ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 8:4 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXIV CENTRAL SIERRA BY B. W. AGINSKY UTNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1943 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXIV CENTRAL SIERRA BY B. W AGINSKY ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 8, No. 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LowiE, R. L. OLSON Volume 8, No. 4, PP. 393-468, I map Submitted by the Editors May I7, 1941 Issued April 9, 1943 Price, 75 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page ,roduction .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Informants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 ture element distributions list .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Symbols used in the element list .... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Subsistence, elements 1-286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Hunting, 1-121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Fishing, 122-184a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Gathering, preparation, storage, 185-260a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 400 Pets, 267-278i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Various, 279-286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Mouses, 287a-364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 avigation and swimming, 385-399 .... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 ols, utensils, technological processes, 400-505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 F apons, 507-601 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 dy and dress, 602-794d ..... . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 rying, 795-813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 ketry, 814-890k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 aing and netting, 891-915 ..418 rdles, 916-935a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 ordage, 936-948b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 ttery, 949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 es, 966-1174i..419 le, 9 6 1 7 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ney and beads, 1175-1189a ..... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 pes; tobacco, 1190-1213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 sical instruments, 1214-1266g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 chaeological residuum, 1267-1267h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 endar, 1268-1271i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 ounting, 1272-1287 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 tronomy and cosmology, 1353-1398 ..... . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 427 iage, 1399-1467 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 rdaches, 1483-1486c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 'ship avoidances, 1487-1529 ..... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 ieties and lineages, 1530-1554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 430 iefs and officials, 1555-1692s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 d ownership, 1693-1703 ..... . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 1706-1731 ...... . .. . . . .. . . . ........ . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 434 rth, 1732-1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 nS' puberty, 1833-1872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 struation, 1873-1887c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 ious, 1887d-e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 tura, 1889-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 439 trdeal, 1946-1954 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 th, 1955-2033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 uning ceremony, 2034-2126 ..... . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 anism, 2127-2294c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 ious religious concepts, 2295-2324 .... . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . 447 ts denied by all informants ..... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . 449 aphic notes on the element list ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 451 sion ...................... . 467 MAP ern residence of Miwok groups surveyed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv MAIDU WASHO 0 1 ADO 1t4 --t.A Map 1. Modern residence of Miwok groups surveyed. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXIV CENTRAL SIERRA BY B. W. AGINSKY INTRODUCTION he data for this study in the Culture Element ;ributions Survey were secured and arranged in six months from January to June of 1936. In- edness is acknowledged to A. L. Kroeber for opportunity to participate, and for his coun- end guidance. E. W. Gifford and H. E. Driver iof tremendous assistance in explaining, hung, and advising me as to techniques, pit- ;, and devices, without which aid the work d have been far more difficult.* study was intended to cover the Miwok. r had previously surveyed the Yokuts and and a number of Shoshonean groups beyond 1 all situated to the south of the Miwok. r, he had not reached the most northerly sand Mono settlements, immediately adjacent Miwok. I therefore secured lists from f these groups, two Yokuqts and two Mono, ition to eight lists from as many Miwok .2 A ninth Miwok list (M7) was begun, but be abandoned3 on account of illness of the vailable informant at that locality. My -Mono extension presents the technical ad- e that the line of demarcation between the work of Driver and myself does not coincide he linguistic line of demarcation between on the one hand and Yokuts and Mono on the engagement was for six months. The first ks were utilized in surveying the litera- n the southern Sierra and San Joaquin Val- ibes and reworking Driver's list to make e specifically applicable to the Yokuts. in the field two months. The remaining s used to prepare the data for publication. rage of five days was spent with each 'perhaps five when an interpreter was neces- four without. Little time was lost between The groups live so close together that sistance in the preparation of these ma- s was furnished by the personnel of Work ts Administration Official Project No. 8-62, Unit A15. E. Driver, Culture Element Distributions: uthern Sierra Nevada, this series, 1:53- 1937. o Southern, two Central, three Northern, e Plains Miwok, according to the usual Fification. covers only traits 1-27, 34-39, 45, 49- 1d 814-987, plus a few entries in the punder nos. lOlla-1013 and 1088a-e. an hour or two suffices to reach one from the other by car. I came provided with names of in- formants from the University, and usually could drive over of an eVening and make arrangements for working with an informant of the next group before I had completed work with the preceding. Driver's Southern Sierra list of traits was used as a basis, and for more ready comparability his trait numbers were retained. Where I added items, they are designated by added letters. Items of his which I dropped from my list, or on which I secured no data, are represented by gaps in my numbering. Thus, Driver's traits 1-2307 correspond to my 1-2324. The captions under num- bers 1, 3-13 are identical; la, 5a-d, 8a, lla-d, 12a, 13a-c occur only in my list; 2, 7 only in his. Thus identical and divergent elements in the two lists can be distinguished at a glance, on comparison. As regards the local groups of Indians and their designations, I at first headed columns with simple one-letter abbreviations of the cur- rent American name of the place near which the grcup now lives. Thus, F for Friant. These are Yokuts living on the San Joaquin River. As Fri- ant is not readily identifiable ethnologically, the abbreviation Yo-SJ was later substituted. This is retained at the head of the column on the first page only of the element list (p. 395). Subsequently, more compact abbreviations were found desirable for wide-range interlist compari- sons; Yj was substituted for Yo-SJ, in conformity with the map and tabulation in Kroeber's CED:XI-- Tribes Surveyed.4 I add a table (top of following page) of all localities, group name abbreviations, and ethnic affiliations. After some trial, I concluded that symbols like i) and -? were too indefinite, and restricted my entries to + and - when the informant's answer was definite, and * when his answer was uncertain, hesitant, variable, or seemed unreliable. In short, my symbol "n" includes the *, (), (4, +?, -?, and ? symbols of other field collectors. A blank space indicates that the trait was not inquired about; an "o," that the trait cannot occur in the local culture because an involved material, animal, or condition is absent from the environment. 4This series, 1:435-440, 1939. [393] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Modern residence Original Later Final Ethnic classification of group symbol designation designation Friant ....... F Yo-SJ Yj Yokuts, of Valley speech division, tribal name secured, living on San Joaquin River Auberry ...... A Mo-Au Ma Mono, Gashowu of Auberry a North Fork ... N Mo-NF Mn Mono, of North Fork of San Joaquin River Coarsegold ... C Yo-Ch Ys Yokuts, of Northern Hill speech division, Chukchansi tribe of Coarsegold Ahwahnee ..... A SM-A Ml Miwok, Southern Tuoluimne ..... T CM-T M2 Miwok, Central Groveland .... G SM-G M3 Miwok, Southern Murphy ....... M CM-M M4 Miwok, Central; a borderline group Westpoint .... W NM-W M5 Miwok, Northern Lockeford L PM-L M6 Miwok, Plains (Buena Vista). (B) (NM-B) (M7) (Miwok Northern) Indian Diggins I NM-I M8 Miwok Northern Pine Grove ... P NM-P M9 Miwok, Northern aIn the Handbook of the Indians of California, p. 481, map pl. 47, the Gashowu are given Yokuts, and Auberry as in their territory. INFORMANTS Yj. John Ned Jones, age 74. Ma. Topsy Strombeck, age over 50; her son Jimmie Lee interpreting. Lucy and Dick Sherman, both about 90, living 10 miles from the Indian settlement at Auberry, were also used. White Jeff Marvin was available as interpreter. Mn. Hausen Lavell, 65, and his wife. Ys. Matilda Neal, over 80, and Mandy Lewis, age unknown; Henry Jones, interpreter. Ml. Jack Roan, over 80. M2. Julia Read, 85 or over; Lorena Thompson, interpreter. M3. Bill Tadd, over 80. Half breed. M4. Charley Miranda, about 85. M5. Susie Jeff, "over 105," with Laur as interpreter; also Tom Carsoner, 62, wi interpreter. M6. Mary Martinez, over 90, and Charli Maximo; Elinor McCaully, interpreter. (M7. Frank Powell.) M8. Pedro O'Connor, 75. His wife, th informant, interpreted. M9. Lily O'Connor, 45. 394 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS USED IN TBE ELEMENT LIST Trait present in the culture. Trait absent from the culture. -Informant did not remember, was uncertain, said no and then yes, answered only after prompting, said yes but perhaps did not understand, or gave any other answer than a clear yes or no as to presence. 0 pl N, S, E, W a * Absent because of environment. Plural. North, south, east, west. All (under Marriage). See "Ethnographic Notes on the Element List," p. 451. OCCURRENCE co ~ - :e E-4 0 m P ELEMENTS I z I I I CO C-M CO M 2 3 __________________________ Yj Ma Mn Ys 141 142 143 M4 145 146 M? 148 149 SUBSISTENOE Hunting Driving and Trailing [nto enclosure ,urround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ver cliff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lnto water . th fire. 5a.In fall of year . . . . . . . . . . . 5b.Toward center of circle . . . . . . . 5c.Hunters stationed in clearing .. *5d.Taboo against drinking water . . concealed hunters . . . . . . . . . . . er along trail or canyon iling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bnning down 10. Individually . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. In groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11a.In relays . . . 11b.Doctor (religious) accompanies hunter llc.Receives share of kill . . . . lld.Hunters had own medicine 12. With dog 12a.Dogs highly prized . . . . . . . . . ke signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ge game cleaned where killed. trails saved omach cleaned and filled with blood, etc. Traps, Nets, and Snares ring-pole snare . 15. For deer and large game . I I 16. For small game . 1'a.Cracked acorns buried in mud under water. l7b.Net on poles set to fall over place + + -I- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + .+ + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ * * + + _ * * + + _ + _ + A.NTTROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 17c.Song sung to bring birds (quail, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17d.Signal by man. 17e.Another man in near-by pit 17f.Releases net when birds under water 18. Fences with nooses in gaps 19. For deer 20. For rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. For quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21a.Bird nests robbed when birds about to fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21b.Woodpecker nests stopped up. 21c.Flesh eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21d.Crests sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Running noose on trail for deer. 22a.Nets set to drop over springs . . . . . . . *22b.Nets set low near water where birds drink 23. Nets, long 24. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. For rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. For quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26a.Quail hunter professional . . . . . . . . . 26b.Quail fences less than 2 ft. high . . . . . 26ba.2-3 ft. high. 26c.Diagonally up slope . . . . . . . . . 26ca.Straight across ridge . . . . . . . 26d.Snare of women's hair hung in open- i n O - - - - - - 26e.Women sold hair to owner of fences. . 26ea.Own wife only . . . . . . . . 26f. Group affair, sharing proceeds 26fa. Owned by one man . . . . . . 26g.Snares emptied morning and afternoon.. 26ga.Emptied at night. 26h. Beat up to snares and empty. 26i.Meat dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26j.Traded for other things . . . . . . . 27. Lone nets for ducks or geese . . . . . . . 28. Pocket nets for small game . . . . . . . . 29. Woodpecker net trap . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Basket traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. For quail, long . . . . . . . . . . . 34. Deadfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 35. Stone ................ 36. For big game . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. For small game . . . . . . . . . . . 38. Meat bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. Acorn bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. Depth in feet, approximate . . . . . 42. With crossbars (covered over) . . . . 43. Stake at bottom for impalement . . . 44. Noose at bottom . . . . . . . . . . . 45. Booths and blinds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45a.Several used . . . . . . . . . . . . 45b.Pine or fir branches . . . . . . . . 45ba.Rock walls . . . . . . . . . . 45c.Same one used every few days (45 to 45b) . . 46. Bird snaring, noose on stick . . Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + - + - + - + - + - * * + - + - + + + +O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - * + + + - * + + + + + + + * _ + + - + + - - + _+ _+ + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + -I- + * + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + 396 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 47. Game shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . Decoys and Disguises eer (antelope) head, sometimes including imost of the hide . . . . . . . . . . 49a.Horns only . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49b.Made of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . rass, tule, or brush worn . . . . . . . . 51. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. For rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . tuffed bird skin, floating . . . . . . . . ave birds ................ ditory, leaf or grass, for deer . . . . . istle, mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56a.Instrument (wood or bone) . . . . . . cal; shout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various re at night for birds . . . . . . . . . . rp stick for rodents . . . . . . ngle-bone-barbed rodent hook . . . . . . dents smoked out . . . . . . . . . . . . bla.Stamp on ground. 62. Feather fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62a.Hide fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. Basket fan . . . dents drowned out, with digging. t nests burned . . . . . . . . . . . . . t nests prodded with stick . . . . . . . sshoppers caught in trench . . . . . . . 67a. Ground burned over . . . . . . . . . terpillars caught in trench . . . . . . . a.Spoken to, picked off tree Animal Foods Not Used ided; -, eaten; o, reported not in area) Iote . . . . . . . . . . . . . ck bear (Ursus americanus) . . . . . . . zzly bear (Ursus horribilis) . . . . . . cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ke~ ~ ~~ . . . . .0 ......... e. zard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thormed owl . . . . . runner... . . . lesnake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oisonous land snakes . . . . . . . . . r snakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ards" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oise . . . . . . . . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 MB M9 + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - *+ + + + - 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + + + + + + + - + - + + - - + + + - - + - + + + * ** + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + - + + - + - - + + + 0 + 0 + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 + + + * + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 + + + + + + + 397 398 ANT1ROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml1 M2 M3 M4 |M5 M6 91. Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + 94. Angleworms .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. . . . . . . . + + Animals Feared 96a.Eagle. . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + +0 96c.Buzzard (turkey vulture) . . . . . . . . . . . + Hunting Observances 98. Deer heart taboo to women only . . . . . . . . + 99. Fetuses taboo generally . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 100. Fetuses taboo to young only . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + 102. First kill taboo to youth . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + - + 103. To parents also . . . . . . . . . . . . + 104. Hunter may eat breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 105. Eats game on day killed . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + 106. Sexual intercourse taboo before fishing . . . + . _ _ - + + + 106a.Before hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 107. Bath before hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 107a.Body rubbed with medicine . . . . . . . . . .* + + 108. Food or water allowed during hunt . . . . . . + . + + + - _ - 108a.A little acorn soup . . . . . . . . . . + + 109. Root incense before hunting . . . . . . . . . + + - _ - + + + 110. Deer believed immortal . . .. . . . . . . . . + 111. Group "ceremony" night before hunt . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + *112. In sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + - + *12a.In round house . . . . . . . . . . . . + 113. Group ceremony after hunt . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 117. Hunter gets no special part . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 117a.Meat divided among all . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 118. Hunter must offer meat to every visitor . . . + + + + + + + + + 119. Visitor must accept . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 121. Offerings made on ground for luck . . . . . . + Fishing 122. Temporary fishing camps . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 122a.Nets . + + + + + -+ + + 122.Nes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + + + - + + + 122b.2 or 3 villages join for fishing . . . . . . . + + + + + + * + + 122c.Net hung from 2 poles . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *i22d. V-formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 122e.At end of large shallow pool . . . . . . . . . + + + 122f.Fish driven into nets . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 123. Seine, dragged or circled . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + 123a. Nets dragged around smaller pools . . . + + + + 123b.Nets placed under falls . . . . . . . . + + + 123c.One end higher . . . . . . . . . . . . + 123d.Unsuccessful salmon fall back from jump + + - - o - _ _ _ 123e.Slide ashore . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 123f.First-salmon rite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 123g.Salmon divided and eaten by everyone. . + - + - _ + + 123h.Everyone fishes after that . . . . . . + + + + 123i.Dance or ceremonial . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 123j.Offerings in fire . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + 123k.First-acorn rite (cf. 284-286) . . . . . . . . + + + 123kk.First acorns dislodged with hooked pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 399 Yj Ma Ma Ys] M1 M2 M3 M4 1M5 M6 M8 M9 123m. Everyone eats mush . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - - + + + - + + 123n.Everyone gathers after that . . . . . . + - + - - - + + + - + + 123o.Dance or ceremonials . . . . . . . . . + - + - - _ + + + - + + 123p.Offerings in fire . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - - + + + - + + 123pa.Thrown on and over house + + + - + Large game property of whole camp . . . . . . - + + + + + - + + - + + 123r.Small game property of killer .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 123s.Fishing bar in stream owned by chief. .? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + + + 124. Sacklike nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + 125. Flat nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ - + + + + 126. "Gill" net, set . . . . . . . . . . . . + 126a.Floats above spring pole at bottom . + 127. Dip net on circular pole . . . . . . . + - + + + . _ - + + + 128. Small bag net, dived with . . . . . . . + + + 128a.A fish caught with hand (diving). . . . + + + + + + All-willow, grapevine, etc., "seine," dragged. + - + .? ? ? ? + + + 4Special net for salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + o o o + + + - _ a.Lamprey-eel fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 129ab.With net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . * + 129b.Brush basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 129c.Willow basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 129d.Length, in feet . . . . . . . . 6 * * + 129e.Balloon shape . . . . . . . . . - + + + 129f.Size of mouth, in feet.. ..... 3 * 1 1 129g.Tied under falls . . . . . . . . _ + + + 129h.With wild-grape vines .?+ + + 129j. Untied and several men haul it rapidly ashore . . . . . . . .+ + + + purtenances: 131. Stone sinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + 132. Perforated . . . . . . . . . . . + + +. . 133. Grooyed . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + . . + + 134. Bone sinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +. 135. Net floats .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - - - + - - - eir. .+ + + - - + - + + + + + Bsketry fishtraps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + + + + + + + 138. Long type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + + + + + - _ 139. Conical, open at apex . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + - _ - + + + 140. Double cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + tone pens or dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + + tick pens .+ + + + - + - + + 143. Maze entrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ + - . _ _ Eshing scaffold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + | * + + lk in river and spear . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + vered booth for gigging . . . . . . . . . . + +. . sh driven and stranded. . . . . . + + + + * - + - + + + + rpoon (detachable point) .+ + + + + + + + - _ 148. Double pointed (2 toggles). . . . . . . + + + + + . . _ _ 149. Foreshafts lashed on . . + + + + + + + + + + 150. Toggle of bone . . . . . + - + + _ + + + - _ 151. Pitch used in toggle . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ + + + + - _ sh spear (fixed point) . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + . + + + + ,153. Double pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + . . 154. Simple pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + 155. Bone point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + sh spear, 1 of 2 points detachable .+ + + earing (harpooning) from balsa . . . . . . . + - + + + + ite stones on bottom . . . . . . . . .. . . . + + + ing .+ + + 160. Acute-angled hook . - - - - - - - - - - + + + 400 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 161. With 1 barb . . . . . . . . . . + + + 162. 2 barbs . . . . . . . . . . . . + 163. Cactus-spine barb . . . . . . . + 164. Bone barb . . . . . . . . . . . + - 165. Bipointed straight bone . . . . . . . . + + 166. "Fly" of deer hair . . . . . . . . . . + + + 167. Hair string for trout . . . . . . . . . + - + 169. Winnowing-type basket for scooping fish . . . + - + + + + + + + + 170. Catching with bare hands . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 171. Shooting with bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + 172. Driving into natural "pen" . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + 173. Nets on bars or falls . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? + + `174. Fire for night fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 175. Fish poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 175a.Pepperwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + _ 176. Turkey mullein (dove weeds) . . . . . . + + + + 177. Soaproot (cf. 218). . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 178. Buckeyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - _ _ _ 179. Killing of fish .-... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + + 179a.Hit fish against ground . . . . . . . . + + - - + 180. Club, shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + - 181. Biting neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - + + 182. Breaking neck . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - _ _ 183. Natural rock or stick only .-. . .. . + + _ + - + _ + 184. Stick through gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + 184a.Rope or withe through gills . . . . . . . . . + + + + + Gathering, Preparation, Storage 185. Crook for acorns or pine nuts . . . . . . . . + + + - _ * - + + * 186. Straight pole for same . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 187. Fork-top pole for same . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ - + _ 188. Single pole with crosspiece . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ 188a.Sharp angle, to climb with also . . . . . . . + + + + + . - 189. Sapling for tree climbing . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ - + + + - 190. Mainly men climb . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - 190a.Gathering under direction of head man + + + - _ _ - + + _ 190b.Surplus acorns given to needy (own village). + + + _ _ _ + + + + 190c.Another village, traded . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 190d.Mush made in large quantities and stored . . . - + + + 190e.Diluted to make gruel or soup .+ + + + + + + + + + 190f. "Grass" seeds pulverized . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 190g.Used for soup by itself . . . . . . . . + + + * + _ _ _ _ + 190h.Used for mush by itself.+ - + _ + _ _ _ - + 190i.Used for bread by itself . . . . . . . + + + l90ia.Eaten dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 190j.Pine nuts important . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * 190k.Hazelnuts important . + + + + + + + + + - *191. Acorns leached in sand-basin. + + + + + + + + + + *L91a.On hard ground .+ + + + + + + . 192. Lined with grass, etc. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 193. Water heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ 194. Acorn "coffee" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + +? _ 195. Acorn bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 196. Baked on stone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * 196a. Among hot rocks after covering with leaves . . . . . . + + + + - + - _ - _ 197. In earth oven or ashes . . . . . + - + + + 199. Mush chilled in water . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + - 199a.Mush eaten cold with fingers . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 212a.Boiled in hot water. 212aa. Buried until sproutead 212b. Leached in fresh water ..... t212c.Eaten like potatoes ....... 212d.Also made into flour ...... 212e. Leached with boiling water 212f. Used as a drink . actus fruit eaten ........... 'Sunflower" seeds eaten ........ igging stick for roots ........ anzanita cider 4shroom and tree fungi ........ 216c.Stored fo winter. 216d.Eaten dry, flavoring acorn soup *216e.Preserved grasses also for baproot. 218. Fish poisoning (cf. 177?). 219. Washing ............. 220. Medicine (emetic or purgative). 220a.On outside of body ....... 221. Root eaten '1222. Green shoots eaten 223. Adhesive for coating baskets neral salt .......... rass" burned for salt (cf. 245d) t1a mammals roasted whole L228. Pounded before cooking ..... ied mammal meat (jerky) ....... 230. Pulverized or pounded ...... ied fish .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. r232. Pulverized .. sh stored in baskets with pieces of fat 232aa. With salt ........... at stored in baskets with pieces of fat 232ba.With salt ........... 232c.Kept in house for winter . 