ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 9:1 CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS BY E.W. GIFFORD APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL BONE ARTIFACTS BY PHIL C. ORR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1947 CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS BY E. W. GIFFORD APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL BONE ARTIFACTS BY PHIL C. ORR ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 9, No.1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDrToRs: A L KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R H. LOWIE, R L OLSON Volume 9, No. I, PP 1-132,2 figs. in , 57 pp. illus. Submitted by editors August 24,1945 Issued November 7,1947 Price, $z.oo UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSrTY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND MANUFACrURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page ; and sites. 0eologioal types. if ethnological specimens. i and distribution of archaeological types tjetbnological types . . . . . . . . ,f of shell and bone types . . . . . . . iI&tions. ft types . . a I Region . . . aento Valley. lgion . .. . iern Coast. rornian types in the Southwest cited. t archaeological shell specimens. I ethnological shell specimens . Idditional Bone Artifact Types in the Santa B* By Phil C. Orr . itrated bone artifact types. * * i arbara * * I * * * * Museum of FIGTJRES IN TEXT i of incising and grooving. B Qf punctations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [iii] 1 2 2 4 6 7 48 50 52 52 52 56 57 59 61 63 65 112 115 120 * *le * 0 * *0 * Natural * * * * 0 a * * * * * * : 0 . . . . . . * * * * *0 * * * * * :* * *i 'S *o * * * a * * *a* * * * * 0 * 4 4 .0 0 0 9 0 p 0 0 * 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * . . : " " " " * " " " * * 9 " " " " 0 : i . 0 0 : : : : : : 0 * * I , *0 00 : : 0 0 0 : : . . . . . . : : : : . . . . 0 0 0 a CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS BY E. W. GIFFORD PREFACE work is the second of a series to de- illustrate the types of artifacts i>bkeologically within the modern bound- tC,alifornia and represented by spec- i'the collection of the University of gia Museum of Anthropology. Specimens a38 A. Barr collection, on deposit at sum, have been included. ,initial segregation of the shell arti- .A, done by Frank J. Essene, whose serv- ecame available through funds supplied Federal gad State Emergency Relief Admin- ion. Sxbsequent sorting of types was Ath the assistance of National Youth Ad- Stion workers: Bert A. Gerow, Evelyn V. IWilliam C. Massey, Russell W. Newman, gret Tetzlaff, Adan E. Treganza, Tamie m,, and Marie V. Vidolin. Professor ..Clark gave most generously of his time Ltifying the molluscan species used for the artifacts. Mr. Allyn G. Smith aided with his profound knowledge of fresh-water species. I am. also indebted to Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Dr. S. S. Berry, and Messrs. Tom and J. Q. Burch for aid in identifications. Mr. Steve A. Glassell kindly identified the crab, of which the rattle pictured as X3bI, is made. Typing and some sorting and counting were done by personnel of Work Projects Administration as part of Official Project No. 65-1-08-62, Unit A-15. Most of the drawings for illustrations were made by A. E. Treganza, a few by Norman Bilderback. No UCMA specimens catalogued after September 30, 1941, are included. At that time the terminal catalogue numbers were 1-60337 and 1-64615. Num- bers 1-60338 to 1-64000 were unused at that date. The Elmer J. Dawson collection, donated to the Uni- versity since Californial Bone Artifacts (Gifford, 1940) was written, has greatly enlarged the series of shell artifacts available for study. [1] INTRODUCTION The vast majority of shell artifacts had no- utilitarian purpose, but probably served as or.- naments, money, beads, pendants, gorgets, ear ornaments, nose pins, etc. Soze exceptions to this are shell fishhooks, the possible use of Haliotis rims for gouges, and of shells as paint and asphaltum containers. The shells most abun- dantly used were Haliotis, Olivella, and clam. The bulk of the shell artifacts in the UCMA are from the Southern Coast, Delta, and San Francisco Bay regions. Certain types, such as shell fishhooks and banjo-shaped Haliotis orna- ments, are very localized, while clam and Olivella beads are found over much of the state. This latter fact suggests that the shell beads were used extensively in trade. All artifacts described are of molluscan shell, except type B4 (annelid worm tube). AREAS AND SITES No maps are published in this paper because those in my paper on Californian Bone Artifacts will suffice. A few new sites are referred to in the present paper, but their precise location seems sufficiently described in this and other papers referred to, without resorting to making new maps. In any event, so far as possible ex- act localities are recorded in the archaeological archives of the Museum, and are available to ark chaeclogists and specialists who may desire more precise data. Southern Coast (SC)1.--Islands and adjacent San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles coast. See Gifford, 1940, map 2. Mainland sites: In text, site numbers are pre- ceded by M. 1, Mescal is., More ranch, Goleta, Santa Barbara co. 6, NW bank of Rincon cr. mouth, Santa Barbara co. 1The following abbreviations are employed in this paper: SC, Southern Coast C, Santa Cruz is. M, mainland N, San Nicolas is. R, Santa Rosa is. SJ, San Joaquin Valley DR, Delta Region C, University of Cali- fornia site number. S, Sacramento Junior College site number. SV, Sacramento Valley BR, San Francisco Bay Region NR, Napa Region HR, Humboldt Region NE, northeastern California ML, miscellaneous locations co., county cr., creek ft., feet in., inch(es) is., island md., mound, mi., mile mm., millimeter mt., mountain pt., point r., river v., valley N,S,E,W, North South East' West tand combinations) [2] 9, Catlin and Higgins' ranch i mi. Sa of Carpenteria, Santa Barbara co. 10, SE bank of Rincon cr. mouth, Ventura co. Island sites: Santa Cruz is. In text, site num bers are preceded by- C which should not be cot fused with the C preceding some DR sites where it refers to University of California site num bers as opposed to Sacramento Junior College numbers which are indicated by S. 3, 83, 100, 103, 107, 122, 131, 135, 147, 154, 16, 39, Forney's cove. West ranch. Posa landing. 104, Johnson's landing. Laguna pt. Willows. Cocle Prietos. 138, Smuggler's cove. 197, 198, Prisoner's harbor. 159, Orizaba. Santa Rosa is. In text, site numberg are preceded by R. 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 8 11, 12, 15, 19, 30, 32, 34, 35. (No names for these sites.) San Clemente is. (Clemente). San Miguel is. (Miguel). San Nicolas is. (N). Santa Cat&lina is. (Catalina). Miscellaneous: (Unrepresented on map 2) Santa Barbara region or Santa Barbara. Los Osos v., San Luis Obispo co. Port Los Angeles, Los Angeles co. Tecolote cr., Santa Barbara co. Sand dunes, S of pt. Sal, Santa Barbara co. San Joaquin Valley (SJ).--San Joaquin v., fra Kern co. to San Joaquin co. See Gifford, 1940, map 1, in which sites 6, 15, 19 are shown. In present paper sites in Kings, Fresno, and Stania laus counties are included. 4, 6, 8, 14, 15, 19, 33, 39, . 40, 41, 42, 57, 87, 125, Pelican is., Buena Vista Lake. Elk Grove, Kern co. Goose Lake, Kern co. Elk Hills, Kern co. Elk Hills, Kern co. Adobe Holes, Kern co. Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 2 (see Wedel, 1941). Wedel's Buena Vista Lake sitt 1. Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 3. Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 4. Wedel's Buena Vista Lake site 5. Stanislaus co. (Township 3 S, Range 7 E, Section 29). Kings co. (3imi. NW of Lemoore). Fresno C9., (10.9 mi. SSW of Kerman). I i I I I II I t :1 I I w .o w o i GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHEJL ARTIFACTS 0, Kern co. (ll mi. N of NcKittrick; also numbered 39 by Wedel). h,b Tulare co. Region (DR).--Delta region between Sac- o6 and Stockton, to rising ground at foot Nevada to eastward and Coast Range to * Includes more than physiographic delta; of counties, Sacramento S of the American Joaquin, and parts of Yolo, Solano, and Costa are included. All sites lie below ft. contour line. See Gifford. 1940, map so Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga, maps 1-5. Wck and Dawson (pp. 312-315) numbers and con- Wuition thereof: C 1, Cantrell md. C 6, Johnson md. 0C 10, Allyn mi. WC 15, Old Crump ranch. t 19, Old Crump ranch. O 43, C 44, or C 45, McCauley ranch. :0C 47, Bucker md. 0 48, DeVries md. > O>0 59, Koontz md. C 60, Barber md. C 66, Old Glenn ranch -C 68, Old Journeay md. About m mi. S of C 142. C 69, Vail ranch. C 70, Vail ranch. 0 80, Stockton Channel md. C 81, Woods ranch, Roberts is. C 82, Walker Slough md. C 83, Ott md. C 85, Mormon Channel md. (Copperopolis road) -C 86, Pool md. C 87, Martin md. C 89, Roberts is. md. C 90 Lewis md. C 91, Walker Slough is. md. 1C 107, Windmiller md. C 109, Drescher md. -C 121, Goethe md. 4. C 126, Booth md. C 127, Augustine md. C 138, Hotchkiss md. C 139, Bagley md. C 140, Banta md. C 141, Orwood md. 2. C 142, McGillivray md. 1. C 151, Simone md. ramento Junior College numbers: S S S S S S S S S S S 16, Bennett md. 28, Strawberry md. 29, King Brown md. 51, Clarksburg md. 56, Mosher md. 60, Hicks md. 1. 66, Hollister md. 73, Von Lobensels md. 85, Nicolaus md. 99, Deterding md. 100, Jacobs md. (Woodland). Some locations not mapped: Sacramento; Rose- bud ranch, nr. Hood, Sacramento co.; Dave Ray md., ca. 2 mi. W of Tracy; vicinity of Stockton; at Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, Contra Costa co.; Veale Tract, Contra Costa co.; Winters site 3, on S bank of Putah cr., Yolo co.; Bloom Group, Stone Lake, Sacramento co. Sacramento Valley (SV).--Sacramento v. from con- fluence of Sacramento and American rivers N to Red- ding, Shasta co. See Gifford, 1940, map 1; also Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga, map 4. S 1, Miller md., 10 mi. SE of Grimes, Colusa co. S 2, Howell's Point md., Colusa co. S 3, Sandhill md., Colusa co. S 11, Vernon md., Sutter co. S 13, Mustang md., Yolo co. Red Bluff mi. 1. Sacramento r., E bank, just below Little Antelope cr., Tehama co. Redding (nr. which is a site). Site, 6 mi. S of Vina, Tehama co., in Butte co., T23N, R2W. Sites on W side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 mi. and 12 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, Yolo co. (not mapped). Speci- mens from the former from Dr. Stuart C. Way, from the latter from Mr. R. B. Bernard. Squaw cr., above Ydalpom, Shasta co. Old Johnson md., on bank of Sacramento r., 5 mi. E. of Cottonwood, Shasta co. Site near Chico, Butte co. Bay Region (BR).--Shores and nearer hinterland of SaT Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun bays (ex- cept Napa, Sonoma, and Solano cos.). See Gifford, 1940, map 4. Nelson (1909) numbers and continuation thereof: 3, Sausalito. 10, Mill Valley. 35, Tiburon. 76, Greenbrae. 86c, San Rafael. 123, md. ca. 3 mi. N of San Rafael. 250a, Maltby md. 259, Pinole. Fernandez md., somewhere nr. 259 or 260, inland from Rodeo, Contra Costa co. 267, nr.. Giant, Contra Costa co. 283, Potrero San Pablo. 2959 Ellis Landing. 298, 300, Stege. 307, West Berkeley. 309, Emeryville. 316, Alameda. 328, 329, Newark. 330, Coyote Hills, nr. Newark. 356, Ponce (or Mt. View) md. 372, San Mateo. 387, Bay Shore. 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 407, Half Moon Bay. 420, Walnut Creek. Orinda, Contra Costa Co. Castlewood Country Club, nr. Pleasanton, Alameda co. Mill Valley, Marin co. Yerba Buena is. Tomles Bay, Minn co., sites: See Gifford, 1940, map 1; also R. F. Heizer, 1941d, map on p. 320: 201, Tom's pt. 266, McClure md., Tomles Bay. 242, Cauley md., Drake's Estero. 232b, Estero md., Limantour's Estero. 275, Mendoza md., Drake's Bay. Dillon beach. Napa Region (NR).--Sonoma-Napa-Solano region to cover Sonoma and Napa valleys and adjacent Lake co.; and Vallejo-Benicia region. See Gif.. ford, 1940, map 1. 236, Carquinez md., Solano co. 237, Benicia md., Solano co. Oakville, Napa co. (nr. which is Goddard md., from which come specimens listed as Oakville). Humboldt Region (HR).--Humboldt Bay region, from Cape Mendocino N to Orick. See Gifford, 1940, map 1. 67, on Gunther is., off waterfront of Eureaca. Orick (nr. which is prehistoric Yurok site sigonoil. Humboldt Bay (not mapped). Northeastern California (NE).--Cave 1, Tule Lake, Modoc co. (T5E, R46N, Sec. 10). Lower Klamath e (in SE portion of which is an is. site). Lower Kl-amath Lake (in SE portion of which is an is. site). Miscellaneous Lccations (ML).--See Gifford, 1940, map 1. 1 mi. W of Salt Worxa, Saline v., Inyo co. Moss Landing, Monterey Bay (nr. which is a site). Carmel Mission, Monterey co. Yosemite. Carmel r. mouth, Monterey co. Round Valley, Mendocino co. Sites numbered. Dettert site 1, 4 mi. from Middletown, Lake co. Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co. Specimens do- nated by R. B. Bernard from McKisson property on West Point Road. O'neal Cave, between Cave City and Sheep Ranch, Calaveras co. Cave 1, Tule Lake, Modoc co., in Sec. 10, T5E, R46N, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES Size is seldom given in the descriptions be- cause it does not seem to be an essential char- acter. Shape, perforations, presence or absence of incising, and species of shell used seem more important. Often size varies widely. Illustra- tions give considerable clue to the extent of this variation. Mc-ny types, especially of Halio- tis ornaments, are not illustrated because the only difference is in species and it seemed unwart ranted to attempt species differentiation in the illustrations. Consequently, illustrations of one type made from one species of Haliotis some- times serve also for related types made from othe] species of Haliotis, revealing the range in size and shape of the related typeb. Figures 1 and 2 show styles of incising, groo ing, and punctations. Incised edges grade into serrate edges. Deep incising tends to be serrate on one face at least. Figures 1 and 2, types El and J4, show extreme serration. Parallel-line i cising (at right angle to the edge, 1 and 2 in fi 1) is the prevalent type in the DR. It also occ commonly elsewhere. In the SC region crosshatc] incising (4 of fig. 1) is about equally common. V-incising (4 and 5 of fig. 1) is related to it; crosshatching sometimes looks like V's carelessl done. Oblique parallel-line incising (3 of fig. is also commoner in'SO than elsewhere. On the 5 I 2 3 Fig. 1. Sayles of incising and grooving. I Fig. 2. Styles of punctations. I 4 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SELL ARTIFACE 5 ,*the most delicately executed incising comes SC. Usually incising is on one face of an lon1y, rarely. on two faces; i.e., obverse and gie. DR incising is coarse in comparison with Fk. Grooving (6 of fig. 1) is rare. Unless ase stated, punctations or tiny pits (fig. near edges of objects. They are evidently a, as are most perforati,ons. lutrations of type C4 exemplify methods of Drating shell, as described in the introduc- ~tq?t for order C. Illustrations of X types "Lvel1a biplicata beads show the parts of the I from which derived. e of the paper involves identification of oan species. No attempt has been made to ibe or picture these. Hence, if the reader not Imow the species, recourse to published -i on Californian shell species, or consulta- _ with a conchologist, is indicated, especially purpose is to classify shell artifacts. tation of the following works (see Bibliog- is suggested, though the first one may be 'sufficient: Josiah Keep, Keen and Frizzell, Dall, A. M. Keen, I. S. Oldroyd. e11 types which comprise nearly complete aid slightly worked shells have not been pic- as these can be identified by illustra- in conchological works, especially Keep. thre may be adverse criticism of my counting to made of unidentified Haliotis shell as ^ te types from objects made of identified Lotis shell, since the unidentified material pubt uelongs to one of the recognized species #eoh case. Two other possible procedures, her warranted in my estimation, were to as- W the objects to one species or another ar- *irily, or not to consider them at all. btification was usually made on the basis of r;epidermis; unidentified Haliotis shell in- .ably has all epidermis removed. t have tried to classify as objectively as Bible and have largely avoided guesses at ition, except in obvious cases like fish- 1s. The classification is at most fourfold ,tight be roughly compared with order, fam- ? genus, and species in a zoological classi- ation. The analogy could be carried farther likening b one artifacts and shell artifacts tdblogical classes. In the section, "De- iption and Distribution of Archaeological e8," the order designation is in capital 'ters centered on a coluimn; the total number specimens in each order follows the captions, parentheses. The number of specimens of each e follows the type designation. An index follows which I trust will prove Lpful in locating the orders in which various ;ifacts and species are to be found. Use of t-paper in manuscript by Mr. Phil C. Orr, of Lta Barbara Museum of Natural History, re- led the need and usefulness of such an index. m also indebted to Mr. Orr for other criticism. The forms listed under "Haliotis only" offer the principal difficulties in classification because of great variati.on in shape due to raw material, to the makers' use thereof, to dam- age and reworking, to weathering, and to other causes of deterioration after manufacture. Index To Order0 Univalves A. Whole shell as container (in part) B. Tubular shell C. Perforated F. Top removed G. Olive shell with top and bottom removed H. Natural shell opening: cowry, keyhole limpet apical opening, Haliotis si- phonal opening I. Peripheral ring of limpet shell J. Ring (in part) L. Disk (in part) AT. Fishhook (in part) AV. Tube (in part) AW. Globular bead (in part) AY. Lunate-lenticular object (in part) See also headings Olive Shell only and Haliotis only. Pelecypod (Bivalves) A. D. E. J. L. R. T. V. W. AT. AV. AW. AX. AY. Whole valve as container (in part) Perforated valve "Saw" of river-mussel valve Ring (in part) Disk (in part) Clam trapezoidal Rectangular ornament or bead Disk or oval Triangular Fishhook (in part) Tube (in part) Globular bead (in part) Fusiform, perforated . Lunate-lenticular object (in part) Olive shell only G. Top and bottom removed I. Beads Y. Complete shell in composite artifacts Haliotis only K. M. N. 0. P. Q. S. U. Z. AA. AB. Disk or oval, perforated Lozenge "Banjo" .Pentagonal Trapezium Trapezoidal Rectangular ornament or bead Triangular Sausage shape Oval with 1 or more straight sides. Half-disk or half-oval 5- ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Leg-of-mutton Harp shape Dorsal-fin shape Teardrop shape Fusiform Boot shape Dumbbell Hand shape Cruoiform Bi rd form Hexagonal Pearl or blister Flat or curved rim with angle Crescent Trough shape "Side-scoop" Including spire Tiapezoidal la only rd tubes (perforated) Tubular shell (natural) Whole univalve, perforated Univalves with top removed Keyhole limpet, apical openings (in part) Haliotis disks (in part) Haliotis rectangular bead (in part) Pelecypod rectangular bead (in part) Pelecypod disk or oval, perforated (in part) X. Olive shell AN. Pearl or blister AU. Columella AV. Tube AW. Globular of Haliotis Holes (natural or artificial, larger than Derfo- ration) F. Univalve with top removed G. Olive shell with top and bottom removed H. Natural shell opening I. Peripheral ring of limpet shell J. Artificial ring (various species) AT. Fishhooks USE OF ETHNOLOGICAL SPECIMENS Although the prime purpose of this paper is to describe the types of archaeological shell artifacts, ethnological occurrences of archae--I ological types are cited, because of their two- fold importance. First, they contribute to an understanding of the use and function of the archaeological types, which basically is never more than conjectural f-or types that have not petsisted into contemporary usage. Second, they' give a definite terminal date for the life of the artifact types they represent, and thus con" tribute to a time perspective in dealing with the chronology of Californian prehistory. Certain ethnological types unrepresented in- the archaeological collection are described un-, der the caption 'Exclusively Ethnological- Types." AC. AD. AE. AF. AG. AH. AI. AJ. AK. AL. AM. AN. AO. AP. AQ. AR. AS. Clam on R. Columel AU. Beads a8 B. C. F. H. K. S. T. V. I 6 DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES A. Whole Shell as Container (10) *'some cases really not artifacts because n natural state for pigment and adhesive linera. Probably many whole shells or p of bivalves found in aboriginal sites Fouoe used as vessels, but lack trace of . Lottia gigantea: 1. SC 1 (C 138). Con- , red pigment. Mytilus californianus valve: 1. SC 1 >4ontains asphaltum. hnlogical: NW Californian tribes used as gs for women, also as paint dishes; ground ecmwhat and with loop of buckskin at- id through perforations, they were used as fioial thumb nails for extracting iris fi- -from leaves.2 5, Haliotis cracherodii: 5. SC 4 (Catalina, 2; N, 1), SJ 1 (8). SJ has siphonal open- plugged with asphaltum; N contains red But; Catalina and R contain asphaltum. i Haliotis rufescens: 2. SC 2 (N, 1; R, 1 Sains bones of infant]). Siphonal openings ged with asphaltum. a. Trachycardium quadragenarium valve: 1. (N). Discolored by red pigment. B. Tubular Shell (980) Besides molluscan shells, I have included cases of annelid worms. Mollusks are la and the vermiform Aletes squamigerus. la mostly in short sections. 1. Dentalium neohexagonum: 502. SC 502 olote cr., Santa Barbara co., 20; M 1, 9; nte, 11; C 100, 454; R 2, 2; R 4, 5; R 12, Pieces vary in length down to tiny sections 1 mm. long. Seven columella ornaments AU3) have bushings of short lengths of Bl; bushings were found in two Hinnites multi- us tubes (AV2dI) from M 1. These bushings b included in count. jB2. Dentalium pretiosum: 462. SC 425 (M 1, G 3, 63 [with red pigment]; R, 29; R 4, 307 0O5 on two mosaics (see figures 6197b and p8on p. 111); 1 as bushing in clamshell tube ttype AV2b]; R 6, 17; R 19, 3 [bushings in bred Hinnites multirugosus tube, AV2dII, and obular beads, AWic and AW2b]) SJ 1 (39, 1), -24 (67), NE 12 (Siskiyou co.5. Twelve spec- Ions"from a lIodoc grave, Siskiyou County" are iuted as archaeological, though one has small Id inserted in amber-colored glass bead, so giously from period of contact of Indians with iites. Also one SC R 4 specimen has green glass Id in larger end. Short lengths are imbedded l asphaltum in two above-mentioned mosaics on ; 2Goddard, pl. 14, fig. 3; pl. 16, fig. 6. wood, from R 4; missing pieces are not counted; KlaIV and Zi also in these mosaics. Ethnological: Extensively used by NW Califor- nian groups for currency, ear ornaments, neck- laces, pendants; ornaments on dresses, on headbands, and on deerskins for dance regalia. For use as necklaces, see Goddard, 1903, pls. 4, 5, 29, 30; as ear ornaments, pl. 10, figs. 1 and 3; as money, pl. 18, fig. 2. In ethnological specimens, no attempt has been made to differentiate Dentalium pretiosum from imported European or other foreign dentalia introduced by traders. B3. Aletes squamigerus: 1. SC 1 (N, 1). Sec- tion about 16 mm. long. - B4. Annelid worm tube: 15. SC 15 (N, 15). Six to 16 mm. in length. C. Perforated Univalve Shell (2,123) Many were originally beach specimens collected by the Indians. Some lack spire tips, presumably from natural weathering before being utilized for beads or pendants. With few exceptions, all were perforated in largest and lowest whorl. Methods of making holes exemplified by C4: (1) punched, (2) pecked or chipped, (3) abraded hori- zontally by rubbing surface of shell on stone, (4) filed with a narrow tocl, (5) drilled cylindrically, (6) drilled conically. Method 2 perhaps secondary to method 1 and represents a retouching process. It is not always possible to distinguish conical from cylindrical drill holes. Moreover, the former may in many cases be preliminary to the latter. Some "punched" holes may be due to natural agencies. Method 3 is also illustrated by D9, F5b, Gla, Glb, Glc. Some drilled holes may have been made by drilling carnivorous mollusks. Whole shells with wall perforations are dis- tinctively SC in distribution. Four exceptions from BR, but these also lack tip of spire (C23b). Cl. Cypraea spadicea with body wall perforated. Cla. Irregular hole near bottom: 64. SC 64 (N, 2; R 35, 1; C 3, 42; C 100, 5; C 154, 1; C 162, 13). Not known if perforated to facilitate removal of flesh for food or for stringing as ornaments, or both. When collected alive, cowry shells have a por- celaneous surface and make attractive ornaments. Clb. Two drilled holes near bottom: 1. SC 1 (C 2). Very likely an ornament or pendant. C2. Trivia californica: 1,601. SC 1,601 (Pt. Sal, 16; N, 51; Catalina, 1; R, 6; R 4, 19,; R 6, 214; R 8, 7; R 12, 27; R 30, 115; R 32, 295; R 34, 13; R 35, 40; C 3, 125; C 82, 3; C 100, 664; C 138, 1; C 162, 4). The holes seem to have been made in many by horizorntally grinding the convex surface on an abrasive substance. Some more weathered specimens appear to have had rudely punched holes; however, they, too, may have been first made by abrasion and subsequently weathered. C3. Trivia solandri: 12. SC 12 (C 3, 1; C 100, [7] -~ a - - -- - t -- I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 7; R 34, 3; N, 1). R 34 shows horizontally ab- raded opening. All others, with possibly one exception, appear to have punched holes. 04. Mitra: 21. SC 21 (0 3, 4 [1 figured]; C 100, 10 [1 figured]; C 104, 1; C 147, 1 [fig- ured]; C 162, 1; N, 4 [3 figured]). Thirteen adult specimens range from 38 to 78 mm. in length; 8 immature are about 20 mm. in length. The small ones have punched holes except for 1 .horizontally abraded. For types of holes in 13 large shells see discussion under C. Three large shells lack spire tips, 2 perhaps weathered off, 1 (C 104) apparently ground off. Specimens fig- ured to show perforation techniques. After the paper was completed, Dr. S. Stillman Berry ex- amined the specimens and stated that, in addi- tion to Mitra idae, some were Mitra montereyi, and the smallest ones perhaps Mitra catalinae. 05. Cancellaria cooperi: 2. 50 2 (C 100, 1; C 197, 1). Lack spire tips (apparently beach- worn); 1 has punched hole, other drilled hole. 06. Erato vitellina: 55. SC 55 (C 3, 1; C 100, 15; C 162, 2; R 4, 2; R 6, 3; R 8, 1; R 30, 1; R 32, 27; N, 3). Holes punched, except one R 32 specimen horizontally ground. 07. Amphissa columbiana: 7. 50 '7 (C 162, 5; R, 1; R 32, 1). Specimen R 32 and 2 or 3 others show horizontal abrasion; remainder punched holes. 08. Epitonium crenimarginatum: 1. SC 1 (C 100). Hole apparently punched. 09. Nessarius mendicus: 5. 50C 5 (C 3, 1; C 100, 1; C 162, 3). One drilled, 2 horizontally abraded, 2 piknched. 010. Nassarius cooperi: 16. SC 16 (C 3, 1; C 100, 7; R 8, 8). Punched holes, except 3 or 4 horizontally abraded, from both C and R. 011. Pseudomelatoma torosa: 7. SC 7 (R 8). Punched holes. 012. Tritonalia foveolata: 1. SC 1 (Cata- lina). Punched hole. 013. Tritonalia lurida: 1. SC 1 (0 3). Large opening by horizontal abrasion. 014. Tritonalia gracillima: 1. SC 1 (0 100). Nearly circular opening apparently by horizon- tal abrasion. 015. Fusinus kobelti: 2. SC 2 (C 100). Punched holes. 016. Acanthina spirata: 1. SC 1 (N). Hole by horizontal abrasion. 017. Bursa calif ornica: 1. SC 1 (N). Hole punched. Large and heavy--a pendant rather than a bead. 018. Littorina scutulata: 55. SC 55 (C 3). Two or three have holes by horizontal abrasion, others apparently punched. All have red powder on them. 019. Homalopoma carpenteri: 39. SC 39 (C 162). Several horizontally abraded; others, punched holes. 