where the best cedar was found, were renowned canoes very little, and then chiefly to as the most skillful makers of this type of the river. "We were never like the coat canoe. The biggest and best canoes owfied by people who always go about in canoes; w the Tlingit, Tsimshian., and northern Kwakiutl want to go somewhere, we walk." LC: The were Haida-made, purchased at trading centers Chilkat obtained many canoes of this ki like the Nass olacho.n grounds. Ca.noes of trade from their souther.n kindred, butm this type were widely made, however. GK: The .no.ne themselves, for there is .no red ced upper Skee.na people, who might be expected to their territory. See no. 1587 and .note3 CULTURE ELEwE.NT DISTRIBUTTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 253 [ 383. are eiven here stated their people made only the types indicated in the lists, (nos. 381- 385 and 388-390.) KK: There was another ca.no, called tekwin, which lhad "v-ery large" bow and stern pieces. The informa.ntQ believedt -this meant vertical tlickn-ess, and drew an outline resembling the "old-styIle" car! Li LJ leggings is not clear; there is a distinction between the two types, but it was not noted ype may have been more widespread i.n in time. r years. GK, HM, HS, LS, LC: The writer 847. NH, NT: These articles were used in certain whether these groups used this the tsaiyeq performances. r not. Most shamans had their own 849. NT, NC, N2: This rattle was a sha- for drumming, with the ends carved into man's instrument. N2's "R" is probably an entatio.ns of the ow.ner's familiars, and error. Similar instruments were used by the d these special planks were slightly Salish. in cross sectio.n, hollowed o.n the 850. KR: This was used only with the side, "to make more noise." Salishan xwexwe dance. a. See .note 829, GK, HM, HS, LC. 851. LC: The rattle had two longitudinal .The carved drumsticks were made for splits at right angles to each -other. ief singers, not for everyo.ne. BC: 851a. These carved rattles ('clappers") ye is probably in error, were associated with the miL!a dance. 268 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS MWind Instruments 854. NH: The statement of "recency" fers to the informant's belief that the 852-853. There were a great many varie- Wolf Dance (Loqwana) was fairly recent ties of whistles, long, short, trumpet- his people, having been introduced since shaped, multiple, with and without reed, etc., became Nootkanized four or five generati and in informants' opinions there were yet ago. more varieties, for each individual dance had 856. NH, NT, NC, N2: The instrument its own set, distinguishable by tone or used in the Wolf Dance. KK: Used in the decoration. For this reason, a typology of nulam dances. HS: Used behind the decor the whistles would have to be based on col- screen at potlatches. lections, not native descriptions. GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS 864. LC: The goals on the old shinny field 893. A blunt dart was thrown at a th at Kluckwan, the informants said, are about springy board driven into the ground. T a mile and a quarter apart. object was to make the dart bounce back 869. HM: The informant volunteered a to catch it in the air. peculiar system of play, according to which a Besides this, there was an innumerabl man dropped out each time the opponents series of dart and spear games, none of scored a goal. Play was until one side was which had very elaborate rules. Play wa gone. generally individual, though sometimes t 871. LC: Hoop-and-pole was played, but sides threw at each other's targets. Us was regarded as an interior game -- "it did the scoring was not for a set number of not really belong to us." points, but "to see who could hit the ma 877. This entry refers to a special form often." The object of these games, inf of the game. Side A rolls the hoop past side mants assert, was to train youths to thr B, all the players of which throw simultane- accurately. ously. If all miss, they lose. If one or more hit, the hoop is laid flat at a certain distance and the players on side A all throw Guessing Games at it. If all miss, side A loses. If one or more hit, the sides are even and start all 895. This is the well-known "lahal.'' over, side B rolling the hoop. The losers of is at present very popular in the southe a point usually had to present their posteri- part of the area, particularly among the ors and let the winners throw the hoop at kan tribes who are its most ardent devot them (no. 879). The writer believes the game to be recen 877a. This was a Nootkan variant of no. throughout the area, as did most infor 877. Informant LS stated he was a good-sized 881. HM: ten to a side. HS: five or ten when the game was introduced in his co to a side. 896-897. NT: They formerly used one 882. LS, LC: The play was individual, to a player. GK: They used to play with not by teams. one bone to a player, "but it was too e 885. The root used was a soft spongy ball cheat, so they began to use pairs." of some kind which the pin would penetrate. 897-898. NT: Play was for from 21 t; 886. A twig was split longitudinally most points (the number was set for each gai of its length. It was thrown in the air and NC: Play was for 22 points. caught astraddle of the pin. 897a. KC: Play was said to have bee 888. NT: Play was for 4 successive points. 12 points. NC: Play was for 22 successive points. N2: 898. KW: Sometimes they play for 30 Play was for 40 successive points. BC. Play 902. NH, NT, NC, N2: Nowadays women- was for 4 points. HS: Play was for 10 points. lahal, but formerly it was not consider The losing side had paint smeared on their correct. faces or were thumped on the head by the 904. NH, NT, NC, N2: These instrume winners, invariably associated with lahal. 891. The ball was usually made of 905. The stick game was known as:X shredded cedar bark or basketry scrapings, ex- KO, KC, lipa; BC, xsani; TH, TG, xcan;X cept by LC, who made it of the hair dis- sAn; LS, kAlkitcaqa; LC, kadoqitca. A' carded in preparing goat wool for weaving, of sticks ran to 40 cr 50, in which the. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 269 ,usually 4 "aces," and the rest "blanks" in Dice Games suits of threes (each suit being marked or ecorated in a distinctive manner). The 917. KW: Porcupine incisors were used for layer selected one "ace" and one "blank" this game. The informant did not understand (or 1 ace and 3 blanks, or 2 pairs, see nos. the scoring, but believed play was for 20 7a, 908), displayed them, rolled them up in points. k underneath his mat (if 1 ace and 3 922. GK: This may be erroneous. anks were used, 2 sticks were in each 925. A small leg bone (astragalus?) of a ndle; with 2 pairs, each was rolled up sep- deer or caribou was used. The count was ac- ately). Then he laid the bundles out. The cording to the side up when it landed. esser sometimes had the privilege of saying Pastimes ther he was guessing for the ace or the ank (LC). The dealer unrolled the bundle, owing the stick selected out on the mat The entries under this head by no means fore him. A miss scored for the "dealer," exhaust the list of pastimes, which were hit won the privilege of "dealing" (as in numerous, varied, and often rather quaint. 1). With 2 pairs, the guesser made one Probably the least intellectual of all is the as for 1 stick, not both. game called bic, described by TH. It con- sisted in holding the hands as far apart as possible with the index fingers to bring the 905-906. NH, NT, NC, N2: Probau?y nega- tips of the index fingers together with the e. None of the Nootkans played this game eyes tightly closed. far as the writer knows. 930. In the "laughing games" a person 910. BC: 5 points was game, but the was called out from one side (e.g., to walk ler had to win five consecutive times be- across to pick up a stick, no. 951) while the e he could count the first point. LS: The opponents did everything they could think of yers agreed beforehand on the number of to make him laugh or smile. Should he do so, ts to play for. he lost, and someone else was called. KO: 911. When one player had won all but 2 The informant believed this game came from ts necessary for a game, he put in an the Tsimshian (but see TH, TG). a blank, making three bundles, and play 932. NT, NC: Probably erroneous. Games for 2 points. The writer could not de- of this type were very popular among all the e if the guesser had one or two guesses; Nootkan tribes. .informants were of one opinion, some of 953. N2: The informant described a push- ther. TG thought this was for the last 1 of-war with a long pole instead. lts. 954. GK: Probably erroneous. PAINTS AND DYES 941. This was used to color red cedar pounded. , chiefly. 955. The painter chewed some dried sal- 9949. These are often termed "mortars" but mon eggs, then mixed them with the paint. orma-nts asserted the paint was rubbed back Such paint was waterproof. forth in them to grind it up; it was not FIRE 955. The writer is by no means certain 965-964. Use of oil-lamps of stone or ; the bow drill is aboriginal in the area, shell was asserted by some informants to be ite statements to that effect. ancient; others considered it a recent in- W57. LS, LC: Stones for this type of novation. kmakilng were imported from the interior. 270 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TOBACCO The Northwest Coast "tobacco" has not bee.n 973. GK: Tobacco was sometimes mixed. grown for a long time. The northern infor- with dried salmo.n eggs. LS: In spring, manDs (except LC, who gave a mythical account crabapple leaves were mixed with tobacc of its origin in the Chilkat country) agreed LC: Ashes of willow and rotten hemlock that the tobacco came from the queen Charlotte used instead of burned shell at times. Islands. LS stated the seeds were imported 975. KC: The informant described th from there. It was said that the plant does smoking of yew leaves in hollow wooden not grow wild anywhere on the coast; this may This is undoubtedly erroneous. HS: Th or may not be so. See R. F. Heizer, The tive tobacco was said to have been smo Botanical Identification of Northwest Coast slate pipes anciently. This is probab Tobacco, AA, n.s., 42:704-706, 1940. erroneous also. CALENDAR, DIRECTIONS, ETC. Calendar siAmt, "solstice moon" siqalumtak, "sockeye arrive moonn, 977. The following material on calendars sl'istilii, "dog salmon arrive was recorded. The translations of terms are siliswaisl, "coho arrive moon" as the informants gave them, and may not be tsitsktstisiut, "moon when they altogether correct. to dance" NH, NT, NC, N2: Nootkan calendars will be ichssitilim, "moon when they pl presented elsewhere. games" KR: Informant did not know the moon names. sinaholaixtcut, "moon when the KW: The followi.ng names were given, but ends" (the spirits of the win the order is not certain: dances depart) wolawA, "nothing" (i.e., nothing to There was said to be an alternate s eat could be gathered), January (2) of names referring to berries, also in maqewa, "pulling" (i.e., pulling sea- BC2: The Kimskwit moon count was gE weed with herring spawn on it), as follows: February siAmt, "solstice moon," Decemb wotsum- (from wasila, "to place boughs swolimxnim, "scraped away" (moc for herring spawn"), March food is gone) tcaHsAm, "olachon moon" (tcaHan, aluAnstimot, "rocking back and "olachon"), April (i.e., from cold to warm wea qotsum, "blossom moon," May siaq!um, "moon when herring spa sastsAm, "spring salmon moon," June (?) siqyuliH, "moon when they make mAitsum, "sockeye moon" (mAiik, traps" "sockeye") sinomwAk, "moon when they pre tsakulstsAm, "moon when there are no olachon traps" more berries," September (?) sTisami, "moon when they eat s xlkwA4iia, "making clean" (referring salmon" to winter gales) sikalumtAk, "moon when sockeye- na'nolasnka, "wanting to be elder" slist'alih, "moon when they eat (nula, "elder sibling." This moon salmon wanted to be older than the follow- siiswaisl, "moon when they eat ing one) siqalixAm, "moon when they dig- la'ts'osas, "solstice moon" roots" BC: si:sksll, "moon for dancing" siAmt, "solstice moon" KO: The informant recalled only one LoAnstimo (?) LiHsim, "moon when herring spawn" ( - sxoli.nxne^m, "moon when there is no K02: The informant recalled the ?o food," "inothing," February (?) but not their order: siaqAm, "herring moon" xaikwillla, "sweepi.ng out" (i.