232d. Buried under acorns ....... t] * . * * : * his. * v * @ * @ * @ * @ * * * * * * * - * * * * - * * * * * @ * * - * s * * s * * * * * * * * - * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * @ * @ ohl cooked, boned, squeezed into balls ound bone cooked (boiled) ....... rrow extraction ............ imal and fish bones pulverized and eaten rth oven ................ 237. Vegetable food .......... 238. Animal food . .......... 239. Leaves or grass to cover food . . . 240. Water sprinkled into ....... one boiling in baskets ......... 24la. Only steatite used . . . . one boiling in pots .......... ling, pots directly on fire ...... od cooked in paunch .......... food believed unhealthy ....... $ching with coals in basket iling over coals or in hot ashes king of food .............. |45a.With salt. 245b.Taken in at night (cf. 246) .... t spring or marsh owned (cf. 225-226) ided for salt ............. Yi Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + _ + - + + + - + + + + - + * + - + _ - + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - + + - + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T * + + + + + _ ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + * + + ? + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * ? + + + + + * + * + + +I + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + o + o + * + + + + T + + + + * + + + t: + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + - - + _ - + _ - + * + + + - + * * + - + + + + + + + * + - + + +I + + + - + + + * + - _ + + + - + + + + + - + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + * - + * - + + - _ _ - + + + + + + + + + 401 hit-kpvp nii+.q Pn+p--n ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IYi Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 245f.Solidified salt in blocks . . . . . . . . 245g.In baskets 246. Food drying in sun (cf. 245b). 247. Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248. On frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249. On string or pole . . . . . . . . . 250. On shrubs or rocks only. 251. Granaries (outdoors) . . . . . . . . . . . 252. On platform . . . . . . . . . . . . 253. On ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254. On bedrock or stone foundation . . 255. Vertical posts . . . . . . . . . . 255a.Set in ground . . . . . . . . . . . 255b.Requires ladder to reach 255c.Hole in side near bottom to remove acorns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255d.Pine nuts and hazelnuts in sacklike containers 255e.Nuts ground and stored in 256. Granary roughly coiled 256a. Cedar-bark slabs . . . . 257. Thatched . . . . . . . . 257a.Pine needles, grass . . . 258. Roofed . . . . . . . . . 258a.Against tree . . . . . . 259. Semisubterranean storage bin . . 260. Pit storage . . . . . . . . . . 260a.Woven granaries . . . . . . . . * . . . . . basket . . * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* * . . . .* Pets 267. Dogs kept . . . . . . . . . . . . 267a.No dogs in pre-white days . 268. Named . . . . . . . . . . . 269. Named after owner's totem 269a.Treated like owner's totem 270. Talked to . . . . . . . . . 271. Buried . . . . . . . . . . 272. Eagles kept in cages . . . . . . . 272a. Eagles tied up . . . . . . . . . . 274. Game birds kept . . . . . . . . . 276. Small mammals kept . . . . . . . . 276a.Fawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277. Wildcat kittens . . . . . . . . . 277a. Raccoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278. Bear cubs . . . . . . . . . . . . 278a.Own totem animal . . . . . . . . . 278b. Could be sold . . . . . . . . . . 278c.Pets had something of supernatural 278d.Totem animal called one's life . . 278e.Like a guardian spirit . . 278g.Shaman could take it away . 278h.Thus cause death 278i.Or sickness. Various 279. Chewing gum 280. Milkweed. 281. Pine pitch . . . . . . . . + * + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + _ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + _ + + + - + + + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + * + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - * * _ - - + _ - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + _ . + - . + - * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + 402 + + + + + * + + + + + + + + +- + * + + + + + + + + + - + +- + - +- +- * + - + + - _ + + + + * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA [|Y Ma Mn Ys| M1 M2 M3 M4 |M5 M6 M8 M9 Burning herbage for better wild crops . . . . First-acorn rite (cf. 123k-pa) . . . . . . . . 285. Fall of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286. Same public gathering as for bear dance HOUSES Special Huts Temporary brush hut for rattlesnake victim 287aa.Confined for four days . . . . . . . . For girl's 1st menstruation . . . . . . . . . 287c.For widow's mourning . . . . . . . . . 811 built like regular houses . . . . . . . . Living Houses General Features ircular or nearly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rinage ditch around side . . . . . . . . . . onical or domed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295. 4-pole foundation . . . . . . . . . . . oor dug out, depth in inches . . . . . . . . Covering sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ld with withes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ne needles or grasses . . . . . . . . . . . ole binders ................. ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 302. Double mat wall . . . . . . . . . . . . rk slab, poles, conifer boughs . . . . . . . dar and pine-bark slabs . . . . . . . . . . 303b. Vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303c.Two thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . th cover part way up from base . . . . . . Entrance ojecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rection (N,S,E,W). . . . . . . . . . . otangular (looking into) . . . . . . . . . . uverging toward top . . . . . . . . . . . . t covering for door . . . . . . . . . . . . k slabs, poles, conifer boughs . . . . . . de covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fireplace een center and door of sweat house, close to center ................. ed with earth part way . . . . . . . . . . center, or nearly, of all dwellings . . surface or in shallow depression,all houses + + + + + + + _ + *+ + NE + + + + + NE + + * + + + 6 + 6 + + + +W + + 6 * + + SW + + *+ + + + + * + + + * + + + _ + + 6 0 + + + + .+ + + + + + + 12 + + + + + + + + S + + + + + 12 + + + + + + + + N + + + + _ + + + + + + + + +1 t + + + - + + + + 12 + + + * + * + + + 12 + + + + + + + 8 + + 12 + + 403 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 316a.Single fires (one) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317. Smoke hole, sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . 317a.Smoke hole, all dwellings . . . . . . . . . . Sweat House (Cf. 333-337) 318. Number per settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . 318a.Chief the nominal owner . . . . . . . . . . . 318aa.Leader of hunters the owner (cf. 319a). 318b.For curing disease only . . . . . . . . . . . 319. Communally owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319a.Leader of hunters (cf. 318aa). . . . . . . . . 320. Direct-fire heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320a.Basket fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321a.Feather fire fan . . . . . . . . . . . 321b.Hide fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322. Sweat-house singing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323. Sweating in sweat house for curing . . . . . . 324. Sweating before hunting . . . . . . . . . . . 325. Clubhouse for males . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325a.For old men only . . . . . . . . . . . 326. Gambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327. Slept in occasionally . . . . . . . . . . . . 328. Women allowed in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329. Women sometimes sweat with men . . . . 330. Women sometimes sweat separately . . . . . . . Assembly House 331. Assembly house for both sexes 331a."Round house" . . . . ? ? . . 331aa.Is dance house . . . . . . . 331b.Earth covered . . . . . 331c.Used as dwelling .- . . . 331d.Also for visitors . . . . . . 331e.Belongs to chief . . . . . . . 331f.Belongs to people . . . . . . 331fa.Has 4 center posts . . . . . 331g.No. in settlement . . . . . . 331h Round ground plan . 331j.Supervision of construction by 331k. Partly excavated . . . . . . . 331m.Lacks regular bed 331n.Door faces (direction) . . 331o.Post before drum . . . . . . . 331p.Used for ceremonial gatherings 331q.Reception of visitors . . . . 331r.Eat and sleep there . . . . . 331s.Drum faces door . . . . . . . 331t.Drum at angle to door . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 Sweat House (Cf. 318-330) 333. Competitive sweat groups . 334. Moieties . . . . . 335. Sweating daily . . . . . . 336. Messenger makes fire . . . + + + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 - + - - + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + p1 SW 4 + 404 [Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M + + + t 1 + _ + - _ + + + + *1 + * - + + + + + - + - + - + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + * + + _ + + + + - + + - + + - + + _ + + * - + + - - + _ + + - + + - + + + - + _ + + - + + - + + * - + + * + + NE + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + B + + + + +- + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA .Each sweater has wood . . . . . . . . . . . . Dwellings Furnishings O.Pine needles on floor . b.Loose grass on floor or bed. LLeaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Mats on floor or bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,Whole skins for bedding . . . . . . . . . . . L.Duck-feather blankets . . . . . . . . . ,-Rabbitskin blankets for bedding . . . . . . . L.Foxskin blankets (patch quilt) . . . . . . . . ta.Deerskin blankets for bedding . . . . . . . . LPopulation shifts after a death . . . . . . . Arrangement in Town ,Scattered .................. ,Common shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LSeparate shades (cf. 356). . . . . . . . . . . ,Shade circular (cf. 356) . . . . . . . . . . . 349a. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Communal Houses Two or more families . . . . . . . . . . . . Families related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separate allotment of space . . . . . . . . . Various Flat shade before house (cf. 348-349a) . Windbreak before house . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat shade for summer dwelling ... ... Circular brush enclosure, roofless for summer dwelling . . . . .Same, roofed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conical or domed summer brush or bark house. .House moved after a death . . . . . . 360b.To escape another misfortune . . . . . .House burned after owner's death . . . . . . . Dog House Made for dogs .......... Conical or domed, grass covered Semisubterranean, earth covered . . . . . . . .Not dug out, but earth covered . . . . . . . . Circular ground plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . NAVIGATION Balsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386. Prow curved up . . . . . . . . . . . . 387. Lashed together . . . . . . . . . . 388. Max. no. of passengers . . . . . . . a Yj Ma * + + Mn Ys IM1 M2 M3 M4 |M5 M6 M8 M9 + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + - + _ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + t- + + + + + + + + + + +I + +t - + - + - + - p1 + 5 + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _+ + + + + + + - + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + - + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * _ - + - - + - - + 405 * * + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + *+ + + *+ * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + 2 i i ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 389. Log raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389a.Pull basket across on cable above water 390. Ferriage in baskets . . . . . . . . . . 391. Paddles and poles . . . . . . . . . . . 392. Single-blade 1-piece paddle . . . 393. Poling rod . . . . . . . . . . . 394. Single log across stream as bridge SWIMMING 395. Pseudo breast stroke . . . . . . . . . . 396. Side stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397. Dog fashion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398. Double overhand . . . . . . . . . . . . 399. On back, frog stroke . . . . . . . . . . TOOLS, UTENSILS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES Grinding 400. Bedrock mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401. Made by coyote or puma . . . . . . 402. Made by humans . . . . . . . . . . 403. Portable stone food mortar . . . . . . . . 404. Made by coyote or puma . . . . . . 405. Made by humans . . . . . . . . . . 406. Outside natural, unshaped . . . . . 407. Outside ground or shaped . . 408. Small stone mortar for tobacco, etc. . . . 409. Wood mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410. Deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411. Shallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412. Sunk in ground . . . . . . . . . . 418. Stone pestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419. Natural, unshaped . . . . . . . . . *420. Cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . *421. Tapering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422. Long, slender, for deep wood mortar 423. Metates or grinding slabs . . . . . . . . 424. Natural shape of rock . . . . . . . 425. Squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426. Used on both sides . . . . . . . . 428. Mullers .......... .... 429. Oval or natural. . . . . . . . . . . 431. Back-and-forth motion . . . . . . . 432. Round or elliptical motion . . . . Brushes 433. Soaproot . . . . . 433a.Leaves glued to stick with pitch 435. For mealing . . . . . . . . . . 435a.Wing of bird . . . . . . . . . 436. Pine burr for hair . . . . . . . 437a.Straight twigs . . . . . . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M + + + + - + - + + + + + t + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - . + - + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 406 + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 407 Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml N2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 Stirrers and Stone Lifters Paddle ......+ + + j ade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + Looped-stick food stirrer (oak). . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - - 440. For lifting stones out of basket . . . + + + + + + + + + 2 sticks to lift stone out of fire . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + Spoons Shell, natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + Rabbit or squirrel-foot swab . . . . . . . . . + + Receptacles Wood Wood platter for meat ... . + . + . + . . _ _ _ + + Bark platter for meat ... . . . . . . . + * + + + . Wood bowls .+ + +??????+ ~Spoons .-....... . . . . . . . . . ... + + ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + Steatite Shallow dishes .+ - + + + + + + + "Handled" shallow dish . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + Open cooking vessel ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . + + 450. Flat bottom ... . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + . + + 451. Rounded bottom .+ + + 452. Placed directly over fire. + + + + + + + + + Fired to harden ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + Knives Flint . + + + + + + + 454. Horn handle . . . . . . . . + + + + 454a.Bone handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 455. Wood handle ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . + + 456. Buckskin wrapped ... . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ - + + - + + 457. For butchering ... . . . ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + Cane, for butchering .-.. . . . . . . . . . . + Shell .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - ++ + - _ _ + Quartz .... . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - * + - + - + Awls and Needles Bone awl .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 461. Deer cannon ... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 462. Deer ulna ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + Cactus-spine awl ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + rAwl handles wrapped (buckskin, sinew, or cord) + + + + + + + - + + Awl handle covered with pine pitch ..... . + - + . + + Needle (with eye) ... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + 468. Bone . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 469. Wood ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - _ Drilling With bone awl in fingers ...... . + + + + + + + + + + + + With tiny flint held in fingers with buckskin. + + + - + + - + + + + + i Composite drill, shaft and point . . . . . . . + + + - - + - - + - * I ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 473. 474. 475. 476. 477. "Vise" 478. 479. 480. 482. Stone point . . . . . . . . . . Bone point . . . . . . . . . . Rotated with both hands opposed Rotated between hand and thigh for drilling . . . . . . . . . One hand . . . . . . . . . . . Knees . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perforated (doughnut) stone . . Mauls 483. Natural cobble . . . . . . . 483a.Crudely polished mace . . . 483b.Willow handle . . . . . . . 484. Wooden club for pounding . . 485. Shaped . . . . . . . Flint Flaking 486. Retouching by pressure . . . 487. Antler flaker . . . . 489. Retouching by percussion . . Fire Making 490. Drill, hand-rotated 491. 1-piece . . . . . . . . 494. Percussion . . . . . . . . . . Skin Dressing 496. Ashes to aid in dehairing 497. Flesher of bone (usually deer) 498. Rib . . . . . . . . . . 500. Ulna . . . . . . . . . 500a.Flesher of rock . . . . . . . 501. Brains applied to hide . 502. Blunt rubbing post . . . . . . 503. Rubbing with stone or stick 504. Skin smoked or "roasted" 104a.In sun . . . . . . 505. Dressing done by men . . . . . WEAPONS Bows 507. Self bow . . . . . . . . . . . 507a.War bow . . . . . . . . . . . 507b.Hunting bow . . . . . . . . . 508. Sinew-backed . . . . . . . . . 509. Made locally . . . . . 510. Ends recurved . 511. Of juniper . . . . . . 511a.Cedar . . . . . . . . . 511b.Ash . . . . . . . . . . 512. Oak . . . . . . . . . . 512a. Pepperwood + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + +. + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - + - + + + 408 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +..^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + - + - ZI . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 512b. Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512c. Hazel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . owstring, of sinew . . . . . . . . . . . 515. Vegetable fiber. 517. Number of ply. . . . . . . . . On when shooting: 518. Arrow on right side of bow . . . . 519. Horizontal or nearly, left palm up 520. Slanting, 30-60 degrees, palm up ristguard on left arm . . . . . . . . . . Arrows Single shaft, no head . . . . . . . . . . War arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hunting arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stripes indicate ownership. Headless arrow for small game, including I 526a.Crosspieces to prevent penetration 527. For fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . go foreshaft, but head . . . . . . . . . . Foreshafted, no other head . . . . . . . . Foreshafted plus stone or bone head . . . Of cane, hardwood foreshaft Ring-pointed (wrapped) arrow for water ski ping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpoon arrow, bone point, for fish . . . Brbed small game arrow . . . . . . . . . Arrowheads Glued on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lashed on .............. Individual had lucky colors Poison used . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicine used )bsidian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539. Multiple side-notched. 540. Double base-notched . . . . . . 541. Side-notched, ccncave base . . 542. Concave base, not side-notched 543. Laurel leaf . . . . . . . . . . Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood (cf. 529, 536). . . . . . . . . Feathering Eagle feathers reserved for war arrows Radial . 547. 2 feathers. 548. 3 feathers . . . . . . . . . . 549. 4 feathers . . . . . . . . . . 550. Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . Lashed on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gum or pitch adhesive . . . . . . . . Soaproot adhesive . . . . . . . . . . Horn or hoof adhesive . . . . . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys Il M2 409 4 4 l + 0 0 M13 4M41 M5 M6 M8 M9 2 2 + + + + + 2 ? + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + birds * . * . . ip- * . . * . . + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 2 + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + *. I I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4j Poisoning 555. Arrow poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556. Blood ................. 557. Liver or gall . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559. Mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560. Ashes ................. Arrow Straightening and Smoothing 562. Stone arrow straightener or smoother. 563. 1-piece, grooved stone . . . . . . . . . . . . 564. 1 groove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565. Multiple grooved . . . . . . . . . . . 566. Transverse grooved . . . . . . . . . . 567. Oval shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569. Of steatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570. Incised design for pyrography. 571. 1-piece, perforated stone . . . . . . . . . . 571a.Deer horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572. 2-piece, single groove in each stone. 573. Abrasive stone (e.g., pumice). . . . . . . . . 574. Scouring rush ................ Arrow Release 576. Primary . . . 577. Secondary or tertiary . . . . . . . . . . . . Quivers 580. Cased hide .................. 580a.Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582. Carried on back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583. Carried at side under arm Spears 584. Poison used . . . . . . . 584a.Stone point . . . . . . . 585. Wooden point only . . . . 585a.Bone point . . . . . . . . 586. For war . . . . . . . . . 587. For large game (especially 588. Thrust mainly . . . . . . bear)j * . . Glue for Weapons 588c.Internal organs of 588d.Horns and hoofs 588e. Vegetable gum . . 588f.Pine pitch . . . . 588g.Soaproot . .-. . . 588h. Salmon heads . . . f ish . . . Slings 589. Sling used . . . . . . . 590. For hunting birds . . . 591. For hunting mammals . . + + + + + _ + - + _ + + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + - + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +' + - +x + + + - + + + + + + - _ _ + + + + + + + + + 1- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ * + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + +I * + + + + + + + * + + + t + * + + + + 410 + + . + + _ + ' ._ 0 0 * 0 * . 0 * * . 0 0 . . 0 . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA As toy only Clubs Simple, other than rabbit club . . . . . . . 596. For war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597. For game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Straight rabbit club . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolas Bolas used ................. Deer and large game . . . . . . . . . . . . Rabbits and small game . . . . . . . . . . . BODY AND DRESS Sitting Postures Cross-legged (Turkish) . . . . . . . . . . . L.One leg flexed inward, other extended . . . )One leg flexed inward, other knee up . . . . .Both legs flexed, feet same side . . . . . . )a.Arms crossed on knees, hands on upper arm . L.Knees drawn up, clasped . . . . . . . . . . a.Ankles crossed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )b.Legs apart ................ .Both legs extended in front . . . . . . . . .Feet sat on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602h.Toes in, ankles crossed . . . . . . . 602i.Toes in, not crossed . . . . . . . . . j.Kneeling, buttocks on heels . . . . . . . . t.Squatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [k.On one knee, buttock on heel, other knee up Hair Long, past shoulders ............ ,.Cut with sharp rock against stick ..... ,Netted cap worn .............. 603da. String or buckskin thong . 603e.To prevent catching in brush . 603f.?"For religion,?" etc . Bobbed, children only Bangs on forehead ............. Singed off ................. Beard Plucked .................. 608a.After evening meal especially . 608b. Pitch on fingers . . . . . Males remove pubic hair .......... 6Females remove pubic hair ......... Fa609. With fingernails .......... Eyebrows + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + - - + + + + +~ Depilation of eyebrows .+.+.+.+.+.+.+. 411 [Yj Ma Mn Ys|M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 + + _- + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + 1- + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS | Yj Ma Mn Ys| 1 Ml 2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Coiffure 614. Part in middle . . . . . . . . . . . . 614a.Part painted red . . . . . . . . . . . 615. One tie at back of neck . . . . . . . 616. Knotted (done up) in back or on top of 617. Braided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618. 1 down back . ... . . . . . . . 619. 2 down back . . .d.r. . . . . 620. 2 in front of shoulders . . . . * . . head. * . . * . . * . . Various 621. Mud or clay applied to head . . . . . . . . . 621a.Soaproot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622. Nettle roots to wash head . . . . . . . . . . 622a. Deer-bone marrow . . . . . . . . . . . 623. Hair greased with animal fat . . . . . . . . . 623a.Acorn oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutilations 624. Ear lobe bored ................ 625. Nasal septum bored. 626. Intentional head deformation or shaping . . . 627. Fronto-occipital flattening. 628. Shaping toward "normal" . . . . . . . . 629. Tattooing .................. 629a.Puncture with bunch of pine needles . . 629aa.With bone, stone, or obsidian. . 629c.Coloring of charcoal (manzanita). . . . 630. Chin, vertical lines . . . . . . . . . 631. Cheeks, horizontal or radiating across. 632. Forehead, vertical lines . . . . . . . 633. Arms ................. 634. Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635. Chest . 635a. Wmen o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v 635a.Women on vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . Powder 636. Acorn meal ground fine . . . 636a.Powdered steatite to prevent 636b.Oak balls . . . . . . . . . c h a i chaf ing * . . . Clothing Headgear 637. Basketry cap (technique under 833-834) . . 638. For carrying only . . . . . . . . . . . '639. Cap of animal fur (e.g., raccoon, weasel, or fox) .................. 640. Cap of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robes and Capes (over shoulders) 641. Hide, hair on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642. Wildcat skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . + * + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + _ _ . _+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+ + + + - + + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -I- + + + + -I- * _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ + + + + + + - + 412 + + + _ + - + + + + + + + + + + + - + +~ * + + + + + +- + - + - + - ++ + - + - + - + - * _~ + + -K + +1 + I*" ,_i I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 413 Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 643. Pumna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + - + + 644. Bear . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .. . . + + + _ .+ - + + - + + 646. Deer ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + ckskin (dehaired) ............. . + + + + + + + + + + + + 648. Painted .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ - + - + arp of bird skin, woven .. . . . . . . . + - + + oven rabbitskin blankets .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + ts of whole tules .... . . . . . . . . . + + + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ - oven inner bark (e.g., willow). + + + . + Shirts and Gowns ckskin shirt .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - + + + + + + + ckskin gown .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - + + + + + + + Loin Covering eechclout, between legs .... . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + 657. Buckskin .... . + + + - + + + + . + + + 659. Shredded vegetable fiber .+ - + - + + + - . . + + 660. Tule leaves, grass, etc. ... . . . . + - + _ _ + + _ . . 660a.Maple bark .... . . . o o o. .? _ _ _ _ 661. Woven rabbitskins .+ - + + . + . . + + 663. Ends form apron .... . . . . . . . . + + + - - + - _ . + + 3ma11 front apron .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + _ . + + + 665. Buckskin .... . . . . . . + *+ + + _ + _ . + + + 666. Fringed .... . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + + 667. Tule leaves, grass, etc. . + - + + . 668. Shredded vegetable fiber ... . . . + - + + + . 669. Woven rabbitskins .... . . .... . + - + + . . + + 670. Woven bird skins . + _ +?_ ?_?_ _-_ 671. Worn alone .... . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + . + t 672. Worn with back apron .... . . . . . + - + + . + + + [arger back apron .... . . . . . . .... . + 674. Buckskin . + - + + + . + + + 675. Fringed ..... . . . . . . . . + - + + . + + + 676. Tule leaves, grass, etc. .+ + . . . 677. Shredded vegetable fiber ...... . + - + + . 678. Woven rabbitskins ..... + . . . . + + One-piece "?skirt" .... . . . _ . + + + . . + + 682. Tule leaves, grass, etc, ... ... . + _ . + + . 683. Shredded vegetable fiber . + . . . . . 684. Buckskin .... . . . . . . . . .. . + - . + - + + + + 685. Skin, hair on .... . . . . . . . + - + + _ Hands and Arms Muff .+ + - - + - + . _ _ _ 687. 0f cased fur . .. ................ . + - + - - + - + . _ _ 688. Of bird skins .... . . . . . . . . . + - + 688a. Of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Footgear Low buckskin moccasin .