ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 8:1 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXI ROUND VALLEY BY FRANK ESSENE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1942 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XXI ROUND VALLEY BY FRANK ESSENE ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 8, No. 1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LOWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 8, No. I, PP. I-97, I map Submitted by the Editors November I9, 1940 Issued August 7, 1942 Price, $I.OO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in I903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise.are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, 6r devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS i ..Y uwo J* Dx .Vt;UW7 . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *6graphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bruants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mbal abbreviations ................ *lexent distributions list . . . . . . . . . . . ls1s used in the element list . . . . . . . . . . sitence, elements 1-359 . . . . . . . . . . . . Hunting, 1-132 Fishing, 133-201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gathering, 202-239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food preparation, 240-301 . . . . .. . . . . . . Salt, 302-307. Eating etiquette, 308-318. Storage, 319-326 . . . . Pets, 327-343 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real property, 344-349. Various, 350-359 . . . . . . . . oes, 360-438 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rigation, 438a-442 ................ jming, 443-450. d transportation, 451-487 . . . . . . . . . . . . ibology, 488-567 ............... WQf5, 568-643 ............. Iy and dress, 644-804 .............. tvin, 805-916 ................ Ley and beads, 917-928 ........... es, 929-934 ........... iacco, 935-943 ............ ical instruments, 944-992 ... as, 993-1110 ................. uting, mnemonic devices, 1111-1125 . . . . . . . 0ndar, 1126-1133 ................ tonomy, meteorology, cosmology, 1134-1202a . . . Tiage, 1203-1278 ....... daches, 1279-1284 ................ ship avoidances, 1285-1319 ........... t h,1320-1417. Is' puberty rites, 1418-1533 .......... struation of mature women, 1534-1554 ...... th, 1555-1664 .................. gm, 1665-1674 ................. ,efs and officials, 1675-1723 .......... i:and feuds, 1724-1793 .......... iaism 1794-2015 ............ ools2, 016-2097 ................. Ot society, 2098-2114. ia1 (various), 2115-2147 ............ 2al and political status, 2148-2156 . . . . . . hology, 2157-2165 ............ - ia, 2166-2174. denied by all informants. phic notes on the element list ......... ;1. Disagreements of two lists with two published 2. Kato and Lassik supplementary material nd of-year ... Isik names .... mparative list of Lassik and Kato nouns .... orapby of Lucy Young ... graphy of 061yi8, a Lassik. fstories and myths ............... ap y . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAP a investigated (underlined) ............... [iii] I U i A A S d a B S S Page V ~1 ~1 2 3 3 3 3 5 '7 8 '9 '9 '9 '9 10 10 10 12 12 12 13 15 17 20 23 23 23 23 25 27 27 28 29 31 31 31 33 35 36 38 38 39 41 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 54 73 84 84 85 85 89 90 91 97 * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * - * * v * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * e * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * * v * * v * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - lists * * s * * @ * * e * * * * * * * * * * * * ............ ......... * facing 1 .'k-tr A T. Zpnimkcilm PREFACE BY A. L. KROEBER Mssene's monograph represents the final in the Culture Element Survey. It s a gap in the territory surveyed. It this last reason that its publication has W ~ced beyond that of several more north- >serior lists which were collected ear- >ifford's Pomo was the first major block --recorded, and was followed soon after 1.9 from Northwest California. The in- -to have these two studies cover the en- |ut Range territory from San Francisco tthe Oregon boundary. Driver worked south- d his Coast Yuki and Kato are groups in contact with the Pomo. It had been part program to visit also the Yuki and Waila- time and funds ran out. This left a ii the continuity of territory surveyed. ile territory farther south had been sur- rand the results advanced to publication, be result that lists were available for fre stretch of coastal region from the f the Columbia to the mouth of the Colo- ndin faot thence east to the Rio Grande, e sole exception of the Yuki and their te neighbors. Consequently in 1938 Xndertook to secure the needed informa- om the survivors whom he might still en- on Round Valley Reservation. Qompanied him during the last week of his Frk, sitting in on the recording of the Ff the Yuki list. In fact, for certain [?m the Institute of Social Sciences of iersity of California, and appreciation aid is here expressed. The author had Oe months' 'previous field experience in igion, which helped in his own orientation. o and Lassik supplementary material (most- idotal which is difficult to fit into an -list) was added from data gathered in per of 1939 on a research grant from the 4ty of California. Assistance in the Oion of the material in this report was pd by the personnel of Work Projects wration Official Project No. 665-08-3-30, a45. gresant element list is in large measure [from H. E. Driver's Northwest California list' and E. W. Gifford's Pomo list.2 ents have been added from both ethno- i aocounts and actual field work. E. M. Western Kuksu Cult3 was especially sug- . Since Loeb's work covers nearly the ea as does this element list, radical dis- sits with him are noted. One point in par- should be made clear. All Athabascan- * peoples in Round Valley Reservation are tnd call themselves Wailaki. Loeb fol- Cis convenient classification, not dis- king between Wailaki and Lassik. Mary 0ho was both Loeb's and my informnt, is ;having been born in Soldier's Basin, the of Lassik territory. ORTHOGRAPHY n father. n fat. [in ate. n met. X pique. ,s series, 1:297-433, 1939. ?AAE 37:117-254, 1937. -PAAZ 33:1-137, 1932. 1, as in pit. o, as in note. 6, as aw in law. u, as in rule. ti, as in put. au, as ow in plow. Length of vowels or consonants is indicated by doubling. Raised letters are whispered or slurred. q, velar k. c, as sh in shoe. G, as th in thin. dj, as j in jump. 1, as ng in sing. tc, as ch in change. X, vocalic surd 1. kw, labialized k as in quit. 1;, palatal intermediate between k and g. t, dental intermediate between t and d. ', glottal stop. All other consonants as in English. stress accent. INFORMAN'I Kalekau.--Jim Cooper, age about 70, born at Kalekau, parents from same general areaf Lived in Sherwood Valley till about five years ago when he was driven out because of alleged "poisoning" (black magic) activities. Has lived since on various ranches south of Ukiah. List entries are from him unless otherwise stated. His wife, Lucy, also of Sherwood, gave the in- formation on girls' puberty, menstruation taboos, and basketry. John Stewart, age about 70, born on the Ten Mile River. Used only for short period as in- formant because too feeble for intensive question- ing. William Sloan, age 65, half-white and half- Coast Yuki. Except for occasional jobs elsewhere, has lived in Sherwood since 10 years old. Used to check Cooper's information; also, all informa- tion on poisoning and most on the Big Head cult from him, Cooper professing ignorance of these items. Cooper plus Sloan make a fair-to-good list. Kato.--Gil Ray, age 68, born and raised at Lay- tonville rancheria. Both parents born in same vicinity. Good informnt except that he is sug- gestible, even inventive. Gave amazingly detailed El] ANTHROPOLOGI( accounts of ceremonies such as the Big Head cult. Martinez Bell, age 66, sister of Gil, was questioned independently. Very good informant, though sometimes lacked ceremonial knowledge; honest, intelligent, and nonsuggestible; she supplied most of the element list and all the supplementary material on the Kato (Appendix 2). Lassik.--Lucy Young, age about 90, born near Alderpoint on the Eel River. Her father was born near Alderpoint and her mother in Soldier's Basin, also Lassik territory. Lucy was a young girl when the Whites first got to the Eel River. Possessing a remarkable memory, a great ability for graphic description, and absolute honesty and first-hand knowledge of aboriginal customs, her list must be graded excellent. Its value is enhanced by the fact that published material on the Lassik is virtually limited to their mythol- ogy and geography. The Lassik supplementary material (Appendix 2) is also primarily derived from material obtained from Lucy Young. Mary Major, age about 80, born at Soldier's Basin. Provided some of the information in the Lassik supplementary material. An attempt was made to get a W;ailaki list, but no informants were able to give anything ap- C-AL, RECORDSI proaching an adequate account. Nancy Dobey, age about 70, born at Island Mountain, was the prin- cipal informant. In general, her information was similar to that obtained from the Lassik; exceptions are entered under "Ethnographic Notes on the Element List." Yuki.