020. Thais emarginata: 1. SC 1 (0 3). Hole, by horizontal abrasion, in second whorl in- stead of largest and lowest. C21. Clathodrillia incisa: 1. SC 1 (C 100). Punched hole. C22. Opalia wroblewskyi: 1. SC 1 (N). Small conical drill hole beside thickened lip, close to base of columella. C23. Olivella biplicata. Holes by punching, ' conical drilling, horizontal abrading. Most shel fully adult or half-grown; a few young, fragile ,1hells, perforated by punch method. Some conical drilled specimens have perforation in second who near top of lip, and may have been drilled by pr atory mollusks, thus supplying ready-made beads. C23a. With tip of spire intact: 98. SC 96 (Catalina, 1; N, 13; R 1; C 3, 31; C 82, 8; C1 19; C 135, 1; C 138, 21; C 147, 1), BR 2 (Tomale Bay md. 266, 2). C23b. With tip of spiie rissing: 101. SC 96 (M 10, l; N, 39; R, 10; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 32, l; R 34, 28; C3, 5; C 100, 3; C 138, 4; C 162, 2), DR 1 (C 6, 1), BR 4 (309, 3; 3299 1). C24. Cerithidea californica: 9. SC 8 (C 100, 1; R 4, 7), BR 1 (Fernandez md.), Punched holes." C25. Polinices recluzianus: 2. SC 1 (R 4, 1); SJ 1 (13). SJ specimen apparently Pleistocene, a cording tb Clark. C26. Cerithiopsis pedroana: 3. SC 3 (R 6). C27. Tegula gallina tincta: 2. SC 2 (N, 2). One punched perforation, other horizontally ab- raded; both near lip. C28. Lottia gigantea: 1. SC 1 (R, 1). Drilled hole near broad end. C29. Megathura crenulata. With 1 drilled hole. or 2 drilled holes together ne&r 1 end. C29a. One perforation: 4. SC 4 (M 1, 2; R, 2) Perforation drilled near 1 end. C29b. Two perforations: 5. SC 5 (C 100, 3; M 2). Perforations drilled near 1 end. C30. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R, 1). A small specimen with small drill hole near anteric edge. C31. Fusinus arnoldi: 1. SC 1 (R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4, 1). Perforation by horizontal abrasion. A fc sil, according to Allyn G. Smith. D. Perforated Pelecypod Shell (50) Perforations punched, conically drilled, bicoA ically drilled, and made by horizQntal abrasion. Presumably all pendants. Some conically drilled holes made from the exterior may have been the we of carnivorous mollusks. Dl. Pecten diegensis: 1. SC 1 (N). Biconicall1 drilled hole near hinge. D2. H?nnites multirugosus: 8. SC 8 (C 100). A from pit L. All perforated near hinge; one perha drilled, remainder irregular punched holes. D3. Chione californiensis: 4. SC 4 (Clemente, R, 3). Clemente specimen has 2 conical drill hole made-from exterior; one R specimen has 1 large s ilar hole near hinge; two R specimens perforated near hinge by horizontal abrasion, also applied other parts of outer surface. D4. Saxidomus giganteus: 1. DR 1 (C 87). Valv I 8 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELLI ARTIFAC[S *. 16ng, small biconically drilled hole posterior edge. Apparently a pendant.. * Clinocardium corbis: 1. DR 1 (C 141). d hige fragment with external conical hole right at hinge. Probably originally lete valve used as pendant. MIargaritifera margaritifera: 6. DR 4 *2; C 107, 1; C 138, 1), BR 2 (329, 2). tary valves with biconical drill hole posterior edge. One DR C 87 specimen has a1o, 5 mm. apart. * 'Gonidea angulata: 5. SV 4 (Butte co., 6 } of Vina, 1; mounds nr. Chico, Butte co., 1 (329, 1). BR found with same skeleton hnological: In 1939 specimens with conical _hole made from outside were in use as toys YKxrok children at Tea Bar, Siskiyou co. 1-50938). B Laevicardium elatum: 1. SC 1 (N). Large with punched hole made from exterior. * Glyeymeris migueliana: 18. SV 18 (Red- 'd. no. 1, 18 [2 figured, showing drilling :brading methods of perforation]). All per- ed by horizontal abrasion at top near umbo. ded depths, 66 to 94 in., imply consider- antiquity for this species which is used lrge numbers by modern. Indians of NW Cali- lia Imological: Extensively used by Indians of ifornia. Perforated by horizontal abrasion "oh valve near umbo. Attached to buckskin ts and -used as pendants on headbands. Thus, Yurok woman's headband for Jumping , is a double string of alternating tiny lla biplicata and black seeds, from which 8 Dentalium pretiosum and 8 Glycymeris mi- -1iana valves. The dentalia are threaded with skin; below each is a Glycymeris valve se- d by a knot in end of buckskin. The seeds g sire-lopped Olivella biplicata are strung *?ine iris-fiber thread. On dress fringes ?gmeris shells are often held by a lashing ch passes through perforation and over edge v--alve. tHupa specimen 1-826 is a fawnskin carried in ate Deerskin dance. From mouth hangs a red aifornian woodpecker scalp "tongue." The dis- 1 edge of tongue has eight buckskin thongs on ih are glass beads, seed beads, and Xero- yilum grass wrapping. Each is terminated with pendant Glycymeris migueliana valve. See ddard, 1903, pl. 30, for manner of carrying erskins. For a Glycymeris-covered buckskin ssi, see Goddard, 1903, pl. 5, picturing a rok woman; see also pl. 8, fig. 1, for dress ,th double rows of the shells. *Xarok buckskin dress (1-1418) has the followi- g types of shell artifacts attached to the inge: D9, X2aII, QlaIII, QlaIV, S2aII, S7aI, A, Z2aII, Z2aIII, AA2aIII, AA4aII, AE3a, AF4aI, 14b, AF8b, AP2aI, AP2aII. See KlaIV, QlaIV ABlb. Hupa buckskin dress UCMA 1-1417 has the lol- Ning shell artifact types pendent on its fringe: D9, K2aII, K2aIII, U4b, VlaIII, Z2aII, Z2aIII, Z2bII, Z3aI, Z3aII, AA2aIV, AA4aI, AC2b. Three Wiyot feather pendant ornaments (1-9416, 1-11618, 1-27068) worn by women shamans have a few Glycymeris migueliana valves attached. The feathers are from condors, flickers, and jays. For full list of shell artifacts on 1-9416, see ABlb. D10. Mytilus californianus: 3. DR 2 (C 138), BR 1 (Tomales Bay 266). Perforation near hinge. One C 138 specimen with hole by abrasion; shell thinned and polished all over. Other by both abrasion and conical drill hole from exterior; both fragmentary. Square beads of this species (type Tlc) must have been made from such ground-down specimens without epidermis. BR specimen has two holes drilled from exterior. Dll. Ostrea lurida: 1. BR 1 (267). Large oval opening oocupying nearly half the length of the valve. Figured. D12. Protothaca staminea: 1. ML 1 (site 120, Round Valley, Mendocino co.). Opening near hinge by abrasion; grinding on exterior of valve near edge. E. "Saw" of Pelecypod Shell (17) River mussel valves filed to produce serrate edge on long thin edge of shell. Serrations range from 4 to 10 to the cm. Perhaps these objects served the same purpose as serrate bones (bone type H, Gifford, 1940: 172). Similar objects from Hopewellian moumds in Michigan and Indiana are regarded by George I. Quimby, Jr., as possi- ble tools for marking pottery,3 which they ob- viously were not in the Delta Region, where pottery vessels are lacking. El. Gonidea angulata valve: 14. DR 13 (C 85, 2 [1 figured]; C 91, 2; C 138, 5; C 141, 4), BR 1 (250a). E2. Margaritifera margaritifera valve: 3. DR 3 (C 85, 1; C 91, 1; C 141, 1). F. Univalve Shell with Top Removed (36,142) Tip ground off, knocked off, or weathered off. In the spiral univalves the extent to which spire removed is highly variable, ranging from a small opening, made by removing topmost whorl or two, to a large opening made by removing all down to the main whorl just above top of lip. These constitute beads made without drilling. Removal of the top leaves way open for threading. Bottom sometimes slightly removed, but shape on whole nearly natural. Fl. Acmaea mitra: 11. SC 5 (C 100), SV 5 (S 1,2; Old Johnson md., 5 mi. E of Cottonwood, Shasta co., 3), ML 1 (site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 1). Five SC and 3 SV had tips ground off; others too disintegrated to tell. Ethnological: Yurok dress (1-1016) has, among various objects, 1 Acmaea mitra shell at bottom of 3Quimby, pl. 4, fig. 1, p. 74. 9' ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS fringe; held by a loop of iris-fiber thread through hole and around edge of shell. F2. Mitra idae: 3. SC 3 (R, 1; C 104, 1; C 147, 1). Two give evidence of ground-off spire tip. F3. Conus californicus: 33. SC 33 (M 1, 1; M 6, 2; M 10, 3; N, 2; Catalina, 12; R 6, 2; C 2, 1; C 11, 6; C 197, 4). F4. Olivella pycna: 885. SJ 1 (39), DR 647 (C6, 390;C 43, C44, C45, 27;C 68, 30;C 107, 76; C 138, 114; C 142, 10), BR 236 (309, 119; 356, 110; Tomales Bay 242, 6; Tomales Bay 266, 1), NR 1 (Oakville). Ethnological: Hupa specimen 1-1505 is a neck- lace of 10 strands of Olivella pycna and young Olivella biplicata with a few white glass beads interspersed. 1-2334, a buckskin skirt from the Hupa, Yurok, or Karok, has a 3-in. fringe of Olivella pyona and young Olivella biplicata around the waistline. 1-1856 is a Yurok neck- lace of black seeds and small F4 and F5b, worn by a girl at first menses. F5. Olivella biplicata. F5a. Incised, crosshatching on body whorl: 3. SC 3 (C 100, 3 [all figured]). F5b. Plain: 35,206. SC 12,306 (site in sand dunes S of Pt. Sal, Santa.Barbara co., 8; Santa Barbara region, 65; Tecolote Creek, Santa Bar- bara co., 1; M 1, 97; M 10, 15; Catalina, 17; Clenente, 11; N, 2,879; C 3, 2,497; C 47, 1; C 80, 4; C 82, 6; C 83, 275; C 100, 1,257; C 103, 164; C 104, 1; C 135, 9; C 138, 9; C 154, 21; 0, 162, 498; C 197, 10; R, 306; R 4, 86; R6, 1,873; R 11, 1; R 12, 127; R 30, 8; R 32, 1,630; R 34, 376; R 35, 54), SJ 530 (4, 1; 8, 467; 10, 1; 11, 2; 17, 1; 39, 12; Buttonwillow, 30; 40, 1; 44, 1; 82, 5; 87, 8; 113, 1), DR 15,156 (C 1, 1; C 6, 2,321 [1 figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 874]; S 16, 44; C 43, C 44, C 45, 1,365; C 56, 20; S 56, 1; C 66, 60; C 68, 6,786; S 73, 1; C 80, 53; C 82, 92; C 83, 308; C 85, 1; 0 91, 1; Byron Tract, Contra Costa co., 1; French Camp, 81; C 107, 304; C 121, 50; C 126, 30; C 138, 3,485; C 141, 52; C 142, 99), SV 4,368 (S 1, 695; S 2, 3,054 [1 figured, p. 69]; S 3, 423; S 11, 81; Grindstone, 30; Little Antelope cr., 10; Redding, 16; 6 mi. S of Vina, 1; Old Johnson md., 5 mi. E of Cottonwood, 58), BR 2,402 (76, 3; 250a, 474; Fernandez md., 153; 267, 3; 295, 1; 300, 1; El Cerrito, 21; 309, 1,113; 316, 3; 328, 163; 329, 78; 328 or 329, 13; 356, 75; 372, 28; 387, 223; 394, 15; Mission Santa Clara, 6; Orinda, 18; Tomales Bay 275, 3; Tomales Bay 232b, 2; Tomales Bay 242, 4; Tomales Bay 266, 2); NR 244 (56, 1; 236, 158; Oakville, 7- Vallejo, 78), HR 116 (67, 115; Humboldt co., 15, NE 20 (Siskiyou co., 7; Modoc co., 1; Cave 1, Tule Lake, 12), ML 64 (Tuolumne co., 5; Moke- lumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1; Michigan Flat, Eldorado co., 23; Fremont Peak, San Benito co., 1; mouth of Carmel r., Monterey co., 1; Carmel Mission, 1; Wages cr. mouth, Mendocino co., 1; Mussel Rock, nr. Westport, Mendocino co., 22; site 9, Poor Man's v., Mendocino co., 1; site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 8). The degree to.which spire removed varies from mere tip to most of spire down to main whorl. Bot- tom of shell sometimes slightly modified by break- age or abrasion, but on whole general form of shell natural. A few from DR C 138 show side flattening by abrasion, and 40 or so small ones from DR C 107 have had spire tips ground off obliquely.4 Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga have treated these as a separat type. Owing to intergradation, I have not so treate these and regard them as fortuitous and dependent a the manner of holding the shell when grinding off the spire tip. This view was confirmed in 1942 in observing an aged Karok woman grinding off spire ti on a steel file. Ethnological: Extensively used by modern Indians for necklaces, "ropes" or "chains," dress ornaments pendants, etc. (See D9 for description of use as pendants on dance headband.) Yurok specimen 1-2183 is a woman's headband for the Jumping Dance. It coni sists of Olivella biplicata strung on iris-fiber string together with 4 small Tegula funebralis; two rentalium pretiosum hang pendent from it. 1-2184 is a similar Yurok specimen without the Tegula fune- bralis. Both pieces have buckskin ties attached for fastening around the head. In dress fringes (e.g., Yurok front dress 1-1016) if the shell is at bottom of beads it is secured [not merely by a knot but] by an enclosing loop which passes through open ing in spire, out through the aperture of the shell and back to the cord above the spire where it is firmly lashed. A "rope" of Olivella biplicata shel from the Central Miwok of Calaveras co. may exem- plify a prehistoric use. See Barrett and Gifford, pl. 66. The Miwok bleached the shells in hot ashes (ibid. p. 251), a practice reported by Tryon (p. 633 for olive shells in Polynesia and New Guinea. Yurok necklace 1-1231 is comprised of more than 2,500 small Olivella biplicata (F5b). A Bear River Athabascan necklace (1-27136) has about 1,000 interspersed with blue and green glass beads. Orchard (pp. 21-23) pictures methods of stringing Olivella biplicata beads of type F5b. Yurok buckskin hair tie 1-2045 has pendent strings of black seeds, Pinus sabiniana nuts, and shell. Three of these strings have alternating Olivella biplicata (F5b) and pine nuts, 11 speci- mens of F5b altogether. Four strings on 1 end of hair tie, 3 on other end terminate in pendants, all of Haliotis rufescens, save 1 octagonal Hali- otis unidentified, a unique ethnological type (see ethnological figure 9, page 113). Other Haliotis types on six of the pendent strings are S2aII, U4a, Z2aII, AA2aIII. Two Wailaki ear pendants (1-2575, 1-4382) are of soft buckskin with a narrow tab for threading through the ear lobe and 7 pendent strips covered with Xerophyllum braid 9 in. long. On bottom of each strip are 2 large F5b- a total of 14 on each pendant. 4See Lillard, Heizer, Fenenga, pl. llb. I I 10 GIFFORD: CALIFRNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS the region where these objects are found. In 4 performance the dancer wears a tule head- roe from which radiate sticks with feathers at- ibed at distal ends. These project 2 to 3 ft. P the head of the wearer. N1. Whole 'banjo"-type ornament with forked Rla. Single lateral projections. NlaI. Plain edge; more than 2Hin. long: 21. 20 (C 6, 10 [1 figured]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, El figured, largestl; C 82, 1 [figured: frag- it of forked end]; C 86, 1 [figured, smallestl; L38, 4 [1 figured]), SV 1 (W side Sacramento r., ar 8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 1). ih has single perforation in broad end opposite Rked end. Range in size and form shown by fig- s. Besides the single lateral projections, he are, at least in the larger examples, sin- L vertical projections forming the sides of i "fork." Some include spire of shell. Largest yces not figured: One is 5i in. wide, another in. long and 54 in. wide. NlaII. Plain edge; less than 2 in. long: 44. -11 (near Isleton, 2 [both figured; 1 longest; as unfinished forked end]; C 6, 1; S 28, 1 gured: constricted "neck"]; C 138, 7 [1 figured: kllest]), SV 29 (S 2, 29 [1 figured: parallel- Led, T-shaped]), BR 4 (Tomales Bay 266, 1; Toma- Bay 275, 3). One or 2 specimens each from DR I SV show Haliotis rufescens epidermis. Four keimens show perforation at broad end but the fork only partially cut through or not at all. I assume these to be unfinished: 1 is pictured. The T-shaped, parallel-sided specimens were most nu- merous in SV S 2; the smallest specimens are from DR C 138. Whether this type is degenerate or ru- dimentary in relation to other "banjo" types is not clear. See NlaIV. NlaIII. Incised edge; more than 1 in. long: 10. DR 8 (C 86, 1 Ifigured, shortest]; C 138, 7 [3 figured, first, third, and fourth from left]), BR 1 (Castlewood Country Club, Pleasanton, Ala- meda co.), NR 1 (nr. Vallejo, figured, second from left). NlaIV. Incised edge; less than li in. long: 4. DR 3 (C 83, 1; C 138, C), SV 1 (S 2, 1). SV S 2 specimen is only one with 2 perforations. This type related to plain-edged NlaII. Nlb. Double lateral projections. The distal lateral projections are formed by lateral exten- sion outward of the sides of the vertical "fork." NlbI. Plain edge: 44. DR 37 (Isleton, 3 [2 figured]; C 6, 6; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 5; S 56, 2; C 81, 1 [figured]; C 83, 2; C 85, 1; C 86, 6 [1 figured]; C 91, 2; C 107, 1 [figuredl; C 138, 7; Bloom Group, Stone Lake, Sacramento co., 1), SV 7 (S 2, 4 [1 figured]; W side Sacramento r., 7-8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 3 [1 figured, largest]). All sufficiently complete specimens show only 1 perforation for suspension. Three of the larger specimens include the spire of the Haliotis rufescens from which made. Two aberrant specimens figured lack "necks" and are crudely notched side.and bottom; smaller from SV S 2, larger from DR C 107. NlbII. Incised edge: 34. DR 32 (C 6, 5; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 81, 3; C 82, 1; C 85, 1; C 86, 9; C 91, 2; C 138, 6), BR 1 (Castle- wood Country Club, Pleasanton, Alameda co., 1), NR 1 (237, 1). The extent of incised edges is var- iable and ranges from virtually the entire edge in a specimen from DR C 91 to only a small length. Of specimens sufficiently preserved to show the per- forations, 5 have 2 perforations opposite the forks. Incising, parallel lines at right angle to edge. Holmes (1902) pictures a specimen of this type in his plate 24B, upper figure. NlbIII. Incised edge and punctations: 6. DR 5 (C 6, 1; S 28, 1 [figured, 8 punctations]; C 138, 3 [2 figured: 1 with 4 punctations formihg square; 1 with 1 punctation near fork], NR 1 (nr. Vallejo, 1 [figured, 4 punctations in row]). The third spec- imen from DR C 138 has 1 punctation near fork; the C 6 specimen has 2 punctations in vertical line in constricted area above fork. NlbIV. Four perforations near lateral projec- tions, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (Bloom Group, Stone Lake, Sacramento co., 1 [figured]). Nlc. Triple lateral projections: 4. DR 4 (C 86, 4 [3 figured: smallest, slenderest, fragment of largest]). Edges without incised decoration. Small- est figured also figured by Moorehead (p. 274, fig. 6). Holmes pictures a specimen of this type in his plate 24B, lower figure. Together with Nld, this type was limited to a single mound, so far as the 21 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS University oollection is concern'ed. Three com- plete speoimens show only 1 perforation for sus- pension. Nld. Quarduple lateral projections: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 [figured]). Edge not incised, single per- foration. Nle. No lateral projections. NleI. Disk with "handle": 1. DR 1 (C 85, 1 [figured]). Incised edge, single perforation, "handle" forked. NleII. Pear-shaped but minus "stem": 4. BR 4 (309, 4). One piece has 3 perforations opposite forked end.10 The other 3 have 1 perforation each."1 All have incised edges. All from depth of 8 ft. in area 9 of mound. N2. "Banjo"-type ornament, halved longitudi- nally. It would seem that this -particular type may have arisen in salvaging parts of broken whole "banjo" ornaments. Both right and left halves. N2a. One lateral projection, perforation at plain end. N2aI. Plain edge: 13. DR 12 (C 6, 1 [figured, broadest); C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 [1 figured, longest]; C 86, 5 [1 figured, next to longest); C 138, 4 [2 full length figured, also 1 forked end only]), SV 1 (W side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 mi. upstream from Knights Landing, 1). N2aII. Incised edge: 4. DR 4 (C 138, 4 [3 fig- ured]). N2b. Two lateral projections, perforation at plain end. N2bI. Plain edge: 13. DR 13 (C 6, 1 [figured, small]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 86, 7 [13 fig- ured]; C 91, 1; C 138, 3). N2bII. Incised edge: 5. DR 5 (C 6, 2 [1 fig- ured, long]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 138, 1 [figured]). One specimen from C 43, C 44, or C 45 is figured in Schenck and Dawson (pl. 90d). N2bIII. Incised edge and punctations: 2. DR 2 (C 43, C'44, or C 45, 1 [figured; also in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90b]; C 138, 1 [figured, smalll). The larger gives clear evidence of be- ing half of a once complete "banjo" ornament, since it is cut tkrough original drill hole. N2c. Two lateral projections, perforation at notched end, incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 [fig- ured, 2 perforations]; C 86, 1 [figured]). Ap- pearance of bird's head. N2d. No lateral projections, perforation at narrow end. N2dI. Plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 [figured]; C 19, 1 [figured]). N2dII. Iacised edge, punctations: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). Two punctations at base of neck, 2 at broad end. N2e. Four lateral projections, perforation, sawtooth appearance, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured; also in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 88e]). 10Schenck, pl. 47k. Ibid., pl. 46k. N3. "Banjo"-type ornament, ring-ended or perforate-ended. N3a. Single row of rings (or ring). N3aI. One perforation in notched end, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 19, 1 [figured]). Besides perfo- ration in ornamental (-notched) end, 1 also in op posite end. N3aII. Single row of rings, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86), figured. Two perforations (rings) in o namental end which has notch on each side. One perforation at opposite end. N3b. Double row of rings: 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2 [ figured]). A pair from 76 in. depth. The one fig- ured has 6 rectangular Olivella beads (type X3aI) glued across its narrower portion. Its mate orig- inally had 6, now only 3 left. The ring-end com- prises 5 openings, 2 below and 3 at end. In figur specimen the central one of latter is open and is therefore really a deep crescent. N3c. Double row of punctations and holes: 2. I 2 (C 138, 2 [1 figured]). These objects from bur 24 form a definite pair. Apparently they were on punctate originally at the square end, but becas of scaling of the shell some of the punctations have become holes. There is a perforation at the rounded end of each. On the left side of one and the right side of the other is a tiny drill hole which possibly served for passage of thread to attach the pair to something. N4. "Banjo"-type ornament, square-ended, un- forked, incised edge. N4a. *One perforation. N4aI. One perforation at broad end: 5. DR 5 ( 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 138, 4 [3 figured]). Un- figured C 138 specimen of stemmed type, but larg than either figured. The non-stemmed figured spe imen has 1-cm. band of asphaltum on back across straight end. N4aII. One perforation at narrow end: 1. DR 1 56, 1 [figured]). The term "banjo" is stretched include this type in the "banjo" class. Related the T-shaped objects described as NlaII and Nla N4b. Four perforations in row: 1. DR I (C 138 1 [figured]). N4c. Three perforations (1 at broad end, 2 at narrow end): 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [fi ured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90c, where shown with incomplete narrow end, apparently due to faulty retouching of picture)). I5. Whole "banjo"-type ornament with narrow e concave, incised edge: 6. DR 6 (C 138, 6 [3 fig- ured]). Markedly spoon-shaped. Intermediate in position between square-ended (N4) and incurved "horns" (N6) types. N6. Whole "banjo"-type ornament with incurved "horns." N6a. One pair of incurved "horns." The cresce formed by the "horns" varies from a tiny affair made by drilling a single hole close to the end as to form a notch (as in N6aI) to a broad shall horned crescent of bovine appearance which has b made by cutting or abrading rather than by drill' I have not split these into additional types on basis of number of perforations. I . I I 22 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS I.,a. Made by drilling, plain edge: 2. DR 2 , both figured). iaI. Made by cutting, plain edge' 9. DR 9 38, 9 [3 figured]). The largest had 6 holes periphery opposite "forked" end. Another qual size (not figured) had 3 holes along opposite fork; in addition it embodies 2 of *atural siphonal openings at one side. The i -sized of 3 figured has perforation in [opposite horns and 1 on side. Its unfigured b-from same burial has same, but side hole on W te side. The smallest and slenderest spec- i figured is incomplete. 16aIII. Made by cutting, incised edge: 10. DR 4S 138, 10 13 figured]). Side as well as end koration shown in 2 of figured specimens. t others have only end hole. Note that small- figured has special hooklike projections ire disk joins elongate portion. Largest shows Liotis rufescens epidermis. 116b. Two pairs of incurved "horns." 6bI."Tongue" between crescents: 6. SV 6 (S 6 t1 figured]). A uniform type. Crescents or .Ms" made by drilling close to edge, leaving ld "tongue" between the drill holes. 6bII. Notch between 2 creacents, plain edge: DR 1 (C 138, 1). The 2 crescents formed by mrns" suggest the 4 claws of a woodpecker or Ser zygodactylous bird. See N6bIII figures. J6bIII. Notch between crescents, incised edge: DR 2 (C 138, 2 [both figured]). N6c. Three or more pairs of incurved "horns"; kohes between crescents formed by "horns." N6cI. Plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 138, 3 [2 fig- rd)). One figured has 3 crescents, the other I 4, the unfigured apparently had 5. N6cII. Incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). Only Xp1e is incomplete, but presumably perforated end opposite crescents. N7. Four raylike projections at narrow end, Woh on each side, perforation in broad end; ised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 gured in Schenck and Dawson, p1. 90f)). Q. Pentagonal Haliotis Ornament (194) Except for a single specimen, all have the tidermis removed and are unidentifiable as to scies. 01. One perforation. The perforation is usu- ly at the square end of the pentagon, so that en suspended the bottom of the ornament ended an angle opposite the square end. Ola. Plain edge. OlaI. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 35, 1 [fig- ed)). OlaII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. SC 1 (N, 1 [fig- ad; of very thick shell; perforation rough, as ough punched perhaps a circular fishhook, AT2, the making)3, DR 2 (C 86, 2 [both figured: - ender 1 made from uneven portion of shell near siphonal opening]). Ethnological: See K2aI. OlaIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 117. SC 3 (C 100, 2 [1 figured]; R 6, 1 [figured, next to small- est figured)), SJ 1 (33, 1 [figured, irregular and large]), DR 100 (Indian Slough nr.- Brentwood, 2: C 1, 2; C 19, 2 [1 figured, nearly quadrilateral]; C 6, 42 [2 figured: 1 largest, 1 small with perfora- tion at angled end]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 13; C 80, 15 [2 figured]; C 82, 3 [1 figured]; C 91, 2 [1 figured, slenderest]; C 138, 3; C 141, 16 [1 figured, smallest), all from 1 burial), SV 13 (S 1, 11;. S 2, 1; Indian camp near Marysville, 1). Ethnological: 3 very slender examples are at- tached pendent to Central Pomo flicker-feather headband 1-2805. On the thread above each are black glass beads and white glass beads. Two VlaII Saxi&-omus nuttalli beads serve as buttons to hold the tie cords of the headband. Feathered basket 1-472 from the Eastern Pomo of Upper Lake, Lake co., has following shell artifact ornaments: OlaIII, U2aIII, VlaII, VlaIII, AF5aIII, AF5aIV. OlaIV. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central per- foration: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1). Cut from muscle scar region of a large shell. Olb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 5. SC 1 (R 4, 1), DR 4 (C 6, 1; C 91, 3). Olc. Spur at side angle. OlcI. Haliotis (unidentified) spur at each side angle, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 [1 figured in Schenck and Dawson pl. 88g)). OlcII. Haliotis (unidentified5 spur at side an- gle, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). 02. Two perforations at square end. 02a. Haliotis (unidentified), 2\perforations in juxtaposition, plain edge: 13. DR 8 (C 1, 2; C 6, 2; C 80, 1 [figured, small); C 91, 2; C 141, 1), SV 4 (Indian camp nr. Marysville, 2 [1 figured, larg- estI; S 1, 1; S 2, 1); ML 1 (Shingle Springs, Eldo- rado co., 1 [from contact burial]). 02b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 32, 1). Parallel-line incising. 03. Two perforations, in opposite ends. 03a. Plain edge. 03aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). 03aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 23. SC 3 (C 100, 2 [1 figured, large, lopsided]; R 4, 1 [unfinished]), DR 19 (C 6, 3; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 3; C 48, 2; C 80, 5 [2 figured: medium]; C 82, 1 [figured, broad- est in relation to length); C 141, 2 [1 figured, largest]; Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, Contra Costa co., 3 [1 figured]), SV 1 (S 1, 1 [figured, almost parallelogram in shape]). 03b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 6. SC 3 (C 100, 1; R 11, 1; R 32, 1), DR 3 (C 6, 1; C 141, 2). DR specimens symmetrical in form, SC spec- imens asymmetrical (cf. 03aII). 