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + 691. Separate sole .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + + + - + + 691a. Bearskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + High moccasin, separate sole .... . . . . . + - + _ Tule "moccasin" ...... . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ Milkweed-fiber sandal . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ 414 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 696. Leather (hide) sandal . . . . . . . . . . . 697. Buckskin moccasins made by women . . . . . . 698. Buckskin moccasins made by men . . . . . . . 699. Snowshoes ................. 699a.Bent willow or hazel . . . . . . . . . . . . 700. Circular type . . . . . . . . . . . . 701. Lashings of thongs . . . . . . . . . 701a. Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702. Lashings of vegetable-fiber string 702a.Feet lashed tight, no heel play . . . 702aa.Heel play . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702b.Used for making trails around village (wood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702c.Used for hunting . . . . . . . . . . 705. Fur (e.g., bear) snowshoe Adornment and Ceremonial Dress Feather Regalia *706. Eagle-down-rope crown . . . . . . . . . . *707. Down-feather strings or ropes . . . . . . *708. In hair or to tie hair *709. Around arms . . . . . . . . . . . . *710. Around legs . . . . . . . . . . . . *711. Around neck . . . . . . . . ... . . *712. Held in hands . . . . . . . . . . . 713. Eagle feather or down-rope skirt. 713a.1 white feather behind each ear *714. Yokuts djux . 714a.Erect feathers eagle. 715. Erect feathers magpie . . . . . . . 716. Erect feathers road runner . 717. Base feathers crow . . . . . . . . 718. Feather garment on net foundation . . . . 719. Short type 720. Full length, neck to ankles . 720a.Waist to ankles . . . . . . . . . . 721. Yellowhammer (flicker) quill band . 722. Feather tips at intervals. 723. Feathers solid, edge trimmed 724. Feathers solid, untrimmed. 725. Worn across forehead . . . . . . . 726. Worn down back . . . . . . . . . . 727. Worn as belt . . . . . . . . . . . 728. Worn as bandolier . . . . . . . . . 729. Worn as arm bands . . . . . . . . . 730. Mallard drake green belt . . . . . . . . . 731. Woodpecker scalps on band . . . . . . . . 732. Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733. Headband . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734. Glued on buckskin . . . . . . . . . 735. Sewed on woven vegetable fiber 736. Single row . . . . . . . . . . . . 736a.Double row . . . . . . . . . . . . 737. Feather forks and darts . . . . . . . . . 738. Yellowhammer-quill attachment . . . 738a.Hand-held bunches of feathers . . . . . . 738b.Hand-held bunches of feathers on stick + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -I- + + + + + + + + 1- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + *+ + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -I- + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ .+ * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + . 4. + + I U ,?,l I I i I j CUILTURE ELEM4. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 415 __________________________Yj_Ma Mn_YslN_12 143 14 56 148 M Fur Regalia M.ustela (weasel, mink) fur. . . . ...... + + + +- - + + - - 740. Worn on head or neck.+ + + + . - + + . - 741. Worn on arms.+. - ... ...+ 742. Worn on legs.+. - ... ...+ Ear Ornaments (See 761) .Wooden ear stick .+. . + + .+.+ + + + + ..+ .Ceremony when ear pierced...+ -. +.. .Only dancers' ears pierced .......... .After learning to dance.. . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+. + Same sex dopiercing . . +.+.+.+.-.-.+.-.-.+.-. a.Women do it .... ..... + . .+.- .+. .-. .Hlolesgradually made larger.-.-.+. +.-.-. -.-.+. .Painted..+. .-. .+. .- .-. .+. .-.- .+ .+ .Feather ornamented. ............. + + + + + + + + + + + .Bead ornamented... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + .Bone ear tube, hollow. ........... + + + - - + + + + - + + 747a. Decorated with feathers. ....... + + + - - - + + + - + + . Shell cylinder or columella.......... + + + - - - + + + - + + . Haliotis pendants.+ .-. .-.+ . + .-.+ + - + + . Cane orcane pipe .?.. - ...+ ... .Feathers alone.+ .+ .+.- .-. .+.-. .+... .-.+ Nose Ornaments .Shell cylinderor columella.+.+.+. -.-.-. ..-.+. 752a.Tearing out is an insult...-.+ +. .-. .... 752b.Wives punish husbands that way- + + . - - . - .Bone ... 754. Hollow (bird) ..+ - + - - 755. Solid, bipointed (mammal) ... ... . . + - + -+. .Cane orcane tube ............. . .. + - + .Woo d.....+. . . . . . .- . .+ + .+ .-. . .+ .Feather alone ....+. .-.+ - . .-.-. . .-.-.+.+ Beads .Shell beads, strung. ............ + + + + + + + + + + + + 760. Inhair or totie hair......... + + + - - + - + + + + + 761. Small strings in ears. ........ + + + - - + + + + - + + .Necklace. .................. + + + + + + + + + + + + .Belt. .................... + + + + - + - + + + + + Claws and Hoofs .Claws around neck. ............. + + + + + - - + - - + + 765. Bear... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ++ + 766. Eagle. ................ + + + + +++ + .Deer-hoof necklace. ............. + + + - + ? ? ? Paint ,Red spruce fungus.+ + .. .-. .. .-. .- .-.- - Red mineral,from ground.+ + .+.+.+.+ + + + + + Red mineral, scum off Pools.......... + + . Blue mineral ......... .+. +?.. + + I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IY; Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 SE 773. White mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774. Yellow mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775. Black mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776. Charcoal for black . . . . . . . . . . . 778. Grease or marrow mixed with pigments . . 778a.Water mixed with pigments . . . . . . . 779. Applied to face . . . . . . . . . . . . 780. Applied to body . . . . . . . . . . . . 781. According to inherited totem or guardian spirit. 782. Applied by fingers . . . . . . . . . . . 783. Applied by stick . . . . . . . . . . . . 784. Grease on face . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785. Applied as paint base . . . . . . 786. Applied alone as cosmetic . Various 787. Wood hairpins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788. Bone hairpins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789. Bird, hollow . . . . . . . . . . 790. Mammal, solid . . . . . . . . . . 791. Head net ................ 792. Down filled . . . . . . . . . . . 793. Headdress of human hair . . . . . . . . 794. Flowers in hair or ear . . . . . . . . . 794a.Haliotis pendants . . . . . . . . . . . 794b.As charm against rattlesnake . . 794c.Banjo shaped . . . . . . . . . . 794d.Carried snake weed (root) . . . . CARRYING 795. Pack strap woven . . . . . . . . . . . . 795a.Netted over forehead . . . . . . . . . . 796. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797. Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798. Sewn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799. 2-ply warp . . . . . . . . . . . 800. Pack strap braided, 3-ply . . . . . . . 801. Pack strap twisted (rope), 3-ply . . 801a.Pack strap vegetable fiber . . . . . . . 802. Pack strap buckskin . . . . . . . . . . 803. Pack strap worn across head by women . . 803a.Across breast . . . . . . . . . . 804. Across shoulder, chest by men . . 805. Across forehead . . . . . 80&. Large back net, "hammock" . . . . . . . 808. Cased skin bag (not quiver). . . . . . . 809. Deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . . 810. Head carrying, by women . . . . . . . . 811. Grass, tule, bark, etc., ring . . 811a.Buckskin ring . . . . . . . . . . 812. For liquids mainly . . . . . . . 812a.Wood, acorns, etc. also. 813. Litter for dead, ladder-like . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + * - + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + - + + + 416 + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 4 4 4 49 .9 .9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + * * + - _ _ + + * + + + + * + + + + + + + * * + - + - 4 + - 4 + - x + + . + - + - + + .9 + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + I K. ?l. i 0 a j. V 4 4 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA _____________________ |Yj Ma Mn Ys M1l M2 M3 M4 M 4 M6 M7 M8 M9 BASKETRY Technique Coiling Lockwise (when looking into basket) . . . )unterclockwise . . . . . . . . . . . . .- )left of worker . . . . . . . . . . . . ) right of worker . . ii enters inside of basket. ri enters outside of basket . . . . . . . mdle (Epicampes) foundation . . . . . . rod (not triangular) foundation . . . . ttom (start) coiled . . . . . . . . . . Twining )unterclockwise (when looking into basket) ) right of worker . . . . ward lean of 'outer weft, Lain 2-strand twining . . 827. Closework . . . . . 828. Openwork . . . . . baske u r i g. basket upright. Types and Uses ap (see 637) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833. Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834. Diagonal twine . . . . . . . . . . bed beater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836. Oval or triangular . . . . . . . . 838. Plain twine . . . . . . . . . . . . 839. Parallel warp . . . . . . . . . . . lal or triangular winnowing tray . . . . 846. Plain twined, openwork . . . . . . bund flat tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849. Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851. For "sifting" . . . . . . . . . . . 852. For dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . biling baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854. Plain twined . . . . . . . . . . . 856. Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ecked (small-mouthed) water bottle 859. Pitched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860. Soaprooted 861. Small flat-bottomed. 862. Small round-bottomed 863. Large (pointed-bottomed). . . . . . 864. Plain twined Tulare bottleneck," shouldered. 868. Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872. Feathers at shoulder . . . . . . . brden basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0874. True conical, pointed bottom 875. Curved conical, rounded bottom 876. Plain twined, openwork . . . . . . 877. Diagonal twined . . . . . . . . . . 878. Openwork . . . . . . . . . . 879. Closework . . . . . . . . . _ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1- + +. + + + + + + + - - + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 417 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |[Y; Ma Mn Ys[M1 M2 M3 M4 4M5 M6 M[ MR 880. Bottom covered. . .. . . . . . . . . 881. Coated with soaproot . . . . . . . 882. Berrying basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883. Plain twined . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous 885. Small globular basket . . . . . . . . . . 886. Geometric designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 887. Banded woven ornament . . . . . . . . . . 888. 3 colors (2 in pattern). . . . . . . . . . 888a.Only black pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . 889. Patterns painted on . . . . . . . . . . . 890. Twined tule bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plants Used in Basketry 890a. "Tule" leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890b.Bunch grass (Epicampes rigens) . . . . . . 890c.Redbud (Cercis occidentalis) . . . . . . . 890d.Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890e.Whole stem . . . . . . . . . . . . 890ea.Pine 890f.Willow (Salix). 890fa. Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890g.Whole stem of willow . . . . . . . . . . . 890h.Split stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890i.Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890j.Bark-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890k.Fern roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WEAVING AND NETTING 891. Rabbitskin blankets . . . . . . . . . . . 892. Warp 1-ply, of skin . . . . . . . . 893. String twisted in warp . 894. Warp 2-ply, of skin . . . . . . . . 895. Wefts of skin . . . . . . . . . . . 896. Wefts of string . . . . . . . . . . 896a.Wefts of buckskin . . . . . . . . . 897. Stick to twist skins . . . . . . . 898. Perforated . . . . . . . . . 899. Split . . . . . . . . . . . 900. Hooked or notched . . . . . 900a. Straight . . . . . . . . . . 902. Frame horizontal . . . . . . . . . 903. Frame vertical . . . . . . . . . . 906. Checker weaving . . . . . . . . . . 907. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908. Sewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909. Made by men . . . . . . . . . . . . 910. Made by women . . . . . . . . . . . 912. Blankets of shredded vegetable fiber . 913. Mats of tule, whole stems . . . . . . . . 914. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915. Sewn, whole stems pierced. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + -I- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - + + + 0 + + 1 +~' +g + - + - + + l. + - - i - + + 4. - + + 4. + + + I + + + _ * + _ * + _ . + _ . + _ . + _ . + - + - _ + - 418 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA CRADLES Lying type ............ 918. Soft tule bed on frame 919. Soft tule bed, separate 920. Basketry, double warps 920a.Basketry, vertical warps food . . . . . . . . . . . . 922. Basketry ......... 923. Twined ....... 924. Parallel warp . . . 925. Vertical warp . 926. Hoop or frame. 927. Pendants ......... ashing, buckskin ........ 929. Vegetable fiber ...... 930. Woven radle strap across mother's breast 932. Across mother's forehead . ix of child indicated ...... 934. By hood design ...... 935. By bed design ....... kackskin covering ........ CORDAGE ilkweed (Asclepias) . umber of ply, 2 ...... umber of ply, 3 ...... Dlled on thigh, by hand . . tick for twisting. 941. Perforated 942. Notched ....... &de by men ........ mided rope ........ Dpes or withes of grapevine, Dated . . . . . . . . . 948. Asphalt ....... 948a. Soaproot . . . . . 948b. Pitch . . . . . . * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * . * * * willow,) * * * . * * * . * * 0 * * . * * . *e*c. * . . I,tc . *949. POTTERY GAMES tervillage games for gambling. ,ayed after larger dances ........ itting in hands'of specified men .... dicine to help players ......... kes opponent sleepy .......... eating common Waters brag. istitut ion if diiscovered . . . . . . . ibstitution of unmarked bones . ? and wife on opposite sides ...... ? play................. rnn play . ....... ..... Yj Ma Mn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ys I M1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + + M2 M3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + _+ + + M4 I M5 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * * + + + + * + + + + + *+ + + + + M16 M7 M8 M9 + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ _ + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 419 m v ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 General Features of Athletic Games 968a. Win at both ends of a course . . . . . 969. Along a course and return 970. Puck is wooden ball . . . . . . . . . 970a.Tule ball . . . . . . . . . . . 971. Stuffed buckskin ball . . . . . 972. Hoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973. Stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773a.Throw long stick with string (amentum) 974. Propulsion: with curved stick . 975. With straight stick . . . . . . 975a.Flat on end. . . . . . . 976. With feet . . . . . . . . . . . 978. Hole for goal . . . . . . . . . . . . 978a.Stake for goal . . . . . . . . . . . . 979. Stake at far end of course . . . . . . 979a.Home man catches on stick . . . . . . 980. Paired posts at course end for goal 981. Bent-over poles for goal . . . . . . . 982. Speed wins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *984. Number of sides . . . . . . . . . . . 986. Sides villages . . . . . . . . . . . . Ball Race 986a. Intervillage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986b.1 goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986ba.2 goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986c.2 upright posts . . . . . . . . . . . 986ca.Arched together . . . . . . . 986d.Rabbit-fur ball . . . . . . . . . . . 986e.Ball of soft grass wrapped with string 986f.Buckskin cover on ball . . . . . . . . 986g.Each side has ball . . . . . . . . . . 986h.Ball made by man of good luck . . . . 986i.Players talk to ball . . . . . . . . . 986j.No. of players on a side . . . . . . . 986k.Ball kicked . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986kk. Ball pushed with stick . . . . . . . 986m. Handling ball forbidden . . . . . . . 986n. Molesting opponent's ball forbidden 986o.Bets put at betting post . . . . . . . 986oa.On ground in piles . . . . . . 986ob.In baskets . . . . . . . . . . 986p. Play morning after dance . . . . . . . 986pa.Play any time during day . . . . . . 986s.Speakers review rules of game . . 986t.Variant played between men and women 986u.2 goals . . . . . . . . . . . . 986v.1 ball . . . . . . . . . . . . 986w.Women use hand also . . . . . . 986wa. Women use basket also . . . . 986x.Men only use feet . . . . . . . Shinny 987. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988. Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989. Puck, wood ball . . . . . . . . . . . + 24 + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + +~ + + + + + + + + + *4e' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + * + * + + + + + + - * + * + + + * _ + + + + 420 + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 2 2 + + + + + + + 2 + + + 2 + + 4' + + ? + + + + 2 + + + + * + + + + .+ + + - _ + + p1 + + +9 + - _ + + + + + + + + + * + + - _ + - * + + * + + * + + * + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + p1 p1 p1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - - + + + + _ + + + + + + + + * +* + + + + + + + + +x - + - - - + - . _ I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA I Yj 990. Braided or knotted buckskin cord . . . *990a.Piece of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . 991. Tule. 992. Stuffed-buckskin ball 993. Stuffed-buckskin ?"double ball?? 994. Completely buried at start of game 995. In hole, not covered at start . . . . . Propulsion, curved stick 996a.Flat on end . . . . . . . . . 997. Straight stick . . . . . . . . . . . . 998. Feet ................. 1000. Basket racket, 2 for each player . . . lOOOa.One for each . . . . . . . . . , Goals, paired posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002. Arch of branches or poles . . . . . . 1003. Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004. Hoop ca. 1 ft. in diam. . . . . . . . 1005. Single post . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running with puck on or in stick or racket permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Grappling permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. on a side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sides are districts or villages . 1011. Hoop-and-Pole . . . . . . . . .Men play .................. b.Women play ................. c.Childrents game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Hoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1012. Plain hoop *1013. Cord-wrapped hoop . . . . . . . . . 1014. Bark-wrapped hoop . . . . . . . . . . 1015. Buckskin-wrapped hoop . . . . . . . . Short stick thrown at . . . . . . . . . . . . Pole through hoop scores . . . . . . . . . . Hoop over stick scores . . . . . . . . . . . Closer wins points . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. of counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counters are marks on ground . . . . . . . . Counters sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counters stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Counters in 1 pile at start . . . . . . . . . Counters in 2 piles at start . . . . . . . . Sides cast simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . Sides cast in turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sides are villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. on a side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guessing, Hand, Grass, or Peon Game Men play .................. Women play 1036. "Bones" are of bone. 1037. Hollow, cylindrical . . . . . 1039 Of 1038. Solid, bitapered . . . . . . 1039. Of shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040. Of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041. Of cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042. 1 of each pair wrapped or marked . . Ma Mn Ys I M1 M2 M3 M41 M5 M6 M8 F F + + + + + + _- + + + + + * + - + - + - + - _ + _ + * - + + 4 + 4 + + + + + p1 + + + pl- + + +2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + p1 + + + + + + + + * + + _ * *+ *+ *10 *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 421 * _ . _ * + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + - *+ + + + M9 + + + + pl + + + pl + * + + + + 5 *+ *p1 *+ pl pl + - _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I I + + + + + + + + 422 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Y; Ma Mn Ys Ml1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 1044. Wrapped one guessed for . . . . . . . + 1045. Unwrapped one guessed for . . . . . . + - - + + + + + + + 1046. Called man and woman . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + 1047. Called black and white . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + 1048. Separate terms . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + 1049. Fingerloops . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1050. 1 pair per player . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1051. Each player holds 1, other hand empty - + 1053. Hiding in bare hands . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + _ _ 1054. Shuffling under mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . - + - + + 1055. Blanket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1056. Grass .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + + + + 1057. Basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - - + + + 1058. No. of counters .12 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1059. Counters in 1 pile at start .+ + + + + + + + + + 1060. No. of players on a side . . . . . . . . . . *+ 4 2 pl 2 2 2 2 2 2 Guessing Marks on Ground 1072. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1074. Under basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1075. Under blanket . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1076. Maximum no. of marks made . . . . . . . . . . 12 * . 1077. Short and long marks . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1078. All combinations win points . . . . . . . . . . . 1079. One point every time opponent misses . . . + . . 1080. No. of guesses allowed . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . 1081. Guesser marks guess . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1082. No. on a side .p.1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . __ 1083. No. of counters . 12 * * 1084. Counters in one pile at start.+ . . Fan-Tan or Odd-Even 1085. Men play .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + 1086. Women play . . + . + 1087. Take away 2 at a time (guess O or 1). . . . . + . + 1088. Objects are sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + *L088a.Handful of sticks . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + . + _? *1088b.Divided . . . . . . . . + +. *1088c.One portion counted in threes. + . +?. _ *088d.Guess if 1 or 2 left over . + . + *L088e.Also done by fours (1,2,3, left over) . . . . + . +?. _ Dice, "Stick, Type 1089. Men play .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ 1090. Women play .- + + + + - _ _ + 1091. Wood, split sticks or cane .+ + + + + - _ _ _ 1093. Number .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 * 4 10 6 - _ _ _ 1094. Burnt on curved side . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ 1095. Painted on flat side . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ 1097. Unmarked (flat vs. convex) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1098. Points scored for all colored or flat side up + + + + + 1099. Points scored for all down . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1100. No. of combinations that score . . . . . . . 2 2 2 10 3 1101. All combinations score . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + _ 1103. No. of counters . . . . 12 12 10 10 10 1104. Counters in one pile at start. + + + + + 1105. Played on hard ground . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + CUJLTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 423 I_| Yj Ma Mn Ys M1l M2 M3 M4 1M5 M6 M8 M9 L05a.Played on blanket, or mat . . . . . . . . . .+ + + Dice, Disk Type 6. Men play .+ + + + + + + + * + + 7. Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + * + + 9 .No. of dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 4 9a.Split acorn kernels, or shells . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1110. Shell and pitch inlay . . . . . . . . + + + + . . + 1.Half walnuts . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . _ 1112. Asphalt filled . . . .. . . . . . . . . . _ + . _ 1113. Pitch filled . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . + + 1114. Shell inlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . 5. Wooden hemispheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 6. Pottery hemispheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 7. Painted on flat side or inside . . . . . . . + + 8.Points for all flat side up . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * + + 9.Points for all flat side down . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * + + 0. No. of scoring combinations . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 * * 2 2 2. No. of counters .12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 Counters in one pile'at start . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - . + + .Played on basket tray . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * + + .Played on blanket, hide, or mat . . . . . . . + - + - _ _ - + - . + + 6. Scored with scoring circuit .+ + + + + - _ . . . + + 6b.Acorns thrown on basket tray ...+ - + + + + + + + * + + c.Winning throw 2 up and 2 down . .. .. . .+ . . . + + .Woman's game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - + . . . + + Various 7. Scoring circuit for dice .+ + + . . . _ _ 1128. Curvilinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ 1129. Cross .-. . . + . . . . . . 1130. Sticks in ground .+ + + . . . . . 1131. No. of sticks. . . . . . . . 4 6 B.Foot-bone dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . 1133. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . _ _ 1134. Women play . + + + + . . . . . _ _ 1135. No. thrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 4 . . . . 1136. No. of counters .18 10 10 . . . . ?.Jacks ............ . + + + + + _. . 1140. Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ . . 1141. Foot bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +. . .Jlugging ........... . + - + + + . . _ 1146. Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . _ 1147. Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3 3 8 . . _ 3Tops ................... . + + + + + * + + . . + + 1151. Acorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . + + . . + + 1152. Pitch lump . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + . . . + .Buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . 1156. Acorm .+.. . . . .. . . .. . . . . + ? ? ? ? ? ? . 1157. Rawhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . 1157a.Sinew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 1158. Bone or horn . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . 1160. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? . . 1161. Haliotis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +. . 1162. Rattles of snake .+ + .? ? ? ? ? ?. . _ .Archery . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1164. Stationary mark .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1165. Mark rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + _ + + + + I F ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 ]M5 M6 I 1166. Mark thrown in air 1167. For distance 1168. Gambling for arrows 1169. Cat's cradle . . . . . . . . . 1170. Men play . . . . . . . 1171. Women play . . . . . . 1172. Static figures . . . . 1173. Moving figures . . . . 1174. Toes worked in . . . . 1174a.Throw rocks at stick . . . . . '1174b.Player has special rock . 1174c. Boys bet on jumping over rock 1174d.When tire, stumble, eliminated Pebble Game 1174e.2 people . . . . . . . . . . . 1174f.Sit 5 yds. apart . . . . . . . 1174g.Gradually approach . . . . . . 1174h.Deride each other, act angry 1174i.When close guesses hand . MONEY AND BEADS 1175. Clamshell disk beads . . . . . . . . . 1175a.Beads imported . 1175b.Shells imported . . . . . . . . 1175c.Beads most important as wealth 1176. Haliotis disk beads. 1176a.Haliotis triangular. 1177. Olivella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178. Whole shell as bead . . . . . . 1179. Disk beads . . . . . . . . . . 1180. Square beads 1181. Shell cylinders as treasure . . . . . . 1183. Steatite disk beads . . . . . . . . . . 1184. Human-hair string . . . . . . . . . . . 1185. Beads measured around palm . . . . . . 1185a.Along arm . . . . . . . . . . . 1185b.Around neck . . . . . . . . . . 1185ba.Counted by 5 . . . . . . . . . 1185c. Counted by 20 . . . . . . . 1185d. Counted by 100. . . . . . . . . 1186. Loans at interest . . . . . . . . . . . 1187. 50 per cent . . . . . . . . . . 1189a.No interest . . . . . . . . . . PIPES 1190. Tubular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192. Cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194a.Clay (unfired). . . . . . . . . . 1195. Mouthpiece of cane. . . . . . . . 1195a.No special mouthpiece . . . . . . 1196. Mouthpiece of bone . . . . . . . 1196a.End stopped up with wood . . 