ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 8:2 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXII PLATEAU BY VERNE F. RAY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1942 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXII PLATEAU BY VERNE E RAY ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 8, No. 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LoWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 8, No. 2, pp. 99-262, I map, 4 PP. text-figures Submitted by the Editors December 6, 1940 Issued December I9, 1942 Price, $1.75 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of gcneral interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 1 abbreviations.103 lement distributions list.. 104 bols used in the element list ..104 lung and hunting, elements 1-1413 ..104 etables and fruits, 1414-1490 ..131 d ceremonialism, 1492-1572 ... .......... . 133 d preparation, 1573-1846 ..134 sils, implements, and weapons, 1847-2533 ..140 sportation, 2534-2805 ................ .. ............ 154 etry and fabrics, 2806-3056 .............. .. ............ 159 as and ornamentation, 3057-3492 .............. .. ........... 164 etures, 3493-3961 .................. .. ........... 173 s and musical instruments, 3962-4245 .......... .. .. .......... . 182 aeco and pipes, 4246-4322 ................ .. ........... 187 endar, numeration, exchange, 4323-4419a ....................... . 189 th, 4420-5010. .................... ........... 191 rty, 5011-5256. ................. .. ........... 202 iage, 5257-5604 ..................... ........... 207 th 5605-6034. .................... ........... 214 ing, 6035-6082 . ................. .. ........... 223 are, 6083-6292 ................................ .. 224 ial structure, 6294-6491 ................. .. ........... 228 and ghost, 6492-6572 ................. .. ........... 232 guardian spirit, 6573-6866 ............... .. ........... 234 ism, 6867-7268 .................. .. ........... 240 Igious dances, 7269-7511 ................ .. ........... 248 ic, 7512-7557 . . .254 r secular dances, 7558-7572 .............. .. ............ 255 ciations, 7573-7585 ................. .. ........... 255 cellaneous beliefs and practices, 7586-7633 ..255 tary notes ..256 es cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 MAP yed and localities to which cultural data from the several tribal ps refer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facing ag FIGURES 65-68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 110, 122, 142, 162-164, 175 ..... . 259 204-206, 210, 294, 295, 297, 308-311, 320, 323, 324, 359, 360, 377, 378, 389, 437, 455, 456, 463, 466, 470, 472, 473, 490, 491, 495, 505 .... . . . ...... . . . 260 937, 938, 940, 2336-2338, 2346, 2551, 2553, 2554, 2557, 2558, 2617-2619, 2691-2695, 2908, 2910, 2914, 2915 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . 261 3230, 3232, 3234, 3239, 3514, 3515, 3583, 3584, 3591, 3593, 3682, 3715, 3717, 3719, J 3722, 3723, 3728, 3732, 3746, 4284, 4288, 4297, 4298, 4856, 4857, 4860, 4861 . . . . 262 .[iii] CARRIER ~NILCOTIN Ik A ecki S1iUSWAP \LI LLOOET . "II CL~~~~~~~~. KUTENA L 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 4 Al~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' Area surveyed and lcalte owihclua aafo heea tribal groups refer CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXII PLATEAU BY VERNE F. RAY INTRODUCTION as represented in the lists presented formants, thus complicating the task of analyzing re selected with two objectives in the contribution of Burke, the list informant. To .,to provide cultural analyses of rep- a considerable degree, however, each contributor's groups through the element-list share is indicated within the text, especially ,second, to fill the lacunae in the where differences exist. Only two informants are o coverage of the Plateau. The former represented in the Lower Chinook text ethnography; on necessitated revisiting typical and Mrs. Luscier, who presented the bulk of the data, s such as the Thompson, Coeur also furnished the element list. As in the San- Sanpoil, even though relatively sat- poil, differences of interpretation are always re- bographies already existed for these ferred to specific informants. The lists contain numerous cases where both informants and ethnogra- verage was further demAnded by one ot phers are distinct. These include: Shuswap, Lil- jectives of the Culture Element Sur- looet, Thompson, and Coeur d'Alene, where the lation of a body of literally com- earlier ethnographer was James Teit; Carrier, raphic data. The earlier litera- where Morice recorded some data- and Flathead, fails to provide answers to many of the reporter being Turney-High. L the lists, particularly indica- In the following pages one tribe, the Kittitas, ce of pertinent elements, but pre- is represented by two lists from different in- which often cannot be equated with formants. The second list was secured as a check ,,When intercultural analyses are at- upon the reliability of the first informant's in- alyst is forced to provide a fur- formation, since the latter had lived in close a subjective interpretation or com- association with the Wenatchi for many years. It e proceeding with his primary task must be realized that such duplication is,not a the objective aspects of the cul- substitute for parallel lists where the back- grounds of the informants are comparable. Only be added regarding the practical the latter could furnish data for answering in ntioned above, of finding the needed general terms the question of informant reliability. existing ethnographies. I have In this, as in all questions of reliability, oal analyses, but from continual every variable must be taken into account, for e I know that the data called for each is of critical significance. The present , lists could be supplied from eth- lists and related ethnographies furnish objective oh as the Thompson and Sanpoil in variables in method of recording, identity of in- ingly small percentage of cases, formant, identity of ethnographer, temporal range, ight ambiguity be disregarded. and spatial spread. Driver has investigated the informant consistency and reli- reliability of culture-element data for north- ewise provided by duplicate cover- western California and adjacent coastal Oregon.3 mediums; data for many theoreti- His approach is statistical, a procedure made ant analyses are implicit. Of the possible by limiting his source material to ele- i, three were provided by inform- ment lists obtained in the field or adapted from ously supplied some or all of the conventional ethnographic accounts, and by reduc- tional accounts. These are the ing each entry to an unmodified plus or minus. Chinook, and Tenino. In two in- This technique would be inapplicable to a compari- poil and Lower Chinook, the same son between conventional ethnographic recording llected the data in the two medi- and the element-list method, but this does not tional account of the Tenino was rule out such inquiries. Nor am I convinced that rge Peter Murdock. The Sanpoil the results of such studies would be less "sharp" tains material from several in- P. Ray, 1932; Ray, 1938; Murdock (unpublished Ain the preparation of these ma- MS); Teit, 1909; Teit, 1906; Teit, 1900; Teit, *tided by the personnel of Work 1930:37-197; Morice, no date, 1895, 1906; Turney- satration Official Project No. Hgh, 1937. t A15. . 3Driver, 1938. t;Teit, 1930; Ray, 1932. 4E.g., Du Bois and Demetracopoulou, 1932. - [~~~~~~~~~99] 100 . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS than those reached by means of mathematical for- its previous expansion. It was freq mulae. The oversimplification in purely statis- sary to remove pages or whole secti tical treatment, together with the often ques- them in order that interpolated ele tionable applicability of formulae, may well put in more logical order. Also, c overbalance the subjective element in a more con- tries in the working copy had to be ventional treatment. errors occur. Upon return from the My method of recording element-list data un- list was subjected to the same scrut doubtedly differs somewhat from that used by arrangement as previously. The numb workers in other areas. Although the work was made this a monumental task. Conseq done as a part of the larger element-list program the Lower Thompson were visited, at initiated by Dr. Kroeber, and at his request, it new entries were avoided. This eli must be made clear that I was given a completely necessity of a revised master copy t, free hand in the formation of the lists and the the one new tribe. method of recording. From the first my objective The final form, presented here, a was simply the recording of useful ethnographic few entries identical with those of data; I have never shared Dr. Klimek's interest taken to the field. Excepting items in statistical interpretation of the lists. The the Lower Chinook only, the number i lists themselves undoubtedly reflect these facts. der 4 or 5 per cent. In other words,! The first list to come to my hands was that only represents the Plateau, but is originally designed for California. An attempt the Plateau. Not all tribes are eq to revamp this for use in the Plateau led soon sented, of course. This is true qui to the conclusion that such could be done only in the capabilities of the various info the field. Before actual field work began, a quantitative adequacy grows with eaa' virtually new list was received from Dr. Kroeber, visited so long as the work is confin one constructed for use on the Northwest Coast of relative homogeneity of culture. generally. This list, much fuller than the the Thompson are here better represen earlier one, was somewhat better adapted to the Klikitat, but this variance should no Plateau, though still an ill fit. In May, 1936, Such is the nature of the element lis this list was taken to the field; the first tribe only a record but at the same time a visited was the Wenatchi. During the work many ing to the record. entries were discarded, new entries were added, Since for me the lists are merely and the remaining entries were in many cases re- records I have attempted to make the phrased. The revamped form was taken in turn to of elements as instructive as possib the Kittitas, Sanpoil, Lower Chinook,5 Klikitat, to achieve irreducible or quantitati and Kalispel. New entries were constantly added. units. For the most part, subdivisi Upon return from the field the list was carefully has proceeded only as far as necessa analyzed and element order was changed consider- tion of intra-areal differences. No ably to create a more logical sequence. Phras- pendices have been added. If, for s ings were changed only in grammstical form. other purposes, extreme simplicity is The next period of field work began in July, element descriptions, it is perhaps 1937. In anticipation of this resumption of work, append notes. Ambiguity is thereby 1 the final list form of the previous year was re- a greater amount of information con.V examined. Existing entries suggested variants my mind such procedure is at best a and other logical possibilities that might now Whenever I have been tempted to add a be encountered; these were added. Other new en- instead reexamined my element descrip tries were made to introduce aspects of culture panded or modified them until satisif certain to occur in the region now to be visited, significant data were conveyed therei the Canadian Plateau. The expanded list was re- Ambiguity is a constant threat whe typed and field work began. On this trip the and brief phrases are used. I have t groups visited were, in order, the Lillooet, sacrifice clarity for brevity. I do Chilcotin, Shuswap, Lower Carrier, Kutenai, and that my efforts have been invariably Flathead. Shortly thereafter I worked with the but I think that the reader acquainte Coeur d'Alene, Umatilla, and Tenino. During culture will not encounter much diffi this time the list grew constantly, in spite of terpretation. It should be obvious t can be used most fruitfully in conjun 5The Lower Chinook, a non-Plateau group, was conventional ethnographic treatments included in this survey because my previous work within the area. Since all lists her' there provided an excellent entr6e, and because were gathered by one worker, matters the tribe is of critical significance in any gen- tation are simplified. Any one entr eral analysis of cultural relations in the North- th saetigfreeytiecvr west. Since the list with which I started work thsaehngfrvryrb cer was designed primarily for the Coast it was more, the phrasings or concepts arex easily adapted to the Lower ~Chinookc. sistent with those in the author's co CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 101 ea. Finally, a number of diagrams are able, was far from capable. The initial disad- connection with material culture to vantage of a poorly adapted list was somewhat off- oader in picturing types of construc- set by the excellence of my first informants. I voiding misinterpretation. had worked upon previous occasions with four of the symbols used an effort has been the first five informants utilized. I spoke above y as much meaningful information as of the importance of a trained investigator, and glance at the table of symbols will by this I mean one not only trained in field work his. Unfortunately, some of the but. also experienced in the area in which he is to not adopted until fairly well along work. Failing this the technique outlined above would be impossible of realization. It demands collection of data proceeded quite that both informant and ethnographer be intimately y. Questions were never put to the acquainted with the culture, and that both thor- Eone, two, three fashion; leading oughly understand the technique being employed. e assiduously avoided. So far as The recording of element lists is the most diffi- t knew, the list was no more than a cult field work that I have ever done. It is oe used by the ethnographer to make equally trying for the informant. The tempo of no important point was overlooked. the work brings phase after phase of culture into notebook was used for the recording review in rapid succession. A moment's relaxation the accumulation of each day was of the recognized cautions and considerations of to the list that evening. The actual field work may lead to the loss of subtle dis- ols in the list occupied but brief tinctions, the overlooking of contradictions, the -time to time during note taking. omission of significant data, errors of recording, t early realized that a systematic loss of the confidence of one's informant, or any iIng attempted and that the ethnogra- of many other destructive results. In my own work was to continue with each subject presented here, every ounce of previously gained tion until knowledge was exhausted. experience was necessarily utilized. I cannot subject matter was simplified by the conceive having carried through the task without the list, of which the informant was such experience.6 oious. Steering was not overly These factors, at the same time, make possible element order was logical in terms the efficiency of the element-list technique. An r It was not resented because the economical method of recording, the anticipation pected the ethnographer's knowledge of data, a logical progression from element to 7 thus reflected. I do not wish to element and subject to subject, a relatively more estions were not asked; no fruitful rapid tempo with ethnographer and informant work- "investigation could proceed without ing as a matched team--these are the factors that More questions were doubtless asked make it possible to record several thousands of e devoted to a;list than during a significant elements of culture in the space of a 1 duration of conventional field week. Naturally not all of these conditions are -the same time a much greater range subject to equal control. In my own experience tter was covered; if this be the the informant factor proved the most variable, rison I doubt the existence of any once the list itself was in reasonably satisfac- n Of greater significance is the tory form. The actual time required for recording se questions utilized were not dif- a list varied from three to eight days of eight d from those employed in conventional hours each. The briefest periods were those where recording. Inquiry hinged on cul- the earlier and shorter list was used with already 5, not elements. Direct questioning trained informants. Toward the end, when the num- nts was restricted to "neutral" ber of elements exceeded 7500, the, longer periods example, the kinds of berries gath- were required. .or the material used for a fish weir. It is proper at this time to repeat my earlier wonder that an informant, without appraisal of the value of the material here pre- ning about elements, will neverthe- sented in furtherance of my study Cultural Re- s remarks with the specificity lations in the Plateau.7 The relative complete- .entering a plus or minus opposite ness of some of the data in that book was in no &y present in the list. This occurs small degree the result of my participation in cy when a trained investigator is the Culture Element Survey, and of fruitful in- .good informant, and when the list vestigations based upon suggestions thereby ob- ,carefully phrased and reasonably tained. of the culture. I did not have une when visiting the first tribe est was not yet adequate in form. Of. Eroeber's remarks on this subject experience when working with the (Kroeber, 1939:437). is my informant, the only one avail- 7Ray, 1939. 102 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS It affords me sincere pleasure to acknowledge kash's birth (about 1855) and he spent the whole-hearted cooperation, the understanding, life among the Umatilla. It is Kashkas and the kindliness of Dr. Kroeber throughout this that Cayuse and Umatilla cultures were work. lar, in spite of the linguistic variati Kittitas (Ki).--Mattie Kitsap, wife , Armstrong, my Wenatchi informant. She: INFORMANIS about 1870 near Snoqualmie Falls, Washi mother was born in a native village ne Lower Chinook (CL).--Emma Millet Luscier. burg, 'Washington, her father was SnuquL Mrs. Luscier was one of three surviving older the time of Mattie's birth her parents.3 Lower Chinook. She supplied the bulk of the in- her father's home but moved soon there formation in my Lower Chinook Ethnographic the vicinity of Ellensburg, where Mattm Notes.' She was an exceedingly able informant until her marriage to Armstrong. The e considering the remoteness of the culture. She sided near Wenatchee for several years, was born about 1870 near the mouth of the Colum- to the Yakima Reservation about 1905, bia River on the north side. After marriage she have remained since. Mattie has poor moved to Bay Center on Willapa Bay, where she has English; it was frequently necessary f lived ever since. Her paternal grandfathei and interpret. For this reason the recordb great-grandfather were Kathlamet chiefs of the ceeded slowly; but she was co'operative native village near the present town of Cathlamet. and careful in her phrasings. She was Her mother was the daughter of a Cowlitz chief of her ability to provide information.. but lived from the time of marriage with the specifically to the Kittitas. However,* Lower Chinook. her half-Snuqualmi parentage and marri Klikitat Kl).--Homer James. James was recog- natchi made a check upon her informatio nized in his later years as chief of the Klikitat. tive. When I worked with him he was old and somewhat Kittitas (informant 2) (K2).--Charle1 infirm but mentally alert. He had participated Morrison never went on the reservation vigorously in the old culture during his early continuously at his birthplace on an ol years. His chief deficiency as an informant was village site near Thorp, Washington. a tendency to carry agreeableness to an extreme. parents, his paternal grandparents, and' I soon learned--though perhaps not soon enough-- ternal grandfather were born in the to avoid with more than usual care any questions his maternal grandmother was born only., of even slightly suggestive nature. James was distant, near Ellensburg. I worked wit born about 1850 near Lyle, Washington. His mother upon a number of occasions and each t' was born in the same vicinity; his father was proved an excellent informant. He wasl Cowlitz. The latter was killed in the Fort Simcoe 1875; died in 1942. affair in 1855. Hiq mother died about a year Wenatchi Wn).--Sam Armstrong. This: later. Thereafter James lived with a maternal was born about 1870 at a native Wenatohi uncle, Lester Pern, at Madison Valley above the on the Columbia River about seven miles. present town of White Swan, on the Yakima Indian the present town of Wenatchee. His mot Reservation. He remained on the reservation un- born in the same vicinity; his father til his death, April 13, 1938. Armstrong remained near the family home," Tenino (Wayampam) (Te).--Moses Hellon. Hellon marriage to Mattie Kitsap (see above).-- was born on the Warmsprings Indian Reservation prominent shaman in earlier days; he sti in November, 1896. Although a young man, he was tices occasionally. As an informant he. conservative and well informed. His parents were me very satisfactorily on several visi born in the same vicinity and had spent all their Sanpoil (Sn).--William Burke. Much e lives between The Dalles and Prineville, in old data in my Sanpoil and Nespelem study' Tenino territory. tained from Burke. Although the young Umatilla (Um .--James Kashkash. Kashkash has informants (born ca. 1885), he brought served as my principal informant for Umatilla a fund of knowledge gained from a deep ethnographic material over a period of eight "the old days." His very aged mother years. He is probably the best informed of the living at the time of the work. Burke few remaining Umatilla. Kashkash would be called with her frequently and at great length Cayuse on the basis of his genealogy alone. His ing native customs. Both Burke and his paternal grandfather was a Cayuse born at a vil- were born near the mouth of the Sanpoil lage south of the present town of Walla Walla, His father, who was white, is not remei Washington; his paternal grandmother, a Nez Perce him. of Steptoe Canyon, near Alpowa, Washington. His Ealispel (p) .--Bob Sherwood. Bob i maternal grandfather was Cayuse-Nez Perce, his ate, intelligent, and affable informant- maternal grandmother a Cayuse from near Walla many of the informants used in the elew Walla. But Cayuse culture crumbled before Kash- recording, I have worked with him at m 8Ray, 1938. 9Ray, 1932.j CULTURE ETEM. DISTRIB.: XIII--RAY: PLATEAU 103 iverse subjects. His knowledge has built upon the ruins of the fort. Twan is an in- ensive, although in some instances not telligent but impatient man. His knowledge of ive. He was born May 17, 1872, at Fort the older culture is excellent. The data pre- His mother was born at the largest sented apply specifically to the Lower Carrier, llage, which was on the Clark Fork the only branch of Carrier culture with which ite the present town of Locke, Wash- Twan is acquainted. He has some knowledge of ad- s father, a white, was Indian Agent jacent Shuswap customs but used examples from the nlle at the time of Bob's birth. His latter for contrast only. dparents were born within a few Kutenai (Ku).--Pete Andrew. This informant large village mentioned above. When was a young man, born about 1895 near Cranbrook, ut five years old his mother sepa- British Columbia. During the recording of the his father and Bob lived with her near entire list, however, his aged mother, Madeline til her death, and thereafter until One-thumb, was present and Pete frequently ques- moved to the Kalispel Indian Reser- tioned her. She was born, and has always lived, within Kutenai territory. She does not know her Sh).--Joe Michel. This informant, definite birthplace; the Kutenai move freely. at Soda Creek on the Fraser River, Flathead (Fl).--Peter Pichette. Peter was born ingly well informed on the old ways in the Flathead Valley, near St. Ignatius, in 1877. the Shuswap. He had lived all his His paternal grandmother was an Ojibway of Red da Creek and he presumed that his River who came west and married a Flathead-white. been born there, too. Though near Peter's mother was Flathead. She died a year after Carrier territories, he had never his birth and he was cared for thereafter by his those areas. grandmother. He has lived in the Flathead Valley Li).