--Eben Tillotson, age 72, born at South Fork, Trinity County. Father white, mother Huchnom Yuki. Both Eben and his mother were bor on Salt Creek (ukcicmalhAnt) about three miles south of Dos Rios. Tillotson is an honest, plodi ding, unimaginative informant with fairly large gaps in his knowledge of Yuki culture. He was difficult to work at times, refusing to discuss sexual relations, birth customs, etc. So far as he was willing to or could give information, he was a good informant. As a whole, however, the Yuki list is no doubt the most inadequate of the four in this paper. TRIBAL ABBREVIATIONS Kl Ka La YU Kalekau (N Pomo) Kato Lassik Yuki 2 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS USED IN TME ELEMENT LIST resent or affirmed by informants. lid to be present, but some doubt. 3sent or denied by informant. 3nied by informant but some doubt. iquired into but uncertain. inquiry made. -oent (trait present since White contact). o Absent because lacking or impossible in environment inhabited. M,W,b,g Man, woman, boy, and girl, respectively. N,S,E,W North, south, east, west. * Asterisk indicates that there is a note on the element in the section "Eth- nographic Notes on the Element List." OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS .: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ K i K a La Y u SUBSISTENCE Hunting Driving, Trailing fence with nooses in gaps . . . . . . . . Single fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Converging fence . . . . . . . . . . . . Deer.................. Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . large game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'water. .g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hoea'le hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . acealed .uner . . . . . . . . . . . agdown...... . . .. In groups of hunters . . . . . . . . . . With dog ............... Nets, Traps, Snares bag type ................ Quail................ Woodpeckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,Wood rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . t trap, long, for quail . . . . . . . . . ,Set at openings in low converging fences g pole (bent sapling). For deer or other large game . . . . . . For small mammals . . . . . . . For birds . . . . . . . . . . on trail for deer or elk. Blinds, Disguises, Decoys as or booths . . . . . . . Game shooting . or elk-head disguise tory decoys . . . . . . Leaf or grass for deer Vocal for deer . . . . * Whistle with mouth for Duct "call" * * 0 * * e * * 0 deer0 * * 0 + + *+ *+ + *+ *+ + * *+ *+ *+ .+ *+ + + R R R [3] a 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La Yu Various Hinting Methods 34. Hunter enters bear den .. + + + 35. Bears smoked out ............ .......... + *+ + 36. Rodents smoked out .......... . . + + + + 37. Leaf fan used to blow smoke into burrow . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + 38. Rodents drowned out..- + 39. Sharpened stick thrust down rodent hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 40. Rat nests burned . ... - + + + 41. Rat nests prodded with stick ....... . . + + + + 42. Caterpillar caught in trench ..- + + 43. Leaves tied around tree, which caterpillars feed on, and from which they are picked off by hand . . a . . . . . . . + + - _ 44. Knocked off tree with stick ................. . + + + + 45. Only small hairless variety that feed on "ash" trees are eaten . + + + + 46. Climb trees to get young birds ........... . + + + 47. Yellow jackets smoked to stun them + 48. Slings with clay balls for killing ducks . . . . . .. . . . . . . + 49. Grasshoppers killed by burning grass ........... .. . + + + 50 Gophers dug out ..............+ + 51. Jumped on as they emerge from hole . . . . . . . . . . + + Animal Food not Eaten by Anyone *52. Wolf ..... .. .... ......... + + . . t3. Fox . . .. . + + *54. Grizzly bear.- - - + 55. Puma . . . . . . . . . . .-.... . . . . . . . . _ - + 56. Wildcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-.. . . . . . + 57. Skunk ... ... . _ ... *. _ 58. Sea gull .-........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . + o 59. Turtle or tortuise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 60. Octopus ......... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .... . 0 .0 61. Mussels ......... . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. _ _ - 62. Mussel poisoning known ...... . . . . . . . + + - *+ 63. Clams . . . . .. 0 - 64. Yellow-jacket larvae . . . . . . . . . . . - 65. Grasshoppers ............. ................ 66. Caterpillars... ....- 67. Slugs (snails).. + - 68. Angleworms .*.-. . . . ..-. . . . ..-.-.- *+ * .. 69. Dog . ..................... 0 + + + 71. Beaver..0. . .................. . . o 72. Mink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 73. Sea anemone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o 74. Fetus of any animal.. ..................... +- - 75. Snakes. .......... ........... + + + + *76. Hummingbird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 77. Weasel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *78. Coyote. . . . . . . ..... . + + + + 79. Otter .o. . . . o - + 80. Black bear * 81. Predaceous birds. .............. . + + + + 82.Surf fish .-............................ . 0 0 83.Barnacles .-.-.... . . . . . . . .... . . . o o. Tabooed Animal Foods and Combinations 84. Deer heart taboo: to females . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . + 85. To boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I 'M CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XlI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 3 To girls Vyes taboo: to female . W To boys .............. L To girls ............. oars taboo: to females. h To boys .............. *. To girls . . tongue taboo: to females .... [. To boys .............. L To girls .............. 'p taboo to young (would make them old) r-parts of head taboo: to females . . . 3 To boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ifetus taboo: to all . . . . . . . . . [. To females . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. To young (boys and girls) i taboo to all females . . . . . . . . ,genitalia not eaten . . . . . . . . . liver eaten by all . . . . . . . . . . Hunting Observances ting before hunt . . . . . . . irz before hunt . . . . . . . . tiovegetation rubbed on body I:.Rubbed on bow ... . . . . . incense before hunt . . . . . Lica root chewed IJ. continence before hunt ., Number of days . . . . . . . ekifast on day of hunt . . . . .,butchered (drawn) in woods 5. Lying . . . . . . . . . . . ;-. Head pointed uphill . . . . 7. On leaves or grass . . . . . 3. Eyes cut cut. Lioa rubbed in elk's tracks to E kill taboo to youth . ir gets hide . . . . . . . . . * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * . * . ir gets head and heart ir offers meat to every visitor. Me deer cooked and eaten at home of il disposal of deer bones and other Hidden in woods . . . . . . . . ,spoken to, told to come out of den b believed immortal . . . . . . . men cook meat ay bear hunted . . . . : . . . . . bear hunted . . . . . . . . . . . )buck not killed . . . . ... . . . el d*ow * *iiler* " remains o *. *0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Imea * * * * * * * * * * * * Fishing Nets (like tennis net) . . . h-.Set, gill net . . . . i'. Unworked stone sinkers Like, not a dip net . . . I i EL Ka La Yu * + + + + + + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + ' - + _- _ + + + + - + + + 0 _ _ + - + + + '+ + + *+ + _ - + + + + + - + + - 1 1 - + + - *+ - _ + _ - + - - + _ - + - - + - * * _ + + + - + * * * + + + + - + + - _ + - + - + _ + + + * + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 137. Set 138. String tied to net held by-fisherman 139. Dip-net ....................... 140. On semicircular frame, for surf . . . . . . . 141. On A-shaped frame, river . . . . . . . . . . . 142. On snowshoe-shaped frame, river . . . . . . . 142a.Small semicircular, long-handled, for trout and Weirs, Pens, Scaffolds 143. Weir, straight across stream . . . . . . . . . . . . 144. Platform on ................. 145. Dip-net set in opening in weir . . . . . . . . 146. Paired crossed posts support weir . . . . . . . 147. Vertical-post supports . . . . . . . 148. Movable weir used like seine . 149. White stones in bottom of pool to increase visibility 150. 151. 152. 153. 155. 156. 157. Traps Basketry, loig . . . . . . . . . . . .. Made only by,men . . . . . . . . . . . . Made by both men and women . . . . . . . Hooks Bipointed bone or wood pin (gorge) 154. Whistle while using . . . . . Bird-claw hook . . . . . . . . . . . Hair string or ball for jerking trout Worm tied to deer sinew for crayfish Harpoons, Spears 158. Harpoon, detachable points, for 159. One point . . . . . . . 160. Two points . . . . . . . 161. Point of bone or horn 162. Pitch used . . . . . . . 163. Barbed toggle, 3-piete . 164. Simple toggle, 1-piece . f ish * * * * * * 0 * * * * * * 0 Various Fishing Methods 165. Fish driven .................. 166. Basket for scooping fish . . . . . . . . . . . i67. Catching fish with bare hands . . . . . . . . . 168. "Grass" in hand prevents slipping . . . 