1196b.Single filling for whole company + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *. + + + _ * . + - + * + + + + + + + + + - _ - + _ + . _ _ + + + _ 424 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ * +I + * + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ + - + * _ + * _ + + _ + + + + + + * _ + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 425 Yi Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 T0BACC0 37. Gathered wild only . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . Field burned over in winter . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + Oa.Seeds scattered in spring . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + bli.Leaves picked when yellow . . . . . . . . . . - + 1201d.When green . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + >.Container, basket .+ + +? ? ? ? ? ? ?. - - 1205. Buckskin pouch . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + . + + + + 1206. Cased fur pouch . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + - _ . + + - - )7. Uses: bedtime smoking .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1208. Also daytime smoking . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + - + + + + 1208a.Each person 2-3 puffs . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + 1208b.Pipe returned to owner . + - + + + + + + + + + + 1208c.Only men over 30 smoke . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + 1208d.Old women smoke . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + - + + + - _ 1209. Tobacco eaten: with pine nuts . . . . _ - + _ * _ _ . . 1210. With lime . . . . . . . . . . + . . 1210a.With shell . . . . . . . . . + + - . . 1211. Unmixed . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + - + . . 1212. Tobacco used as offering.+ . + . . . + + 1213. Mixed for smoking with pine nuts . + . ? ? ? . . . - _ MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ,4Cocoon rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1215. No. of cocoons . . . . . . . . . . . *2 2 3 4 4 10 - 10 . + 1216. Stick handle .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1218. Handle feathered. - + - + + + . + 1219. Used in curing only . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + 1221. Used by shaman or dancers only . . . + + + + + + + + - + + .Split-stick clapper .+ + + + + + + + + + + + Snake rattles on stick . . . . . . . . . . . + . + .Gourd rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + ;Fish "lung" rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - +. .Deer-hoof rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ - + - + . _ _ 1229. Stick handle . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + 1230. No. of hoofs . . . . . . . . . . . . *2+ - 4 - _ _ + . _ _ 1231. In bunch. + - + _ + + . _ _ 1232. General use . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 1233. Bull-roarer . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . _ . . _ _ 1234. Wood .+ + + + + . _ . . _ _ 1235. Horn or bone.+?. . _ _ 1237. Used by shamans, publicly . . . . . . + - + + - . _ _ . . _ _ 1238. Used by shamans, privately . . . . . + - - + - . _ _ . . _ _ 1239. Used by men only .+ - + - + . _ _ 1240. To assemble people for ceremony . . . + + 1241. Produces a storm . . . . . . . . . . + - + . . 1242. Produces health .+ + - _ . . . . _ _ . 1243. Produces sickness . . . . . . . . . . + - + . 1244. For amusement . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + . _ . . _ _ .'Musical bow .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1245a.Elderwood (hollow)'. + + + 1246. Hunting bow .-.. . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 1247. Separate instrument .+ - + + + + + + + + + + 1248. Modern, with peg ...... + - + - + - . + 1249. Played with finger and mouth . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1250. Played with stick ... . . . . . . . + + + _ _ - + _ + - _ _ 1251. Played with arrow . + + + I I - I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1252. Whistle, single hole . . . . . 1253. Bone . . . . . . . . . 1254. Bird or rodent 1255. Large mammal . . . 1256. Wood or cane . . . . . . . 1257. Stop of gum or pitch . . . 1258. Stop of asphalt ...... 1258a.Stop of wood . . . . . . . 1259. Single . . . . . . . . . . 1260. Double, 2 instruments bound 1261. Flute, multiple holes, without reed 1262. No. of holes . . . . . . . 1263. End blown . . . . . . . . . 1264. Mouth blown . . . . . . . . 1265. Flattened (squared) around } 1266. Of elderwood 1266a.Of cane ... . . . . . . . . 1266b.Rattle of elderwood . . . . . . . . 1266c.About 1 ft. long 1266d.Burned ornamentation . 1266da.Painted ornamentation 1266e.Foot drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266ea.Foot plank on ground . . . 1266f.Section of burned log . . . 1266g.Placed over hole in ground * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * - * * * * @ * * * * @ together. * * * * * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ holes . . * * * * * * * * s * * * * * * * * s * * * * s * * * * s * * * * e * * * * e * * * * e * * *. * @ ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUUM 1267. Charmstones 1267a.Plummet-shaped, asymmetrical 1267b.Spindle-shaped, symmetrical 1267d.Doughnut stones . . . . . . . . . . 1267e.For boiling. 1267f.Curved chipped stone implements 1267h.Pictographs made by shamans CALENDAR 1268. No. of seasons . . . . . . . . . . 1268a.No. of moons named . . . . . . . . 1269. Numeral or finger name 1270. 2-solstice calendar. 1271. Winter solstice observed . . . . . 1271a.Calendar began winter solstice . . 1271b. Summer months counted . . . . . . . 1271c.Record kept by sticks . . . . . . . 1271d.Charge of old man . . ... . . . . . 1271g.Month depends on seasons ..... 1271h.Old men argue which,month . 1271i.Often fisticuffs ......... COUNTING Numeral Systems, Pointing 1272. Decimal above 10 . . . . . . . . . 1272a.Indicate direction by head . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + 6.*6 + * + + * + + * + + * + + * + + + + - +* + + + - _ * + + + + + _ . + - _ . + - + + 12 + . + *.4 *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + - + + + + + + - + + + + + 4 6 6 + + + * + * + * _5 + *+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + - + + + + + 13 + * 13 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 11 + _ + - - + + 426 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + 3 + + + + + + 4 12 + + * + - + + 4 12 + + + 4 + + 0 * @ * @ * * CULTJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA | Yj Ma Mn Ys M1l M2 M3 M4 |45 M6 M8 M9 72aa. Indicate direction with finger R72b.Pursing lips R72c.Nodding head for yes ..... B72d.Shake for no ........ 273. Quinary below 10 ....... 274. 4 related to 2 ........ 274a. By 20. Mnemonic Devices 276. Counting on fingers ...... 277. Counting on toes 278. Stick for ........... 1279. 1 (e.g., in games). . . 1280. 10 .......... 1281. 100. 282. Scratch on ground for. 1283. 10 1284. 100 . 5. Beads over stick, feather, bone 1285a.Plain sticks 1286. For messages 1286a.As calendar mnemonic 7. Knotted string for messages ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY New Moon Observances 3. Monthly birth and death theory 4. All go out to see ........ 6.Racing ............. 7. Face rubbing .......... B. Praying ............. 9. Shouting or speaking ...... 1. Babies tossed in air ...... 2. Finger gets sore or drops off if I at moon ............ 3. Position of horns significant . . 1364. Horizontal, full of water 1365. Rain ...... 1366. Dry weather . . . 1368. Vertical: rain . . . . . 1369. Dry weather . . . 1370. Cold ...... * . . * .* * . . * . . * . . * . . pointed * . . * . . * . . Eclipses Eclipse of moon known . . . 1372. Eating theory . . . 1373. Condor . . 1377. Moon's husband lying 1379. Shouting 1379a. Pray Eclipse of sun known . . . 1381. Eating theory . . . 1383. Condor . . 1386. Condor in front of 1387. Shout ing 1387a.Pray on her * . * . * . * 0 + - + + + + + - + - + - + + + - + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + - + - + - + + + + + + * + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + -I- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ..+ + + + + + + + *+ * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + 427 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I T l Yj Ma Mn Ys + + Various 1388. 1390. 1393. 1394. 1397. 1398. Sun male Moon male . . . . . . . . . Tree and river in the moon World a tree, roots north . Top of world in E, bottom W No. of directions . . . . . MARRIAGE Polygamy (a, all; pl., plural) 1399. Polygyny, unrelated wives . . . . . . . . . . 1400. Max. no. of wives "paid" for . 1401. Max. no. in same house . . . . . . . 1402. Usually prominent men (not neces- sarily chief) . . . . . . . . . . . 1402a.Any man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403. Concubines in separate towns . . . . 1404. Polyandry, unrelated husbands . . . . . . . . 1405. Max. no. who "paid" . . . . . . . . . 1406. Max. no. in same house . . . . . . . 1407. Lovers in separate towns . . . . . . 1407a.Wife-lending between chiefs. 1407b.Wife-lending between friends . . . . Ceremony 1408. Child betrothal, before puberty . . . . . . . 1409. With exchange of presents. 1410. Binding. 1411. Usually chief's or prominent families 1412. Presents for bride . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413. Exchange of presents . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414. Marriage feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415. Given by bride's side primarily . . . 1416. Given by groom's side . . . . . . . . 1417. Both contribute. Marriage of Affinal Relatives 1418. Sororate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418a.Wife's brother's daughter like wife's sister . . . . . . . . . . . 1418b.Also paid for . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419. Simultaneous (polygynous) . . . . . . 1420. Max. no. of wives "paid" for. 1421. Max. no. of wives in same house . . . . . . . . . . . 1422. Sister of barren wife . 1423. Successive (post-mortem). ..... 1424. Said to be obligatory . 1425. Depends on attitude of parents . . . . . . . . . . 1426. With additional "payment" 1427. Levirate .... 1427a.Husband's sister's son like husband's brother . . . . . 4 4 4 4 4 * - + + E 1 a a 1- . *p1 _* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 * + + + + pl 1 + + + + 1 + + + + a 1 M1 M2 M3 4 pl 4 a pl 4 pl + + _ + + + * - + + * *a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + M4 4 a pl + + + + a p*l I+ + a pl + a pl + + + - a pl + 428 1M5 4M6 Mq 4 4 pl P p + + + *+ * + : *+ *+ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + - . . . . . . . . * . 0 . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XlIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 1428. Simultaneous (polyandrous). . . . . . 1429. Max. no. of brothers who paid 1430. Max. no. of brothers in same house . . . . . . . . . . . 1431. Suecessive (post-mortem). . . . . . . 1432. Said to be obligatory . . . . 1433. Depends on attitude of parents . . . . . . 1434. With additional payment 5. Marriage of man to stepdaughter. 1436. Man to wife's brother's daughter Postnuptial Residence 17. First residence patrilocal . . . . . . . . . 1437a. Haphazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437b.Alternating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1438. Husband's parents' house 1439. Own house. W. First residence matrilocal 1442. Wife's parents' house . . . . . . . . 1443. Own house. 4. Final residence patrilocal 1445. Husband's parents' house 1446. Own house (later) . . . . . . . . . . 71. Variable, informant gives no rule . . . . . . Adultery Unfaithful wife beaten . . . . . Unfaithful wife killed . . . . . Paramour assailed by husband . . Paramour killed . . . . . . . . . Compensation for adultery . . Divorce For infidelity . . . . . . . . . Barrenness . . . . . . . . . . . . Quarreling . . . . . . . . . . . Laziness Repayment of bride price . . Remarriage of Widow or Widower -.Without engagement period 3b.After mourning period . R. Former wife's parents paid by ) New husband pays for widow Prostitution L. Private, irregular, not any mm a.Any male accepted. i. Pay or gifts given, but no neE fixed price . . . . . . . . 5a.Negotiated price . . . . . . 6. At "big times" chiefly . . . 7. Any time widower ale accepted . . gotiated or *1 * * * * * *0 TYj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 4 M6 M8 M9 pl o pl pl _ _ + + _ _ 0 0 + + + + + + + + + -I- + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - _ p1 p1 p1 p1 0 + + p1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 1- + + + + - + _ * + - + + * + 0 + + + 429 pl pl - pl + + + _ - + + + + 8. 0. I. 3. I i7 p1 p1 + + + + - + + - + + _ _ _ + - + + - + * + + * + + * _ . + * + * + + + * + + * + + + + _ - + + + + + * + + U + *+ I 430 ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yi Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 E1 I BERDACBES 1483. Present ..... . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + . + 1483a.Sweat with males.+ - + + + - . _ . . + 1484. Live with a normal man . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + . _ . . + 1485. Function at burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + . + . + 1486. Function at mourning ceremony . . . . . . . . + - + + . . + . . + 1486a.Dressed and talk as women . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . . + 1486b.Associated with women . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . . + 1486c.Never ridiculed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + . + . . + KINSHIP AVOIDANCES 1487. Mother-in-law son-in-law . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1488. Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1489. Plural address in speech . . . + - + + + + + + + 1490. Head covered (mother-in-law). . +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?- 1491. Turn aside on trail . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1492. Eat together . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1493. Laugh .-.-. . . . . . . . . .... . _ + + + - 1494. Respect, no obscenity . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1495. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1497. Mother-in-law daughter-in-law . . . . . . . . 1499. Plural address . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + 1502. Respect, no obscenity . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1503. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1505. Father-in-law son-in-law . . . . . . . . . . 1507. Plural address . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + 1510. Respect, no obscenity . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1511. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1513. Father-in-law daughter-in-law .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1514. Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1515. Plural address . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 1516. Head covered (daughter-in-law). . . . - +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?- 1517. Turn aside on trail (daughter-in-law) - + + + + + + + + + 1518. Eat together . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1520. Respect, no obscenity . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1521. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1523. Brother sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527. Should not be alone together . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1528. Before marriage . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1529. After also .... . . ... + + + + + + + + + MOIETIES AND LINEAGES 1530. Moieties . .+ . *+ + *+ + . . + 1530c.Own chief . . . . . + - + _ _ _ _ . + 1531. Nutuwuts and Troxelhiwic . . . . . . + + 1531a.XratVawa oesumiti'. . . . . . . . . . + + + . . + 1532. East and West . . . - + - _ _ . . + 1533. Moiety owned totems. . + - + + + + . . + 1533a.Moiety owned personal names . . . . . + + + + + . .+ 1533b.Moiety owned paint designs . . . . . -- + + + . . + 1533c.Moiety owned offices . . . . . . . . . _ + + 1534. Paternal descent . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + + . . + 1534a.Exogamy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + . . + 1535. Reciprocal functions . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + + . .+ 1536. Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + CULTCRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 1537. Mourning ceremony . . . . . . 1538. Sweating . . . . . . . . . . Lineages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540. Paternal descent . . . . . . . . . . 1541. Single inherited totem . . . . . . . 1542. Taboo on killing . . . . . . 1543. Taboo on eating . . . . 1544. Mother's totem taboo . 1545. Wife's totem taboo . . . . . 1546. Bought from other lineages. 1547. Exogamous . . . . . . . . 1547a. Influence on marriage . . . . . . . . 1548. Lineage owned names . . . . . . 1549. Male from father's father 1550. Male from mother's father 1551. Female from father's mother 1552. Female from mother's mother 1552a.Lineage owned offices . . . . . . . . 1553. Lineage body paint designs 1554. Ceremonies conducted by . . . . . . . CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS .Head chief . . . . . . . . . ID. a.No. of chiefs. (Cf. 1575). . . . . . . b.Chief could cure . . . . . . . . . . ?.Chief had more power than shaman . . d.Chief may resign . . . . . . . . . . e.Inherited title not office f.By election . . . . . . . . . . . . . g.Men vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.Old men approve chief's actions . . . j.Chief selects successor . . . . . . . k.Chiefly lineages . . . . . . . . . . 1556. Hereditary . . . . . . . . . 1557. To son . . . . . . . 1558. To brother . . . . . 1559. To brother's son . . 1560. To sister's son . . . 1561. To son's son . . . . 1562. To daughter's son . . 1563. Son outranks brother 1564. Brother outranks son 1565. Younger brother's son * 0 . * . . 0 . * * * a* * * * * * * * * * * . . I . . . 0 . 0 . out- ranks sister's son . . . 1566. Son's son outranks daughter's son . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567. Primogeniture . . . . . . . . 1568. Oldest in paternal line . . . 1570. Individual title for chief 1571. Chief's paternal male blood kin called chief . . . . . . . . . No. of individual chiefs No. of lineages of chiefs . . . . . . . . Female chiefs . . 1578. Same root term as male chief. 1579. Nominal only, or male chief also 1581. Sister of male chief . . . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 MB M9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2? + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + + 1 + * + * + + + + + + * + * -I- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2+ 2+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 2 + + 1 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + 1- + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ + + + 4 + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + .+ 1 1 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 431 0 a 0 t 0 4,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1582. Daughter of male chief . . . . . . . 1583. Wife of male chief . . . . . . . . . 1584. Functions as stewardess . . . . . . . 1585. Gives orders to men or sends messen- ger (winatum) with orders . . . . . Prerogatives and duties: 1587. Without actual authority . . . . . . 1587a.Does own hunting . . . . . . . . . . 1587b. Chief advises people . . . . . . . . 1587c.Restrains them from trespass . . . . 1587d.Tells when to begin gathering acorns. 1587e.Makes fire drives. 1587f. Arbitrates disputes . . . . . . . . . 1587g.Final veto power . . . . . . . . . . 1587h. Official host . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587i.Chief always wealthy . . . . . . . . 1587j.Feeds visitors . . . . . . . . . . . 1588. Son or other relative hunts for him . 1589. Food bought by chief . . . . . . . . 1590. Food given him free . . . . . . . . . 1591. Fed visitors, impoverished 1592. Provided more food for a feast than others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593. Provided more money or property for a ceremony than others . . . . . . 1594. Approval necessary for every public ceremony . . . . . .... 1595. Makes speech (prayer) at public ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596. Owned all eagles and aeries . . . . . 1597. Buys captive eagles or pays to have them released . . . . . . . . . . . 1598. Settles disputes . . . . . . . . . . 1599. Sanctioned killing of certain persons (e.g., poisoners) . 1600. Paid to kill (or hire killed) certain persons. 1601. Goes to war . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1601a.Does not fight . . . . . . . . . . . Chiefs (of highest or equivalent status) for: 1603. Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604. Moiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605. Assistant chief . . . . . . . . . . . 1606. No. per tribe . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607. Hereditary, paternal line. 1608. Lifelong office . . . . . . . . . . . 1609. Paternal male blood kin called by title . . . . . . 1610. Paternal female blood kin called by title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611. Advises chief . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614. Functions as steward . . . . . . . . 1615. Messenger . 1616. Hereditary, paterna. line. 1617. Lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1618. No. of individuals . . . . . . . . . 1619. No. of lineages . . . . . . . . . . . 1621. Functions as: messenger for chief . . 1622. Messenger for shaman . . . . 1623. Messenger for anyone . . . . Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pl 1 p1 1 + 1 1 + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * + - . + - . + + + + + + + + + 2 2 + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 0 + + + pl 0 + 432 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ pl + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA | Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4J M5 M6 M18 M 1624. Welcomes visitors . 1625. Steward at feast . 1626. Orders hunting for chief 1627. Builds fire for ceremony Cane (stick) as symbol of office . 1630. Painted . 1631. Feathers attached . . . . . . . . Female messenger 1633. Term same root as male. 1634. Sister of male . . . . . . . . . 1635. Daughter of male . . . . . . . . 1637. Welcomes female visitors . . 1638. Steward at feast . . . . . . . . 1639. Goes alone as messenger . . . . . .Iaster of ceremonies . . . . . . . . . . Crier, orator, or clown . . . . . . . . . 1641. Hereditary, paternal line . . 1642. Sister or daughter of male 1643. Lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . 1644. No. of lineages. 1645. Appointed by chief. 1646. Daily announcements around camp 1647. Only when there is "news" . . 1648. Only at ceremonies . . . . . . . 1649. Moral lectures to children . 1650. Steward at feast . . . . . . . . 1651. Dance manager functions. 1652. Clowns and ridicules . . . . . . Clown, distinct from crier . . . . . . . 1654. Hereditary . . . . . . . . . . . 1655. Lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . 1656. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . 1656a.Appointed by leader of dance 1657. No. of individuals 1658. Clowns at ceremonies paid . . Dance manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1660. Hereditary, paternal line . 1661. Lifelong . . . 1662. Appointed by chief. 1662a.Appointed by head dancers . . . 1663. Schedules dances . . . . . . . . 1664. Shouts during dancing. 1665. Hand over mouth "Indian yell" 1666. Females also . . . . . . . . . . War chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668. Hereditary, paternal line . . 1669. Lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . 1670. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . 1671. No. of individuals . . . . . . . 1672. Leads whole tribe or village . . Divider of food (not messenger) . . . . . 1679. Hereditary, paternal line . . 1680. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . 1681. Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . $inger or song leader . . . . . . . . . . 1683. Hereditary, paternal line . . 1683a.No. of individuals in tribes 1684. Lifelong 1684a. Paternal line . . . . . . . . . . 1685. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . + + -I- + + + -I- + ? + + + + + -I- + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 1 1 p1 * + * + -1- + + *p * - pl + - + _ 433 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + * + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1687. Sang solos . . . . . . . 1688. Females . . . . . . . . . 1689. Same term as for males 1690. Sister of male . . . . . 1691. Daughter of male . . . . *1692r. Made speech when killed own totem 1692s.Restrictions on killing any totem * * * . *a*i*al LAND OWNERSHIP 1693. Tribal, everything in commonality 1694. Private, household . . . 1700. Tree crop claimed 1702. Fishing places . 1703. For a season only by. pole * . . . * . .* WAR 1706. Tribal wars ................. 1707. Cause: witchcraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708. Murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709. Poaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709a. Due to trespass . . . . . . . . . . . 1709b. Killing on sight . . . . . . . . . . 1709c.Champions for dueling . . . . . . . . 1709d.Young women spared . . . . . . . . . 1709e.Raped by all in party . . . . . . . . 1710. Abduction of women and children . . . 1710a.Abduction of women for rape. 1711. Slight on chiefs . . . . . . . . . . 1712. Adventure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713. Dance of incitement . . . . . . . . 1714. Dancers abreast (row) . . . . . . . . 1714a.Around the fire . . . . . . 1715. Dance of settlement, both tribes present. 1715a.Only fighters dance . . . . . . . . . 1716. War paint .................. 1717. Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718. Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719. White ............... 1720. According to totem or guardian spirit 1721. Prearranged battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722. Surprise attacks only . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723. Scouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725. Chiefs neutral in battle . . . . . . . . . . 1726. Chiefs make peace. 1727. Scalps or heads taken ............ 1728. Victory dance ................ 1729. Scalp on pole ............ 1730. Women captives taken ............ 1731. Neighboring tribes hired for war ...... Yj Ma Mn + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ys I M1 + + + * + + + + + + + + 434 l l l M2 M3 M44 + + + + 1M5 M6 + + + + + + + + + + + +, _ + * + * + *+ * + * + * + ** *+ - _ - + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 BIRTH ers refer to days after birth unless other- wise specified) Delivery ' Feast after birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732a. Bad luck if omitted . . . . . . . . . 1732b. Die in next childbirth . . . 1732c. Baby would die . . . . . . . i, Parturient kneels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1733a.0n one knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1734. Squats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735. Lies flat on back . . . . . . . . . . 1737. Holds to stake . . . . . . . . . . . 1738. Holds to cord from roof . . . . . . . Midwife assists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )a.Husband assists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaman assists if difficulty . Bear parts to hasten delivery . . . . . . . . 1743. Paw or claws on abdomen. 1744. Concoction drunk . . . . . . . . . . 1744a. Buckskin thong tied around woman . j,Puma parts on abdomen to hasten delivery . Baking in pit after birth . . . . . . . . . . 1747. Delivery in pit . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Afterbirth buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749. Turned over to change sex of off- spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1750. Turned over to prevent further offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . L Afterbirth burned or buried in ashes to prevent offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1751a.Put on ant hill . . . . . . . . . . . . Afterbirth dried and kept to prevent offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1753a.Buried and sealed tightly to prevent offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. Child bathed at birth . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Mother and child steamed . . . . . . . . . . 1. Navel cord: cut with flint . . . . . . . . . 1757a.With elderberry . . . . . . . 1758. With cane . . . . . . . . . . 1758a.With own teeth . . . . . . . 1759. With shell 1759a.With fingernail . . . . . . . 1760. Tied with mother's hair . . . . . . . 1761. With vegetable-fiber string 1761a. Long enough to make a knot of it 1762. Tied with buckskin string. 1763. Seared and pinched together, not tied 1764. Detaches in ... days . . . . . . . . 1765. Tied on cradle . . . . . . . . . . . 1765a.Hang on tree . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768. Put on an ant hil . . . . . . . . . 1769. Buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1770. Buried on the shady side of a bush. . 30 *10 9 + +- + - + - + + + + + - + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - _ + _ - + + + + + + + - * + + + - + + + + + - - +- + - + * + _ - + . _ + + + +* + + + - I + - + + +4 5 + + + 4 * * _ + + + _ - + + + + + * - + + + - * + - _ _ ~~+ _ _ - + + + +I + + _- + * + _- + + + - + - + * + _ + + - 4 4 * - + 4 * + 4 * * * + * _ _ * + 435 *+ * * + _ _ + + + * + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + * + + + 4 4 436 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Yj Ma Mn Ys[ M1 M2 M3 M41M5 M6 I Restrictions on Mother 1771. Meat products taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1771a.Grease taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1772. Salt taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1773. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + t+ 4 + 4 + 1774. Combing hair taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1775. Scratches with stick . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1777. Making baskets taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 1778. Cooking for family taboo . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 1779. Travel taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + 1780. Loud talk taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1781. Stays in pit .... . ...... . . . . . 0 5 + + 4 _ 1782. Special childbirth hut . . . . . . . . . . . + 1783. Purification ceremony with bath . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1783a.Delivery in house ..+ + + + + + + - - + 1783b.Child put in cradle . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - 1783c.Wrapped in wire grass . . . . . . . . + + 1783ca.Buckskin or cased fur . . . . . . . + + + + + 1783d.No sex relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1783e.Baby wiped with foxskin . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . . + + Restrictions on Father 1784. Meat products taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + - + + + 1784a.Grease taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ + - + + + 1785. Salt taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + + 1786. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ - - + + + 1787. Combing hair taboo . . . . . . . + + + - 1788. Scratches with "stick" . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - 1789. Sweating mandatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 1790. Sweating taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1791. Must remain indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . .- + 1792. Must lie down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1793. Loud talk taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 1794. Wears hunger belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . 1795. Smoking taboo . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - - . + 1796. Gambling taboo . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + 1797. Travel taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - _ - + 1798. Hunting deer taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + _ - + 1799. Runs ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1800. East in morning . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1801. West in evening . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1802. And jumps over a big rock . . . . . . + 1803. Purification ceremony, bath .+ 10 + - _ - + + + - 1804. Swaps or changes clothes. + + + - _ - + + + - Abortion 1806. Medicine eaten or drunk . . . . . . . . . . . + + * + + + + | * 1808. Blows. .... . + + . . . . . . . ... 1809. Pressure. .. ........ + + . . . . . - 1810. Lifting .. ... . |+ - * -|- . . -| . Infanticide 1811. Infanticide practiced . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1812. Chiefly bastards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + . + + *1 1813. Sometimes twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1814. Deformed .+................ . - - - - . . - p CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 437 IYj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4I M5 M6 M8 M9 14b. Child killed by mother's parents . . . . . . + + + + + + + 14c.Support of child by father . . . . . . . . . + . . 14d.Compulsory marriage to man . . . . . . . . . + . .+ + Weaning 15. Years of age ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 + 1+ 1+ + *2 2 1+ 1+ 1+ 16. Parents' sex restrictions until weaning ... . . _ + 17. Adultery of either parent sickens nursing child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Mutilations 18. Ears pierced soon after birth . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ - + + 1819. Age in years. 0 18 + 1 0 0 0 1 . . + + 20 Nose pierced soon after birth . . . . . . . . + - + + 1821. Age in years. . . . . . . . . . 0 18 -* 0 * 2 *+ 1 . . + + 22. Girl's tattoo, age in years . . . . . . . . . + + 15 15 * *+ * * 12 - 1822a.Before puberty . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + 1822b.About puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + 1822c.After puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + . + + 1822diAny time up to maturity . . . . . . . + - +, + _ + + . + + 1822e.Tattooed self . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + 1a. Boy's tattoo, age in years . . . . . . . . . + + + + 13 13 1823a.Before puberty . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1823b.About puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + 1823c.After puberty . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + 1823d.Any time up to maturity .+ + + _ . + + 1823e.When adult . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ . + . - + + 1823f.Tattooed self . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + - + + Milk Teeth 24. Thrown away .?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1825. Toward sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ 1825a.Morning star . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1825b.In gopher hole . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1827. Direction (N,S,E,W) . . . . . . . . . - E E E + 1828. Back over shoulder . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1829. With eyes shut . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 31. Placed in clump of grass . . . . . . . . . . + GIRLS' PUBERTY Restrictions 3.Meat products taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + 4. Salt taboo ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + 5.Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + 6. Confined in house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + 7. Talks softly or little . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + + + + + 5. Covered or veiled when going outside . . . + - + + - - - - + + + 1839. Skin or rabbitskin blanket . . . . . + - + + + + - - + + + 40Combing hair taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - . - _ + + + + 41. Scratching stick used . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + + 3.Looking at fire taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + - . + + + F.Looking at sun, moon taboo . . . . . . . . . + - . + + + + [5.Work taboo ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + + + + 1846. Pounding acorns taboo . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1847. Getting wood taboo .+ + + + + + + + + + + K 438 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Yj Ma Mn Ys| Ml M2 M3 M4[M5 M6 M8 1848. Making baskets taboo.. + + + + + + + + + 1849. Gathering . . . . . ... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1851. Girl deloused . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1852. Purification, bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1852a. Clothes changed . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1853. Clothes exchanged or given away . . + - . - - + - . _ 1855. Clothes destroyed . . . . . . . . . . + + + . _ _ - + Public Recognition 1856. Feast for neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - 1857. For all girls .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1858. One girl at a time . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 1859. Duration, 1 day or less . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - 1860. Dancing ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + 1861. Night .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + - 1862. Outdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ _ _ 1862a. Indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 1863. Men and women dance together . . . . + + + + + - _ - _ 1864. In circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ _ . _ 1865. Girl dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ . _ 1866. Singing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ + _ 1867. Cocoon rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 1867a.Split-stick rattle . . . .. . . . . + + - 1868. Gourd rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1869. Rite conducted by chief . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - _ _ + - 1870. Girl ceremonially washed . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + + - 1871. Girl ceremonially painted . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - _ _ 1872. Girl tattooed .... . . . . . + - + - _ _ _ _ MENSTRUATION 1873. Fasts ... days for lst menses .6 10 *i 2 + 4 4 4 4 8 1873a.Meat products taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1874. Salt taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 1875. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 1875a.Allowed out alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ 1876. Confined to house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + 1877. Combing hair taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1878. Scratching 'stick' used . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 1879. Cooking for others taboo . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + 1880. Cooking meat taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + - 1881. Bathing taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1882. Purification (bathing) compulsory at end . + + + + + + + + + + *1883. Restrictions extend to husband . - +????? ? + 1884. Hunting taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1885. Fishing taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1886. Gambling taboo . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1887a.Taboo to step over husband . . . . . . . . . + * + + + + + + + 1887b.Taboo to touch husband .+ - + + + + + + + + 1887c.Must not touch husband's property . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + VARIOUS 1887d.Young people bathe every morning . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1887e.Sexes separate . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 4-i DATURA 1889. Group Drining .k la.Root used. lb.A Anual . Springtime .............. LSumer ................ ha.Fall ................. * Wintertime .............. .a.Any time ............... NMales................. Both sexes .............. No. of drinkers........... I.Age of drinkers............ .Meat products taboo (days)...... Cold water taboo (days) . ... All water taboo (days) ....... N.Mixed in mortar.......... 1904. In basket . . . . . . . . . . . 1905. In pot . . . . . . . . . . . . i, Plant in cold water . . . . . . . . . . 1906a. Pounded . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907. Steeped . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908. Boiled . . . . . . . . . . . 1909. Only juice, not water . . . 1911. Drink in own house . . . . . . 1913. Outdoors . . . . . . . . . . . Vomiting may cause death . . . . . . . i Cause serious illness . . . . . . . . . L Foot race . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916. Before drink . . . . 1918. Around house or camp (times). Drinkers dance after drink . . . . . . 1920. According to totem . . . . . . Ant fortitude ordeal . . . . . . . . . 1924. Ants swallowed . . . . . . . . Drinkers sing while drinking Drinkers sleep one night . . . . . . . Singing to awaken drinkers . . . . . . Whipping with nettles to awaken . . . . Whipping with stick to awaken . . . . . .Whistling to call intoxicated wandering drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Vision obtained . . . . . . . . . . . . All get visions . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapport with totem or guardian spirit . Instruction of drinkers . . . . . . . . Sponsor for each drinker . . . . . . . Rite conducted by chief . . Rite conducted by old man . . . . . . . .Rite conducted by messenger . . . . . . Individual Drinking For broken bone. 1940. Anaesthetic, bone set. 1941. Charm, bone sets itself . 1942. Applied externally ...... To cure siukness ......... . . - Yj Ma Mn Ys I ml + + + _ + + + - 4 25 20 + + 'F + + * + + *+ pl + + * + * + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +l + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - M2 M3 M4 * * + + + - + + - * + + + * + - *E E + 4 **+ * + - - + + _ + + * + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + * + * 4 + I M5 M6 M1 M9 * * * + _ _ + + 439 I I I _ - 0 440 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Yj Ma Mn Ys|M1 Ml'2 M3 M4 M5 M6 B8 1944. For vision or power . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - _ _ - 1945. Shamans mainly . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + ANT ORDEAL (Note: separate from Datura) 1946. Ants swallowed, number . . . . . . . . . . . + p 1948. With eagle down . . . .+ 1949. Ants crawl through to surface of body _ - + ? ? ? + 1950. External biting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + ? ?. + 1951. Individual affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ 1952. For vision or power . .+ - + + 1953. For sickness .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1954. For sick child, by parent.+ - + - + DEATH Treatment of Corpse 1955. Corpse in house, days or nights . . . . . . . 3 2 2 3 1 *4 + 4 4 *4 2 1957. Disposed of, days or nights .3 2 2 3 * 4 + 4 4 4 2 1958. Washed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + . . + 1959. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - + . + 1969. Cremation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1972a.General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1972b. Flesh worked off with poles .+ . + + + - _ _ . . + 1973. Pyre over pit . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . 1973a.Pit on side + . + . . 1975. Corpse on top of pyre . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + +J 1976. Corpse burned inside house. - +? _ 1977. Secondary basket burial .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1978. Destruction of property at funeral .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1979. Dogs sacrificed . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + * 1979a.Meat eaten.. . ++ . *1980. House burned (with everything). . . . + + + + + + + + 1981. Unburnables (e.g., pots) broken . . . + - . + + + + + + + + Undertaker 1982. Undertaker a blood kinsman . . . . . . . . . + + - - - - + + * + 1982a.No special man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 1983. Nonrelative . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 1984. Berdache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + . - + 1984a.Normal individual . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - . + 1987. Inherits position, patrilineal . . . _ - + 1988. Chosen by chief . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + . + - + _ 1989. Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + . _ - + - 1990. Meat products taboo, days . . . . . . . . . . 30 2 0 *2+ * 0 0 + + + 1991. Work taboo, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 0 *2+ * 4 4 + + + 1992. Travel taboo, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 0 *2+ * 4 4 + + + 1993. Purification by sweating . . . . . . . . . . + - + + . - - + + - 1 1994. Purification by bathing . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - . + + + + + + 1994a.Relatives dance around fire . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1994b.Friends dance around fire .+ + + - - + + + + + 1994d.Food taboos while cremating . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1994e.Meat . . + + + + + + + + + 1994f.Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1994g.Salt . . + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M9 1994h.Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94i.Wormwood in nostrils . . . . . . . . . . . 94j. Chew it. 94k.Rub on body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94ka.Hold in hand and smell . . . . . . . . . . 94L.Sprinkle on fire to extinguish . . . . . . 94m.Funeral of chief and commoner different . . 94n.Burial in father's cemetery . . . . . . . . 1994o.In mother's cemetery 94p.Brought remains home if death in foreign place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94q.Chief in charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94r.All property on pyre . . . . . . . . . . . 94s.Little at a time . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mourners wmbers refer to days; M, until tribal mourning remony; LM, until little mourning ceremony) Widow l5. Hair cut . . . . . . . . . . . 1996. Ends saved . . . . . . 1997. Made into mourning belt 1998. Thrown in river . 1999. Burned . . . . . . . . 1999a.Buried . . . . . . . . 0. Face not washed . Oa.Head or face pitched . . . . . 11. Dirt or ashes on head. )2. Meat products taboo . . . . . . . 2002a. Parents-in-law were paid eating . . . . . . . )3. Confined, or stayed at home Blood Relatives , Touching corpse taboo . . . . . . Women cut hair . . . . . . . . 6 Meat products taboo. Salt taboo . . . . . . Hunting taboo . . . . . . . . . Gathering taboo . . . . . . . . Name Taboo .Name of dead taboo . . . . . . . Indefinitely (permanent). .Till formally regiven . . . . . . .Till mourning ceremony . . . . .Only in presence of kin . . . . * . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . .* *b*f**r*e * * * * * * . * . . . . .* Change name at death of namesake . Circumlocution at death of namesake Ghosts Visible . . . . . . . . . Audible . . . . . . . . . Faint when see one . . . ."Big Bird" carried people + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + M 14 + * + + * * 6 + - + * * + + + 6 + + * + * + + + + * + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + *+ * + + + + + + 6 * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 4 3 + M4 1 + + M M + + + M + + + * + + + + * + + + * * + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + LM - + + M + + 4 + M + - + + * * * + + + + + + + + + * * + + + + + + + + + + + + awa - + + + + 441 + + + + + + * + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + . . . . . . 0 . . away - - + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yj Ma Mn Ys[ Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M, 2019f. Owl kidnaps baby . . . . . . . . . 2020. Leaves grave, days after death . . 2021. Direction (N, S, E, W). . . . . . . 2022. Soul flight and return . . . . . . 2024. Dream of dead (appearance of ghost) 2025 A Bay leaves on door . 2025a. Woodpecker, etc., feather 2026. Tobacco on door . . . . . . 2026a. Wormwood . . . . . . . . . 2027. Datura on door . . . . . . 2027a. Beads . . . . . . . . . . . 2028. Angelica chewed and spat on 2030. Ghost told to leave . 2031. Datura drunk . . . . . . . 2032. And spat on door 2033. Doctor visited if sick * . . .* ill omen. * . . . . * . . . . * . . . . door . . * . . .* MOURNING CEREMONY Little Mourning Ceremony 2034. Present . . 2035. Time after death, days . 2035a.After cremation. 2036. Lasts, days . . . . . . . . . . . 2037. For one dead 2038. Chief sanctions. 2039. For members of own tribe, only 2040. Mourners washed by blood relatives 2041. Nonrelative. 2042. Opposite moiety. 2043. Anyone of own tribe Tribal Mourning Ceremony 2044. 2045. 2046. Individual, each dead separate Group, for several dead together For all dead, as above . . . . . 2048. No. of years after death 2049. Annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2050. Irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2050a. Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2050b.Summer . 2050c.Fall 2050d.Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051. Other tribes invited . . . . . . . 2053. Lasted, days . . . . . . . . . . . 2054. Sanctioned by chief . . . . . . . . 2055. Loans by mourners. 2056. To another tribe 2058. Opposite moiety. 2059. Anybody . . . . . . . . . . 2061. Structure round or elliptical . . . 2061a.Round house (assembly house). . . . 2062. Rectangular . . . . . . . . 2063. Brush fence, roofless . . . 2064. Flat shade . . 2065. Fence plus flat shade . 2066. Dance in or under structure *0 + W _ + - + + + + + 3 + + - + + + + + + + + + * * + + + 4 2 6 4 + + + + + + + 3 + + + 1 + + + * 2 + + + + + 2 + + + + * - + + + + + + + 8 4 1 + + 1 7 + + 1 4 4 * + + + + + *+ + 8 4 1 + + + + + + + + 442 * + + + + 88 8 4 4 4 11 A + + + + . - + + + + + 1 1 + + - + + + + _ + + ' + + ' + +~ E -A- JL CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA [Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4 Mb M6 M8 M9 2067. Dance in open . . . . . . . . . . . 2068. Center pole . . . . . . . . . 2069. Main entrance(s) face(s) (N,S,E,W). 2069a.On account of wind . . . . 071. Seating or eating allotment, dual . . . . . . 2072. Multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2073. According to geography . . . . . . . 2074. Tribes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2075. Moieties or villages . . . . . . . . 2077. Husband and wife of different tribes separated. 2078. Husband and wife of different vil- lages or moieties separated . . . . 2079. Two "tables" . . . . . . . . . . . . 080. Professional performers. 2081. Paid in beads . . . . . . . . . . . . 2082. Paid in other property 2083. Allowed to choose from offerings 2084. Shamans. 2085. Berdaches. 086. Oratory ("preaching") . . . . . . . . . . . . 2087. By chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2087a.By doctor (shaman). . . . . . . . . . 2088. By orator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 089. Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2090. Made by: relatives of dead . . . . . 2090a. Anyone . . . . . . . . . . . 2091. Appointed by chief 2092. Burnt with offerings . . . . . . . . 2093. Burnt at cemetery. 2093a.Outside . . . . . . . . . . . 09. Hut for offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Hole (grave) for offerings . . . . . . . . . lOa.Offerings on bearskin, near fire 11. Poles for offerings, carried . . . . . . . . 13. Sham battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2114. For admittance to enclosure. 16. Mourners washed. 2117. By opposite moiety . . . . . . . . . 2118. By visiting tribe . . . . . . . . . . 2119. Paired tribe, specifically 2120. Nonrelative . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2121. Washers paid . . . . . . . . . . . . 2122. Washer gives clothes washed. 2123. Everyone in mourners' tribe or moiety washed . . . . . . . . . . . 23a.Gambling and merriment after ceremony . . . . 4. "War" dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2125. At end of festivity. 2126. In circle, both sexes together . . . SHAMANISM Herb Doctor 7. Hereditary, patrilineal. . Instruction given. 9. Supernatural experience . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - + - + . _ _ + * + + + + + + + + + * ? + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + *9? + + + * + + + + + * + + - - + - + - + - _ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 443 w + + - _* * + - + - + - + + _ + + - + + * - + - + NE + + + + + + + + + + + N * + + + + + + + + + + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E + + + + + * + + + + * + E E + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I i O.- 444 ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Yj Ma Mn YS[141 4M2 M3 M4 |M5 M6 MB 2130. Mostly men ............. . . . . + + + + + - - + 2132. Both sexes . ............... . + + + - - + + * + - Deer Doctor 2132a.Deer shaman .+ + + ? + +* 2132b.Foretold success of hunt .+.. . . . . . . . + + ? | * 2132c.Entices fawns .... .. . . .. . .. . . . + . + ?? + 2132d.Told people where to go . . . . . . . . . . . + + + -I .?+ "Spirit Doctor" 2133. Hereditary, patrilineal . .- + + + + - + + + 2133a.Bought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2134. Instruction given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2134a.Received from dreams . + + + 2135. Men only .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2136. Mostly men, some women . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ 2137. Supernatural experience .+ - + + + * + + + . 2138. Dreams in normal sleep . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + * + + + . 2138a.In childhood (before puberty) . . . . + - + - + . . . . . 2139. When adult (after puberty) .+ - + + + . . . . . 2140. Age of first dreams..10 - *10 + *15 * * * . . 2141. Guardian spirit or totem + + + + . _ . . . 2142. Songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . + + + . 2143. Curing methods . . . . . . . . ... . + + + + + . + + + . 2143a.General, not confined to prospective doctors . .- + + . . _ _ _ . 2147. Vision quest with isolation . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - s + . . 2148. Age of first quest . .20 * + *17 * * 2149. Repeated in later life .+ + + + + . . . . 2150. Isolation, days or nights. *2+ + + 2 1 . . . 2152. Repeated until power comes . . . . . + + . . . 2153. Fasts from food, days .+ + + 2 + . . . 2154. Fasts from water, days . . . . . + + + - + . . . 2155. Fasts till power comes.+ + . . + . . . 2156. Ants eaten.+ _ . . _ . . . . . 2157. Tobacco eaten .+ + + - + . . . 2158. Datura drunk in isolation . + + + . - + - + + 2159. Bathes in lake or stream . . . . . . + + + . _ . 2160. Under water . . . . . . . . . + + + 2160a.Under rocks in mountain . . + + + + _ . _ . 2161. Sees guardian spirit or totem .. . + + + + + - . . 2162. Hears guardian spirit or totem . . + + + + + . . . 2163. Feels guardian spirit or totem . . . + + + + + . . . 2164. Gets song . .+ + + + + . . . 2165. Gets curing technique.+ + + + + . . . 2166. Vision quest general, not confined to prospective doctors.- _ + 2168. Power from sun . .+ + + - _ . + 2169. Power from trance or faint . .+ + + - _ . + 2170. Sick, days or nights . .- + +| 7 - - * + 2171. Nose or mouth bleeds . .- + + + + + . + 2172. Guardian spirit or totem . + + + + . _ . 2173. Songs curing technique . .+ + + + . _ . . 2173a. Curing technique . .+ + + + . _ . . 2174. Diagnoses by singing and dancing.+ + + + + + - + + + + 2175. Split-stick clapper . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + - 2176. Cocoon rattle ... . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - - + + + 2177. Whistle ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + + + + + _ I A ,I I '.i ? -A? 1 7 I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 2178. Rubs Datura on eyes to see poison . . 2178a.Drinks Datura . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179. Guardian spirit tells location of poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2180. Cures by sucking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2180a. Through pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181. Scarification or blood letting . . . 2182. Extracted poisonous object (always) exhibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . B182a. Recovers lost soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2182b. Shaman recovers . . . . . . . . . . . 2182c.Sends guardian spirit . . . . 8183. Brushes or fans away disease . . . . 2184. With feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . 2185. Weasel skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9186. Sprays water or saliva from mouth . . . . . . 2187. Blows tobacco smoke . . . . . . . . . 2188. Ashes applied to patient . . . . . . 2190. Uses quartz crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9191. Uses charmstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0192. Assistant(s), number . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193. Patient decides amount of fee . . . . . . . . 2194. Paid before cure 2195. Paid after cure . . . . . . . . . . . 2197. Returned or not taken if unsuccessful 1197a."Fetish sack" or outfit bundle . . . . . . . 198. Liability for declining case . . . . . . . . 2200. May be accused of poisoning . . . . . 1201. Poisoning by doctors . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201a."Bullets" shot . . . . . . . . . . . 1204. Class of doctor killers . . . . . . . . . . . 2205. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2206. Hired by chief . 2207. Hired by anyone . 2208. Kill by natural means . . . . . . . . 2208aa.Kill by sorcery . . . . . . . . . . Singing Doctor or Talker 1208a.Patient saw ghost in dream . . . . 208b.Doctor drives ghost away by singing 208c.Shakes cocoon rattle . . . . . . . 08d.Goes out and consults spirits . 20ePuts ashes on patient's head, blows 208f.Dream of food cause of food taboo . g08.Wanderers caused by spirits calling 109. 210. 11. F17. 218. 19. ~220. them off. them . . Public Competitions By "spirit doctors". At mourning ceremony "Bullets" shot . . . . . . . . . 2212. With circular basket tray 2213. Visible to all . . . . . 2215. From fire, ultimately sun 2216. Recipient may return Contortions by performers . Losers cured by winners. Losers sometimes die Performers paid. |Yj Ma Mn Ys Ml M2 M3 M4| M5 M6 M8 M9 + _ + _ + _ + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + p1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +p + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + 445 + - _ + + - + *+ + + * + - + _+ *+ - 2 + + _ + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + * * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + * I * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + AITHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2220a.Shaman contests . . . . . . . . 2220b.Calls totemic animal . . . . . 2220c. Failure equals death . . . . . 2220d.Rival called pet away . . . . . Rattlesnake Shamans 2221. Hereditary, patrilineal . . . . . . . . . . . 2222. Instruction given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2223. Supernatural experience required . . . . . . 2224. Rattlesnake guardian spirit or totem. 2225. Immune to rattlesnake bite 2226. Power from sun 2227. Mostly men, some women 2228. All men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2229. Bone whistle to call snakes. 2229a.Sings to call snakes 2230. Snakes kept in bottleneck basket . . . . . . 2230a. Snakes kept in plain basket. 2231. Cures snake bite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2233. Rattlesnake ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . 2234. Annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235. Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2236. Summer . 2237. Entire gathering lasts ... days . . . 2238. Actual ceremony lasts ... days . . . 2239. Chief provides food . . . . . . . . . 2240. Shamans provide food . . . . . . . . 2241. Sham curing rite . . . . . . . . . . 2242. Stepping rite, snake in hole . 2243. Snakes handled . . . . . . . . . . . 