--Joe Deshields. Deshields was all his life. He lost his eyesight at the age of near the prepent town of Lillooet. thirteen. -Louie Ninepipe assisted where Peter's rs he has served -as chief of the blindness proved a handicap in giving information. that vicinity. Despite this, his Coeur d'Alene (Co).--Antelope. This informant, s not profound. His acquaintance with whom I have worked with uniform success at ture was representative, however; various times, was born about 1870 near the south end of Lake Coeur d'Alene. His grandparents were son (Th).--Frank Claire. Claire all born in the vicinity: paternal grandmother at birth (oa. 1875) in Lower Thompson Rose Lake, grandfather at Harrison; maternal grand- in recent years near Spuzzum on the father near Chatcolet. His maternal grandmother was born 'grandfather at Spences Bridge. The tided refer specifically to the Lower er Thompson customs varied consid- TRIBAL ABBREVIATIONS ire's English was poor; otherwise he actory informant. CL Lower Chinook (Ch).--Alexis Billy. This was the Kl Klikitat rmant used during the element-list Te Tenino (Wayampam) hilcotin were living in temporary Um Umatilla time I visited them, most of which Ki 'Kittitas sible. Alexis tried hard to supply K2 Kittitas (informant 2) information but his knowledge was Wn Wenatchi his ability not great. I offer the Sn Sanpoil ist with some hesitancy; however, I Kp Kalispel is correct in general outline. I Sh Shuswap genealogical information for Alexis. Li Lillooet in, however, that the information he *Th Lower Thompson specifically to the Chilcotin, Ch Chilcotin r faults it may have. Ca Lower Carrier ier (Ca).--John Twan. Twan was born Ku Kutenai t Fort Alexandria on the Fraser River. Fl Flathead there ever since; his house today is Co Coeur d'Alene CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOIS USED IN THE ELEMENT LIST + Element present. Blank Question not asked; or, element - Element absent or denied. cally absent. Informant lacked information. M, F Male, female; + = both. () Informant qualified answer by term such as C Child. "?sometimes"? or "a few." Denotes that minor supplementary U Element present but unimportant. ifying data, too lengthy to fit R Recent. umns of the list, are cited in O Element absent; lacking or impossible in rate section, Supplementary No environment inhabited (according to the end of the list. statement of informant). OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS |CL|E1 Te Um Xi K2 Wn Sn KP Sh Li Th ChCa| FISHING AND HUNTING Fishing Species 1. Salmon . . ................ + + + + + + + 0 + ++ + + 2. Staple food . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 3. Chinook most important . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + - _ 4. Sockeye most important . . . . . . . + - + + 5. Dog salmon utilized . . . . . . . . . 0 + 6. Steelhead trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + U + + + - u u u U 7. Sturgeon ...... . . . ....... . . + 0 0 U,O+OU 8. Whitefish .. + + + + U+ U UO-U 9. Trout ..+ U + U + U + 10. Salmon trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 11. Squawfish ................. 12. Suckers ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 13. Char 14. Eels . . . . .... ............................ . . . + ++ + + + _ +_ Weirs 15. For large fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - + + 16. For small fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +-? - 17. Construction ritualized ..... . - - + . + (.). . 18. Stakes cut by 1 man only . . . . . . + + 19. Stakes cut with 1 blow only . . . . . + + 20. Shaman in charge . . . . . + 21. Sits on bank and smokes . . 22. Motions fish upriver with pipe. 23. Presence of menstruating women taboo. ) + + 24. Presence of all women taboo . . . . . ) + + - - _ 25. Tripod supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ - 26. On soft bottom only. 27. Supporting stakes driven in stream bed . + + - i) - - _ - + + + + 28. Small streams only ......... 29. 2 crossed stakes ... .-.... + _ _- 30. 1 vertical, 1 as brace .......+ 31. Scaffold on weir or dam.... . . .... + + + + - - + + + - + +, 32. Large log .......... . ....| + - _- [104] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 105 CL K1 Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co 33. Hewn on top . . . . . . ... .... . + + + 34. Double poles .... . . . . . . . . + - + 35. Triple poles .... . . . . .... + _ _ 36. Entirely across .... . ... . + + + ( + 37. Adjacent to weir ...... .. . _ + - - - i 38. Separate from weir _ + + + 39. Log bridge parallel to weir + venweir fencing .... .. ..... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 41. Removable .... . .. ..... . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 42. In roll . .+ + + + + + + + - + + + + 43. By sections (stiff) .. .. _ _ _ _ + + - _ _ 44. Twined ..... . . ....... . + + + + + + - + - + + + 45. Willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + 46. Aspen ..... . . . . ..... . + - _ - + - 47. Fir + + + - U - 48. Split . . . . . . . . . . . . U + _ 49. Fir and willow + + - _ _ ed weir . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 51. Series of stakes + + 52. Tied with spruce root + + might across, single ... .. .... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 54. Small streams + + + - 55. Large streams . . . ....+ + + + - _ _ 56. Used in fall only + - 57. Slanting from vertical (bottom downstream) . . . .-....... . _ + + + + + + + - _ _ - + + + 58. With canoe gate . . . . . . . . . . + - 59. Trap in connection . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 60. Upstream . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + + - + - + 61. Downstream . . . + + i) + + + - 62. Adjacent to bank..... -. _ ) +_ + + + + - 63. Midstream . .+ + + 64. Where current is swiftest . + + + - H 65. Box type (see fig.). . - - + - - + + + + - _ 66. Semicircular (see fig.). . . . . + + + - _ - _ _ 67. Plain funnel (see fig.). . . + + + + - - - _ 68. Double funnel (see fig.) . . - _ + + - + + + 69. Cylindrical . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ 70. Long, narrow (see fig.). + + + 71. With funnel outlet . . . + + - 72. Empties into box trap (see fig.) . . . . . . + + _ 73. With inside funnel en- trance (see fig.). . . + 74. Large bag net . . . . . . . . + + 75. Semicircular pocket of rocks (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . might across, double (strip enclosed). . + + + + + - _ - + - - _ 77. Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -))- ++ 78. Streams .. .+ + + + + + 79. Downstream weir lower . . . . . . . - + + + + + 80. Upstream weir lower . . . . . . . . +? - 81. Openings in lower weir . . . . . . . + + + + - + 82. Small, unguarded . . . . . . . + + + 83. Guarded by trap . . . . . . . + 84. Of flexible withes . . - 85. Fish removed by spearing ......+ - + + + e86. Fish removed with bag net . . ... + + + + - _ + + <87. Trap in connection .... .--. ._ + + + 88. Inside enclosure .......+ + 106 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca 89. Upstream. + 90. Downstream + 91. Adjacent to bank + 92. Cylindrical, funnel mouth + 93. Square, box . . . . . . . + 94. Semicircular . . .. + 95. With converging wing (see fig.). + 96. Woven + 97. Of rocks + 98. Straight weir plus single wing (see fig.). - + - - + _+ + 99. Trap at point + + 100. Cylindrical funnel mouth (see fig.5 ..... . . + 101. Single wing (see fig.) .... . . . . . . + + 102. Trap at point .... . . . . . + + 103. Cylindrical, fuinnel mouth . _ 104. Double funnel (see fig.). . + 105. Large bag net + 106. Converging wings . ...... o . . . . . + + + - + + 107. Wings touch both banks _ + 108. Touch 1 bank only. + 109. Wings equal length H 110. Wings of unequal length (see fig.). + + 111. Point downstream. + + + + 112. Point upstream + + 113. Trap at point o + + + 114. Plain funnel + _ _ 115. Double funnel . 116. Cylindrical funnel mouth. + 117. Square, box o o + + 118. Converging wings with straight weir (strip enclosed) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 119. Straight weir upstream ... . . . + + 120. Wings of unequal length ... . . . + + 121. Point downstream + + 122. Trap at point (see fig.). + + 123. Elevated trap .... . . . + + Dams 124. For small fish only .... . . . . . . .+ + + _ _ 125. Straight across . o . . ....+ - _ _ 126. Diagonally across ... ...... . . + _ - + - - + - + _ 127. Simple wing .... . . . _ - _ + - - + + ) + _ 128. Converging wings .... . . . . ... . . _ - + + - _ _ 129. Of rocks ..... . ... . + + + + + + + 130. Of brush . _ + + - (+ 131. Bundles of willows .. .+ - 132. Of sod _ . . . . 133. Trap in connection .+ 134. Cylindrical, funnel mouth ... . . + 135. Double funnel . . . . . . . 136. Box type . + 137. Current concentrating dam _. . + + - + - - - U 138. Straight across .. .+ + + + 139. Basket trap at low point - + + + 140. For eels, small fish + + + 141. For all fish . .... . . . - .... _+ 142. In connection with weir (see fig.) . ..+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 107 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Traps of: arrowwood . . . . . . . . . . . U Pine + + - Hazel .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Masple + + - - - ---__+ + ___ Mapal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .| +- - -?? - - Cedar.(4 + - 0 0--- - Spruce .+ - - - + - + Fir . . .- -.- (+)... ) | - + ++ + vWillow . + + + + + + + + + - + + 151. For creek use .+ + + + + + + + + 152. For river use. - - - - + + + + of: hazel. + + m Maple + + Serviceberry + r twining of: spruce root. . + + + Willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 'funnel.() + + - - + - + + - - - _ Open at large end . .+ - + + _ ,Open at small end . .+ - + - - + - funnel + - - + + + + + - + U + + + Cone shaped (see fig.). . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 'Blunt-cone shaped (see fig.). . . . + + - - - Pyramidal (see fig.) . . . . . . . . + Converging stick mouth ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ,Twined . .+ + + + ,Rigid hoops .... . . .. ..... + + + + Splints and hoops secured by wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . .+ Splints and hoops tied ... . . . + *Detachable end .... .+. +. .+ (()+ -+- - Inside funnel detachable + - Splints untied at small end to open + + + - - + - + Top opening to extract fish . ,Full-length opening . . - - - - - ical, funnel mouth (see fig.) . . - - _ - - + + l length (feet) .... . . . . . . . 10 5 Diameter (feet) 4 2 Splints and hoops tied '............. + Hoops 12 inches apart .. . + Splints 1 inch apart .. . + , Hinged end .. . ........ + , Emptied on shore .. . + riodl, long, narrow ... . - - + + - + + , Diameter (feet) . . . . . . . . . . 1 Length (feet) 30 Can't escape because can't turn around + , Emtied on shore + , Funnel-shaped end .... + + , Empties into box trap .+ + , Opening upstream .... . . . . . + + , Opening downstream + , Small streams only. + Anehored to bottom .... . . . . + + Rectangular ......... . . . tye .-... ........... _+ + + + - + - - ,.Woven bottom ......+ + + ,P Woven top. ...........+ + ,Anchored with vertical stakes . . . + + + 200. Square shape (plan) . . . . . . . + + + + 201. Triangular, trapezoidal shape . . . + 202. Entrance at point + _ 203. Entrance is simple opening . . . + - 204. Entrance side lower (see fig.). . . ) - + 205. Entrance over flexible withes (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . . . + 206. Entrance under flexible withes (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . . . + 207. Entrance over projecting logs, slanting upward from stream bed . + 208. Entrance over slanting, projecting woven willow runway . . . + + + 209. Wedge-shaped entrance of flexible withes . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 210. Elevated trap (woven bottom above water)(see fig.).+ 211. "Woman's trap". . . . . . . . . . .+ 212. Semicircular (plan) trap. . + - _ _ _ 213. Weir forms straight side .+ 214. Entrance over low, curved side . . + 215. Half-cylinder type (open top). + - + 216. Slants from stream bottom . . . . . + 217. Lower end wider. + 218. Upper end projects above water . + + 219. Empties into enclosure . . . . . . + 220. Attendant removes stranded fish . . + 221. Open-top basket (below falls). . .) + - + + + + + + - + + 222. For salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + 223. For whitefish . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 224. Natural falls . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 225. Artificial falls . . . . . . . . . + 226. Rectangular lattice at falls . . . . . . . ) - - - + ) + + 227. With dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Nets 228. Cord of: willow bark . . . . . . . . . . . + + 229. Spruce bark . . . . . . . . . . . . + 230. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . .+ 231. Indian hemp . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + 232. Nettle.+ ----+ 232 Netle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +____ -OO-__+ 233. Imported . . . . . . . . . . + 234. Square knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - + 235. Ordinary net knot . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + -? +? + + 236. Seine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + U + + + - + - + U 237. Straight length of web. . . . . . . + - + + + U + 238. Length (feet). . 60 239. Width (feet) . . . . . . . . 240. End sticks .+ + + + 241. Tied top and bottom only . + + + 242. Bottom weights . . . . . . . + + i) + 243. Towed between 2 canoes . . . i) + + + 244. Towed behind 1 canoe . . . + - 245. Towed on foot, wading * * (4i +_ 246. Towed with poles ......+ + 247. Towed with ropes ......_+ + 248. Emptied on shore...... ++ 249 Emte int canoe v . . . . . + Conical bag . - . . . . . . . . + - + + + U + 251. Length (feet). . . . . . . . 10 12 252. Towed by . . . canoes . . . 2 3 253. 1 canoe precedes, beats water . + 254. For small fish only . . . . _ + Gill net . . . . . . . . . . . . . _++U U + +_ 256. In lake outlets . . . . . . + 257. Stationary + 258. In river eddies . . + Drift net . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + + _ ts wooden. ........... + + + - -+ -+ .()-+ .Block type .... . . . .... . + + - + - _ Stick type .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 263. Vertical . . . . . . . + '264. Paddle shape . . . . . . . + .Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... i) + .) H * + Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + 'Any wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) (+ Charred . . . . . .... .... . ..... . . + i frs . . . . . . . .... ....... + + + + + + + + + ++ ecased . . . . .... . .... . . .. . . . - + + + _ tGrooved stone . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + ( + 273. Round .... . . . ... . + + () 274. Oblong . . .+ + + + 275. Transverse groove + + + + 276. Longitudinal groove - + + 277. Natural stone . . + + + ) + + Perforated sinker . . . . . . . . . + t, fixed position (conical bag) . . + + Ued with weir . . . . .. . . . . + QUsed in rushes . . . . . . . . . . + staked down + + ild by hand _ + Inlarged mouth . . . . . . . . . . + condary hoops (to hold open). . . + Pish driven in with rocks or paddle + + tied on shore . . . . . . . . . + ,scoop type .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 1r removing fish from weir, etc. + - _ _ _ br open stream use . . . . . . + + + + + + Frame: triangular hoop + - _ 292. Circular hoop . . . . . +. . + + + + + + + i) () + i) _ 293. A-frame . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + 294. Single-pole handle (see fig.) . . . .+ + + + 295. Doubled handle sst (see fig.) . . . . + 296. Diamond-shaped hoop - + Slip rings (see fig.) . . . . . . . + + + + - 298. For salmon . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - + + + - + 299. For spring salmon s only . . . . . . . + _ 300. For small'fish . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + 301. Fpr eels ......+ + +______ +^ 302. Rings of bent maple .+ i.) + p303. Rings of sections of horn .( ~|||i-) + -l 304I. Net G fa1stee to holesO 111 hoop . . . T - + 305. White rocks placed on stream bed. . + 306. Dip net, vertical lift . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 307. Circular hoop . . . . . . . . + + 308. Crossed-pole handles (see fig.) 309. Parallel double handles (see fig.). - _ - + + + - 310. Inverted V-shaped handle (see fig.) +? +? + - 311. Cross net for warning (see fig.). - + + + + + 312. Shade on bank for dip-netting . . . . . . - + - + 313. Platform for dip-netting . . . . . . . . . + + + 314. Brush underneath (to impede fish) . + - + 315. Net shuttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - R - 316. Wooden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 317. Bone .+ - + + _ _ 318. Deer rib. + + 319. Elk scapula . . . . . . . . + 320. Boat shaped (see fig.) . . . . . . )+? + + + i) 321. 2-piece . . . . . . . . . . 322. Raised deck .+ _ - _ 323. V-shaped (see fig.) . . . . . . . . + 324. Tongued shuttle (see fig.). . . . . + + 325. Ball of twine (no shuttle). . . . . - + + - - + + 326. Twine on stick . . . . . . . . . . - + + 327. Mesh spacer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + - 328. Wooden . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 329. Rectangular . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + () 330. With handle . . _ - - + 331. Constricted rectangle . . . - + + - - - -? U + 332. Rounded rectangle . . . . .+ 333. Perforated . . . . . . . . . + + 334. Horn or bone . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + - - ) - + 335. Rib . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 336. Elk scapula . . . . . . . . + + 337. Rectangular ..) + + 338. Fingers as mesh gauge . . . . . . + + - - + + -? +? ) - U + + 339. Women only . . . . . . . . . + 340. For small mesh . . . . . . . + + 341. For large mesh . . . . . . . + Hooks 342. For salmon .-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . .. . + + - _ _ 343. For small fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 344. For ice fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . + U 345. For night fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . 346. Sharp-angled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - 347. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 348. Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . 349. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . + 350. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 351. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . + 352. Bear preferred . . . . . . . + 353. Any kind . . . . . . . . . . 354. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 355. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . + 356. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 357. Wooden .-....... + + + + - + 358. Thorn ...........+ 359. 1-piece (see fig.). ...........+ + - - + 360. 2-piece (see fig.) ............|| - + -l CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 111 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co 1. Wooden shank . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + - _ - 362. Carved . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ .Stone shank . . . . . . . . . . . . Horn point . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ e point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + le point ..... . . . _ . . . . . ece, curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 3 Wooden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 369. Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . + 370. Maple . . . . . . . . . . . + 1. Length in inches . . . . . . . . . 2 ras + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Linesase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + l1ine s + -+ Many hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . + t . . . . + + _ + + + _ + 7. Single (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . + - + _ - 3 Double (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3 Especially for sturgeon + _ _ .Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 381. Lynx leg bone preferred . - _ + "hook" (snare). . . . . . . . . . . . +_ Fok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ----H ----+----- gaff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? R R R R R + + R R + Detachable, with line . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + 5Bone hook . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Horn hook . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Hardwood hook . . . . + + Sharp-angled (see fig. . . . . . .) + Curved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Wooden handle . . . . . . . . . . . + + 392. Spruce only + * rake .-.0.0.0.0. . . . . . . . . . 0 O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O onrake .-.0.0.0.0. . . . . . . . . 0 O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O Lures and Bait d fish eggs to attract fish .. . + - + +? - + - + For winter spearing .- ....+ + - to attract fish _ + + 5 . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ On hook + ers.- - - - + + ??- - - .Fish tail .... . . . ..... . + + Colored feathers + Used with spear .-... . . . . . . .With scoop net .-... . . . . . . On end of bag seine .... . . . . + + stone on line ... . ..-...... ,, 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . + () + + - + + + + + + + + + .Worms ......... + + + + + + + + + Ant larvae . + + - Ant rubbed on hook . - .-........._ G.rasshopper .... . ...... . + + + + + + + + + + + .Cricket .+.... . . . . . . . . . + + + + * + - + * Wasps .*. . . . . . . ... . . + - a. Horseflies ................ + * + - . D.Periwinlkle .................... + + + - - + - + + + 5.Cockle.00 0 000 ..... O O OOO-00000 .Fish eggs .+..................... - + + + + l+ + 418 . Whtef ish | . . . . . . . . . _ my- 419. Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 420. Trout . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 421. Fish meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 422. Tail . . . . . . . . . . . . i 423. Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + 424. For sturgeon . 425. For trout . . . . . . + + + 426. On set line. 427. Herring . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 O 428. Squirrel meat . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + - 429. For sturgeon . . . . . . . . + i) + 430. Whole squirrel . . . . . . . + + 431. Other meat . . . + - + + + 432. Carved bone fish as decoy - + 433. Ice fishing . . . . . . . . + Spears and Harpoons 434. Single-pronged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + t + + + - + + - + ++ 435. For spring salmon only . . . . . . + 436. For salmon only (in foreign waters) 437. Round point (see fig.). . . . . . . ) + - + + + - + _ + 438. Flattened point (see fig.).+ - + + + - + + - 439. Bone point . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 440. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + U 441. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 442. Caribou . . . . . . . . . . + 443. Leg bone . . . . . . . . . .+ 444. Barbed . . . . . . . . . . . + 445. Unilateral 446. Bilateral . . . . . . + 447. Single . . . . . . . 448. Multiple . . . . . . -+ 449. Horn point . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 450. Hardwood point . . . . . . . . . . + + 451. Socket in mainshaft . . . . . . . . + 452. Separate butt, 1-piece . . . . . . + ++ 453. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 454. Wood . + 455. Unilateral projection (see fig.) + _ 456. Bilateral projection (see fig.). + 457. Wedge-shaped socket . . . . + + 458. Cupped socket . . . . . . . 459. Separate butt, 2-piece .+ + + + + + + - + _ - 460. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + 461. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 462. Hardwood . . . . . . . . . . + + 463. Projecting, pointed (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . . + + + 464. Cupped socket - + - - + + 465. Wedge-shaped socket . . . . + + + + - 466. Detachable point, line to main- shaft (see fig.) . . . . . . . . + 467. Detachable point, line held in hand .-+ ..... 468. V-shaped or 2-pronged spear .(..- .. ) + - - + + - - - + U - + 469. For salmon only (in foreign waters) CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 113 CL K1 Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co . Fixed foreshafts (see fig.) . . + + + + + + 471. Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . _ + . Fixed points (see fig.) . . . . . . + + + - - + _ . Detachable points (see fig.). . . . _ _ + + - + . Bone points . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . Wooden points . . . . . . . . . . . + + - (- + 476. Hardwood . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 477. Hardened spruce . . . . . . + 478. 1-piece - + 479. With bilateral stubs. + + . Cupped socket .. . . . . . . . . . -? -? + + + + .'Wedge-shaped so-cket + t . 2-piece socket (like single- pointed spear) . . . . . . . . . + ged spear . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - U + + + _ + .River use . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + - + + + ?. Through ice . . . . . . . . . . . . U ++ _ .For canoe fishing . . . . . . . . . + + + + U - i) + + ,For night fishing . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + .For salmon .....+.(.).(. . . +.+.+.+.- For small fish . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + -Fixed foreshafts (see fig. ) + + - + + + + _ + - Removable foreshafts (see fig.) + - - + + U _ - + _ + Center shaft self pointed . . . . . + - + Center shaft separately pointed .+ + + + + - + + 494. Simple point . . . . . . . . + 495. Point with butt (like single-pointed spear) (see fig.) . . . . . . . . + + + 496. Bone point'. . . . . . . . . + + + + -+ 497. Deer . . . . . . . . + + + + 498. Elk . . . . . . . . . + + + 499. Bear . . . . . . . . + + - - ~~500. Ly'nx . . . . . . . . . + 501. Any kind . . . . . . + 502. Hardwood point . . . . . ., + + + - + + - Side shafts of wood . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 504. Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . + Single inside barbs (see fig.). . + + + + + + + + + + + 506. Bone . . . . . .+ + + + - + ( + + + + 507. Lynx only . . . . . . + 508. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + i) U + + 509. Deer . . . . . . . . + + + + - )+ + + 510. Mountain goat + + _ _ - + _(I) - le-pointed salmon spear. . . . . . _ g from weir platform . . . . . . . g from canoes, rafts . . . . . . . + + U + + + + g from riverbank . . . + + + + + + + from special staging . . . . . . + + - - + devices .. . .+ + + + + + Eyeshade (i) Blanket overhead . . - + - _ _ - + - + + + - _ 519. Winter ice fishing only . . + + + Shade on bank . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + _ + _ g devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ;Tornh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + [-523. With canoe . - + + + +i + + - + + + (i) + 524. With raft - + + 8 525. On bnnk . . . . . . . . . . + _ _~~ + + - _ + - [-526. On lakes .........._+ - + 527. On rivers. ........+ + + + + + 529. Fire on bank . ; . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - +l i 530. Near spearing staging . . . + + 531. Spear thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + +,+ - + + + 532. Spear thrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +- 533. Only when recoverable . . . .X. . . + + 534. Special type for throwing . . . . . + - - - - + 535. Single point . . . . . . . . + + 536. Short + 537. Line to end of shaft . . . + + Miscellaneous Methods 538. Fish poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 539. For salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . 540. For trout . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ i) 541. For whitefish . . . . . . . . . . . + + 542. Root poison ..+ + 543. Macerated sunflower . . + 544. Catching from shore, wading, etc. .+ + + + + + + + + + ( + + 545. Tidal impounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 546. Fish maze .... . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 547. Free enclosures in river . . . . . . . . . 548. Enclosures of boats, stakes, etc. 549. Eel pot ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 550. Fishing through ice . . . . . . . . . . . U U 551. Roe gathered on branches . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 552. Herring snare of brush . . . . . . . . . . +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 553. Fish arrow .... . . . . . . . .... + + + + - + 554. Pronged (no.), wooden . . . . . . . 3 3 3 *2 4 Fish Creel 555. Woven basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 556. Maple bark . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ 557. Willow bark . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - 558. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . . . + 559. Indian hemp . . . . . . . . . . . . + 560. Tule or cattail + - _ - 561. Openwork bag of buckskin thongs . + - + 562. Birch-bark basket . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 563. Rawhide sack. 563a. Fish wrapped in leaves and carried . . . - + 564. Fish carried on back . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 565. From pole. . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + 566. Shoulder to shoulder of 2 men . . . . . +. . . . .. + + 567. On forked branch . . . . . . . . . + + - + + ) + - 568. On withe loop . .+ + + 569. On several loops, on pole + - - - 570. Fish dragged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - + ) - + Fish Club 571. Special implement . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) + + + ) - + ) + + 572. Oak .................. + + 573.i Pine, etc. + - 574.\Shape: rod ..... ...... + + + + + + + + + 575. Flattened ......... + - _ _ - _ _ 576. Tapered ...... . . ..+ - + + + _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--BAY: PLATEAU 115 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co 577. Round head . . . . . . . . . + + 578. Constricted handle . . . . . + .Carved figure . . . . . . . . . . . + .Fish hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . +? k4led by biting . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + + " Eels only . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + d by breaking necks . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + _ _ K By women only . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ Bled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Participation of Women for any species . . . . . . . . . . . + )+ + + _ + - fall fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + whitefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - balibut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _0 0 fishing .-... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + dip net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + by any method . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + 5. "Strong women" only . . . . . . . . + + Except spearing . . . . . . . . . . + - + + First-Salmon Ceremony t fish. . .+ ++ - -.(+) - + _ _ t few fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ook only .-..... ..... + + + +--+ lhead trout only |.. .+ + - eye only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for each species . . . . . . . . . . + ial salmon weir . . . . . . . . . . . + . . Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 5. Community built . . . . . . . . . . + + + lar trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - decorated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ny of anticipation . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + _ 9.'Individual . . . . . . . . . . . . + O. Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1. Salmon "chief" only . . . . . . . . i) - + l2. 2 shamans . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + - _ 3. Watching and praying . . . . . . . + + + - + 4. Dancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ 5. Spirit singing . . .+ - + rmen assigned (no.) . . . . 2 * _ L7. Trap owner . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ 8.Shamans. . . . . . . . . + + 9. Salmon chief . . . . . . . . . . . + - + Anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ must be speared . . . . . . . . . . . ing at night . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + * + + - _ _ ctanoe ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . dren carry from canoe . . .- _ - _ - _ Lcials in charge ... ..... . . . + + + (+)+ + ++ i)+ (+) 6. Trap owner .. + - .). _ _ _ _ _ 27. Chief ..................- - - _ _ + + 8."Salmon chief "...... . .-.. +- 29. 2 shamans ........ .-......... + _ + _~ + -- 30.Fisherman's wife ...... .-.......... (+) - - _ _ _ 1.Laymen, appointed by chief ... . . . + _I 116 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th. Ch Ca 632. Fish prepared: by men . . . . . . .- + 633. By women . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 634. By young women . . . . . . . . . . + - 635. By fisherman's wife . . . . . . . . 636. Sprinkled with feathers . . . 637. Head kept upstream . . . . . . . . 638. Stomach removed .+ + + + + + + 639. Stomach discarded . . . . . .-. . . _ + + + + - i 640. Heart removed, eaten. + + 641. Head and tail left on backbone . + + - _ _ _ _ 642. Head, tail, backbone separated. . . + + + - + 643. Backbone broken, not cut . . . . + - - + + - 644. Fish cut crosswise . . . . . . . . 645. Fish cut lengthwise . . . . . . . . + + 646. Boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) i) + 647. Roasted . .+ (+) + + 648. Some boiled, some roasted + + i 649. Roasted first, boiled later . . . . + _ 650. Soup prepared . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 651. Last day only . . . . . . . + 652. New utensils required . . . . . . . +- 653. Mat dishes. .+ + 654. Special, kept for future ceremony . . . . . . . . . + +? 655. Fish eaten by: all . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 656. Young men . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 657. Old men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 658. Young women . . . . . . . . . . . . + 659. Old women . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 660. Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) + 661. Ritualist . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 662. Chief . .+ + + + 663. Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 664. Women eat backbone only . . . . . . . . . 665. Entire (or all) fish must be eaten . . . . + + 666. All soup must be eaten . . . . . . . . . . + 667. Excess fish distributed . . . . . . . . . + + + _ 668. Ceremonial marching around . . . . . . . . + - + - 669. Faces painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 670. Special songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - 671. Bones ceremonially treated . . . . . . . . + + - 672. Touching ground taboo . + 673. Burned . . . . . . . . .+ 674. Thrown in river. . . . . . . 675. Deposited in trees + 676. Crooked-mouth salmon ominous. . . . . . _ _ Hunting Important Species 677. Deer .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 678. Most important . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 679. Caribou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 OO U + O-+ 680. Most important .. 681. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + U + O 682.NMoose . ..00000 . 00000... OOOO OOO- +C 683. Antelope .0... ~O+ + + + .... + +O0OO- Oj 684. Brown bear .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + , 685. Grizzly bear ..................... |- |U + + |+ + + - + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 117 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co ? ..................... ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + U + Hunted by children only + gingoat . . . . 0 '. . .. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ in sheep . U . U + o 0 0 0 . OOOU O O O 0 00 + + U i Staple' ............................... _+ + - +0 0 00 00 000 00 0 00 - . ......._+ - + - + 1+1+ '+ + + Group Methods t0 ......................... ~~~~+ + + + + + + + + + + + W)+ - + Any good hunter + + + + iShaman . . . . -Assigns individual areas + - + - ) + + Stations hunters on deer trails + - + + + - + + + + - surround game . . + + + + + + + - + - + + + + sadvance in flank . . . . -U )U - ++ advance along fence . . . . . + - burned to drive game out . +? _ ? + - _ - - + + - + iven into natural enclosure . . . . + + - - + + + ven into artificial enclosure . .?????????+ + - + - + - + iven into water . . . . + + + + + + - _ + Speared from canoe . . . . + + - + - + Clubbed from canoe . . . . . . + Speared or clubbed by women . . ... + - - - i) i) iven through narrow pass and shot. . + - - + + + + + + + ) + + _ + iven through opening in deer fence shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + lriven onto thin ice . +.+ - Individual Methods driven into pitfall .+ i) - - _ + + - + _ - + - 4riven over cliff.. + - + + Mountain sheep. + driven into nets . . . . . + - + ? + _. + - - _ rundown in brush . . . . . + - - + + + - + - - - U+ - _ _ down on snow. . . . +-? + + + + + + + + + + + + + .Hunter on snowshoes . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + g with bow and arrows . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .All animals except beaver .+ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + ing with club.(. ) - -+ + + + +U + U + + +-? - ng with spear . . + - _ - + . Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _-+ - _ + All animals . + - stalking .+ - + + + +(-) _ + _+ By moonlight. . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - .With head torch . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ - - Game driven into water . . . . . . + in wait at salt licks . . . . . . . + + + + + U- + + + + . During night . .. .+ + + + . At daybreak . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ .During day ............+ + 736. Shoot from trees ......+ + hunted at night ..........+ - + ting animalssamoked out .(... ) + + + + + + + + + + U + + + + + 740. Last-resorxt method . . . . . + 741. Skunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + ( + -U - 742. Porcupine . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + 743. Raccoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - 0 0 0O 744. Ground hog . . . . . . . . . . -+ + - - + + 745. Fox ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + 746. Coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . _ + 747. Hibernating bear dragged out .+ + + + + + + 748. Hunter crawls in after bear . . . . + + + + + + + 749. Rope tied to bear's head .+ + + i) ( 750, Split stick twisted into bear's hide _ + 751. Hibernating bear driven out. . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 752. Game killed by breaking neck . . . . . . . + - + 753. Small deer only . . . . . . . . . . + + 754. Rabbits dragged out of holes . . . . . . . 755. Ground hogs drowned out . . . . . . . . . + - + Seal Hunting 756. Disguise ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 757. Naked (for swimming) . . . . . . . . . . . + 758. Call ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759. Specialization. + 760. Ceremonial preparation . . . . . . . . . . + 761. Continence. + 762. Seal power or special power . . . . . . . + 763. Dream of propitious time . . . . . . . . . + 764. Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 765. 2 men hunt together . . . . . . . . . . . + 766. 1 to handle canoe; 1 to swim after seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 767. Shore screen and canoe . . . . . . . . . . +? 768. Hunt in canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 769. Seal harpoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 770. Fixed double foreshaft . . . . . . 771. Single foreshaft . . . . . . . . . + 772. Detachable barbed heads . . . . . . + 773. 1-piece head . . . . . . . . . . . +? 774. 3-piece head . . . . . . . . . . . + 775. Line to shaft . + 776. Line from head to shaft . . + 777. Not fixed, slip loop . . . . + 778. Floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780. Line tied to thwarts 781. Whole village shares seal.. + 782. Roasted on beach. . . . . . . . . . + 783. Chief gets most . .( 784. Hunter gets all oil. 785. Portions owned by chiefs . . . . . + 786. Seals clubbed . . + 787. On beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 788. In caverns 789. Head torch light . . . . . . . . . 790. Ball-headed wooden club . . + 791. Seals singed onrrame before butchering. ........... (4 792. Porpoises hunted ............. _ 793. Sea lions hunted . ............|- CULTURE EIEMI. DISTRIB.: DXII--RAY: PLATEAU 119 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Bison Hunting frtory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U U + - territory . . . . . . . . . . . . |U + - + ... . . . . . . . . . + . . Several trips . . . . . . . . . . . + + w nture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Wtetur . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + on horseback . . . . . . . . . . . ++ on foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ Drses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + oorral . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ o orral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ loot of cliff . . . . . . . . . . . + ted fresh . . . . . . . . ... . . . U + ed and returned ... . . . . . . . + U tanned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Y-or tipis . . . . . . . . . . . . . i)+ hides evenly divided . . . . . . + Beaver Hunting stroyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .++ + + + + + + + + a .... . . . . . .. . . .. . + + + - + + -+ + + + When making new hole . . . . . . . )) torawls in beaver house to capture . + + lies in wait and listens . . . . . + - + spear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ____+__+ + + -++ +__ Fixed point . . . . . . . . . . . . + Foresbafted . . . + + - DEtacbable point (line to sbaft). . + 823. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . + 824. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . U 825. Unilateral barbs . . . . . .+ + 826. Bilateral barbs . . . . . . + _ + 827. Multiple . . . . . . + _ - + 828. Single . . . . . . . 0 a -0 0 -9~~~~~- - + Used in holes in banks + r ice ~~~~~~~~~~~+ - ++ - aer ce .. . . . . . . . . . . . .+ - + + e with drawstring . . . . . . . .- .......... .. . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . + +__________ re . . . . . . -? . . . . . . . . +) - + - n * 0 a 0 . 0 0 . . 0 ..... + + + ' + + + + + + + + Perfume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Kidney . . . . . . . . . . .... + + + + + + + + _ + 839. Mixed with musk . . . . . . H + 840. Medicine + + + + + + - Deer Fence y woven . . . . . . . -f stakes ..............+ U U+ + - _ from tree to trdee..... + 1 s ~~~~~~~~~~+ - *In water ||+ + - 847. Stakes . . . . . . . . . . . + 848. Floating logs tied in row. . + 849. For caribou, also . . . . . 850. Canoemen in attendance . . . + 851. On land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 852. Deflecting fences in water + + 853. Snares at openings . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 854. Hunters in blind at openings . . . . . . . + + + Nets 855. For deer .-.-.-. . . . . . . . .+ - l 856. Beaver ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 857. Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - - - (+) 858. Twined willow . . . . . . . . . . . + 859. Coyote .... . . . . . . . . . .... + 860. Fowl . . . + - - - + + 861. Ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + U 862. Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 863. On riverbank . . . . . . . . . . . + + 864. Stretched between poles in ground + + 865. Horizontal pole on top + + 866. Bottom of net touches ground . . . + + 867. Decoys at base . . . .+ + 868. When birds fly in, net doubled by pulley device at each end . . . . + + Snares 869. Spring pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ) - + + + + + + + + + + 870. For coyote, lynx, wildcat + + + 871. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 872. For caribou . . . . . . . . . . . . + 873. For goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 874. For birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 875. For small animals . . . . . . . . . + 876. Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . + + 877. For all animals . . . . . . . . . . + _ 878. Suspended from limb of tree . . . . + + _ + + _ + 879. For deer . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 880. For small animals . . . . . + + 881. Baited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882. Placed on trails . . . . . . . . . + + 883. With blind . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 884. Rabbit snare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + 885. Bark cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 886. Sinew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 887. With fence . . . . . . . . . . . . + 888. Fence in arc . . . . . . . . + 889. Height in feet . . . . . . . 3 890. Length in feet . . . . . . . 891. On trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 892. Snare for land fowl . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + + + + + + 893. Grouse . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . (+) - + + + + 894. Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + O 895. Prairie chicken. ......... + + + 0 896. Eagle. .......... ? ? ?-.___- ____ 897. Others .............._ + 898. Of sinew ............._ _+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PIATEAU 121 CL Kl Te Um Ki K2 Wdn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co .Of Indian hemp . .. .. .. ... .... .... + + + .Ontrail . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + .Where dance + On log . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + - At sides of log ...... . . . . + Top of knoll - + + + 905. Hung from willow arch . . . + + On snow . . . . .... .... .... . .. . . . With bait .... . . . . . . . . . + kWith fence .+. . . . . . . ... .. + + + + + + 909. Stone ... . . + (i) + -_- 910. Brush + + + + + 911. Around ant hill . . . . . . Anchored: fast . . . . . . . . . . . + 914. To movable anchor _ + _ _ 'Held in hand .... . . . . + for waterfowl .. . . . . . . . . . . + + + 'Snipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . 000 0 0 0 0 0 Ducks On.floating . . . . . . . . . . . + + 923. Log anchored . . . . . . . . + 924. Bait - + - 925. Fish . . . . . . . . + 926. Spangle rushes . . . + 926a.Decoy . . .. . . . . . . . . + + + +~~~~~ gre . . . .. .. .. .. .. .+ + - + + + + + iFor caribou also . . . . . . . . . + Noose at opening in fence .+ -+? + WFoot snare at opening in fence . . + i) Deadfalls 11 game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _++++ + + + -++ + + + game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + + + ( ) + + + + + + + + se and toggle . . . . . . . . . . + - For deer and caribou . . . . . . . + ged pivot stick . . . . . . + + - + 'At top of support (see fig.). . . + At break in support (see fig.).. . + + . With noose . . . . + support with rope to bait (see fig; _ + Pitfalls 8B game . , . . ... . .. . .. . ....... . .. . .............. + + - - + + + + - _ + _ + _ _ oovered pit + + + + W stick . . ....... ... . .. _ _ . + sticks . . . . . .... . .... . .. . + _ _ + _ Wag spears . o * o o . o + Blinds tblind .--............... __+ + - - - + - - + + _- Brush-covered pit ................ + + + - -_ + :Brush hut + + 953. Caught by hand + + + + 954. Young taken from nests . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 955. Plucked, returned, taken again later . . . . . . . + + . 956. Bird-shooting blind . . . . . . . . . . . ( + + + + - + + - . + 957. Land fowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 958. Waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + 959. In grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960. Brush blind. + + + 961. Canoe covered with boughs . - i 962. Canoe covered with rushes . . . . . + 963. Pile of rocks . . . . . . . . . . . 964. Deer-shooting blind . . . . . . . . . . . + 965. Brush hut. + 966. At side of deer trail . . . . 967. At deer snare . . . . . . . 968. Brush-covered pit. + 969. At side of deer trail. + 970. At opening of deer fence . . . . . + 971. At salt lick . . . . . . . . . . . Disguises 972. Tule disguise for waterfowl . . . . . . . + + 973. Deer head for deer . . . . . . . . . . . .- 974. Deer hide for deer . 975. Mountain-sheep head . . . . . . . . . . . Decoys and Lures 976. Stuffed duckskin ....... . .+ 977. White fur to attract goats . . . - + + + _ 978. Hat thrown up to simulate hawk in rabbit hunting .... . . . . . . . . . . . . Calls 979. Rabbit call ............ . . . . + + 980. Deer call ... + +. . + - + - ++ + + + 981. Special power only . . . . . . . . + - 982.Elkcall .+.