# sinomoak, "olachon net moo.n" gone), January ....... sisamL, "spri.ng salmon moo.n" .nanulaslaka'gila, "wants to be sibli.ng" CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 271 qwauqwunxsa, "moon when salmonberry kiamgam nahxon, "moon when salmon buds appear" run," July q!amAnno, "moon whe.n fish begin to kiamgam laxsd8mon, "moon when hump- arrive" back run," August K KC: The informant recalled but two names: kiamgam laxgox, "moon when coho run," igiwa, "moon when they do not go outdoors" September e.,. because of the cold); and TG: xsala'aila, "moon when herring run." kiamgam ha'wAlk, "taboo moon" (it was [ KX: taboo to string out chewing gum, xekwiliia, "moon when they brush snow lest the winter be long), away," January (?) December (?) k'imillakos (referring to k'emani, kiamgam polahs, "moon of falling" some ki.nd of small fish they ate at (i.e., branches freeze and snap off) this time) (kiamgam) kalgiamk, "empty" (this is wo'nigilakos, "moon when herring not a real month; some years they arrive" left it out) dzahwilakos, "moon when olachon arrive"' kiamgam lahsye, "moon when spring qa'qa'alakos, "moon for ripening of salmon come" olachon" (an alternate name for this kiamgam halixgA, "moon for eating moon is tattlhwakos, "bear-hunting olachon" moon") kiamgam goim, "springtime moon" qa'pilakos, "moon when spri.ng salmon kiamgam laxmiso, "moon when sockeye are in the river" run'' qa!agilisla, "moon when the year is kiamgam lahstAmon, "moon when humpback half-gone" run" hwalkos, "moon when they cut fish" kiamgam go:Ax, "moon when coho run" hwa'Llakos, "moon when there are only kiamgam lax tsa'wast, "moon when some few fish to cut" kind of late berries ripen" kwolis, "moon when coho are far up the kiamgam laxyeik, "moon for playing streams" guessing games" qulqulqiliskos, "moon for traveling" GK: (the weather is nice and they are not lasAgwunehw, "cold weather moon," afraid to make long journeys) December alts'uwolakos, "moon for copulating" lasumal, "moon for canoe making" mimaxawA, "moon for ----" (Probably this name comes from the H: coast. We don't make canoes at this kiamgamlax halhal, "moon for top- time.") spinning," October (?) gutgwutlakws, "moon for kiamgamlax bic, "moon for playing the wotlakws, "moon when the snow softens" game of putting one's i.ndex fingers lasi'y'a, "spring salmon moon" together with eyes shut" lasiyanza, "moon when leaves appear" kiamgam lax yeukw, "moon for guessing lasAma'1, "moon when berries appear" games" (i.e., guessing what a person lasuwihan, "moon when salmon come" holds in his hand, etc.) lasAlAgins, "grizzly bear moon" kiamgam lax wole^, "moon for playing lastAqankwikw, "marmot-hunting moon" the rebounding dart game" (this is ahwat, "nameless [moon]" not played after the solstice), cxAlaniahwat, "again nameless [moon]" December HT: These names do not correspond exactly kalgiamkw, "first" or "beginning" with the natural phenomena they refer to. The moon, January informant said they indicate what is to hap- q!amgalhalixla, "moo.n approaching pen at the end of the moon, not during it. olachon time," February tan koitas, "bear moon" (next moon bears kiamgam halixla, "moon when olachon come out), January (?) arrive," March igidwunkofnas, "geese [or brant? ] stay kiamgam kalidzumdjam, "moon when they outside, and are thin" render olachon," April xitgas, "migratory geese" (go north kiamgam laxia'ack, "moon whe.n they after this moon) pick seaweed," May witgyas, "moo.n when a small bird [wit] i.kiamgam laxmai, "moon whe.n they pick whistles in the salmonberry bushes" -berries," June a.nskailakunhas, "moo.n when salmo.nberry buds appear" 272 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS angyas, "moon when salmonberries come ture was that based on the wind names. On out" two informants (GK, LC) gave names referr q!itaq!itas, "middle" (the year is to the sunrise for east (LC gave sunset for half over) west), and they used wind names for north ki'icalc, "[moon when] everyone is full south. Of course directional terms were no, of food" used nearly as much as by ourselves. An sangyas, "like killerwhales [san]" Indian ordinarily does not go north or sou (cedars creak in the wind, making a he goes to a particular place -- to River's noise resembling that of killer- Inlet, the Nass, or Skagway, or Vancouver, whales rubbing against each other) 984. The terms for upriver and downriv qAlgako.das, "moon when water freezes can be used along the ocean front, just as in the canoes" (for the first time) speak of "up and down the coast" (except koqyanas, "standing moon" (i.e., people that Kwakiutl usage is the reverse of ours stand to defecate, because the snow northward being "downriver"). Whether the is too deep to squat) natives actually conceptualized the ocean HS: The informant was able to recall only a river flowing northward is difficult to a few names, and was not sure when the months say. The writer's informants appeared to came. consider the terms to be homonyms, and did taxitgyas, "blueblack moon" not transfer the idea of "river" to the 00 kafigalanikwans, "moon when berries at all. HM: The informant admitted this ripen" usage, but reversed the terms ("downriver-. 4a?Agalai'Ikwans "moon when blueberries south"). His information is probably err ripen" ous. siaiangitcas, "moon for halibut fishing" xitgyas, "migratory geese moon" qaqanaigis, "moon for qe^tqakaidas, "middle" moon Lunar Observances 978. LC: The moons were simply numbered from one to twelve. The informant believed 986-987. HM: The positive entries are that July was the first month. probably in error. 979. The solstices appear to have been 988. TH, TG: When they saw the new mo associated with the moon counts usually, in March-April, the people all went out although the matter is not altogether clear. shouted, "o'biy8:! (which is supposed to Most of the moon counts appear to have fer to drinking soup noisily from a spoon) started after the winter solstices, and the They were thinking about the olachon run solstice of summer marked the passing of half which was soon due, and were happy. GK: the year. the March-April new moon, the people shou 981. This was probably a very common "obiye: !" There is nothing left in the b usage on the coast. The following notes were of your grandmother's basket!" They knev obtained. BC: One moon was called "moon for spring salmon would soon be running. playing games." (See the moon count.) TH, 990. This concept, if it be such, is TG: See moon counts. GK: Tops were spun in particularly clear to the writer. Perha winter before the solstice to make the winter the real beliefs have been forgotten. pass rapidly. Cat's cradles were made during mants said the moon just went somewhere the same time; to make them after the solstice lost temporarily, without anyone really would be snaring the sun's legs (i.e., im- ing how it happened. In every case, the peding his progress "back to summer") . Snow- were trying to translate the name for "e- snake was also played before (and not after) clipse." HM: The informant gave an addit the solstice. LS: Cat's cradles were played al name for eclipse which he said meant in fall only, and not made after the first "swallowing," as well as the word which snow, lest the winter be long. LC: Cat's meant "covering," or "going out of sight,. cradles were made in the eighth month only but did not know who or what was supposed (lest the sun be snared). Tops were spun in to do the swallowing. a special month (in spring). 992. The singing of mourning songs how) prevented the death which the ecli indicated. TG: The informant stated tha Directions during the singing, dogs,-were beaten "to them cry too." Other informants denied The commonest type of direction nomencla- for their people.? CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 273 MONEY AND VALUABLES 995. NT: The affirmatives (995-1000) are- body, and were collected when the body was erroneous. Most Nootkan informants were hauled up. The farther north one went, the certain that only the northern group had more expensive the shells became, until two places for getting dentalia. KK: The data would buy a prime black fox (up in the in- on dentalia fishing are not really Koskimo. terior). LC: The Chilkat got dentalia from The two dentalia grounds near Quatsino Sound the south, and also were supposed to get belonged to the Klaskino, and the informant them from the interior (the informant owns them in his place as Klaskino chief. hazarded that there might be a big lake "way 997. KK: The informant believed that one inside" where the shells might grow). The of the beds was about 24 fathoms deep. The informant was positive about this, "becuase [pole consisted of 4 sections, each 6 fathoms we had dentalia long ago, before we dis- long. This may be a bit overestimated. covered that there were any people to the 1001. KK: Dentalia washed ashore and south along the coast." were picked up in the old tribal home of the 1003. These were the opercula of a gastro- Koskimo on Cape Scott. KO, TH: Both infor- pod, used chiefly for inlays, etc. They mants thought that dentalia were a variety seem to have been picked up along the beaches of toredo, which washed ashore stuck in chiefly; and they are said to have been plen- rocks and water-soaked logs. This informa- tiful on the west coast of the Queen tion is probably in error. HM, HS: The Charlottes. LS, LC: The informants referred een Charlotte Islands were an important to some kind of shells (cax!tAk) used for center of distribution for dentalia, which ornaments, but thought they were teeth of washed up on certain beaches, especially on some kind of fish. The opercula may have the west coast. In addition, the tastlanas been meant. ( "sand village") chief is supposed to have 1005. None of the informants knew where owned a sand bank (up above tideline) in abalone shells came from. ich the shells were quite plentiful, and 1006-1009. NC: Probably negative. None he "mined" them there. of the Nootkans used coppers. 