2244. Similar performance at mourning ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Shamans Weather Shamans 2245. From other tribes . . . . . . . . 2245a.Hereditary, patrilineal . . . . . 2246. Instruction given . . . . . . . . 2247. Supernatural experience required 2248. Men mostly . . . . . . . . . . . 2249. Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . 2250. Make rain . . . . . . . . . . . . 2250a.Make windstorm . . . . . . . . . 2252. Charmstone . . . . . . . 2254. Sprinkle or throw dirt 2255. Contortions . . . . . . . 2256. Shouting . . . . . . . . 2257. Make rain stop 2258. Perform at mourning ceremony 2258a.No particular occasion 2259. Perform at any time . . . . . . . 2260. Separate public ceremony . . . . 2261. Paid for performing . . . . . . . 2262. Bet on outcome . . . . . . . . . IYj Ma Mn Ys| Ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 m8 M9 + + -I- + + + + + + + ? + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 6 2 + + - * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + - + - * - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + + + + ? + * + + - + + * + - _2 - 1-- + - + - + - _ _ + - _ _ + - + - _ _ + - _ _ + - _ _ + - _ _ + + $ _ + - + - + _ + _ _ _ + _ + - - + _ + _ + -44 _*1 - + - + - + - + * * + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + 446 i CUILTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA Bear Shamans 2263. From other tribes- not local . . 2263a.Power by supernatural experience 2263b.Kept in she-bear's den a winter 2263c. Hereditary, patrilineal. 2264. Instruction given 2265. Supernatural experience ... . . . . . 2265a. Dreams 2266. Bear guardian spirit or totem 2267. Mostly men 2268. Both sexes 2269. Wear bearskin . 2270. Wear bear claws . 2271. Transformation to bear 2272. Invulnerability . 2273. Power of rapid travel. 2274. Public bear dance. 2275. Fall 2275a. Spring 2276. Winter 2277. Whole gathering lasts ... days 2278. Actual bear dance (days) 2279. Bear lineage provides food 2279a.Everyone provides food 2280. Performers paid ....... 'f2281. Perform at mourning ceremony .... 2281a.Bears carried people away and married 2281b. Children half-bear * I * I * I * I them * 2281c. Money Finders . . . 2282. From other tribes, not local .... 2282a.Hereditary, patrilineal 2283. Instruction. 2284. Supernatural experience ....... 2285. Full-length feather cloak ...... 2285a.Full-length buzzard-feather cloak 2286. Condor feathers ....... 2287. Carry long stick or two ....... 2288. Money hidden ............ 2289. Shaman whistles. 2290. Shakes cocoon rattle . 2291. Listens to hear money rattle 2293. Function at mourning ceremony . 2294. Function at any public gathering Various 2294a. Fire handling 2294b.Fire eating 2294c.Walk in fire VARIOUS RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS Offering8 2295. Eagle down ............ 2296. Meal or seeds ........... 447 |Yj Ma Mn Ys1Ml M2 M3 M4jM5 M6 8 M9 + + + + + 7 + + + + + _ + + + + + + + +- + + + + + - + + *+ + + * * + + * + + 7 *+ 1 + + + + + ++ + + - - + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + + . _ + - + + . _ + - . _ + + . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + + + + + 6 2 + - + - - + - + * + + + + + + + + 4 4 + - + + + * + + _ + 4 + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + I + - _ _ + - + + - I II i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Yj Ma Mn Ys M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 ? 2297. Tobacco.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2297. Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298. Shell beads. Whirlwind 2299. Ghost in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299c.Headache if contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299ca.Bad luck if contact 2299d.Crazy if contact 2300. Spirit (not ghost) in. 2303. Spit at to stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2303a.Scrape some stone in fire . . . . . . . . . . 2304. Throw water at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2304a.Pray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305. Point at or motion to . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305a.Blow at it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2306. Dodge it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2306a.Talk to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bird Ceremony 2307. Buzzard (turkey vulture). . . . . . . . . . . 2307a. Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307b.Crow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307c.Coyote 2307ca.Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307f.Eagles captured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307g.Have dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307h.Everyone pays hunter . 2307i.Sold to another tribe . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307j. Dance by men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307k.Dance by women 2307kk.All dance ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307m.Eagle dances also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal Names 2308. Named after totem animal. 2309. Inherited from paternal side . . . . . . . 2311. Same sex to same sex . . . . . . . . . . . 2312. After living relative . . . . . . . . . . . 2313. Named after relative dead how long (years). 2314. Named after own parent . . . . . . . . . . 2315. Nicknames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2316. More than one name . . . . . . . . . . . . 2317. Names changed in later life . 2318. Two persons with same name . 2319. Regard each other as brothers . . . 2321. Share property . . . . . . . . . . 2323. Parents as own parents 2324. Use of proper name an insult +X + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ + + - + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + -4- + + ? + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + - + _- + + - - + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4+ + + + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + . 4 + + + + + + + + + + * + + - t4 + - .4 + - .4 + - 4 + - + _ - +. _- + + 448 a t. ELEMJENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS SUBSISTENCE Hunting Driving and trailing.--Into enclosure with shaped chute. Traps, nets, and snares.--Spring- le snare for ducks, trigger under water. Maze- trance enclosure for ducks, roofed. Basket aps for woodpeckers. Game shot from booths or inds with arrow with string attached; blind on le balsa. Animals not used as food.--Prairie loon, woodpecker, magpie, yellow-jacket larvae, asshoppers, caterpillars (chrysalids), river 5sels (i.e., eaten). Hunting observances.-- Or heart taboo to young. Quail eggs taboo to mg only. First to reach kill has choice. iter gets front quarters; hind quarters; head. gle down offered slain deer. Fishing Nets close automatically. Lamprey eel fishing mmal. Fish creel, spindle shaped. Gathering, Preparation, Storage of Food eAcorn bread mixed with earth (clay). Pulver- pd animal and fish bones eaten for strength. i cedar-bark tubes as granaries. Maize, beans, pkin, watermelons. Storage in pits. Irriga- pn of wild-food crops. Pets 'Prairie falcons kept in cages. Wings of game ,ds plucked. Shaman told individual his totem HOUSES pecial huts.--Ground plan rectangular. Built ptical or elongated. Living houses.--Single epole. Posts supporting ridge. Hip-roofed. le lean-to (gabled). Four-double-pole founda- Single center post. Earth covering all Sweat house.--Construction directed by or. For certain diseases. Two sweaters only wood. Assembly house.--Rectangular ground Construction supervised by doctor. Dwell- .--Population shifts annually. Arrangement own: rows, single rows; double rows, street een; north and south rows; east and west rows. unal houses.--Several entrances. Separate s. Partitions. LS, UTENSILS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES 4p.--Squared mullers. Brushes. --Hair glued to stick with pitch. Porcupine tail for hairbrush. Awls and needles.--Awl handles cov- ered with asphalt. Fire making.--Composite drill. Slow match. Skin dressin .--Done by women (i.e., only men dress skins). WEAPONS Bows.--Vegetable-fiber bowstring only on self bow. Vertical or nearly vertical position when shooting. Bow strung when not in use. Bow wood from special side of tree. Arrows.--Two wooden points, for birds. Asphalt adhesive for attach- ing feathers. Rattlesnake poison. Arrow release: Mongolian; Mediterranean. Quivers.--Woven tule, twined. Glue for weapons.--Fish skin; lamprey skin. Slings.--For war. BODY AND DRESS Men's hair length to shoulders. Beard plucked on part of face each time. Females remove pubic hair with stone flake; shell tweezers; split cane or wood tweezers. Juice of blue flower squeezed in tattooing. Robes and capes of mt. sheep hide. Loin covering of woven bird skins. Back apron of woven bird skins. Snowshoe of bent willow or hazel; lashings of withes; "handled" type (like white man's snowshoe). Ashes for gray or white paint. BASETRY Coiling technique.--Triangular foundation. Twining technique.--Diagonal, two-strand. WEAVING AND NETTING; CRADLES; CORDAGE Hand only to twist skins. Bird-skin blankets made same way as rabbitskin blankets. Y frame for lying-type cradle. Cordage of reed (Phragmites). Cordage made by women. GABS General features.--Along a course, not return- ing. In all games sides are moieties. Shinny.-- Propulsion with netted stick. Hoop-and-pole.-- Pole over hoop scores. Pole under hoop scores. PIPES; TOBACCO Pipe of stone; pottery. Bowl on end. [449] I 450 Tobacco pruned; irrigated; weeds removed; plants thinned. Straw-sack container. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUUM Cocoon rattle used other than by doctors and in dancing. Dried deer ear for rattle. Pictographs made by recent humans; by anybody; by baby. CALENDAR; ASTRONOMY Old men have set of fire stirrers, one for each moon, when set burned up, year (winter) is ended. Only children go out to see new moon. Moon's horns vertical signifies death. Moon eclipse due to "bugs" eating; to coyote's tail in front. Sun eclipse due-to gopher eating; coyote; coyote's tail in front. Sun female. Moon female. Coyote in moon. MARRIAGE; KINSHIP AVOIDANCES Levirate after divorce of brother. Former husband's parents paid by female divorcee. Di- vorced wife's parents paid by ex-husband. New husband pays for divorcee. Avoidances.--All parents-in-law and children- in-law: temporary, when newlywed or until first child. If of same sex: speak little; turn aside on trail; not laugh. Father-in-law and daughter- in-law: not laugh. Brother and sister: speak little; plural address; head covered. VARIOUS SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Personal names inherited from maternal side. Wives shared; husbands shared. MOIETIES AND LINEAGES; CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS; LAND OWNERSHIP Moieties localized or isolated; subdivided; moieties have assistant chiefs; moieties purely ceremonial. Chieftainship to widow. Female chief head chief. Assistant chief substitutes for head chief when latter absent; provides money for public ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ceremony. "Judge" or counselor as office. Song leader chosen by people. Private or household ownership of tobacco land; seed tracts or trees; hunting tracts. Boundaries marked. BIRTH; GIRLS' PUBERTY; MENSTRUATION Birth.--Mother sits at delivery. Navel cord worn by child; kept in house. Restrictions on mother: scratches with bone. Restrictions on father: washes own clothes in purification cerei` mony. Milk teeth thrown toward new moon; plae4 in excrement; buried on shady side of bush. Girls' puberty.--Scratching bone used. Work or exercise compulsory. Clothes washed at puri . ficataion. Menstruation.--Girl sleeps in menstrual hut. DATURA Group drinking.--Sexes separated. Before sexual experience only. Drinking in sweat hou dwelling-house type. Foot race after drinking.: Ant fortitude ordeal: external biting. DEATH; MOURNING CEREMONY Corpse taken out of house immediately. On those in charge dance around fire. Mourners washed by members of another tribe Mourning ceremony for prominent persons only. Loans by mourners to paired group only; retu double. Center pole for mourning structure from another tribe. Seating or eating allot' according to lineages. Images made by chief Some images burnt with offerings. Images gi away; images thrown to crowd. Single statio pole for offerings. SHAMANISM Herb doctor.--Mostly women. "Spirit doct Eats part of corpse for power. Patient deci amount of fee: instalments throughout night. nancial liability for declining case. Unsuc ful doctor killed; his body burned. Public petitions.--Spirit "bullets" shot visible o doctor. ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST ., [The notes in this section are additions to the list proper and explanations of some of the .elements which I added to Driver's list. They are indicated in the lists by asterisks. If any further information concerning the elements is desired, it will be best to refer to Driver's work which preceded mine and which was the foun- dation for my list.] SUBSISTENCE Hunting Driving and trailing.-- 1. M3: Men placed at deer runs; 1 or 2 would go into brush, scare deer out. This repeated at other places where deer likely to be. M6: 2 Parallel fences were constructed about 50 feet long, 1 foot high, and 1 1/2-2 feet apart. 1 end s closed. Loops of women's hair or of horse- tail hair placed in gaps in both fences and on ound. Grass seed used for bait. Entrance not der than rest of trap. Leader of quail usually ntered trap first, rest following. Menstruating men or women with children never allowed near rap. la. Several men would encircle a territory and dually draw together for purpose of shooting er. Other animals also killed at this time. 5d. Taboo to drink water when using fire for nting purposes. M8: Bad luck if drank water ile hunting deer; never drank then. 8. M5: Mountain sheep occasionally killed in untains. 8a. Locating deer by following their trail. 9. Hunter, within sight of a deer, keeps it ving so it is unable to sleep or eat. This con- nues for several days. When deer tires, hunter ts within shooting distance and kills it. Some- mes hunter loses deer in night, but tracks it xt morning and repeats process. M3: Ran deer wn on foot. Hunter slept at night, continued ly next morning, keeping this up for 3 or 4 s if necessary. 10. M5: 2 men also. 12. M8: No dogs in prewhite days. 13. M8: Certain kind of "medicine" is burned; en deer smells smoke, becomes dazed, is easily 'lled. Deer will approach anyone carrying cer- in roots because of smell. All this is aside om hunters' magical powers which aided them in manner. 13a. M7: Cleaned at home. 13c. At time deer was butchered, stomach was aned, filled with blood, pieces of the heart, ver, and choice bits of meat, and cooked and red for winter. When ready to eat it, recooked tint to be eaten. M4: Fire built in specially hole in ground. When earth thoroughly heated, [4! fire was removed and stomach placed in and cov- ered up. Next day stomach taken out, stored for winter use. M8: Eaten at big time. Not saved for winter. Traps, nets, and snares.-- 17c. M8: Sung by Indian doctor. 17f. M1: Trap used here. 20. M2: Became dizzy, ill if saw young rabbit. Nobody ate them. 21b. M8: Stops it up and then opens it and gets each one as it comes out. 22a. M8: Captured almost every kind of animal. 22b. Birds get entangled in nets. 26b. M3: Greasewood fence, 1/2-mile long, in thick brush for quail. 26c. Mn: Along top of high hill. Remained there all day. Catch divided among all village. Ys: Went up a hill, along top, down other side. Ml: Trap near water only. M4: Placed on W side in spring, on E side in fall, because quail go into mountains in spring, into valley in fall. 26f. M8,9: 2 or 3 men do it; not necessarily related. Usually man, his grandfather, his brother, his son, and grandsons do it together. Net owned by oldest male, usually grandfather. "He is like a boss." 26g. Yj: According to time element, i.e., when nothing else to do or when thought was about time. 26h. M2: Every 2 or 3 days. 26i. M2: Quail hung in trees for about 4 days, i.e., duration of hunt. Then taken home, cleaned, made soup from them or roasted them and dried re-- mainder for winter. Divided among everyone in village. M3: Not allowed to eat quail with salt. Quail only trapped; bad luck if caught any other method. 26j. Mn: At times. 29. M8: Opening placed against opening of nest. 32. M8: Young ones captured also; taken home and reared. When mature, eaten. 40. M8: Deer brush hung above pit. When deer eats it, falls through. 44. M8: Then shot with arrow. 45. M3: Made house of willow near spring. Shot rabbits, gray squirrels, and so on. M5: Just hid in bushes. 46. Ys: Foot trap with string and stick which snaps over and kills bird. Decoys and disguises.-- 51. M8: Purpose: to get deer to come close, to shoot it. 55. M3: "Deer brush" leaf to call deer to hunter. Put in mouth, draw air in; leaf between lips; sounds like squeal. 57. Element can be divided into: (a) Sharp shout to startle deer. Causes it to stop, allowing hunt- er to shoot. (b) Imitating mating call of deer, which draws it to hunter. Since both methods prac- 51] i I I I .a, ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ticed and, according to informants, used at same time, I have not separated them. M3: Noise deep in throat. Draw air in. Pharyngalized fricative. Various.-- 58. M2,8: Pine torch. Shot birds out of trees. 61a. Stamp on ground wi.th feet or stick to scare out rodents. 67. M2: Large basket, sometimes more than 1, placed in clearing. People circle and close in on basket, making noise and stamping on ground to cause grasshoppers to jump into basket. Also build fence, toward which women chase grasshop- pers. Also soak in warm water and eat. M4: Driven into creek, picked up with basket and placed in hot water. M5: Catch by putting water in trench. 67a. Ys: Just burned over ground and picked them up. 68. M2: Knocked off of branches with sticks, and caught in baskets. 68a. When caterpillars fat and crawling on trees and bushes, women go out and yell "hlo:' hlo:'." Caterpillars hang by their heads and shake (quiver). Placed in hot water, boiled and, after water squeezed out, eaten. Animal foods not used.-- 83. M4: Very much afraid of owls; ran away when heard them. 90. Either land or water tortoise, or both. Animals feared. -- 96a. M6: Only captain and members of his family unafraid. Hunting observances.-- 98. M6: Did not bring heart back. Since had to pack deer from mountains, just best parts brought home. 99. M1: Because disagreeable taste. M6: Only ate them if they had hair. Young people not al- lowed to eat them because could still have children, which would be born crazy. They were not allowed to eat young rabbits either. M8: "Makes one crazy." 102. Ys: First 10 deer taboo to him. M3: Had to kill about 4 first. M8: Allowed to eat part of 4th one. "They have a 'big time' then." 105. M8,9: Has to bathe and wait about 2 hours. 107. M4: Individual sweat houses with room enough for 1 man and a fire. All deer hunters used sweat house, but only 1 at a time. Rocks placed in water in which have been steeped strong- est smelling weeds obtainable; hunters wash them- selves with it. M18,9: Rubs mediciie all over self also. 108. M3: It would "make the stomach too heavy." M6: Chewed on something to keep thirst quenched. M8: Just a little acorn soup. 111. M8,9: Danced for 4 days and nights in round house; everyone attended. In old days no round house, only sweat house; more than 200 could fit in. 112, 112a. In some places sweat house differ- ent from round houst. Sweat-house ceremony at- tended only by hunters, while round-house cere- mony attended by all community. This problem cot tinually vexed me since sweat house and round house same in some groups, while in others sweat house used only by mature hunters. These 2 ele- ments could have been broken up into several. 113. M1: All men go hunting for 4 days and all come back together. Chief sets date; calls all the people together, and also invites other vil- lages by means of messenger. First night after hunt, dance and sing. Gathering lasts 3-6 days. Visitors bring nothing. No gambling at this tim just big hunt. M4: Sing and pray 4 days for eag] 117. Yj: Killer gets no meat, only honor. Mi: Killer has choice. Fishing 122. M3: Net about 10 feet long (willow). Da built across river with opening in middle. Wild grape vine used to tie willow basket approximatel 10 feet long in opening of dam. 122a. M8,9: Men fashioned a "drag" long enouRJ to stretch from 1 side of river to other. This manufactured out of willow, grapevine, brush, orf the like. As "drag" was pulled upstream toward stationary net stretched across river, men wal behind stamping on river bed with long poles, t causing fish to move ahead of the "drag." Otherl people scooped the fish out of space between "drag" and net. Fish also speared at this time] 122b. M3: Other villages invited for the eat- ing. 122d. Net hung horizontally on 2 poles form" a V. 123c. Mn: Straight across. 123f. M5: Just a "big time" before fishing. 123k. M2: Acorns cracked and dried for 4 da All contributed. Pounded by everyone. Young went hunting for deer and had a big time. No cial night. M3: First acorns of season gather by everyone. Then men hunted for 4 days. Then had big feed. 123q. M3: Hunter divides it, but of his own cord. 123s. M3: Chief owned fishing grounds, but used them. 127. M1: On half circle, like bow. M4: Net mouth attached to bowlike object, i.e., bent s with string attached to both ends keeping sti bent. When fish in net either mouth closed be bent stick with hands or contraption tilted s8 mouth closes. 129aa. Ys: Used to spear them. If one cau great many more came and easily caught. M2: hands full of grass and grab eels. M3: Eels onto rocks near waterfalls. Hooked off with crooked hook fastened on end of stick. Thro shore. M4: Clasp eel in teeth and push stick string through gills; many placed on 1 stick.. 129j. M5: There was a big cave where men c 452 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--GINSKY: CENTRAL SIECRA i- sh out into baskets set outside with a net. 3 4 men pulled the whole thing out. M8: 2 or 3 n (usually relatives) do it. 131. Ys: A few men held net down, others ove fish over net; then all raised net at once; pt repeating process. Also dragged river; men nt ahead to spear and scoop fish out. 135. M4 5: Men hauled net upstream. No oats (M55. Other men dived and pushed-sinkers .ng. 141. M3,4,5: Rock dam built across river where ite shallow. Contains spillway where trap aced. Trap shaped somewhat like cone with 1 de slightly flattened. This side placed on ver bed. Trap mouth placed so spillway flows ,o it; is large enough to project above water vel. Principle: fish come over spillway into p; force of water keeps them from escaping r spillway. 144. M2: When, or where, water very low, one ked in river and speared fish; when river gh, done along banks. 146. M1: Fish further down river; only some ut here during part of year. 147. M3: Spearhead so constructed that could be easily withdrawn by fisherman or shaken se by fish. 158. M4,5: Picked place where river bed al- dy covered with white stones. 4171. 14,5: After poisoning. 173.1 M4: Nets hung across river with floats sinkers. When stick moved, went in and took mon out. Only used nets for salmon. 1 net ced on a riffle; other dragged slowly toward st; fish caught in between. Dived down and ed rocks (sinkers) along river bed as net was ed. 174. To draw fish to fisherman and to see fish can be speared and scooped out of water. 179. M1: Only small fish here. Held in hand hit on rock. M4: Afraid. M8,9: Sometimes wn in sun and die. 184. M4: Limb of tree which can be used like e. Wild-grape vine. Gathering, Preparation, Storage 185. M2: Hazelnut sticks used for whipping rns down. M4: Limbs cut off before quite ripe. PO nuts shaken and knocked down. M6: Waited Pil aco'rns dropped off, then picked them up. cked rest off with straight willow pole, 20- feet long. Never climbed tree; very particu- about that. M8,9: Acorns knocked off only acorn rite, otherwise waited until fell off. 186. M3: Chokecherry. 190b. M6: Big time held so everything would eaten. Traded for meat and so on. M8,9: er people are called to pick them up. 19Oc. Ys: Often traded for different kinds of 8rn, e.g., black oak for white oak. 190d. M2: Only for trip. M3: 4 days. 190f. M2: Used dry, and eaten with acorn soup mush. 190g, h, i. Ys: Pulverized and eaten dry be- fore mush. 190h, i. Ma: Mixed with other things, e.g., acorn. 190i. M8,9: Little biscuit. 190j. M6: Traded for it. Pounded with acorns and cooked. Salt added to kernel, and mashed and eaten with acorns. Very infrequently used. 191. Sand-basin is artificially constructed on a frame. M1: Acorns gathered when green, brought to temporary camp where husked, placed on flat rocks to dry in sun for from 3 to 4 days depending upon weather. When thoroughly dry, taken to per- manent village, stored for winter. As needed, taken out of granary, pounded into fine flour in bedrock or portable mortar. Then fire made near stream and the cooking rocks placed in it until quite hot. Meanwhile flour placed in large 'basket containing about 4 or 5 gallons of water and stirred thoroughly. Then mixture scooped out with small basket and poured into sand-basin. After water seeps through and acorn flour dry, hot water, made by dropping the heated rocks from fire into basket of water, poured over. This repeated sev- eral times, waiting until flour dry each time, un- til flour in sand-basin is brown on top. This brown flour finest grade; is scraped off and put to one side. Remainder of the flour much coarser. By this time bitterness has been removed from flour. Bottom layer placed in basket and hot water poured over; stirred into thin mixture about consistency of milk. Then 3 or 4 hot rocks put in at one time; repeated until mixture begins to boil. Usually 2 women take care of all these op- erations simultaneously: 1 stirs rocks in mixture so baskets will not burn, other takes care of fire, heats and transports rocks to and from fire. After acorn flour cooked (determined by taste), rocks taken out, mush placed in other baskets and taken home. Then cook fine flour in same baskets used for first batch, in same way. When finished, second batch a little thicker than cream whereas first batch even thicker. Amount made sufficient for family under ordinary circumstances for 2 or 3 days. Sand-basin construction: frame of 4 posts with the crosspieces covered with circular layers of brush, then twigs, then grass, and finally sand. 3 1/2 feet in diameter, about 2 1/2 feet above ground. Some grass is placed on top of the sand so when poured in the acorn gruel will not splash or lap over sides. Sand-basin leveled so acorn gruel will be same depth throughout. 191a. "Hard ground" is a natural place where shallow hole dug. The sand-basin allows 'he water to drain off more rapidly than this arrange- ment. 191, 191a. Mn, M2: Hole in hard ground and about 1 foot of sand in it. 192. M6: Grass placed where water is poured so flour will not run off. 196. M6: Valley acorns could not be cooked on rocks to make bread. Bread had to be made in baskets, as mush was made, only with less water. I 453 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 212. Ys: Boiled and peeled, then left in run- ning water. M1: Buckeye nuts placed in hot ashes and rolled around until shell soft; then taken out. 2 or 3 women constantly peeling them while another stirs them around in ashes. Then nuts broken into small pieces about size of tip of small finger and placed in basket. Ashes washed off and nuts placed in another basket. (It is almost evening by now and they began in the morn- ing.) Left in cold water overnight. Next morn- ing all bitterness gone; ready to be eaten. M2: Boiled all day. Leached and stirred with hands. M3: Hot rocks placed in basket of water until water boils. Then buckeyes placed in, shelled, mashed and left in running water overnight. Ready to eat next morning. M4: Boiled and dried. When skin bursts, buckeyes rubbed with rocks and peeled. Ground, soaked for week, then heated. M6: Boiled with hot rocks, shelled, and cooked again with hot rocks; finally has consistency of mashed potatoes. This done a few times; then cold water added which makes it like gravy, which drunk. 212c. Buckeyes are boiled whole, peeled and eaten. 215. M1: Seeds too small to be worth while gathering; also "not good to eat." 216a. M6: Manzanita does not grow in the re- gion. Traded for the berries and made their own drink. 216b. M6: Cooked in basket half filled with water, then washed in cold water and eaten. 216e. Special grasses in addition to grass- seeds are stored and saved for flavoring acorn soup. 225. Ys: Obtained salt in mountains by break- ing piece off big rock and bringing home. Then, whenever necessary, pounded and ground as much as needed. Also gathered salt in valley (alka- li?). Scraped pure part off top of ground. Ml: Paiute from Inyo County, Bishop Creek, and Mono Lake brought it over. 4 or 5 of them brought a load of salt to the Ahwanee group where they had relatives and then would stay all summer. Salt brought in cakes, which they broke into small pieces and gave some to every person in village. M2: Salt gathered and cooked in 1 day. Grass placed around it and it is buried in large fire. Then fire allowed to die out. Salt taken out in form of large solid mass. M3: Owned salt spring which they called "Salts." White part accumu- lated on top of water (the water does not run off); was scooped off with baskets. Looked like frost on top of water. Fire built over pit; grass put on top of fire and salt on top of that. Fire was started from bottom. Salt melted and accumulated in pit or hole. Was as hard as rock. Had pleasant odor, nice flavor. Was traded. Was a special salt, called muS'muS'Sa'. M4: Collected natural salt out of potholes in a certain place and pounded it. In the mountains rotten wood put in salt-water spring to absorb salt. Then wood burned, salt melting. M6: Out of bark in the hills. M8: Like frost on a rock; is scraped off. 226. Ys: Hot water poured over grass to get salt. M1: Found salt on rock surface. 