-..... . . . . +. . + _ +-+ 983. Moose call .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-- 984. Horn 985. Whistle ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 986. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 987. Elk.. + 988. Tubular .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 989. Elderberry .... . . . . . + ) + + 990. Cranberry. . + 991. Cottonwood .... . . . . . + 992. Mountain ash bark + 993. Rhubarb .... . . . . . . + + 994. For male-elk 995. Leaf ..-.. - ......... + + 996. For female elk.X 997. Sound to attract or scare out goats . .. || -- _ CULTURE EEIM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 123 CL Ki Te Urm Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Mis:cellaneous Devices is-pointed bird spear . ...... brush enclosure, drop door . . - - - - - - + - - _ _ - 4 slat trap .... . . . . . . . - + + + - owlolubbed. . _ + . . - .i.) + + . At molting time + + + O n ice . .. . . . .+ sbot for birds ..... + - * + + + )- -+ + - + _- + .Thy only . . . . . . .. . . ..._ + + - + placed on logs where pheasants drum blind them .-.... . . . . . . . . + tsted in bear hunting .... .. + + + + + i) + + .Hunter drops dust.-? - ( .+ + - + - - i) Drops feathers + - + + 1010. Carried in leg bone of crane . . . . . . . . . + .Tests with smoke ..... . + - . . _ rremoves clothing.+(i)+ + + - + - - + - + - r bathes before hunting .... . . + + + Ritual Devices it "persuaded to lie down + - -. + - - - - "spoken to; called out" + * . + + - - - - + ? ly bear killed with "sharpened bone Bt in mouth' . . . . ....... ....... . . + _ + -+ _+ __i 2zly "scared away with smoke" . . . - + _ _ _ fence" + + + 1019. Small stakes with bits of fur, skin, feathers, etc. . . . . . + 1020. Burned pieces of moccasins, etc + 1021. Row of small f ires . . . . . . .+ 1022. Group venture . . . . . . . . . . + + 1023. Sbaman in charge + Participation mllen . . . I 9 o o oo+ + + - + ()+ + + 0 . . . .. . . . .. . . . .0 . . ) + _ _ _ ing specialization . + - - - + - + - _ - dhunters esteemed ......... . + + i) ) i) + + + X Do l lDogs Usedin hunting ..... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1029. Ground hogs.--(_ ) i) 1030. Mountain goats or sheep - - + - 0 - + (--? 1031. Deer and bear .... . . . . . . . + - + + + 1032. All hunting ...........+ + + + + - Dogslarge . . . . ....... ........ . . . . + . + + * * * * + + () Heavy ha i r . . . . . . .........+ + + . . + . Sothair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _+ Lahd .........._.. )+ + + +__+ 1037. Good dogs, for protection .'.. . _ + + 1038. To control food .... . . . . . + i 1 039. To keep from hunting -............. + .Kneed .-............ . ._ - )-()-_--_+ + _+ 1043. Any subsidiary shelter . . . . . 1044. Live in house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ( (- ( ( + - + + 1045. Numerous ...... . . . .. .. . + + + + + . + 1046. Trained ............ . . .. . +++++ + 1047. With old dog . . . . . . . . . . + 1048. On deer parts . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1049. Heated deer hoofs rubbed on nose. _ + 1050. Hoofs used as collar . . . . . . + 1051. Rolled in fresh bearskin . . . . + - - 1052. Rolled in fresh beaver skin . . 1053. Given "scent" . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - 1054. Named .+............... . . + + + . + + + + 1055. Eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U + U 1056. In famine . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1057. Considered poison . . . . . . . . . -? - 1058. Avoided because scavengers . . . _ - + _ 1059. Avoided because "friend" . . . . + + _ 1060. Buried ...... . . . .. . . . . . . _ 1061. Killed at owner's death.- + - _ _ _ _ _ - + H 1062. Buried with owner . . . . . . . . + 1063. Buried near owner . . . . . . . . 1064. Left on grave.+ _ _ 1065. Hung above grave . . . . . . . . + Pets 1065a.Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1066. Bear (temporary). . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + - + + + + 1067. Raccoon .-..... . . . .. . . . . . . - + + + + 0 1068. Beaver ...... . . . . .. . . .. . _ +-+ 1069. Coyote (temporary). . . . . . . . . . . . 1070. Wolf (temporary) . . . . . . . . . + _ 1071. Fed only cooked foods to condi- tion appetite ... . . . . .. 1072. Fox ... ........ . . . + +- 1073. Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - 1074. Kept in house . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1075. Magpie . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1076. Owl . . ................ _+ - + 1077. Bluejay . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1078. Grouse .... . . + - _ 1079. Goose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1080. Duck + - 1080.Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ __ 1081. Prairie chicken . . . . . . . . . 1082. Others .... . . . . . .. + Skin Dressing General 1083.Bymen ................. + 1083a.Bywomen .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1084. Specialization .(..--. . . . . . . . . . 1085. Important industry .-... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + Dehairing (Buckskin) 1086. Deer ......................+ + + + + 1087.Elk ......................+ + + 0 OX 1088. Bison . ..................... toff before soaking ...... . + - - - - + + + + in water for dehairing .. . ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + , Others _ . . . . . . o + + Inpool .+.. . + + + + + + + + + +U + + + In container .-.-.-o . . _ _ _ _ _ + - + + + - - - No. of days . . . . . . . .. *+2+ *9+ *2+ *1+ *3+ *2+ *14 1 1 *2+ Xig adz _ + + + iFor elk, bison + + + For fleshing also (bison) . .. . - + + Stone blade + + + Long elkhorn handle + + + Scraping ting log o o o + + + + + + + + .-Deer ............................. + + + + + + + + + Elk, bison _ _ * - * * e - + + + - _ + _ + + - - + - eer ........................ | _ _ - - () - - - - o + - Elk, bison _ + Draper ...................... .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + .Deer or elk rib .o o o. + + +-? --? + + - + - + + + 4Deer leg bone .... . . . .. . - _ + + + U + + + - _ Caribou leg bone, split - + 1114. Sharpened with horsetail rush + . . . . . . . + soraper.- . . _ + + - + + +-?+ - + - _ _ + .: Sohist . . ..... . . . .. - + + + + _ +.... edder as scraper.- - _ _ 8 11 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . .1 . + +-- I- Curing il~~- . ..... . . . ....... _ O O O O O O O O O 0 0 0 O O O l..-0000? + ++ + + + ++ + + + + +0 .Deer ...................... + + i) . Elk, bison, + mixed with liver -.. . . . . . _ + 6Plus sagebrush + * For deer + For bison . . o . . | | *ieavy skills greased, hung in sun. + 0. . . . . . . . .... 0+ + + -++ + - d oil o o - + + + - + - Heads soaked in river .-. _ + , Rendered with hot rocks - _ + .fir .............................+ - + - _ . Smll skins, rubbed on o o . + + Graining hlng frame ... - + + + + + + + + + + + - - (9) .Small skins.|+ + + - - + + + -/F 1139. Leaned against wall or tree . + + 1140. Tipi frame support . . . . . . . 1141. Stretching on wall . . . . . . . . . . . +?- 1142. Stretching on ground . . . . . . . . . . + + 1143. Hide suspended for stretching . . . . . . + 1144. With grainer . . . . . . . . . . 1145. Without grainer . . . . . . . . . 1146. 4-pole tipi-frame support . 1147. Fire near frame . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1148. Hand stretching .(.)++i)+ + + + + + + 1149. Small skins. + + + + + + + 1150. Large skins . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + _- ( 1151. 2 stretch from opposite sides . + + g 1152. Worked back and forth over log . + 1153. Grainer. + + + + + + + + + + + + 1154. Hafted . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + 1155. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + - + + + + + 1156. Slate . . . . . . . . . . 1157. Schist . . . . . . . . . + + 1158. Beveled wooden . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ + - + + + + 1159. Split caribou leg bone . . . . . + 1160. Handle buckskin wrapped . . . . . + + Smoking 1161. Sometimes unsmoked . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + 1162. Rubbed with white fungus .+ 1163. Rubbed with white clay. . . . . . 1164. Smoked for waterproofing . . . . . . . . +? - + + + + + + + + + + 1165. For softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166. Skins sewed together to form 'tent" . . . + + + + + + + - + ( * 1167. Hangs from suspended pole ... .... . + + + + + + - + - + - + + 1168. Conical frame, tripod ...... . . . . + + + - + + + - + + _ 1169. Conical frame, more than 3 poles . .. . + + + + + 1170. Hemispherical frame .... . . . . . . . + + 1171. Held by hand 1172. Hoop at bottom.....+ 1173. Edges held down with rocks . . . ...... + + - + + + - - + H - + 1174. Edges held down with stakes ... . . . . + 1175. Inside + 1176. Outside . 1177. Depth of fire pit in inches ... . . . . 36 1178. Fuel: rotten wood .... . . . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + 1179. Pine .... . . . . ... .. . + + . + 1180. Pine knots . _ + 1181. Pine cones .... . . . . . . . + 1182. Fir bark .. . ...... . . . + + + 1183. Willow _ 1184. Birch ..... . . . . . . . . . + 1185. Fir. + + + - 1186. Fir cones + 1187. Any wood .... . . .. . . . + 1188. Boiled with alder bark .. . . + _ + +? ? ? ?+ - _ _ 1189. Soaked with alder bark .... . . . . . + 1190. Colored with fungus paint. 1191. Colored with pulverized roots ....... .-............. + +?_?_??_?_ 1192. Colored with yellow mineral, burned red + - 1193. Colored with red earth ..................... . . + 1194. Colored with moBss..................... . . + _ - bservances and Ceremonials ral Taboos and Prescriptions hencebeforehunt...+ i-) + + + + +_ + * + - e.No. of days. ..........5 . 3 nce dur g hunt. + + + + + + + + - + + _ inBbefore hunt. ......... + + + + + + + + i~)+ U -+ __+ . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + i) - + + 6.Forothergame........+ + - + + i) + + tng induced before hunt ......+ (i) ____ Stik in throat . . . . . + of hunter's wife restricted... + + + + + + + + + + . Must stay in bed . . . . . . . . + 1212. stay away from bed . . . . . + - + + _ F 1212.Fear of menstrual con- i e btamination . . . . . . + 3. Must stay away from rear of house (where meat iS to be brought in).n) _- + - * -+ __+ . 1214. Children also . . . . . . + + + Mustactgentlyr.'s we rt .. . ) + - -- )_ + + . + . .Ma combhair . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + .Msy cook oruse fire . . . . . - + + + + + i)+ + + 1218. Except when menstruating. + t5 children must remain quiet . . . + oMeanliness especially important iMhunt . genty . . . . . . . . . + - + - + - + + Mon to hunt deer must be announced. - + () + + + - i) - i) - - ( i) - seeks luck before departing . .. . _ + + - + + _ 3.Rubbed by old man ........ ___ ___+ 1224. After sweating .n.a . + I. Givenluck piece byrold man . . . _+ + - - + 1226. Spirit symbol . . . . . + o has dream, sends hunter e, .ni) + * + + +i msy pass head or feet of hunter seeks luck before depaAing . . . + + + + + 14eat (other than deer) may be ?e Given luc pic by ol man.. . . . _ _ to shootfishp.r . )-. to kill fish withurockr..++ _ +- + _ - iningea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 1. oveet . . . . . . . . . . . . . .++ May be dried . . . . . . . . . . + + + Sad must always be roas . . . . + + + + - Down sprinkled on . . . . . . . . +? + - - Taboo to step overo.s . . . . + + + - _ copulation after eating steelhead .?|-|____ [- - 0? -- 128 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Practices Relating to Deer 1240. Deer eyes eaten for luck . .?. . +. . - - 1241. Deer eyes elevated on pole ... . . . . + + - 1242. Deer eyes broken to avoid revivification. _ + + _ 1243. Meat may be given away en route .+? + + + + + + + + + + 1244. Meat may be given away at site of kill. + + 1245. Meat may be given away at home + + 1246. Deer lowered through smokehole # . . _ + + _ 1247. Brought in through back of house . . . . + + + + + _ 1248. May be deposited outdoors . . . ... . + + +.+ + + 1249. Must be deposited outdoors ... . . . . 1250. Miust be taken indoors by woman 1251. Women, children must stay away from fresh meat .4.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . 1252. Deer entrails "to raven" 1253. Fresh-cut meat kept indoors + + + 1254. Fresh-cut meat kept outdoors . .... + + + . _+ 1255. On frame ... . ..... . . . + + 1256. On fir boughs ....+.. .+ 1257. Fresh meat allowed to touch ground . . . . + + + + + + + + 1258. Dropped meat may be picked up . . + 1259. Fresh meat may be stepped over . + + + + M M- + 1260. Fresh meat always kept covered .?..?. . +? + + 1261. Cooked meat may be taken out . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + Disposition of Blood 1262. Drunk raw from hands. + + - - i ) i) + - - - 1263. Caught on leaves and hidden' . . _ _ _ 1264. Caught in tripe and saved .. .. + - + + + + - + Disposition of Meat 1265. Indiscriminate distribution .+? + - _ _ _ _ _ _ - 1266. Divided evenly among hunters . . . . . . + + + 1267. Traditional rules of division . + 1268. Portion set apart for each family . . . . + 1269. Old woman announces . . . . . . . + 1270. Hunter determines distribution + 1271. Wife distributes . . . . . . . .+ 1272. Hide and head to one who carried home . . + 1273. Special part to shaman . . . . . . . . . + + 1274. Marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1275. Head ... . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1276. Sinew and meat along backbone . . + 1277. Tripe saved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1278. Only bison . . . . . . . . . . . 1279. Cleaned and eaten . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1280. Dried and stored . . . . . . . . + - + + + 1281. Heart may be eaten by hunter .+ + + + + + + + + + + +: 1282. Heart always eaten by hunter . . . . . . + + - - 1283. Heart taboo to hunter. 1284. Taboo to eat deer until head removed and. meat distributed . . . . . . . . . . .+ Disposition of Bonese. 1285. Deer bones hidden in woods . .- + - + _ _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 129 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Deer bones buried or thrown in water + _ + - + - + - + + - _ -Deer bones burned . . . . . . . . . . . . + Salmon bones thrown in water. . . _ - + - + - _ _ - + Salmon bones thrown in fire . _ Salmon bones deposited in trees . . + - - _ _ _ Bear bones buried . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Beaver bones buried . . . . . . . . . . . + Guardian spirit determines disposal . . . - + + - - _ _ _ Dogs may have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + - c) - Bear Ceremonialism Brown bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + +-? + + + + + + Grizzly bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ Ceremonial preparation to hunt + + + + + - + - - + + 1298. Continence . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1299. Sweating . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 1300. Sleep after sweating to dream of bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1301. Hunt only if so directed. + 1302. Must dream twice . . . . + 1303. Avoid use of beaver castor . . . + 1304. Announce intention to hunt . . . + +? +? - i) - - - + 1305. Keep intention secret . . . . . . + *hater sings to bear while tracking . . . - + + - - - + _ THter sings or talks to kill ... . . . +? + - + + + + + + + + + + gCeremonial marching around kill - + ) - + Weeps for dead bear . .+ + + + +-? i)(i)+ - + - Bear called: grandfather. . . - _ + - - - .i.) -._. 1311. Grandmother . . . . . . . . . . . 1312. Sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313. Aunt . . . . . .... .... ....... . . . . + --______ 1314. Brother.+? 1315. Nephew (male) . . . . . . . . . . + 1316. Niece (female) . . . . . . . . . . + Dangerous to name bear . . . . . . . . . + Certain part removed at place of kill . + + + + + + + - -+ + + 1319. Eyes .... . ...... . . . + + + - - + 1320. Sinew below tongue .. .-.. .+ + + + + +++ 1321. Buried + + - 1322. Hung up . + 1323. Given to old person . ...... + + + - _ 1324. Or bear comes to life + 1325. "Else dead animal would lick all fat off" ....... . . . . + + + () _ Head eaten .... . . + + + - + + + + + 1327. At site of kill . . . . . . _ + 1328. Taboo to women until cold . . . .) + 1329. Must be eaten in one house . . - _ ) - i) - - 1330. Friends invited .. . ..... . + + + - + + Skull set up .... . . . . . . .. + + + - -- + + + + _ Meat brought in through rear of house . . + Meat may be dried .... . . . . . .. + + - + _ + + + + + + + -Huter may comb hair . _ + + + + + + Bear lives by licking paws while hibernating Beliefs Concerning Grizzly Bear 1338. Tales of danger . . . ......... + + + + 1339. Rattlesnake rattles carried to avoid meeting + - me tig .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ _ 1340. Clothes of recently deceased attract . + 1341. Dangerous for hunter to wear . + 1342. Especially clothes of grizzly hunter 1343. Grizzly hunter puts fish oil on moccasins so bear will follow . . . . . . . . . . 1344. Hunter may comb hair . . ....... . _ + + + 1345. Grizzly becomes angry + 1346. Grizzly angered if hunter sleeps with menstruating woman + Game-Food Taboos (+, not eaten by anyone; M, not eaten by men; F, not eaten by women; C, not eaten by children) 1347. Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348.Grizzly bear .... . . . ...... . + + - - - U + 1349. Cougar .... . . . . . . . .. ? . . __ + _ 1350. Coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1351. Mink . . . . .... .... .... ........... . . . . i) + + +__ _ + + 1352. Wolf . . . . ... .... ....... .... .... .. . . + + + ++ + + - - - ++ 1353. Fox .................. . + 0 1354. Beaver .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1355. Muskrat .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . U 1356. Porcupine .+ 1357.Land otter .)... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + C 1358. Sea otter . . + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1359. Rabbit .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ - C - - 1360. Rabbit brain .............. 1361. Squirrel .... . . . . - _+? ? _ . 1362. Chipmunk .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363. Land fowl .- .;... . . . . . . . . .. _ . 1364. Buzzard .......... + + + + + 0 0 + 1365. Raven ........ + ........ . + + + + + + + + + -+ 1366. Magpie ......... . .... . + + O 1367. Crow . . . . .... ................ . . . . . .+ . . . .+ 1368. Eagle ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + -+ + + + 1369. Dove, pigeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 0 1370. Meadowlark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1371. Robin ...... .. . . .. . . . + . . __ + -_ 1372. Reptiles ..... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1373. Caterpillars, slugs, grasshoppers . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1374. Yellow-jacket larvae . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1375. Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1376. Turtle ..... . . ...... . . . . + -+? -- O 0 0 0 1377. Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 1378. Eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - _ _ _ _ + + + 1379. Barnacles ............ . -. . . + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01-, 1380. Freshwater clams . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - 1381. Eggs: unlaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1382.Duck.- - - . . . . . . - - - - - - - - 1383. Geese.- - - - - - .- 1384. Land fowl . - - - - .-- .. ___ 1385. Fool hen ............ 1386.NMagpie ...... .-.... + 0 . + _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLIATEAU 131 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co ,Crow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + iMeadowlark .-... . . . . . . . _ + + + _ _ _ + + * Robin - -.+ - + + * Crane . + - _ .Loon ..... . . . . . . . + + + + 0 *Sea gull .(. .). .......0000000. 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O .Turtle ..... . . . . . . . . + - +? - - 0 0 0 0 0 - - - fetuses . . . . . . . . . + - C C - C C - C - FC C + C - _ ... .. ...--. . . + CC C FC - C FC C FC _ . Taboo to shamans . ...... * Buffalo blood + - RPaw ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + F . Cooked ..... . . . . . . . . + C F C FC C FC - _ _ .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _____---C - - FC - t . .... . . . . . . . . . . ... . -C- F--- - C _C- r kidneys .-.-.C.-.C. . . . . . . _ C C FC C C- .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ...... ......_________ . - - C_C- ead .-..... . . . . . . . . . - C ( C C - C - FC C C - - - lin-goat head .... . . - _ C - C -FC C C . I , .% _ - C - _C t~~~~ . . . . . . . . . _ _ _-C-C---C___ .............. . . . . ....... . . . . C - -- + -i nder shank C C FC - C . - C .'. ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - C C- d salmon together . . . . . . . . + i)- + + - - - + - - and sea food together . . . . . . . VEGETABLES AND FRUITS Roots ively utilized . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pal species: camas . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + .Bitterroot + + + - + + .Kause . . . . . . . . . + + + + .Lupine .+ + + Wapato . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + .Bracken .+ - 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 nal roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sunflower . . . . . . . . . . . . + Soapberry . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + .Numerous others . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Stems ively utilized . . . . . . . ... + bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + () + + + + + + Species: bull pine (P. ponderosa) + + + + + + + + 1428. Lodgepole pine. . . . . .- + + + - 1429. Jack (black) pine . . . . + + + + + + - 1430. Hemlock . . . . . . . . . - 0 - 1431. Cottonwood . . . . . . . U + - 0 U U- 1432. Maple .......... +--_____ 1433. Sprue . . . . . . . . . U U 1434.Alder .+- - -+ 1434a. Larch ..........0+_ . Bark (sap) scraper. ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1436. Bone .-..... + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 143J f. ScaulaU1 . . . . . + + t 1438. Caribou rib . . . + 1439. Deer rib . . . . -? + + + + + _ _ - - i) 1440. Bear . . . . . . + - 1441. Horn . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 1442. Niountain sheep. .+ 1443. Caribou + . + 1444. Mountain goat . . + 1445. Stone . . . . . . + 1446. Slate . . . . . . + 1447. Wood . . . . . . . . . . + --+ + + ---U - 1448. Hardwood . . + + + + + 1449. Pine 1450. Straight slat . - - _ + + 1451. Curved slat . . . + + + - _ 1452. Bark (outer) remover . . . . . . + + + + 1453. Horn . . . . . . . . . . + ) + + 1454. Wooden . . . . . . . . . 1455. Perforated . . . . . . . + . 1456. Scraped with upward motion . . + + + + 1457. Collected in basket . . . . . . . + + + + 1458. Cleaned with grass . . . . . . . +-+ + + 1459. Wrapped in grass . . . . . . . . 1460. Used fresh . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1461. Dried and stored . . . . . . . . + + 1462. Bracken sprouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1463. Salmonberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 1464. Sunflower stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 1465. Prickly pear . .. . . + - + 1466. Serviceberry bark (for tea) . . . . + 1467. Soapberry wood (medicine) . . . . . . . . + 1468. Hemlock bark (medicine) . . . . . . . . . + - - +? - +? - - - 0 i) Seeds 1469. Extensively utilized .... . .. . . + 1470. Pine. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + U + U + 1471. By children only . . . . . . . . 1472. Sunflower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + - + - 0 1473. Chokecherries .+... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + --? + . _ 1474. Acorns .+.... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + U U + U U 0 1475. Fire fern . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . + Leaves 1476. For tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + 1477. Swamp grass . . + + + 1478. Labrador grass . . . . . . . . + 1479.-Moose grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1480. Blackberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1481. Cherry .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 1482. Hackberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + O i 1483. Peppermint .