1002. LS: Dentalia came from far to the outh. The southern people used to tell a 1008. KC: "Sometimes they got lumps of am to the effect that the fishi.ng was done copper from up north, melted them, and made ykilling a slave and sinking him in deep coppers themselves." This is doubtless er- ter. The dentalia assembled to eat the roneous information. LIFE CYCLE Birth One concept seems worth noting, and that was the taboo on seeing death, suffering, or In the first lists of the present group, "anything ugly," reported by all the Nootkan, section was devoted to usages relating to Kwakiutl, and Bella Coola informants (NH to egnancy, etc. The material, however, was KX). (This was not asked other informants.) scarded, chiefly because of the fact that Probably the consistency on this point was sistent and well-balanced accounts could due in good part to the fact that this was t be obtained from male informants. Some one of the few restrictions which applied simply refused to discuss the topic on equally to the husband during his wife's grounds that "it is a women's affair" and pregnancy. There also were ways to nullify an could not be expected to know anything the evil effect of breach of the taboo. The ut it. How far this attitude was in- usual procedure was to preserve a small por- enced by missionary-instilled prudishness tion of the animal seen dying (or a bit of difficult to say, but the fact remains its blood mopped up with shredded bark) and t such data as were collected were very then to brush the woman or infant with cere- yen. Among the first half-dozen infor- monial gestures with the talisman. BC: Data ts, the agreements on specific food ta- from here to end of list are Kimskwit (BC2). es, for example, ran about 25 per cent KX: Data o.n this subject (nos. 1010-1124) are itimated), which apparently indicated from KX2. TH, HM, LS: Informants denied suf- i ty knowledge. ficient knowledge of this topic to discuss it 274 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS at all. 1012. NC: Probably erroneous. 1039-1041. LC: The umbilical cord was 1015-1017. LC: In high-rank families, put in a skin bag, and tied on the left sid two women from the parturient's moiety and of the cradle for a year. Then the child I two from her husband's moiety were hired to father took it into the interior and hid i! attend her. Low-class people would simply Sometimes he put it by a mountain-goat tr call on any close kinswoman. to make the child a good hunter. 1018. HS: If the husband were a hunter, 1042. NT, NC, N2: See element 1043. T he would be excluded; otherwise it did not child would live to be old, like the perso matter. who wore its umbilical cord. 1019. KW: The husband was set to running in and out the door to assist matters. 1020. Among most of the groups, a regular Cradles shaman would not come anywhere near a par- turient lest he lose his power. 1050. This type of cradle was made li 1021. KW: The obstetrician was a person an ordinary bent cedar box. Sometimes add who had encountered the supernatural being tional kerfs were made in the sides to wia mamayuLAmalaka (one-continually-giving-birth) it. Top view: in the woods. Child Treatment 1026. LC: Instead of straightening an infant's legs, it was customary to bind a pad between his knees to make him bowlegged, "so he could snowshoe well." 1027. NT: Proba4ly erroneous. 1028. LC: The afterbirth was disposed of after "two or three days," according to the 1051. BC: The description was not very informant. This may be an error. clear. Apparently a narrow board was bent 1032. Various things were done to the into an oval hoop, and cross-pieces were afterbirth to influence the child's life. fitted in "just like the ribs of a boat." The place, for example, where it was placed 1052-1053. This cradle appears to have was important. Often if the infant were a been something between a flat board cradle boy, the afterbirth would be buried or and a dugout box. It was slightly hollow cached up in the mountains, to make the child longitudinally, and open on the ends. a hunter. NH, NC, KR, BC: These negatives are very likely erroneous. 1034. KC, KX, LC: The woman's mother had this task. HS: The woman's father's sister had this task. 1036. KC, KX: The informants were probab- ly trying to be more accurate than those who simply affirmed the pattern number. 1057. KW: The umbilical cord was kept for an indefinite period, to be ground up and used as medicine if the child were not thrifty. BC: If the child was to be a goat hunter, his father took the umbilical cord 1053. KX: It was not clear whether th up into the mountains and placed it in a cradle was "slightly hollowed" or a plain goat bed. There it was left for four days, flat board. If the parents were rich, th then recovered. If it were not brought would "hire" a chief to carve their crest, back, the child would some day go hunting the head of the board. and never return. GK: The informant stated 1056-1057. This was an ovoid checkerw that the umbilical cord was "kept" -- in basket, with four longitudinal splints su fact, a child would become "crazy" (wild, stituted for warps in the bottom for rigi uncontrollable), should it be lost. But it ty, and reinforced rim..' was "kept" in a hollow (or split) tree out 1058. LC: A large twined basket was . in the woods, .not in or about the house, folded twice, thus: CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 275 hollow stump. It was warmed and put into various receptacles , e.g., a bear skull (to C~~~ ) make him "mean" when he grew up), a king crab shell (to make him strong), etc. The a receptacle was used four times. The children of the village were brought in and told -o shout while the baby was being put to sleep so that he would not mind noise thereafter KW: When the infant was put in his wooden cradle on the fourth day, children were called in to shout and slap the sides of the b cradle until the baby cried. This was done for four successive days to make the infant sleep well and "become fo.nd of his cradle.'I The children were given food for this. LC: They gave no feasts for a newborn infant, nor any real names, for "they were not sure whether it would grow up or not." c When a woman brought her newborn infant into the house for the first time, all the terward, it was covered with hide and other people went out (i.e., the house was ced. The basket te.nded to spring outward empty when she entered). Then four persons so did not press in on the infant. A threw four pinrches each of ashes across the od was put over the child's face; it was cradle so nothing would harm the child. t allowed to see the light for four months. 1062. KK: The informant believed the Twinning presser was put on very tightly for a 1109. KK: Owing to the fact that the w days only. This may be an error. Koskimo are descended from the Transformer Postnatal Observances (ada) and a Salmon-woman, twins and other Salmon-children (deformed, birthmarked, etc.) [ 1088. N2: The duration of the fresh have always been numerous among them. mon taboo was given as "one month." 1110. KK: If the twins were of the same 1089. KK: When the informant was four sex, the younger was killed. They usually s old, four men were hired, one to recount kept those of opposite sex, but sometimes one itions and three to sing over the after- would be jealous of the other. A kinswoman- th. This was to make the informant a of the informant appeared to her father in a itionalist and singer. Each of the four dream (shortly after birth), asking him to had a (drum-) stick, and when they "send her elder brother away." He said, shed, the sticks were wrapped in the "Yes." In the morning the elder brother was erbirth. A kinsman, weari.ng a Wolf mask, found dead (by agreeing, his father had k the parcel and ran out into the woods caused his death). The woman is old but hale it, singing. He buried it at the foot today. NH, KR, GK: The informants maintained a yew tree. Then the mother and .child twins were not killed, "but one invariably e bathed with a basin of warm water. The dies -- they can't save it." t was inspected for deformities; if it 1112. KK: The parents of twins had to none, as a final test it was offered a make three (not four?) ceremonial (counter- of cooked mussels to determine whether it clockwise) turns on goi.ng out, one on getting a "Salmon-child" (see element 1109) or up, one at the door, and one outside the door. (A Salmon-child would eat mussels on 1115. KX: Even after the four years during fourth day.) The.n all the people present which food-gathering was prohibited, people ted four times, so that nothing would did not like to let them obtain any kind of ten the child (one good scare presumably food, lest it be spoiled. him the rest of his days). All the 1117. This was done the first time the 1e who had aided, made things, etc., were parents of twins went out on the salt water. ted to a little feast. KR: For the 1120. KR: After the seclusion, the tribe th-day feast, they gathered all sorts of assembled to sing while the father brought things -- old mats, scrapings of old out his tools and weapons. Then he had to Ls, etc. -- a.nd bur.ned them, holding the give a Salmo.n Dance and a potlatch. KW: The lt in its cradle over the smoke. (This tribe assembled to sing for four days. The to make it live to be old.) The water pare.nts a.nd the twi.ns had dyed red cedar bark the baby's bath was taken from an old o.n their heads. The.n some dyed bark was 276 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS burned, while E shaman watched, to predict was relaxed much earlier for a poor girl the future welfare of the parents and for one of high rank. children. Afterward, when the father of 1156-1157. TH: Some girls "who were twins got any fish or other game, he had to strong-hearted" were confined for eight d scatter a few small bits of it about to pro- 1161. KW, KX: The girl was given a fe duce plenty of that kind. Should he fail to bits of goat tallow to suck on during her do this, the species would disappear. fast. 1161a. TH: A girl undergoing an eight day seclusion was given a snack the eve First-Game Observances of the fourth day to enable her to see th eight days through. LS: If they feared t 1125. LC: Once a chief gave a great girl-could not stand a four-day fast, the feast on the occasion of his small son's gave her a bit of dried food the night of killing a snowbird. This was the only time second day. it was ever done among the Chilkat. 1161a-1162. TG: After four days a gir 1130-1131. NH, NT, NC, N2: Probably was ritually fed by her father's sisters; positive. and for the next six received small amoun of food daily. 1164. KR: This negative may be an err Girls' Puberty Observances 1172. KC: See no. 1218a, and note. 1177. LC: The girl's hair was washed- KX: Data are from KX2. TG: Data are from with blueberry juice, so that it would no TG3. (TG's wife, gitsilsu, not gilutsa.) turn gray early. 1136. BC, KO: The negatives may be er- 1173. LS: Only the girl's mother and roneous. father's sister bathed and cared for her 1140-1141. LS: This was to prevent the the end of her seclusion. It was entirel girl from becoming a talkative woman, but private affair; no outsiders knew what w obviously kept her from talking during the on. (This accounts for the blanks LC 117 seclusion. 1185.) 1141. KO: A flat pebble was rubbed over 1179. LC: A young (prepubescent) girl her mouth four times daily so she would not hair was simply rolled up and a little b be a gossip. LC: The pebble was rubbed tied over it. The braids marked her as a around her mouth four times daily so she mature woman. would not become talkative. 