227. M6: Whole buried in ashes (entrails re- moved). Stomach sewn up. When finished, skinned so as to be nice and clean. 228. M1: Into hash. M4: Old people only. M16: After cooking, it is pounded and then eaten. 232a. M2: Without fat. M6: Stored in sacklikeI deerskin, which sewn up. Some "sacks" of basket but mostly hide. Fat eaten immediately; spoils meat. Fat meat not stored. With rabbit, squi etc., pounded bones and all in a deep mortar a ate that way. 234. M2: Backbone of deer pounded by old peop saved for winter. M3: Gray-squirrel bones only. Makes them healthy. M8,9: Old people. 236. M3: Salmon only. 241a. M3: Although steatite preferred, when m obtainable, other rocks used. Other rocks often broke causing considerable inconvenience to users. 245. Ys: Only meat. 245b. M6: Covered at night. 245d. M2: Salt mixed and pounded with rotten maplewood and eaten for the stomach. 245f, g. Mn: Salt for seasoning placed in bas. ket; solidified. Whenever needed, small piece broken off, ground up, used. 246. Yj: Also over pit for smoke and heat. M6 Deermeat (rabbit, etc.) first half-dried outdoo on frame. Length of time depends upon weather. Then brought into storehouse, which separate f living quarters, and smoked on frame. 247. Yj: Also over pit for smoke and heat. To keep flies away. 248. Yj: Also over pit for smoke and heat. On limbs of trees. 251. Ml: After acorns brought to permanent and spread out to dry, sunflower stalks about t ness of thumb gathered in mountains to make aries. Selected spot in open where sun reached all times; not under or against tree. Granaries loosely woven so air could reach acorns (to pr spoiling) but not rain. 3 or 4 young pine tree about 10 feet long (diameter varied according t number of posts) set in circle and imbedded 11 2 feet in ground. 3 feet from ground horizontal crosspieces lashed to uprights from which limbs had not been cut. These crosspieces projected around sides making platform about 6 inches wi upon which people walked. Uprights used as la ders, although special ladders also used. G proper 5 feet high, 3 feet in diameter at base trifle less than 2 feet wide at top. Thus St ture 8 feet high aboveground. Mat, woven of flower stalks (warp) and leatherwood (weft), doubled over, sewn together, and wrapped around posts. Branches, usually pine, 1 1/2 inches i diameter, were bent around mat to hold it fast to uprights. After granary filled, grass, lea and cedar bark piled on top in order named, to keep rain out. Roof almost level, about 2 fee 454 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA quare; had slight ridge. 2 men filled granary: on ground handed baskets of acorns to other on edge who dumped acorns into granary through hole top, until completely filled. 2 or 3 gran- ies constructed if crop warranted them. M2: ven basketry, soaprooted on outside; frame of ine boughs. M6: Buried in hole in ground about O feet square, 5 feet deep. Acorns just dumped In; other things, such as grass seeds, placed in skets. Dry thick layer of certain kind of ass placed around hole so things will not rot. ole again covered with grass. When anything eded, dug out. 252. Mn: Mainly. 255b. Ml: Limbs left on posts for climbing. 255d. Ys, M18,9: Cracked, hulled, dried in sun; pt for use. Mixed with oak-tree fungus and shrooms, eaten. 256. Ys: Tule tied and put over top to keep in out. M3: Granary woven on bark platform: llow for warp; grapevine with pine needles and ass for weft. This placed on top of single St, then 4 or 5 more posts set against granary keep it steady. M4,5: Wild grapevine weft, zel warp. 258a. Ys: Where sun reaches. Pets; Various 272. M6: Captain acquires young eagles, rears em. Ties live rabbit on 1 end of pole, about feet long. Places pole in upright position so bbit easily seen from air certain time every . Thus eagle trained to return home every ght. M8: By just 1 man, the doctor. People ry special stick to slap snakes. Rattlesnakes ep away from these sticks even at night. Thus w people bitten. 272a. M4: And given basket to live in. "You uld see the beads, baskets, feathers, acorns, C., all around. He is God." 278c. M6: Bad luck so not kept. 283. M1,3: To clean brush out. HOUSES Special Huts 287a. Ys: Visitors had to bathe before visit- victim. Doctors tried but never succeeded in ving victim. M1: When one of group of hunters tten by rattlesnake, known that one of them has ept with his wife. That man must get out of ght because makes victim weak if he looks at iand may make cure impossible. M4: Victim ays home first night. Then wanders around 1 or yBars, staying each place 1 night; otherwise ld go crazy and die. Would see snakes in bed stayed home. M6: If still alive brought home. 287b. M6: Permanent. 287c. M2: Place fixed in house where widow can- tbe seen. 287d. M2: Rattlesnake victim kept in brush hut constructed of wormwood. Living Houses Covering 297. Ys: First cedar bark, like shingles, then fine grass; tied all around. 298. Yj: Gathering place for tule about 2 or 3 days' journey distant. 303c. Yj: Like shingles. Entrance.-- 307. M2,6: According to wind. 309. M2: Stoop to get in. 313. Yj: Also tule. Fireplace.-- 315b. Ys: Long logs kept in fire with ends toward door; kept pushing in as burned. Sweat House See also notes 334, 337. 318. M6: Round and sweat house one and same. 319. M2: Hunters owned sweat house. Used it so deer would not smell them. 324. Ml: Captain announces that wood will be brought to sweat house. This done for day. Then men sweat 3 or 4 times, plunging into cold water after each sweat. Following morning, start into mountains for hunt, taking sufficient acorn-meal for 4 days. Upon returning, send 3 or 4 other men to pack deer in. Deer, minus skin and intestines, hung in sun to dry. No singing. 327. M1,8: By old men with no wives. 329. M8: Sick people remain in sweat house un- til well. Assembly House 331a. M8,9: Came later. Dance house was sweat house; was owned by chief, people having some rights. 331aa. Ys: Just danced in the open. M8,9: See 331a, M8,9. 331e, f. M3: Belongs to both chief and people, but decisions about it are made by the captain. 331n. M2: According to direction of wind; door placed to keep out wind. 331s. M3: Square drum, hole 3 feet deep, 2 1/2 feet wide. 331t. Yj: On E side of door. M3: Square drum, hole 3 feet deep, 2 1/2 feet wide. Sweat House See also notes 318-329. 337. Yj: Young men get wood. M5: Chief tells orator to announce: "Sweat tonight." Everyone helps get wood for sweaters. Man appointed to make fire and keep throwing wood on. M8: 3 special men brought wood. I I I 455 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Dwellings Furnishings.-- 342. M6: Traded for. 342a. M6: Blankets made of any kind of skin, such as raccoon, except coyote skin. Did not know how to make rabbitskin blankets; traded for them. Duck feathers braided into blankets. Grass also used. 342c. M2: Moved every summer for fishing, etc., but had regular permanent village which always returned to for winter. Arrangement in town.-- 348a. These were separate shades distinct from those in front of each house. Used by more than 1 family but not moiety or lineage owned. 349. M3: Went to hills for oak limbs. Since had no axes, limbs usually different lengths. 4 limbs sunk in ground in upright positions. Cross- pieces tied with wild grapevines to uprights to form shade. This interlaced with grapevines and strips of deerskin. Willow limbs placed on top and tied there and also interwoven to make whole sunproof. Communal Houses 351. M3: Maybe a friend--not always related. 354. M6: Brush placed around beds. Unmarried young men lived in round house. Various 358. M6: Slept outside, moved bed according to individual desires. Did not leave village. Picked acorns, returned to village every night. 360a. Ml: When owner died, house was burned. If some other occupant died, house was moved. Dog House 361. M3: Dog lived in house with owner. Worth life itself to owner, who would give it his last piece of meat. Was trained to tree squirrel and cause it to jump cff, when would catch it as it hit ground; then treed another. Man would shoot squirrel (bow and arrow) if possible. NAVIGATION; SWIMMING 389. Ys: Plain flat raft of logs with tule on top. M5: Tied together with grapevine. 1 man swims across and then pulls raft across. Current very swift. 389a. M4: Wild grapevine, etc., stretched across river or canyon. Men, women, and children, also baskets, etc., pulled across. 390. Yj: For children. M6: Large baskets pushed by swimmer. 391. MB: Hands used to paddle through water. 392. M3: Swimmer pushes. 397. M4: Swam only to get fish; no other reason. TOOLS, UTENSILS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES Grinding 411. Ml: Had hole in bottom where set upon rock. Thus acorns pounded without damaging bas- ket. 420, 421. Usually found that way. Sometimes shaped a bit. 423. M3: Ground on basket (manzanita). Awls and Needles; Flint Flaking; Skin Dressing 467. M6: Hole made with bone awl, then needle thrust through. Never had shell-bead money, but used baskets, mats, etc., as currency. Wore haliotis beads. 486. Mn: Asphalt obtained from other tribes used occasionally. Ml: Piece of toughest part of buckskin, the neck, placed upon left hand and flint held with it. Spike of young buck held in right hand used to press against flint. 496. Ys: Soaked first. 504. M4: In wintertime if it is cloudy. 504a. Skin was worked in sun until soft, or left in sun until pliable. WEAPONS Bows 509. M1: Obtained higher up in mountains. 511. Ys: Special hard springy wood. 511a. Ml: Of cedar when purchased. Cedar ii brittle and hard but when sinew is applied it causes whole thing to become pliable, springy, and strong. 512a. Mn: Mainly. M8: Informant knows of wi low only. Arrows 525. M1: Only for quail, practice, and child 538a. M3: Quill of eagle or duck used to hol pitch for arrowhead. 538d. M4: Used dead person's liver and blood M8: Only for war. 562. Ys: Heated over fire and bent until straight. 563. Ml: Arrow made hot first. M3: Heated over fire and straightened with teeth. 564. Ml: Notch cut in it, not a groove. 571. Ml: Hard wood. Quivers; Spears 580. M2: Foxskin for every group. Also us deer hide. - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - 7 - - - -- - -- - -- - 7 -- -- - - - - - - - -- 456 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 580a. M4: Dog. 584. M2: For fish only. 587. M3: 1 man went into bear's den and tried o chase bear out. Sometimes had to kill him, ut object was to get him outside so men waiting n trees could kill him. Meat divided among all articipants. M5: 1 man would go into bear's ave and stand motionless near a crevice with ine-pitch knot ablaze. Smoke would cause bear o run out. Men stationed outside would shoot ear. Man in cave stepped into crevice as bear tarted out. Crevice chosen always just large nough for man, too small for bear. BODY AND DRESS Sitting Postures; Hair 602. M3,5,6: Preferred. 602b. M6: When in company, women and girls neel on ground, sit on their legs; men and boys iso kneel, but cross their legs. Children aught to sit in this fashion so will have traight strong legs and will become good run- ers. When not in company one could sit any osition. 603. M8: Hair taken from dead person put in asket; basket set on long pole. Dead man's ame called as arrow shot into basket. This tarts fight with dead man's relatives. 603d. M8: Small buckskin cap. 605. M6: Some. Were afraid to burn it that ilose. 608. M6: Ashes used to trim eyebrows. Did not ova beards, or hair on any part of the body ex- ept eyebrows. Trimmed nails on rock. 615. Yj: Nlainly. 618. M8: Men in front and women in back, some- imes one down the back. 623. M6: Melted ground-squirrel fat in shell. Mutilations; Powder 629. M6: Informant repeatedly said tattooing one further up in hills, not in valley. Done n her youth but not before. 629c. M8,9: Elderberry. 636. M1: Burned and ground oak bark. M5: igar-pine bark ground fine is best powder. M6: corn shells ground fine in mortars, not metates; ifted; "better than anything." Clothing 637. M8: Not generally; only a few. 638. M6: Carrying on back or shoulder. 641. M6: Hair always taken off before weaving. 646, 647. M1: Mainly. 648. M6: Made dark brown, but not painted. 650. M5,6: Traded. 656. M5: Informant never saw them. Too young. : Informant not sure what skins used, but de- aired and woven. 659. M6: Informant saw on old-timers when they danced, but does not know much about them. 663. M1: Ends tucked in. M6: Men wore apron in front, tied around waist by string. Informant had heard both men, women went naked in prewhite days. 664-666. Ma: All 1 piece. 686. M2: Only men, to keep hands warm in winter when hunting or gathering wood. 690. M6: Informant claims no footgear used in prewhite days, even for hunting. No snow in val- ley, thus no use for snowshoes. If person hurt his foot, a man, not a woman, fashioned pseudo- moccasin of deerskin--sort of wrap-around affair; was discarded as soon as foot sufficiently healed. 700. M5: Also with ends crossed and protruding in back. Adornment and Ceremonial Dress 706-712. Chicken hawk, road runner, sparrow, etc., feathers also used. 706. M5: White chicken-hawk down stuck on face with grease. Bad luck to use eagle feathers with- out giving eagles a dance; since dance expensive, eagle feathers not often used. M6: Also duck feathers. 712. M6: 1 or 2 feathers. 713. M8: Buzzard feathers used. 714. Cf. Kroeber, Handbook of the Indians of California, BAE-B 78:508, 1925. J. H. Steward, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, UC-PAAE 33:233-350. 715, 716. M1: Tail feathers tied together for dance. 718. M6: About 1 foot wide from waist to ankles in back; on a belt which went around waist. Ione people used to buy pattern of dance outfit and songs from Lockeford people. 722. M1: Eagle feathers. 726. M3: Eagle-down rope. 728. M3: Beads. 730. M1,2: Used only on display baskets, not acorn baskets. 731. Ys, M1: Used only on baskets. 743. Ys, M1: Only old women. M3: Ear-plug. Red feathers skinned off bird and placed on stick; skin has sufficient glue to make it adhere to stick. 743a. M8: No eating or drir king for 4 days. 743d. M5: Did not matter wuich sex did it. Only a piece of straw was kept in ear; everything hung over ears. Women wore feathers behind their ears. 745. Ys, M1: Wear mountain quail topknot tied up . 751. M6: Few men with pierced ears. M8: Wood- pecker scalps. 752. M6: Pure white rock. 752a, b. M6: Worn only when dancing and would not happen then. Nothing worn other times. 758. M8: Woodpecker scalps. 766. Ys: Hawks, etc., also. I I 457 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 770. M5: Red paint manufactured from pine knots also. 778. Ys, M1: Clay had grease in it. Just heated and applied. 794. M3: Tiny flowers twisted into eyelashes. "Look pretty." 794a. Ys: Large shiny shell worn. Rattle- snake seeing its shine, does not come close. M1: Something like garlic; saved until spring. Rub it over legs. Snakes will not come close or harm one. 794b. M2: Root (we'ne:) worn around ankle as charm. 794d. M5: Special snake root carried around. Snake would rattle--sort of salutation--then go away. CARRYING 795. M6: No pack strap; carried on shoulder, not on back. 795a. Yj, Ma: Reported this as being a net over forehead and front of head, with thin band which came just above eyebrows. 801a. Ml: Mainly. 804. Ml: When old, worn like women. 810. M6: Carried empty only. 812. Ys: Almost anything. 813. M1: In buckskin or blanket. M3: Carried to pyre on deerskin by 4 or 6 people. WEAVING AND NETTING; CRADLES; CORDAGE 891. M2: Got from other tribes. Legs and arms cut off; remainder in form of square, which sewn together as patch-quilt. M5: Got from other tribes. M6: Informant had seen but does not know about them. 900, 900a. M8: One end held; moved in circle. 916. M6: "Baby kept in large basket and cov- ered with buckskin." 921. M6: Baby placed in basket with deerskin over it to keep out sun. 946. M2,3: Children twined flowers in eye- lashes, but not elders. Done while playing so would look pretty. POTTERY 949. The following has been transposed from the list proper because only one informant (Ys) was able to supply information. 949x. Pottery. + 949a. Informant has seen it made 949c. Sex of informant .M Manufacture 950. Coiled. 951. 952. 953. 954. 955. 956. 957. 958. 959. 960. 961. 962. 963. 964. 965. Without paddle, scraping. With fingers. With cobblestone (often steatite).. Coiling clockwise (looking into vessel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crushed rock . . . . . . . . . . . . Rim bound with fiber. Firing in open wood fire. Shapes, Uses, Decoration Truncated cone, flat bo.ttom . Hemispheroid bowl, flat bottom . . . Lugs, straight type, 2. Pottery spoon Incised decoration. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GAMES 966. M6: Never heard of them. 966a. M1,3: Also during big times. 966b. M3: Money (beads, baskets, blankets, skins, etc.) for gambling placed between 2 side in 2 piles about 1 foot apart. Each side has special man to take care of betting, who wagers whatever he wishes for his team and takes care this. When everything in his care lost, stands up and says, "All gone," ending gambling for th More valuables may be contributed to gambling fund by people. If large enough accumulation, gambling resumes. 966e. Ys: Man watching as judge decides. 966j. M3: Sometimes 1 man on each side, som times as many as 5 or 6. 967. M4: Women used to go into the brush wit] members of opposite side purposely so own side would win. Would sleep on other side for sa reason. General Features of Athletic Games 973a. This does not fit into the continuity the list. It was a separate game in which a m propelled a stick quite a distance through the by means of a looped string fitted into a notel the stick, on the same principle as Roman ameni 978. M8: Between 2 stakes. 984. The element "Number on a side" preoede this but the answers were very unsatisfactory. answers were: Yj, 4; Ma, plural; Mn, 4; Ys, 5; Ml, 3-4; M2, plural; M3, plural; M4, 8; M5, 8t more; M6, *; M7, plural; M8, 12; M9, Ball Race 986a. Ys: 986b. M3: 986f. Ys, 986g. Ys: Shinny played that way. Goals at each end. Win at eithei Ml: Deer hair inside. Shinny played that way. - 458 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 986j. Yj: 4-6. Mn: 3-4. 986o. M6: Captain took care of it. He had all the stuff in front of him. 986w. M5,6: Women use basket; men use their feet. Shinny 990a. Piece of buckskin thrown about by means of stick. 1000. M2: Woman's game. 1006. M2: Women only. Hoop-and-Pole lOlla-1013. M7: Minus entries. 1017. Ys: Pointed stick thrown into air. When falls, if pointed end in groand and stick up- right, player wins. 1032. Ys: 3-4 on a side. Guessing, Hand, Grass, or Peon Game 1033. M6: Not played in old days. Had no games, only danced. 1044. M3: 2 men on each side. 1, of team A, gesses "middle" or "outside." If says "middle" nd 1 of team B has an unmarked (woman) bone in hs hand next to his partner, that man eliminated. f both of team B have lunmarked bones in "middle," oth eliminated. When 1 eliminated, attempt to liminate second. Man who guesses does so be- ause he received inspiration or hunch. Either En allowed to guess first. 1053. M2: When women gambling, hid bones in heir bare hands and crossed their arms. 1054. M8,9: Women only. 1060. Yj: 8-9. Ma: 4, 5, or 6. 1088a-e. M7: Minus entries. I Dice, "Stick" Type; Disk Type 1097. Ys: Shaken in basket. 1118, 1119. Ml: 3 up, 3 down; 1 point. r all down: 2. Various 1157a. M1. Went to ocean for it. 1163. M6: Not in Lockeford. 1174a. M4: Each man has tapered stick about 11/2 feet long. Large end has diameter of 1 ich. Stick hit against ground so rebounds oppo- iite direction of player and travels about 400 ards. Men wager on which one's goes farthest. r 1174b. Each player has a special "lucky" rock hich he saves to play this game. 1174d. M2: Hole made in ground. Rocks thrown wad it; win when in hole. MONEY AND BEADS; PIPES; TOBACCO 1175. M8,9: Never made beads; unlucky to do so. 1196b. Ys: Each has own pipe. M2: Elderberry with hole. One end stopped up with stick so only small opening left, other end filled with tobacco. 1197. M3: "Each side does it to see which has the best tobacco." ,1200. Ml: Nothing done to tobacco; grew wild along river. Only green leaves gathered. Wanted it to look green when used. Gathered tobacco sev- eral times, to have enough for winter. 1206. Ml: Mostly. 1208c. Ma, Mn: Some old women also. M2: Also women 20 years old. 1209. M1: Tobacco placed in special rock mortar for that purpose only; pounded and ground very fine. Some oyster shells (gathered it valley by 3 or 4 men who had made special trip for year's supply) placed in fire which was fanned until shells quite soft, when placed in mortar with to- bacco, pounded and ground together. Water added to dissolve mixture. Moisture allowed to evapo- rate, leaving mixture hard and dry. This put away for future use. Always kept at hand. If person felt sick, would break a piece off, grind and dissolve it with water in special rock mortar, and "eat" it. Usually 4 or 5 men and women as- sembled for that purpose after evening meal. Piece of tobacco,,large enough for group, broken off and prepared as just described. To sample mix- ture, small rock, 4-5 inches long, 1 1/4 inches in diameter, ends round, smooth, was immersed about 1 1/2 inches in solution by each person in circle about fire. Some only hiccoughed, some vomited. Then rock immersed completely, smearing and rubbing in solution with fingers. First man, who was host and had invited others "ate" all the tobacco off rock (licked it off5, repeating this 3 or 4 times depending upon aimount he thought he could stand. He never left any tobacco on rock. When ready to vomit, went little dis- tance and did so. Then others followed same pro- cedure until all had vomited. Then went to re- spective homes to sleep until next morning. Some did this every night in prewhite days. Seemingly no other reason for tobacco "eating." MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1215. Yj: 2 or 3. M8: 3 or 4. 1225. Yj: Wild muskmelon. 1230. Yj: 2-3. M2: 8-9. M5: 3-4. 1237-1239. Ys: Everyone uses. 1249. M3: Held near mouth and blown on like on jew' s-harp. 1258. M8: With pitch. 1262. M3: 4 played; fifth always open to catch air. 1266d. M8: With charcoal, and paint with white. 1266f. M5: Used a section of a burned tree, but made planks of it. I I 459 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CALENDAR; COUNTING 1268. M3: Informant does not remember, but they used to have long arguments about the moons, how many there were and which moon they were in. They started their count each year when the acorns ripened. 1271c. 18: Sticks put in sack. 1280. Yj: By 20. ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY 1368. M8,9: Lots of acorns. Everybody happy. Much merrymaking, dancing, etc. 1371. M8: Eclipse means sun and moon are fighting. If sun won, world would be consumed by tremendous fire. So people place in the fire acorns, grass seed, meat, beads, baskets, etc. (small amount at a time). This causes moon to win every time and fight stops. No harm is done to the sun by the moon winning. After eclipse, always rains. Sun and moon never sleep together. 1373. Ma: Eagle covers with wings. Ys, M1: A big bird, name unknown. 1397. M8: World upside down. MARRIAGE 1399. Ys: As many as 6. 1400. Yj: Man would not marry promiscuous woman. Ml: Man would not pay for his bride if she had been promiscuous. 1401. Ys, MI: Only if sister. 1402. Ma: Only chief. 1404. M2: When both husbands home, wife sleeps between them. 1405. M3: Separate houses for men. Last hus- band pays first, and woman goes back and forth. 1407a. M8: Wife-lending to any visitor by anyone; never fights about that. 1422. Yj, Ml: Only. 1425. Ys, Ml: Partly. 1427a. M2,3: There is no marriage of a woman to her husband's sister's son (a man to his mother's brother's wife). With patrilineal moie- ties they would be marrying their own moiety mem- ber. 1433. Ys, Ml: Partly. 1437. M4: Went to chief's house (round house), where were 20 beds each way from middle. Since each bed approximately 6 feet long and there were 40 beds, round house 240 feet long; made of brush, straw, and dirt on top. Grass used to grow on top. In his youth informant saw 4 such and 20 ruins scattered about. One lived there about a year-and then made own ho,use. 1440. Yj: 2-3 yrs. 1443. M6: Father-in-law built home for son-in- law; that is, large enough for entire family. 1451. Yj: Employ poison doctor to kill para- mour. 1453. M6: Never heard of divorce for infidel- ity. 1464. M8: Not really prostitution. 1464a. Ml: If price right. 1467. M3: Men used to grab women and take them into the bush even against the woman's desire. Her father could not say anything. BERDACHES; KINSHIP AVOIDANCES 1483. M6: Never heard of any. 1487. Yj: Son-in-law tells mother-in-law where good seeds are when he meets her in the woods. Father-in-law and daughter-in-law the same. 1488, 1514. Ml: Only when absolutely necessary MOIETIES AND LINEAGES 1530. Mn: Moieties supposed to be endogamous, but they did not prohibit marriage of members of' different moieties. Wdhen this took place, woman lost her rights to her own moiety and became a full-fledged member of her husband's moiety. She could not participate in the ceremonies, dances, etc., of her inherited moiety after that. Inter-i marriage not frowned upon, but marriage to one's own moiety member was patterned and usual thing. Ideologically few cases of marriage outside own moiety: "being too much trouble"; "you could not be with your relatives in your happiness or sor- row"; "you lost your rights." In time available, I was unable to find out what these rights were, but they appeared to be rights substituted by rights received when woman became member of oppo- site moiety. Each moiety had own chief and mes senger. At mourning ceremony, moiety which had lost a member gave "big time." Members of oppo- site moiety were guests and arranged all matters washed faces of mourners, and took care of crema tion; supplied meat and wood. Mourners supplied grass seeds, acorns, and did all work. Moieties were: Eagle and Lion; Coyote and Buzzard. Not 4 clans; as far as I could learn Eagle supposed to marry Lion, and Coyote to marry Buzzard. Each moiety had four-legged pet and bird as "totemd animals and guardian spirits. If marriage oc- curred between members of different moieties, ment had to be made. Ml: Coyote and Eagle moie- ties; subdivisions unknown. Bear was Eagle and Buzzard was Coyote. Moieties exogamous. M3: Exogamous patrilineal moieties. Moiety A had and Coyote as totem animals. Moiety B had Bear Eagle as totem animals. These 4 animals kept pets. Moiety A also had "Little Frog," which affiliated only with Deer. Moiety B had "Bull Frog," which was affiliated with Bear. Moiety owned all spring water, moiety B all running u Thus division seems based upon main difference air, land, water animals. Both sides were wate people. Two moieties always debating relative importance of spring water and running water. I I 460 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA would say, "How would you live if you could not drink from our springs?"; to be answered by: "We have our own water"; which in turn brought: "Your water dries up, while ours does not," and in answer: "What about the fish you get out of our water?" There are secret names for these moieties which informant refused to disclose; "We never tell anyone the names." Main groupings are Bear and Deer and they were mainly for regu- lating marriage. If a person was asked what he was, answered either "Deer" or "Bear." I did not have time to learn purpose of subsidiary group- ings. M8: One sat between drum and general dir- ection of his home or village. 1533a. M3: Personal names secret; one would never reveal his own or anyone else's name. 1544, 1545. Ys: Absolutely must pay. CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS 1555a. M8,9: Head chief and moiety chiefs. 1555f. Yj: Scout (messenger) selected out- standing man; chief rejected or accepted. Ys, Ml: Oldest son always approved. M6: If chief has son, people talk it over and say he will be chief when his father dies; so it is. He is selected from all male members of direct male line. 1555g. Ys, M1: Oldest son always approved. 1558, 1559. Ys, M1: If no son. 1575, 1576. A chief is here construed as "in- dividual" when there are no other chiefs having the same prerogatives, duties, and authority. Although his brothers and sisters may be called "chief," they are not actual chiefs. All child- ren of "chief" called by that title. Apparently "chiefs" a class or group distinct from remainder of population; all belonged to same family line- age. (Cf. Driver's note 1575-1576 in his CED:VI, page 133.) 1577. Yj: If all men of family died; only hap- ened once. 1587a. Ys: Was best hunter and marksman in group . 1596. M1: If he is an eagle man. M3: Inform- t has seen eagles strapped like a baby in bas- kets so could only move their heads. 1605. M4: Brothers of chief, i.e., sons of hief. 1618. Usually eldest son real messenger, his rothers helping him, sometimes his sisters. umber varied according to need and family, and hether or not moieties present. M2: 2 or 3. 1639a, 1640. Ma, M8,9: No separate individual. hief and messenger took care of these duties. 1647. Ma: Messenger. 1658. M3: Allowed to steal anything could get ds on. 1659. Yj: Chief through messenger. Ma, M8,9: o separate individual. Chief and messenger ook care of these duties. 1666. M3: 8 dancers, 4 men and 4 women. 1667. M3: Head man is war chief also. 1681. M1: One for each moiety. 1683a. Ma: As many as could sing. M3,4: 3-4. 1685. M3: Appointed by dance leader. 1692r. The following totems of officials were deleted from list proper because answers unsatis- factory. Chief: eagle (Yj, Ma, Ys, M1); war chief: prairie falcon; assistant chief: screech owl; messenger: dove (Ys); crier: crow (M1); clown: coyote; also bear, puma, Cooper's hawk, road runner, raven, mockingbird. LAND OWINERSHIP 1700. Ys: Scar tree to claim crop. M8: Chief, owner of all acorn trees, called people together when acorns ready to be gathered. Each family head paid chief amount of money according to num- ber of individuals in family. Then chief desig- nated tree or trees from which that family could gather. Never trouble about trespassing on rights of another family. "You pay for the privilege." 