168a.Fish shot with bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16?. Lamprey dip-net. 170. Lampreys caught by hand, "grass" in hand 171. Iamprey gaff ................. 172. Fire at night for lampreys . . . . . . . . . . 173. For fish. 174. Noose slipped over tail of large fish. 175. Fish poisoning .............. 176. Soaproot................ *176a.Do.eed................ *177. Other plants.............. 178. Fish killed.................. 6 I K~~~~~~~~~~~~Ili Ka La Y -~~~~ 41 I . * I * * * . . . . * * 0 . It . * * . suckers * * * . * * * 0 of f ish + . + _ * + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * + + *+ + + + + * + + * + 7 . . a . . 0 0 . . 0 0 0 . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY . Manufactured club . . . . . 0.%Natural stick or stone only aorried on stick through gills o-.pearing booth not on weir t-: oarrier . . . . . . . . . . . - SHazelwood frame bent around f 5. Strung from cord . . . . . . 6. In carrying basket . . . . . fish caught with hands . . . . 8. With net . . . . . . . . . . 19. Meat bait . . . . . . . . . * * * 0 Or jaw f ish . . * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * . Fishing Observances cual continence before fishing . . . . . . . . . . l Qontinence when building weir, scaffold, or ne' in fi .sh. Aoise when making net . . . . .. Lson bones burned ................. rat salmon caught by youth taboo to him . . . . . . one may catch first salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . LYel, sticks thrown in water . . . . . . . . . . . L98. Coyote initiated this practice . . . . . . . . I luck if someone walks in back of fisherman . . . L fishermen go to stream together (a laggard brings it angelica in stream for luck . . . . . . . . . . u 0 * . bad * * * * luc,k) * * 0 Gathering Dom in chief foo ?n climb trees traight stick for Lpling "ladder" u Vining for better Lain digging stic )th sexes gather Lrst-acorn rite 210. Annual . . 211. Fall of yea 212. Lasts, days 213. Dancing 214. Ever 215. In c 216. Singing . 217. In b Lnole (seed cakes "Clover eaten raw 220. Cooked Camas root IWild potatoes Wild onions Wild carrots (top 'Wild parsnips, sho 226. Root Mushrooms . ;Strawberries . ZIlderberries . Raspberries . . Blackberries . . id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . knocking down acorns or pine nuts . . ised in climbing trees . . . . . . . . . wild-seed crop . . . . . . . . . . . . :k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acorns or digger pine nuts S . ,separate from other ceremonies) . . . II ID . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4. . !yone may take part . . . . . . . . :ircle . . . . . . . rush enclosure (summer dance house) . . i made from tarweed, wild oats, etc.) and root) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )ot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 0 ******************0 * 0 0 * 0 * * 0 * * 0 ** **** *** ***** 00 ********** 0 ************** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EHuckleberries . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . El + + + + + + + + + + + + Ka La Yu + *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +~~ + + + + + + + + *+ + + + . + + +~ + + + + + + + + + - + - - + - - + - - + - - + - + + + * + + + _ - + o 0 + + + + * + _ + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *R + O + 0 7 i t ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. Yew berries ............... Salmonberries . . . . . ... ... . . . . . Manzanita berries ............ Madro?a berries ............. Peppernuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sugar-pine sap ............. Digger-pine nuts ............ Food Preparation 240. Small mammals and fish broiled or roasted whole ..... 241. On stone or coals ................ 242. In hot ashes, with flesh wrapped in large leaves . 243. On inclined stick ................ 244. Flint knife for lamprey splitting ............ 245. Mammal bones ground ................... 246. Mainly tarsals and carpals ............ 247. Vertebrae .................... 248. Fishbones ground .................... 249. Vertebrae and heads ............... 250. Ground bone baked in earth oven ......... 251. Baked on flat stone near, not on, fire ...... 252. Ground bone eaten dry or as a hash ........... 253. Blood, etc., cooked in paunch .............. 254. Earth oven or edge of fire. ........... 255. Meat boiled (stone boiling) . 256. Sun-drying of meat (mammal and fish) . . . . . . . . . . 257. Tied to tree branches or suspended from string 258. Smoke (fire) drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259. Outdoors ..................... 260. Inside dwelling ................. 261. Suspended from rafters with string . 262. On scaffold, indoors . . . . . . . . . 263. Outdoors ................. 264. Dried meat or fish ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265. Eggs cooked in hot ashes ................ 266. Punctured first to prevent exploding . . . . . . . 267. Small mammals pulverized whole, fresh . . . . . . . . . . 268. Marrow extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269. Used for food .................. 270. Used as cosmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271. Used as hair oil ................. 272. Acorns shelled and ground before leaching . . . . . . . . 273. Leached in sand basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274. After leaching, palm laid flat on meal, meal sticks sand on opposite side washed off . . . . . . . . 275. Leached on conifer boughs . . . . . . . . . . . . 276. Water heated for leaching occasional. 277. Cold water for leaching, usual . . . . . . . . . . 278. Water poured over flat stone, so meal is not mixed v 279. Whole acorns leached in mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280. Shells left on .. . .......... 281. Acorns charred before removing shells. . ... 282. Then allowed to mold in house . . ... . . . . . . 283. Finally leached in basket in stream . . . . . . . 284. Whole acorns allowed to mold in house, no stream leaching 285. Buckeyes charred before removing shells. . . . . . . . . . 286. Leached in sand basin. 287. Whole buckeyes leached in stream after charring . 288. Buckeyes roasted, sliced, eaten without leaching . * * * a* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * to * 0 * 0 * 0 with * E * E * E * E * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * hgld, * * * * g * * @ * * @ 1 sand * * * * - * * n * * * * * * n * * * * - * * n Il Ka La Yu *+ + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 *+ * *+ +, *+ + 0 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * _ + + + + + +, + + + +, + + _- + + - + + - + + - + + - - - + + . + + + +1 - - + _ + + - . _ _ - t~~~ 8 I I .j "iA ---A r CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 9 [Ki Ka La Yu bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +++ D arkened with red earth .... . ................. + - - + .Baked on stone or coals . ..a ....... ..+ + Baked in earth oven or ashes ... + - + + parohed with coals or hot stones in basket.+ + + + e boiling in baskets .+ + + + .eat or fish . - - + + >f97. Vegetable products .... .................. . + + + + *9B. Leaves or grass to cover ..... .. .. ..... .. A. . . + + + + 299. Blaok-oak leaves preferred .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ita "cider" .F......................... . ) + + + ooking, water on hot stones .(.-.).... - | i) Salt uhered from mineral deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + e from rocks on beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ted as mineral (traded for).+ + + tfrom kelp+ + - - tfrom eating sea weed .+....... . . . ... .*+ . -* kt from burning "grass" . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Eating Etiquette ds washed after eating deermeat ................ . + + + + 309. Both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . + + + + 310. Water spat from mouth ..+ + + 311. Water poured into hands from basket.+ + - + 312. In-basket.- - + - bucokskin towel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ien served first .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + '1l eat acorn mush out of same basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + n each have separate basket .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . + - wmen each have separate basket .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Ebsband and wife eat out of same basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ Ech child has separate, smaller basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - Storage Dutside granaries .-... . . . . . ......... . . . + R 320. Bark-covered .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 321. Conical .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + R 322. On ground .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - R 323. Elevated above ground .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Storage indoors in baskets ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Pit storage outdoors .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - R 326. Indoors (as part of technique in preparing moldy acorns) . . + + + + Pets Dogs kept . . . . . + + + 328. Received in trade from N .... . . . . ...... . . . . . + + + 329. Bred .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 330. Named .-. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . .. . + + + t3l. Kept in dwelling house .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 332. Very valuable and rare .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 333. Used in hunting to minor degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 334. Talked to .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 335. Buried like persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 335a. With shell money .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 10 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La Yu 336. Pet's leg tied *ith cord and staked out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 337. Cottontail rabbits kept .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 338. Coyotes kept .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 339. Fawns not kept because bad luck .... . . . . . . + + + + 340. Cubs not kept because bigger bears attracted . . . . . . . . . ... . + + 341. Foxes kept.+ - _ i 343. Crows kept ............... . + - _ Real Property 344. Fishing places privately owned .2-) . .- - . . . . . . . . . . . + + 345. Fish weir privately owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *346. Definite community holdings recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 347. Boundary marks.- + - _ 348. Autonomous political unit owns definite property.+ + + + 349. Family owns living house .... . . . . . . . . + + + + Various 350. Soaproot for washing self .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 351. For washing corpses ................... . + + _ 352. Root eaten .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 353. Top eaten ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 354. Cooked in earth oven .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 355. Milkweed chewing gum .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 356. Pine-pitch chewing gum.+ + + o 357. Food traded within a village .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 358. In time of famine mainly or only . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + 359. Food commonly traded between different villages . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + IOUSES Structural Features Frame 360. Ground plan circular, type e .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 361. Type y .+ + + 362. Conical shape, type e .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 363. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 364. Center post, type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 364a.Ceremony when new center post erected . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 365. Depth in feet of floor excavation, type e . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 2 2 1 0 366. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 2 3 367. Multiple-family house .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 368. Withe lashing for house frame .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + i) 369. Frame of radiating poles, type e .... . .. ....... . + + + + 370. Type y ........................... . + + + + Covering 371. Bark or slabs, type e . + + ++ 372. Earth over all, type y .+ + -+ 373. Partial (halfway up), type y .-............... . + 374. Earth banked at bottom, type e . + + + +i 375. Distance in feet earth banked . ........ -- 2 3 1 1 376. Partially thatched, type e . . + - + U I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Entrances, Exits oting, type e . . . . . . . . . . *-Wood stored in entrance . . Typey . . . . . . . . . . . . . -,type e. * Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . -.east, type e . . . . . . . . . . 5. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-south, type y . . . . . . . . . . iented, type e . . . . . . . . . . Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . Otce converging at top, type e . . I. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . wound level, type e . . . . . . . . k.Type y . . . . . . . . . ling or lifting mat, bark, or bough L. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . hole used in ceremohies, type y * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * * * 0 * * * * * * * * 0 * *0 0 * * 0 * * 0 door, * * o * . . . . . . . . . . a . . 0 * * . . . . . type e * * * . * Fireplace wrface or shallow depression, type e I. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in center of house or between center and door, for a l * t y p e * * * * * * * * and door, for ali t.ypes* .6 . Sweat House or headman nominal owner bult about every 3 years ,,at a village . Iet-f ire heat theat. e fan of hide. raters lie down . . . . . . . . waters on knees and elbows . . e sleep in ad lib. . . . . . W gamble in . . . . . . . . . . Daen excluded . . . . . . . . . pef or grass pillow . . . . . . p*eral assembly house for both s mel gathering formalized . apetitive sweating, groups 412. East vs. west . . . . . . |l3. North vs. south . . isating daily or twice daily i~g while sweating . . . . . . . tay or wish while sweating meat for success in hunting Woden foot drum . . . . . . . . 419. Hollow half log . . mating for curative purpose in .421. In heated trench . . men may sweat with men . Bll dome-shaped sweat house (le 424. Covered with blankets . . weat house often used a8 winter 426. Used as dance house . . . ear door . . . . . . . . . . . rush dance "house" for suimmer . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * sexes . * * * * * * * * * * . . . * 1 * * * * * * * . . . * * * * * * * sweat house * * . . . . . * * * * * * * a.rge enough for *. * * * residence .. * a, * * * * * * * * ID * * * * 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * man) . * * * * * * * .* * * 11 Ei KE La Yu + + + + * _ + _ + - + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + * * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + * + + + + * + * + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I i E1 Ka La YU I Dwellings 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 465. 436. 437. 438. Storage in projecting entrance, type e . . . . . . Drying scaffold over fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedding of furs .................. Bedding of woven rabbitskin blankets . ... . . . . 2 or more families in one house . . . . . . . . . . Flat shade, no sides, summer dwelling . . . . . . . Circular brush enclosure, roofless, summer dwelling Brush house, roof and sides, summer dwelling . . . Rebuilt every year ................ NAVIGATION 438a. Dugout canoe 439. Single-blade paddle .. . . . . . . . . 440. Log raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440a.Propelled with poling rod (punt) 441. Towed by swimmers . . . . . . . 442. Ferriage in baskets . . . . . . . . . . SWIMMING 443. *444. 445. 446. Pseudo breast stroke Side stroke. Dog stroke . . . . . . . . . . . On back, frog stroke . . . . . . 447. Racing . . . . . . . . . . 448. Diving . . . 449. For distance . . . 450. Holding-breath-under-water * * * * - . s . . . **** n . * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * r * * r contests LAND TRANSPORTATION 451. Woven pack strap ................. 452. Two-ply material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453. Ends braided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454. Spreading type ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455. Buckskin pack strap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456. Pack strap across forehead, regular position . . . 457. Occasional ................. 458. Pack strap across shoulder-chest, regular position 459. Occasional ................. 460. Root headband for packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461. Carrying nets, bag type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462. Adjustable loop............... 463. Trapezoidal shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464. Of Indian hemp (Apocynum) . . . . . . . . 465. Of Iris macrosiphon . . . . . . . . . . . . 466. Cased-hide bag .................. 467. Fawnskin .................. 468. Folded hide bag ..... ...... 469. Sewn ... ... ......... 470. Sewn at ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471. Strap over shoulder, bag under arm . . . 472. Small sewn buckskin bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473. Carrying basket ................. + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + * + + + + + + _ + .+ - - (-) _ + * - + + + W W _ N - - M N + W - _ + - + + N + + + - + + (i) + + + 9 + + 9 + _ (i) - _ + + + + W + + + + + + +f + + + + + *y + -1 I 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY . Coarsely woven for men . . . . oarrying frame . . . . . . . . ,*For carrying fish only . . . . -Double lashed on both sides of as.carried in basket on shoulder 1s carried in basket on upturned X ranch trail signs . De with other groups . . . . . . *i Messenger to arrange . . . . . mrried on litter . . . . . . . .On back . . . . . . . . . . . Darried on litter . . . . . . . *On back . . . . . . . . . . . for aged load * . . palm * .* * . . * .* * . . * . . * .* TECBNOLOGY Brushes ot for mealing . . . . . . . .Cylindrical . . . . . . . . 