1180. KR: A few bits only were cut of 1149. Two informants (KO, KC) gave this the girl's hair. BC: See no. 1220a. reply to the query about use of a scratching 1182. The weights were usually bunche stick, at the same time denying use of of dentalia, pieces of copper, etc. KR: scratcher. One might infer from this that hair was drawn back tightly to make it gr the scratching stick was used, but forgotten KX: The hair was drawn back tightly and by the informants. end of the braid gently tugged to make it 1150. LC: This was a necklace of goat- grow. hoof jinglers worn by the girl so that she 1183. KK: The informant believed the could not move about without the people girl's eyebrows were "shaped" (evened) by hearing her. rubbing them. BC: See no. 1220a. 1151-1152. LS: The girl's motner and 1194. This ritual purificatory elemeSi father's sister together cared for her. may have been more widely distributed and 1153. KK, BC, KO, KC: Probably all posi- therefore included for descriptive purpo tive. rather than distributionally. (See also 1156-1159. By "primary seclusion" is no. 1392.) For some reason, it was extr meant the period of rigid restrictions (in- difficult to convey the idea to informan cluding usually: fasting, close confinement, in questioning them. taboos on all activity, etc.) and concluded 1195-1196. HS, LC: Her father's sist in some ritual manner, e.g., by bathing the were invited to a minor feast to break h girl, dressing her hair, and ritually feeding fast. her. As a rule this primary seclusion was 1196. GK: The father's sister's da followed by a period of indefinite length had this office. LS: The girl's mother (the longer the better) during which the father's sister together fed her. girl's activity was still restricted, but not 1199. The mild form of seclusion usw to the same degree. (See nos. 1198-1221.) consisted in staying in the house with hd In most instances, this secondary seclusion mother and kinswoman most of the time. T CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 277 irl was not ordinarily confined in her room, to stay indoors, "and not go about much" for she could go outdoors now and then. This the duration of her period. econdary seclusion was nearly always observed 1249. The writer suspects that many of onger for girls of high rank. the negatives following this element are in 1202. "One year" means usually until the error, despite the insistence of informants nd of the fishing season in the coming fall. that there were no food restrictions at all 1204. NH, NT, NC, N2: The hair ornaments for menstruants. ere worn continually. 1251-1255. GK, LC: The seclusion in a .1208. BC: The girl also motioned with her menstrual hut automatically makes these en- ds as though picking berries rapidly. tries positive, of course. 1209. LS: This is automatically a posi- 1252. HS: The negative entry is probably ive, for no one was permitted to go directly in error. cross the mouth of a salmon stream. 1253. KC: Sometimes a shaman would be 1212-1215. KX: This was an institution given a few drops of menstrual blood in his ique to the Xaisla (the tribes preceding food to destroy his power. His guardian em in the list apparently did not have it). spirit left him forever. LS: See note .1 the well-to-do pubescents of the year 1244-1245, LS. re taken to a camp ground at the head of a ough off the river mouth. The girls were upposed to have a good time -- giving Marriage asts and playing games during this least rdensome of seclusions in the area. They There was one aspect of marital customs on re cared for,.as a rule, by widows and which the lists yielded uniformly poor re- dowers bereaved within the year, who like- sults. This was the subject of divorce, se were not allowed on the river. One adultery, etc. Many informants, particularly et that doubtless favored this special en- in districts where missionary influence has pment was that the Xaisla did not scatter been strong, were prone to deny that such t or move from one river to another, but things ever happened anciently, picturing d all their fishing from olachon time clear their forebears as having led most harmonious ough till fall at the same place, so they and immaculate lives. Probably longer ac- uld easily visit their daughters and keep quaintance with the informants would have led em supplied with food. to franker discussions of native sexual life, 1216. KR: This and the sub-entries (1216- but with the brief interview time allowed 18) may be erroneous. there was nothing to do but record the views 1218a. KC: This instrument was used only given and let it go at that. For this reason a girl who wished to become a good singer. the data obtained have been omitted as worth- ee no. 1172.) less from the final lists. Of general pat- 1220a. BC: See nos. 1180, 1183. terns of divorce, it may be said that, among 1227. This was "to announce the return of the groups among whom the wife was "redeemed" e girl to the people," to officially remove by payment of a "dowry" (see element 1282), cial regalia, etc. It was done only by divorce was taken as a matter of course; a althy men and, among them, probably univer- man often married (and married often) to ob- 1. in the area. tain privileges and property. When he had 1238-1242. NH, NT: For a description of them, he sent his wife home. In the nortn, s performance, see E. Sapir, A Girl's divorce may have been slightly less usual, berty Ceremony among the Nootka, Royal where the feeling for clan reciprocity and ciety of Canada, Transactions, ser. 3, 7:67- rivalry was most highly developed, as among 1913. The rite repeats the common Gulf the Tlingit. (LC stated that divorce did oc- Georgia Salish pattern of ritual "washings" cur, but was likely to cause trouble between crises, described by Barnett, CED:IX -- the clans involved. The divorcee's brothers if of Georgia Salish (UC-AR 1, No. 5, 1939). would cast off a "sister" of the husband's, to get even, and eventually bloodshed might result.) Menstrual Cust-oms (mature women) As regards adultery and related matters, it may be said that sexual laxity was charac- 1244-1245. LS: A shaman's wife had to teristic of the area as a whole, though not ye out of the house during her menses. institutionalized. Adultery might cause a '1244-1246. TH, HM: It was not made clear squabble betwee.n the spouses concer.ned or ..the writer just how rigid this "seclusio.n" with the third party, sometimes resulted in MBoth informants said that the woman had a divorce, and occasio.nally might cause a 278 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS brawl or a killing, but usually it was taken price was paid by the proposal party or rather lightly. Seduction (of an unmarried the time of marriage. One would probabLi girl) was a slightly different matter. The safe in inferring that it was given by t girl's family was likely to resent it, because proposal party. HM: Gifts were made to there was a feeling that the girl's marriage bride's family at the time of asking (whi value was decreased, and besides, a bastard, was done by the suitor's mother or sistei with only half the proper complement of rela- particularly if the couple were not close tives, had no place in the ordered social related. These gifts were not especiall. system. large, but constituted what there was of 1257. It is understood that among all the bride price. HS: The chief informant de tribes the real proposal was nearly always but HS2 affirmed, the custom of giving g conveyed in secret beforehand, parents or about as reported by HM, and cited some other close kin (sisters, mother's brother, stances in which it had been done by her" etc.) of the groom making the arrangements relatives a generation or two removed. with the girl's people. The relatives making 1264. LC: The marriage party had 8 the formal proposal acted on the assurmption songs to si.ng as it approached the villa that their suit would be accepted, even though the bride. The marriage described in el there might be a number of mock refusals ments 1257-1282, LC, was one with outsid (these were often prearranged), so it was tribes; for marriages among the Chilkat necessary to have an agreement ahead of time. lages see elements 1284-1287. Sometimes a chief's suit was refused, and, as 1266. BC: Certain high-rank women h one informant (KK) put it, "A chief would be right to accompany the groom's party to ashamed to have the people know his son was form special songs and dances. When the turned down" (i.e., publicly). ty arrived before the bride's house, goa Where there were no formal parties sent hides were cut into strips, and a man (o. (HM, HS, LS, LC), the marriage party went the groom's party) ran along the beach s direct to ask for the girl publicly and marry tering them for children and poor people' her at once and there also arrangements were pick up. KO: Two men had the hereditary made privately ahead of time. BC: The nega- right to dance on the rafts of the groom1 tive may be due to a misunderstanding. Ap- party. Other people held carvings, ama parently the BC marriage forms were almost which were kohtin (a humanlike face) and identical with those of the neighboring yA'hwinohwilakw (supernatural killerwhal Kwakiutl (KW, KO, KC). 1267-1268. These ceremonial games or 1257a. GK: The mother's brother and the tests were most elaborate among the Noo father of the groom did the asking. tribes and southern Kwakiutl. Members : 1259. KR: This payment "for an option" groom's party were called forth to perfo was not made by the proposal party, but be- some feat of strength or skill such as forehand. ing a heavy weight, climbing a greased r 1259a. This element is the key to an im- running up a steeply inclined plank, etc" portant difference in the marriage rites of Each contestant was usually paid, and (b Nootkans, Kwakiutl, and Tsimshian. Among plan, usually) a considerable number had some (NH, NT, NC, N2, KK, KR), the proposal try before one performed the feat. Thes party gave a gift to bind the bargain, as it games were the hereditary property of thi were, then came in marriage soon after. A- bride's family. mong other groups (BC, KO, KC, TH, TG, and 1269. KO, KC: From the description, perhaps GK), they brought the bride-price it- was a representation of a battle, rather self. (This constituted what modern natives a real combat. The nu;llakw ("Made-fool call in English "paying the engagement.") a dancer but a special kind of warrior) The bride's father usually loaned this property leaped from the canoe and ran up to the out, and a year or two later, when he had ac- house, which was closed and silent. He' cumulated double or more of the amount of the the door with his war club and pretended "e.ngagement," he notified the groom's family, break it down. Entering) he shouted his who came to receive the repayment and get the cry, talked loudly (recounting war explo bride (i.e., the real marriage ceremony took a short time, then returned to the canoe- place). The repayment of the "engagement" where he announced that he had attacked was entirely distinct from the dowry, which broke.n into the house and had captured' was given later on. chief's daughter they were seeking. TG, GK: The disti.nctio.n betwee.n the two mar- I.nformants described a sort of free-for-i riage procedures (see precedi.ng paragraph) (all i.n good fun, supposedly) betwee.n th was not clear in the field, a.nd the writer's young men of both sides, i.n which fists,- lists do not make clear whether the bride sticks, a.nd cobblesto.nss were used. * CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 279 1272-1273. KR, KW: These gifts constitu- the rule in marriages between the three and e d the "marriage mat" of the souther.n four Chilkat villages. The payments were akiutl and were independent of the dowry. made by the father-in-law to the groom, not Entries probably positive. by the groom. The implication is that this e 1273. HM: Occasionally, fishing or berry- was a poor man's marriage, for chiefs of very icking rights were given to the groom for high rank married far away as a rule. e during his lifetime, after which they re- 1288-1289. Not only poor people, but erted to the original owners. LC: Some- elderly people often married in this fashion. s songs were given to be taken with the The usual "ceremony" was the giving of a ide. small feast to immediate kin of both persons, 1277. It is not easy to decide if the at which the marriage was announced. irst, at least, of these gift exchanges is 1292. This custom was the logical outcome ctionally the same as the "dowry" else- of the system of redemption of the wife by ere or not. In form it differs slightly. her father (nos. 1278-1282). The pseudo- Gave no details. HS: Soon after the groom acquired property for a potlatch and riage the husband sends his wife to her privileges to show, when the "bride" was re- others and mother's brothers with gifts of deemed; the "father-in-law" raised his and perty and food. The recipients must repay his daughter's name. s handsomely -- usually much more than 1294. KK: This type of marriage was known le. After this a man and his brothers- but only infrequently used by the Koskimo. -law continually exchange gifts. LS: The ormation was practically the same as that HS, except that the gift exchange took Residence, Types of Marriage, etc. ce some months after marriage, the man and 1297. Probably isolated instances of this S wife going to visit her relatives with sort of residence occurred everywhere (even ts of food, where it was denied), but nowhere was it re- 1278. TH, TG, GK: See 1272-1274, TG, TG, garded as quite the thing to do. HM, HS, LS: See 1272-1274, HM, HS, LS. 1298-1299. BC: Polygyny was asserted to See 1272-1273, LC. have been very rarely practiced. 