04. Haliotis (unidentified), 2 perforations to- gether at square end and 1 opposite, plain edge: 7. DR 7 (C 6, 2; C 80, 2; C 82, 1; C 86, 1 [figured, largest]; C 91, 1 [figured, broad and short]). 05. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations in line lengthwise. 05a. Plain edge: 3. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured]; C 138, 1), DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured, large]). C 138 specimen smaller and damaged. 23 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 05b. Incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [fig- uredi; C 138, 1 Ifigured, sma1]). Both asymet- rical. 06. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations it line across square end and 1 opposite, plain edge! 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). 07. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (2 at one short side, 1 at short side opposite, ] at apex of angle), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured] ) . 08. taliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations (1 central, 2 pairs at.opposite endb), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R1 1 [figured)). 09. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 peripheral and 2 central perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). 010 Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations at Aled end, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [fig- ured]). It looks as though it were once a trap- ezoid, then a corner was.broken off and it was redrilled near the new edge. In any event, it is a pentagon as it stands now. Qll. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (3 in line lenthwise, 4th at corner), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 3, 1 [figured]). 012. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations (1 entral, 5 at corners), plain edge: 1. SC 1 C 100, 1 (figuredl). Four of 5 sides have con- cave curvature. 013. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations across aquare end, incised edge: 1. DR 1 (G 6, 1 Ifigured]). P. Trapezium Haliotis Ornament These are far less elongate and are smaller than the lozenge-type Haliotis ornaments (class M). Species of Baliotis indeterminate. Perfora- tions usually in corners, rarely in middle, never on side. P1. One perforation. Pla. Plain edge: 8. SC 1 (R 21, 1), DR 3 (C 6, 1 [figured]; C 82, i [figured, small]; C 86, 1 [figured, perforation..central]), SV 4 (S 1, 2; S 2 2). ttio1ogical: Woman's dance ornament (1-2814) for holdinig in the hand, from Northern Pomo of ?InoleVille, nr. Ukiah, has following shell. arti- facts attached: Pla, U2aIII., VlaII, VlaIII, AFSaIV. See MlaI. Plb. Incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11., 1 (figured)). P2.. Two perforations, plain edge: 4. SC 4 (R .2, 3 (1 figured]; R 11, 1 (figured)). P3.. One corner perforation in same plane as flat surface, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, I (figured)., This piece is thick enough to allow drilling as described. Edges of 1 surface in- cised with oblique parallel lines. P4. Two perforations in 1 end and 1 in opposite and, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). P5. Three perforations in long axis, incised edge: 2. SC 2 (R 2, 2 [one figured)). P6. Five perforations (4 in corners, 1 in cen- ter), incised edgB: 1. SC 1 (R 32, 1 (figured]). P7. Four perforations (1 in each corner), pla edge: 2. SC 2 (R 8, 1 [figured, small]; R 19, 1 (figured]). Q. Trapezoidal Haliotis Ornament (l3 General;form trapezoidal, but corners often rounded, and sides sometimes slightly curved. Tm natural cupping of the shell usually prevents th specimen being flat, unless it is very small. M may be reworked broken triangles. Owing to such difficulties it is sometimes problematical whether a specimen truly belongs in Trapezoidal (Q), Trapezium (P), or Triangular (U). All should be consulted, especially the illustrations. Some, order Z (Sausage-shaped Haliotis).objects may h originally been slender Trapezoids that had con chipped off. QU. One perforation in narrow end. Qla. Plain edge. QlaI. Haliotis cracherodii: 26. SC 18 (C 135,` (figured: broadest]; R 35, 17 [1 figured: smalle DR 8 (S 60, 1 (figured, squatl; C 68, 3; C 85, 1 (figured); C 86, 1; C 107, 1; C 142, 1). Epider discernible on all; broadest has convex back ca pletely covered with it. QlaII. Haliotis fulgens: 34. SC 34 (R 35, 34) Rather crude, some wil'h rounded corners and oonv sideIs. sdaIII. Hliotis rufescens: 86. SC 1 (C 100, (figured]), DR 76 (C 6, 12; S 56, 1; C 68, 3; C 1; C 83, 12 (2 figured]; C 86 42 (3 figured]; 138, 5), SV 3 .(S 2, 2; S 3, 13, BR 4 (35, 1; 307 1; Fernandez md., 2), ER 1 (67, 1 [figured, broa est)), ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1). Many cut from curved edge of shell and from cUE' body of shell. Hence edges often far from strai. Range of size and shape showa by figures. Unfig small Fernandez md. specimen has bDngitudinal sa groove in epidermis close to rough edge; evident unfinished. Ethnological: A single specimen (1-649), simil in form but snaller than BR 67 figured, from Co] Maidu, Round v. Reservation. See D9, Z2bI, AGlaI QlaIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 294. SC 97.(1 2; Tecolote cr., Santa Bqrbara co., 3; C 100, 22 (1 figured); N, 1 [figured, broad); R 1, 4; R 4, R 8, 3; R 12, 1; R 30, 8; R 32, 2 [1 figured, s derestl; R 35, 50), DR 168 (C 6, 70; C 19, 1; C C 44, or C 45, 13, 0 68, 10; C 80, 3; C 82, 22 figured, 1 smallest]; C 83, 2; C 85, 2; C 86, 2 (1 figured, slender]; C 107, 1 C 138, 7; C 141 SV 12 (S 1, 3; S 2,.7; S 13, 25, BR 3 (near Nil Alameda co., l; 309, 2), NR 2 (6 mi. N of Monti 2), ER 1 (67, 1 (figured, perforation farthest end]), ML 11 (Site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., BR specimen drilled fram 1 side only; weathered broad end, so nearly rectangle instead of trape A heterogeneous lot; range of sizes and shapes dicated by figured examples. An occasional spec has 1 or more sides slightly concave or convex.: Ethnological: Karok woman's hair tie (1-1811) buckskin has following Haliotis pendants suspen U - - P I t. i Ai 2A GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS rophyllum braids, in 5 of which are incor- single valves of D9: QlaIV, S2aIII, - AF4aII, AF8b. Northern Miwok forked dance {1-9979) has pendant QlaIV. See D9, KlaIV. Incised edge. I. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). -15 mm., width 9-12 mm. Short parallel- Oisinlg. II. Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). incsiing. -Corner missing. Length 52 mm., ih.30 mm. (where corner broken off about downone side). III.Haliotis rufeseens: 8. DR 4 (C 6, 1 d, slightly concave sides]; C 138, 3 [2 d, broadl), BR 4 (309, 2 [both figured); I [not figured, more nearly parallel sides]) incising on BR 309 and smaller DR pieces. IV. Haliotis (unidentified: 27. SC 4 (C [1 tfigured, largest]; R 4, 1 [figured, con- kides]; R 8, 1 (figured, slender]; R 15, 1 red]), DR 23 (C 6, 12 [2 figured, broad); Oi Slough, nr. Brentwood, Contra Costa co., ,gured, slender]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 pod in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 88b]; C 86, 107, 1 [figured, smallest]; C 138, 5 [1 red, coarse incising]; C 141, 1). Some spec- ihave 1 or more sides slightly concave or . Plain edge, punctations. 4. Haliotis rufescens, punctations across ILend: 2. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2). A 142 mm. long, 20-27 mm. wide, 4 punctations s broad end. WoII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. DR 5 (Sac- rto r., nr. Isleton, 1; C 6, 2 [1 figured ist]; C 81, 1 [figured, largest]; C 86, 1). d. Haliotis (unidentified), row of puncta- I across bottom, incised edge: 5. DR 4 (C 6, figured, longest3; C 86, 1; C 91, 1), SV 1 -I (figwed, shortest]). . ne perforation in broad end. W. Plain edge. aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 8. DR 7 (C 60, 1; 5; C 138, 1), BR 1 (328, 1). Shortest 16 longest 64 mm. hII. Haliotis fulgens: 4. SC 4 (N, 1; R ]2, 35, 2). Shortest 18 mm., longest 74 mm. bIII. Haliotis rufeBcens: 24. DR 24 (C 6, 3 gUred, short]; C 19, 1; C 59, 4; C 68, 1; C [figured, largest]; C 83, 1 Ifigured]; C C 87, 1; C 138, 6 I3 figuredI; C 141, 1; 1 [figured]). Two unfigured C 86 specimens IT 1 and 2 siphonal openings, respectively. bnological: Pomo feathered basket 1-53628 pllowing shell artifact types attached: I, Q2aIV, VlaII, VlaIII. AIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 58. SC 32 (M ;C 100, 1; R 6, 1; R 30, 29), DR 24 (C 1, 6, 6; S 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C C 83, 1; C 86, 2; C 91, l;C138 3; C 2; C 142, 1), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 1 372, 1). ack epidermis and consequently cannot be ified. R 30 specimens from 1 grave; 1 made part of shell bordering siphonal openings. Ethnological: See Q2aIII. Q2b. Incised edge. Q2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 10. DR 5 (C 158, 3; C 139, 1; C 141, 1), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 4 (309, 1; 329, 3). Parallel-line incising. Q2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 11. DR 4 (C 86, 1; C 91, 1; C 138, 2), SV 1 (W side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 mi. above Knights Landing, 1). BR 6 (309, 1; 329, 5). Parallel-line incising. Q3. One central perforation, plain edge. Q3at Haliotis fulgens: 1. SC 1 (R 2), figured. Q3b. Haliotis (unidentified): 34. SC 13 (R 1-3, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 5; R 30, 6), DR 21-(S 56, 4; C 69, 1; C 107, 11 [3 figured, small cemented to charm- stone of blue schist]; C 142, 5). Q3c. Haliotis cracherodii: 6. DR 6 (S 56, 1; C 107, 5). Q3d. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 107, 2). Q4. Two perforations at narrow end; broad, with sides tapered throughout. Q4a. Plain edge. Q4aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SV 1 (S 3, 1 [fig- ured]). Q4aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 24. SC 3 (M 1 1; R 4, 1 [figured); R 32, 1 [figured smallest]S, SJ 1 (149, 1), DR 5 (C 6, 4; C 142, li, sY 2 (In- dian Camp, nr. Marysville 1 [figured]; S 13, 1), BR 3 (250a, 3 [1 figured]J, ML 10 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 4 [1 figured, largest]; Site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 6). Q4b. Incised edge. Q4bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 4. SC 4 (C 3, 2; C 103, 2). Short parallel-line incising giving notched appearance. Q4bII. Haliotis rufescens, lower edge incised: 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2). Parallel-line incising. Q4bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 4. SC 1 (R 21, 1 [figured]), DR 3 (C 68, 3 [1 figured]). Mostly crosshatched inoising on SC specimen. Q4c. Punctations, plain edge. Q4cI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Three punctations across broad end. Q4cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Five punctations across broad end. Q5. Two perforations in narrow end; narrow, usu- ally concave effect to sides, sometimes to bottom also. Q5a. Plain edge. Q5aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 142, 1). Q5aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 14. DR 14 (C 68, 2; C 82, 3 [1 figured]; C 126, 2 [both figured: shortest, broadest); C 142, 7 [2 figured: longest, narrowest at perforatea end]). Q5b. Incised edge. QSbI. Haliotis cracherodii: 3. SC 3 (C 3, 3 [2 figured]y. Q5bII. Haliotis rufescens: 7. DR 7 (C 142, 7). All from one grave. Parallel-line incising. Q5c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations across broad end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 81, 1). Length 98 mm., width 18-29 mm. Six or 7 punctations across broad end. QSd. Haliotis (unidentified), punctate design, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 162, 1 Efigured]). 25 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RE0RDS Q6. Two perforations in broad end. Q6a. Plain edge. Q6aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). Length 38 mm., width 8-13 mm. Q6aII. Haliotis rufescens: 48. SC 1 (R 2, 1), DR 47 (C 138, 47). Q6aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 15. SC 8 (C 100, 1 [figured, shortest]; C 138, 1; R, 1 [fig- ured, broadest] R 1, 3 [1 figured, slenderest]; R 4, 1; R 32, 13, DR 5 (C 138, 5 [1 figured, longest]), NR 2 (236, 2 [1 figured, restored]). NR specimen calcined. Q6b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). Parallel incising. Q7. Two perforations, more or less along cen- tral axis. At least 1 perforation near 1 end; other varies from central to terminal position. Intergradation in this respect prevents breaking into types according to position of holes. Q7a. Plain edge. Q7aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1). Length 18 mm. Q7aII. Haliotis rufescens: 28. DR 28 (C 1, 1; C 6, 18; C 19, 3; C 68, 3; C 80, 1; C 86,. 2). Ethnological: Shasta buckskin dress 1-2495 has this type on its fringe, together with an exclu- sively ethnological type described in ethnologi- cal Q, and the following archaeological types: Z2aII, Z2aIII, Z3aI, Z3aII. Q7aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 153. SC 91 (C 100, 9 [2 figured, 5th and 8th from left]; C 138, 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 30, 77 [3 figured, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th from left]), DR 62 (C 6, 36; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 4; C 68, 16; C 80, 1; C 82, 2 [l figured, left, broadest]; C 86, 1 [short, broad, rounded corners, perforations ter- minal; figured, 6th from left]; C 107, 1 [figured; small, holes close together]; C 138&, 1). All but 1 of R 30 specimens from 1 grave. Three or four R 30 pieces cut from near siphonal opening. Q7b. Incised edge. Q7bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 10. SC 10 (C 3, 10). Q7bII. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 2; C 138, 1). Q7bIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 14. SC 6 (C 3, 1; C 100, 3; C 138, 1 [figured]), DR 8 (C 6, 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 68, 1; C 80, 1; C 86, 1; C 91, 1 [figured, longest]; C 107, 1 [fig- ured, holes close together]). Q7c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations, plain edge: 5. DR 5 (Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 2 [1 figured]; C 6, 2 [both figured: 1 broader than long, 1 smallest]; C 80, 1 [figured, larg- est]). Q7d. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations, incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1; C 91, 1). QW. Two perforations: 1 in end, 1 in side. Q8a. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 86, 1; C 138, 1). Q8b. Haliotis rufescens, 2 long sides with in- cised edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). Q8c. Haliotis rufescens, 3 punctations in broad end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1). Q9. Three perforations at narrow end. Q9a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 10. SV 10 (S 13), 2 figured. All have central hole slightly below other 2. Figures show range in ti respect and in size. These 10 specimens were do. nated by Dr. R. F. Heizer, who obtained them fr a grave at depth of 5 ft. All were over skull a though once sewed to a cap. They were found in sociation with glass beads of 20 types and a 1 pistol ball. Most of the perforations seem to been biconically drilled. Q9b. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations ac3 broad end: 1. DR 1 (C 81, 1 [figured)). Q10. Haliotis rufescens, 3 perforations at end, plain edge: 22. DR 21 (S 28, 1; C 138 20 figured: shortest, longest]), NR 1 (236, 15. NR specimen calcined. Qll. Three perforations: 1 in narrow end, 2 broad end. Q1lla. Plain edge. QlaI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1l QllaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 13. SC 11 100, 2; C 138, 2; R 1, 1 [figured]; R 2, 3 tal_ figured: 1 is longest]; R 4 1 [figured]; R 11, [1 figured)), DR 1 (C 82, 13, BR 1 (309, 1 [fi ured, smallest]). Qllb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: SC 3 (C 100, 1 [figured, middle]; R 11, 2 [1 fi ured]), DR 1 (C 91, 1 [figured longest]). Q12. Haliotis (unidentified3, 3 perforations at narrow end, 1 at broad end), plain edge: 2. 2 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured, short]; C 1 [figured]). Ethnological: See order Q for examples of t same form, but in definitely identifiable Halio rufescens. Q13. Three perforations along central axis. Q.13a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: SC 2 (R 30, 2). Q13b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: SC 4 (C 100, 4), three figured. It will be obs that one has a large enough central opening to classified as a ring (J), were it not for the t ezoidal shape. Q,14. Four perforations: 3 at broad end, 1 at. narrow end. Q14a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 2 DR 2 (C 86), both figured. Q,14b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: SC 2 (C 100, 1 [figured]; R 11, 1 [figured, as metric]). ' Q15. Four perforations: 1 in each corner. Ql5a. Plain edge. Q15aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138,1 [figured]). Q15aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 7. SC 7 (C 1 [figured, slender]; C 135, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 1 11, 1 [figured, widest]; R 32, 2 [1 figured]). Q15b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge SC 2 (C 100, 1; R 2, 1). C 100 has parallel-li incising; R 2 has oblique incising. Q16. Five perforations: 1 in each corner, 1 middle. Q16a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: SC 3 (R 1, 1; R 4, 2 [all figured]). Q.16b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: I 26 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS ,138, 1 [figured, large]; R 32, 1 [fig- Due has parallel-line incising at right ~o edge, other has V-incising. [hliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations iob corner, 1 in narrow end, 1 in center), 1edge: 1. SC 1 (C 138 [figured]). Corner tions all weathered or bToken out. Zigzag *Haliotis (unidentified), 6+ perforations Kbroad end, 1 at narrow), plain edge: 1. F86 [figured]). ,Haliotis (unidentified), 8 perforations prrow end, 5 at broad end), plain edge: (M 1 [figured]). Haliotis (unidentified), 9 perforations $Arrow end, 5 at broad end), plain edge: 1. I 1 (figured]). Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations across end, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 86., 2). Length , width at narrow end 80 mm. Second specimen Ltary, but width across narrow end 90 mm. Haliotis rufescens, 9 perforations across i, plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 138, 2). Pair ngth 101 mm., width at broad end 79 mm., row end 65 mm. Haliotis rufescens, 10 perforations broad end, plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 1 id, slightly the smallest of 33; C 138, 2). "the C 138 specimens has 5 other holes made ing mollusks during the life of the Hali- rom which the piece was made. One perforation on side, plain edge. . Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 86, 1 id, smalll; C 138, 1 tfigured]). bI aliotis (unidentified): 3. SC 1 (R 30, 2 (C 138, 2). i Haliotis (unidentified) 2 perforations a, incised edge: 2. SC 2 (C 100, 1 [fig- R 11, 1 [figured, holes at 2 corners)). v Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations B, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 [figured]). Haliotis rufescens, 4 perforations at end, plain edge: 10. DR 10 (C 138, 10). t has extra hole made by boring mollusk. ranges from 62 to 103 mm. , Haliotis rufescens, 5 perforations at and, plain edge: 7. DR 7 (C 138, 7 [1 fig- , One figured contains 4 siphonal openings. about average size. One piece, unfigured, ilf-inch wider at broad end, lacks siphonal gs, and has had narrow end broken off. H. Haliotis (unidentified), 5 perforations warrow end for suspension, 2 near each end), itudinal slots connecting pairs of perfora- plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1 [figured]). Haliotis rufescens, 5 perforations in rend, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86). Broad end lete. Width of narrow end, 70 mm. Greatest tovrd damaged end, 88 mm. 4 Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations in end, plain edge: 13. DR 13 (C 138, 13 [2 d, large and small]). One specimen is made pieceof shell embodying 4 open and 1 closed X.l openings. Q33. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations (2 at broad end, 1 in middle), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (R 4, 1 [figured]). Q34. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (2 along central axis, 2 across broad end), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 68, 1 [figured]). Q35. Haliotis (unidentified), notched ends; 5 perforations (1 central, 4 at corners), plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 2, 1 [figured]). Q36. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 perforation through narrow end in same plane as flat surface, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). Thick enough to allow of drilling through full width of narrow end. Q37. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (1 in middle of each side), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). R. Trapezoidal Clamshell Ornameht (8) The objects may have been pectorals. All have plain edges, without incising. Rl. Scnizothaerus nuttallii, 1 perforation: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 [figured)). R2. Schizothaerus nuttallii, 2 perforations in line perpendicular to edge, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 30), figured. A catalogue entry states "holes for- merly bushed with small disks of Haliotis." R3. Two perforations parallel to edge. R3a. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 5. SC 5 (R 30), 3 figured. Except for largest figured, it is stated that "holes formerly bushed with small disks of Haliotis." R3b. Tivela stultorum: 1. SC 1 (R 30), figured. "Holes formerly bushed with small disks of Halio- tis." Top broken away along line of 2 drilled holes. S. Rectangular Haliotis Ornament or Bead (7,063) It was sometimes hard to decide whether to put a specimen in order Q (Trapezoidal Haliotis OrnaA ment) or in S. Some non-rectangular specimens ard placed in S instead of Z because they appeared to be abraded rectangles; S6A1 (figured), for example. The natural curvature of the larger pieces in- creased this difficulty. No doubt some specimens included in Sausage-shaped (Z) class were once wec- tangles, but have had corners abraded and rounde'd by wear. See also AA ("oval" with one or more sides flat). Sl. No perforation. Sla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 67. SC 64 (C 100, 3; M 1, 61 [figured, mosaic of oblong bits of Haliotis in asphaltum adhesive]), DR 3 (C 138, 3 [larger than any individual pieces in the M 1 mosaic]). The three C 100 specimens are thick rim pieces and may have been intended for cylindrical tubes in process of manufacture. Ethnological: Similar mosaic of oblong pieces, on a Diegueho ceremonial wand, figured in Waterman (p. 301, fig. 2). UCMA specimen number 1-9207, from the Luiseho, has irregular, iridescent fragments of 27 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Haliotis set in asphaltum in square depressions on 2 opposite faces of the wooden handle, about an inch below the top in which a quartz crystal, chipped to a point, has been cemented. Ethnolog- ical figure 5 (page 113) shows this specimen; the upper 4 in. of the wooden handle are painted black, the remainder brick red. Thus, it is in- dicated that this mosaic technique survives among modern southern Californian Indians. Put- nam figures ancient fragments from the Santa Barbara coast (pl. 12, figs. 30, 31, 32). S1 . Haliotis rufesceis, incised ed e: 10. DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]), BR 9 (309, 9 [1 fig- ured in Schenck, 1926, pl. 45s)). The DR spec- imen has 7 Olivella beads of type X3bI on its convex surface. The incising in all is on the edges of the concave or inner surface. S2. One perforation on short side. S2a. Plain edge. S2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 17. DR 16 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 60, 1 [figured]: C 68, 13 [1 figured, slender]; C 142, 1), BR 1 (309, 1 [figured, broad]). S2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 68. DR 58 (C 6, 16; C 19, 6; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2 [1 long and slender figured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 89e, length 156 mm.]; C 59, 2; C 68, 12; C 82, 2; C 83, 2; C 86, 16 [1 figured, slender]), SV 1 (S 1, 1 [figured, small square]), BR 6 (309, 3; 329, 2; Fernandez md., 1), HR 2 (67, 2 [1 of pair of equal size figured by Loud, pl. 21, fig. 10; length 102 mm.]), ML 1 (Dettert site 1, 4 mi. from Middletovn, Lake co., 1). Ethnological: See D9, F5b, KlaIV, K2aII. S2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 258. SC 48 (C 3, 1; C 100, 10; C 135, 1; C 138, 2; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 6, 2; R 8, 1; R 11, 1; R 30, 26; R 35, 2), DR 192 (C 1, 1; C 6, 44; C 19, 3; S 28, 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 10; S 56, 3; C 68, 24; C 82, 6; C 83, 1; C 86, 36; C 107, 4; C 138, 41 [1 figured, broadest, one of identical pair]; C 141, 16 [all small, 1 with concave sides fig- uredl; C 142, 1), SV 12 (S 1, 8; S 2 3; S 3, 1), BR 5 (309, 2; Fernandez mdd., 1; ?omales Bay 275, 2), ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1). Some specimens with rounded corners, perhaps due to abrasion or secondary working, have been included. One C 100 specimen made from part of shell bordering siphonal openings. Ethnological: See K2aII, K3aIII, QlaIV, Z2bI. S2b. Incised edge. S2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 10. DR 7 (C 6, 1; S 28, 1; C 138, 4; C 141, 1 [figured, largest]), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 2 (329, 2 [1 figured, slen- derest]). S2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 47. SC 2 (C 100, 2), SJ 1 (83, 1), DR 24 (C 6, 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 80, 1; C 82, 1; C 85, 1; C 86, 1; C 138, 15; C 141, 1; Indian Slough, nr. Brent- wood, Contra Costa co., 1), BR 20 (309, 6; 329, 12; 387, 2). S2c. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations: 4. DR 4 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 80, 1; C 91, 2). Three or 4 punctations at 1 or both ends. S2d. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge, punctations: 2. DR 2 (C 80, 1; C 91, 1). Two or 3 punctations at end opposite perforation. S2e. Haliotis (unidentified), long sides con cave, punctations: 7. SV 7 (S 1, 7 [1 figured]))I S2f. Haliotis (unidentified), central notch distal end: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured]). S2g. Haliotis (unidentified), both ends ser- rate: 1. DR 1 (C 141, 1 [figured]). S3. One perforation on long side. S3a. Plain edge. S3aI. Haliotis rufescens: 33. DR 31 (C 6, 12' [1 figured in Schenck and Dawson, p1. 89t); S 2 2; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; S 56 2; C 80, 1; C 86, 11; C 138, 1), SV 2 (S 2, 2S. Largest, 1651 110 mm.; smallest, 29 by 17 mm. S3aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 31. SC 8 (R. 1; R 30, 7), DR 15 (C 6, 4; C 43, C 44, or C 45 1; C 86, 1; C 138, 4; C 141, 1; C 142, 4), SV 8i (S 1, 3; S 2, 5). S3b. Incised edge. S3bI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. SV 2 (site on W side of Sacramento r., 7 or 8 mi. upstream fro Knights Landing, 2). S3bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 4. DR 4 (S S 3; C 138, 1). S3c. Punctations across each end. S3cI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. SV 1 (S 2, 1 [! ured]). S3cII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. SV 1 (S 2 1). S3d. Haliotis (unidentified), ends with ban of longitudinal grooves and tiny punctations: DR 6 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured in Schen and Dawson, pl. 88s]; C 138, 5 [3 figured]). S4. Square with perforation on 1 side, plaii edge. S4a. Halio.tis cracherodii: 2. DR 2 (S 56, 1; C 138, 1). S4b. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (S 28, 1). S4c. Haliotis (unidentified): 14. DR 6 (C 6 4. C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C .107, 1), SV 7 (S 75, BR 1 (Tomales Bay 275, 1). S5.One central perforation. S5a. Plain edge. S5aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 508. SC 249 (C 247; C 103, 2), DR 259 (S 56, 3; S 60,4: C4lO 222; C 142, 30). So far as depths are recorded the DR C 107 specimens, they are from below 40. and according to Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga 11), would date from their Early Period. S5aII. Haliotis fulgens: 24. SC 24 (C 3, 23; 103, 1). S5aIII. Haliotis rufescens: 80. DR 78 (C 60 S 60, 1; C 69, 1; C 86, 1; C 107, 73; C 142, 15 BR 2 (309, 2). So far as depths are recorded fc 107 specimens, they are from lower levels and sumably represent the "early culture." S5aIV. Haliotis (unidentified), thin, plain 5,353. SC 920 (C 3, 902 [12 figured on bone t Gifford, 1940, pp. 175, 221]: C 100, 1; R 6, 3 30, 14), SJ 1 (140, 1), DR 4,359 (C 19, 1; C 5 65, S 56, 14; C 60, 1; C 68, 2,725 [1 figured Schenck and Dawson, pl. 87a]; C 107, 1,208; C I O.- I I I I I 28 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 12, 344 [2 cemented to Haliotis disk N3bIV, edl-)b BR 73. (Orinda, Contra Costa co., 6; 58; 309, 9). With 2 exceptions figured, all ~Mall, although somewhat larger than small- tigured. MOT. Haliotis (unidentified), thick, plain i:'2. SC 1 (C 100, 1), SJ 1 (4, 1). Appar- r cut from flat inturned rim. Longer, 15 mm. ib. Incised edge. tbT. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 15, 1). 1bII. HLliotis (unidentified): 2. DR 1 (C 1 [figured, smaller)), BR 1 (309, 1 [fig- B. Two perforations, more or less along cen- ~Etis. B6a. Plain edge. UaI. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. DR 2 (C 68, 2 rgu-ed] ). aII. Haliotis ru-fescens: 2. DR 2 (C 68, 2). rtions as in SbaI. III. Haliotis (unidentified): 84. SC 69 (C 1; R 2, 1; R 6, 1 [figured, smallest]; R 66 (1 figured])-, DR 15 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, [45, 1; C 68, 13). *b. Concave edges. 6b1. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 edJ). bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 5. SC 4 (M 1, D 1 (C 107, 1). $c. Incised edge. 6cI. Haliotis cracherodii: 15. SC 11 (C 3, > figured: smallest. oblong]), DR 4 (C 107, R specimens appear so similar to SC speci- Ias to suggest importation from SC or vice ;IoL. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1). cIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 6. SC 1 (C -, DR 5 (C 6, 1; S 56, 1; C 68, 1; C 107,2). T. Two perforations, centered at opposite 7a. Plain edge. haI. Haliotis- rufescens: 46. SC 1 (R 2, 1), 3 (0 6, 38; C 43, C 44, or O 45, 3; C 86, 1; Wrds from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 1), SV :2, 1), ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., tbnological: See D9. 7aI1. Haliotis (unidentified): 170. SC 19 3; C 100, 4; C 138, 3; R 2, 1; R 4, 5 igured, small square]; R 6, 3), DR 145 (50 i from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 9 (1 fig- 3; C 6, 93; C 19, 4; S 28, 1 [figured, large re]; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 7; C 80, 2; C 82, ,-86, 4,; C 138, 24 13 figured: 1 tiny, 1 slen- ), SV 5 (S 2, 5), BR 1 (Tonales Bay 275,1). ?b. Incised edge. ,bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (R 6, 1). striotly oblong, since sides bulge slightly; mg or V-incisin . 7bI. Haliotis (unidentified): 25. SC 8 (C 1; R 1-4, 1; R 2, 1; R 4, 2; R 6, 3), DR 6, 14; C 80, 1; C 138, 1), SV 1 (S 2, 1). id SV incising, parallel notches; SC, par- l oblique lines in two; V, zigzag, or cross- bod in others. S7bIII. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). S7c. Punctations along edge. S7eI. Haliotis rufeseens: 17. DR 17 (C 6, 5; C 19, 1; C 80, 2 [1 figured in obverse and reverse, puictations all around edge, holes at ends]; C 82, 1 [figured, largest]; 50 yards from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 7 [1 figured, smllest]; C 138, 1 [figured holes at sides, punctations all around edge]). 'he two C 80 specimens have been partly sawed through on the back as though the maker had started to make something different (see second figure of C 80). S7cI. Haliotis (unidentified): 19.. DR 19 (C 6, 6; 50 yards from Sacramento r., nr. Isleton, 13). S7d. Haliotis unidentified, incised edge, punc- tations at opposite ends on each side of perfora- tion: 1. DR 1 (G 86, 1). S8, Two perforations at 1 end. S8a. P1lag edge. S8aI. flaliotis cracherodii: 8. SC 8 (C 3, 8). S8aII. Haliotis rufescenes: 7. SJ 1 (14 or 15, 1 [from orbit of corpse, over other orbit of which was a pieoe of type S8bIV figured; see also AP2aII; for picture of pieces in situ see Kroeber, 1925, p1. 81]), DR 5 (C 138, 4; C 142, 1), ML 1 (hokelumne- Hill, Calaveras co., I). S8aIII. Haliotis (unidentified). 19. SC 3 (C 138, 1; R 4, 1 [figured]; R 11, 1), Si 1 (15, 1 (figured, largest) ), DR 10 (C 6, 1; C 68, 1; C 80, 2* C 82, 2 U1 figured, squarest]; C 83, 1; C 138, 3), BR 4 (309, 1; Tomales Bay 266, 3); ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1). S8b. Incised edge. 8bI. Haliotis cracherodii: 11. SC 11 (C 3, 10 t3 figured]; C 104, 1). One specimen has markedly concave sides. S8bII. Haliotis fulgens: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 2 11 fig- ured]). S8bIII. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 138, 1)* S8bIV. Haliotis (unidentified): 3. SC 2 (R 6, 1 Ifigured); R 32, 1), SJ 1 (14 or 15, 1 [figured: largest; from orbit of corpse, over other orbit of which was a piece of type S8aII; see Kroeber, 1525, pl. 81]). S9. Two perforations on 1 side (not end). S9a. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 [fig- ured]). S9b. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. SC 1 (C 3, 1). S10. Two perforations: 1 on short side, 1 on long side. SlOa. Plain edge. SlOaI. Ialiotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 82, 1; C 138, 1), both figured. Long from C 82; broad from C 138. SlOaII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. BR 1 (329, 1). Apparently first drill hole on long side broke out, necessitating the making of a second. SlOb. Haliotis (unidentified), punctations along 2 perforated sides: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1 [figured)). Sll. Three perforations (2 at 1 end, 1 at oppo- site end). Slla. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. SC 2 (R 2, 1; R 6, 1), DR 1 (C 86, 1)' Sllb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). 29' ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Sllc. Haliotis (unidentified) incised edge and punctations: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 15. - S12. HIaliotis (unidentified), 3 perforations (2 at opposite ends, 1 between), plain edge: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 1 [figured, long]; 50 yards from Sac- ramento r., nZ. Isleton, l Efigured]). S13. Haliotis (unidentified 3 perforations in center, incised edge: 1. SC 1 (M 1, 1 Ifig- uredl). S14. Haliotis rufescens, 3 perforations in oenters of 3 sides, plain edge: 1. SV 1 (S 2, 1 [figuredl). S15. Four corner perforations. S15a. Haliotis (unidentified) plain edge: 8. SC 8 (C .100, 2; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; A 11, 3 [1 fig- ured, smallestl; R 19, 1. S15b. Hiliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2, SC 2 (C loo, 1 [square,, parallel incising]; C 138, 1 tzigzag inoisig i). S16. Fi:ve perforations: 1 in each corner, 1 in center. S16a. Baliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 4. SC 4 (Q 138, 2; R 2, 1 (figured); R 4, 1). One specimen slightly smaller, 2 slightly larger, than figared specimen. S16b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1). 81'. Haliotis (unidentified), 6 perforations (3 at each end), plai-n edge: 2. SC 1 (R 4, 1 (figured]),' DR 1 (C 6, 1). S18. Haliotis rnfescens, 6 perforation across 1 end, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 [figured)). S19. ffiliotis (unidentified), 7 perforations, plain edge: 2. SC 2 (M 1, 31 [figured, restored); 0 100, 1 (figured, square]). S20. Haliotis (unidentified), 8 perforations, plain edge: 2. SC 2 (M 1, 2 (both figured]). As in most fine SC work, the drill holes appear cy- lindrical instead of conical. S21. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (2 at one end, 2 along central axis), plain edge 2. DR 2 (G 68, 2 (both figured)). S22. ialiotis rufescens, 4 perforations (3 at 1 end, 1 at other), punctations, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1 [figured]). 2S3. Haliotis (unidentified), 1 central per- foration and ring projection at each corner, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 11, 1 (figured)). S24. Haliotis (unidentified), 4 perforations (2 on each of 2 long sides), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 (figured]). S25. Four perforations: 1 near middle of each side. S25a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). S25b. Halio.tis (unidentified), punctations around edge: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Pictured in Schenck and Dawson, pl. 88q. S27. Haliotis rufescens, 6 perforations (4 at 1 end, 2 at other end), punctations: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 (figured)). S28. Haliotis rufescens, hook at 1 corner, row of perforations on opposite side, plain edge: 8. DR 8 (C 6, 7 t1 pictured in Schenck and Daw- son, pl. 89ml; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1). The b mentioned is formed of the ascending curved p tion of the main whorl, from which the other forming the spire have been r9moved. The numb perforations varies from 7 to 10 in the compi specimens. S29. Haliotis (unidentified), 3 perforatia across 1 end, 4 punctations across opposite e 4. BR 4 (Dillon Beach, I4arin co., 4 [1 figure From a child burial in coffin; accompanied by European articles. T. Rectangular Pelecypod Ornament or Bead ( This arder is not numerous. Evidently irid1 Haliotis was much more attractive to the nati than dull clam or mussel shell. Tl. One perforatiQn in center. Tla. Clam (unidentified) square bead: 3. DA (C 6, 1 [figured, largest]; C 107, 1 [figured. smallest]; C 138, 1 [figured]). The C 138 spei has a buffish tinge as though it might be froq Tivela stultorum. Tlb. Hinnites multirugosus bead: 2. SC 2 (1 1 [figured]; R 6, 1 [figured, small]). The la: one is from hinge portion of valve. Tlc. Mytilus californianus bead: 31. SC 3 1 3 (1 figured)), DR 28 (C 107, 28 t figured, The SC examples seem to have been made withoi moving epidermis... The DR examples largely lao dermis, which must have been ground-off as ia example in type D 10. T2. Pendant with 1 perforation near end, p' edge. T2a. Marritifera margaritifera: 1. BR 1 3 1 [figured]). Mb. Clam (unidentified): 2. SC 2 (C 100,: complete, slender]; N 1 (figured, square)), T3. Tivela stultorum. ornament with 2 perfol at 1 end, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (Catalina, 1 [fi ured]). Made from thin edge of shell. T4. Tivela stultorum ornament with 1 perfo3 at end and I longitudinal perforation: 1. SC 1 (figured)). U. Triangular Haliotis Ornament (428) Once more a geometric term is used very e: cally, for the natural curvature of the shel; vents most pieces from being true triangles;; some specimens have convex bases or sides. I wise there is difficulty in separating tri n with broken apices from trapezoids. Moreover, tically all have the apex rounded or groundi some degree, for the shell was evidently too' to retain a pointed apex long. Sometimes the is really sugar-loaf in outline. See also ord and AE which are really "triangles' with curt lines, both convex and concave; also compare Ul. Haliotis rufescens, no perforation, p> edge: 1. DR 1 (C 86, 1 (figured)). U2. One perfora;tion near base. U2a. Plain edge. U2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 1. DR 1 (C 101 length 26 mm., base 9 mm. wide. - - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBELL kRTIFAC'3 I. Baliotis rufescens: 61. DR 54 (C 6, 1; C 44, or C 45, 1; C 83, 1; C 86, 1 flong- igular edge due to siphonal openings]; C 138, 7; C 139L 2; C 141, 23), SV 1 ), BR 6 (250a, 4; 309, 2). Figures for sihow pretty well the variation in U2aII. logical: Eastern Pomo feathered basket has following types of shell artifacts d: U2aII, U2aIII, U4a, VlaII, VlaIII, SE Pomo feathered basket (1-338) from penk, lake co., has following types at- MU2I, U2aIII, VlaII, VlaIII. II. Haliotis (unidentified): 67. SC 16 4 [1 figured: equilateral]; N, 1; R 4, 1; R 11, 1; R 30, 7; R 32, 1), DR 40 (C 6 68, 2; C 86, 3 1i figured: largest]; C C 138, 12 [1 figdred: smallest]; C 139, t1, 10 lO figured: commonest style] ), SV ', 1), BR 3 (309, 1 328, 1; *329, 1), NR ..contact materialS. aological: Commonly used by Pomo and neigh- n feathered baskets, head ornaments, etc. Anastrations of baskets, see Barrett, 1908. taII, Pla, U2aII,' VlaII. I. Incised edge. Il. Haliotis rufescens: 3. DR 2 (C 43, C 44, 1 1; C 138, 1), BR 1 (309 1). ,bI. Haliotis (unidentifiedS: 17. SC 7 (C P E2 figured: tiny serrate; slender, 0el-transverse incising, perforation broken z-R 6, 1;- R 32, 1 [figured--parallel-oblique $ng on convex face] ), DR 9 (C 91, 1; C 138, 139, 2; C 141, 5 [l figured: small; broad te base)), BR 1 (250a, 1). I One perforation near corner, plain edge. y the corner perforated is the apex. H. aliotis rufescens: 5. DR 5 (C 83, 4; C ). All are rather crudely finished. buological: See D9, F5b, K2aII, K2aIII, . aliotis (unidentified): 11. SC 11 (C h [1 figured, smallest]; R 1, 1; R 2, 1 "ed); R 6, 1; R 8, 1; R 11, 2; R 32, 2 lured]). bological: See D9, K2aIIJI. ;. One perforation near center. . Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 3. (R 6, 1; R 30, 1), DR 1 (C 43, C 44, or C I. Small, nearly equilateral. H. aliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1 (C 138, 1 [f igured)). Zigzag incising. Two perforations near base. k. Plain edge. I. Haliotis rufescens: 70. DR 70 (C 138, figured) ). Iarge, small, and average pieces ad. Many have tips broken off. Although all I mound, they are from a dozen or more bur- &II. Haliotis (unidentified): 25. SC 6 (C 1; R 2, 2 [1 figured, nearly equilateral]; [figured: small]; R 4, 1; R 6, 1), DR 19 3 [l figured, large3; C 138, 16). b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 2 (R 11, 2 [2 figured, perforations in long side]), DR 3, (C 6, 2 [2 figured, perfora- tions in short side); C 80, 1). U7. Two perforations along the altitude. U7a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 21. SC 10 (R 2, r [figured, lonpest); R 4, 1 [fig- ured]; R 6, 1; R 30, 6 [2 figured]; R 32, 1), DR 11 (C 6, 11 12 figured, broad and narrow bases)). U7b. Haliotis rufescens, plain edge, puncta- tions: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2). One punctation on each side of basal perforation. U8. Three perforations near base, plain edge. U8a. Haliotis rufescens: 53. DR 53 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 138, 50).. In many the apex of the triangle is rounded or blunted, per- haps from earlier breakage or perhaps intention- ally. Form in general isosceles like largest U8b figured from C 138, not like other two U8b fig- ured. Considerable range in width of base, but always less than sides which are isosceles. U8b. Haliotis (unidentified): 7. SC 1 (R 6, 1 [figured, broad base]), DR 6 (Sacramento r., nr., Isleton, 1 [figured, right-angled]; C 138, 5 [1 figured, isosceles with narrow base3). U9. Three perforations along the altitude, more or less in line. U9a. Plain edge. U9aI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). Ethnological: Wailaki deerskin belt 1-760 has 14 triangular Haliotis pendants attached, belong- ing to types U9aI and UlOa, U9aII. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1) . U9b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured) ). Short parallel-line incising on both obverse and reverse. U10. Three perforations, 1 near each corner. UlOa. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 14. SC 12 (C 135, l; R 2, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 2, R 11 3 [1 figured: equilateral] ; R 32, 4 [1 figured)5, DR 2 (C 6, 2 [1 figured, longest)). Ethnological: See U9aI. UlOb. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: *7. SC 7 (C 138, 1; R 2, 1; R 3, 1; R 8, 2; R 11, 2). Incising varied. Ull. Haliotis rufescensb 4 perforations near base, plain edge: 20. DR 20 (C 6, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 1; C 138, 18 [1 figured)). Some have broadly rounded apices instead of points, thus de- parting from true triangle somewhat. One specimen from DR C 6 figured in Schenck and Dawson, plate 89f. U12. Four perforations: 1 central, 3 corners. U12a. Haliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 5. SC 5 (R 2, 2 [1 figured]; R 3, 1; R 8, 1 [figured]: R 11, 1 [figured]). U12b. Haliotis (unidentified), incised edge: 8. SC 8 (C 100, 1; R 4, 1; R 8, 1; R 11, 2; R 32, 3). Incising varied, but chiefly V and zigzag. U13. Five perforations near base, plain edge. The apices are broadly rounded instead of pointed, thus departing from a true triangle. U13a. Haliotis rufescens: 7. DR 7 (S 28, 1; C 138, 6, 1 of which embodies 4 siphonal openings). U13b. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 138,1). 31 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECOPR] 1UA14. SIx perforations near base, plain sdge": 3. DR 3 (C 138, 3). Apices broadly rounded. U15 Cross bar at apex. UlSa. al'iotis (unidentified), 1 perforation in base, plain edge: 3. DR 3 (C 6, 3 Call fig- ured)). largest. also pictured in Sohenok and Dawson, pl. 88d. U15b. Two perforations in base, plain edge. UL5bI. Haliotis rufescens: 2. DR 2 (C 6, 2 [both figured]). U15bII. aliotis (unidentified):- 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). U15. Ealiotis (unidentified), 1 perforation in cross bar, plain edge: 1. DR 1 (C 82, 1). V. Perforated Peleoypod Diak or Oval (157,021) This order oontains a large number of individ- ual specimens sine. it includes the exceedingly abundant clamshell beads, a type of artifact used as currency by the modern Indians of central Cal- ifornia. However, only archaeological specimens are described and counted here. The difficulty arises of separating thiok beadi from cylinders. If length exceeds diameter, I have 'called them tubes (order AV). Class V com- prises flat disks or ovals, not to be confused with more or less globular beads of order AW. Vl. One oentral perforation. This inoludes money disk, as well as exceptionally large and exceptionally small pieces. Vla embraces spec- imens under 25 mm. diameter; Vlb, those ov-er 25 mm. diameter. Both are plain edged. Vla. Plain edge, less than 25 mm. diameter. VlaI. Tivela stultorum: 2,174. SC 1,922 (M 1, 22; M 10 2; Catalina, 27; Clemente, 7; San Nico- las, 34;, C 3, 596; C 39, 1; C 83, 6; C.100, 536 [1 mounted on side of Haliotis tube figured in AV2a]; C 104, 44; C 135, 41; C 138, 16; C 162, 72; C 197, 2; R, 1; R 1 to 3, 362; R 1 to 4. 2; R 2, 71; RA4, 23; R 6, 48; R 8, 6; R 12, 1; R 19, 1; R 32, 1), SJ 119 (4, 5; 8, 7; 8 or 9, 2; 9, 1; 11, 4; 33, 2; 39, 39; 40, 21;'41, 7; 42, 1; N shore of Kern Lake, 1; 150, 1; Alpaugh Tulare co, 28), DR 36 (C 6, 16; C 82, 10; 6 83, 3; C 91, 75, 1BR 96 (Fernandez id*, 1; Dillon Beach, 63 from coffin burial with European ar- ticles; Tomles Bay md., 266, 32), ML 1 (Mich- igan Flat, Eldorado co., 1). As Tivela stultorum ranges as far N as latitude 38, it follows that artifacts from DR and BR need not necessarily be imported from SC. The tiniest examples from SC are only 2 mm. in diameter. Two from DR C 6 have white shell bushings. To show the range in size of VlaI beads there are figured 24 tiny ones imbedded in asphaltum on a bone whistle from.SC Catalina; 1 very thick onesand 1 very broad one from SC C 3; 1 of slightly less diam- eter than the very broad one, from BR Dillon Beach; l small one from SC C 100. Ethnological: A few examples, along vi th nu- merous specimens of VlaII and VlaII, are in- serted as "rollers" in the packstrap of specimen 1-80, a cradle from the Eastern Pomo of Upper lake, Lake co. VlaII. Saxidomus nuttalli: 66,767. SJ 10 (8 9, 1; 33, 1;- 39, 6; 40, 2), DR 57,537 (C 1, 8S 6, 46,912; S 16, 274; C 19, 1,516; C 43, C 44- C 45, 3,695; C 47, 17; C 48, 227; S 56, 349; 0 2; C 80, 32; C 82, 1,341; C 83, 451; C 91, 1,5 C 107, 208; C 121, 14; C 127, 2; 0 138, 5; C 'I 80; Sacramento, 24; Indian Slough nr. Brentwoo 3; Byron Tract, Contra- Costa co., 2; Tyler is. Saeramento 0o., 1; Freeport district, Sacramon oo., 16; Winters site 3, 8) SV 8,079 (S 1, 5,5 S 2, 2,267; S 11, 4; S 13, 37; Elk cr., Grinds Rancheria, Glenn co,, 69; W bank of Sacramento 12 mi. N of Knights Ianding, 9; Old Johnson md mi. E of Cottonwood, Shasta co., lq7; Coram, 9 co., 3; Squawr or. above Ydalpom, Shasta co., BR 725 (295, 2; 328, 5; Mission Santa Clara, 2 Fernandez md., near Rodeo, Contra Costa co., '1 Tomalei Bay ite. 201, 69; Tomales Bay 232b, 3;. males Bay 242 2; Tomales 'ay 266, 138; Tomalo Bay 275, 24; Lillon Beach, 411; Preston's Poir Tomaleb Bay, 27), NR 388 (Middle or., Lake co 151; ]4mi. above mouth of North Cache or., I 0o., 2;. 15'mi. SE of Middletown on road to MoI cello and Pope v.- 1; site 23, Melitta, Sonom I;. Napa Co., 39; Goddard md., Oakville, Napa 194), ML 28 (Yokaia Raneheria, nr. Ukiah, 12; 120, Rou'nd v., 1; site 183, Round v., Mendoci co., 4; Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 3; Mic Flat, Eldorado co., 8). Three specimens are to show range in size and characteristic natu grooved- surface-(lacking in VlaIII): largest medium from DR C 6; smallest from MI site 120,1 Round v., Mendocino co. Ethnological: Following refers to both V and VlaIII, which are extensively used by Pom neighboring groups. Medium-sized disks common used, for currency by Pomo and other central C; fornian groups; for packstrap "rollers" (ethn ical figures 10-13, 15-17 on page 114); small disks used for decorations and pendants on bI head ornaments, etc. Holmes?2 pictures the dr and smoothing of disks. Figured baskets showi are to be found in Barrett, 1908. On the bask these beads may be sewed to rim or exterior, used on a string handle (see ethnological fiL 14, page 114), or attached in pendent strings or 5 to the-sides of the basket, usually with Haliotis ornament at the bottom of each stri rims and string handles the clam disk beads a usually sewed so that they are edge to edge than face to face (ethnological figue 14, pa A feathered buckskin headdress (1-7463) from Maidu of Butte co. has 10 disk beads of VlaII VlaIII. See K2aI, K2aIII, MlaI, OlaIII, Pla, Q2aIV, UlaII, AF4aI; also ethnological class VlaIII. Saxidomus giganteus: 85,518. DR 79 (C 1, 1,013; C 6, 63,753 t[ figured, medium 1 diameter); S 16, 450; C 19, 1,044; C 43, C 44 C 45, 4,348; C 47, 10; C 48, 42; S 56, 119;-C 94; C 82, 4,423; C 83, 735; C 86, 1; C 91, 2, 103, 1; C 107, 418; C 121, 78; C 126 3; C 12 C 138, 41; C 141, 1244$Sacramento, 104; N si is1902, pl. 21, fig. b. 32' GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS r. at Sacramento, 2; 50 yards from Sac- r. pr. Isleton, 13; Winters site 3, Yolo Indian Slough nr. Brentwood, 16), SV Sl1 1,629; S 2, 1,253 [1 figured, bushing site cylinder]; S 11, 7; S 13, 40; Elk . Orindstone Rancheria, Glenn co., 46; W Sacramento r. 12 mi. upstream from Tending, 4; Sacramento r., E bank, just ittle Antelope cr., Tehama co., 7; Old md. on bank of Sacramento r. 5 mi. E of d, 12; Coram station, Shasta co., 5), 1 (35, 23; 295, 3; 307, 67; 328, 13; 330, es Bay 201, 46; Dillon Beach, 650; To-. y 275, 61; Tomales Bay 232b, 7; Tomales 2 10; Tomales Bay 266, 318; Preston's Lomales Bay, 9; Mill v., 1; Fernandez md., . Niles, 7; Santa Clara, 38), NR 1,174 D., 45; Middle cr., Lake co.., 95; Goddard .bOkville, Napa co., 1,032; 15 mi. SE of *orm on road from Monticello and Pope v., -L24 (on West Point road, Mokellumne Hill, p2a co., 1; Michigan Flat, Eldorado co., f 9, Poor Man's v., Hendocino co., 2; site find v., Mendocino co., 16). Some speci-. Identified as Saxidomus giganteus may be *us nuttalli with surface ground down. ilogical: See D9, VlaI, VlaII; also eth- al class AM. Kroeber"' shows a large ex- (i-2689) from the Central Pomo of Yokaia p. WV. Macoma nasuta: 131. SJ 7 (40, 1; 87, , 1), DR 124 (S 73, 116 [1 figured in 2 Lto show thin and thick edges]; C 138, 8). Fecimenst diameter 6-10 mm., often thin- 74 are black, perhaps from peat; DR C 138 a are only 3 mm. in diameter. WJ. Mytilus californianus: 1,909. SC. 1,869 178; Catalina, 2; Clemente, 199 [1 figured, i kJ; C 100, 1,172 [1 figured, unfinished]; a 47; C 138, 29; C 147, 2; C 197, 7; R 1 to , R 2, 17 [1 figured, cylindrical]; R 4, , 14; R 15, 5; R 19, 5; R 30, 2; R 32, 1), (8 mi. S of Bakersfield, 1 Ifigured, larg- Lak]; 1, 1; 4, 1; 8, 1 39, 21; 40, 4; 41, R 9 (C 83, 8; C 126, 13. s specimens range from flat disks to tiny lers, diameter 3 mm. These intergrade with Loks, so that separation into 2 types is not ble. They are not long enough to count as >(AVlb); they are really thick beads. In ton there are several hundred unfinished with rough edges; from SC C 100 come 725 aded above). In a columella ornament from U3) a bead has been used as bushing; this mted in R 4. Five are bushings in clamshell (AV2b); all are from SC: 1 from C 135, 2 14, 2 from R 6. &VI. Hinnites multirugosus: 4. DR 4 (C 6, Lameter 6-7 mm. One surface shows purple or a-brown coloring. b. Plain edge, more than 25 mm. diameter. 1. Tivela stultorum: 4. SC 2 (M 1, 2), SJ 1908, pl. 13,. fig. 13. 2 (33, 1; 39, 1). Both SJ specimens fragmentary; one 55 mm. diameter. VlbII. Saxidomus nuttalli, 40 m. diameter: 2. SV 2 (Red Bluff md. 1, 2). The 2 form an evenly matched pair. Vlc. Saxidomus giganteus "disk," flat on 2 op- posite edges (not true disk), plaifn edge: 486. DR 486 (C 6, 486 [1 figured] ). Vld. Saxidomus giganteus disk, edge incised with parallel oblique lines: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 [figured]). Vle. Tivela stultorum disk, serrate edges 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 [figured]). Specimen considerably weath- ered. V2. One peripheral perforation. V2a. Plain edge. 2aI. Tivela stultorum oval: 4. SC 4 (C 83, 1; C 197, 1; R 6, 1; R 30, 1), all figured. C 83 and C 197 (largest and smallest respectively) show orig- inal buffish color of exterior of shell. V2aII. Hinnites multirugosus oval, perforation at one end: 2. SC 2 (N, 2 [1 figured)). Figured specimen is thin, flat, and gray-whitish. Unfigured, broken at perforation, is thicker and its lower part is suffused with reddish purple. The two are about equal in size. V2b. Serrate edge. V2bI Tivela stultorum disk: 1. SC 1 (R), fig- ured. Perfectly flat, lacking concavo-oonvex char- acter of V2cI. V2bII. Iaevicardium elatum oval, serrate lower edge: 1. ML 1 (camp site i mile E of Mountain Springs Station, 30 ft. N of highway U.S. 80, Imperial co., 1 [figuredl). V2c. Punctate design. V2cI. Tivela stultorum, design on inner (concave) surface: 9. SC 9 (C 83, 9 [7 figured]), all but 2 very weathered ones figured. Virtually all show original convex outer surface of clam valve. Some approach triangular form but with rounded "corners." V2cII. Schizothaerus nuttallii oval, design on inner (concave) surface: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 [fig- ured]). Inner surface too weathered to determine design formed by punctations. V2d. Tivela stultorum oval, serrate edge, punc- tate design: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 [figured]). V3. Tivela stultorum, 1 central and 1 periph- eral perforation, serrate edge, punctate design: 3. SC 3 (C 83, 3 [all figured)). Design on flat inner surface; other surface is convex, natural outer sur- face of shell. V4. Tivela stultorum oval with 3 close periph- eral perforations, plain edge: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 [figuredl). Convex face shows original shell sur- face. V5. Tivela stultorum oval with 1 end flat 4 perforations (1 in curved end, 3 in flat end5, punctate checkeir design on concave surface: 1. SC 1 (C 83, 1 (figured)). Some punctations show trace of red pigment, suggesting that whoLe de- sign was in red. Convex surface unmodified. W. Triangular Pelecypod Ornament (16) Rarity contrasts with abundance of Triangular 33 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Haliotis Ornaments (class U). Wl types are broad- based, W2 narrow-based. Wi. Broad base. Wla. One perforation in apex. WiaI. Amiantis callosa, punctations on both obverse and reverse faces: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 (fig- ured]). Thick piece of shell, thinning toward apex. WlaII. Iaevicardium elatum: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 (figured]). Convex face transversely ribbed by natural ribbing of shell. WlaIII. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 1. SC 1 (N, 1 [figuredl). Almost an equilateral triangle. WlalV. Tivela stultorum: 2. SC 1 (N, 1 (fig- ured]), $J 1 (40, 1 (figured, small]). Wlb. Tivela stultorum, 1 perforation in middle of-base: 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 (figured]). Base con- cave, sides onVex, making heart-shaped ornament. Wlc. Tivela stultorum, 2 perforations in base (1 at each corner): 1. SC 1 (R 30, 1 (figured]). From same grave as Wlb specimen. Base bas been broken, and drilling may be secondary. Traces of asphaltum in one drill hole and on broken' edge (see figure). W2. Narrow base, single drilled hole in base. Some have curved sides and are not, strictly speaking, triangles. All have rounded bas.es anal- ogous to the rounded bases of certain Haliotis ornaments (AE, AF). W2a. Amianti.s callosa: 1. SC 1 (R, 1 (fig. ured)). Blunt tip makes it almost equally plau- sible to regard as misshapen oval. W2b. Hinnites multirugosus. 1. SC 1 (R 2 or 3, 1 [figured]). Sides curved, so not true triangle. Base shows pinkish color, characteristic of spe- cies. W2c. Schizothaerus nuttallii: 2. SC 2 (N, 1 (figured large]; R, 1 (figured]). W2d. hivela stultorum: 5. SC 5 (C 100, 1 [fig- ured, smallest]; N, 4 (1 figured, largest]). I. Olivella biplicata Bead (164,850) Olivella biplicata drilled beads constitute one of the most numerous orders of shell arti- facts. They are not to be confused with the olive shell beads made by abradiag off the top (order F), or both top and bottom (order G), of the shell. The X beads are made from parts of the body wall of the shell, as indicated by figures on page 97 which show in enlarged size the parts of the shell utilized for the different types of X beads. The beads range in size from so-called "half" shells down to minute rings used for bushings in tubes. The vast majority had drilled perforations. One type of 'half'-shell bead (Ila) had a crude punched-out perforation instead of the usual neat drilled hole. In constructing a classification, only two natural structural characters were used: first, presence or absence of shelflike trace of inner whorl; second, thickenedl enamel of parietal cal- lus from inner wall of aperture. Shape rather than size was the next important criterion. Un- I fortunately size could not be used because of complete intergradation in this respect. A s number of beads was segregated as distinct t because of presence of decorative devices suc as punetations and incised edges. In addition schematic draw'ings on page 97 showing types the parts of shell from which cut, a number o specimens of other material decorated with X are shown. Xl. "Half"-shell bead. This group is the 1 est and often the crudest of the Olivella bea types made by drilling or punching out perfo tions. Cut from body whorl. Ila. Punched hole: 1,464. SC 923 (N 6, 1; 100, 909 (1 figured); C 198, 1; R 4, 12), SJ (4, 12; 6, 83; 7, 1; 8, 1; 11, 1; 33, 5; 39, 41, 1; 57, 1; 70, 1), DR 262 (C 66., 2; C 139,' SV 153 (S 11, 153), BR 4 (250a, 4). Xlb. Drilled hole: 348. SC 50 (Clemente, 1 100, 2; R 2, 36; R 4, 11), SJ 213 (4, 3 (1 fiS ured]; 1l, 6; 13, 204), SV, 10 (S 2, 1; S 11,l BR 75 (250a, 1; 309, 74). X2. With shelflike trace of inner whorl at end. Usually cut from wall so upper edge fo external suture, as shown in diagram. X2a, Rectangular: 524. SC 9 (Santa Barbara gion, -2; C 3, 6; R 6, 1), DR 359 (C 6, 103 tl ured]; S 56, 1; C 68, 167 (1 figured); C 107, C 138; 1 [figured]; C 142, 59 (1 figured]), S (S 1, 1; S 11, 74), BR 81 (250a, 55; 309, 25; 1) . X2b. Disk or oval: 5,705. SC 47 (N, 2; R 4, (figured]; R 30, 44), SJ 300 (N shore of Kern 1; 8 mi. S of Bakersfield, 66; 1, 2; 4, 5; 8, 9, 2; 12 6; 13, 2;-14 or 15, 3; 33, 2; 39, 1 1; 41, 15, DR 767 (Veale Tract, Contra Costa C 1 26; C 6, 424 [2 figured]; C 43, C 44, or 2; 659, 4; C 66, 91; C 80, 1; 0 82, 15; C 83, 91, 57; C 107, 2 (l figured]; C 138, 1; C 141, C 142, 29), SV 22 (S 11, 22), BR 4,569 (Tomal md. 201, 15; Tomales Bay md. 266, 2; 35, 3,546 Orinda Country Club, 20; Fernandez md., 48; 2 152; 267, 265; 283, 1; 295, 85; 309, 260; 328, 356, 167)-. In DR C 142, a number were found o child's skull in overlapping shingle fashion, gesting their having been sewed to a head cove Kroeber (1908, pl. 13, fig. 9) shows 4 with c acteristic "shelf," from BR 309. X3 No shelflike trace of inner whorl. 13a rectaAgular, X3b is circular or oval. Both are from body whorl, as is also D3c. X3a. Rectangular. 13aI. One perforation, ranging in position center to near end: 35,340. SC 691 (Santa BarW region, 354; C 3, 277 [1 figured]; C 103, 1; M N, 2; R 6, 56; R 32, 1), SJ 13 (51, 11; 112 1 1), DR 24,084 (Byron Tract, 1; Veale Tract ? 1, Sacramento, 2; C 1, 3; C 6, 3,489; S 16, 1,797 43, C 44, or C 45, 426; S 56, 3; C 66, 144; S C 68, 1,431; C 69, 1; C 82, 703; C 86, 20; C 9 C 107, 74 (1 figured]; C 126, 591; C 127, 3 [1 ured]; C 138, 14,410 (1 figured]; C 139, 255; 1, C 141, 234; C 142, 99; Bloom Group, Stone I Sacramento co., 1; C 151, 121), SV 1,820 (S 1, I GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS d]; S 2, 874; S 3, 283; S 11, 212), BR (Orinda, 12; Fernandez md., 1; Tomales Bay 2 35 75; 76 15; 123, 10; 25pa, 2,167; ;30 , 3,356; 326, 131; 356, 289; 387, N, R 1,578 (236, 1,557; Oakville, Napa co., iii. SE of Middletown on road to Monticello, 8 of 13aI indicated by composite specimens * (1) Cemented to figured Haliotis orna- K2bII, K3bIV, K6bIII, N3b. (2) Sewed, over- like scales, on twined textile from NR figured on page 96. (3) Cemented, edge to on charmstone from DR C 107, figured. on 96. (3) Cemented on figured bone types CC4 (Gifford, 1940, pp. 179, 182, 226, 230). aid across bear burial found in DR C 138, with 1 example of X3aIII. I. One perforation and punctations: 40. 7.(C 6, 3; S 1, 5; C 43, C 44., or C 45, 2; ?17 t1 figured]), SV 1 (S 1, 1), BR 12 -2; 309, 10). Punctati-ons are 1 or 2 in or, and are always on concave surface. III. Two perforations: 34. DR 27 (C 6, 2; 2 C 138 23 L1 figured)), SV 3 (S 1), BR N9), R 3 N236, 3 [2 attached to figured II object; also one X3aI attached]. One iated with bear burial mentioned in 3aIL Circular or oval; cut from body whorl. I. Even thickness; diameter variable; 1 raXtion: 68,540. SC 35,392 (sand dunes S of Sa, Santa Barbara co., 51; Tecolote Ranch, ote or., Santa Barbara co., 174 (27 as- ted into grooved edge of small mortar, also ecimens of Zl, figured on p. 98; 3 attached me tube 1-14342 of type EE3c41"; San Fer- O Mission, Los Angeles co., 2; M 1, 8,784 [37 attached tp fragments of mortar edges; 17 in 3 grooves in small cylindrical serpentine e1, figured on p. 96; 1,188 are attached to of mammal bone tubes of type EE3a1l; M 6, 10, 119 (93 on mammal bone tubes; 1 fig- ,1` type EE3a]; Catalina, 286; Clemente, 653; ; C 3, 1; C 100, 10,630 (1 attached to fig- bone type FFlb;17 5 around head of figured dagger K2;"8 195 attached to crab (Ran- la ornata) rattle and handle along with 2 r, figured on p. 96; 30 on Haliotis orna- a L2b and L2c, both figured; also figured on 98 is flat slate pendant with beads cemented asphaltum in pits drilled in both sides]; 3, 44; C 197, 6; N, 233; R, 25; R 1 to 3, 4; R 2, 145; R 4, 999; R 6, 472; R 8, 11; R . 304; R 15, 73; R 19, 3; R 30, 2,241 [2 at- ed near edge of small serpentine bow) with led hole in bottom, figured on p. 98); R 32, n;R 35, 6,108 [297 attached to mammal bone s of type EE3a19]), SJ 1,083 (Buena Vista 14Gifford, 1940, pp. 181, 229. ,:Ibid., pp. 181, 228. 17Ibid. 18Ibid., pp. 181, 230. l9Ibid., pp. 181, 214. Ibid., pp. 181. 228 Lake shore and bed, 21; N shore of Kern Lake, 23; 1, 5; 2, 2; 4, 68; 8, 89; 8 or 9, 4; 9, 18; 10, 1; 11, 2; 12, 15; 14 or 15, 1; 15, 20; 33, 8; 39, 601 [2 figured]; 40, 59; 41, 9 [1 figured]; 51, 3; 83, 4; 87, 37; 121, 1; 142, 1; 147, 1), DR 25,967 (New Hope, San Joaquin co., 1; Indian Slough, nr. Brent- wood, Contra Costa co., 352; Sacramento, 536; Bucker ranch, 1; C 1, 238; C 6, 1,035; S 16, 3; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 13; C 46, 1 [figured]; C 59, 15; C 66, 708; C 70, 133; S 73, 111; C 80, 3,772; C 82, 15,611; C 83, 219; C 91, 22; C 107, 975; C 126, 201; C 127, 335; C 138, 70; C 139, 1; C 140, 30; C 141, 1,114 (see Slb figure showing 7 cemented on Haliotis rectangle); C 142, 428; C 151, 42), SV 819 (S 1, 267; S 2, 445; S 11, 107), BR 5,229 (Bodega Bay, 146; Tomales Bay md. 201, 8; Tomales Bay md. 232b, 19; Tomales Bay md. 242, 64; Tomales Bay md. 266, 350; Orinda, Contra Costa co., 6; Fernandez md., 249; Mission Santa Clara, 1; 35, 1 494; 86c, 1 [on bone type FF1a figured in Gifford2"]; 250a, 178; 267, 279 (1 figured]; 283, 77 [6 with 1 KlaIV bead cemented across one end of spatulate stone object, figured on p. 981; 295, 477 [7 on figured bone type FF2;21 16 more on 2 others]; 309, 1,556 [5 on stone ring, Uhle, pl. 11, fig. 8; 14 on end of quartz crystal, Uhle, pl. 11, fig. 9; 2 on bone tube of type EE3c;22 2 on stone pipe bowl, figured on p. 98 and also in Schenck, pl. 52e]; 316, 126; 328, 198), NR 8 (Goddard md., Oakville, Na.pa co., 8), HR 23 (Big Lagoon, Humboldt co., 23), NE 10 (Cave 1, Tle Lake, Modoc co., 10), ML 9 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1; O'Neal Cave, Calaveras co., 1; Michigan Flat, Eldorado co., 5; sand dunes nr. Indio, Riverside co., 1; 1 mi. W of Salt Works, Saline v., Inyo co., 1). Kroeber23 pictures 5 lots of 6 each from 5 SC local- ities: Pt. Sal, Catalina, R 12, R 30, R 35. Ethno- logical: Twelve rough Luiseno examples from a necklace (1-11129) are pictured by Kroeber;24 other types on same necklace are Glc, X3bII, X4. X3bII. One edge thicker, deeply cupped, 1 per- foration: 19,882. SC 800 (M 1, 3; M 10, 4; Catalina, 145; Clemente, 592; C 138, 14; C 147, 13; C 197, 13; R, 4; R 2, 1; R 4, 2; R 6, 9). SJ 150 (N shore of Kern Lake, 32 8, 1; 33, 85; 39, 28; 40, 1; 58, 1; 80, 1; 114, 13, DR 17,486 (Byron Tract, Contra Costa co., 3; Bucker ranch, 3; Freeport district, Sacra- mento co., 2; C 1, 153; C 6, 12,649 (1 figuredl; C 19, 83; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 294; S 56, 1; C 80, 82; C 82, 322; C 83, 870; C 90, 638; C 91, 270; C 107, 272; C 109, 1; C 126, 3; C 127, 791; C 138, 36; C 141, 7), SV 311 (S 2, 172; S 11, 137; Old- Johnson md., on bank of Sacramento r., 5 mi. E of Cottonwood, Shasta co., 2), BR 1,115 (Tomales Bay 201, 103; Tomales Bay 232b, 6; Tomales Bay 242, 20; Tomales Bay 266, 244; Fernandez md., 409; 250d, 4; 295, 51; 328 278), NR 19 (Goddard md., Oakville, Napa co., 193, ML 1 (1 mi. W of Salt Works, Saline V., Inyo co., 1). Ethnological: See X3bI. 20 21 Ibid., pp. 181, 229. 22 Ibid.9 pp. 182, 230. 23 Ibid., pp. 181, 229. 2 41908, pl. 3, figs. 2-6. Ibid., pl. 13, fig. 1. 35 3HANROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 13bIII. Two perforations: 9. SC 3 (R 4), S 1 (39, 1-(figured]), BR 5 (Fernandez nd.). I3bIV. One perforation, 4 punctations: 1. SC 1 (C 100, 1 [figured]). 13c. Rounded rectangle: 2,089. SC 16 (C 100, 4; N, 5; R 6, 1; R 30, 1; R 35, 5), DR 655 (C 6, 1 tfigurbdb also figured in Schenck and Dawson, p1. 87p]; 6 66, 130; C 80, 7; C 82, 1; C 83, 4; C 127, 274; C 140, 1; C 141, 231 (1 figued] C 142, 6), SV 175 (S 1, 102; S 2, 10, S l1, 633, BR 1,243 (250a, 1; 283, 3 [cemented to perfo- rated stone bowl, figured); 295, 9; 309, 988; 316, 227; 356, 15). Also pictured in Schenck, plate 45f, g 14. 9mall, round, coneavo-convex, cut from thick enamel of parietal callus: 30,657. SC 20,289 (M 1, 1,421; Clemente, 282; C 100, 9,753 (1 figured)- C 135, 486 (1 a bushing in Mytilus ealifoniianus -tube AV20); C 138, 969 (2 as bush- ings in beads of type-AWlb); C 197, 1 [figured]; N, 247; R, 350; R 1, 108; R 1 to 3, 3,995; R 2, 859; R 4, 2 (figured in 3 views: bushings in stone tubular bead); R 6, 531; R 8, 517; R 15, 192; R 19, 265; R 30, 151; R 35, 178), SJ 144 (N shore of Kern Lake, 5; shore and bed of Buena Vista Lake, 5; 1, 2; 4, 35; 8, 1; 8 or 9, 4; 11, 1; 14 or 15, 10; 39, 63; 40, 9; 41, 8; 58, 1), DR 8,471 (Indian Slough, nr. Brentwood, 9; 50 yards from Sacramento r. nr. Isleton, 128; C 1, 7; C 6, 2,072; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 334; S 66, 158; C 82, 13; C 83, 28; C 91, 6 C 126, 15; C 138, 5,619; C 140, 68, C 141, 143, S 1,728 (S 1, 909; 5 2, 819), BR 23 (309 6; 330, 1; To- males Bay md. 242, 16), NR 2 (Goddard mdi., Oak- ville, Napa co.). One use of the beads is shown in figured bone tube types EE3a(center figure) and BE3b, inlaid respectively with 732 and 740 beads set in asphaltum (SC, M 1).'5 Another use is as bushing in shell tube (AV) drill holes. Kroeber28 pictures 6 from R 8. 3thnological: See X3bL. Pomo coiled basket 1-14982 has 3 groups of 4 each, sewed just below rim, with quail topknots,pointing downward from them. 15. Incised edge. ISa. Oblique: 42. SC 33 (Catalina, 1; Clemente, 8; C 138, 14 (1 figured); R 1, 3; R 2, 4;R 4, 3), DR 9 (C 6, -1; C 43, C 44, or C 45, 2; C 80, 1 (figured); C 82, 3; C 127, 1; C 141, 1). MSb. Crosshatch: 175. SC 174 (Clemente, 42; N, 7; C 100, 2; C 138, 7; R, 76; R lto 3, 4; R 2, 2; R 6, 3; R 8, 11 [1 figuredl; R 19, 17; R 30, 2; R 35, 1), DR 1 (C 6, 1). Y. Complete Olivella billicata in Composite Artifact (25) Y. Complete Olivella biplicata in composite artifact: 25. SC 25 (C 138, 16; C 147, 9 [5 fig- ured on 2 pieces]). All are imbedded in asphal- tum, the underside of which is flat in most cases 2See Gifford, 1940, pp. 181, 228, 229. 1908, pl. 13, fig. 7. and apparently laid on wood. One specimen shop traces of wood fiber, identified by Professo' H. L. Mason as Pseudotsuga sp.? (probably ti folia), as are canoe planks in UCNA collectiq The shell ornaments, therefore, seem likely t have been canoe ornaments (Heizer, 1941a, p. citing Vancouver). The specimen figured in eJ view may have come from the seam between 2 p} of a canoe. See type Llj. Z. Sausage-shaped Haliotis Ornament (315 Mostly curved oblong (ovate, obovate) with allel or nearly parallel sides and one or bot) rounded; tending to merge with ovals (K) and round-based teardrop objects (AF). Width cr diameter less than half the length of greater eter, which distinguishes them from ovals in K in which the lesser diameter is more than bN greater- diameter. Zl. Haliotis (unidentified), no perforatiq plain edge: 7. SC 6 (Tecolote Ranch, Tecolote; Santa Barbara co., 2 (figured under X3bI, set, metrically opposite in grooved edge of mortar. with 27 13bI beads; as many beads lost, there once have been 2 more]; C 100, 1 (figured]; R (2 tiny ones as parts of 2 mosaics including 1 B2 and KlaIV; mosaics figured as 6197b and 611 p. 111]; R 6, 1.), DR -1 (C 86, 1 [figu'red, larg Z2. One terminal perforation. Z2a. Plain edge. Z2aI. Haliotis cracherodii: 4. SC 3 (N, l;i 1; R 35, 1), BR 1 (372, 1). Z2aII. Haliotis rufescens: 18. DR 15 (C 6, 80, 1; C 86, 2; C 138, 4), SV 1 (S 2, 1), BR J 1), ML 1 (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras co., 1). Ethnological: See D9, F5b, KlaIV, K2aII, Q' ABlb, AGlaIII. Z2aIII. Haliotis (unidentified): 82. SC 36f N of La Jolla, San Diego co., 1; M 1, 2; C lJ (1 figured, smallest]; C 135, 1; R, 1; R 1, 5' 4; R 4, 3;,R 6, 5; R 8, 3; R 11, 2; R 21, 1;1 1 (figured, slender)), DR 38 (C 1, 1; C 6, 16, 28, 1; C 43, C 44, or C 45,-3; C 68, 1; C 82, 83, 2; C 86, 5; C 138, 8 (1 figured)), BR 4 ( 1; 309, 2; 328, 1), 1IL 4 (Mokelunime Hill, Cali co., 1; Site 120, Round v., Mendocino co., 3), Ethnological: See D9, KlaIV, K2aII, QlaIV, Q7aII, ABlb, AGlaIII. Z2b. Incised edge. Z2bI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1) Ethnological: Hupa headband 1-811 used in 1 deerskin dance has 1 pendant of this type plug following: K2aII, K2aIII, QlaIII S2aIII, AP9i Z2bII. Haliotis (unidentified): 9. SCl (Ri 1 [figured, smallest)), DR 4 (C 6, 1; C 86, 1 ured) C 1)38 2), SV 1 (S 2, 1 (figured, larg4 BR 3 t387, 33. Part of siphonal opening produt notch on 1 margin in SV specimen. Ethnologice D9. Z2c. Haliotis rufescens, punctations at enc posite perforation: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1 (figured), Z3. One perforation near each end. Z3a. Plain edge. 36 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS Haliotis rufescens: 37. DR 37 (C 6, 33 ed: longest]; C 19, 1; C 43, C 44, or C K figured, slender]; C 80, 1 [figured]; C ological: See Dg, K5aI, Q7aII. 1. Haliotis (unidentified): 104. SC 48 , 21; C 138, 1; R 2, 2; R 4, 2; R 6, 9; R R11, 3; R 30, 1; R 32, 3), DR 56 (C 6, 43, C 44, or C 45, 5; S 56, 1; C 86, 1; 50 from Sacramento r. nr. Isleton, 2). Range tgth, 13 to 64 mm. Specimen R 30 appears to sen attached with asphaltum to a wooden e which had red ocher on it. bno1ogical: See D9, K5aI, Q7aII. b. Incised edge. tbI. Haliotis rufescens: 1. DR 1 (C 6, 1). h 35 mm. II. Haliotis (unidentified): 18. SC 11 (C 2; C 138, 1; R 2, 4; R 6, 3 (1 figured, _g incising]; R 11, 1), DR 7 (C 6, 7 (1 fig- largest, with parallel-line incising)). H.-Haliotis rufescens, 2 grooves cut across bad: 1. DR 1 (C 80, 1 (figured]). CiTwo perforations in 1 end, incised edge. 4a. Haliotis cracherodii: 2. SC 2 (C 3, 2 h figured]). lb. Haliotis (unidentified): 1. DR 1 (C 138, '9ngth, 63 mm. Parallel-line incising. 6, Haliotis (unidentified), 1 end perfora- t'.d 1 side perforation, incised edge: 1. DR '138, 1 (figured]). , Three perforations in long axis. Ha. Hliotis (unidentified), plain edge: 8. (C 100, 2 (shortest, 18 mm.]; R 2, 2; R 6, 21, 2; R 30, 1 (length 36 mm., breadth 15 holes plugged the areas listed at the left. Thus, DR richest and most specialized of the hare on an average only 27% of their s. The poorer areas, or those from W ly limited collections have come, share 1.verage a higher percentage of their [types; witness NE with 72% average and h53% average. [averages at the bottom of the table show rage percentages of shared types that pr 7 regions share. with the region named rhead of the column. Thus, 7 areas on the share 79% of their shared types with DR, y7% with NE. The descending order of the g averages shows the range from most to shared types: DR 79, SC 75, BR 60, SV 46, r'l 27, HR 19, NE 7. This correlates with woending order of number of shared types total number of specimens. This departs aLy from the descending order of total rIof types (both shared and unique) which SC first and DR second, but here the fac- I.specialization enters. ble 2 attempts to express the interrela- bip of each pair of areas by a single 9, which I have called a percentage in- id which is the average of pairs of re- kBhips expressed in percentages in table Lo employs Driver's and Kroeber's formula thus, SC shares 26 of its 204 shared i, or 13% of them, with NR, which shares *its traits, or 63%, with SC. The percent- idex for the interrelationship of the 2 is 13+63, divided by 2; roughly, 38. The scheme has been worked out for each of ther pairs. Table 2 shows that percentage es range from 18 for SJ-BR relations to rSC-DR relations. Obviously, the figures E, BR, and NR are less reliable than the 9 because of the smaller series. The DR, ad BR figures give a closer approximation a truth. -DR index of 71 is highest; DR-SV 62 is next; TABLE 2 Percentage Indexes of Interrelationships of Areas on Bgsis of Shared Bone and Shell Types SC SJ DR SV BR NR BR S,... 54 DR ... 71 41 SV ... 45 28 62 BR ... 54 32 59 55 NR... 38 22 54 43 51. BR... 46 18 34 38 42 31 NE... 52 38 52 27 35 29 44 then follows DR-BR 59. This alters the situation as for shared bone types alone in which the DR-BR index (62) is higher than the SC-DR index (51). The relations of SC-BR are lower: 54 for combined bone and shell as opposed to 74 for shared bone alone. Thus, on the basis of study of much more material, the relationships of the 3 most impor- tant areas are, in descending order: SC-DR 71, DR-BR 59, SC-BR 54. On the basis of shared bone types alone the descending order was SC-BR 74, DR-BR 62, SC-DR 51. On the basis of shared bone and shell types, SC-DR has moved from third to first place, DR-BR remains second, and SC-BR has moved from first to third. The above discussion is not based directly on tables 2 and 3 of my Cali- fornian Bone Artifacts, since these give percent- ages of total types, instead of only shared types, for each area. It seems more satisfactory to con- sider only shared types as the differences are then more apparent. The so-called Napa Region (NR) has 41 bone and shell types, all shared. In Californian Bone Arti- facts34 I expressed doubt as to the validity of this area as a distinctive cultural entity, which I tentatively bated on the presence of cremation. The absence of peculiar types indicates that this region should be united witn one of the adjoining regions. Table 1 reveals NR as sharing 90 of its types with DR, 78 with BR. Table 2, giving per- centage indexes, supports this finding, since the index of NR-DR is 54, the index of NR-BR is 51. 34~Gifford, 1940, p. 160. 51 .932 p Pp. 217-219. TEMPORAL RELATIONS Offhand one would say that a badly disinte- grated shell specimen is older than a perfect one. When both categories are derived from the -same grave, this assumption is no longer valid and one has to resort to other reasons, such as differences in chemical composition or in acces- ibility to disintegrating agents, either in the soil or in the decomposing corpse. An especially illuminating case was a coffin burial unearthed (1941) in a sand dune near Dillon Beach, Marin co. Hundreds of clam disk beads with the burial ranged from perfect condition to almost complete disintegration. Yet this burial with its accom- panying European articles was probably only a century old, more or less. If one still insists that state of preservation indicates age, then it might be necessary to assume that in such a bur- ial as this old beads were placed in the coffin along with brand new ones. In the following discussion I have combined data from Californian Bone Artifacts with data derived from study of the shell artifacts as this gives a more complete picture of the archaeologi- cal situation. MODERN TYPES The shell types which are ethnological as well as archaeological in occurrence are indicated in the descriptions. These types total 76. To de- termine them, numerous articles ornamented with shell artifacts in the University's ethnological collection were examined. In some measure descrip- tions have been incorporated in the body of this work as appendices to the discussions of archaeo- logical types. To be added to the above 76 are 3 "contact" types; that is, types not obtained from living Indians, but from graves containing glass beads, coins, or other European articles. In the tabulations, therefore, the total number of shared ethnological shell artifact types is counted as 79. To these, in the following discussion, are added 32 shared ethnological bone artifact types. One hundred and eleven archaeological bone and shell types occur ethnologically, or at least were obtained from graves containing European articles. By archaeological areas these ethnological types total as follows: DR 77, SC 70, BR 50, SV 45, NR 20, SJ 16, BR 15, NE 6. Viewed from the standpoint of the 111 ethno- logically shared types, 69% of them occur archae- ologically in DR, 63% in SC, 45% in BR, 40% in Sv, 18% in NR, 14% in SJ, 13% in HR, and 5% in NE. The lower percentages again are no doubt correlated with smaller series of archaeological specimens and of types Another way of viewing the occurrence of eth- nological types is in terms of the total number of archaeological types per area. Thus the 77 types of DR occurring ethnologically as well as archaeologically constitute 18% of the DR 436 types. SC 70 ethnological types are 10% of the SC total of 672 types. For BR the percentage. ethnologically occurring types is 31, for SV for NR 49, for SJ 32, and for ER 68. Of the S major areas (SC, DR, and BR), SC has the few ties with modern tribea, BR the most. ThesefS ures may not be very significant, however, sii ethnological material from the SC region is scarce compared with that from the Sierra Nene and the Coast Range north of San Francisco. DELTA REGION Classified bone and shell artifacts from tX Delta Region total 241,525 specimens (bone, 41 shell, 241,046), which group themselves into . types (221 shared with other regions, 215 limi to the DR). Excavations have been conducted by Sacramen Junior College and by the University of Calif nia with an eye possible cultural successioii Such was discovered by Sacramento Junior Col1e in Windmiller md. (DR C 107), near Elk Grove,; Sacramento co. Windmiller md. is composed of a black mound accumulation overlying a reddish- yellow natural substratum. Burials in the latti were made before the accumulation of the black soil midden, as demonstrated by the reddish- yellow matrix surrounding the bones. Hence thei differences in artifact inventory in these two, levels have chronological significance. R. F. Heizer, J. B. Lillard, and Franklin Fenenga hal taken these differences as chronological crite ria for assigning relative ages to other mound which reveal on6 or the other of the complexes characterizing the lower and upper levels of Windmiller md. In what follows I shall use Wini miller md. similarly as the tool, so far as myg two typologies (bone and shell) make it avail-' able. In the tables I shall call the Windmille substratum, lower; the midden material, upper; From Windmiller md. (DR C 107) 23 bone typeJ comprising 50 specimens have been described.36 To these we may now add 42 shell types compris ing 3,958 specimens--a grand total of 4,008 specimens belonging to 65 types. From Windmiller md. 6 types have no data as to depth: bone,eAlaII, D5; shell, D6, K5cII, Lld, Q,lbIV. For chronological purposes, there- fore, I shall disregard these 6 types. The bon awl type AlaII is ethnological, however. The remaining 59 types are derived from the red-yellow clay substratum, or from the superi posed black mound material, or from both. Tabli 3 presents the 59 types and indicates their po sition within the mound. Eighteen which occur ethnologically are indicated by a superior "en, before the type designation. 35See Lillard and Purves. 3Gifford, 1940, p. 194. [52] GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS TABLE 3 Bone and Shell Artifact Types in Win&miller Mound (DR C 107) accor to Strata, and with Indication of Occurrence in SC and BR pe Lowr SC BR Type Lower Upper SC BR Bone Shell, cont?d. eMbII 1K 1 1K | | eK2aI . K K | X | e,JcII.... 1K 1K 1 K3aI ...... K 1 eAeI Kx 1 1 K3bIV.. . 1 1x AleII X. X K5bII 1X x A2 ...... X 1K 1K MiI.1K A4aI X X 1K QlaI ........ 1 x1 E2 1K.... 1K eQlaI .1K.. 1K 1K eil l X 1 Q3b... 1KX .. X eP3a ...... X 1. Q3d . 1K .eTlc.1K... K 1K Q,3d ..1K.. Tlg 1........ 1 x Q aIII ...... x I Ela ........ x x x Q7bIII K...... X x eEElb ..... X x X X e|II... l S4c | X | X EElc 1K... 1K 54c .1K... 1 EE2b........ X X X S5aI X.K e1F2 ......... x 1 X x S5aIII ...... 1K 1 K x EHH.1 X X1 S5aIV....... x 1 1 X1 MM2c.1K K- X x S6bII ....... 1K X NN2a ........ S6cI X. . X NN2b X ........ S6cIII .Kx X UU4 ........ x X Tla . x Shell eVlaI. 1 1K - T .000....1 1X X1 eVlaIII ...... X X eF5b.1K 1K 1 KXX 2a.1K x X 1K Gla 1 X 1 ......... 12b .x x X J2aI..1... K 1K 1K 1K DKaI.1K 1K 1K 1K J2aIV 1 1K....| X | eX3bI.1K K K 1 X eKlaIV ....... K X x eX3bII 1K 1 x KleII ..... . 1 . AF5aI....... x 1 inty-three types are limited to the lower Clow substratum, 23 to the upper black material, and 13 occur in both. Of the 23 atum types, only 3 are ethnological. Of the iad-material types 9 are ethnological. Of s types occurring in both levels 6 are eth- ical. Or, to state it differently, 9 types Ath substratum and ethnological, 15 (includ- iof the 9 just mentioned) are both mound ial and ethnological. This is in conformity the statement of Heizer and Fenenga37 con- g "the cultural evidence which demonstrates .kral continuum, the changes and additions this continuum forming our three hori- ' Two of the 23 types limited to the lower iubstratum (Q3d, U2aI) are unique to Wind- c md. t following remarks deal with the Windmiller ~hared with SC or BR or both, the two re- with which the Delta Region has close rela- (see table 2). (DR has even closer relations IV than with BR, but our series from SV is *ely small.) Of thd 23 Windmiller types id to the substratum, 3 are not found in SC ;2 are unique' to Windmiller as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, 1 is a type limited to the DR). The remaining 20 show affiliations as follows: 11 are shared with SC, 4 with BR, 5 with both-SC and BR. Obviously the connections are stronger with SC than with BR, thus reversing the situation for bone types alone.38 Of the 23 Windmiller types limited to the up- per black mound material, 3 are not found in I either SC or BR. The remaining 20 show affilia- tions as follows: 5 are shared with SC, 3 with BR, 12 with both SC and BR. Again connection with SC is greater than with BR. It appears, therefore, that during both periods connections with SC were more important than with BR. LiTlard, Heizer, and Fenenga"9 have estab- lished a Transitional Period between the Early (substratum) and the Late (black mound material) Periods. That the 13 types I have recorded as oc- curring in both substratum and mound material necessarily belong in such a Transitional Period is not clear to me. For Windmiller md. (C 107) the above-named authors established this period by selection of types rather than stratigraphy, 38 Gifford, 1940, p. 195. 