'Hairbrush . . . . . . . . . rical twigs or grass . . . . rioal hairbrush of anise root Mush Stirrers, Stone Lif ters u paddle, mush stirrer . . . . . . . . . L. Undecorated . . . . . . . . . . . . . tticks for stone tongs . . . . . . . . . S'. Paddle shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . t'Ongs... . . . . Spoons, Forks, "Dishes" spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Carved handle . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Used by chiefs, only . . . . . . . . . skull as spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . o1 shell as spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Used by women . . . . . . . . . . . . L Used by men . . . . . . . . . . . . . c and middle finger used to eat acorn mush skewer of deer horn . . . . . . . . . . fork (forked stick, sharpened points). aeat platter . . . . for sipping (e.g., deertail) . . . . . . Knives , chipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buckskin-wrapped handle . . ' Wood handle . . . . . . . . K. For butchering . . . . . . . . . . . . Awls, Needles awl.......................... iDeer cannon ..................... Kl KE La Yu + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - - + - _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + ' + * + + _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + N * + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + 9 + + 13 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IK Ka La Yu 516. Deer ulna . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 517. Hard-wood awl ............................ Grinding 519. Hopper basket, twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520. Set on stone pounding slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521. Stone pestle ............................ 522. Tapering ........................... 523. Bulb end ....................... 524. Shaped without bulb or ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525. Portable bowl mortar of stone .................... 526. Reputedly used by poisoners ................. Drilling 527. Composite drill, shaft and point .................. 528. Stone point ......................... 529. Bone or horn point ...................... 530. Rotated, both hands opposed ..................... *531. Rotated with "pump" (pump drill). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532. Vise, one hand ........................... 533. Toes 534. Hide (friction holds bead) .. 535. Smoothing slab for beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Making 536. Hand drill, one-piece, buckeye ................... 537. Slow match of bark ......................... 538. Oak bark ........................... 539. Four- or five-holed hearth ..................... 540. Two-holed hearth ....................... Flint Flaking 541. Retouching by pressure . . . . . 542. Antler flaker . . . . . . 543. Cannon-bone flaker . . . . 544. Retouching by percussion . . . . 545. Scraper or knife of split cobble, unretouched (eolith) Skin Dressing 546. Soaking in water to aid dehairing . . . . . 547. Flesher or dehairer of stone . . . . . . . 548. Of mussel shell . . . . . . . . . . 550. Brains applied to hide . . . . . . . . . . 551. Rubbed after brain treatment with elkhorn 552. Unworked cannon . . . . . . . . . . 553. Wood hand tool . . . . . . . . . . . 554. Stone ............... 555. With bare hands . . . . . 556. Deerskin only hide dehaired and dressed 557. Skin dressing by men only.... Glue 558. Fishskin ................. 559. Pine pitch ................ + + + 9 - * + + + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + (0 I I + 9 + + + + I + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + _ 14 I I,I i .i I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 15 EK1 Ka La Yu Wood Working sofelkhorn . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . + + + _ .f wood ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ 8baped maul (cf. Hdbk., p1. 19) . . . . . . . . . . . + + icobbleasmaul ..... . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . + + - + .Rudely shaped ..... . . . . ..+ - _ _ maul .-. . . . . . . . .... . ._............. + - + also used for driving stakes .+ + + + I or wedge of hardwood for prying haliotis . . . . . . . . . . . + + o o iMiscellaneous ;ite used like chalk for marking .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + R * rock" used like chalk .-. .. _ + - _ WEAPONS Bow $bow, toy only ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + -backed bow (man's bow) ............ . + + + + i7Ob Broad, thin, short .... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . + + + a.delocally ............ + + + + 12. Imported from north .... . . . . . . . ... ..... . + + 3.Ends recurved .+ + + Na.Ends not recurved .... . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . + + - + P. Constricted grip ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- _ + + '5 lazelwood ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ 6.Yew wood ..... . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . + + + + 7 Mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + M1. Painted on back .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + '9.Bowstring of sinew ................. . + + + + Arrows gle shaft, no head ..... . . . . . ...... . . . . . + + + + gle shaft, with-tead of stone . .............. .+ - - + Ithaft, no other head .... . . . . . . . + + + *haft plus head ..... . . . . . .. . + + It arrow with cross sticks, number .... . . . . _ - 2 85. Unbarbed, wooden duck arrow .... . . . . . + + 66. Sharp pointed, wooden bird arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - arrow stone-headed .... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + pe arrowheads ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . + + + + 09. Stemmed and barbed .... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . + - + 90. Stemmed, without barbs .... . . . . . . + - + ial feathering, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 3 "oh to hold feathers to shaft .... . . . ..... . . . . . . . + + + + Poisoning nt or obsidian thought to be poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + an blood .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ - Arrowshaft Straightening, Smoothing ne straightener, 2-piece, longitudinal grooves . . . . . . . . . . + 95. Abrasive stone.. - + - 16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki [a La Yuj 596. 1-piece straightener abrasive stone, latitudinal groove . . . . . .. + 597. Hands and teeth to straighten .. .+ + - + 598. Hands and knee to straighten .. .+ + + + 599. Shaft heated before straightening .. .+ + + + 600. Equisetum to smooth and polish .. .+ + + + 601. 2-stick arrow polisher and straightener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Shooting Position 602. Bow horizontal, usual . . . . . .+ 603. Occasional . . . . . .+ 604. Arrow on top of bow.+ + + + 605. Guided between middle and 3d finger of left hand . . + + + - 0 606. Bow slanting about 45?, occasional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 607. Bow vertical, usual ..- . - *608. Arrow release primary..+ + + + 609. Modified secondary ........... ...... . . . . + Quivers 610. Cased hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. *+ + + * 611. Buckskin band around arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 612. Carried at side under arm .... . . . . . ..... . . . . + _ + 613. Carried on back, usual position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 614. When traveling .... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . + + - + 615. Arrows pulled over shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 616. Moss in bottom of quiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 617. Angelica root in bottom of quiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Daggers or Knives 618. Horn, deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 619. Bone, elk cannon or ulna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + _ 620. Also used as hairpin .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 621. Tied to wrist .... . . . . . ..-.... . . . . . . . . . _ + + 622. Chipped stone . . ........ .. + + + + 622a.Hafted, wooden handle .... . . . . . - . + + 623. Butt end wrapped with buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ Spears 624. Stone point .*.. .... .. ..0 *-- + + - 625. For war ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 626. Thrust mainly ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 627. Used in night surprise attacks .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 628. Thrown at large game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - + Slings 629. For hunting by men .*.. ... ... ... ... -..+ + + + 630. For war . .................. + + * 631. As a boy's toy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 632. Used to knock down acorns ..+ + + 633. Clay balls thrown at ducks . .-. . -.-. . . . . . .. - - +-l Clubs 634. Ball-ended club for war *-0-.- . . . . .-. . . .|. .+ - + 635. Straight wooden war club .+................ . ... . + + + 636. Mountain mahogany preferred ..+ - + U I - -i t I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VAILEY nded club for hunting . . . . Used to rout black bear from lt club thrown at rabbits . . At squirrels . . . . . . . . den * 0 Aror - * . . * . * . . . . * . . . 