1281. This was a Nootkan legal concept 1300. KK, KR, KW, KC: The reason offered eby the father-in-law specifically gave i.n denial of this custom was that chiefs ileges to his daughter's children. Should married to acquire privileges and consequent- e be none to take these rights, the priv- ly there would be no point to marrying a es reverted to the father-In-law's family, second daughter of the same man: the husband son-in-law did not have to return the would have already got the best of the family th given, however. privileges by his first marriage. 282. The essential idea of the repayment 1302. The "fraternal polyandry" was ap- "dowry") was that a man "bought his parently on a rather informal basis. That ter back from her husband." After this is, the younger brother (or other close kins- nt had been made the woman might stay man) would take advantage of the attitude her husband or not, as she pleased; if that "a man would be ashamed to fight with left him, he had to buy her all over his own brother." LS believed this casual ar- (though for a smaller amount than the rangement was the only sort prevailing among time) to get her back. If a woman were his people, but the other informants who af- redeemed, informants say, it would be a firmed it thought it was slightly more insti- t shame to her family, for she would be tutionalized. LC, however, stated the fra- Le better than a slave. Cornversely, a ternal polyandry was definitely arranged, the med wife was highly honored. Wome.n junior husband being the younger brother or ted of the number of times they had been nephew who was to inherit the elder's place. med. And with the proceeds of the pay- 1303, 1311. KK, KR, KW, BC, KO: The con- the husband gave a potlatch (often the cepts regulating these practices are reserved jest of his career), thereby "raising for treatment in a paper on Kwakiutl social es" of his father-in-law, his wife, organization. imself. KK: Probably positive. 1311. This is a special concept differing in its basis from the preferential mating of pplementary Marriage Forms specific persons in the north. 85. HM: Described as a regular marriage 1312. The "endogamy" was not an iron-clad mn (1261a, HM), this ma.y have bee.n a sup- rule, but a prefere.nce. ntary or poor man's type of marriage. 1322. Infants, etc., were of course kept 85-1286. LC: This was said to have been by the wife until old enough to leave her. 280 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Mortuary Customs thus "bring his tribe down" (i.e., lower their name by the taint of slave blood). KX: Data on this section (1324-1415) are TH, TG, GK, HM, HS: Each informant denied from KX3, supplemented by notes from KX2. TH: this custom for his own group, attributing Data from here to end of list are from TH2. it to all the neighbors roundabout. One 1351. These mourning songs used were the may presume the entries all should be pos- private property of the deceased chief. The itive. rites for a common person were much simpler Corpse Handlers, Mourners, etc. and briefer. KR (and KK): There were mourn- 1368. NH: A man who owned the "medicin ing songs or wails in each family, but they etc., for purification was hired as a corp were sung mornang and evening outdoors by the handler. immediate bereaved kin, not by the assembled 1370. HS: A hunter was not permitted td group. handle a corpse. 1342. KR: If the deceased had inherited 1375. KC: All the mourners changed a dance spirit, the latter appeared at a clothes after the burial. certain point in the mourning singing (i.e., 1377-1398. NH., NT, NC, N2: Probably a dancer dressed as the spirit appeared) and negative. carried off an image of the deceased. After- 1377a. Where negatives are recorded ward the real corpse was quietly taken out (except GK), the bereaved spouse sat on hi the door. or her bed, or simply apart from other peo 1343. BC: In pile dwellings, some of the 1381. LC: The widow fasted two days; Ii flooring was moved aside and the corpse was seclusion lasted for eight. lowered through the floor. 1187. KO: The blood from the cut scalp 11545. LS: Four handfuls of ashes were of the widow and other female mourners was thrown through the hole in the wall after the allowed to dry on the face, and was not corpse had passed out. LC: Four ashes were washed off. This served as mourning paint thrown in front of the.corpse before it was LC: Widow did not wash. moved (to be taken out). 1389. LC: The widow's fingers were bo Disposal of Corpse together with wool for eight days. 1353. LS: When memorial poles were intro- 1396. TG, GK: See no. 1398. duced, which the informant considered to have 1398. TG, GK: The first salmon (of eac been in fairly recent times, boxes of ashes kind?) of the next summer's run were taboo (of cremated dead) were sometimes placed in to mourners for ten days. a hole cut in back of the pole. 1399. Women cut their hair more freque 1354. KX: KX2 denied interment. GK: This ly than men, but the writer failed to note was reported as the ancient usage, before this differentiation in time. they began to cremate the dead. 1400. TG: Finger sacrifice (reported f 1355. TH: The informant believed they the Tsimshian by Boas, 1916) was denied by only began to cremate at the time of the in- all informants. TG reported, however, th troduction of the Cannibal dance (i.e., to the immediate kin of the dead each tied a keep dancers from stealing the corpses). strand of cedar bark about their little 1361. KX: Reported by KX2. fingers and put the other end under the ll 1362. It is to be understood that the of the burial box, just before the box was burial of a slave was simple and unelaborate, taken out. As it was lifted, they cut the but most informants insisted their bodies strands close to their fingers. This pre- were put away decently, which sounds like vented further deaths in the family. more humane treatment than one would expect 1404. KX: Women's shredded cedarbark these unfortunates to have received. strual towels were burned to drive out 1365a. NT, NC, N2: The body of a twin was ghosts. not put in a box. 1405. LS, LC: The -negatives may be err 1367. It is frequently recounted that owing to the elements being out of sequeno slaves were set free at times (a chief's probably the personal property of the dead death, big potlatch, etc.). The writer-did was burned when he was cremated (not after not believe this at first, thinking it a ward, as elsewhere). glossing over of a custom (slave-killing) 1406. The memorials varied from the e which informants felt Europeans disapproved borate "totem poles" (recent in the nor of. LC's reason (or rationalization?) is al- south of the area) to simple markers, re most convincing, however: it was even "bigger" senting the number of cojipers a.nd canoes a' to free a sla.ve than to kill him, because he man had broken, that the southern Kwakiut1l (or she) would go home, beget children, and used. Whatever the facts may be in regard. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 281 e antiquity of the "totem poles" (see went to pieces with age). beau, 1929, passim), some sort of memorials 1414.' The offerings were made from time markers was put up everywhere in the pre- to time after the death of a relative, when- t area. ever one happened to be eating something of 1411. BC: A chief might hire some young which the dead person had bee.n fond, or to gather the bones of the long-deceased whenever, by means of signs (the snapping of put them away somewhere. The people didn't the fire, dreams, etc.), the dead indicated ke to see their relatives' bones come that they wanted something. ling down from the trees (as the boxes SOCIETY The social data were obtained for the most underlay these rights wherever they obtained t by means of ordinary ethnographic in- in the area, but during the process of get- ry, not by lists directly. The entries ting the lists time did not permit discussion e after conclusion of the field work) re- of the principles involved. The rights to sent the salient outlines of the societies stranded whales unquestionably lay in the the area. Those of the northern cultures ow.nership of the beach on which the creature e been intensively studied by other grounded. kers; Kwakiutl and Nootkan social organiza- It may be pointed out that the occurrence will be treated in other papers. of these claims is correlated with the econo- 1416. KW: Wikeno polity is too complex, mic importance of the species to the parti- ps because of the dwindling and concen- cular group (cf. elements and notes 122-159). tion of the local groups, and the time was 1457. KK: A seal was cut thus (ventral short, to determine what the aboriginal view): tion was. Apparently there was a strong ing of unity among the villages, but ther they were really a co.nfederation as Z the KwagiuL is not clear. 22. KX: By all accounts, the Xaisla - duplicated the fourfold Tsimshian ' ' >try system, but through near-extinction c - ' -) .merging of some, and fission of others, $ S X l have become as follows: Beaver, Eagle, rwhale ("Blackfish"), Raven, Salmon-Wolf. cent years the Ravens still had their chief, but functioned at potlatches, etc., the Beaver clan and were well on the way The blubber on the back was cut in thin rging with the latter. Informants stated strips from head to tail. The first chief was once a Crow clan, which has become of a village owned the breast (1), the second ct. GK: There are three phratries on chief, the right foreleg (2), the third, the upper Skeena: xanadA (Frog, the equiva- left foreleg (3), the fourth, the right hind of the Tsimshian Raven clan), gicha t leg (4), and the fifth, the left hind leg weed, the equivalent of the Tsimshian (5). (This method of cutting and the se- twodh or Killerwhale), and the laxgebu quence of parts agree with those of the ) Only one village of all the Gitksan, northern Nootkan tribes.) Sea lions were a, has an Eagle clan (or lineage) and owned and cut the same way. KR: The method come from up north (the Nass, or of cutting hair seals was the same as that of a)." ithe Koskimo. The cuts were given to the 434. KW: The entry refers particularly chiefs of the tribe ("numaym" chiefs) in the aces for mountain-goat snares. These order of rank, but the sequence differed s were named and jealously-guarded. from that of the Koskimo, according to the in- 36. These were rights which seem at formant. The first chief owned the breast sight of a peculiar sort. Whenever (1, on same diagram), the second and third .