1702. M8,9: Same as 1700. WAR 1706. M1: Never heard of any. M3: An unmar- ried woman had been kidnapped. Surprise raid planned to rescue her. Someone notified other group (name unknown), who sent women and children to high hill and prepared to meet raiders. At- tackers beaten back; retreated to spot in brush where were surrounded and without food and water. While in retreat, however, one man escaped, re- turned to home village and reported happenings. Rescue party went, beat group surrounding raiders, killing several. Rescuers and rescued went to village, found abducted girl, destroyed every- thing and set fire to houses. Only "war" in- formant ever heard of. In old days used to cap- ture Paiute and kill them. Would hang baby in its basket in trees. Raped women, then killed them. 1709a,b. Yj, Ma: Never heard of any. 1710. M8: 10 or more men kidnap woman, rape her in "bush," then let her go home. 2 or 3 men go out and capture 2 or 3 women, bring them to chief, ask permission to marry them. Up to chief to grant or withhold permission. If consents, couples get married on consecutive days; not all at one time. Young men sleep in sweat house and have girls with them; 1 man to 1 girl. Later on, when they have selected their spouses, get mar- ried. 1712. M3: Informant saw following done often: Some men captured woman from another tribe, brought her to round house where 50 to 60 men raped her all night. Turned her loose next day, but she did not go away. Next night men did same thing. Then she went home. Then men captured another, did same thing. Personal name of leader in capturing women: bump'ilo. He usually went by I I 461 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS himself and brought woman to "bush" or to round house; arranged men's turn. His title is: osaiwelo:p 'pe. 1716. 143: Only used charcoal. Had no time for other things because they did it immediately upon coming in. Only fighters danced; in a row, which done only at big times. 1722. Ys: Only to kill doctors. 143: Usually after sundown. 1727. 142: Scalps taken in old days; hung in house, called by name. 1730. M43: Only brought own woman back. 1731. 143: Victors always gave other side presents. Starters of war usually victorious be- cause prepared. BIRTH Delivery 1732. Ys: After woman well, about 2 mos. 142: 1-3 mos. M3: 1 month. M4: 3-4 mos. M5: 1 month. Baby fed at 4 days and then at 1 month. M6: 5 mos. M8: Head chief is doctor at childbirth. "He talks to baby and it has to come out." Woman on her feet, husband holding her from behind un- der her arms. Doctor rubs her stomach and helps her. Woman on 1 knee when baby born. M9: 2 mo. 1732a. 146,8,9: Religiously done or baby would die. 1734. 142: On rolled-up blanket. 1735. 146: "No one allowed to watch, but I heard it." Woman's mother helped. 1739a. 143: Husband of woman forces baby out by pressing with his hands. Important thing is to get afterbirth out, not baby. If afterbirth does not come out, must press woman with hands and force it out. If necessary, buckskin cord tied around it and pulled it out. 1740. 146: Hands medicine in but not allowed in. 1742. M2: Woman married bear; in spring bear helped woman dig Indian potatoes. "Just like be- ing married to a man." No children. 1743. Yj: "Baby gets afraid and comes out." 1744. 148: Pine-needle drink. Woman lies flat on back for 4 days after birth. Mn: Woman drinks brew made of scraped she-bear's claws. M6: Hot acorn soup drunk. 1745. Yj: "Baby gets afraid and comes out." 1746. 144: Nany weeds placed upon fire. Then hot rocks on weeds and covering of grass. Water sprinkled upon this, causing steam. Woman and baby placed on this, covered with buckskins, bark, and so on; receive thorough steam bath. 1748. 148: Becau.se if Coyote found it, baby would die. 1750. M5: If that fails, element 1751 resorted to. M8,9: Large flat rock placed over afterbirth when buried, so woman will have no more children. 1751. M8: "Then get lots of babies" (sic). 1753. M3: Buried, but no special place. 1753a. Afterbirth buried in ground and sealed tightly by placing large rock over. 1754. Ma: 1 day later. 142: After 4 days. 1755. 16: Bathed in warm water. Facts about birth secret. 18: Large fire made in house. 28, 9: Bark of young pine tree used. 1758a. 143: Whoever took care of birth chewed navel cord off. 1761. 18,9: Buckskin tied around child's mid- dle to hold it. 1764. Yj: "Good man 4 days, bad man 6 days. Very bad man, it takes a long time." 1765. M2: When child about 4, mother tells him to throw it into creek. 143: Just thrown away. Restrictions on Mother 1771, 1771a. Ys: 2 mos. 141,2,3,5: 1 month. 14: 1 yr. 16: 5 mos. 18,9: First baby 3 mos., rest 2. 1772. Ys: 2 mos. 141,2,3,5: 1 month. 144: 6 mos. 16: 5 mos. 148,9: 2-3 mos. 1773. 12: 1 month. 148,9: 2-3 mos. 1774. Ys: Used new brush. 13: 1 month. 1777. M1,2: 1 month. 1781. Mn: 3 hrs. Ys: Until sweats well. 1783d. Yj: 2 mos. Na: 1 month. 14: Until weaned. 12,4: 6 mos. 18,9: 2-3 mos. Restrictions on- Father 1784-1786. M 2: 1 month. M14: 4-5 mos. 1785. M13: For 4 days, until navel cord falls off. 1791. Yj: Until navel cord drops off. 14: Must go to another village. 1794. M14: Woman wears it. 18,9: Does not watch, dancing, etc. Sits with wife. 1803. Yj: After navel cord falls off. 1804. M3: For first baby only. Clothes taken away, given new. Abortion; Infanticide; Weaning 1806. Mn: Had abortion but does not know how. M6: Never heard of it. M8: Doctor gives woman medicine. 1812. M6: Never heard of unmarried female be- coming pregnant. 1815. Yj: When baby stopped of own volition; about 2 or 3 yrs. of age. M2: 1-2 yrs. M3: In- formant was "suckled" until reached puberty, be- cause he "liked it." Usually mother stops baby before that age. 1816. M3: "It is a lie. Who is going to wait 2 years?" Mutilations; Milk Teeth 1818. Mn: Not of baby who wants it done. Less sex. M6: No rule. 1819. 148,99:lday. 1820. Mn: Not of baby who wants it done. Less sex. but of anyone of own sex bleeding if done by own but of anyone of own sex. bleeding if done by owm I - - - - A 7i I I .i i kI I i 462 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA 1821. Ys: 10-15 yrs. M1: Old women only. M2: 12-15 yrs. M3: Any time. M8,9: 1 day. 1822. Yj: 1 month. M2: Done any time for fun of it. M3: Any time. Just for the fun of it. M6: Never tattoo. 1823. Yj: 3 mos. 1823f. M1: Just for fun of it when young. 1824. M6: Thrown where sun can shine on tooth; for example, side of hill. One stands up straight, looks at sun; can only keep eyes open second; impossible to see where tooth falls. Sometimes placed in gopher hole. 1827. M6: At noon. 1828, 1829. Ml: More to side than over shoulder. GIRIS ' PUBERTY 1833. M2: Basket material tied around ankles, legs, thighs, wrists, and so on, to make girl strong. Menstruation: certain women heat rocks and girl made to urinate. M4: Mother only person who knows. Menstruation thought to mean girl had been with a man. Mother ashamed. 1856. M6: Never tell anyone girl has menstru- ated; kept secret. 1859. M8: If 1 girl. If 2 or more, have big time for 4 days. 1861. M8,9: Day also. 1862. M8,9: If too hot. Only 4 men and 4 women dance, men on one side, women on other. 1865. Mn: Girl not present. MENSTRUATION; VARIOUS 1873. Mn: 1 or 2 days. Ml: Until well. M6: Only drink acorn soup first 4 days, then grass, etc., and after 8 days allowed to eat meat. M8, 9: 2-3 mos. 1883. Never to same degree. 1887d. Ml: While morning star still visible. M3: Even in February when deep frost jump in pond every morning, take bath. DATURA 1889. M2: Some doctors. Some do it for "fun" f it, so will be strong. Only root used. M3: Oe gives presents to his relatives. Face-washer aid after finished with duties. M5: Secret. o one knows. M6: Never heard of it. M8: Never rank around here. Did that in Tuolumne and ther places. 1891a. M2: Any time in spring or summer. One ,inks it and goes crazy: runs around country- ide without knowing what doing for week or two. ightened of and runs away from people. Has to captured and taken care of. 1893. Mn, M1: To show how big a doctor he is. 1897. Ma: Doctors and medicine men. Ys: 2 or Ml: l or 4. M2: l or 2. 1898. Ys: Old. M1: Young man has old man take care of him, one who knows all about it. Old man continually says, "You must be careful to treat your mother and father with respect and do what they ask you to. You must obey them. You must be good to the people. You must do right all of the time." During this, young man drinks liquid made out of roots. Old man sings and tells all about roots, what kind of a doctor young man is to be, what roots to do to and for him, how will cure people and all about his success; tells young man how much to drink. After drinking, young man tells what he sees; does not dance much or do anything; his mouth and lips get dry; next day remembers nothing. Old man is the control. M2: Mature up to old age. M3: 20 to 80. Age does not matter. 1900. Ys, M1: 1 month. M2: No one supervises it. One does it himself to become a doctor. Lit- tle at a time taken. No rules, except cannot drink water or acorn soup hot; must be cold. 1901. Ml: 1 month. 1902. Yj: As long as can stand it. Must ask permission from chief before drinking. M3: For 4 days keep away from everything. 1903. Ma: Wooden mortar. 1906. M3: Informant drank it. It is mixed in a small mortar, first pounded, then water added. After 15 minutes, juice drunk. In about half- hour, crazy. M4: Secret. Only doctors know how. Nobody else. 1907, M2,3: Person drinks it and goes away. Does not know what he is doing; is just like crazy. Idea is that a person gives it to another little at a time, without recipient knowing, to make doctor out of him. Sometimes overdose given and man goes crazy, temporarily or permanently. 1914. M3: "You have to stay away from women for 4 months before drinking. And you must dream- while you are drinking." 1915. M3: "You don't walk. You run around. You are crazy and it lasts until you eat food. Then it leaves you immediately. You are supposed to keep away from food and drink for 10 days aft- er you drink the concoction. You ask the air (the universe) if you are going to sing. You ask for anything you want and it comes to you." 1927. M3: "Don't sleep. You have the power of traveling great distances in a short time." 1938. M3: "You need a quick man to take care of you. He usually is a relative. You can out- run a horse. Anybody can drink it. You must keep clean. You get the root from a certain place otherwise it will kill you. It is poison. They used to get it at Pleasant Valley. Each village had its own place to get the root." 1945. M2: After becoming a doctor, he continues drinking it. ANT ORDEAL 1951. M18,9: 4 or 5 men compete and chief gives prize to man who endures longest. Person lies I 463 ANTIROPOLOGICAL RECORDS down in ant hill also; stands in a yellow-jacket nest and allows bees to crawl over body and sting. Tests of person's strength. 1954. M2: If baby born with disease from par- ents, mother mashes some ants, applies it ex- ternally to child. DEATH Treatment of Corpse 1955. M2: Crying all 4 days. M3: Crying great deal for day or two. Until get things ready. M6: Informant never saw them burn a body. 1969: M3: When deceased not owner of house, all his belongings placed on him on pyre and burnt. If is owner, house also burnt. Sometimes man burns house for his wife, but not always. House not moved. 1973a. M2: After everything burned, bones placed in basket with shells (not money) and large basket placed on top and everything buried in hole next to pyre. 1975. Mn: Wood over corpse also. 1979. M6: No dogs at that time. 1980. Only if owner dies, not for son-in-law or child. At that time house usually moved. M2: After 1 month, house burned and 3 good hunt- ing dogs killed. M6: House burned if any occupant dies, and rest move to another spot. Undertaker 1982. M2: No special undertaker. 1987. M6: Father or some other close relative does it. 1988. M2: 2 or 3 men. Chief talks to relatives of dead man first and says he will send them over. 1990-1992. Ys: 2-3 days. 1994. M2: Done outside. Partition constructed on one side where stay for 3 months. 1994a. Yj: Stay in one place and dance. M3: Crying continuously and wailing. "You do not really dance, it is like the War dance--all around the fire." 1994b. Yj: Stay in one place and dance. 1994i. Wormwood is placed under bed and pillow. 1994k. Ma: Only on head. 1994ka. M6: Also take bath with it at end. 1994n. Ys: Where burned. M8,9: Man and wife buried in same place. 1994o. Ys: Where burned. M6: Buried with wife's people. "You belong to your wife's people after you are married, not to your own." 1994q. M3: Chief keeps preaching all the time. Tells people what to do, that it is seri- ous, and they should deport themselves properly, and so on. Mourners 1995. Ys: Woman not allowed to speak to any man for 1 year, then house with everything in it burned. 1999a. M8: Buried on top of bones of deceased. 2002. Yj, Ma, Mn: 1 month. M8,9: 2 mos. 2003. Yj, Mn: 1 month. M1,3,6,8,9: 1 yr. M2: "Nobody talks to you or sees you for 3 months." 2004. M2: "You touch and hold his hand and cry over him, 'You will never come back, never see me anymore,' and so on. This is done before he is dressed up and laid out." M8: Would dream of de- parted if did so. 2008. Mn, Ys: 1 month. M3: Hunt for food for big time which takes place fourth day, when face- washing takes place. 2009. Mn, Ys: 1 month. Name Taboo 2011. Yj: 2 yrs. 2014. M2: "May hear about your saying it." 2016. M3: Names secret, i.e., first name re- ceived; rest not secret. Ghosts 2018. M3: If ghost talks to person, certain death. If person only sees ghost and struggles with it (or not) and fast, gets extremely sick but gets over it. Doctor makes him close eyes, refrain from speaking. M6: Never seen or heard. Dead talk to person only in dreams. 2019e. Hoot owl used to steal babies. When baby not found, owl keeping it. If found and brought home, died. Owl ate it or it disappeared. 2020. Yj: Immediately. M6: Do not have this belief. Just dream of dead but it has no signifi- cance. 2024. M4: Dreamer burns some of his clothes. 2031, 2032. Ys: Spread it all over bedding. MOURNING CEREMONY Little Mourning Ceremony 2035. Yj: 1 month plus 3 days. Mn: At burial 2036. M3: 1 meal. 2041. M3: After person washes members of oppo site moiety, washes members of own moiety. About 6 washers, chosen by relatives of deceased. Tribal Mourning Ceremony 2045, 2046. Mn: For same moiety if died at same time. 2048. M3: Cry over everyone who died. 2055. M6: Baskets lent so will be sufficient in which to prepare acorn products. 2058. M1: Different village for washing, etci 2061. M3: In round house. 2068. M1: Big house about 50-60 feet wide; circular; 4 posts in center with circular spaceu above open as smoke hole. Fire in middle of 4 _ 464 i I I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXIV--AGINSKY: CENTRAL SIERRA posts. Roof slopes. Informant claims this re- cent, during his life. 2071. Mn: Eating at separate times, visitors first, then opposite side, then mourners. 2077, 2078. Ma, Ys: No rule but often done. 2079. Ma: No rule but often done. M2: Tree wth many branches cut down, placed outside. Meat hung from branches for 4 days, then cleaned, di- nded same as with acorn products, other things. Xo special pDerson to procure tree (which is burned down) for this occasion. Tree left stand- ing until rots, falls down of own accord, when used for fuel and another tree erected. 2080. M2: Washed first day. Then big speech and told to have a good time. M3: "Do not do that here. Only in the south." M4: Visitors dance. Each village by itself. "Your own people do not dance, not even the last day." 2083. Mn, Ys: Captain gets and gives to mes- aenger who divides. 2089. M2: At each mourning ceremony chief ap- points man to make body of deerskin stuffed with gass and straw and decorated with shells. An- other person assists; neither are permanent of- ficials. Image burned outdoors about 4 A.M. 2109. M2: Only relatives bring stuff. 1 woman takes care of it all in her own house. All buned with body. M6: Kept in own house. Went euk and brought a string and put it around per- son's neck. Did this for each one. 2124. M6: No. And last dance is not for everyone, only dancers. 2126. Ys: Fire in middle. SHAMANISM Spirit Doctor 2133. M2: "From own father sometimes. Nobody knows about it. The 2 go into the hills by them- elves. It was all secret." M6: Secret. Only aoctcr knew. M8: Secret. "Poison man only makes yu sick and you may die. You pay him. You ever call a poison man to cure you. You call a doctor." 2136. M2: Girls received power from father lso. Could poison a tree and it would disinte- grte. 2138a. M3: Man may be dreaming all the time, bt does not tell anyone until ready to be a doc- tor. May go to hills and do lots of things, but al kept secret. 2140. Yj: 10-15. Mn, M1: Or over. 2148. Ys: About middle age. M1: Or over. 2150. Yj: 2-3. 2153, 2154. Yj: 5-10. 2157. M1: Always vomit. "That is why they sat it." 2160. Yj: Up to neck. 2163-2165. M1: Refrains from fresh meat for 10 ionths if necessary, to get power. 2168. out what 2170. 2177. 2185. 2186. M2: Puts M1: Whistles and looks at sun and finds is wrong. Ys: 1 month. M1: See note 2168. M1: Held in hand. M1: Puts water in mouth before sucking. water in mouth only. Case of woman doc- tor singing, and stick clapper. Blood comes from nose. 2187. M1: Through man's ear if stopped up and cannot hear. 2192. Mn: According to how siok. 2193. M6: Person goes to doctor, pays him be- fore he visits sick man. 2197. Mn: But given some for his trouble any- way. 2198. 146: Informant never heard of a case re- fused. 2201. M6: Informant never heard of poisoning. "Just got sick." 2201a. M6: Informant never heard of it. 2204. Mn: Special man selects killer. M8,9: "You told the chief you wanted to kill and he either gave you permission or not." 2208. Mn: Also get money by contribution of people. M3: Killed them but does not know how. Singing Doctor or Talker 2208a. M6: "The doctor doctors. Man is still sick and then he gets better. Just sucks and sings to make a person better." 2208b. M2: Cured by sucking also. "Just 1 kind of doctor, who did both." Public Competition 2209. M1: 4 shamans, 2 on each side, partici- pate in a public "shaman contest." Captain (head man) officiates. Definite rules followed; con- test almost "ritualized." Each side has small fire (approximately size of man's hand) between them. Head man walks about with stick in his right hand. Tells 1 shaman (called doctor and witch by informant) to get up and look at the sun. After doing this, shaman picks up flat basket, looks at sun and jumps around. He is "loaded up to shoot now." He moves basket over fire and looks at sun. He shoots bullet, a bead, into heart of 1 shaman on other side and knocks him down, dead. Head man says to other doctor (of first side), "Get that man," pointing with stick at survivor of other side. Same performance as before gone through. 2 men grab shot shaman, so he will not fall too hard and get hurt. Then shamans who did shooting fix 2 dead men up so they are alive again. Then other side have their in- ning. Men who are killed are walking around when shot at. M3: Did not do it here but in the south. Bill had it done to him. He dreamed that it was done to him in his groin and privates. He asked his wife, "Did your grandfather pass near me?" I I I I i I 465 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS She said, "Yes." He had done it. Bill had some money at that time and went to Jamestown to an Indian doctor who could suck. She was his wife's grandmother (mother's mother). "She didn't make it. Maybe couldn't or didn't want to." From there he went to El Portal and paid 10 dollars to have another person suck it out. She sucked him right under his testicles. She made believe she took a fishbone out but it was a fake. Another woman at Big Meadows (above El Portal) sent a friend of Bill's down to tell Bill he was going to die and to come up and she (a doctor) would cure him. This man motioned to Bill and Bill went away with him. That evening she sucked a nail out from under his testicles and Bill got well. "So they must have shot things in those days." 2211. Ys: Feather. 2221. M2: "Rattlesnake bit a young man. He died and they placed him on the pyre and tried to burn him but he got up. He cried 4 days. Took him off pyre. He was like a drunken man." M8,9: Pedro's father's father. Lily's father. 2231. Mn: Tells some special person to cure. 2233. M2: Never dance in public. Bear people bring bears home and show them to rest of people, but people always afraid. 2235-2236. Ys: At any time of year in con- junction with other things. 2237. Ml: 2-3 days. 2238. M8: Last day. 2243. Ys: Put all over body. Other Shamans 2245. M6: Never heard of them. M8: Pedro's father's father. Hair taken out of own head, burned; causes rain. People bet on it. 2245a. Yj: Medicine man does it. 2256. M8: Talks and beckons to wind. It comes for 2 days. 2263. M9: Lily's father's father's brother was a bear man. 2263b. Ml: 1 night. 2275-2276. Ys, Ml:-In conjunction with other big times. 2277. Ys: 6-7 days. 2278. Ys: Little while. 2281b. Ml: Visit women for night. Informant knows of case. 2282. M2: Sometimes when man hunting, coyote would approach him the way a pet does at home. Man would try to shoot coyote but would be too weak. Then coyote would come very close. In 1 case, man told his dog to chase coyote away, bul dog also too weak to do anything. When coyote left, man went home, put his bow and arrows (rifle) away, told his wife, "Coyote fools me, scares me, makes me crazy," and went to sleep.. Man was crazy and sick for about 1 year; did nol know what he was doing during that time. 1 day he announced, "Coyote man is coming." People placed 4 baskets of uncooked acorns outdoors and hid everything else. Man came out of house and- ate the acorns--"like a person eats peanuts." - After eating, man found everything that had beei hidden and many things which had been lost. AfI this, doctor "sucks" him and he becomes normal again. Man does not remember how he was able tc find various articles. Never remembers anything which happened during year. 2288. M8,9: When about to die, man hides his money. Money finder locates it and tells chief, who divides it among dead man's relatives. 2294a. Ml: Just 1 man, who could jump into fire and not get burned. 2294b. Ml: Throw self into fire. VARIOUS RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS 2298. M6: Dancing men only offer them and people do not know why. 2299c. M6: Never bothered by whirlwind. Not afraid of it. Played near it. M8: Sick for fei days aAd may die. 2303. M3: Just blow at whirlwind to stop it. 2306. Ml: "Can't do anything. If it hits yoV you get consumption. Dry up and die." 2307j. Ml: Mostly witches. 2307m. M8, 9: Eagle keeps in time with danceri 2308. M6: Informant does not know about it. Claims had no names. 2309. M8: If mother's niother, then actually, own moiety through father. 2313. Ys: Name never given to another; he would get sick and die. 466 DISCUSSION I am taking this opportunity of presenting, from a subjective point of view, some observa- tions regarding the method, the validity of the data, what can be obtained from the results, the reactions of the informants, and the reliability of the material. The actual organizing of the list is analogous to a comparative study where the worker tries to follow the distribution of traits over an area, finds that certain elements have not been re- ported, and then goes out to determine whether the unreported traits are present or absent. Be- sides being the only project which deals with between 2000 and 3000 elements, this study is bringing to light for the first time a mass of material which is truly comparable. For those individuals who are interested in comparative "diffusionist work, it should prove extremely valuable. In this type of study the elements for all of the groups are listed, whether the >particular element is found reported in only one group of the area to be visited, or in all of the groups. After this, the list is organized and refined and taken to the field in order to check the presence or absence of all of the ele- ments in all of the groups. Thus from one angle it is primarily a listing of and a checking of previous field work, and a filling in of the blank spaces. In the preparation of the list be- fore entering the field it may be found that one author has reported only the material culture of group A, another author has reported only sub- sistence for group B, while a third has written ' general monograph on group C. Another general ionograph on group D may not be at all comparable with the monograph on group C. 'vWhen all of the 'elements from the various reports are fitted to- ther and tested, a body of material which tovers all of these points is obtained. In ad- dition, new elements are added while the list is being tested. It is surprising that with the great amount of travelling about, intermarriages, living with other groups on reservations, and so on, the in- formants had so many definite answers concerning their own culture. They were continually re- iterating in reply to my questioning of their tatements, "We did not do that here. The people the south (north, east, or west) did that." t was easy to check the statements of the in- ormants. Having become thoroughly familiar Fth the published material on the region, one ows the answers to approximately half of the uestions and is reasonably sure of another enty-five per cent. The remainder of the swers are readily checked by having the in- ormant elaborate on his statements, a consider- le portion of the time being spent on this. It 8 unnecessary to "double-check" the material own from published reports; direct questions ually suffice. Much time, which in the field is ordinarily taken up by the actual labor of recording the information, is saved by the use of the prepared lists, since all that is necessary is to place a plus, minus, or dot in the appropriate spaces. Thus, in answering the question, "How did your people hunt deer in the old days?", the informant may cover twenty elements, which can be recorded as rapidly as he talks. It is not unusual for him to state, "The men used to take a sweat-bath before they went hunting. The sweat-house was owned by the leader of the hunters. A group of men went together. All of the game was divided equally. They stayed away for four days when they went in a group and only a day or two when they went by themselves. The group-hunting was done only before a 'big-time' when the other groups were invited for dancing and gambling," and so on. Being familiar with the list,one turns to the elements and jots the symbols down. Very seldom does an informant give the informa- tion in the same sequence which appears in the list, and very seldom do two groups have the same elements in the same complexes of traits. Thus the arrangement of elements is never quite satisfactory for any group. It is at best an approximation. Seeing how the complexes vary gives one an insight into the cultures,which is very enlightening. For example, the element "group-hunting" which is included in the same complex as entertaining visitors in one group, is part of the first acorn rite in another group, and part of the complex of the mourning ceremony in a third group. This, of course, comes out in a study of the monographs on any region, but not to as clear and definite a degree. It was possible to have the informant give generalized pictures of family life, religion, war, and so on, during the day, when time was taken for a "smoke." The information, of course, fell short of being complete, but sinQe all of the groups had so much in common, it did aid in conceptualizing the basic functioning culture and in fitting the elements into a generalized integrated picture of the going society. Some of the notes may be of aid to those interested in this aspect. The fact that there are notes is an indication that in some cases the "element" is in reality a complex of traits showing a high degree of specialization in a group, and has not been broken down into its component or minimum elements. It was impossible to use all of the minimum elements in the area. The time did not allow for that. Again, time did not allow the investigator to record the relative importance of the elements, although he could not help but notice how an ele- ment is an integral part of different complexes of traits in the same and in different groups to such an extent that it can be phrased as "seeing [467] 468 ANTHROPOLOGIC diffusion and change at work.?" It is truly re- markable how elements take on various functions in different cultures, how they become integrated with other and diverse elements, and yet remain unique and distinct. On the other hand, "inde- pendent invention" and "gestalt" become clearer when another culture, in rearranging the elements, brings something new into existence. By listing the elements in an approximate con- tinuity, the function of the element must be scanted, although one realizes that it is not the parts of a culture alone which are important, but also the interfunctioning of the elements. Of course, the limited number of possible ways for things to develop plays a large part. All RALECORDS 1 these theories of cultural understanding and change become clearer. The data check all of them, and it is possible, by using the materia to follow up the statements made here. Unfor- tunately, it was impossible to check them mores fully in the field without spending more time than was available and also without doing suf-, ficient work for a monograph on each group visited, which is not the objective of this project. It is not possible to estimate how much of the preceding is uniquely mine, since, in dis-W cussing these ideas with my colleagues, there has been an intermixture of impressions and re actions to a considerable extent. I