0 a, no rods . . . . ,To knees or more . g with rod bracing 3 helmet . . . . . BODY AND DRESS Formal Sitting Postures h, eating or visiting . . s flexed to same side, eating ag on both knees while gambling While eating . . . . . . . . . ig on 1 knee,. common posture Standard or usual posture . . 0 * . E or visiting * * * * * 0 * * . . . . * * * * * . Hair Head past shoulder . . . . . . . . ler length . . . . . . . . .. crop . . locks, down back . . . . . . on forehead . . . . . . . . . a off. ith obsidian or flint knife Beard ed to grow . . . . . . . id . - [. With fingernails . . . I, Stone flake opposed to fingernail Coiffure id in middle . . . . . . . . . . . . 3l-length rolls in front of shoulders ing in front of shoulders . . . . . . U-length roll down back . . . . . . * at back of neck, ends loose . I around head, forehead level . . . . od up on top of head . . . . . . . . led, 3 strands . . . . . . . . . . . Comb toot brush . . . . . . . .scratcher used as comb. b-root brush . . . . . . . . . . . . an-vertebrae comb . . . . . . . . . . KE Ka La Yu * * + * + + + + + + M W W M M M M 14 NW bg MW NW bg + R R * + _ + - W W M N M 4 N N N _ 4W Wg g Mb b - b - Jg g + + - t + - + + + - W W - W _ _ - W N - W - - + + w - + - W + _+ M + 17 I i I I 18 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La Yu Various 674. Eyebrows singed - ....... .. ......... . . . ..... . . . + 675. Soaproot to wash head .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 676. Hair whipped with stick to dry .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 677. Hair greased with animal fat .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 678. With marrow .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *679. Hair reddened with lamprey blood .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Mutilations Ears and Nose 680. Ear lobes pierced ..... . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . + + + + 681. Nasal septum pierced . . . . ..... .. ........ . . . + + + + tattooing *682. Chin, vertical lines ........................ . W W W + 683. Cheeks, horizontal or radiating from mouth .... . . . . . . . . . W V W + 684. Nose, vertical line or figure .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - W 685. Forehead .. - + 686. Arm or hand ..... . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + M M 687. Legs ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *+ - W 688. Chest ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?i M 689. With bone awl ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ 690. With stone knife .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 691. Considered tribal mark . . . . . . . + + + + 692. Girls tattooed at end of first menses .- . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 693. While still young women .... . . . . . . . . . + - - + 694. Charcoal for coloring (appears blue on Indian's face) . .. ... . + + + + 695. Soaproot shoots used to give green color . Clothing Upper Body 696. Robes, deer hide, hair on . . . . . . ... . ... . . ... . . . . . . . + + + 697. Buckskin... + 698. Single hide ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 699. Coyote hide for summer.. . + Loin Covering *'700. Breechclout, apron style .N.N.N.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M M M M 701. Deerskin (hair on) .N. . N . - - 702. Buckskin ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - M M N 703. One-piece skirt or apron .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W V W 704. Buckskin ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - W W W 706. Inner bark .-.-.V.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707. Grass ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W V - _ 708. Double apron .+ + W + 709. Whole deerskin (hair on).+ - - _ 710. Buckskin ..).... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + W + 711. Fringed .... . . . . . . . . . . - W V. . 712. Animal-shell embroidery .-... . . . . - V - 713. Length between knees and ankles .... . . . . . . . . W - - . X 714. Knee length .N... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M + W + 715. Men went naked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 716. Fawnskin worn by children ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + I a CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Arms ;lets of fur (white preferred) . . . Feet, Legs .el a oV bin 10 . . . . . . . 0 . Buckskin . ......... .. , One-piece. ........... . Ankle length .. . ........ a. Calf length . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Made by men .... . . .. Made by women .... . . . boes . . . . a.Made of hazel wood . . . . . . Circular or oval frame. ........ Lashing iris-fiber cord ........ ts, fox fur . White (belly) of deerhide Braided Xerophyllum . Adornment and Ceremonial Dress Feather Regalia hber garment on net foundation . . . . . . . Ha. Half length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. Reaches below knees . . . . . . . . . . T6. Tied over shoulders . . . . . . . . . . 17. Tied under arms . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. Tied around waist . . . . . . . . . . . ~whammer-quill band . . . . . . . . . . . . F. Feather tips at intervals. Ui. Worn across forehead . . . . . . . . . . 2. Worn down back . . . . . . . . . . . . . feather band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ipeeker scalps on band . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Buckskin band . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Scalps sewn on . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Headband ................ Ikfeathers solid on buckskin band, all same di 19. Tied together with string. 50. Haliotis attached . . . . . . . . . . . 8hr head plumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S2. Single tail feather . . . . . . . . . . 53. Forked. 754. Number worn . . . . . . . . . . . 755. Number of forks in each . . . . . 756. Twisted sinew body. 757. Bird or mammal fur on body 758. Natural primaries or tail feathers I-held forked plume . . . . . . . . . . . . g Head," feather-tipped radiating sticks . . thers radiating from crown ......... kot of small feathers worn ........ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * m * * * - * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * irection * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ Fur Regalia eadband or visor......a... .Wolf.................... Ki Ka La Yu _ + _- + + + + N + H 2 + + W + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + - _- + - 19 I i Li 20 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS El Ka La Yu, 766. Otter .-.+.-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767. Fisher .+.-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ear. Ornaments 770. Wooden ear stick . . . . ..... ... ..... ..... . . .... ... . .+ + . + 771. Feathers on ends .-... . . . . . . . . . + - - 772. Dentalium .-. . . . . ... . . ... . . ... . ... . . ... . ....'. _-*+ W 773. Bird bone.+ + - + 774. Yellowhammer feathers stuck in ends of bone.+ + _ . . 775. Incised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 776. Squirrel tail suspended from string ............. ....+ - Nose Ornaments 777. Bone pin, bipointed .................. . + . . M. 778. Wood pin ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - M 779. Dentalium ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .*+ 780. Straw or grass to enlarge hole ............. .... + - Shell Beads 781. Haliotis necklace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + * 782. Haliotis on clothing ..-. . . _ + 783. Olivella necklace, whole shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -+ H + + 784. Clamshell-disk necklace ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 785. Olivella belt ..-.........+. .-. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 786. Clamshell-disk belt ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 787. Sewed to buckskin ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Face and Body Paint .~~~~~~~~ 789. Red mineral ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 790. Blue clay.. + 791. White mineral .... . .. . .... . . ... . .. . . . * .... . . + + + 792. Pulverized steatite.. . + 793. Black, charcoal ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 794. Eyebrows blackened .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 795. Applied with fingers .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 796. Applied with stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 797. Grease (marrow) on body as protection from cold and wet.- - + -l Head Nets, Pins 800. Head net, all on head . . ................ . . . . + . 4 801. Down f'illed ..N.................... . . . + - 802. Wooden hairpins ........................... . + + 803. Mammal-bone hairpins ........ ... .- ... . ....... . + * 804. Flowers in hair or ear .... . . . . . .. .. . . WEAVING Basketry Technique 805. Coiling ..... . . . W W *- 807. Clockwrise (looking into basket) . ....................a... v .+ + - 808. To left of worker ............... + + - I 4) o CUTLTREELEM. DISTRIB.: fI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 21 Ki Ka Ia Yu 9 Awl enters outside of basket .