39 P. 25. 53 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS but based on the cultural inventory of other mounds which they regard as exemplifying a Tran- sitional Period of culture. In the pages which follow I frequently use the Windmiller md. (DR C 107) inventory of types as a temporal tool. Here it will be of interest to view the geographical connections of the bone and shell types of Windmiller md. In table 4 I have listed other mounds in descending order of-number of types shared with Windmiller's two strata. The number of types in each of these two striata is 36, total 72. The total of all types in each mound compared with Windmiller is given in the left-hand column after the mound designation. TABLE 4 Windmiller Mound (DR C 107) Types Shared with Certain Other Mounds Mound. Windmiller Windmiller Mound ~~lower upe BR 309 (102 tyes) .. 1o -21 DR C 138 (161 tyes 12 17 SC C 3 (85 types) ..... 15 14 DR C 6 (175 types) . .... 14 13 DR C 142 (30 types)...... 14 11 SV S 2 (68 types)...... 9 16 DR C 141 (54 types) . 8 13 BR 295 (35 tpes) . 5 16 DR C 68 (46 types3)..::: : 13 7 SV S 1 (46 types) ... 6 10 BR 328 (16 types) ... 3 9 BR 329 23 types) . . 4 7 BR 307 19 types)b . 2 7 SC C 83 (42 types) 4 5 BR 250a (18 types) ....... 3 5 Analyzing the data of table 4 further by re- listing the figures for the two Windmiller strata separately, the fol' )wing results appear: The 36 types of the Windmiller lower occur in other mounds, in descending order, as follows: BR 309, 17 types; SC C 3, 15 types; DR C 142, 14 types; DR C 6, 14 types; DR C 68, 13 types; DR C '138, 12 types; SV S 2, 9 types; DR C 141, 8 types; SV S 1, 6 types; BR 295, 5 types; BR 329, 4 types; SC C 83, 4 types; BR 250a, 3 types; BR 328, 3 types; BR 307, 2 types. The 36 types of the Windmiller upper oceur other mounds, in descending order, as follow BR 309, 21 types; DR C 138, 17 types; SV S 2 types; BR 295, 16 types; SC C 3, 14 types; DI 6, 13 types; DR C 141, 13 types; DR C 142, 11 types; SV S 1, 10 types; BR 328 9 types; DR 68, 7 types; BR 329, 7 types; Bt-307, 7 types BR 250a, 5 types; SC C 83, 5 types. It is interesting to note that for both st of Windmiller, Eneryville jad. (BR 309) heads list with shared types. The exact si'nific of this is not clear. Two DR mounds (C 138 0CI have, respectively, totals of 161 and 175 ty in contrast to Emeryville's 102 types, and sI on basis of geographic position and larger iD ventories rank higher than Emeryville. Evenr 68 and DR C 142, which Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga regard as contemporaneous,40 at least part, with lower Windmiller, share fewer bone1 aiid shell types with lower Windmiller than da BR 309. Under the heading Distribution of Shell an Types, it was pointed out that 209 out of the of 390 shell artifact types of the DR were pe to that region. In what follows the figures combined bone and shell artifact inventories tain individual mounds in the DR in relation another, thus presenting the specialization narrower limits. Six DR mounds, from which sufficient serie4 specimens have been obtained, have been selec for comparative study. They are: C 107 with 4 specimens belonging to 65 types; C 142, 1,148 imens of 30 types; C 68, 11,482 specimens of types; C 141, 2,287 specimens of 54 types; C 89,200 specimens of 175 types; C 138, 24,575 mens of 161 types. In considering these six mounds, really se since I have treated separately the lower andi parts of C 107, the following general results pear: Lower C 107 has 11 peculiar bone and s types, 25 shared types; upper C 107 has 9 pec 27 shared; C 142 has 4 peculiar, 26 shared; C has 13 peculiar, 33 shared; C 141 has 13 pecu 41 shared; C 6 has 102 peculiar, 73 shared; C- has 89 peculiar', 72 shared. The vast develop1 of unique type,s (so far as the six mounds TABLE 5 Bone and Shell Artifact Types Shared by Certain Delta Region Mounds (Read across. Percentages in parentheses). C 107 C 107 Mounds: shared types lower upper C 142 C 68 C 141 C 6 C 138 C 107 lower: 25 .... 13 (52) 14 (56) 13 (52) 8 (32) 14 (56) 12 48 C 107 upper: 27 13 48 11 (41) 7 (26) 13 (48 13 48) 17 63 C 12: 26 . . 14 54 11 42) 14 (54) 8 (31 13 50) 12 46 C 68: 33 13 39 7 21) 14 42) 8 (24 22 67) 19 58 C 141: 4 1 8 20 13 32) 8 20) 8 20) 27 66) 28 68 C 6: 73 . . 14 19 13 18) 13 18) 22 30) 27 (37 ) 56 77 C 138: 72. . 12 17 17 24) 12 17) 19 26) 28 (39) 56.(78) 4'Lillard, Heizer, Fenenga, pp. 33, 35. U I I I I I I i 1?I I I.4 .1 I -1 .,. I j i o A I II o I I 54 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS led are concerned) in C 6 and C 138 is ressive, and is an example of the high local specialization which may take in a lower Neolithic culture. This sation, however, is within the frame- Delta culture or of Californian culture ^1. It really represents a further, but istive, exploitation of the possibili- ,the materials utilized in this culture, Jy for aesthetic rather than for utili- urposes. ble 5 only shared types are considered. r and upper parts of C 107 are treated h they were separate mounds. Six types 07 are not included as no vertical posi- the mound was recorded and it is impos- count them as either lower or upper. - types are listed above (page 54) in ussion of this mound. take the sum totals of percentage in- r each mound in table 6, we may arrange ds in ascending order of degree of rela- to other mounds as follows: C 141, 220; l; C 107 upper, 233; C 142, 237; C 107 "48; C 138, 283; C 6, 284. This arrange- in part conditioned by (a) the selection B, (b) the number of specimens, and (c) er of types. Nevertheless, it probably approximation of the relationships. Note 17 lower has more in common than C 107 5so that C 107 lower is more closely akin than to C 107 upper, perhaps indicating oraneity. hat extent the high totals for C 138 and [due to the huge series of specimens and B unclear. At any rate their relationships L07 lower and C 142, both regarded by Heizer, and Fenenga as of Early Period, 'tively attenuated, the percentage indexes from 32 to 38, while the percentage index 38 and C 6 rises to 78. These two mounds Dpposite sides of the DR, C 6 in Sacra- D., C 138 in Contra Costa co. Heizer, and Fenenga, p. 33, and my figures certainly show it to be more closely affiliated with C 107 lower than with C 107 upper.) The relationship of C 141 is highest with C 6 (52) and C 138 (54), but still not so high as the interrelationship of these two mounds (78). This may mean that C 141 came to an end before these two mounds developed their close affiliations; in other words that C 141 is neither Early nor Late, but Intermediate or Transitional in the time scale. Another interesting relation to consider is that of mounds C 107 and C 6, both on the Cosumnes r. and only a few miles apart. The percentage index for C 107 lower and C 6 is 38, that for C 107 upper and C 6 is 33. Both are low pompared with 78 for tfe C 6 and C 138 relationship and presumably in- dicate but scant contemporaneity. In view of the presumed lateness of much of the C 6 accumulation it is surprising to find a closer relationship of that mound with lower C 107 than with upper C 107. This suggests that C 6 may have been occupied over a long stretch of time. Unfortunately, most of the C 6 specimens lack data as to depth at which ex- cavated. Viewing these 6 mounds from the standpoint of modern ethnological types, their connections ar- ranged from fewest to most ethnological types are as follows: C 107 lower, 9 types; C 142, 10 types; C 107 upper, 15 types; C 68, 17 types; C 107 as a whole, 19 types; C 141, 19 types; C 138, 34 types; C 6, 46 types. If these figures were true indices of antiquity, C 107 lower might be regarded as the most ancient, C 6 as the most modern site, or at least having the most connection with ethnological culture. From the standpoint of ethnology the mounds fall into two main groups. C 107, C 142, C 68, and C 141, on the basis of only 10 to 19 ethno- logical types, would appear ancient; C 138 and C 6, on the basis of 34 to 46 ethnological types, would appear recent or at least much less ancient. How- ever, this interpretation is weakened, if not viti- ated, by the fact that C 138 and C 6 each has 2 or more times as many types as each of the other mounds. TABLE 6 Percentage Indexes of Bone and Shell Types Shared by UQrtain Delta Region NounffU Mounds upper) C 142 C 68 C 141 C 6 C 138 C 107 (lower 50 55 46 26 38 33 C 107 (upper) 42 24 40 33 44 C 142 48 26 34 32 C 68 22 49 42 C 141 52 54 C 6 78 d C 141 in Contra Costa co., not far from shows very low percentage indexes with C er (26), C 142 (26), and C 68 (22). These apparently- have temporal significance and e that C 141 is not so ancient as the other (C 68 is regarded as Early by Lillard, Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga, on the basis of C 107 stratigraphy and types of specimens found, range the mounds (except C 6, which is not considered by them) in their chronological terms as follows: Early (C 107, C 68, C 142), Transitional (C 107, C 142, C 141), Late (C 107, C 141, C 138), Historic (C 107). 55 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS My findings based on typology coincide in part, and otherwise do not conflict, with their chron- ological arrangement. On the basis of my typo- logical studies alone I have been unable to identify objectively a Transitional Period al- though mound C 141 may exemplify such a period, as I have pointed out. Without accompanying stratigraphy the typologies alone are insuffi- cient to establish cultural successions. So far as has seemed feasible, I have utilized the Windmiller stratigraphy as a key. Absolute depths in other mounds are utilized in the sec- tion beyond that deals with the Bay Region mounds. SACRAMENTO VALLEY Of Sacramento Valley sites, the only two ' sufficient specimens to make comparison wortW while are S 1 (HIiller md.) and S 2 (Howellls@ Point md.). Table 7 presents an inventory of'I types and compares the two mounds with the 1 (red clay) and upper (black mound) parts of 107. From S 1 comes a total of 9,728 specime, distributed among 46 types; from S 2 a total, 9,080 specimens distributed among 68 types. two mounds have only 23 types in common; or t state it differently, S 1 has 23 types not f_, TABLE 7 Bone and Shell Artifacts in Mounds SV S 1 and SV S 2 IJUL- .Lm,A w.L.. J(?-+LU-L+.U rJf Tvne Bone eAlbI....... AlbII ...... MbIII..... AlbIV...... eMcII...... AlciV...... eAud......... AleI....... AleII ...... Alg .... .. A2. ci ......... C2......... eTlb ....... Tlf........ eUl......... eWl......... eEEla ....... EElb ....... EE2a....... EE2b....... eFF2..... GG......... 001........ Shell eFl......... eF5b ........ Gla........ HUaV....... KlaIII. eKleII ...... eR2aIII ..... K2bII...... K4aI....... K4c........ K27........ MlbI....... NlcII...... Mle........ 1N2cI...... NlaII...... SVS 1 SV S 2 DK U 1U' lower Dk U 1U'7 upper -jr I - 1 4 -- -.J- x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Ix x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x. x. x x I x x x __________ .1 1 1 _____ x x x x x x x x x x x Type Shell. Cont'd, NlaIV.... NlbI....... eN6bI ........ eOlaIII ..... O2a........ 03aII...... epla........ eQlaIII..... elaIV.. eQ2bI."""" eS2aII..... eS2aIII..... S2bI..... S2e........ 3aI....... S3aII...... S3cI....... S3cII...... eS4c ...... S7aII.... S7bII..... S14....... eU2aIII. eVlaII..... eVlaIII ..... Xlb.; X2a........ X3aI. X3aII...... X3aIII..... eX3bI. eX3bII .... eX3c ........ .4... eZ2aII ...... eZ2bII* ......: eAA2aIV.... eAC2b....... eeAF4aII ..... eAF5aIII.... eAP2aI...... AS2aI.._... AV2b....... I I TI nn n I SV S 1 - - I I a SV S 2 JR U IU lower x x x UP x x x x' x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x I UOMPELrtiu Witai UUIIut::iiu&-i U-L LVVU Liuratocl U.L ijiLt V -LV( . TNIM el I rl Is ^ I . - . I I I I I I I L 4 1 56 Twian 9t.rPn.s nf nR r, ing I r GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SRHLT.T ARTIFACTS 12, and S 2 has 45 types not found in S 1. vast difference in two mounds only a short moe" apart is unlikely to be due altogether peal variation, but perhaps is in part tem- , and in part due to different extraneous mnces. ning to Windmiller md. (DR C 107) as a pos- key to the puzzle, we find 21 of that ra types in the two SV mounds concerned: 13 I 1 and 19 in SV S 2. Nine Windmiller lower aad 18 Windmiller upper types are present, ,ing 6 types occurring in both Windmiller a. Inspecting table 7, we find that SV S 1 6 types with Windmiller lower, 11 types admiller upper; SV S 2 shares 8 with Wind- rlower and 16 with Windmiller upper. Both l and SV S 2 share twice as many types with *ller upper as with Windmiller lower. Thus ars that SV S 1 and SV S 2 are the same , with twice as many relations w'ith Wind- upper as with Windmiller lower. This then leave the differences in inventories . and S 2 tobbe explained by local variation different extraneous influences. ealing-to ethnological occurrences for r light, we find that out of a total of 91 Vfound in the two mounds, 41 are of ethno- a occurrence. Of the 46 types of mound S 1, our ethnologically; of the 68 types of mound occur ethnologically. Thus, there is no portionate preponderence of ethnological in one or the other, and consequently the ng interpretation of contemporaneity is c?ed. e 7 presents the data upon which the pre- -remarks are based. BAY REGION San Francisco Bay Region with its numerous ,mounds has yielded a total of 25,924 clas- ble bone (764) and shell (25,160) artifacts, ,group themselves into 163 types (136 shared ther regions, 27 limited to the BR). is Landing md. (BR 295) has yielded few shell Ats (12 types, 641 specimens). The inventory e artifacts"1 comprises 23 types based on 94 ns. All specimens, both bone and shell, are e upper 15 ft. of the mound. Of the total :types, 18 are found ethnologically. Table 8 the Ellis Landing types found also in Wind- md. (DR C 107), indicates ethnological types occurrence in Windmiller md. by level, lower or upper. 17 shared types, 1 (bone AlaII) has no re- depth from Windmiller, but the other 16 are he upper stratum, with 5 of them also coming the lower stratum. It definitely looks as the upper 15 ft. of Ellis Landing were more synchronous in deposition with upper Wind- than with lower Windmiller. None of the TABLE 8 Bone and Shell Artifact Tvnes Common toiEllis Landing Md. (BR 295) and Windmiller d. (DR C 1 BR 295 DRC 107 DR C1O 7 BR 295 p lower- upper eAbII .. . .. I eAlcII x A4aI X EEl a I EE2b X e ~ ~~x x E I X~~~~~~ 45b X X eVlaIII .....X X2b X X3aI. I X eI3bI. x x eI3bII . . _______ X types limited to the lower stratum in Windmiller is recorded from Ellis Landing. Couple this with the more than 50% ethnological types in Ellis Land- ing and there would seem to be little or no doubt as to the relatively recent accumulation of the upper 15 ft. of Ellis Landing md. The lower portion of Ellis Landing md. was ex- plored by means of a shaft sunk by N. C. Nelson, and from this he removed 560 cubic ft. of mate- rial. Artifacts were too fragmentary to identify bone and shell types. West Berkeley md. (BR 307) is not very well rep- resented in the UCMA collection, nor was it as sys- tematically excavated as Ellis Landing md. (BR 295) and Emeryville md. (BR 309). Fourteen bone types and 5 shell types are recorded, based on a total of 165 specimens. Of these 19 types, 11 are also eth- nological- Eight of the West Berkeley types occur in Windmiller md. (DR C 107). One of these 8 (bone type AleII) is limited to lower Windmiller, 1 is found in both lower and upper, while the remaining 6 are limited to upper Windmiller. The evidence, scanty as it is, corroborates that from Ellis Land- ing md.; the connections are chiefly with upper Windmiller. Turning now to Emeryville md. (BR 309) from which a large series of types has been obtained, the ev- idence proves less convincing as to relative recency of deposition. From Emeryville md. UCiA has 416 bone specimens grouped in 54 types, and 7,594 shell spec- imens grouped in 48 types--a total of 102 types in all, 34 of which occur ethnologically.4, Table 9 presents 27 Emeryville types that are found in Windmiller. Two additional bone types (AlaII (AlaII and EE2b) common to both are omitted because of deficient record as to depth. The distribution Lfford, 1940, p. 190-191. 57 42Ibid . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS in table 9 looks somewhat confusing but suggests a considerable degree of contemporaneity for the two mounds. Table 10 analyzes the data of table 9 and presents counts of types in common between the two levels of the two mounds. The figures in parentheses are percentages of 27, the number of types with recorded depths common to the two mounds. TABLE 9 Tv,Des Common to Wipdmiller md. (DR C 107) and Eme ille Md. (mR 309) Type | Wind- Wind- ville ville Y)e miller miller lower upper lower upper 19 feet 12 feet eAlbI . X x x eAlel . I I eAleIl I . . I XI AleII .... I I X ag ..... X I A4aI .... X X X ill... I I I eP3a ..I . . I IX eTlc ...... X 1 IEEla .... . X I I e,b.... X x x eFF2 X . x x I x. I MMc ...I I eF5b,,, I I x e2'.... X X X K.i .. x e I a. . I I ....... X XX eS2aIII ... X X I SSaIII.. X X X SMaIII... X I X I2a I . . X XI S5ba.... X I X M.. 0*6 I X I X eI3bI.. I . X X TABLE 10 Summary of Distribution of 27 Types Shared by Windmiller and Emeryville Mds. (Figures in parentheses are percentages of 27) Wind- Emery- Wind- Emery- miller ville miller ville lower lower upper upper Windmiller, lower.... 16 (59) 11 (41) 8 (30) Emeryville, lower... 16 (59) 19 (70) 15 (56) Windmiller, upper ..... 11 (41) 19 (70) 16 (59) Emeryville, upper ... ..... 8 (30) -15 ('56) 116 (59) Arranged in descending order of similarity connections between the two layers of the two mounds seem to indicate a considerable contemt raneity. However, the Windmiller lower stratui probably was used for burials before Emeryvill md. began. It is of interest to observe that, so far as these 27 shared tynes are concerned, the sharing is greater between certain layerg the two mounds than it is between the upper a lower layers within the same mound. The perce ages substantiating this statement follow: Windmiller upper and Emeryville lowet, 70 Windmiller upper and Eme lle upper, 52 Windmiller lower and Emeryville lower, 569 Emeryville lower and Emeryville upper, 56' Windmiller lower and Windmiller upper, 4J Windmiller lower and Emeryville upper, 302 Turning again to BR mds. 328 and 329 situal close together near Newark, Alameda oo., we i see if the shell typology helps to clarify th puzzling situation described for bone artifacl alone.'3 Bone and shell together give mound $ sixteen types, mound 329 twenty-three types.' these adjacent mounds share only 4 types. Thiu anomalous situation suggests that they must bi of different ages and probably not inhabitedi multaneously. Turning to Windmiller md. as a possible key that might unlock the door-to un standing, we get a correlation with upper Win miller principally. Thus, mound 328 shares 3 types with Windmiller lower stratum, while moa 329 shares 4; 328 shares 9 types with Windmil upper stratum, 329 shares 7. But, of the tota 6 Windmiller lower types shared with these tw mounds, 5 are also in Windmiller upper, which gests that both mounds are to be connected wi Windmiller upper rather than lower. Table 11' sents the distribution. Nine types of BR 328; ethnological; 10 of BR 329 are ethnological. these only 3 are shared by the two mounds. Th facts do not clarify the situation except to suggest that, although Late in terms of Wind- miller md., there may be absence of contempor neity, but no indication of which is earlier later. An alternative explanation would be loi variation, but this loses significance when w remember that the mounds are only a stone's throw apart. If neither of these alternatives seems acceptable, we are confronted with a wh adventitious occurrence of types. BR md. 250a (Maltby md.) at Concord, Contr Costa co., proves of interest because of its tion near the DR. Offhand, one would expect i harbor both DR and BR types, or types common both regions. Such proves to be the case. The lection contains 3,054 specimens distributed 18 types, all of which occur elsewhere in the or in the DR or in both. Two types (bone C4, Ilb) are BR but not DR in occurrence. Four ty 43Ibid., p. 192. I . 58 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS SOUTHERN CQAST Mounds BR 328. BR 329. and DR C 107 _BR 328 BR 329 Windmiller Windmiller BR 328BR 329 lower upper x .... 'x x x x x ,X6 I x .g x x Ix 0*O ~~x .g x Ix x x x ,. X X x x x ,00 x x Ix x x e.g I~x .. X X X X x X x x Ix Ix x Ix x *6~~O x x x 0e x Ix .0e x x Ix x x x Ix x x ~. e X_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ El, 04aII, U2bII, and Xla) are DR but not courrence. The remaining 12 types (shell: bII, K2bIII, U2aII, X2a, X2b, IX3aI, X3aII, 3bII, IX3c, AF5aIV) occur in both regions. as as to age, our Windmiller (DR C 107) Loation suggests affiliation wi.th upper The 104,273 crlassified shell artifacts fr6m SC make it possible to put interpretations on a sounder basis than could be done with the 1,675 bone artifacts alone." The classified shell and bone artifacts total 105,948 specimens, divided into 672 types (202 shared with other regions, 470 limited to the SC). Considering as wholes the mainland, Santa Cruz is., Santa Rosa is., and San Nicolas is. (but dis- regarding occurrences on Santa Catalina, San Miguel, and San Clemente is.), we find peculiar to these the following number of types: mainland 20 Santa Cruz 147, Santa Rosa 169, San Nicolas 52. kfter eliminating these 388 unique types there remain 276 types shared by two or more of these units. Ta- ble 12 presents the counts and percentages, table 13 the percentage indexes. These tables reveal what one would expect from the geographic situation. The mainland, from Pt. Sal, Santa Barbara co., to La Jolla, San Diego co., has 97 shared types. (Actually, the bulk of our material comes from site M 1 near Goleta, Santa Barbara co.) The mainland shares its types in de- scending order with the three islands: Santa Cruz has 86% of the mainland types, Santa Rosa 74%, re- mote San Nicolas only 31%. The relations of San Nicolas to Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa are about the same, San Nicolas sharing 27% of the shared Santa Cruz types and 28% of the Santa Rosa types. The ac- tual counts of San Nicolas types shared with these two islands are more than double the number shared with the mainland, the two northern islands being extremely rich in shared types (252 for Santa Cruz, 239 for Santa Rosa). If data were available for the nearer Santa Catalina and San Clemente is., San Nicolas would probably show a far closer relation- ship to them than to remote Santa Cruz and Santa Riosa. It should be remembered that in historic times the three southern islands were Shoshonean. in speech, while the northern islands were Chumash, thus reinforcing the geographic factors. Referring to R. L. Olson's findings'5 which make sites M 1 and M 10 more alike than either is like site M 6, the shell artifacts add to the support given by the bone artifacts.'6 However, paucity of TABLE 12 Types Shared by Certain Portions of Southern Coast Region (Read across. Percentages in parentheses.) Area and types Mainland Santa Cruz Santa Rosa San Nicolas Mainland: 97.. 83 (86) 72 (74) 31 (31) Santa Cruz is.: 252 . 83 (33) 218 87 67 27) Santa Rosa is.: 239 . 72 30 218 (91 66 28) San Nicolas is.: 81.... 31 38 67 (83 66 (81) ler. Only 5 of the 18 Maltby md. types are a Windmiller md.; all 5 are found in the tratum, though 3 of these 5 also occur in Dr stratum. "Ib id., p . 167 . 45p. 14. 6Gitfford, 1940, p. 188. TABLE 11 -- -- I- z s v . _ , . 59 AN[HRCPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 13 Percentage Indexes of Types Shared by Certain Portions of Southern Coast Region Mainland Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Santa Cruz is ... 60 Santa Rosa is ... 52 89 San Nicolas is.., 35 55 55 shell artifacts from M 6, like paucity of bone artifacts, mkes the evidence of negative rather than of positive nature. Th'e museum has only 16 classified bsll artifacts frmn M 6. These fall into 8 types (F3-, H2aI, B3, I5, KlaIV, Ula, M3bI, AThcI). Six. of them are found also in H 1 and/or M 10. The other two shell types (13 and Ila) and the two bone types are not peculiar to site M.6, but pare f'ound in other SC sites. The evidence of greater antiquity for site M 6 is *us still inconolusive, as it was when two bone artifact types alone were considered. The. analysis shows specimens and types scarce in mound M 6 (20 spec- imens in all, 10 types in all), none limited to site M 6 alone. Granted the correct1i6ss of Olson's opinion that site M 6 ia older than sites M 10 (across the creek from M 6.) and M 1, all I can say is that the bone and shell types in- creased enormously in numbers in.the mounds oc- cupied in later times (sites M 1 and M 10). Two of the M 6 shell types (KlaIV, I3b1), as well as the two bone types are represented ethnolog- ically. With shell artifact types now available, it seems worth while to reconsider the Santa Cruz is. sites 3 and 83 which R. L. Olson47 adjudges as Early (site 3) and as Early and Intermediate to,-Late (site 83), a view for which A. L. Kroe- ber and I found little or no support from bone artifacts alone.8 Site 3 has a total of 85 types (28 bone, 57 shell); site 83 has a total of 42 types (19 bone, 23 shell). The two mounds have only 6 types in common (3 bone, 3 shell: F5b, Lla, VlaI), a fact that.further increases the disparity already noted on the basis of bone artifacts alone. Is this disparity due to local variation, or has it temporal significance? Applying the inventories of types from distant Windmiller md. in the DR, the following results appear. Summarizing, SC C 3 has 21 Windmiller types, 7 of which occur only in the Windmiller red-clay substratum, 6 in the black mound material only, 8 in both strata. SC C 83 has 7 Windmiller types: 2 from the substratum, 3 from the black mound, 2 from both strata. In other words C 83, with half as many bone and shell types as C 3, shares only a third as many with Windmiller as does C 3. It seems to me, however, that the comparison with Windmiller does not help to solve the problem of 45Pp. 13-15. Gitford, 1940, pp. 189-190. temporal relations between C 3 and C 83 si both share with the two Windmiller strata where nearly in the ratio of their total ! of types. Again considering 4 Santa Cruz is. situ sented in Californian Bone Artifacts,'9 il now possible to gain a fuller comprehensic the.ir interrelationships. Olsou has preses summary for these and other sites on paged 15 of his paper. The Santa Cruz is.. sites. 83, C 3, C 138, and C 100. These yield the lowing totals of types of bone and shell a facts: C 83, 42 types; C 3, 85 types; C l1 types; C 100, 253 types. Olson's mainland M 1, at Goleta, Santa Barbara co., yieldsa types, and should be useful for comparison the Santa Cruz is.-sites. Considering the relationships of these 5 mounds alone, we that they possess the following numbers of types (that is types found in two or moMe these 5 mounds3: C 83, 21; C 3, 40; C 138, C 100, 120; M 1, 55. The converse of this: tiou is that these 5 mounds in relation to another possess the following numbers of u or unique types: C 83, 21 types; C 3, 45; 40; C 100, 133; MN1, 26. TABLE 14 Shared Bone and Shell TvDes in Cerl (os hern Coast Mdsi (Read across. Percentages in parenth Mounds: types H1 C 83 0 3 1C : M 1:55 ........ 7(13) 14(25) 24 C 83:21 .7(33 3 6(29) 2 5 C 3:40. 1436 6(15)1 11 C 138:714..... 24(34 5(7) 11(15) C 100:120..... 