(or occasionally sea lions) were cap- chiefs a hind leg (4 and 5) apiece, the among some of the tribes, a feast had to fourth and fifth chiefs a foreleg (2 and 1) yen, and the chiefs by hereditary right each. The informant said right and left was received certain pieces. Among the of no consequence here, but he was probably er Nootkan tribes it came out clearly in error, for among his own people and their these rights had their basis i.n ownership neighbors, in rituals, potlatch seatings, fritory (in this case on the water). etc.-; right is always higher ran' than left. Wi,er suspects that this same basis Since the KwagiuL were said not JO hunt sea 282 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS lions, there were no sea lion rights. just behind this, between them. The "fin' 1458. KO, KC: Informants from these two didnt count for anything. The informant groups agreed on a different fashion of cut- thought the finder might get the flukes a ting, the pieces being taken from the dorsal some other choice part. The rest of the side, about as follows: people cut anywhere. The writer regards this information as incomplete at best, though it was given good faith. The informant knew but litt about the privileges owned by chiefs, no having any himself. All along the coast elderly chiefs are most competent to give data on these topics, for they cherish t memory of the honors and rights that were their due in days past. HM: The blubber long the back from the blowhole to some tance behind the "fin" belonged to the chiefs, eachi of whom had his own particu The blubber from the belly was cut in narrow piece. The informant did not know if the strips from front to rear; the breast was "saddle" was the highest-rank piece or n cut out as one piece and then divided among HS: If a whale came up, e.. ., on the bea the people. The first chief ow.ned the "head at talal (where the Skedans have berry piece," the longest strip of blubber and grounds), the Skedans chief owned a (narr meat that could be cut from the seal (1). strip of blubber from the blowhole clear The second chief owned the right hind leg (2) back to the "tail" (including the fin). with the strip of fat (2a) attached; the Other chiefs had pieces also. third chief the left hind leg (3) and strip 1444. Among the remaining groups who,j (3a), etc. The KC informant stated that sea utilized beached whales, as far as infor lions were owned and cut in the same manner. knew, all the members of the village hel 1459. Among the remaining tribes for themselves, cutting off whatever they w whom entries have been recorded, TH, HM, HS, The BC, of course, got whales most rarel it is hard to say if the rights were less by their own account. The KC and TH inf elaborate or if they have been forgotten. mants felt that the finder would be reg These informants stated that the first chief as the owner of the carcass, since he wo was given the hind legs "because that was the notify his tribesmen and conduct them to best part"; the remainder was divided up in but he had no special rights. The LS any way. (The TH informant claimed that the msant demonstrated the correctness of his Eagle clan [his own] chief owned the hind sertion by the following evidence (conde legs, which does not seem reasonable unless "Raven (ye;) was the first one ever t he was thinking of feasts given by the find a stranded whale. He called the pe gicpotwodA ["Blackfish"] clan, whose chief to divide it up. He and his friends had was first in the tribe.) great quarrel over the method of divisio All other informants stated that the because there were no marks to cut by, chiefs did not get special pieces, but only everyone was trying to get as much as he larger portions or longer strips of fat, to could. People have done the same way e show respect for their rank. since, and they always quarrel when cut, 1442. KK: Although the Koskimo did not whale blubber." He added that these q get stranded whales (see note 158), the re- were never serious; he had never heard lated Giopino did, and among the latter the anyone had been killed in one of them. first chief owns the "saddle," a wide strip 1446. The titles for chief were as f of blubber from the back which includes the lows: KK: qikAma; KR: qikAmi; KW: hi' "fin." (This is the piece claimed as his KC: hi'mas; KX: hai'mas; TH: s8mogit; own by the Nootkan whaler, and ritually TG: semogit; GK: semogit; HM: iL!agada treated.) In a way, he might be said to own HS: iLxida; LC: anyAdi. the whole carcass, for he had to assemble 1447. The titles for chief's wife we the people and supervise the division of the follows. KK: modzil (or omaqas); KR: rest of the blubber. No one else had any KO: kanil (perhaps an error; cf. qanim, rights. KO: The head chief owned a strip "woman, wife"); KC: umAks (perhaps an e across the back and down both sides immedi- cf. uma, "well born, noble,"' Aks, femixW ately ahead of the "fin"; the second and suffix); KX: modzii; TH: siginumnah; T! third chiefs were said to share a like piece, slgedimna'a; GK: sigidemnah; 111, 113,L CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 283 ounds of "chief" and "woman," "wife." potlatches. Another type of speaker was the 1448. The titles for prince (chief's kinsman (often the retired elder chief) who r) were as follows. KK: Le'wulqAma; KR: made the really important speeches (recounting 'wulqAmi; KO: dlu'wulqAmi (perhaps an family rights and traditions, etc.). The or; cf. dlu 1 "sibling's child"); KC: third was a ceremonial official, who in all shi'mas (compound term; qumas, "second likelihood held office by hereditary right er" [in this usage] "greatest," "high- since most special positions in the dances ); KX: angwa'; TH: LualksAq; TG: were owned privileges; he was called alkw (or lksik; GK: lkowilseLkw; HS: gida; HM, a variant of this term) in most Kwakiutl dia- compounds of "chief" and "child." lects, Bella Coola, and Tsimshian. This per- 1449. The titles for princess (chief's sonage was also a war leader among the ter) were as follows. KK: kitii (or Tsimshian. qAs); KR: k'itil; KC: k'itil; KX: 1467. KW, KO, KC: The ritually created war 48); TH: (1448); TG: (1448); GK: (1448); chief was a ceremonial figure called "Made LC: compounds of "chief" and "child." Fool" (nulilakw), who had both ritual aud war- ms for KX, TH, TG, GK were same as terms time functions. He was put into office by n in 1448.) giving him a nuillakw name and a (minor) 1450. The titles for village (and/or) clan dance; and he might or might not be a member f were as follows. KK: gialaxa; KO: of the chief's immediate family. *This is not xa; KC: gialaxa; TH: (1446); TO: the same as the "Warrior Fool" (nuimai) of the 6); OK: (1446); HM: lanaq'wula (trans- KwagiuL Hamatsa cycle. d as "village owner"); HS: lana5wa (trans- Social Customs d as "village mother"); LC: ansiati slated as "village owner"). (Terms for 1474a-1474b. Merely the presence or ab- KO, KC were translated for informants as sence of avoidances and privileged familiari- st to come down from above." Terms for ties is recorded, on the basis of rough TO, OK were same as terms given in 1446). checks in the field. To secure full and 461. A good deal of confusion existed in worthwhile accounts of the specific types of mants' minds, and not in theirs alone, behavior to all specific kindred requires o be functions and mode of succession of more time than was available, and furthermore chief's speaker. Apparently there were this has already been done. See T. M. Dur- l two types of speakers among most lach, Relationship Systems of the Tlingit, s. One was a real official: a person of Haida, and Tsimshian, American Ethnological family but below the rank of chief, who Society Publications 11, 1928; G. P. Murdock, ced for the chief on certain occasions, Kinship and Social Behavior among the Haida, , invitations to potlatches and feasts) American Anthropologist, n.s., 36:355-385, sometimes made the formal speeches at 1934. RELIGION A1WD RITUAL ood-Quest Observances: Fishig Rituals southern part of the area (among Nootkans and Kwakiutl) than in the north. This is admit- e data on this topic are not all that tedly a partly subjective impression based as be desired. For one thing, in many much on informants' reactions to questioning es the rites have not been observed for as on the accounts given; perhaps aboriginally years and a good part of the procedure the difference betwpen north and south was been forgotten. (This may explain the less sharp. The concept underlying all the ity of most accounts and denials of any salmon observances was that salmon are a race 1 by KR, KO, KX.) In addition, the of beings who have their own home somewhere nt of the rites, so far as they were re- out in the sea. Human beings who have visited red, varied so greatly that a satisfac- them found them living in houses just like pre-field list could not be made up. those the Indians built and going about in tat reason items have been extracted human form at home. Although they seem to the accounts given and are presented in die after they run and spawn in the rivers, ists (nos. 1475-1486), and the individ- each salmon's spirit returns to the home vil- cocounts are given in full in the notes. lage, and next year will don another garment general, it seems that the rites were of salmon flesh to run again. It does not elborate and more important in the matter what happens to the flesh of the salmon 284 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS (so long as it..is accorded proper respect), The right side of each fish was broiled but if bones or guts are lost (thrown about, the fish was moved clear around the fire devoured by dogs, birds, etc.), the individ- a counterclockwise direction and then p ual fish to which they belonged will be short with the left side to the fire. Subse those parts. Such abuse angers the salmon, the ventral and dorsal sides were expo and they will not run again. the blaze -- fish, tongs, and all being 1475-1485. A point to be noted is that carried around the fire for each change., the first of a season's catches was as a rule matter how many fish were caught the fir used by the chief who owned the river or trap four times, all of each catch had to be to give the feast with -- there were not cooked in this fashion. Those that couJ enough to bother drying, and the giving of a be eaten were thrown back into the water' feast called attention to his property rights Even the tongs used for the broiling we in the fishing place. Among some groups thrown away each time. All the bones w there was an element of ritual in this feast, carefully collected to be returned to based on the feeli.ng that all should share in water. KR: The informant denied any ri the first catch even if each received only a in co.nnection with first salmon. (Howel small bit; this may have been a rather wide- see Boas, 1921, 609 ff.) The first cat spread attitude, but it was not a well de- were always used for feasts, he said, be fined one, and not easy to discern in the cause they were too fat to dry well (or course of rapid questioning. The accounts well as those taken later in the season given follow, according to tribe. and there were not enough to bother wi NH, NT, NC: The informants said that the how. The first olachon were not treate first catch of each kind of salmon was used ritually, but were made the subject of for a. feast; there were no further rites. property