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + T Three rods in foundation ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - One-rod foundation ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -+ Rod and splint . - . - . 4. Counterclockwise ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + + + + .To right of worker ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + One strand wrapped in half hitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1. Plain, 2-strand ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 818. Closework .w.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . W W + + 819. Openwork .N.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M + + Diagonal, start or partial ... . . . . . . + . + Three-strand, start or partial . . . . . . . . . + + + - Three-strand braid .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +. Lttice twining ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + Types and Uses beater, plain twined .................. + + + + n .Wicker .. .. . .. . . > .Circular . . . . . . . .... . . . .... . . . . .... . .. .. . ... + + + + b .Parallel warp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . .6. . ................................+ , ular flat tray, twined ..... . . . . . . . ........ . + + + ?l. Coiled .-........ . . .. . . . _ _ _ + .Radiating warp ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + p03. Closework, sifting or winnowing . . . . + + + + 834. Tapped with hand ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + p5. Openwork general receptacle, twined . + + + 836. Coiled .-... - .... ...- ...+ g1ing baskets twined ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + w3.Coiled .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Ined basketry hopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Wied carrying basket ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1. Closework ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W + + 842.Openwork .N..... M M + + $43. True cone, pointed bottom . . . . + + + 844. Truncated cone, flat bottom ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + 845.Bell shape . ..... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .+ - - + Toular storage basket ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 846a.Maximum diameter near bottom .-.... . . . . . . . . . . + + 847. At middle ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + 848. Near top .-..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 849. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 850. Coiled . p1U globular basket.+ + _ + 852. Twined .-...... .. . .. .. . .. . . . . - i) 853. Coiled ....... .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . + + - + ei twined some openwork basketry ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ircis (redbud) basketry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 856. Twined ....... .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . + 857. Coiled ....... .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . + - - + Decoration aded woven ornament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + a color, besides background ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + . - + o colors, besides background .+.-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ather ornamentation ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + - _ _ B62. Border of quail topknots, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 863. Solid ..................... 864. On 3-rod coiled baskets only . . . . . . . . . . 865. Overlay twining .................... 866. Clamshell bead or haliotis ornament on baskets . . . . 867. Fern root used for black design . . . . . . . . . . .. 868. Flint scraper for basketry material . . . . . . . . . . 869. Mussel-shell scraper for basketry material . . . . . . 870. Bone scraper for basketry material . . . . . . . . . . 871. Deer-cannon-bone awl for basketmaking . . . . . . . . . 872. Deer-ulna awl for basketmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . Cradles 873. Sitting cradle (cf. Hdbk., pl. 35, center). . . . . . . 874. Made by men ...................... 875. Made by women .. .. ......... 876. Pomo (deep) type with horizontally circular head hoop . 877. Carried on back .................... 878. Pendants from top for baby to play with . . . . . . . . 879. Openwork twined basket over head of sleeping child . . 880. Lashing of buckskin .................. 881. Lashing woven vegetable fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882. Strap across mother's forehead, regular . . . . . . . . 883. Shoulder-chest, occasional . . . . . . . . . . . 884. Cradle, with baby in, hung from tree while mother works *abbitskin Blankets 885. Stick to twist fur strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886. Warp 1-ply, of fur .......... ..... ... 887. String twisted with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888. Weft of string .................... 889. Made by men. .. . . . . . . 890. Perforated stick to twist with' . . . . . . . 891. Woven in vertical position . Bedding 892. Tule or rush mats. ...... .......... .. 895. Bear-hide "rugs" (slept on) . . . . . 896. Puma-hide "rugs" (slept on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897. Elkhide "rugs" (slept on) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netting 898. One-piece shuttle, ends notched . 899. Of bone . . . . . . . . . 900. Two-piece shuttle . . . . 901. Of wood . . . . . . . . . 902. Single stick, ends unnotched . . 903. Mesh spacer, wood . . . . . . . . 904. Also used to hold loops of 905. Mesh measured with fingers . . . * * * * v * * * * v * * * * strin'g'as * * * * v * v * v * v * v * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * a* * a a * * * * * * 0 * * * * . * * 0 is being woven * * * v * * * * 0 Cordage 906. Two-ply............. 907. More than two-ply ....... 908. Each over two twisted into 909. Twisted on thigh ........ cord one at * * * * * 4. a time * * . 1Ki Ka Ila YUIi . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + * + + + + + * + * * + + * + + + + + + + + + + * * + + + + 22 + H-"I 'J -I .4 .4 -I .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .9 .9 .9 I + j ?F, ?F 1- f- F 1- 1- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 23 Kxi Ka La Yu .Down thigh, men . . . . . .*. + + + + 1. Down thigh, women .. .+ + _ w.i'-********************* * ~~~ ~~ ~~+ + + _ .Thumb guard of mussel for fiber drawing . . . *+ + + vnum (Indian hemp) . + - - + pias (milkweed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + of grapevine, hazel, etc. . . . . + + + + MONEY AND BEADS Whlls . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . . ........ *+ *+ *+ *+ .Disks ..... ; . . . . . . . . + + + + Manufactured .+ + - + .Standard of value . . . .+ + + 1t.Counted . .......... + + Fathom or half-fathom measure.. (_) -.. Cylinders as treasure .+ - - + 'site cylinders as treasure .+ + - + t or obsidian as treasure. + + + e-olivella beads .+ + + velladisk ...... _ _ _ + PIPES ifornia types, of wood .. .+ + + + 0. Bulb bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 31. As in Kroeber, Hdbk., p1 30a . .. . . . + _ _ l31a.As in Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 30b . . . . . + + - + 32. As in Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 30f . . . . . + + + + 32a.As in Kroeber, Hdbk., pl1 30g *-.---a ----- -ID+ - + + e sack, buckskin... -. . . .-. . . . . . . . _ + 34. Cased fur .. + + TOBACCO hered wild . + + + + mw. - _ + - Bg or brush burned, sown in ashes . . *+ xed with angelica root for smoking .+ _ + oking at meals or social gatherings .+ + - + gkskin pouch.. _ + sed-fur pouch .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + ly old people smoked ... . + + + + pe used by shamans, smoked while curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + MUSICAL INSTRUJENTS Drum Dodfootdrum. .. ..... + + + 945. Feather dance costumes kept under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 946. Split-stick rattle kept under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 947. Cocoon rattle kept under . . . . . . . . . . . . + 948. Small, stuffed, brown bird kept under . . . . . . . . . + 949. 'whistle kept under .. .+ - + 24 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS K). Ka La Yu 950. Bull-roarer kept under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 951. Drum axis in line with door.- -_. 952. Drum axis at right angles to door - Rattles 953. Cocoon, number . 6+ 2+ *4+ *2+ 954. Stick handle.+ + + 955. Used in curing.+ + + 956. Taboo to young women.+ + + 957. Taboo to children .+ . ' . Is + + + 958. Deer-hoof, including dewclaws . *.-.+ 959. Stick handle.I - _+ 960. Suspended from string.. _ . .+ 961. Hoofs bunched .............. . ... . . .-.. + + 962. Used in curing.. .-.+ + 963. Split-stick rattle .+ +.+. 964. Single stick.. + + 965. Painted + + 966. General singing and dancing.+ + + 967. Girls' puberty rite.- + + 968. Basket, stone inside, child's toy.- + + 969. Tied to baby's cradle.- + + Bull-roarer 970. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 971. Only men operate .@ @@ . . .. . .... . + + 972. Voice of thunder .. .. + 973. Women may not see .