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1484. Chokecherry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1485. Fir needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fruitl 1486. Extensively utilizeda ... ..... + + + + + + + + 1487. Serviceberry .+...... + . .......... + + t|+ + t++ FOOD CEREMONIALISM First-Products Rite for: fruits (berries) . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + _ _ - + + + .Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + -____+ + + Nut s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 5.Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ______+ +- 6.Bison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 7.l rite for all ......... ............. - (i) _ + + .Separate rite for each + + - + + - 9 Seasonal products grouped . . + + _ + - 1500. Salmon and roots . . . . + + 1501. Salmon and berries . . . + 1502. Venison and salmon - + 1503. Venison and roots . . - + 1504. Venison and camas + + 1505. Vehison and berries + + ng ordered by chief . . . . . . . + + _ - + + ing ordered by ritualist(s) . . . . + - - + + + - + - is ritualist . . . . . . . . . . . + appoints ritualist(s) . . . . . . . + + - + - ritualists for venison and salmon. . + + ritualists for roots and berries . + + + + + sts are gatherers . . . . . . . . + +++ + + + - .Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2( + + *4+ 3 4 .For roots .+ + _ + + + For berries . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - . For venison . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - For buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . + food taboo until after ceremony. . + + + + + + + + + + + Violation jeopardizes crop. . . . . + + - ts gathered on specified day(s) . . + + + + ta gathered at first appearance . . + - + - Food prepared by ritualist(s).. + - + + . Food served by men . . . . . . . + .Ritual product only . . . . . . . i + * Dried foods included . . . . . . + + + Various foods eaten in formal order . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + i) - + 1529. Small bit of each, then informal . . . . . . . + + + 1530. As called out by ritu- alist . . . . . . . . . + + 1531. Water first . . . . . . . + - + i) i) + 1532. Water last . + + 1533. Animal food precedes fruit .+ + 1534. Fruit precedes roots . . +- 1535. Roots precede fruit . . .+ 1536. Dried food last (except t water) ..............+ + -( i) (i) + 1537. Order constant -............. + + * Food prepared by specified method -.... - + 134 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |CL|Kl Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch 1539. Berries raw . . . . . . . + 1540. Roots steamed . . . . . . + 1541. Roots boiled 1542. Requirements continue . . _ + - _ 1543. No. of days . . . 2 1544. All eat at once . . . . . . . . . + + 1545. Shamans eat first . . . . . . . . + + + 1546. Chief eats first . . . . . . . . + 1547. All lst berries eaten by old man. 1548. Children participate + + 1549. Speeches . .+ + + 1550. Prayers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1551. Dancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + First-Food-Gathering Rite 1552. First animal killed by boy . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - 1553. First fish taken by boy . . .+ + + + + + i) - 1554. First berries gathered by girl . . . . . +? + + + + + + - _ _ - 1555. First roots gathered by girl . . . . . . +? + + + + + + - - _ _ 1556. First product only . . . . . . . . . . . 1557. First of each species . . . . . . . . . . 1558. Ceremony with ritualist . . . . . . . . . + + + +? +? - 1559. Male, for boy . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1560. Father . . .+ + + 1561. Female, for girl . . . . . . . . + + 1562. Mother . . . . . . . . . + 1563. Food distributed to villagers . . . . . . 1564. By parent . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565. Feast at child's home . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1566. Food taboo to child . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + 1567. Food eaten by relatives . . . . . . . . . + - 1568. Food eaten by old people . . . . . . . . + + + 1569. Presents distributed . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ 1570. Considerable quantity . . . . . . + + 1571. To insure luck in gathering . + + 1572. To insure long life . . . . . . . FOOD PREPARATION Fish and Shellfish Salmon Preparation 1573. Split ventral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1574. Split dorsal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1575. 1 side ventral, 1 dorsal . . . . . . . . + 1576. Sides cut off . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . + + + 1577. Head cut off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Salmon Drying 1578. Backbone cut loose . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 1579. Backbone cut off . . . . . . . . . . . . 1580. Split ventral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581. Hangs from pole ..... . ....... + + + + +- + + + 1582. Through hole in tail......_ 1582a. Hung over pole + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 135 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Spread open by cross sticks . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1584. Few (no.) . . . . . . . . 1 *2+ 1 1585. Several . . . . . . . . .I) lmon specially handled . . . . . _+ Cut differently . . . . . . . . .. 'Laid across double poles . . . .+ kTurned frequently . . . . . . . . + lood absorbed in moss and dried . + _ _ dried . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + Bx container . . . . . . . . . . -- 1593. Bark . . . . . . . . . .) ++ Paunch container . . . . . . + Rush-bag container . . . . . . . Coiled-basket container + + + - _ lmon-skin container ...,. + - - + + + + + - + +ide container . . . . . . . . . + + + 1599. Bison + Luried in bark-lined pit . . . .+ + + + wDrying of Other Fish v ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ + - + + +H 00 . . . . . . . . . . . +- - - . + + ) .- . .. . . . . . . . . . . . o o 000 00 0 ,dried in sun . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aried in house . . . . . . . . . + Salmon Knife 'Deer scapula . . . . . . . . . . Siar leg . . . . . . . . . . . . +? + . .. . . . . . . . . . + _ _ i igoat horn. . . . '''. . .. . . ..' .. . .. . ._ ) + + ++ + + + + + .Slate .... . . . . . . . . . . +? _- - + Obsidian .+ + -+? "Basalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + T ..........................+ _ _ _ _ _ + - + - + + wrapping (unhafted). . . . . . . + + + - - + tting whitefish . + + - + gting eels . . . . . . . . . . . +. . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . _ . + Shellfish er clams . . . . . . . . . . . . +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fer clams . . . . . . . o. _ + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + open . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + i)+ s un to open . .........+_ on rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . + + .0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (W) + - - + + tBffi,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + + + ..+ ++ + 136 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS | CL K1 Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch 1629. Strung on circular string . . . . . . . . + + 1630. Kept on stick. .+ + - + + - 1631. Dried .. .+ - + + - 1632. After cooking . . . . . . . . . . 1633. Mussels steamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1634. Mussels boiled .. .... . ..+ . 1635. Mussels roasted on sticks . . . . . . . . + 1636. Crabs steamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acorns 1637. Utilized . + ++ UU+ UU- - U-_ 1638. Buried in mud . . . . . .+ + + + + + + 1639. Kept in mud all winter. .. ) i) i - 1640. Leached . . . . . . .* + E ) ., 1641.NMush.. --- - @ - - - - - _- 1641. Muksh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ _! 1642. Cakes.-- - 1643. Molded. .-. . .- __ _ _ _ . . 1644. Earth ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1645. Mashed and boiled in bark container . . - - 1646. Steamed.or roasted whole . . . . . . . . + + + + 1647. Raw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blood 1648. Carried in tripe . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1649. Used raw.. ---.-- . . . - -._._.i)+ u 1650. Boiled + ++ + + +'+ + + 1651. In tripe . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + -- U + 1652. Birch basket . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 1653. With moss . . . . . . . . . . . . u 1654. With roots . . . . . . . . . . . + 1655. With berries . . . . . . . . . . + * + + + - + + + - 1656. With grease . . . . . . . . . . . + 1657. Dried, stored. . . . + Marrow 1658. Extracted .+ + + + + + + + + + ++ 1659. Bones boiled and broken. . . . + + + + 1660. Caribou only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661. Taboo to children . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1662. For orphan babies..i) - . _ _ - + - _ _ 1663. Cosmetic and hair oil.+ - + + + + + + _ + + Cooking Methods Boiling 1664. Stone boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1665. In woven baskets . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + U + + + 1666. Coiled . . . . . . . . . + 1668. In stone bowls . . . . . . . . . U 1669. In wooden boxes. 1670. In dug-out wooden containers. . . + - U U + + + - - U i -0 1671. Canoes . + - _ - _ _ _ + 1672. In bark containers. ...... + + + - _ - + (i) + + - 1673. Birch ..........+ 1674. Cedar .... . ..... + + _ _ _ _ _ 1675 Spruce . . . . . . . . . ++ 1676. Fir, pine. + + + a sunken container . . . . . . . + + + + 1678. Stomach case . . . . . . + + - + 1679. Rawhide' case . . . . . . + - 1680. On hunting trips only . + + + case hung over fire . . . . . + + + + _ _ .tantly turned . . . . . . . . + - + + r cooking meat . . . . . . . . + + + r cooking blood and moss . . . + - + vessels . . . . . . . . . . . + - Steam Cooking en . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . + + + +++++ + + - neseeds . . . . . . . . . . .+ + - iling or Roasting i-like frame . . . . . . . . . + + *spherical . . . . . . . . . .+ rying only . . . . . . . . . . . + -+ + + + - + - + - t frame, horizontal poles, r drying . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ _ sticks .I + | - - - +| - - - + + + -l i) - t twisted about . . . . . . . + + ++? + +? + )+ + + + + + + + only . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - neggs only . . . . . . . . + 3. 0 * lb 0 e e e ID * 0 * * + + i)@-H_++ + + _+ + + + + shift method for meat . . . . + + + + + - + oken roots.+ _ _ - _ seeds, in cone . . . . . . . + + + + + + Parching | * @ -- - - @ @ - - - - *+ + - - + 6eeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ ics * , + + _ + _ i) - + ........ .... . I 1+ . + 1 + +-+- Earth Oven >s-> >----*- -* ++ ++ + + + + +- + + + + + Fr ........... + + + + * + r ...................- + + + - + + - + - + tound hog . . ...... _+ - + . _ 1 heads + - - + FL1 kinds ~~~~~~~~~+ - + 5............... ....+ + + + + + + + - + + 1719. Especially || + + | + + |+ + Ato . . . . . . . . . . . .+ +- - 1722. Wild rhubarbi . . . . . . . . . . + 1723. Eggs . . . . . . . + + 1724. Between 2 layers of bark . . . . 1725. Berries (alone) . . . . . . . . . + 1726. Berries with meat . . . . .-. . . . . . 1727. Pine nuts. . + +++ + -_+ - - 1728. Depth of pit in inches . . . . . . . 18 18 12 1729. Fire in pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1730. With rocks ...........+ 1731. Rocks remain + 1732. Rocks 1 side, food other side. 1733. Separated by log . . 1734. Lining in pit . . . . . . . . . . . 1735. Birch bark . . . . . . . 1736. Spruce bark . . . . . . . . 1737. Basket . . . . . . . . . . . 1738. Bottom layer: bark . . . . . . . . . . . 1739. Serviceberry leaves . . . . . . . + + 1740. Spruce needles . . . . . . . . + + 1741. Pine needles . . . . . . . . . 1742. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1743. Top layer (over food): rye grass . + + + + + + 1744. Spruce bark . . . . . . . . . . 1745. Fir bark . + . . . . . . . . . + 1746. Cottonwood leaves . + . . . . . . + 1747. Top and bottom layers: matting.+ - _ _ _ - - i) i) 1748. Maple leaves . . . . . _ + 1749. Salal leaves . . . . . . . . . . - 0 0 - - 0 - . _ 1750. Bracken . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0 0 0 000- . _ 1751. Skunk cabbage . . . . + + - - + + + - + - . _ 1752. Ash leaves . . . . . . . . . . + - 1753. Cattail . . .+ - -. 1754. Birch bark . . . . . . . . . . + 1755. Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1756. Fir bark. . . + . . . . . . + + 1757. For bear . . + . . . . . + 1758. Birch bark . . . . . . . . . + 1759. For roots . . . . + 1760. Special plants for flavor . . . + + 1761. Water poured inside (for steam cooking) + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1762. Meat . . . . . . . . . . 1763. Bear meat . . . . . . . . . . + 1764. Eggs . . . . . + + _ _ 1765. Camas . . . . . . . + + 1766. Moss . . . . . . . + 1767. Fire on top . . . . . . . . . + + + + + i)+ + + _ 1768. For meat . . . . . . . . . 1769. No. of hours . . . . . . . . . . 12 12 12 12 12 1770. Roots removed after ... hours . . . . 48 72 24 24 1771. Meat removed after ... hours . . . . 24 24 24 24 Soup 1772. Bone soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + 1773. Ground bone . . . . . - . . - - . . . . 1774. Broken bone ...............+ 1775. With kinnikinnick berries ........+ + x CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 139 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku F1 Co Mixed Foods s and meat roasted in earth oven. . + ts and kinnikinnick berries Duts and soft berries . . . . . . . + Dried together . . . . . . . . . + Berry juice poured over . . . . . + eggs and berries . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - Chokecherries . . . . . . . . . . + Kinnikinnick . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + Serviceberries + + + + - zed salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + + 0 0 zed salmon and berries . . . . . . + band kinnikinnick berries . . . . . + + o tripe and berries . . . . . . . . + Czed meat with other ingredients. + + + + + + + + - - U - + + + + Bison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + + .Deer, elk . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + .With deer marrow . . . . . . . . + + + i) _ + + - With dried salmon . . . . . . . . 7 _ _ .With salmon fat . . . . . . . . . + - _ - + - 0 0 iWith seal grease . . . . . . . . + 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 With bear oil. . . . . . . . . . + + - - - F With berries . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + With berries and oil . . . . . . + + - - - .With camas . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - - - - With aromatic leaves . . . . . . + .With salmon eggs and chokecherries _ + - + + + - - - - - - lichen mixed with fish oil. . . . + Rendering of Oil bones boiled . . . . . . . . . . . + + + nes boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + nes boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . + + () + + in pit in ground . . . . . . . . . + in deer bladder . . . . . . . . .+ + in bear tripe . . . . . . . . . . + Maceration B. ................ . + i) + + + + - + For drying . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + pears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + chokecherries . . . . . . . . . . . + + - -? + + + + For drying . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + .Cakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + rries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + n root . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i) For drying . . . . . . . . . . uts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + - + + + + U rseeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + Miscellaneous i sed .- _-+?-______+__ .Salt deposits. .........+ + With meat . ........... l + l . water used............ _____ ___________ 140 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch 1825. Eggs boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1826. Eggs roasted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1827. Fetuses roasted . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + * + 1828. Eels cut open under water . . . . . . . . - + + + - 1829. Bracken root singed . . . . . . . . . . . + 1830. River water ritually drunk as "salmon soup" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - ) + +? 1831. Meat dried on scaffold indoors . . . . . + + 1832. Berry froth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1833. Meals served on ground, covered .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1834. Bark; leaves in summer . . . . . + U + 1835. Mats. . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1836. Cattail, tule . . . . . . 1837. Swamp grass . . . . . . . + 1838. Meadow grass . . . . . . + 1839. Spangle rushes . . . . . 1840. Meals served on seats . . . . . . . . . . 1841. Finger bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++---+ 1842. Ceremonial only . . . . . . . . .+ 1843. Cedar-bark napkins . . . . . . . + + + + 1844. Wash in creek.+ + + + + 1845. Food sold (except in trade) . . . . . . . ) ) 1846. By professional hunters..i) UTENSILS, IMPLEMENTS, AND WEAPONS Utensils and Dishes Water Carriers 1847. Woven basket: coiled . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1848. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 1849. Willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1850. Pitched . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851. Bark ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -+ + ++ + + ++ 1852. Birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1853. Pine (temporary). . . . . . . . . + _ 1854. Wooden bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1855. Rawhide .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . + -+? -- 1856. Bison-horn bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1857. Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1858. Square wooden. 1859. Deer stomach case (temporary) . . . . .+ + 1860. Mountain-goat stomach case (temporary). . + Cups 1861. Mountain-sheep horn . . . . . . . . . . .+ - + + + 1862. Mountain-goat horn . a 1863. Elkhorn ... . + - + _ _ _ _ _ -.. 1864. Caribou horn . : 1865. Round wooden cup with handle.+ - _ _ Horn Spoons 1866. Mountain-sheep horn. .......... + + - + - i~) + + + + + 1867. Commonly used for large spoons. . + + + 1868. Handle: short ..........- 1869. Long ............. + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PIATEAU 141 CL TeUmKiK2nSnKpShLiThChCaKuFl o 1870. Trapezoidal ... . . . . + + - i8'?l.Perforated ... . . . . + )+ + - + *_+ i) ?7. Turned end ... . . . . + + + - Ft .-......................... _ + + -+? i) + + + - + - + + () - + 'S ---*- @-@- + - - + _? ____+ - 0 ++ Bse . sEn . . . . ... .- .+? . . . . O + + pon ........................... _+ ~~~san.- ~~~~0- + +? 0 0 + <,........... O__+ + _o_OO- O_+- :::::1.+1+ - +. + + + + + +l l+' + *~-bowl.-+ - _+ - .? handle .(. . . . . ..)( + . . +) ?Wooden Spqons .X ........ . 0 0 + + + + _ o + + - ................ ~+ -+ + w?h .......................... . + + *. . ++ . + + . + - + + + + + - r 0.+ - . . -. onwood .... . . . . . _ + + h + + + + - I _. + - .+ + . + ._ r, * * o * a * * * * *+ + + + _ r. + + + - + + * + + * + Oe. - . .. . . . . . + _ h-ardwood. )-) + . _ _ . r woods + handle . . + + + + + - + handle .. ...... . . + - _()+ + + + - - orated handle .... . o . + + + + _ - + + - _ _ ented ..+ - + - _ _ _ .i + . . + id . . . . . . . . . . . Spoons and Ladles ulas . + +-? + + + - - + + - - () - _ _ X -- X- X- -- -+ _ _- d ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1910. Willow . . . . . . ... . + + + - 1911. Cedar . . . . . . . . . . + 1912. Any wood . . . . . . . + rsoapberries . . . . . . . + + + spoon .+ + + + + + + _ . . + _ + boo to children lest fail to talk + . . . . . . . . .. . . + den handle . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ 1 spoon . . . . . . . . . . . + + *@e----*--*@ + + + + + le. ............. + + _ _ + _+ le (basketry).- . . - + +?_____ Pr. ............. + + + + + + + + + + + W)+ + + ddle shaped. ......... + + i,) + + + + + + ))- ) 1924. Wooden . . . . . . . . . . . . . )+ + + + + + + + 1925. Juniper . . . . . . . . . + - 1926. Cedar . . . . . . . . . . _ + 1927. Maple . + + + 1928. Rib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929. Elkhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1930. Carved . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wooden Dishes 1931. Flat platter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1932. Long, rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1933. Canoe shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + U 1934. Figures on end. . . . . . . . . . . 1935. Heavy feasting dishes . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1936. Rectangular, raised ends . . . . + 1937. Animal forms . . . . . . . . . . + 1938. Named. + 1939. Incised, painted.+ _ _ _ 1940. Inlaid ..... . . . . . + __ _ __ 1941. Bowls, plain wooden . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1942. Bowls, dug-out fungus . . . . . . . . . .+ 1943. Oil cups of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . + Other Dishes 1944. Basketry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1945. Bark .+.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + - - + + + 1946. Birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1947. Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 0 + + + _ _ + 1948. Alder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1949. Spruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950. Temporary only . . . . . . . . . + 1951. Stone bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1952. Horn bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-. + U+.? 1953. Ornamented . . . . . . . . . . . + 1954. Animal-skull bowl. 1955. Folded cedar-bark bowl . . .+ + - + + + - - - 1956. Small mats for food . . . . . . . . . . . Wooden Mortar 1957. Birch .. . + - - -. e. 1958. Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1959. Oak knot .+................... (-) + _ _- i 1960. Fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961. Alder ..... . . . ...... . . + - + _ __ 1962. Circular, with grain ...... ...+ - _ + _ _ 1963. Circular, across grain .... .. .-. + + _ - - 1964. Oblong, with grain . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + 1965. Oblong, across grain . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 1966. Plain ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + +() + 1967. Handled .-... . . . + - - i. _ - _ + 1968. Rawhide covering .... . ..... . . + - + + - _ _ 1969. Rawhide lining .... . ..-. + - + - _ _.- 1970. Ornamented ............... .................... +-_+ ___---i) --_- CULTURE EIEM. DISTRIB.: f I--RAY: PLATEAU 143 CL KI Te Um Xi K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co r Mortars _ ,for paint . . . .) . . * slab + + + + + + + rawhide hopper _ + + - ohe hopper - + - try hopper. 1unflower seeds _ + pounding plaque + . _ ^ne nuts . .........+ k pounding plaque for for berries - + on buckskin _ + sd in hands . . . .+ Pestles .~~~~~~~~ + 9 0 . O -0 0 * 0 * 0 9+ + + + + + + + + + ?d . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + _+ + + + + + +_ (1 haprersoe -............ + - +- , shape . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - _ + _+. ++ .end . .s t . + . .. . . _ ed to . . . . . . . . . . . O afe . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + hiede wrapig t1 stone . . . . . . . . . .. + + + t orller . . . . . . . . . . . + + n (hamperstone) . . . . . . . + + + + takstone head . . . . .+ + woto wooden handle with wde wrapping ....... ....+ meat, chokecherries .....+ BE ............................... + + + + + + + + + to-msgher type . . . . . . . ? ) - _ + + + + + For berries . . . . . . . + + + + + + .For nuts ........+ _ ___ + tapered . . . . . . . . . . 1 l + | + +- .,ire Making Drill i ........... - ~~~~~~+? s miceberry wood . . . . . . . . + __+_+__ .. f ~ ~~ * * * * a * ** * + pine ............+ + _+ - taken from near treetoD + + ++_+ + 2019. Pine RECORDS 2020. Pine root . . + + + - _ _ _ _ . 2021. Cottonwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ + + 2022. Cottonwood root . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2023. Fir ..... . . . . . . . . . . ... + 2024. Willow root . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + - Tinder 2025. Oak ..... . . ..... . . . 