rights; a certain family owned This is probably faulty information; fishing right to be the first to dry them. Wh rites were of considerable importance among owner's wife had exercised this privile other Nootkan groups, and it is hard to see she put four olachon on a stick and pla why they should fade out so suddenly (rather them outside her door as a sign that o full accounts were secured from other tribes could begin drying them. Should someo of the central province, which paralleled else dry olachons first, the owner wou N2's account fairly well). Offal was always destroy a great deal of property (whic put back in the water. N2: The first catch trespasser had to match, or lose face). of dog salmon was brought into the house where All kinds of salmon were ritually trea the fish were laid on hemlock branches covered when they began to run. Olachon were A with a cedarbark mat. They were laid with made objects of rites "because the run their heads toward the fire (on the downriver so much [in quantity]." The first sa side of the fireplace; the heads were thus each variety caught were brought up to" pointed upriver). Eagle down was sprinkled house, where they were laid on their r over them while the people sang. Then the sides on dyed shredded red cedar bark fish were cut, and cooked for a feast. The were sprinkled with eagle down. They offal were returned to the water. During dog allowed to remain in these honorable c salmon season several words were taboo, sub- stances for some little while maybe stitutes being used: "pubescent girl," "men- or four hours." Then they were cut, C struant," "to go out in a canoe," "to go down- and eaten. There were some additional' river." Dogs were never allowed to eat fresh practiced by the people who lived at salmon. KK: The Koskimo, tracing their ances- mouth of the lake (near present-day Ri try to adA and Salmon-woman, consider them- Inlet Cannery), who naturally got sa selves the real owners of salmon, and believe fore anyone else; certain individuals that they alone possess official information them owned the right to be the very f on the proper way of handling fresh salmon. eat new salmon. The informant, howev The first catches, of course, came from the fused to tell more than this, because tidewater traps. The first four catches of "story" did not belong to him (he bel each kind of salmon had to be used for feasts, to a village farther up the lake). BC of which all, men, women and children, par- Spring salmon alone were ritually tre took. The fish were brought to the chief's The whole process of building the weir house and laid down on their right sides. accompanied by ceremonial restrictions They had to be roasted whole (the guts may the owner; when time for the run to b have been removed, but this was not specified), dyed and undyed red cedar bark a.nd eag Each fish was placed i.n a pair of split-stick feathers were tied to it at certain P tongs, head up; the butt of the to.ngs was A long pole was wrapped spirally with. sharpened and stuck in the floor by the fire, and undyed red cedar bark, in which w CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 285 ipped eagle feathers were stuck. This was this -- the remains had to be taken up in the tood in the bed of the river close to the bush and put there. ir. The first salmon caught was tied to The first olachon of the season were used is elaborate hitching post, to be left in for a feast by the owner of the river in e water overnight. Meanwhile a shade was which they were caught. The fish had to be ected on the riverbank. Next day the owner boiled, not roasted. KX: There were no rites the site got his fish and carried it to for either salmon or olachon so far as the e shade, laid across his forearms. (This informant knew. TH: The first sockeye each s the proper mode of carrying salmon until season was brought up to the house, placed on e run became heavy. Men would come down a new mat and covered with another mat. An fight with anyone who carried fish by old woman (postmenopause) cut it, using the e gills while there were still only a few upper mat as a screen to hide it from profane the river.) He laid the fish, head up- view. The fish was then cooked, and given to team, on a pile of dyed red cedar bark. the older men to eat. TG: The first sockeye e spectators all shouted "a'koloi!" Then each year were used for feasts. The fisher- strip of dyed red cedar bark was laid man carried them up one at a time in his arms nthwise on the fish, while the owner said, (or on his forearms, as Bella Coola?). It ake hold of this." The strip was tied a- was not permissible to carry one In each hand t the neck of the fish. If there was not (by the gills). They were laid on new mats ough dyed red cedar bark at hand, eagle in the house. Salmon bones were either burned w might be sprinkled on instead. The or returned to the water; they were not to be er himself cut the fish. (Women were not thrown about carelessly. The informant knew lowed to come under the ramada until the no further ritual details. le process was over.) The head had to be The first olachon of the season were oken off, not cut. The flesh was spread broiled over the fire by an old woman special- er a stick "to dry the slime off." A fire ly chosen for the occasion. The fire had to s started to broil the head, which was be made with care; it could not be blown, Lit so that a stick could be run through lest the wind blow and spoil the fishing. e eyes; the tail was placed on the same The fish were laid across a long forked stick ick. The backbone, with its attached and held over the fire. When one side was t, was also broiled. This took most of done, a new mat was put down to turn them on; e day; everything was taken up to the all present gave a shout. When the fish were er's house. Next day he partially broiled done, all the people ate some. One might not e flesh on a horizontal stick resting on drink water immediately after eating fresh forks by the fire. The oil (and slime) olachons, or it would rain. After this any- ipping from the fish was caught in a dish one could cook olachons, but until ten catches cedar bark. Next day the fish was had been made, the fish had to be broiled on ked. This all seems to have been a demon- a forked stick in the same fashion. GK: The ation by the weir owner for the women's first spring salmon were treated with a great efit of the proper method of preparing deal of respect. The fisherman had to carry ah. After this, a mess of fish was caught, his catch up to the house on his shoulder; ked under the shade, and given to the he was not permitted to carry it by the gills efs. They ate with special dishes and or drag it. In the house he laid it on the ons of maple (?) bark, which had to be new mats, with the head upstream (probably). own away afterward. After this the people The fish was sprinkled with eagle down, while d begin to eat and dry salmon. The rea- spring salmon songs were sung in its honor. for making the ramada on the riverbank The people were called to feast on it -- all that fish had to be cut there all season, should have a share. The bones were saved and that guts, blood, etc., could be returned carefully burned (not returned to the water). the water. Bones of all salmon eaten Each chief did this with the first fish he ash were saved to be put back in the river. caught in his trap. HM: The first sockeye Informaht knew of no first salmon rites. each season were carried up to the house in y were nearly always careful to lay salmon the arms (not by the gills) and put on new at any time with head upstream. Bones mats. There were no songs or offerings. The ifresh salmon were always restored to the people were called to feast on the fish (the r. KC: The first catch was always used same practice was allowed for any new fish). a feast. They were very careful to cut Bones and guts were carefully restored to the *se fish in the proper manner; the inf or- river. HS: There were "stories" (i.e., myths) K knew no special observances, however, which described little rituals over the first blood, bones, and offal were not returned salmon of the season, but these were only lth water; they were very particular about stories -- real human beings never practiced 286 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS such ceremonies. The only thing they were bed mat, to weight the weir down. She careful of was that menstruants should not sleep on her side, with her legs flexed; et.t fresh salmon or even drink from the should she straighten her legs out, she stream in which the fish were running. Salm- "would be kicking the bottom supports of on bones were just thrown away; no one weir loose." bothered about them. KX: Sometimes a person was given power The West Coast Haida had some rites in dream of olachons, so that, if the run we connection with the black cod, which was the delayed or stopped (by the breach of some highest rank of all fish. These cod had to taboo, etc.), he or she could learn what be handled "gently" and cut in a very special trouble was and remedy it. The power was, manner, which no one nowadays knows how to do, given by means of a ritual performed in in order to avoid offending the supernatural person's childhood. Some bits of cloth being in the sea who looked after these fish. the child were tied up to form a small ef LS: In the most ancient times, they did not which was put in a small canoe and tied take care of salmon, and after awhile fish the river to a springy branch. (There wa stopped running altogether. Raven (ye;) went olachon in the canoe, or tied to the bran about teaching the people what to do; he gave or somewhere about.) There were songs for each village a different set of rules. The all this. The charm was left in the rivei Sanyaqwan had to break off, never cut, the certain length of time, then removed. Wh heads of the first sockeye. Only one head the child grew up, he or she would have might be put on each stick for broiling. from olachon, learning songs from them in Offal was returned to the water. This treat- dreams, etc. Should the run fail, he cou ment of the heads had to be continued until tell the people what songs to sing to br geese began to come down, then was discon- olachon in great numbers. This same proc tinued. There were no songs or offerings to was used to make people acquire shamanist( the salmon. power for curing, etc. HM: The owner ofe For the first eight days' catches of trap bathed, drank infu-sions of devil-club olachons, the fish were boiled, never bark, abstained from fresh water, etc., f brQiled. When they were cold, they must be luck. On trading trips to the Skeena, Nae eaten cold, not reheated. LC: There were no etc., a man might steal four small stones:" rites for salmon, the informants asserted. from the river bottom, to put in his cree Salmon offal was always returned to the home attracting the salmon that properly water and, for cutting and drying, the fish longed in the mainland river. The infor were always laid head upstream. The first had never heard it explicitly stated but canoe-load of olachons was used for a feast posed that the mainland people would consi for all the people. Shamans took care of this' procedure objectionable. HS: A trap the olachon run and could predict whether it owner, the informant believed, would hire would be heavy or light. If the olachon shaman to bathe or do whatever was necess were angry about something, the shamans might to bring a good run of salmon. sprinkle eagle down on them to placate them. 1486. The procedure usually consisted of the ordinary ritual bathing, drinking salt