144(37 21(18) 33(28) 62 For determining interrelations of thes the shared types alone are considered in X The left-hand column gives the total numbe shared types (as enumerated above) for eae The f'igures within the table give the nu by each pair of mounds. In parentheses th ures are translated into percentages. Thu 83 has only 7 of the 55 shared types of sil or approximately 13%, while site C 100 has the 55 shared types of M 1, or approximate This reveals the mainland site N 1 as clo lated in cultural inventory to Santa Cruz C 100 rather than to the other 3 Santa Cru sites. The percentage inde'xes, which expre pair of relationships in a single figure,A in table 15. Mounds C 83 and C 138 have a4 ingly low index of 16 for two mounds on t)o island, a fact which suggests a time diff' This is confirmed by Olson,30 who gives t range of C 83 as Early to Late and that of' 49bid _- .r M-- _- _-.1 -_F - 60 l GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS maediate to Late. Mounds C 138 and C 100 j. the opposite picture of close relation- d presumably contemporaneity as indicated prcentage index of 70. CALIFORNIAN TYPES IN THE SOUTHWEST i means of attaining some idea of the prob- itiquity of Californian types, loans of latern shell artifacts were obtained >'the courtesy of several museums, to wit: %tates National Museum, Phillips Academy, iState Museum, Museum of Northern Arizona, iity of Colorado, Carnegie Institution of Oon (Earl H. Morris), and Southwest Museum. .the material borrowed proved to be arti- Bde from species found in the Gulf of Oia. Fourteen types of artifacts made from limited'to the Pacific Coast, and in Aentifiable with Californian types, ranged vfrom Basketmaker II through Pueblo IV. is and periods in which they occur are TABLE 15 Percentage Indexes of Shed Bone and Shell Types in Certain S6uthern Coast Mounds Mound C 83 C 3 C 138 C 100 M 1...... 23 31 39 59 C 83 22 16 59 C 3 22 56 C 138.... 70 listed below. Footnotes give details as to sites from which they come and museum catalogue numbers. The principles involved in this cross-dating are: (l) if the material is a species limited in its range to the Pacific Coast, then the material must have come from the Pacific Coast; (2) if the type is the same as'a Californian type, there seems a probability that the artifacts were im- ported ready made from California and not made lo'cally in the Southwest. If such is the case, it TABLE 16 (o 1; fnrni.vn 5Rhc.1 Art.;fn,t+ Tvrnq. i-n +hp. Smithwwqt Tvoe BM II BM III P II P III P IV Californian Range Gla ........ SC, SJ, DR, SV H2aIII 1....SC, SJT M2aI X C | 0 l l a SC, DR, BR !2aIV.X |d SC, SJ, DR, BR ~~~1aI Xe ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SC, SY, BR e laIII l Xn SC, DR DRSV BR, e 6aIII .... SC$ DR tNR'e Xe Xr ~SC' UaIV, . Xf IM X )~~~~~~~SC DR, SV,P BR 'e]E 0YVlaII.. X SJ, DR, SV, BR:NRe I-la Xi SC, SJ, DR, SV, BR 'lR3b . l 0 EJ l l l ? SC, SJ, DR, SV, BR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SC, D5 R , S Y , B R , N K e I.As.Rock Shelter, 7 mi. N of Durango, Col- ',arl H. Morris number F 4. One specimen. ,-size range of specimens from locality in te d. te on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r., also called Bonelli site, Old Rioville, so., Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen otograph Cave, Canyon del Muerto, Arizona. Oity of Colorado number 2631. Nine speci- .e as C. Thirty-six bpecimens. Po on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r., * Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-103. ral Cave, Lukachukai Mts., NE Arizona. out 600 A. D. Arizona State Museum speci- ~90. Wen Flute Cave, NE Arizona. Earl H. Morris t195 A. Five specimens. e on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin r. 'Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-92. lli site, Old Rioville, Clark co., iSouthwest Museum specimens 8-F-101 and 8-F-104. Site on Colorado r. at mouth of Virgin, r., Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-95. 3Bonelli site, Old Rioville, Clark co., Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 8-F-104. kLost City (Pueblo Grande de Nevada). South- west Museum specimen 13-F-560 (BP 2458). 1Pueblo II site near Overton, Nevada, called "Scorpion Hill." Southwest Museum specimens 5-F-lb, 5-F-ld. "Lost City (Pueblo Grande de Nevada), Nevada. Southwest Museum specimen 13-F-560. nSegie Canyon, NE Arizona. Arizona State Museum, 3217. 0Segie Canyon, NE Arizona. Arizona State Museum, 3217. PSegie Canyon, NE Arizona, Arizona State Museum, 3217. qWupatki Pueblo, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona, 693-NA405.S4.123. rPecos Pueblo, New Mexico. Phillips Academy, 72238 (Kidder, fig. 165b). Kidder dates-this piece as Glaze III or Glaze IV. Vct.Lllul7iijLCLJLI LJILU-L-L ZLL-U.LICIUU L.Ypfzo A.LL L"o LLjUL&ul1w,,qou I -- - -- I -- - - - - I - - - I - - - . I - -- . - 61 I ANT[IROPOLOGICAL RECORDS means that nine Californian types were already being made in California when Basketmaker III was flourishing in the Southwest, thus implying an equal or greater antiquity for certain Califor- nian sites. Thus by limiting comparison of Californian shell artifact types with Southwestern shell artifacts of same type from dated deposits, and made from species found only on the Pacific Coast and not in the Gulf of California, it is possible to ar- rive at minimum dates for the manufacture of the types in California, assuming of course the ab- sence of independent manufacture of the same types in the Southwest. Apparently shell artifact types may prove second only to pottery in abun- dance and in restricted manufacture of local types. Thus, for example, the bracelet of Glycy- meris shell, so abundant in Hohokam area of southern Arizona-and northern Sonora does not ap- pear in our Californian collection. There are plenty of large clams in Californian waters from which bracelets might have been made, but there seems to have been nQ interest in this type of body ornament. No Californian type found in the Southwest has been found limited to but one Cal- ifornian site. Hence, it is not possible to apply the cross-dating to a single site, but only to groups of sites or areas. With one exception the types occur in two or more Californian areas six of the types are ethnological in occurre in California, as indicated in table 16. Fou these six occur in Basketmaker III in the Sol west. Since the above was written Professor Haua has published a preliminary account of "The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona."5' No shell artifacts are mentioned in this article but Dr. Haury has sent me a list of 15 marin species found in the cave, only four of whic occur on the coast of Califoomia. Of these f only one (Haliotis fulgens) is limited to the Pacific Coast and is not found in the Gulf o California. This species, represented by a a" specimen, is the only certain molluscan tie the coast of California. Obviously, then, th users of Ventana Cave derived their shell mal rial almost exclusively from the Gulf of Cal fornia. This seems logical enough in view of geographic location of the cave. Also it hell to set in bold relief the ties of Californiax coast shell work with ancient Anasazi culture and not with Hohokam culture. 51See References Cited. I 62 REFERENCES CITED American Anthropologist. P American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin. Annual Report. C Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Contributions. IpM Indian Notes and Monographs. Public Museum of City of Milwaukee, Bulletin. Stanford University Press. University of California Anthropolog- ical Records. I Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. i United States National Museum, Bulletin. Joshua L., Jr. 35. he First Pacific Conchologist. The Nautilus, 48:73-75. tt, S. A. E08. Pomo kd-ian Basketry. UC-PAAE 7:133-308. tt, S. A., and Gifford, E. W. 333. Miwok Material Culture. PM1-B 2:117-376. W S. S. 35. An Undescribed Californian Olivella. Proc. Malacological Society of Lon- don, 21:262-265. Junius B. 43. Excavations in Northern Chile. AMNH-AP 38:171-318. Donald D. 38. Aboriginal Trade Routes for Sea Shells in the Southwest. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geogra- phers, 4:3-10. ;t, E. K. 44. Inlaid Stone and Bone Artifacts from Southern Californla. MAIHF-C 13. L, H. S. 41. Prehistoric Trade in the Southwest. Scientlfic Monthly, 52:308-319. V. H. 21. Summary of the Marine Shellbearing Mollusca of the Northwest Coast of America, from San Diego, Califor- nia, to the Polar Sea, Mostly Con- tained in the Collection of the United States National Museum, with Illustrations of Hitherto Unfigured Species. USNM-B 112. r, H. E., and Kroeber, A. L. )32. Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships. UC-PAAE 31:211-256. J,. W. 96. Pacific Coast Shells from Prehistoric Tusayan Pueblos. AA 9:359-367. .d, D. S., and E. W. 41. Color Variation in Olivella biplicata. The Nautilus, 55:10-12. 63 1942. Olivella pydna. The Nautilus, 55: 92-93. 1944. Californian Olivellas. The Nautilus, 57:73-80. Gifford, E. W. 1916. Miwok Moieties. UC-PAAE 12:139-194. 1940. Californian Bone Artifacts. UC-AR 3:153-237. Goddard, P. E. 1903. Life and Culture of the Hupa. UC-PAAE 1:1-88. Harrington, J. P. 1928. Exploration of the Burton Mound at Santa Barbara, California. BAE-R 44:23-168. 1942. Culture Element Distributions:XIX, Cen- tral California Coast. UC-AR 7:1-46. Harrington, M. R. 1938. Use of Shells by the Seri.,The Master- key, 12:122-124. Haury, Emil W. 1943. The Stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Ari- zona. American Antiquity, 8:218-223. Heizer, R. F. 1940. The Introduction of Monterey Shells to the Indians of the Northwest Coast. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 31: 399-402. 1941a. The Distribution and Name of the Chumash Plank Canoe. The Masterkey, 15:59-61. 1941b. Aboriginal Trade between the Southwest and California. The Masterkey, 15: 185-1886 1941c. The Direct-Historical Approach in Cal- ifornia Archaeology. American Antiq- uity, 7:98-122. 1941d. Archaeological Evidence of Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeflo's California Visit in 1595. California Historical Quart- erly, 20:315-328. Heizer R F., and Fenenga F 1639. Archaeological liorizons in Central Cali- fornia. AA 41:378-399. Henderson, Junius 1930. Ancient Shell "Trade Routes." The Nau- tilus, 43:109-110. Heye, George G. 1921. Certain Artifacts from San Miguel Is- land, California. MAIHF-IM 7:1-211 (No. 4). Holmes, William Henry 1883. Art in Shell. BAE-R 2:179-305. 1902. Anthropological Studies in California. USNM-R for year ending June 30, 1900. Keen, A. Myra 1937. An Abridged Check List and Bibliography of West North American Marine Mollusca. SUP. Keen, A. Mya and Frizzell Don L 1939. Iliustrated Key {o West North American Pelecypod Genera. SUEP. A17THIROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Keep, Josiah 1935. West Coaet Shells. Revised by Joshua L. Baily, Jr. SUP. Kidder, Alfred Vincent 1932. The Artifaots of Pecos. Phillips Acad- emy, Andover, Massachusetts, Kroeber, A. L. 1908. Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. UC-PAAE 8:29-68. 1925. Handbook of the Indians Qf California. BAE-B 78. Leechman, Douglas 1942. Abalone Shells from Monterey, AA 44: 159-162. Lillard, J. B., Heizer, R. F., and Fenenga, F. 1939. An Introduation of the Archeology of Central California. Sacramento Junior Coile'e Department of Anthro- pology, Bulletin 2. Lillard, J. B., and Purves, W. K. 1936. The Archaeology of the Deer Creek- Cosumnes Area, Sacramento County, California. Sacramento Junior Col- lege Department of Anthropology, Bulletin 1. Loud, L. L. 1918. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory. UC-PAAE 14:221-436,. Moorehead, W. K. 1900. Prehistoric Implements. Robert Clarke Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Nelson, N. C. 1936. Notes on the Santa Barbara Culture. In Essays in Anthropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday, June 11, 1936, pp. 199-209. UN4versity of California Press. Nimuendaji, Curt 1946. The Eastern Timbira. UC-PAAE 41. Oldroyd, Ida S. 1924. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America. 2 vols. SUP, Univ. Ser., Geol. Sci. Vol. 1, Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda 1927. Ibid., vol. t, Gatropoda, Scaphopoda, and Amphineura. Olson, R. L. 1930. Ch _ah Prehistory. UC-PAAE 28:1-21. Orchard,' William C. 1929. Beads and Beadwork of the- American Indians. MAlIE. Orr, Phil C 1943. Archaeology Qf Mescalitan Island and Customs of the Canalino. Santa Bar- bara Museum of Natural History, Occasional Papers, no. 5. .Putnam, F. W. 1879. Reports upon Archaeological and Ethnological Collectiox. fro ity of Santa Bhrbara, Califor from Ruined Pueblos of Ariz Mexico, and Certain Interior Report upon U. S. Geog. Surve of 100th Meridian, Vol. 7. Quimby, George I., Jr. 1941. The Goodall Focus. Indiana Hisi Sooiety, Prehistory Research X Vol. 2, pp. 63-161. Rau, C. 1876. Archaeological Collection of th tional Museum.ZSmithsonian Ca tions to Knowledge, 287. Robinson, Eugene 1942. Shell Fishhooks of the Califoru Bishop Museum Occasional Pape 17;~57-65. Rogers, David Banks 1929. Prehistoric Man of the Santa Bs Coast. Santa Barbara Museum a ural History. Rogers, Malcolm J. 1941. Aboriginal Culture Relations b Southern California and the San Diego Museum Bulletin, 5: Schenck, WJ. E.i 1926. The Emeryville Mound: Final Rep UC-PAAE 23:147-282. Schenck, W. E., and.Dawson, E. J. 1929. Archaeology of the Northern Sm , Valley. UC-PAA 25:289-413. . Spinden, H. J. 1911. An Ancient Sepulcher at Placere Oro, State of Guerrero, Mexico n. s., 13:29-55. Stearns, Robert E. C. 1889. Ethno-conchology--A Study of Pr Money. Report of the USNM for year ending June 30, 1887, pp Tryon, George W., Jr. 1883. Manual of Conchology, Vol..5. Uhle, Max 1907. The Emeryville Shellmound. UC-PAO 7:1-106. Waterman, T. T. 1910. The Religious Practices of the Ml Indians. UC-PAAE 8:271-358. Wedel, Waldo R. 1941. Archeological Investigations at j Vista Lake, Kern County, Calif4 BAE-B 130. Woodward, Arthur 1929. Shell Fish Hooks of the Chumash.. of the Southern California Aca Sciences, 28:41-46. 1930. Shells Used by the Indians in tb of Muwu. Bulletin of the South fornia Academy of Sciences, 29 64 T% i in. ILLUSTRATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SHELL SPECIMENS strated specimens are listed by UCMA numbers and Barr collection numbers (latter indicated by ading from left to right. All illustrations show specimens 70 per cent natural size, unless Be stated. Except for speoimen numbers bearing prefix 11- or 12, all UCMA specimen numbers Ofix l-, which has been omitted from the following list. 45; 16045; 30586; 16045; 34464. 19; 37388. 15067; 35067; 35067. M907. 1670. 52467 (two views, side and m; drawing made double before plate reduction of 16209 (drawing made double before plate reduction of 1707. 35066; 35066. 6481. 6584; 35165; 6393. 34719 over 14347. 6813 over 32082. B5137. 54357. 329; 6480. . 6933. 5327. 6185. 35035a; 6109; 6100; 6629; t 6625; 6933; 6206; 6351. 6324; 6329; 6100; 6100; 6315. 6283; 6315; 6329; 6459. 6283; 6933. 29343. 35069 over 36937. 6351; 34954; 6351. 36901. 6351. 6351. 3164; 34091. L$041; 16041; 16041. ,.16916 over 6622; 46642; 6. 6621 over 19428. 6621 over 26037. 6621. 34952; 34367. 6207; 52256; 6528. 35187; 34791. 34848. 5327 over 34366. 35060 over 34954. 52368. 54970. 524, ?33. 16003; 6559; 6528. J6aII. 16054 and 6542 both over 6207 and 16331. J6aIII. 16331. J6aIV. 36278; 6622; 33991. J6aV. 16057; 16057; 16057. J6aVI. 31264. J6b. 6933. J7aI. 16020; 35187a; 6102; 6324; 6629; 6112. J7bI. 35060. J7bII. 35069; 6459. J7cI. 6459; 6421; 6340; 6340; 6340. J7cII. 6459; 6329; 6329; 6459. J7d. 6459 over 35061. J7e. 34963. J8a. 6630; 6629. J8b. 6312; 6625. J9. 6129; 6441. JlOa. 6324; 6312; 6315; 6630; 6324; 6112. JlOb. 34954. 511. 6630. J12. 6312; 6459. J13. 34983. [laIV. 28741b. [lbIII. 37596. [lc. 16707; 26051. Klf. 36507; 25591. K2aI. 6706; 25587. K2aIII. 50113. K2bI. 25590; 49648. [2bII. 22064; 29148; 25590. E2bIII. B-2291; 25588; 35093. [2cI. 36274. [2d. 50180. K2e. 49352; 49353. [3aI. 46319; 6206. K3bI. 31569. E3bII. 6485. E3bIV. 14594 and 34970 over 46461; 49010. K3o. 31619. K4aI. 55049; 29863. [4c. 29864. [5aI. 57691; B-207; 57692; 56882. [5bII. 37111; 6933; 34775. [5cI. 58212; 55718. [5d. 39264. [6aI. 30707; 25587. [6bIII. 22063; 53754; 50439. [7. 55709. H8a. B-68; 56875. [65] E8bI. 6933. K8bII. 55842. E8bIII. 6329. D9a. 28112; 50405. M9b. 36862;- 35488. K9cII. 25315. KlOb. 49486. Klla. 55842; 57163. EllbI. 56944. E12. 34906; 55674. B13aI. 30619. E13aII. 35069 over 34954 and 34928. K14a. 35581; 35069; 32346. K15bII. 6130; 35093; 6459. K15c. 6261. K16. 6449; 34970; 34847. K17. 34970. K18. 6130; 34953. K19. 34791. E?.0. . 6492. [22. 6206. K23. 6130. K24. 37127. K25. 49566. K26. 49491. [27. 38157. [28. 34970. K29. 55099. [31. 56879. Lla. 36273; 16064; 30764. Llb. 16064; 34440; 35490. Lld. 6933; 46209; 6352; 6352. Lle. 16070; 16072. Llf. 16009; 16069. Llg. 36279; 34920. Llh. 36272; 33945. Lli. 16010. Llj. 37102 with cross section. Llk. 16057. L2a. 34403. L2b. 34441. L2c. 34443. L3. 37660. MlaI. 57126. MlaII. 58224; 58766. MibI. 57215; 56269. MlbII. 58995. MlcII. 38238a; 59010. Mld. 57790. Mle. 38238b. Mlf. 55664. Mlg. 55842; 56701. M2a. B-130; 57605. M2b. 56263. M2cI. 59078b. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS M2dII. B-1807; B-832; B-1951. M2e. B-2024; 58627. M2f. 57596. M3. B-425. NlaI. 57925; 55838; B-444; B-1375; 39116. NlaII. 29869; 39668; 17072; 17081; 49701. NlaIII. 49762; 4972; 50200; 50201; B-1535. NlbI. 28963; 39932; B-1374; B-1006; 17080; 17070; 29962. NlbIII. 49631; 49632; 39762; 4972. NlbIV. 56405. Nlc. B-1530; B-1568; B-1491. Nld. B-1534. NleI. B-2186. N2aI. 55607; 57676; B-1278; 49656; 49764. N2aII. 49765; 49767; 49768. N2bI. 59022; B-1311; B-1488; B-1277. N2bII. 39744; 49763. N2bIII. 55768; 50191. N2o. B-1542; 57795. N2dI. 56264; 57760. N2e. 57677. N3aI. 56280. N3aII. B-1260. N3b. 49478b. N3c. 49257. N4aI. 50394; 49737; 50169. N4aII. 25317.. N4b. 50181. N5. 49463; 50352; 50184. N6aI. 50189; 50188. N6aII. 49288; 49476b; 49872. N6aIII. 50361; 39083; 49477. N6bI. 29637. N6bIII. 39259; 50178. N6cI. 49255; 50558. - OlaI. 6706. OlaII. B-1580; B-1591; 16054. OlaIII. 57503; B-1999; 53190; B-729; B-553; 34366; B-164 56283; 6283; 58845; 50860 tbe- tween rows). 02a. 6976; B-556. 03aII. 50852; B-558; 38192; 34839; B-368; B-396; 28111. 04. B-1585; B-1999. 05a. 50857; 34366. 05b. 34791; 36799. 06. B-37. 07. 6130. 08. 6104. 09. 34366. 010. 6206. 011. 6185. 012. 34366. 013. 59015. Pla. 48694; B-1260; B-165. Plb. 6351. P2. 6109; 6329. P3. 6351. P4. 37035. P5. 6130. P6. 6459. P7. 6438; 6315. QlaI. 37128; B-2188; 39937; 6706. QlaIII. B-1378; B-1276; 4993; B-1923; 35213; B-1309; B-1931. QlaIV. 16014; 18209; B-1461; 6630; 34849; B-64; B-143. QlbIII. 50535; 50409; 25569; 57507; 25569. Q,lbIV. 37028; 56852; 6405; 57679; 6206; 6312; 28112; 50465; 46678. Q,IcII. 57160; B-1015. Qld. 57757; 29734. Q2aIII. B-446; 50162; 25319; 49435 over 57085; 49793 over B-1930. Q3a. 6261. Q3b. 46466. Q4aI. 50116. Q4aII. 2860; 6976; 6206, 39390; 6629. Q4bIII. 6459; 55071. Q5aII. 39926; 48855; B-8; 39926; 48874. Q5bI. 30524; 30524. Q5d. 31581. Q6aIII. 19670; 50402; 22209; 6100; 35069. Q6b. 50258. Q7aIII. B-203; 6505; 6505; 6505; 34366; B-1553; 46532; 34954. Q7bIII. 36799; 39913; B-2095. Q7c. B-648; 17074; 57992; 58845. Q8b. 50413. Q9a. 38514; 38521. Q9b. B-1017. Q10. 49147; 49548. QllaII. 6261; 6130; 6130; 6324; 6100; 6206; 25619. Qllb. B-2042; 34981; 6329. Q.12. 48875; 55748. Q13b. 34981; 34981; 34919. Q,14a. B-1595; B-1346. Q14b. 34954; 6340. Q15aI. 50438. Q15aII. 6351; 6630; 35482. Q.16a. 6104; 6206; 6206. Q16b. 36901; 6625. Q18. 37035. Q19. B-1442. Q20. 32405. Q21. 32404. Q24. 39446. Q25a. B-1449; 39137. Q26. 35133; 6329. Q27. 32406. Q29. 50563. Q30. 50414. Q32. 49303; 49562. Q33. 6206. Q34. 55142. Q35. 6111. Q36. 34839. Q37. 57129. Ri. 6524. R2. 6617. R3a. 6616 over 6524 and? R3b. 6614. Sla. 32399. Slb. 37669 (two views). S2aI. 25571; 55069; 3974 S2aII. B-1609; 38184. S2aIII. 50863; 49482. S2bI. 37668; 29156. S2e. 38163. S2f. 433. S2g. 37712. S3cI. 29419. S3d. 49404; 49405; 49775 S5bII. 25574; 37616. S6aI. 55070. S6aIII. 6943; 6505. S6bI. 32813. S6cI. 30881; 30654. S7aII. 39760; 17081; 494 49460; 49341. S7cI. B-206; 50555;.B-611 views); 17074. S8aIII. 26279; 6206 over S8bI. 30524; 30524; 3048 S8bII. 30355. S8bIV. 12-1734; 6283. S9a. B-1575. SlOaI. 50412; B-824. SlOb. B-441. S12. 56963; 17081. S13. 32830. S14. 29420. S15a. 6340. S16a. 6261. S17. 6206. S18. B-1409. S19. 32814; 35550b. S20. 32355; 32813. S21. 55064; 55065. S22. 55843. S23. 6340o. S24. 57722. S27. 56939. S29. 60131. Tla. 57196; 39218; 46456. Tlb. 6130; 6939. Tic. -46321; 30908. T2a. 14855. T2b. 16008. T3. 8362. T4. 6804. Ul. B-1416. U2aIII. B-1610; 37610; 3F over 49393. U2bII. 6632; 34771; 376E 35096. U4b. 6111; 6629; 34366. 66 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS W00; 50304; 50432. M556; 6185; 6261. j5; 57949; 6351 over 6340. L; 6605; 6505; 57601; 6206; 544; 6933 over 17081. B47. 7504; 6329; 6630. 316. 312; 6109; 6340. 5851; 57794; 58843. 58086; 57581. F-57582. 120; 30339 over 35486; 30731 60136. 59748 and 59273 over 51920. 29534 59277. 47098 three views). 4455 over 6113; 19594 over K1 over 6942; 6524 over 007. .0. 269. 70; 36589; 36276; 36479; 36271;. 36269. 478. 5. and 36275 over 36275. 98 (two views). 16013.8 16012; 53437. 524. 124. 304. 159. M04; 16011. iO03; 35069. W2008- 46535 (both composite Lmensj . 645; 31993 (both composite Liens) . 593. 1706. 5781; 48851; 56685; 55150. p280; 59280; 39916; 6264. 16322; 38145; 39920; 30488; 49818. 49818. 51405; 52298; 55553; 52305; D. 58858 (two views). 52287. 34836. 9761; 37727. X4. 31225; 34854 (two views of both). XDa. 36808; B-652. X5b. 6323 (two views). M3bI. 14325; 6502; 34644; 39945; 25499 (all composite speci- mens). X3c. 39943 (composite specinlen). X4. 6249 (composite specimen; three views). Y. 31144; 31025. Zi. 35062; B-1591. Z2aIII. 49664; 6630; 35069. Z2bII. 29889; B-1596; 6261. Z2c. 57761. Z3aI. 57698; B-730; 55843. Z3bII. 56690; 6933. Z3c. B-1145. Z4a. 30524. Z5. 50251. Z6bIII. 6441; 6933; 6459; 6340; 34954. - Z7aII. 55808; 37035. Z8. 56966. Z9b. 6933. Z10. 56938. Zll. 6111. Z12. 6324; 6340. Z13. 32407. AA2aIV. 50482; 6324. AA2bI. 50390; 16649. AA2bII. B-145; 35069. AA3aI. 59005. AA3aIII. 56336; 28766; 35069. AA3b. 50325, 56335; 50338; 50272. AA4aII. 6130; 51332; 34366; 6264. AA4b. 50323; 6261; 6206; 34954. AA5a. 53745; B-1727; 58842; 6111. AA5b. 6286; 55799; 34847; 59791. AA6a. 6261; 34937. AA7. 6340; 34791. AA8. 6352. AA9. 37053; 34366. AA10. 34970. AAll. 34994. ABlaII. 34366; 6324; B-1610; 6630 and 37111 over 6324. ABlb. 6329; 6625; 34849. AB2a. 6647. AB2b. B-1618. AB3a. 32813. AB3bI. 6405. AB3bII. 37618. AB4aI. 57777; 58813. AB4aII. 6933; 6351; 6283. AB5. 55070; 55070. AB6a. 6340. AB6b. 16646. AB7a. 34919; 6312. AB8b. 6286; 36799; 6352; 6629. AB9. 6352; 6340. ACla. AClb. AC2a. AC2b. AC3. AC4. AC5a. AC5b. AC6. AC7a. AC7b. AC8a. AC8b. ADla. ADlb. 36799. 6329. 4992. 35581; 29609; 36863. 6340; 36863; 35187a. 6625. 6104; 6109; 6933; 6283. 6329. 6352; 6329; 6329. 35581. 6351. 34819. 6352; 6351; 6351. 6206. 6206; 6286; 37028; 6286; 36799. AD2. 35069. AD3. 6329. AE1. 6100. AE2. 6329 (three views). AE3a. 55608; B-1591. AE3b. 28767; 6973; B-2075; 6283. AE3c. 32310. AE4a. B-1423. AE4b. 34697; 35069; 35069. AESa. 6283. AEMb. 37128; 6630; 6312. AE6a. 6505; 56931; 6283. AE6b. 6329; 6329; 35069. AE7a. 36901; 6329. AE7bI. 6286. AE7bII 6286; 6933; 6352; 6312. AE8. 34366; 34839; 6505. AE9a. 6329; 6340. AE10. 6559. AF2a. 6111. AF2b. 6625. AF3. 6630. AF4aI. 5543; 57776; 22556. AF4b. 51487. AF5aI. 6622; 46643. AF5aIII. 29882; 25563; 49617; 37683. AF5bI. 37663. AF5bII. 6241; 35093. AF6. 16647. AF7. 36799. AF8b. 34697; 37098; 6459; 6351; 6324. AF9. 30707. AF10a. 30707. AFlOb. 50203. AF11. 37035; 6286; 35069. AF12. 6130. AF13. 6329. AF14. 6351; 6329. AF15. 37028. AGlaI. 16233; 6324. AGlaII. 55843; B-1922; B-1427. AGlaIII. 6324; 6324. AG2a. 6111; 6112. AG2b. 6329; 6329. AG3a. 6111; 6206. AG3b. 6459. 67 I 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AG4a. 6340; 6340. AH1. 6206. AH?2. 6449; 35069; 6283. AH13. 6459; 6340. AIl. 35069; 32356. A12. 35069; 36799. AJ. B-1331; B-1332; B-1333. AE1. 57599. AK2. 35069. AL. 34697. AM1. 58524. AM2. 58817. AN2. 6128. AN3. 36799 36199; 36799. AN4. 6630 (two views). AN5. 36862; 36799; 37098; 37155. AO1. 16022. A02. 16022. APla. 1041; 16022; 6398. AP2aII. 4537; 32378; 6629; 6241; 6206. AP2c. 49403. AP3. 6241. AP4aI. 6127; 6439; 6438. AP4bIII. 6127; 6136; 6629; 6421; 6438. AP5. 35112. AP6. 6442. AQla. 6630; 6109; 6324; 34905. AQlb. 35035. AT2cII. 16330; 35110. AQ2. 36799; 6206; 6324. AT2cIII. 4545; 33946;1 AQ3.. 6111; 6111; 6111. AT2cIV. 8480; 16330. AQ4. 6111. AT2cV. 16330; 16330; 11 AQ5.. 6111. 1296. ARI. B-1933; 6111; 6111; 6283. AUl. 33953. AR2. 6329. AU2. 36948. AR3a. 6329; 6111; 6111. AU3. 6135; 32273; 1603' AR3b. 6206. AVlc. 37017; 6938. AR4. 6206. AV2a. 6308; 34984; 610: ASlaI. B-1425.; B-1933; B-1422. AV2b. B-470; 58132; 341 ASlaII. 36799. 37037; 37064; 38165. ASlb. B-1424. AV2c. 37141; 6938; 6141, AS2aI 55836; 29770; B-1933 (below).AV2dI. 37037; 6938; 32, AS2aII. 6630; 34791. AV2dII. 6106; 32814; 64 AS2b. 34954; 49137. AV3a. 6103; 34841. AS3. 6632. AM3b. 36847; 35485; 37( AS4a. 51187. 6329. AS4b. 6632. AV4. 34971. AS5. 51192. AWal. 36947. AS6a. 32390. AWlb. 6436; 6436; 6231, AS6b. 25310. AWlc. 6436; 6436. - ATl. 50879; 50882; 49952. AW2a. 37110; 37030; 37( AT-Caroline. 11-224; 11-211; 11-219. 6939. AT2aI. 34416; 33965. AM2b. 6436. AT2aIII. 6667; 6667. AX. 35069. AT2bI. 35301. AYl. 58343. AT2bII. 6751. AY2. 6939. AT2cL. 34076; 36277.; 16330; 34091. AY3. 6340; 6457. Composite specimens of B2, KlaIV, Zl: 6197b; 6198 (specimen numbers entered below the illusti 68 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN S.LTL ARTIFACTS C4 D9 e. F5a~ Gla Glc Glb 11H HZaJ C4 a, El 69 , i . 1. i ! .. . : I - :: . ? III& ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS R4~I Iab H4-D X H4bI HZ( 14j H5aI 0 ? ?*. C * F) 6 bit H5a I H5a 545&ll a 70. H5 aIE GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS r J-5J ) W5 0- I ) I D ~~~~~~~~~~~~ IC ~~~A2~~~l N5E H55Yb Jib; JiE - ~~~~~0)~~~~~~ Jb J3bI 0 (00)0 J3d J3e J4 71 Aft ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS '0 J5 J6ao1 J6a3 J6a1 . J6a]7 J7alT J7cl JIh. J7cIr _6a I J7bI J7d 72 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELT ARTIFACTS J8b JlOb JI11 JlOa~ 5 ~~KIa1V KIbJIE K13 K I &IV- K ibX KZbI Ka&1L 0 0o, r- 00 -A 'a (II , I11 ( 73 I i ANTHROPOLOGICAL RE1(ORDS KZbIf - ~~~~~0 K2e K3bI t ) -3 E3 K53bE' --l V2?8 ( K5a.I /0 / I K3blZ K3c GIFEORD: CALIFORNIAN SEIL ARTIFACTS K4c K5aI 0 K5blI K5d K6aI K7 K6bIlL KabI K8bll 75 0 A6ANRBRPOLOGICAL RECORDS I'.~~~~ 0 M0 0_., / A K9a KH&a K9b KlOb K12 / I K14& a 0 0 0 16 K13aI 0K5 00 K15i 0 0 KIB 0 0 0 K19 KZO Kaa K9C. 4 Ci I. a. K ( 76 I GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS , I I N ,ill I 4 I . I , .0 II I KZ7 LIl LIf Lli 77 II 4 KZ8 K29 Llb Lld~ Lid L Lli ll...- i - . I . ) ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Lik L3 L2a LZb / A MIla2I Ml MICIL i Mid Mle M2aa Madlli 78 CALIFORNIAN SHEDL ARTIFACTS M3 N IeI L LI t(a rlI I''' MINal 79 ANTHRGPOLOGICAL RECORDS NI&aI NlbI If NIbI 80 ? I , GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS Nilc MId 81 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NleI N2c&I N&UI 1 -)) d'Q. N2bI N2aI& N2aI f- MNc 6 I I I " r, I~~~ v~~ I I, .S.7 NZe N3a.I 82 113 b GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SEELL ARTIFACTS 'K M4&T .~~M4 0~~~~~~~~1 M5 0 (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 MbaI[~~~~~~ & 6cL M1 b WN 1.0 Z, I I , II 11 83 M6c-I ANTHROPOLOGICAL R1ECORDS % 1$X~oct 01 ~ 1& 0; 05b 5n C 0Sb 09 . 010 ' OI&I U- 03 0- 7 07 0 Oil 0 84 I 08 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN- HTET ARTIFACTS PIa P5 QJ&I QIJI Plb P P7 P7 P6 QlxI QIMIL I It QIlJ 85 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS pI~ ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ql?-m II II I 1. I ,.. I QlbIV Qld QbQ4c&I Qll t. C QICI ?2a. Qaal 86 Q3b GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS c?j Q4&LI * *: 0 0 *..a. .0. Q5d (I 0.- Q5&I Q baJI 57 Q7&X E~Al.pa Q7Q 87 I t I . I ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Q8b QIll 0 0 .-Q13 b Qllb 0 0 QMi o 0 Q15 &I Ql6a Q16b- Q9a Q1O Q9b 0r 0S K vg? 88 4b GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS QZO Q21 Q24 t- Q26 Q25a Q30 Q32 Q33 8go ANTEROPOLOGICAJ, RECORDS Q350 Q36 Q37 0355Q3b 3 R2 0 a R3&- ilb 31& s a a i 4 3za.x Ir Q34 90 __ _ ISZ&x III/P GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SRTELL ARTIFACTS 0 0 S53cI S2f SZ2g S5bIt 66ab 438bX $eb18 91 92ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1 i0 e.G. /2~~~~2 0~~~~0 31312 16a. $17 iW - 0 zj ~3Z4 - Tl I - [VA~~~Z 3 E1H I, TZe'. 