2026. Rotten oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) + 0--- 2027. Grass .+.+.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2028. Cedar .-.... . . . . . . . . ..-....) ++ )+ 2029. Cottonwood .. + + - i) U 2030. Cottonwood fungus . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031. Birch fungus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percussion 2032. Utilized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - - ++? ()+ 2033. Flint .+...... .. ......... + + + + + + + 2034. Pyrites ......... . ... . . . . . 0 Slow Match 2035. Cedar rope . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . + + -+ 2036. Sagebrush rope . . . . . . . . .+ + - -? - - 2037. Bark punk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2038. Cedar punk, pulverized, moistened, dried. + - 2039. Cottonwood bark, wrapped . . . . . . . .+ - 2040. Punk or rope carried in hand . . . . . . + - + + - 2041. Punk or rope carried in green bark . . . + 2042. Punk or rope carried in bone . . . . . . + 2043. Punk or rope carried in basket . . . . . 2044. Punk or rope covered with ashes + 2045. Willow brand .... . . . . . . . . . . 2046. Cottonwood brand + 2047. Bracken-root brand . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 2048. Coals ...+ - + 2049. Coals in green bark .... . . . . . . . _ 2050. Coals in shell . . . ... . . . . . . . . + 2051. Coals on earth on canoe floor + + + + + 2052. Fire on canoe or raft ..... . . . . . . + Implements Wooden Tongs 2053. Stick, partially split.+ | - - () . 2054. Flexible, doubled (object grasped in closed end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2055. 2-piece + + + + + + + + + + 2056. Separate (1 stick in each hand) . + + + + + + + + + 2057. Bound at handle end . . . . . . . + + -? +-? + - + - _ _ _ 2058. Bound and pivoted near middle . . ?- -------- 2059. Forked stick (spoon type) .................... + _ +. 2060. With cross s.ticks .................... + 2061. With plain stick to assist . . . + C wood ....................... _ + + ceberry wood . - + + + + + + + + + nwood" . . . . . . . . . . . + + h ends, handle reversible .. t _ + + - -++ - - ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + _ _+ +_+_+__ led stick. ..... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ice, wood. iece, separate handle . . . . + + + + + + + + + + igBht . . . . . . ._. . . . . + _- + rtd . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + + + -+ + + + + b-handled . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ b buckskin wrapped + le of wood .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + P"d . . . . . . . . ......... . . . + - + + + + ight, birch, bark covered + tonwood . . . . . . . . . . . + le ofantler..+.?.+.+.+.+. ( .+ - - + + + -+ + + er .......................... + + + tain goat . . . . . . . . . . +?+- )+ -- gstick . . . . . . . . . i) .) piece, crutch handle + + piece, wooden crutch handle . . + + _ - rn ~~~~~~~~~+ - + + i, wooden crutch handle . . . + - _ Ngstick . . ......... +____ __ ________ inary digging stick used . . . + 'shovel, wooden . . . . . . . + Horn Wedge mountain-goat horn .++ -+ + - _ _ _ _ _ u I+ I+ i'+ I + + - + -+ ar~~~~~~~~~~~ +......... +- )+ + ing . .. .. .. . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + _ + H + g* 0 0 Is0 0 . . ........... & + + .+ + + + + beve 1 +* 1-+++1 + + +-+ Wooden Wedge fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + _ + ne . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . erry . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + ++__ orn . .o . . . . . . . . . . . . + + i) - + I.- -.3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ y hardwood .-..... + + + i~) head .-....... + - _ - - Eby burning .......+ + .+ . + + _- s_ 2116. Encased in horn or bone . . . . . . . . . + Chisels 2117. Straight chisel . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + +-? - + - 2118. Curved horn chisel . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + 2119. Celt set in elkhorn . . . . . . . . . . . +? + 2120. Celt set in wood . . . . . . . . . . . . +? ) - -++. Mauls and Hammers 2121. Maul stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +) + + + + + + + 2122. Spool shape . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + 2123. Pear shape . . . . . . . . . . . + ) + + 2124. Plain head . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + 2125. Elkhorn hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - 2126. 1-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + 2127. Lateral striking head . .+ + + + 2128. Hammer with grooved head (hafted) . . . . _ + - - + - + - + 2129. Rawhide hafted + 2130. Stone pile driver . . . . . . . . . . . . +? + + + - _ + + + + ++ 2131. Hamer shape . . . . . . . . . . + 2132. Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 2133. Flat river rock . . . . .) ) + - + 2134. Wooden pile driver . . . . . . . . .+ + _ + + Adzes and Axes 2135. Straight adz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++-+ - +?---- + 2136. Stone blade . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2137. Bone blade . . . . . . . . . . . + 2138. Horn handle . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2139. Wooden handle . . . . . . . . . . + + 2140. Buckskin hand guard . . . . . . . +? + 2141. Elbow adz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +?- + + +--- + - + 2142. Stone blade . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2143. Horn blade . . . . . . . . . . . + 2144. Natural fork of tree . . . . . . + + + + + . 2145. Carved to shape. + 2146. "DI adz ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . +? _+ _ -++ 2147. Mussel adz blade . 0 - 0 0 0 0 - 2148. Whalebone adz handle . . . . . . . . . . _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2149. Stone ax ..-.. . . . . ....... . _ ? ? ? ? ?(9 2150. Hafted . Drills 2151. 1-piece drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2152. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + .2153. Drill with shaft .+ . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2154. Bone point . . . . . . . . . . . ) 2155. Horn point . . . . . . . . . . . + i)+ + 2156. Stone point . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2157. Slate . . . . . . . . . . _H_-- 2158. Flint .+ 2159. Notched pojitt. ......... _+ _-i 2160. Half round point ........+ - . 2161. Socket fits various points . .. -_ + 2162. Shaft buckskin wrapped ...... 2163. Bow drill.. _ + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 147 CL K1 Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Knives t@@@-@@@@ --................_+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Flint ..... ........ . + + + + + 'Obsidian . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - _ +? Slate. . . . . . . . . . . . + + eorn hafted . + -+ + _+ + _ - . . .Bone hafted......... ... + ,'Wood hafted + + + - + - - + Ahndle wrapped with hide ... . + + + + + - - + + + + vng knife .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + iCurved bone.+ . . . . . . .- - - ?Iusel . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + tooth engraver . . + . .) . . _ + . + + * + - + Sewing Awls , ...............+ + + + (i) + + + + + + + + Leg bone .+ + + + .Lynx . ... .....++ - ,Deer .+ + + () + + - Bear + + + - + - Coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ,Fish + - _ _ _ Goose . + ,Eagle .+ . *-*--@-@@e--e@-+ ++ + +- --++ + + + Pack Strap in . + + + + + + + +.+ + + + (*)oi) .Deer .+ +++ + .Elk.+ o o0+ :Bison-.- i + - _ _ _ _ + + + ,Fur headpiece ... + - - + + )- + + + - - + oth fur .-. o o . _ _ + - - + + - - + Bear . . . . . . . + + + + Caribou +.+ + + 2196. Leg skin. + + * Bison . . . . . . . +? Ali w 0 . 0 0 0 0. + + + - + + () - - + | + + All wool + - - Bison hair, braided, woven o. . 0 .Willow inner bark o o o o .. . + + - - + Small tule ...+ + + .Indian hemp . ._ + +i - _i Cedar bark, checkerwork. + - _ _ _ _ + _ Cedar bark, twilled +. _ _ , Twined o o o .... .. + + + + - d ends . .+ + - _ + - + + _ _ + in-thong ends. .. o o. + + + + - + 0 + + + - on head, women .+o o o . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++ + - + on head, men . . . . . . + )-+ + +_- *on chest, women.+ + + - U i) i) U i) + + ion chest, men . . ...... . + + + + + + + U + + U + + + + 1.SamLe strap as for head ................ + + - + + + + + + (i) _ + and chest straps wornL together . . . _- + _ _ s trap worn as belt .................+ _- _ -- __ ) + + -_-_ lder straps for. man's pack ..... - ---- ---- -- - 148 AkNTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th ChC Carrying Containers 2215. Basket . + + + +_ 2216. Conical . . . . . . . . . . . 2217. Prism shape . . . . . . . . . . . +i) 2218. Openwork.+ -- 2218 Opework. . . . . . . . . . . . + ___ 2219. Twined cedar bark . .+ i) 2220. Coiled, round bottom + 2221. Birch-bark basket . . . . . . . . + 2222. Rolled carrying case . . . . . . . . . . + + + () _ - + + + U + 2223. Mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + () 2224. Square of deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + 2225. Square of matting . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + -+ + + + + 2226. Circular rawhide net . . . . . . . . . . + 2227. With drawstring . . . . . . . . . 2228. Skin carrying bag. +? + + + + + i) + - 2229. Rawhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2230. Conical . . . . . . . . . + + 2231. With wood hoop . . . . . + + 2232. Cubical . .+ + 2233. Envelope (not parfleche). + 2234. Laced . . . . . . . . . . + + 2235. Parfleche . .. .) i) + 2236. Pack frame, snowshoe shape.. + - _ _ 2237. Pack frame, lashed snowshoe . . . . . . . +? - - +? +? - ? Weapons Bow 2238. Approximate length in feet . . . . . . . 4 3+ + 4 4 3 343+ *4+ 3+*4+ 2239. Broad, thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + i) - W 2240. Narrow . --+ + -+ 2241. Cross section: triangular.-? _ + - _ - i) - - _ - 2242. Elliptical . . . . . . . . . . . + + +_ +_ _+ 2243. Flat inside; rounded out . . . + + - + + - + + + + 2244. Material: syringa . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + - 2245. Yew . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2246. Cherry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247. Oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2248. Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0 + 2249. Thorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2250. Serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . + 2251. Juniper . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 2252. Balsam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2253.-Hazel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ - 2254. From east side of tree . . . . . . . . . 2255. From shady side of tree . . . . . . . . . 2256. From protected side . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2257. From stormy side . . . . . . . . . . . . 2258. From side with fewest limbs . . . . . . . 2259. Self bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2260. Sinew-backed bow . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + 2261. Grooved for sinews . . . . . . . + + 2262. Salmon-skin glue . . . . . . . . + + - 2263. Sturgeon glue . . . . . . . . . . + . 2264. Hoof glue .t. .........._: 2265. Snakeskin backed ............_+ 2266. Constricted grips .(t........ ..... ...... ) + + + (@) + - - + (i) 2267. Wrapped grips ............... + + + + + + + - + + CULTURE ELEMI. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 149 CL K1 Te UmKi K2|Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co uckskin .+ + + + + - + ? untain-ash bark ... . . . _ + _ erry bark .... . .-.. . . + + + + _ + ends ..(. . . . . . . ... .. . i )+ - + + -+ - + + + + remonial bows only .+ _ _ _ _ llds . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ i) new ...+ + + + + untain ash_ + - _ ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bed ..... . ...... . . + + + + + + + + + + p g shock absorber . . . . . . . . + + + + + + WD.1lgroove down inside . . . . . . + -+? + + ()? en)snakeskin covered .. + - + - _ + + -(i)+ + + + ttlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1 snake . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + b .................... + + + + - - + _ + + + -? i) + + - 11 red . . . . . . . . . . . . . + i)+ + + + + + Zds only . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + lack back, red inside.+ - + _ _ . . . i) - Black and white . . . . . . . . . + Grosshatched . .+ () + - _ _ Xpiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + . . + _ + + + bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ) + ? ? ?+ - Spliced . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -sheep-horn bow . . . . . . . . . + - + ? ?+ + + Spliced . . . I . . . . . . . . . + + + + -horizontally . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - +(i) + + )+ + + Little finger on inside.+ - _ + - + + + Arrow between index and middle fingers ..+ +- ++ Arrow between middle and 4th fin- gers . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrow between index finger and thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Lddiagonally . . . . . . . . . . .++ +- +)- dvertically . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - Arrow rests on index finger . . + + + + + + Bowstring ......................_+ __- +? + (i) - + - (f) _ + + . . @- @- - @- @- - X + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + thong . . . . . . . . . . . . . hide thong .... . . + i..) *W@e-e*@----@@@- _ _ ~~~~~+ + ply (excluding thongs).+ - - .@@ee*---@ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + ply . . . . . . . . . . . . 1+ Arrows l: syringa ..... . . . . + - .Serviceberry .............. . + + + + + + + + Serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . + + .Thorn ..++ ted .................. __________+ - + + - - For bison only + + tening implement .............. + - - + + + + + - - - + - - 4Fork of horn ..............+ -_ 150 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Kl Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch 2319. Perforated bone or horn . . . . . + 2320. Perforated wooden . . . . . . . . +? - - + 2321. Straightened with hands and teeth . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2322. Straightened over knee . . . . . . . . . + -+ 2323. Heated while straightening . . . . . . . + + + + + 2324. Scraper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2325. Mussel shell . . . . . . . . . . 2326. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ 2327. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2328. Polisher .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + +++ 2329. Scouring rush . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + * + 2330. Sandstone abrader . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + - 2331. Grooved . . . . . . . . . + + + 2332. Forked stone flake . . . . . . . - - + - - + - + 2333. Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + )+ + -?-+ - - 2334. Sharkskin . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 0 0 0 0 0 2335. Rough horn . . . . . . . . . . . 2336. Feathering: double, tangential (see fig.) + _+ - + - 2337. Double, radial (see fig.) . . . + - - + - 2338. Double, spiral (see fig.) . . . . + + 2339. Triple, tangential . . . . . . . + 2340. Triple, radial . . . . . . . . . + + + 2341. Triple, spiral . . . . . . . . . + + 2342. Quadruple, radial . . . . .+ + - 2343. Quadruple, spiral . . . . 2344. Whole feather . + - _ _ _ - + 2345. Half feather . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 2346. Quill doubled back (see fig.) * * _ - + - i) + + 2347. Feathers trimmed . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + 2348. Evenly for short arrow. . + - + + - - 2349. Wider at butt for long arrow.+ + + + + + 2350. Wider at butt for all . I 2351. Narrower at butt . . . .i) 2352. Flared at butt . . . . . + 2353. Sinew wrapping . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2354. Pitched wrapping . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2355. Feathers used: eagle . . . . . . + + + + + + + + U 2356. Hawk . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 2357. Goose . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 2358. Yellowhammer. . . . . . . + 2359. Fool hen . )+ 2360. Grouse . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2361. Duck . . . . . . . . . .) ) + 2362. Nob on butt. 2363. Notched butt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +' 2364. Butt sinew wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . + + +-? + ? + + + + + + 2365. Butt wrapped with cherry bark . . . . +? - 2366. Arrows painted . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + -+ 2367. For decoration . . . . . . . . . + + ) ) + + 2368. To identify when lost . . . . . . + + + - i) 2369. Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2370. Spirally charred . . . . . . . . + + 2371. Arrow points of stone .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 2372. Obsidian, flint . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 2373. Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . .- + - 2374. Points of bone. ............ + + + + - _9-) + + + + +i 2375. Tanged. ............ .__+__- - +v; 2376. Multiple barbs, bilateral . . . . + - - + - - *+ X 2377. Multiple barbs, unilateral . . . (9__-- ) +,: CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 151 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co 78. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + * + + + - + + + + - 79. For rabbits, birds + - + + + + O.For war . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + * + + + _ ts of shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . chable points . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . For war only . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 4. Poisoned points only . . . . . . + + head marked to identify . . . . . . ( ) + -- +_ .pointed or untipped arrows . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7. Point hardened in fire . . . . . + + + - + + B For rabbits, birds . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 90. For war. . . . . . . . . . . . . + und bird or rabbit arrows . . . . . + + - + + - _ - _ - + + 92. Of stiff grass and wood .+ + + + + attached to bird arrows . . . . . . + arrows with blunt head . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + 5. Fiber wrapped . . . . . . . . . . + 96.Knobbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . + )+ + + + + 7.Cross stick . . . . . . . . . . . + skipping arrow . . . . . . . . . . . iple-pointed arrow . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 0. Number of points . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 - * 4 1. For fish . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + - 3. War only . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + + 4. For grizzly bear only . . . . . . - + + _ 5. Vegetable . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2406. Root . . . . . . . . . . + + + 7. Rattlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Magical ... + + _ 2409. Point "burned" + 2410. "Poison" from wood split with lightning . . . . + release primary . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Quiver hide .-.... . . . . . . . . . . + +- + + + + + ii + 3.Seal .0.0.0.0.0.0. . . . . . . . _ O O O O O O O 4. Cougar .. + 5.Raccoon . . .+ - + + + - - + . _ 6. Fox - + . + 7. Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 8. Coyote ..+ - + + - - + + - _ + + 9. Otter ..+ + + + + + . + - + .Mink ...+ _ + - 1. Fisher . .+ - + + * + + + 2. Wolverine + i .) .Beaver.. . + + + + _ _ _ - + + Any small fur + Tail hangs down . ........ + + + + + + -skin quiver ... . ...... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7. Seal ..... . . . . i) .Bear ..... . . .. .....+ - + + - _ _ _ .Deer ... . .-..... . . + + + - - + + + + 0,Bison + + - $1. Rawhide.+ + - +- 2. Basketry bottom -............... + - Fequiver.+ - + 2435. Doubled at bottom . . . . . . . . 2436. Quiver painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2437. Quiver carried at side . . . . . . . . . + + + 2438. Quiver carried on back . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + Clubs 2439. Rock filled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +? + + + 2440. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2441. Rawhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2442. With wrist string + 2443. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + )--+ + 2444. Tomahawk . . . . . . . . . . . . 2445. Paddle shape . . . . . . . . . . + 2446. Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' + 2447. Antler, tined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + -+? + 2448. Wooden ..... . .. ++ + + +? + + + + 2449. Paddle shape . . . . . . . . . . 2450. Bat shape-. . . . . . . . . . . . + 2451. Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 2452. Knobbed head . . . . . . . . . . + + + i) + + + + + 2453. Hardwood . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2454. Hemlock . . . . . . . . . + + _ - 2455. Natural knot . . . . . . + + 2456. Buckskin covered . . . . . . . . + 2457. Handle only . . . . . . .+ - 2458. Spirit symbol . . . . . .+ 2459. Inset stone spike . . . . . . . . 2460. Inset antler spike . . . . . . . + + 2461. Inset with small pieces of flint. 2462. Carried in buckskin bag 2463. Elk-antler club and quirt combined . . . + + Spears , 2464. For warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + 2465. For hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2466. Bone tip .... . . ...... . . . . . . + _+ + + 2467. Horn tip _. + 2468. Stone tip .... . . ...... . . . . + + + + + + + 2469. Obsidian, flint . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2470. Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2471. Copper blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2472. Detachable point . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473. Self-pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2474. Thrown 2475. Spear thrower . . . . . . . . . . 2476. Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ Daggers 2477. 1-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + 2478. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2479. Slate . . . . . . . . . . + 2480. Obsidian. . . . . + + 2481. Bone....... .. . ||+ - |+ 2482. Horn. .......... . .. . + 2483. Double-pointed .. . ...... + - _ + - 2484. Constricted centrally . . + + - * Stone blade .+ + + .Copper blade . . . . . . . . . . Wooden handle . . . . . . . . . . + + Horn handle . ......+ * Wrapped handle . . . . . . . . . + st string . ... . . . . . . . . . + . + .- Slingshot eskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ) -.-+ )-i + + bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + . n cords . . . . . . . . . . . . .- + + + sds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ ____ ords .... ..... . . .) . 0 * 0 0 * - +_ _++ +_ ting (birds, etc.). + _ + - + _ + St . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + - + - toy I I 41 0 O + + + + Armor sd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _+_ __++++ + + + + + elkskin . . . . . . . . . .. . - - poncho or vest . . . . . . . . . + + + + + of elkskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Covers exposed side only . . . + + Fastened around neck . . . . . . + + tshield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ ______+ Elkskin . Bison skin + Slate on buckskin breastpiece . - i) Scapula on buckskin breastpiece - + ,whide belt.. - _ _ _ - + _ + Neck of bull bison . . . . . . . + + Rump of mountain goat . . . . . . + in helmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ___ __+___ 6. Covers face, with eyeholes . . . + 7. Head strap only . . . . . . . . . helmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ ________ cket, twined . . . . + + + + + + -? + + .Wooden rods .+ + + + - + Rods of twisted strips of elk rawhide . . . . . . . . . . . . + cedar-bark robe . . . . . . . . . 0 - - - - 0 - ative cap" representing guardian it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ rs naked . . . . . . . . . + + rs wear moccasins and breechcloth l + + + Shield de . . . . . . ........... +++_ __ + __+_ + + + + Without frame + + + + 3.QOblong. ............ + - _ + i~) + - _ .iRound.+ + + .) + + 1. Arm loop + + I+ 154 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch9 2532. Encircled with feathers . . 2533. Twined rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRANSPORTATION Dug-out Canoes 2534. Exclusive type .