Hunting Observances water or emetic herb infusions, etc. (see elements 1496-1510). This was done by the 1488. BC: When the hunter skinned a g owner of the river or fish trap, usually. he laid the hide over the carcass, turned' There may have been more elaborate secret the head end of the hide on the rump. Th rituals, such as that reported by the Bella he lifted it up and turned it right end t Coola informant, but no other informants asking that the relatives of his goat wou knew of them. Among the Bella Coola, the be easy to kill. He turned it thus four owner of the weir began his preparations times. GK: The only "rules" pertaining t after the winter solstice (as soon as the sun mountain goat that the informant knew was' began to move northward) by making a separate that one must be careful not to laugh or bed, apart from that of his wife. He did not "bad language" while butchering the goat, approach her until the weir had been com- to do so would inevitably bring bad luck. pleted. He bathed, etc., at the proper inter- 1489. KX: The leader of the hunt cut a vals before the actual work began. Neither piece off the goat's tongue and cut it in he nor she combed his or her hair all spring, four bits. Then he told his partners to When the weir was finished and the river be- down and cover their faces, while he sang gan to rise, the weir-owner's wife went threw the bits of tongue one by one behind quietly to the river to procure four stones, (as offerings to the mountain spirits). one of which she laid on each corner of her The leader of the hunt cut into four piece5 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 287 slice from the right side of the tongue of a for a long time to remove the flesh, then the mountain goat. All his men lay down and eyes were put back in the sockets, and the .covered their eyes. He called out the fol- skull was hidden out in the bush. The hunter 'lowing names (as recipients of the offer- might lose his own eyesight if he boiled the ings?): Heaven, Sun-moon, tcitcep6nilana, head with the eyes in it. BC: When the bear gigildikwila (the informant did not know was skinned, the hunter turned the hide r;what these two last words meant), and threw around four times in a clockwise direction. 4a bit of the tongue toward each direction. A few little pieces of meat were thrown as 'Then the hunters could start butchering offerings to the spirits of the air and the their kill. TG: The hunter threw four bits mountains. The bear head was placed facing ,from the liver (?) of the goat, one to each eastward in a dry place in the woods. TH: w,ind direction. The only rite known to the informant was that 1490-1491. BC: When he brought the goat the heart of the bear was broiled over the home, the hunter would place the head by fire before any other part was cooked. There fire to warm it. He marked three stripes were special songs used at this time. TG: h charcoal on the goat head, slantwise The bear heart was broiled over the fire, and om over the left eye to the right side of two children danced to special bear songs. ts face. This was the way that Mountain The hide was put on stretchers and a cross at painted himself once long ago when he was marked with charcoal on the flesh side. lled a man. KC: Sometimes when the weath- GK: A hunter had to be very careful in skin- was threatening, the hunter brought the ning a bear; on his way home he sang his bear ad of a mountain goat in by the fire (in songs. He broiled the nose (?) over the fire, hunting camp), and all sang and shouted to the accompaniment of further songs. The bring good weather. LS: When the weather bones were burned to prevent dogs from eating s bad, they put a goat's head on a stick them, and the bear skull was hung up in a sang special songs to bring good weather tree for the same reason. HM: There were ten they could finish drying the meat. There songs to be used for the different tasks: e four songs for this. When they were pulling the bear out of the trap, cutting ough, they hid the head somewhere; they open, skinning, gutting, etc. On the hunter's ldn't eat it. LC: When a man killed a arrival home, the tongue was cooked first, ntain goat, he had to lay it on branches with appropriate songs. One might not chew n butchering (so he could burn the blood, gum after eating bear, nor should one lean raps, etc., afterward). He marked a cross over cooking bear meat, for if the steam from the forehead of the goat, then cut the the meat got in one's eyes, blindness would d off. Some men sprinkled eagle down on result. HS: There was a series of songs used head; each hunter had his own rules. on killing a bear and cooking it, in which hunters always roasted the head, singing the bear was addressed as "chief." The in- nwhile, and ate it before any other part; formant knew no other rites. LS: Only an ers put it away in a dry place, never older man might build a bear trap; should a ing it. young person attempt it, harm would befall 1492-1494. The material obtained on ob- his family. A man might have no more than vances for bears was so uneven that it four bear deadfalls up at any one time. In 1 be necessary to describe them under bad weather the hunter would set the bear bal headings. So far as the writer could head up on a stick by the fire, sprinkle it n, black bear and grizzlies were treated with eagle down, and sing four special songs the same manner. KK: The only thing that over it to bring good weather (cg. mountain- done was to place an offering of eagle goat rites, notes 1488-1491). The head was on the head of the slain bear. They did hidden afterwards. Other bear heads were with the bear's skull(?); it was the cooked, and the skulls were put in the water casses of mink and coon that were put away to prevent dbgs from getting them. A cross if some animal ate them, the trapper was marked on the hide with charcoal while it d get no more). A bear hunter neve?, was drying on the stretchers. LC: When a man ed for himself, or shook out his blan- killed a bear, he turned it with its head Bear and seal meat might not be eaten eastward. Then he marked a cross on its head ther. One bear-hunter whom the informant with red paint and sprinkled a little eagle mber used to eat with his eyes closed, down over it while singing a bear song. He t bear would eat the bait (in the dead- next rolled the bear over and motioned four p)without looking about. KW: When skin- times in a clockwise direction with his knife, ;a bear, the hunter removed the eyes and then cut the hide open, beginning with the [them away carefully. The head was boiled throat, forelegs, belly, and hind legs. The 288 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS head was cut Qff, placed facing east in a ow.n private ritual, differing from that hole at the base of a tree, and covered up. his neighbors, which he had learned from The offal was burned. If the bear had been father or uncle and which he would pass killed in a winter den, its left eye was re- a treasured family secret to his successo moved to be put back in the den so that The difference might lie in the length or another bear would be found there next winter. sequence of observance and non-observanc 1495. LS: A man might not set more than (see note 1506); in the "medicines" take eight marmot deadfalls at one time. He went externally and internally; in the songs over his trapline about midday, breakfastless. prayers used. Or the differences might Each marmot caught was marked (with a bit of of more striking proportion; to take a string, etc.) to indicate the place caught Nootkan example, whether or not a shrine (first, second, third, fourth, etc.). When built or human remains were used. The s the hunter returned to the (camp) house, he of this variation lies in the traditiona laid his catch belly up against a log back origin of the rites. Each person's syst of the fire, the first one on the right, then of observances was taught one of his anc the second, third, etc. He must not make an tors by a supernatural being encountered error in the order. He sprinkled eagle down (usually) during a spirit quest. The su on the heads of the animals, beginning with natural revealed a way of preparing ones the first. Then he sang four marmot songs; which entailed something -- a song, a me after each song all present in the house cine, a sequence of observance -- which whistled like marmots. Then the women could more than ordinarily effective for pleas. cut and cook the animals, and the hunter the animal spirits and other beings. In might eat. LC: There were special songs used other words, the ritual was simply a tr before skinning marmot. They did not mark secret. If each modern athlete had his the animals or otherwise attempt to keep them secret diet and exercises which he used in order. A special bone implement with a training for a contest, it would be the rounded blade on the end was used to skin the kind of thing. There was usually but li animals; one began at the head end, cutting of the religious involved in these purin the left foreleg first, then the right, then tion rites. The average man approached the belly, etc. The offal was burned. ardous ritual regimen, not with an attit of religious awe or ecstasy, but with a feeling of grim determination; and he wa Purification Ritual for Luck glad when it was over. It should be remarked that the ritual The elements listed under this head con- approximated very closely the generic stitute the bare outline of a religious com- American vision quest; indeede plex universal in this area. An essential vision quests of -a sort, for one who ful step in the commission of any important act filled the requirements of his rites ea -- a hunt on sea or land; the selection of a ly and strictly might some day encounter log for a canoe; giving a potlatch; setting spirit (probably a wealth or hunting poa off to war -- was the rite of self-purifica- who would reward his constancy by furthe tion. The purpose was to cleanse the body of revelations as to the best way to prep huma-n odors obnoxious alike to game and to for his tasks. (Among some groups, the the supernatural powers who were able to con- spirit quest of the potential shaman diu fer good fortune on man, so the ritualist but little from the purifications for 1 bathed long and often and rubbed himself over cf. shamanism data.) But whether or not with aromatic plants and "medicines," scrap- received further spiritual blessings for ing -way a good deal of epidermis in the efforts, strict observance of the rites process. In this way he removed the body sure to lead to success. scents, particularly the one most abhorrent 1496. GK: This and the following ent to spirits, that acquired in sexual inter- refer chiefly to the activities of the b course. Continence during the rite and pre- hunter. The informant insisted that.the vious to beginning the task was, of course, bear hunter was the one who had the seve prerequisite. Fasting, use of emetics, etc., (and most effective) training program, were additional purificatory elements in the account relates to a bear hunter's r some localities. tine. It is impossible to do more than i.ndicate 1498. This plant was proba.bly morew the general pattern of the observances, be- used than entries indicate. Accordingt cause of the tremendous variation of detail formants, its effect was very violent; j even within each group. Each man had his would not use it often. Informant GK CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXVI - DRUCKER, NORTHWEST COAST 289 commented that such men as yet observe the through west Alaska to eastern Siberia. The !