92 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS. U4b U5b UUb UbbCAW ? WU7& v U9b ~~~~~~UIO&. U8b U U15& U15bI 93 U15blE ANTHROPOLGICAL RECORDS VI&IZ eV Vial13 Vie Vaal VItl 94 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS v2cI V2d V5 Wial 95 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS / wIaTZ Wlb wza Wic W2d X3aI X3bI 96 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHEL ARTIFACTS Xlb 1. X2& Xab e X3al X3ai X5a2Ir X3bI X3b3I X5bIE X3c ,- X4 Xsa5 X5b --IILa El Xa& X3b]I X3b] 97 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS X3bl X3bI X3bl X4 X5c. zI 98 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS Kr / f Z bI Z3blt I('0 Z2c. 0 Z3c. ,1 ) 0~~~ Z3aI Z5 0 Z6bIL O 0 z10 Z4a Z7&1t ZI' 7 Z8 0 z ia Z13 99 10 HOPOGIGAL RE3ORDS 0 AA2aa AA0 AA3a..J AA4a.J[ AA5b 0 AA6a 0 AAIO A AA3aI AAM I. AA3b" AA3b 0W '~~~~~~ AA4b AA 7 I loo AAB AA9 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHBLLL ARTIFACTS AB4aI II I- n AB?4&]L AB7& fo?ZP-'A Ab8b AB9 AC2b AC3 AC 5 AC5b K111- ABIaIE AClb 101 0 tk "-? \\, , o 102 AC 7a 0 ~ AC6 0~~~~~~~~~~1 AC8b ADI bI d' ASt ADJ 1S AC7b At3a . Aw.m---.OpoLoGrA-L-- i GIFFORD: CALIFORIA E AE4& AE6& AE6b AE8 AFZ3. AE7bI AIE7blI I AE4b. A.1 Ijo A52%. 0 AE5b 0I 0 'I AF2b AE9& AEio . 103 6 I I . I j , a ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 0 ~~~~~ ~~AF4 & I AF-3 AF5&I AF5 bI AIF5eJX Xii, AF7 AF8b AF AFIZ AF4-b tr AF .I 104' AFII GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN. ARTIFACTS I 0 1.AGlaI[M IA13 I'5 AGZ& AG4a AK I AKZ AN3 0 AIZ AMI AL AN14 ANZ AGIaI 0 AG2b AHI a AH3 105 e 1ANMLRPOLOGICAL RECORDS APla& AP2c 106 GIFFORD: CALIFORN-IAN 8 ARTIFACTS C AP4AI AP6 AQlb~~~~~~P t @ AQIb 4-(t (AQ2 AQIa. Is 9AQ4 AQS ARI AR2 P AR3& (2 K O / Hl.. .0 107 4-bX I 108A1TEPOIDGICAL- RXRZOR AR4 ( A31aI ASQb ASZ&I 4 ' A3se.;J A32b A8 A.. 108 AS-3 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN ARTIFACTS AS4b AS5 , AS6& 109 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ATI AT2 CAROLIMJE lk AA ATa&I AT2 bi ATacl[ ATZ2C ATZC3Z AT2cI ?ci? AT&cI 110 AT 2- &M r- ,-1 I I I I I I I I I GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN S..LL ARTIFACTS /'I } AVIc 1X. AV2a AVZC- AV3a AWIK AV3b AWaa 61976 AY3 AU2 -1 AU3 7:A AvadI AV2b AV2dI[ AWlb AV4 AYI iN' .I I AYZ II I i...; A W] AW2b - - - - - MJ6.&J- W--l 1 illl I 6198 ILLUSTRATED ETHNOLOGICAL SHELL SPECIMENSfi 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. gm (E) . 9t (E).0 9of0 9207 (Sla). 7462 (U). 2826 (AP). lOo (Star). 2045 (Octagon).. 2362 (VlaII, VlaIII). 2788 n . n 2787 n n I 13. 64292 14. 53629 15. 28651 16. 2784 17. 2790 (flaII, V1 n n nf sExoept for the words "star" and "octagon," the parenthetical references are to the aro] classifioation. \~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [112] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SELJ. ARTIFACTS 3 4 ITHN. M 6 ET4M. U 8 IETHm. .STAR 9 ETHN. OCTACGOI4 113 1ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS -71 eI IJ itC -- Iill , a.- r-; _ 14 16 10 I ,-i II PT- - -r - " ?1 _ - - ILP llli{s'- f(Xillt, o'l1, I(((t I 13 :- . 17 114 I I I APPENDIX Additional Californian Bone Artifact Types in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History By PHIL C. ORR INTRODUCTION B writer is indebted to Professors E. W. rd and A. L. Kroeber for the opportunity scribe these bone artifacts in the collec- bf the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural ry as an appendix to Gifford's shell typol- Its value to the potential user is far er as an appendix to Gifford's paper than bld be if published as an Occasional Paper Museum or in an anthropological journal. has been the aim of the writer to avoid Oa in Gifford's classification of bone ar- ts but, due to restrictive phrases charac- ing types, it has seemed advisable in al instances to change Gifford's wording Dilude related new types in the Santa Bar- Museum's collection. tford's classification employs at the max- a fourfold grouping, which he has likened, to ioal order, family, genus, species, the bing the type, unless the classification pa than fourfold. For these groupings he red capital letter, Arabic numeral, small , and Roman numeral. If only one type lies") appeared in an "order" he used only ipital letter; if only two types he used Lpital and Arabic numeral; the other two were used if the number of types and diagnostic characters warranted. B writer has indicated Gifford's "orders" o word "Gifford" following the symbol. changes in the restrictive wording of a ion have been made they are indicated by brds "Gifford-Orr." In cases where Gifford pmbolized the type by the "order" symbol the writer has assumed this to be type 1 gs indicated this; additional types are red 2, 3, etc., without parentheses, thus: One-Piece "Circular" Fishhook, Gifford Xl. Gifford's X. 12. One-piece "circular" fishhook, shank plain, no barb. some cases Gifford's wording has been too iotive to allow the inclusion of related ta, but rather than change the wording of orders," new "orders" have been added. occur among orders WW to AM. AREAS AND SITES L specimens described are from the Santa ma region and within the area formerly occupied by the Chumash-speaking people. Site or locality numbers are those of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History and should not be con- fused with site numbers of the University of California as given by Gifford. Lower-case let- ter, following the number of the site) indi- cates the particular portion of the site or the cemetery from which it was recovered, as re- corded in the Museum's records. Thus 46a and 46d are different cemeteries in site 46. Specimens marked is. (island) or M (mainland) or SB (Santa Barbara reglon) indicate that no definite locality is known. These are mostly specimens whose records were lost in the earth- quake of 1925. Southern Coast (SC).-All sites are in Santa Barbara co. unless otherwise noted. Mainland sites: 1. Rincon cr. at mouth, Santa Barbara- lentura cos. line. 7. Catlin and Higgins ranches, 1/2 mi. SE of Carpinteria. 27. Chapala street, at the beach, Santa Barbara. 28. Burton md., Cabrillo blvd., Santa Barbara. 44. More Ranch, Goleta.' 46. Mescalitan is, CGoleta; cemeteries a, b, c, d, e; i.. 71. Bell Canyon, W of Goleta. 72. Tecolote Canyon, E side. 73. Tecolote Canyon, W side. 74. Tecolote Canyon, N of U. S. highway 101. 78. Dos Pueblos, 15 mi. W of Santa Barbara. (Rogers, p. 206, calls this site "Mikiw," but it is better known by the name Dos Pueblos.) 81. Las Llagas, 17 mi. W of Santa Barbara. 84. El Capitan, cr. at beach. 104. Sunset Valley, nr. Figueroa mt. 111. Ojai, Soules ranch E of Ojai, Ventura co. 121. Ina Campbell, U. S. highway 101. H. Hurricane Deck, definite site not known. Island: 125. 155. 156. 157. 158. sites: Santa Cruz is. Cochies Prietos. Forney's Cove. Christy's, portions of sites a and b. Valdez. Arch Rock, cemeteries a and d. 1Gif ford's Ml, More Ranch, is the same as SBM 46 and is across the slough from 44. [115] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Island sites: Santa Cruz is. (contd.) 159. Willows. Santa Rosa is. R. No definite site known. 160. Ranch House. San Miguel is. 132. Entire is. Correlation of UCMA and SBM Sites Mainland sites (M) UCMA Mainland sites SBM 1. Mescal is., Goleta. i 6. NW bank Rincon cr. mouth. 9. Catlin and Higgins' ranches. 10. SE bank Rincon cr. mouth. L6. Mescalitan Goleta. 1. Rincon cr. is., mouth. 7. Catlin and Higgins' ranches. 1. Rincon cr. mouth. Santa Cruz is. cr. mouth UCMA Santa Cruz is. SBM 3, 16, 39. Forney's Cove. 83. West Ranch. 122.. Willows. 131. Coche Prietos. 155. Forney's Cove. 156. Christy's. 159. Willows. 125. Cochies Prietos. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TYPES For the sake of brevity, preliminary descrip- tions will not be given except when special cir- cumstances make it advisable. See Gifford for description of major groups ("orders"). B. "Pin," "Dagger," Gifford B10. "Pin" of polished unidentified mammal bone, long, slender, straight, oval cross section with slightly expanded proximal end and slightly flattened distal end or point: SC 4 (156a, 1 [figured]; 158e, 3).2 Bll. "Dagger" of swordfish bill, base ab- ruptly truncated, blade constricted and point sharp: SC 1 (156a [figured]). Evidence of asphalt wrapping at junctior of blade and handle. This piece might be considered as of "order" L Gifford, "Spear Head," except that there is no evidence of its being attachable to a shaft. B12. "Pin" of swordfish bill, awl-like point, rectangular cross section: SC 2 (132 [1 figured]) D. Knife, Chisel, End-Scraper, Wedge, Cifford D8. Wedge of ivory, chisel edge, blunt end: SC 1 (is.), figured. Specimen collected many years ago and is in excellent state of preserva- tion. It appears to be similar to walrus ivory and to have been made with a steel file. It seems likely that this was left by Aleut who were imported during the early 1800's sea otter. E. Double-6nded SpatulateuKnife or Scrape E3. Double-ended knife or scraper ofs tibia, 1 end flat, pointed; other, broad, shaped: SC 1 (72), figured. K. Ceremonial Wand, Hair Ornae or Dagger, Gifford-Orr Gifford shows 4 types which he regards monial wands, basing this on the ethnolog by the Luiseffo and Diegueno. The charact feature of this type is the diagonally-cl leg bone, forming a "handle" and a "biade are heavy, short, dagger-like instruments8 are long, slender, delicately made, and have a very broad, almost spoonlike point.i explorers have spoken of the Chumash as daggers in their hair. It seems likely th among other objects, may be what has been". ferred to. It seems advisable to add the terms "HW nament, or Dagger" to Gifford's order K acterize the instruments as being of mamm bone, diagonally cut. K5. Wand of deer tibia like Kl, but wit crystal and with shorter handle. Points v blunt to sharp. K5a. Wand of deer tibia, embossed handl inlay, point rounded: SC 2 (156a [1 figure K5b. Wand of deer tibia, grooved handle rated opening: SC 1 (72), figured. K5c. Wand of deer tibia, expanded head, curved point: SC 1 (160), figured. E5d. Wand of deer tibia, plain, rounde& SC 3 (160 (2 figured, 1 of these has 2'piti carnelian inlaid in the end]). E5e. Wand of deer tibia, plain except ft notched end of handle, sharp curved point: (111, 1 [figured]; 72, 1 [figured]). Speci 111 is Hunting People horizon; the one frc shorter and point not curved, Canalito hor K6. Double opening wand. E6a. Double opening wand, deer tibia, p deaign, inlaid cap: SC 1 (17), figured. (i from Fernald pt.?) K7. "Dagger" of deer metapod. K7a. Awl-like "dagger" of deer metapod, point, handle one-third of length; distal" bone intact: SC 2 (7, 1; 111, 1 [figuredl]), from 111 is Hunting People horizon; that tl Oak Grove, which together with K7b comprisi only known bone tools of this horizon. K7b. Awl-like "dagger" of deer metapod,l sharp, handle two-thirds of length, anteri posterior faces of articulations ground fl1 (28), figured. 2See p. 2 for Locality numbers Natural History, explanation of abbreviations. are Santa Barbara Museum of given above. 3For characterization of horizons, see 0: pp.9, 34; and D. B. Rogers. - 116 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS " "Dagger' of femur. Marrow cavity plugged iajority of cases with asphaltum. K. "Dagger" of femur, short, heavy, taper- oint. Marrow cavity plugged with asphaltum. I. "Dagger," grooved handle, shows evi- 'of wrapping, blade diagonally cut, empos- irrow cavity; remainder further cut, forming t blade: SC 1 (160), figured. III. "Dagger," plain, shell inlay on asphalt SC 3 (71, 2 [1 figured]; 73, 1 [figured]). kows evidence of wrapping on the end, inlay ropped out of all but 1. b. "Dagger" of bear femur, broad, flat spoon- blade. bl. "Dagger" of bear femur, plain: SC 5 I111, 1 [figured]). Specimen from 111 is ag People; those from 44, horizon unknown. are represented by characteristic broad, oints only. II. "Dagger" of bear femur, handle grooved .avily inlaid with Olivella beads and Hali- ectangles: SC 1 (111), figured. * "Hairpin" of unidentified mammal leg bone. f. 'firpin," short handle; SC 5 (125, 1; E [2 figured]). b. Dagger-like, long handle; SC 2 (84, 1 red]; 159, 1 tfigured]). L. "Spearhead," Gifford q L Gifford's L3. . "Spearhead," leaf-shaped, long slender of whale bone: SC 1 (is.), figured, p. 121. Ltions of a tie string still on shaft. a. "Spearhead" of penis bone, oval cross Dn, sharp point; SC 1 (M), figured, p. 121. N. Shoehorn-shaped Object, Gifford slender, flat, rounded point, biconically drilled hole near end. End grooved and connected with the eye so that thread could lie in groove below the surface of the needle: SC 2 (156a, 1 [figured]; 73, 1 [figured]). PlOa. "Needle, " unidentified mammal bone, slen- der, flat, rounded point, plain: SC 1 (72), figured. PlOb. "Needle," unidentified mammal bone, slender flat, rounded point, punctate design: SC 1 (156a5, figured. Q. "Pendant," Gifford Q6a. Gifford's Q6. Q6b. Pendant worked down so original interior surface of bone not visible. Ovoid, incised de- sign: SC 1 (M), figured. Q8a. Gifford's Q8. Q8b. Bullroarer-like pendant, plain: SC 1 (132), figured. Q10. Pendant, triangular, perforation at apex, plain: SC 1 (156a), figured. Q11. Pendant of unidentified bone (porpoise mandible or scapula), broad at perforated end, with rounded projection for perforation, tapering to other end., punctate design: SC 1 (SR region), figured. R. Turtle-Bone Rattle. CGifford Rl. Gifford's R. R2. Turtle rattle, carapace, one hole for sus- pension: SC 1 (46a), figured. R3. Turtle rattle, carapace, many holes drilled from inside: SC 1 (160), figured. Fragments of five turtle carapaces from 111 have no indications of drilling. Heye (pl. LXXI), figures a similar rattle from San Miguel is. R. Gifford's Nl. b. Shoehorn-shaped object of dolphin (?) proximal end flat and abruptly truncated; (73), figured. Inner surface shows many cuts e deep groove as though used as a cutting Shoehorn-shaped object of porpoise jaw, Blender point, thinner than Nl. i..Shoehorn-shaped object, plain: SC 17 , 3 [1 figured]; 156b, 1; 71, 1; 72, 5; 81, rose from 81 are all broken, 2 from 72 are ste; generally found in pairs. . Shoehorn-shaped object, punctate: SC 1 figured. red Dagger, Awl, Needle, Gouge, etc., Gifford . Gifford. . Cannon-bone dagger without shouldered a, 1 perforation in handle, punctate design: (156a), figured. Specimen broken, point qg, design is zigzag filled with red paint. "Dagger" of split tibia, perforated: SC ), figured. i"Needle unidentified mammal bone, slender W. Harpoon or Spearhead, Barbed. Gifford W4. Harpoon or spearhead, sharp short barb, long tapering shaft: SC 1 (i8.), figured. Distin- guiished from other W by greater length and slender- ness, barb more pronounced. A similar harpoon is figured by Putnam (fig. 103). X. One-Piece "Circular" Fishhook, Gifford Xl. Gifford's X. m2. One-piece circular fishhook, shank plain, no barb: SC 18 (156a, 17 El figured); 78, 1). X3. One-piece circular fishhook, shank grooved, point barbed: SC 7 (125 [3 figured]). CC. Perforated, Spool-like Ob.iect Gifford CC5a. Gifford's CC5. CC5b. Spool-like object of fish (shark) vertebra, inlaid: SC 5 (156a [1 figured]). Some of these at least are shark, with natural cellular structure showing, not ground down. CC5c. Spool-like object of shark vertebra, not ground, plain: SC 2 (27 [1 figured]).. - 117 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CC6. Perforated fish vertebra, distinguished from CC5 by being of hourglass shape rather than sDool-like: SC 4 (78 El figured]). CC7. Spool-like mAmmal bone bead: SC 1 (M), figured. CC8. Spool-like "bead" of mammal sternebra: SC 1 (15.8e), figured.. KK. Elk-Antler Tube, Gifford KKl. Gifford's KK. KK2. Antler tube, Haliotis-disk cap on punctate design on antler: SC 1 (155), fil UU. Perforated Mammal Tooth. DD. Thin Perforated Disk and Ring, Cifford DD4. Ring of mammal centrum epiphysis: SC 1 (156a), figured. DD5. Ring or oval of unidentified maimal bone which is imitation of the keyhole limpet (Me thura crenulata shell callus ornaments: SC 9 (156a, 2 (1 figured]; 72, 7). DD6. Perforated disk with flattened sides: SC 1 (132), figured. EE. Bead or Tube, Gifford EE1. Gifford. EElf. Bead or tube of deer metapod, plain: SC 1 (is.), figured. Specimen is cut square at one end and slantwise at the other, suggesting some definite purpose. The specimen being made of metapod, the type is flattish with two holes for part of its length. EE2. Gifford. EE2e. Bead or tube, punctate design: SC 11 (156a, 4 [1 figured]; 158e, 1; is., 6). Heye (pl. LXVIIc) figured 1 from San Miguel is. EE2f. Bead or tube, serrated end: SC 1 (156a), figured. EE2g. Bead or tube, serrated end and punc- tate design: SC I (156a), figured. EE4. Bead or tube, perforated. EE4. Bead or tube, perforated transversely near one end, quartz crystal inserted in oppo- site end. SC 1 (SB), figured. The perforations give the impression that the specimen was used as a pendant, but evidence of wrapping suggests that it may have been secured to a third element, perhaps a wooden pin, in which case the complete artifact may have been a wand or hairpin. FF. Single-holed Whistle, Gifford FFlaI. Gifford's FFla. FFlaII. Cannon-bone whistle. Entire surface worked down, proximal end rounded, distal end tapered and shows evidence of considerable Olivella inlay: SC 2 (72 (1 figured]). FFld. Whistle of puma femur, distal end cut off, head removed: SC 8 (SB, 1; 156a, 1 (fig- ured]; 111, 6). Figured specimen has head re- moved; that from SB has head intact; those from 111 are damaged on proximal end. GG. Flute, Gifford GG1. Gifford's GG. GG2. Flute of bird bone, four stops: SC 1 (is.), figured. Heye (pl. LXVd) figures one with seven holes, from San Miguel is. UU5. Perforated dog canine tooth: SC 21 [1 figured]). Some .of these were found abo wrist of a skeleton and are from the Hmunti People horizon. UU6. Perforated sea lion canine tooth,. away at back: SC 1 (156a), figured. UU7. Perforated whale tooth, root grouM perforation on 2 opposite sides of tooth:j (156a), figured. UU8. Perforated whale tooth, split in X Perforation at apex, punctate design: SC 1j figured. VV. Claw Gifford -VV. Gifford's VV. Perforated eagle c1al VWla. Perforated eagle claw, plain: Gifi vW. VVlb. Perforated eagle claw, inlaid: S$' (125), figured. VVld. Perforated eagle claw, base cut of plain: SC 2 (104 [1 figured]). VV2. Worked eagle claw, not perforated: (104 [1 figured]). Base cut off, or under'i claw ground down. Similar claws are figured Putnam (pl. XI) and Heye (fig. 14, San Mig WW. Grooved Tooth WW1. Whole tooth, sea lion, grooved arou SC 1 (156a), figured. WW2. Half tooth, longitudinally split, at base of enamel: SC 1 (156a), figured. XX. Cup or Container Other Than of Cetacean Vertebra MX1. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum. Xlla. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum, a side bone removed, center hollowed out, plh (158a). XXlb. Cup of mammal vertebra centrum, iu SC 1 (156b), figured. UX2. Cup of fish vertebra, spines grouni XL2a. Cup of fish vertebra, one-half ve: SC 3 (156b, 2 (1 figured); is., 1). One sh' dence of red paint; the other of some blaci liquid (not tar). Putnam (p. 262) reports] oxide of manganese from a grave on Catalim XX2b. Cup. of fish vertebra, of three-qug vertebra: SC 1 (27), figured. XX2c. Cup of fish vertebra, whole, houre shaped double "cup": SC 2 (159, 1; 27, 1 E ured]). X13. Container of whale humerus head, it SC 1 (1). - - . - o--b - -- - ,-. OWW6 118 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBXLL ARTIFACTS YY. Centrum and Ryvural Coalesced , These bones are sometimes inlaid. Where idence of inlay is present, they may have used without it. In such cases, they show idence of working and may have been dis- d as. food refuse. 1. Centrum and hypural coalesced in 1 piece. la. Centrum and hypural coal6sced in 1 , plain: SC 4 (156a, 3 (1 figured); 81, 1). lb. Centrum and hypural coalesced in 1 * inlaid with shell beads: SC 5 (156a, 4 gured]; 156b, 1). ZZ. Perforated Mammal Bone This class includes whole or nearly whole l-which have been perforated. i. Fox metapod, perforated transversely, as pendant or bead: SC 52 (156a, 6 [1 fig- ; M, 45; 81, 1). About 50 unworked fox ods were found in one grave at 156a, which ave been "blanks" for making type, or they ave been cut for EElb. 2. Carnivore phalange, perforated (not ed) transversely notched, SC 1 (78), fig- 3. Cylindrical "pendant" of deer metapod, 1 end removed, posterior side grooved lon- inally to marrow cavity, distal end per- sd, punctate design: SC 1 (156a), figured. AB. "Sword" of Bone "Sword" of swordfish bill, ground down zpanded handle end, blade broken: SC 1 (R)-, pd. Natural shape of swordfish bill would pne to sVppose that the broken part was id, but it may have been a club. A similar is figured by Putnam (fig. 112). AC. Blunt-ended. Perforated Bone These objects perhaps should be included ford's Y, but as one is whale bone this is ible without changing his wording. Swordfish "thatching needle," biconically d hole about 1/5 distance from broad end, flattened, proximal end concave; 4 slightly ridges beside the perforation suggest a SC 1 (156a), figured. Whale bone "atlatl" (?), elliptical per- on, sides expanded: SC 1 (27), figured. end broken, so no positive evidence of latl hooks remains. Hole is similar to in several wooden atlatls from Alaska. AD. Tooth, Asphalt Attachment Boar's tusk pendant with asphalt end per- : SC 1 (46d), figured. This is post- , as pigs were not indigenous. Inlaid human tooth: SC 18 (46a), 1 fig- livella disk beads about roots, various teeth used. One specimen, when in situ, showed indications of what was probably a wooden "handle," and my have been a hairpin or a cere- monial wand. Not to be confused with Gifford's K series, which are of bone. AE. Bone Object Perforated at Both Ends AE1. Thin bar-like object of whale bone, ellip- tical perforations in each end, 3 grooves on curved side in center; sliaht depressions show marking of lashings: SC 1 (132), figured. AE2. Gouge-like object perforated at both ends. SC 1 (is..), figured. AG. Wedge-shaped Object of Bone AG. These are not wedges. I know of no purpose they would serve. AGl. Wedge-shaped object, 1 end chisel-like, the other blunt, inlaid with disk beads: SC 3 (46a), all figured. Each had 2 encircling bands of Olivella disk bead inlay. Figure shows 2 specimens not restored. Each of the three are different; one is inlaid on the chisel end, so it could have served no utilitarian purpose. AHE. Crystal-headed Bone Pin A-H. Possibly these were ceremonial. Gifford, under "Wands" (K), refers to Luiselo and DiegueSo wooden wands with quartz crystals. AH specimens are long bone pins of mammal and fish bone, pointed at one end, other end inserted in as- phalt mounting. With asphalt and crystal missing, they might be classed as bipointed objects (T) or ns B10. Ad. Crystal-headed pin of mammal or fish bone, asphalt mounting. AHl. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone. AHla. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone in- cised; asphalt mounting, plain: SC 1 (156al, figured. AHlb. Crystal-headed pin of mammal bone, plain; asphalt mounting, inlaid with abalone and Olivella shell: SC 2 (156a). AH2. Crystal-headed pin of fish bone; asphalt mounting, inlaid: SC 1 (160), figured. Al. Bone Burial Slab Al. These are comparatively rare, mostly of whale scapulae and usually placed over burials. AIl. Rectangular slab, plain: SC 3 (125, 1; 156a, 2). Harrington (1928, p. 134) lists 4 from Burton Mound (site 28) and figures 2 (pl. 22). AI2. Whole scapula, spine ground off, inlaid: SC 3 (46a, 1; 78, 1; 28, 1). A plain scapula from 28 is figured by Harrington (1928, pl. 22), and a very elaborate slab which lay under the burial is figured by Orr (1943, frontispiece and pl. 2). This is inlaid with abalone, limpets, and Olivella disk beads. Specimen from 28 is fragmentary with long crisscross grooves. .- . --- .1 4 - - - - - 11 -- ---- 119 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AJ. Bipointed, Gig-shaped Bone Object AJ. At least 1 side flat, points tending to be rounded. AJI. Bipointed, gig-shaped bone object, both sides flat: SC 2 (132, 1; 121, 1), both figured. AJ2. Bipointed, gig-shaped object, 1 side flat: SC 1 (132), figured. AK. Antler Gouge AK. Characterized by blunt, rounded points, similar to bone gouges (C). Distinguished from Gifford's HH, which have wedge or chisel points. AK1. Curved prong, base beveled, hollowed: SC 1 (H), figured. AK2. Double tine, base cut off; base be not hollowed: SC 1 (27), figured. AL. Side-bladed Scraper of Scapula AL. Side-bladed scraper of artiodactyl ula, spine and edges ground off, leaving E cavity intact: SC 1 (H), figured. Similar Gifford's order H, but lacks serrations. AM. Forked Bone Implement ANI. Suggests a wand (K) in being diagona cut away, but posterior side of bone is spi making 2 awl-like points, forklike. AM. Split-pointed instrument of bear few SC 1 (156a), figured. ILLUSTRATED BONE ARTIFACT TYPES Specimens listed by Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History numbers. ing line indicates the locality. Designation to left of 156a/2822. 156a 1442. 132 2951. Is 2956. 72/1401. 156a/1444. 72/1404. 160/2938. 160/2937; 160/2939. 411/2 789; 72/2946. 17/2947. 111/2792. 28/2300. 160/2936. 73/2944; 71/2943. 111/2796. 111/2776. 160/2940; 160/2940. 159/2945; 84/1203. Is/2948. Is/2949. 73/2960. 156a/1497. 72/1404. 156a/2857. 73/2964. 156a/1657; 72/2965. 72/1369. 156a/1519. M/2957. 132/2955. QU10. Qll. R2. R3. W4. X2. X3. CC5b. CC5c. CC6. CC7. CC8. DD4. DD5. DD6. EElf. EE2e. EE2f. EE2g. EE4. FFlaII. FFld. GG2. KK2; WU5. UW6. UJ7. UU8. VVlb. VVlc. 156a/2830. SB/2961. 46a/2705. 160/2934. Is/2952. 156a/1523. 125/2928; 125/2929; 125/2930. 156a/1604. 27/1881. 78/2320. M/2968. 158e/2935. 156a/2817. 156a/2926. 132/2954. Is/2970. 156a/1578. 156a/1627. 156a/1628. SB/3163. 72/1427. 156a/2932. Is/2950. 155/2971. 111/2788. 156a/1451. 156a/1650. 156a/2829. 125/2931. 104/2972. VV2. 104/2973. WW1. 156a/1668. WW2. 156a/2830. XIlb. 156b/2892. XX2a. 156b/2910. XX2b. 27/2965. XX2c. 27/1866. YYla. 156a/1491. YY1b. 156a/1455. ZZ1. 156a/1514. ZZ2. 78/2320. ZZ3. 156a/2829. AB1. R/2371. AC1. 156a/1522. 2/3 natura before 30% reduction. AC2. 27/2958. 3/4 natural before 30% reduction, AD1. 46d/2681. AD2. 46a/2711. AE1. 132/2953. 2/3 natura before 30% reduction AE2. Is/2959. AG1. 46a/2714. AHla. 156a/2941. AH2. 159/2942. AJ1. Is/2962; 121/2698. AJ2. 132/2963. AK1. H/2966. AK2. 27/1232. AL. lI/16 4. AM. 156a/2927. B10. Bll. B12. D8. E3. E5a. K5b. Dc. K5d. K5e. H6a. K7a. K7b. 8aI. K8aII. 8bI. K8bII. K9a. K9b. L3b. L3c. Nlb. N6a. N6b. P2o. P8. P9. PlOa. PlOb. Q6b. Q8b. 120 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS (II . t11, II 1,I BIZ L3B D8 I i I -. I /1, . I . I 1; ?11 I 1. I' I I I I I II l11 lI I' I ' III I I~* E- 3 L3c 1I IO i I I I 1? 1 6 t ? I 121 I ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS K5K5cpi K5d K5MGtK W==~~Ke I- .. 1.=. _ _ !!I I 1 I i i i 122 'II I GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN, SHELL ARTIFACTS *v' ;'**~K 8 hi'~ ~ ~ ~ ~~K7 ~~I3I~ 7 K 6iii K 8 .I 123 ANTEROPOLOGICAL. RECORDS I uI, '4 111 I i i. Ij ; 1 I i I J I ~f K9& K9b K83II K8bI- I i 124 I I I L r I - I QIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHELL ARTIFACTS 125 ;",'[1 I ?j 1k' \ ** 1 ? i? / *1?' 1* 1' ? f ? ?: .1 ? Jill I? * a * 1 i.* 2 a I g I I f II I' N?. N6)? ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS p tdb I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 2, c I ~~~~~~ ' I~~p o ) <9 po P8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I Ill 'I~~~~~~a ) Q6b~II I~~ I ~ ~ ~ I1 126 _.11%4-- GIFORD: CALIFORNIAN SHElL ARTIFACTS RZ xz jj5 CC5b , I !f 9 , ,~~~~~~~~~ \~~~~~~~~~~~~ X3 CC7 CC5c 127 I CC6 CC8 ANThROPOLOGICAL RECORDS D DD5 DDf DD6 EEZe ' EEi FFI&IL FFTd EE1f EE Zf 128 (G2G KK 2 GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN SBELL ARTIFACTS UU7 I i 4 ~ l I 1 UU8 WI' 'III' XXZ& XXZb XXZc 2'1I zz1 I) 01 I t j ZZI 9z YYIb Z UU6 129 ZZ 3 RECORDS ABI ACZ I A I o .7 130 I I 1- .?, s i 17 I .I ~.t '.1 .~ i: -A ,I I 11 I gX GIFFORD: CALIFORNIAN S,FII ARTIFACTS AG1 AHZ ?11 AHZ S ADi ADZ AEI AH1I 131 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS AKZ AJI L?zL ATZ AK1 132