+ + + + + + - _ + _ 2535. Extensively used . . . + + + + + + R + R 2536. Supplementary to bark canoe . . . . . . . + 2537. Native cedar . . . . . . ... . . . . . . + + + - + + - + + 2538. Drift cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ U - - U 2539. Pine . ++ + + ++ + +_ 2540. ~ Cotnwo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U- 2540. CottonwoodU 2541. Tree felled by burning . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + 2542. Tree felled with chisel . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + 2543. Tree dug up by roots . . . . . . . . . . 2544. Hollowed by burning only . . . . . . . . 2545. Hollowed with chisel only . . . . . . . . - 2546. Hollowed by burning, then chiseling . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2547. Hollowed with adz .+ + 2548. Burning: with hot rocks. + + - + + - - + 2549. With fir shavings . . . . . . . . + - 2550. With pine shavings . . . . . . . 0 + - + + Shovel-Nose Canoe 2551. Square bow (see fig.) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2552. Square stern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2553. Projecting, flat bow and stern (see fig.) _ _ + - 2554. Sharp bow, rounded stern (see fig.) . . - + _ _ _ _ _ - + 2555. Sharp bow and stern .+ - + + + - 2556. Semisharp bow and stern . . . . . . . . .+ Coast-Type Canoes 2557. Northern type (see fig.) . . . . . . . . 2558. Nutka type (see fig.) . . .+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + - 2559. Projecting bow . . . . . . . . . + 2560. Separate piece . . . . . + + 2561. Carved . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2562. Painted, decorative . . . . . . . + + 2563. Shell inlay . . . . . . . . . . . + 2564. Gunwale strips . . . . . . . . . + 2565. Thwarts. . + + 2566. Sewed . + 2567. Round . . . . . . . . . . + + 2568. Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2569. In stern . . . . . . . . + + 2570. Board on bottom . . . . . . . . . ) 2571. Poles on bottom . . . . . . . . .+ 2572. Mats to kneel on . . . . . . . . + 2573. Basketry pad . . . . . . . . . . 2574. Oar locks . . . . . . . . . . . . 2575. Harpoon rest ................. . +__ 2576. Bar of cottonwood . ................. _ 2577. Carvei and painted ... _ 2578. Notch in bow ... . + * Outside black ......... . + + L Inside red .... . . . . . . . + * Pigment mixed with oil .+ + >.Oiled ................... _ _+ Charred or blackened'inside . - + + - + i.Scorched outside . . .+ - - + (+e) + .Pitched outside . . . + + + + 2587. Cracks only .+...... + + Bker specializes and sells + + (? i) - ) + + -- ! Face painted while working ... + _ __ Inherited power . . . .. .-..-. +? _ L Taboo on combing hair .-. . . . . Taboo for others to watch . Shaman constantly present + - oes communally built - + ngceremony ... . . ..+ - _ _...- + Beaver killed + * Helpers paid .... . . . . . . .Feast . ... . . . . . . . . 0. ..... + + * Gifts by owner .(.).. . . . . . ).Doctoring .(. . . . . . . . . . ) ;d . . . . . . . . . . . __ . __ _- - + "Owned" names . . Animal names + s,poles, bailer named .. . + . . _ tied together . + - _ - +.- -.+.( ) Platform resting on two .... . + + + 2607. Ceremonial .... . . . + 2608. Transport .+...... . + + + sternforemost .-... . - - _ ._ bowforemost .+.+......... + + + + + + sidewise .... . . . _ . + + - + ross canoe to avoid tipping . . + Bark Canoes ba k . . . . . . ... . . + bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... _ ___ __ + -+ U + bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ___ + - + k ........................... _ __ (_)- _ _ + n nose type (see fig.) .... + - + - + -__ t prow and stern (see fig.) . . . U + - + - + + 1 prow and stern (see fig.) . . . - - + - _ _ _ imate length in feet . . . . . . . 15 18 12 mate width in feet . . . . . . . . 2+ 2 inal framing: slats . . . . . . . + - - + + + + 5.Poles ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + i) _ _ _ _ Bottom only . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - Inside lateral ribs . . + + Between lateral ribs and bark + + - _ _ i1 ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + .Main framing . . . . . . . . + ig (to take wear, not structural) + + + _ _ _ l Slats - iestrips (poles). + + + + + + + . 1, on top ............ - )-+-- 156 - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca 2634. 1, outside. . . . . . . . . . . . + 2635. 2, 1 each side . . . . . . . . . + 2636. 3, 1 on top, 1 each side . . . . + 2637. Thwarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2638. Reinforcing pole, stem and stern . . . . + + 2639. Inside bark . . . . . . . . . . . 2640. Outside bark . . . . + + 2641. Bark at prow and stern: no. of layers . 3 2642. Decked over at prow and stern . . . . . . + 2643. Raised prow and stern . . . . . . . . . . U 2644. Sewing and lashing: spruce root. 2645. Willow bark . . . . . . . . . . . 2646. Cedar root . . . . . . . . . . . 2647. Pitched on outside . . . . . . . . . . . + + Rafts 2648. Of logs . 2649. Pointed in front . . . . . . . . . . . . 2650. Number of cross poles . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 3 2651. Tied with: willow . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + 2652. Hazel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2653. Thorn bark . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2654. Spruce root . . . . . . . . . . . 2655. Logs notched for tying . . . . . . . . .+ - + 2656. Used for: creeks . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 2657. Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2658. River transport .+ + + + + + 2659. V-shaped raft, towed by horse . . . . . .+ 2659a.For transporting goods only . + 2660. For temporary use only . . . . . . . . .+ Other Watercraft 2661. Hides on frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2662. Parfleches laced together . . . . . . . . 2663. For transporting goods 2664. For transporting children . . 2665. For transporting adults. 2666. Towed by swimmer . . . . . . . . 2667. Towed by horse . . . . . . . . . 2668. Man swims alongside, steadies . . . . . . . 2669. Top covered. 2670. Brush inside (to make buoyant). 2671. Balsa... (-..- -.- 2672. Tule mats on outside of bark canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . Paddles 2673. Double paddle. 2674. Single paddle, long handle . . . . . . . ++ + + + + - 2675. Approximate handle length in feet 3 3 3 2i 2i 2 3i 2675a.Approximate blade length in feet. 21 2i 2 2i 2i 2 1i 2676. Single paddle, short handle ....... 2677. Material: cedar .- + .- + + + + . + 2678.NMaple .- + .(. . . .. . . . + . - 2679. Yew .- . . . .- 2680. Dogwood.+ - .- P.Handlebuttplain . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + * Handle butt flattened . . . . . . + + + .Handle butt splayed . . . . . . . + + + - + e, separate crutch handle butt . . + - _ _ + + + . Dowelled . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + end hide-wrapped ... i) + (-)??????_ _ )i) + + end: squared (see fig.) . . ... - + - + ? Rounded (see fig.) . . . . . . . + + - - + + G Diamond (see fig.) . . . . . . . i) - ) - + + . Pointed (see fig.) . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + _ Notched (see fig.) . . . . . . . +) .Decorative.+ () + + + i) Spirit symbol, animal designs . . + - For ownership . . . . . . . . . . - i) + 9. All red . . . . . . . . . . . . . i) + + + Burned spiral . . . . . . . . . . + Fd . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . _+___ _ ____ _ 3. em'lock . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ *.Alder .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + Crosshatched' + and charred . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?.~~ Crssathe . . . . . . . . . . + +ncar .......- + _ + Poling Rods nt (made with canoe) .... . . . + + + + + + in . . . 4.. . . . . . , '.. . . . . + - + - + + - ly used, at stern .... . . . .. + d on each side .... . . . + + + 1: small fir pole.(i) + + + + + + + + i) . Hemlock pole .... . . . . . . + _ _ + - ? Pine pole .... . . . . ... . + _ + 3Cedar pole .... . . . .. . .) + + _ + .Split cedar ...... . . . . . . + + _ ?Yew pole . .?. .. . ... .... . + _ _+ -_ 1Cherry, serviceberry _ + S. Any kind . . . . . . . . 4+ - + Bd .0 . . . . . . . . . + + + + + +- + + + + + + dat point .+... . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + ) - + + ovel- no secanoe. ........ + + + - - + (.+ ~ pn lakes .......................... . _ - + - _ _ w rivers ........ ....... .... ....... + _ + - - + - _ _ sea .i. . . . . . i) 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 th dug-out canoe .... . . . . . + + - + th bark canoe ords ............... ___ . ................... ..................+ ****************** ~~~~CL l Te mK 2W nK hL hC 2737. Caribou skin . . . . . . . . . . + 2738. Supported by mast only . . . . . . . . . + 2739. Mast with crosspiece . . . . . . . . . . + 2740. Mast and diagonal pole . . . . . . . . . 2741. Halyards .... . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2742. Mast socket: block type . . . . . . . . . + 2743. Board with hole, fastened between thwarts . . . . . . . . . . . . 2744. Used especially with double canoes Bailers and Anchors 2745. Bailer ..... . . . . . . . . . ... + ++ + + -+ 2746. Hands used . . . . . . . . . . . + 2747. Paddle used . . . . . . . . . . . + + -) + + 2748. Wooden, dug out . . . . . . . . . + + + 2749. Triangular . . . . . . . + 2750. Large cup . . . . . . .. + 2751. Ladle shape . . . . . . . + + + 2752. Handled . . . . . . . . . + ) 2753. Wooden box or bucket . . . . . . 2754. Woven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2755. Twined tule . . . . . . . + - 2756. Flat coiled basket . . . + - + + + . + 2757. Old basket . . . ... . . + 2758. Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2759. Birch . . . + + + + 2760. Bent cedar bark . . . - + + 2761. Hafted alder bark . . + + + _ i 2762. Stone anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2763. Mooring only.- - . _ + . Land Transportation Snowshoes 2764. Frame: maple . . . + + + + + + 2765. Syringa . . . . . . . . . . . 2766. Hazel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ - 2767. Serviceberry . . . . . . . . . . + 2768. Fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769. Mythologically determined . .+ 2770. Netting: cedar withe . . . . . . . . . . 2771. Willow . . . . . . . . . . + + 2772. Indian hemp . . . . . . . . . . . +- 2773. Gut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +___ _ _--+ H 2774. Rawhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + i) + + + + 2775. Bear . . . . . . ... . . + + 2776. Deer . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + 2777. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 0 + 2778. Caribou . . . . . . . . . 0 + _ + 2779. Sinew . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 2780. Loop menh ..................... .+ + + + + 2781. Checkerwork mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2782. Comet shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + 2783. Pointed front . . . . . -L.+ + 2784. Rounded fronj> ...... + 2785. 1-piece frame, tied at back . . . + 2786. 2-piece frame, tied front and back + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 159 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Number of cross sticks 2 (2 2 2 2 pe . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + - Temporary .-... . . . . . . . . + _ For children only .-... . . . . - + + _ - (?) shape . . . . . . . . . . . + + )+ + + + Weshape.+ + 1 1-piece, tied at back + + + ,gpe turned up at front . + + + + + + esturned up at front ... . . . + + + + + + + + tied around frame . . . . . . . . + + + + + tied through holes in frame . . - + type .-.-.-.-. . . . . . ... . +? Miscellaneous =~~~~~~~~ (............. ) - - + - - - i)- - + - .Birch bark . . . . . . . . . + ldge .- - ... ... .+ - - -+ +-+ + +? + sledge for transporting goods . . + + - - + + + led sledge ...... . _ + - + + _ is . . . . . . . . . . . . . + acked . ' - _ _ + _+ + + + _ _ BASKETRY AND FABRICS Basketry . .... ............ ...? +-? + + + ++ + + + + + Principal technique. . . . + + H - + + + . Extensively utilized o .. . + + + + + + + + + - . Trade pieces only .. . - _ _ _ _ _ * 0 . - - 0 0 --- ---- + + + + + + + + + + + + Principal technique . . ( + _ ) + Extensively utilized.+ . + + - - _ _ _ sklets .U U + + + + + Principal type .. _ + _ - - + Extensively utilized _ _ + + - + + Coiled als: cedar root + U + + - _ .Spruce root U + U - + + tion: splint.- +? - _ _ - U + + ,Single rod .-. _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ ,Rod and splint .-. . _. _ . . Bundle . . ...............+ + + + + + + + + section shape: round .U + U - + U - - Oval . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + U U ( ) . Square .- - .-. . _ _ _ + - + 5 Squarish .-.. ...... . . . . . - U + + + + + ,1 0 .. .... ......+ + + + U + + + r .- . . . . . .. ._ ...........u - U + () - H d bottom ......ID....... l,.... + + + + bOttom . . - + + + + + thening hoop around rim, outside. - - - - + - - - whening hoop around rim, inside - - - - - - - + rk rim ............... U - - d rim (hide, quills) ............... U - - - - - - + oated ................. + + + + (W) + + + + + 2836. Design . . . ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2837. One field (whole basket). + + + + _ + 2838. 2 horizontal bands . . . . . . . + 2839. 3 horizontal bands . . . . . . . 2840. 4 horizontal bands . . . . . . . + 2841. Buffalo grass . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2842. Bear grass . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2843. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2844. Cherry bark . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2845. Serviceberry bark . . . . . . . . + 2846. False embroidery + U 2847. Dyes (for design materials). + + + + + 2848. Alder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2849. Hemlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ 2850. Oregon grape inner bark + + - 2851. Oregon grape root . . . . . . . . + + + 2852. Maple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 2853. Mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2854. White clay . . . . . . . . . . . + 2855. Blue huckleberries . . . . . . . + + 2856. Fir fungus . . . . . . . . . . . + 2857. Workside outside . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) ) ) + Twined 2858. Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + ++? 2859. 3-strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2860. Strengthening splints . . . . . . . . . . + 2861. Twining alternated with interwoven splints .. - + 2862. Openwork .... . . .. +UU+ ++ + 2863. Wrapped twining . .+ + - + + + -? 2864. Overlay ..... . . .+..... . . . . + + + + + ++ 2865. Twilled . + + +-? + + + 2866. Flat bags (envelope type) . . . . . . . . + 2867. Round bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2868. Flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2869. Folding type . . . . . . . . . . + + 2870. Rigid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2871. Materials: Indian hemp . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - 2872. Willow bark . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + 2873. Rushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2874. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2875. Corn husk . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2876. Quills . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checker Work 2877. Cedar-splint baskets . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2878. Cedar-bark strips . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2879. Rush baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2880. Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2881. Cloaks .(.................... i-) - - 2881. Clakske .ottoms . . . . . . . . .....__+ Bark Baskets i 2883. Materials: birch ............U ++ d 2884. Cedar .(....... ) US CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XI--RAY: PLATEAU 161 CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co 85. Spruce . . . . . ....... ....... . . . . + X + B6. Pine . . . . . . . . . . . . U + + + 87. Fir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . Cottonwood U - n baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 0. Cross-section shape: round . . .+ 2891. Oblong + + U + + + 2892. Squarish + g + + - - + .3. End profile: square + ()- U + + + 2894. Trapezoidal + + + + -(i)- 2895. Wider at top . . + - + + () 2896. Wider at bottom . - + _ _ 2897. Triangular (wedge shape). + Side profile: square + + - + _ + + + 2899. Trapezoidal + + + i) + 2900. Wider at top . + ) + + + + 2901. Wider at bottom -(9)- + +_ --i) cylindrical baskets of spruce, @, fir . . . . . . .... . . . . ..... . + + - + (9) sd seams _ - () + + + . Stitches at right angles (see l fig.) + + + 7. Stitches diagonal (see fig.). . - + - _ . Cross stitch (see fig.) _ + - _ ,Wd seams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ( + + + - + 0. Parallel stitches (see fig.). . * (e)* + + ? Diagonal stitches .. . + + * + - + 2 Stitches at right angles .. . + - + _ _ ?3. Tacked or unsewed (some only) . .+ 5: inverted Y (see fig.) .... . + + + (9) + + - + 5. Single, vertical (see fig.) . . . - - + - + 6. Overlapped .-. ... .... . . ... + + + - - + rengthened with hoop . * ..... . + + + + + + + + Overlaid with decorative stitch- :ing + + + + + + hing: spruce root .... . . . . . + + + Miscellaneous ed spoon container .... . . . . . + - + try seed beater .-... - .+? - _ _ _ _ 2. Rawhide beater on willow frame. - + + r . o. ... . ..... . . ....... _ +? + + + Flat, elliptical .... .. . . + + Flat, U-shaped .... . . ... + 6. Twined willow ...+ gebaskets .... ...... . . . + + + + + + + 8.Twrined . . . . . ....... .... ...... + + + + + + i 2.P Willow . .D . .9 4. . .. + + + +_ Spruce root.+ - 3.Rush .. + + + + +_ rush baskets .+ - _ + Cordage and Fiber Cordage rials: alder inner bark .-............... + + - _-? _____+ .Willow ................ + I+ + + + I+ + - (9)- - + |+| ? + 162 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Kl. Te UIm Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th C'h 2935. Cedar inner bark .(. . . . . . . + 2936. Spruce inner bark . ..... . . + + - _ 2937. Maple inner bark .. _ - + _ 2938. Indian hemp ... . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2939. Rush .... ...... . . . . + + + _ _+_ - 2940. Iris .... . . . . . . . . . . _ 2941. Nettle ... . . +. . . . . . . . - + 2942. Hair .. + + + + + + + - _ _ 2943. Bison . .+ 2944. Horse .... . . + 2945. Sea-lion gut .... . . . . .. 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 2946. Sinew .... . ..... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2947. String: 2 ply .... . . . . ..... . + - + + + + 2948. 3 ply .... . . ..-. . + _ _ _ 2949. 4 ply .... . . . . . + 2950. Cord and rope: 2 ply ... . ..... . + - + + + + 2951. 3 ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 2952. 4 ply .. _ + _ _ _ 2953. Rolled on thigh, by men ... . + . _ . ( - + + 2954. By women .. o . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2955. Braided cord .... . . . . . o o ... + -?+ + + + + + + + ++ 2956. Willow . . + + - 2957. Cedar .... . . + . i) -0 .- +. . 2958. Indian hemp . .+ + + + + - + + + 2959. Hair . .+ .4 . . . . _ 2960. Gut ..... . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 2961. Wool + 2962. Rawhide . .+ + + + 2963. Buckskin .... . ..... . . + + + + )+ 2964. Bark shredder .... . . . . . . ... + _+ 2965. Stone . 2966. Bear scapula .. . . + 2967. Whalebone .0. . _ 2968. Long stick .... . . . . . . . + 2969. Crescentic ..... . ..... . 2970. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2971. Animal form . . . . . . . . . . . 2972. Used with paddle edge as anvil. - 2973. Grooved club for cedar bark . 2974. Tool for removing bark from tree . . . . + + 2975. Sharpened stick . . . . . . . . .+ 2976. Horn or bone 2977. Fiber scraper . .+ + + + + + - + ++ 2978. Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2979. Stone . .+ + - 2980. lint . 1+ 2981. Obsidian . . . . . . . .+ 2982. Bone .'. a . . . . . . + + 2983. Wooden . . .. + 2984. Split stick (fibers drawn through) . . . . . . . . . . . . ++-+ + _ _ 2985. Doubled bark (fibers drawn through). . . . . . . . . . . . 2986. Fibers drawn between thumb and stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2987. Withe rope: cedar . . .. <. .. + _ _ _ _ - 0 - _ - + - 2988. Hazel. ............. _+ + - _ _ _ _- . +- 2989. Serviceberry. .........+ _ 2990. Grapevine ............ + -_+-__-?-__ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXII--RAY: PLATEAU 163 CL K1 Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co .Thon ..... . . . . . . . . . + .Willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +-? + + + + + .Spruce root.+ _ - _ _ + + - + + _ _ Fabrics Matting ....... . .. . . . . ..+. . . . . . .-. + + + + + _ + * Indian hemp, twined + _ _ - + .Cedar ..+ + - + + + 2997. Checkerwork . . . . . . . + + + + 2998. Shredded, twined . . . . (_) - 2999. Designs . . . . . . . . . + Iris, twined . . . . . . . . . . + ,twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - - + i) - + + .Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + .Cattail . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + , twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + - ,sewn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + .Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 7.Cattail . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + - .Single layer . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + R.Double layers . . . . . . . . . . -? + ---? -?--- + 0. Self edged (turned back, sewed) + LWillow twined edge . . .+ + - + + + + H - () BIndian hemp twined edge + + ) 3. Willow stiffened ends . . . . . . + ) 4. Sewed with awl . . . . . . . . . . + 5.Eyed needle . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3016. Hardwood . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 3017. Length (inches) *1 6 24 18 8 18 18 6 6 6 6 3018. Bone . .+ + - + + + + + + 3019. Length (inches) 12 6 6 6 6 5 4 3020. Straight. . + + + + - + + + + + 3021. Curved . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 3022. Distal eye . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - 3. Creaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ _ _ - + . + + - 3024. Animal form . . . . . . . + 3025. D-shape . . . . . . . . . + 3026. Flat block . . . . . . . + + + 3027. Stone . . . . . . . . . .+ 3028. Grooved edge. .+ - Blankets en.-.......... _ _- + + - - - (H)+ + + - _ _ 3. Manufactured . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1. Received in trade only . . + - _ _ 2. Mountain-goat wool . + + + + () 3. Mountain-sheep wool . . . . . . . +? 4.Dogwool +-- [. Dg wol .. . . . . . . . . . . _+__ 5. Wool mixed with other fibers . . - - _ 3036. Earth or fibers beaten in + 7. Spindle . . ... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3.Rolled on thigh . . . . . . . . . + - + 3039. By men, women ......F F 0. Fiber twisting form . . . . .- ._? l. Roller loom ....... . .- + 02. Fixedloom ........ ...+ + * + + 164 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Ki Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Chl 3043. Suspended warp . . . . . . . . . 3044. Strip fabric blankets . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + U + 3045. Rabbitskin . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3046. Young mountain goat . . . . . . . 3047. Wildcat skin . . . . . . . . . . + u 3048. Duckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 3049. Fur warp . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + 3050. String warp . . . . . . . . . . . + _ . 3051. Sewed skin blankets . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3052. Raccoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + i) - + + 3053. Coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 3054. Marmot . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3055. Ground hog . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3056. Mountain beaver . . . . . . . . . + 0 DRESS AND ORNAMENTATION (Note: In this section the following symbols are used where practice differs according to sex and age: M, worn by men only; F, worn by women only; C, worn by children only; +, worn by both men and women; -, worn by neither sex. In all other en- tries + and - merely indicate presence or absence of the element; reference should be made to the more inclusive entries to determine utilization according to sex.) Dress Body Dress 3057. Naked .(.-.).-.-.-. . . . . -(.) ? 3058. Breechcloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M + + M M + M M + M + 3059. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . . 3060. Willow bark . . . . . . . . . . . + 3061. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + M + + + -M + + 3062. Skin with fur . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + i) - + + + + 3063. Decorated with quill work . .+ 3064. Used in summer . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + 3065. Used in winter . . . . + + + + + + + - + 3066. Apron ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . F F - M -FM - F-- 3067. Front only . . . . . . . . . . . 3068. Front and back . . . . . . . . . + + 3069. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . . + O- 3070. Rushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3071. Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3072. Fiber skirt. F -F F F - F X I F 3073. Shredded bark . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 3074. Cedar . . . . . . . . + i) - - 0 + . 3075. Sagebrush . . . . . . . . 0 + + + + 3076. Maple . . . . . . . . . . 3077. Grass . . . . . . . ... . . . . . + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 165 CL El Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co p3079. For work ........ . + iece + + + + + + - pieces - + a 00 . -0 . 0 0 0 F F - +- + + F --- -piece + - + + + friece . . . . . . . . . . . .+ "P fringe .. . . . . .+ + ; ............~~~m M MMM M M M M + -M -M M. M Wkskin ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + skins, 1lback,1front .. I'D + + + + + + + + + + + pieces . . . . . . . . . . . il at yoke .. o o . _ _ _ _ at yoke . . .+ + + + Ist length . . . .. . + + e'length ... ..+ d at sides ...... . o . + + _ _ + + - _ + + + ed at sides .... ..+ + _ _ _ edat sides .+ - - + ++?-? - + + - _ _ 'nged . o o o . . o o . + + + - _ + + - + + + + eeves . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + - + + + + 3100. Long..+__ - +?- - + + 3101. Short . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ 3102. Separate pieces . +? + + - +? -- - + + + ainted . . . . . . . . . . ? + _ + + + + + 3104. One color all over . . + + 3105. D6signs . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3106. To mark coups . . . . . . + pplique ornamentation . .+ + _ _ _ + + + + + + + 3108. Elk teeth . . . . + + - + _ + - 3109. Beaver teeth . . . + + - _ _ hell . + + -? -? - + + + + + 3111. Dentalia . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - + 3112. Clam . . . . . . - . + Bone, long, slender . . . . . . . + + Baver claws . . . . . . . . . . + + orcupine quills.-? + --? -? + + + + + + + . . . .1 . a a . . .. . . .. F F F F F F F F F - F - F F F 'Bokskin .. . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2skins,Rl back, 1 front . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + lail at yoke . . . + - _ ead at yoke . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + Knee length . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - Aukle length . . . + . . . . . . + Sewed at sides . . . . . . . . . + + + Laced at sides . . . . . . . . . + Laced up front . . . . . . - + Sleeves . . ... . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + 328. Short, sewed . . . . + + . + 3127. Short, unsewed . + + + + - - + + 3130. Flaps (open underneath) . + + + + 3131. Separate pieces . . . . . + + Applique ornamentation . . . . + + + R+ + + + + + + + + + 166 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL Kl Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch.a 3133. Skin cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + U + + + 3134. Squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3135. Unsquared . .. . .+ + - + + + + + + + + 3136. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . 3137. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 3138. Fastened around neck . . . . . . + + + _ - + + + + + 3139. Fastened over shoulder. . - + + - _ _ - _ 3140. Fastened with wooden or bone pins -? + _ - - + + - + 2 3141. Fastened with buckskin thong . . + + + + + + - + 3142. Worn with belt . . . . . . . . . + + 3143. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 3144. 1 color, white or red . + 3145. Grass or bark cape . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + _ - 3146. Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3147. Shredded bark . . . . . . . . . . + + - 3148. Sewed rushes . . . . . . . . . . ) ) - 3149. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3150. Fastened around neck . . . . . . + + + + 3151. Fastened over shoulder + + 3152. Worn with belt . . . . . . . . . + 3153. Hooded cape or coat . . . .- - _ _ - + - _ - - 3154. Rushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3155. Sewed-skin robe . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3156. Raccoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + 0 + 3157. Badger . . . . . . . . . .-. . . + O 3158. Mountain beaver . . . . . . . . . + +? 0 + 0 3159. Marmot . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3160. Ground hog . . . . . . . . . . . + 3161. Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + 3162. Rabbit-fur robe of woven strips + + + + + + + + + + 3163. Blanket as robe . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + +S 3164. Seal-skin vest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3165. Twined-bark vest . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - 3166. Poncho ... ++?- M- -+ M MM@+ 3167. Buckskin. .. . . + + + + 3168. Fur, inside . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3169. Fur, outside . . . . . . . . . . + + 3170. Shredded bark, woven . . . . + 3171. Shredded bark and deer hair woven - + - - 3172. Rush. .+ _ _ - - 3173. Head hole .. .+ + + + + Leggings 3174. Buckskin.+ + + + + + + + + + 3175. Winter. 3176. Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 3177. Cedar bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 - 3178. Fur, worn outside . . . . . . . . . . M 3179. Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3180. Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3181. Fur, worn inside . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3182. Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3183. Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: III--RAY: PLATEAU 167 CL K] Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co ,length ........... . F --F F F F th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F F F F F - F F F + F + F F F glh ............... M M M M M M M M M M M M MM inter .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Wamer .-.......................... _ + + - _ - + + - + + + + s@ @- - . 0 0 - -) - - - @ @ - + + s-ide - + - roupine quills + + + Headgear ainted, ornamented + + Fnd .-......................... _ -1M4-1 M M M + M dian spirit symbol - + + - - - - adband . . . . . . . . . . . . + * I ..-.14+141. _414 M M M+++++ M--M ocoon .+ 0 en + + Otter ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + ear ............... ..... + - + + . o ....... . + + + - + Coyote .. . . + + + + + + + + + - + -sher ...... o-.... . . . 4) + dger . . ...... . ..... + - + + + + 0 () * + ibou .-........... . _ + ver, wolf, muskrat, rabbit . + + + small fur .... . . . . . . + + + + ll skins used whole + + + + + + + + ointed top. F ) - - rith visor .(t....... ) - + oap .-14-14 1 M+ M--(.) + ( 1M 3gle ..... .,+ - + + + + Duck .-. . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + v0 1 .+ )+ . + khat .'. . + F F FFF F F F Inported . . . . . . . . . . . . + For rain only . + - _ _ _ _ Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plain twine .. ... . . .. + - + + Wrapped twine .-... . . . . . . + + + + 3225. Willow base .. . . + Jiez Perce type (subconical, truncated) . .+ + Brimmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flat cap .-... . . . . . _ _ - + Chin strap .... . . . + - + + + Moccasins ,side seam (see fig.) .-.. . . . + + + + + - U -U- + + + Plus ankle flap .... . . . . . + + + + + U-seam (see fig.). + + R U Plus ankle flap + + + + 3234. 2-piec iserD19 1u%t and; misa (see fig.). _ t t + t t . 3235. Plus ankle flap . + + + + + 3236. U-shaped insert . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3237. With toe seam (see fig.). ( ( + + 3238. V-shaped insert . . . . . . . . . 3239. With toe seam . . . . . . 3240. Trailer . 3241. Buckskin .+... ......... + + + + + + + + ++ 3242. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3243. Elk. . . . . . . . + + + + 3244. Bison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +) ) ++-__ 3245. Antelope . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0 3246. Caribou . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3247. Skin with fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3248. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3249. Bison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +Y 3250. Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 3251. Moose . . . . . . . . +? 3252. Mountain sheep . . . . . . . . . + 3253. Beaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3254. Raccoon . + 3255. Fur inside . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + 3256. Fur outside . . . . . . . . . . . + 3257. Porcupine quills on tongue. 3258. Porcupine quills on insert seam . . . . . + 3259. Porcupine quills on toe . . . . . . . . . 3260. Hard sole (rawhide) . . . . 3261. Separate, sewed to regular sole + 3262. Inner sole of rawhide . . . . 3263. Sole smeared with gum . . . . . 3264. Rawhide over-moccasin . . . . . . . . . . + + 3265. Low, 1-piece, side seam + 3266. Bear hide . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 3267. Moccasins worn double . . . . . . . . .+ 3268. Foot wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ + + + + + + 3269. Shredded bark + 3270. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3271. Caribou or deer hair . . . . . . + 3272. Inside seams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273. Front drawstrings ..+ + + + + + + H + + - 3274. Front wrap string . + 3275. Daily wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + () + 3276. Barefooted in canoe . . . . . . . . . . .) + + + + + + Mittens 3277. Utilized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M + + M M M -?M + + + 3278. Thumb and hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + 3279. Skin with fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 3280. Fur outside . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 3281. Fur inside . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + 3282. Neck string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + i) + CULTURE ELEIM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 169 CL KE Te Um Ki K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co and Ornamentation Beard ............... . . . .)+ + +-? C + + + + + + + : I I 4.a0 0 0 0 0 0 0+ + + + + + + - + - 0 0 0 -0 4. . 0 0. + + + + 0 0 0 00 0 0 10 0+94 + - - i4e, split .- . . _ + +? + e0es 0. .el ........ .... + + + 0 Bound .. . . .... + + + 1. Pivoted ............. - + - + 2. Riveted.. + 3. Curved points () + + + . + pieces . . + 9 _ + + rnails used . + + rnail and bone piece . . . + Eyebrows .. 6~ 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 F ()+ - + + + R + F - + + R R ard . . . . . . . . . . + - __ _ hairs left at inside . o o + nial ... .-9. _ H- 9 9 - _ rative o .. + (i) + + + + + + + + + + ted.o.+ puberty only 9 9 Hair ~raised.--U-N -?-- NM U F uared.+ + + + + + + berty only _ _ _ _ _ _ Dd _ + + + short (to shoulder).9-9-- -9--- 9-_ 9H 9 ways .N....... berty F . . . . . . . . . . . F ing .+ . . . . . . . . + F - + + + by: children .+ + + + + + + + + mgrmen . + + + - - - + -_- n, during war . + - +? rriors .. _ + 9- -- _ +9 All adults . _t _ _ _ - + __ 0 . . . la la . . . . . I. - ) _ _ _ _ _ + W free men ..........---+9-.... M with thonga;t'back .0.- 9- -F- Warriors only o .. . + a 0 0 . 0 00 0 -9 0 0 -0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 back braid .N. -- -- - N M 1 plait each side. .. o F F + + + + + F + F F F + + + 3327. 1a in back1 eac s5ide .lV . . . . _ m1 3329. Childre. F3 3331. Braid plus temple braid each side M _- + - 1 M M M + + 3332. Brought together . 3333. Temple braids, back hair loose. 3334. Braids hang in back . . .+ - i)1 3335. Braids hang in front + + 3336. Braids tied at lower ends with thong . . . . . . . . . . . . . F F + F F FF ) 3337. Otter-skin pendants . . . . . . . + + 3338. Temple braids interwoven with shells ...+ - i ) 3339. Temple braids interwoven with beads ...+ - + + 3340. Temple braids stiffened with clay _ + _ _ 3341. Forelock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X M 3342. Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3343. Combed back . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3344. Braided . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3345. Erect tuft . . . . . . . . . . .+ 3346. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 3347. Topknot for warriors . . . . . . . . . . + 3348. Topknot for nonwarriors . . . . . . . . . ) 3349. Center part ..F F 3350. Part each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3351. Part painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F + 3352. Hair net .. . . .- - - F - 3353. Indian hemp or buckskin. + 3354. Decorated. + 3355. Hair dyed ...... .. . . . . . . . 3356. Hair oiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 3357. Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 3358. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3359. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3360. Beaver . .. + - - 3361. Mountain sheep . . . . . . . . . 3362. Fish . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + 3363. Eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3364. Hair mud plastered . . . . . . . . . . . + 3365. White clay . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3366. Washed with white clay . . . . . . . . . + + 3367. Combs . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3368. Compound wooden'. .+ ia) + + + + + + + + + 3369. Doubled splints. + 3370. Separate splints . . . + 3371. With cross stick (to keep < teeth separated). .+ 3372. Hardwood. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3373. Cedar root . . . . . . . 3374. Carved wooden . . . . . . . . . . _ 3375. Carved bone . . . . . . . . . . . 3376. Fishbone Bathing 3377. Sweat bath. .............. + + + + + + + + + + U CULTURE ELM. DISTRIB.: XII--RAY: PLATEAU 171 CL Kl Te Um Ei K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th CI Ca Ku Fl Co r heated with hot rocks + + _ + - + - + + with urine . . . . . . . . . .with urine. . . - t ing plunges for children + + + + + +(i)+ -+ + + + + + rpenalty of whipping + - + + + + + + + + pping upon return . . . . . . + - t avoid fire upon return . . . + develop hardihood . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + tion and Decoration ng.- - of free birth . . . . . . . + + wrapping. board. . . . . . . + strap and pad . . . . . . . + + 391. Cedar bark . . . . . . . + + th padded stone . . . . . . . . inook type (frontal). . . . + + ipital. _d ................................... - + + + _ _ atalium pin + i)+ + hell pin + - _ (lip pierced). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + be. ............. + + - + + + MH+ + + + + + + + + 3402. Five holes . . . . . . + - iroed with: porcupine quill . - + _ 3404. Bone' + + - 3405. Bird-wing bone. . + 3406. Squirrel bone . + 3407. Thorn . . . . . . .+ + - 3408. Wooden needle + + Id open with: piercing bone . + 3410. Wooden pin + + + Dooorative pendants . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3412. Stone beads . . . . . . . i)+ + 3413. Bone beads . - + i) +++ i)+ 3414. Bear teeth .... . . . + . - + 3415. Elk teeth- + + + 3416. Shells . . ... . . .. + + + + + + + + -+ __+ 3417. Dentalia . . . + + + +-? -? + + + + + 3418. Multiple rows . . - . . . + + Decorative pins .-.. . . . + . + + + - + + 3420. Dentalium . ...........+ + 3421. Elk tusk. . . . .. . . + + 3422. Bone . . . . . . . . . . i) + + + Wg . , + - _ _ _ _ - + - + + + + - + Face . + + + +-? + -Armsor hands .+ + + + M + Thighs and legs (R?). + + i) - hbest (R?). . . . . . . . . . . .- + + _ -Limb joints . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + F - Thorn needle . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Bone needle . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) XQuill needle - . i)_+ 343. Flin . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.w 3433. Mussel shell . . . . . . . . . 3434. Fishbone 3435. Snake teeth . . 3436. With thread . . . . . . + 3437. By burning . . . . . . . . . . . 3438. With hot pipe . . . . 3439. Decorative + 3440. Sign of wealth . . + 3441. Crest representations . . . 3442. Animal representations . . . 3443. To-relieve pain. . . + 3444. At puberty . . . . . . . . 3445. Before puberty 3446. After puberty . ...+ 3447. At house building . . . . . 3448. Operation by shaman only . . .. 3449. Special power . . .. 3450. With mineral red . . . 3451. Charcoal . . . . . . . 3452. Vegetal blue . . . .. 3453. Cosmetics . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++. 3454. For face . . . . + + + + + + + + + + +i 3455. For body . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +X 3456. Protective . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +. 3457. Tallow . . . . . . . . + + + + + + * + 3459. Elk . . . . + + i)+ 3460. Deer . . . . . . + + )+ + + + 3461. Mountain goat. + + 3462. Mountain sheep . . . . . + 3463. Bear . . . . . . . . -+ H+ + + + +i 3464. Beaver . . . . . . . . + 3465. Marrow (buffalo, deer) . . . . . + + + + + 3466. Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + - + + +. 3467. Fish . . . . . . . . . . + 3468. Mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .__+ _ _+ + -@ 3469. White clay + 3470. Protective paint . . . . . . . . F + + + 3471. Decorative face paint . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + +. 3472. Decorative body paint . . . . . . + + 3473. Necklace .F... . . . . . . . . . ?+.F)+ + + +()++ 3474. Dentalia . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + F? F? + + + + + 3475. Bone beads . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - + + + - + - +4 3476. Claws or teeth . . . . . . . . . + + -? -? + + + 3477. Clamshell beads . . . . . . . . . + + 3478. Manufactured . . . . . . + 3479. Imported . . . . . . . . + 3480. Berries . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 3481. Trade beads . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3482. Bracelet . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + 3483. For wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . + + F F + + + + 3484. Ankles . . . . . . . . . .+ 3485. Knees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3486. Beaver teeth . . . . . . . . . .+ S S.......... * ' 0 - + + + + - + - - (eagle bear) m +++++? Ft~~~~~~~~~~~~ + ebeadins . .+ F + + + + + - + Frame Houses Plank Houses itdnlem on pos top). -____________ hoizonta t +. le. . . . . . . . . . . . . + withd gy-oove endge (oseefi. + , pdlesesuitable ove.+ uprigh shiele hd .............. legoutpol itldinasl beams on post tops). B crizontal f - | Boed panks (st e fig)e . + with grooved edges (see fig.) |+| .............. ...........+ +. F ear only. .soke escape . . . . .............. . +? H a justable cover .. + + Alt roof plais .... . . . . + purighst shield .....- Inverted funnel shield ............. _ out pole + pLates at ridge + Big central fire forc;re'mo'nies ._ Bxdand stone filled|-|- floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. fl oor + 3539. Storage in holes (cella'?) . . . . . . . . 3540. Storage on floor . . . . . . . . . . . . 3541. Drying frames in house . . . . . . . . . + 3542. Post supports . . . . . . . . . . + 3543. Suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3544. Bed platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3545. Height in feet . . . . . . . . . 2 3546. Plank "roof" over bed . . . . . . _ 3547. Bed mats on floor . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3548. Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3549. Compartments for pubescent girls . . + 3550. Plank shields on each side door. .. 3551. Door: in'each wall . . . . . . . . . . . 3552. End . . . . . . . . . + 3553. Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3554. Ground level . . . . . . . . . . + 3555. Oval . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . *? 3556. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . 3557. Animal-face door . . + 3558. Sliding door 3559. Sliding vertical planks. .. 3560. Swinging door . . . . . . . . . . + 3561. Of planks . . . . . . . . + 3562. Hide hinges. . . . 3563. Cedar-withe hinge . . . 3564. Spruce-root hinge . . + 3565. Suspended mat or hide. 3566. Projecting beams: front. 3567. Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3568. Crest carvings . . . . . . . . . 3569. Painted house front . . . . . . . . . . . 3570. Totem pole . . . . . . 3571. Front ridgepole support carved . .- . . . _ 3572. Posts outside house . . . . . . . . . . . 3573. Stone paving in front. 3574. Whole house stands in summer . . . . . . 3575. Framework stands in summer ... . .. + 3576. Houses stand permanently (in villages). 3577. Stockaded house .... . . . . . . . . . 3578. Stockaded villages .... . . . . . . . 3579. Lookout platform overlooking water . + Plateau-Type House 3580. Excavated ... . ++ + + + + + 3581. Depth in feet. 2 1 1 3? 1+*1+ 3582. Rectangular .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 3583. Rectangular with 1 end rounded (opposite entrance) (see fig.). . . . 3584. Both ends rounded (see fig.) + + + + 3585. Approximate length in feet: maximum . . 30 60 -80 0 40*16 18 3585a.Minimum .16 26 18 18 20 20 12 12 3586. Approximate width in feet: maximum . . *16 *16 20 20 20 20*14 12 3586a.Minimum .... . . . . . . . . . *16*16 14 14 14 12 10 10 a 3587. On log foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3588. Corner posts . . . ........... + +?_____ + 3589. Central posts, small ~houses .- .-?- . _____ 3590. Central posts, large houses. ...... + _-?___ - 3591. End profile: inverted V (sloped from ridge to ground) (see fig.) ...... + U+ ++ + ++ i.) CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIII--RAY: PLATEAU 175 CL Kl Te Um Xi K2 Wn Sn Kp Sh Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co rs anchored in ground . . + - + + + + + + - - : gable (with vertical walls) .) . _ + _ _ _ _ _ + - _ ight of walls (feet) . . . .. 5 ( pole .+ -- --+(H- - + + orted by rafters . . . . . . + + _ + notched end posts . . . . + forked end posts . . . . . + + crossed end poles + . . . . + poles .. ........ _ + + + +H i)+ + _ ported by rafters . . . . + + + + + + - tied to supports . . . . + + + + .reinforcing poles .++ - + + + + + +- + to rafters . o . . + + - + + + + + _ + d with: willow cord o + + + + + - 3606. Indian hemp cord .. . _ i) H 3607. Willow withes ..... . . + + ing . . + - () + + + + tirely . . . . . . . . . . . + rt distance aboveground . . .+ r . . o ......... _ + + + ter . . . . . . . + _ _ _ + r bark .+ + + - + + oe bark _ + - id horizontally . + + _ - + 3616. Vertical pole binders, lower portion + - 3617. Tied with hazel withes. + - i 3618. Overlapped . + + d vertically .. . . . . . . . + + U + cecover of curved bark . . + _ _ _ FE ..................+ + +-+ + + + + + - + + Fm tsof tule ..............+ + - + + + + + + + mat of cattail + + + + as mts . . . . . . . . . . . + rlapped .+ + + + + + + + + + ed to supports .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + 3627. Horizontal binder poles + + + - 3628. Vertical binder poles . + _ + gss covering .... . . . . . + - + ported by close-laid vertical willow poles + bottom, outside .+ + + + + + + + + + + s5, covered with earth. . . + - i) + + + + + - + ight in feet.. .) 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 belength of ridge .- .- . .. _ _ + + + + + + - _ + tervals only .+ + ?????+ _ rTires .+ + + justable size ... . + - 0elded . . . . . . . . . . . Fde. . + + + + + + + + + - + Oe only . . . . . +- - - . . _ - + Several ............ . + - + + + + + H+ Onefor each family.- - ISnfor two families (,i)+ + + + + + 3645. Families opposite . . ............. + + + + + + lireplaces directly below ridge . + + + + + + + + + + 3647. Deep pits .-............ _ ? ?? ? _- ~3648. Shallow pits ............. . |+?+ +++ - +- 3649. Rock liin .