+ + 974. Children may not see . + + 975. Used at boy's school . ...................... + - 976. Used in curing of fright-sickness.. . + 977. Pointed at distant enemies to "poison" them . + -. . Whistle 978. Single hole ...................... + + + + 979. Bone.+ + + + 980. Bird or rodent .................. . + + + + 981.Iarge meamal.- . .90 .9 0 . - + 982. Wood or cane . + + + 983. Elder . + + + 984. Grass wrapped at hole.. -. . . . . . . + _ 985. Stop of gum or pitch.+ + + + 986. Double, 2 bound together.+ + + + Flute 987. Flute..+ + + 988. Elder ...... + + + + 989. Number of holes .4 44 4 990. Flattened squares around holes .+ -_. . 991. End blown .......... ...............+ + + + 992. Mouth blown + + I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY GAMES Shinny or Lacrosse play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i sexes together . . . . . . . . . . C, wood ball . . . . . . . . . . . . )97. Pepperwood ball . . . . . . . . )97a.Tan-oak ball . . . . . . . . . . 398. Dropped from hand to start game Iulsion, curved stick . . . . . . . . )0l. Straight natural-ended stick )02. Netted stick . . . . . . . . . . Ls, paired posts or trees . . . . . . aPing permitted . . . . . . . . . . . king up and batting ching ball in hand, ber on each side es local groups . . Btituting permitted goal wins game . . puck permitted . . dropping, striking 16 . . . . . . . . . * . . .* * . . .* * . . .* * * * * * * * * permitte * . . .* * . . .* * * * * * . . .* Various Games Dwing sticks at stake . ok race . . . . . . . . -legged race (hopping). stling matches, men . . D16. Women . . . . . . ling hoop for distance ok thrown for distance, * * * * 0 including * . . . bounce Archery Ltionary target ............ [020. Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L021. Stake alone . . . . . . . . . . . l022. Slab of wood or bark . . . . . . . L023. Pine cones shot down . . . . . . . r distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L025. Over a tall tree . . . . . . . . . r height alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . mt arrows shot at man for war practice Ring-and-Pin m play . . . . . . . . . . . . men play . . . . . . . . . . . .sh-vertebrae rings . . . . . . 1031. Rings made from deer femo Lriable number of rings . mber of strings of rings ngle-forked stick with 2 sharpe tfit transferred at miss . 1036. After three misses . Loh ring counts one point . . . aber of sides . . . . . . . . mber on each . . . . . . . . . me called "gigging a salmon" tocessful player gets good luck * * points * . . . 0 . . . * * * * 0 * * . .* * * * * 0 * . . . . I, * * e for actual salmon harpooning l Ki Ka La Yu + + + + R R R + + + + + * _ + + 4 2 2 3 + 2 2+ + + R 2 + 2 2 R R * R R R R R + R R + + * 25 I 6 . I . I . I 26 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La Yu land, Grass, or Many-Stick Game, 1042. Men play, a .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + *R 1043. Men play, b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1044. Women play, b.- R - R 1045. Many small sticks, one marked, a.- R + R 1046. Number of sticks per player, a .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - *20 to3 30 1047. In game b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 *2 *1 2 1047a.Sticks of solid wood, b . ...... . .. . . . . . . + R + + 1048. Hollow bone "sticks," b .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 1049. Only wildcat leg bones used.+ - _ . 1051. One wrapped or marked per player, b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1052. Single stick guessed for, b .... . . - R + 1053. Wrapped or marked guessed for, b .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + - - + 1054. Either guessed for, b .... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . + + 1055. Called tep and wei .... . . . . .............+ + - R 1056. Wrapped bone called "east" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 1057. Called man and woman .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . + - _ 1058. Called black and white .- R - - 1059. Hide in bare hand only, a.- R - R 1060. Hide in grass in hand, a .-. - _ + 1061. Hide in grass in hand, b .+.................... . + + + 1062. Shuffle in front, a . . . . . - + + 1063. In front, b ...... ..-. -.. . .. . + + 1064. Behind back, a ..........R .... - R 1065. Behind back, b .............. . + + - + 1066. Holder (dealer) wins point, a ..- R + R 1067. Holder (dealer) wins point, b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1068. Side guessing correctly gets to hold (deal), a . -. . . . . . . . . R + R 1069. Side guessing correctly gets to hold (deal), b ... o o o . . . . + + + + 1070. Number of counters, a .... . .. . .. . .. . . . - 12 12 12 1071. Number of counters, b .... . . . . . . 12 12 *12 12 1072. Counters sticks, a.- R + R 1073. Counters sticks, b ... . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1074. Counters in one neutral pile to start, a.- R + R 1075. Counters in one neutral pile to start, b .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1076. Counters in two piles, a . o . . . . . . . - R - R 1077. Counters in two piles, b .... . . . . . . . . . . . - R - R 1078. Referee to hand out counters, a.- R + R 1079. Referee to hand out counters, b .... . . . . . + + + + 1080. One player on a side holds sticks or bones, a . ... ... R + R 1081. One player on a side holds sticks or bones, b .... . . . . . . . + + + 1082. Two players on a side hold sticks or bones, b ... . o o . . . . . + + + + 1083. Two sides, a . ................ . . . . - R + R 1084. Two sides, b ..... . . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *1085. Singing while playing, b .......... .. . 0 + + R + Many Sticks, Take Away, Guess Remainder 1086. Men only play . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1087. Take away 2 at a time, guess zero or one .)... . . . X -4 - - 1088. Many sticks, none marked, divided, number guessed.(i) - - - Dice Games 1089. Six split-stick dice, women's game .... . . R . - . 1090. All alike counted 2., half and half,1 . . ....... R R - 1091. Pyrographic etching on wood dice. ..".i. . . . . . . . . . . . .". R R - - m CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 27 KI Ka Ia Yu Stick Thrown Up sharpened on both ends .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ mint when it lands erect in ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ Frscores ............................ esful thrower transfers .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Tops en play with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + iop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . + _ _ gdtop .... _ _~~~~- + - Wn buckskin .-. . . . . . . . . . . + Buzzer nplay primarily .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + R w- ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ + - R 04. Madro.. .. ..a...- + + ,orbark R............................ Z.Madrolia .................. . . .... . . .... . . ....... _ + 4of disk notched.- _ - R end of string held in mouth, string plucked'. - + - Cat's Cradle play ............................ . R R R + mplay . ................. ......... . R R R + iofigures .......................... . R R R + inBfigures ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R R R + COUNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES onting on fingers . 1 00 00 .0 04@@** + + - A12. Between fingers .-. . . -.-. _ _ . *+ iting on toes .*. .. .. .. .. .. .. .+ + L1kfor l. -.-.- . -- .-..-. ..- .. .- + - + Xikfor 1+ - + ok for 20 (larger stick).- . . . . . + - Wok for 100 (larger stick) .*. . . --.-. ..-.-.+ _ _ _ W ry numeral system . . . .. . . ..-. .-._ *+ *+. Xonary numeral system . . .-vs @P @ ** ***** _ _ - *+ iiml numeral system . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . o . . .- . jesimal numeral system .*. . .. . . -. . .. ..) *+. .) -_ xok mat for messages or invitation. -- @ 0 ID + idle of loose sticks for messages .*... -- ... -- + seenger carries 4 sticks .+.--.-.. .- . ..-.- - + CALENDAR iber of moons in year .... . . . . .. . . . . . . 10 8 *10 ) iber of names for months .... . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8 10 ($ icriptive month names .-. . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . _ + + + iger-named months: 1st month called thumb; "2d," index finger, etc. + - _ umer months unnamed . + + + lendrical year begins about October .+ + + + ith begins with new moon. . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + aber of seasons named.. .............. 4 4 4 X ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, COSMOLOGY New Moon Observances 1134. Monthly birth-and-death theory. 1135. All go out to see . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136. Racing by children . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137. Run 4 times around house . . 1138. Speak, shout, or pray to moon . . . . . . 1139. Address moon with kin term . . . . 1140. Throw blazing pitch at moon . . . . . . . 1141. Position of "horns" significant . . . . . 1142. Horizontal, dry weather . . . . . . . . . 1145. Vertical, rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146. If moon looked at while sinking in ocean, 1147. Four "scars" on new moon; good acorn crop 1148. New moon unlucky because women menstruate 1149. Men usually will not hunt during r one will die thie n . ' ' lew moon . Eclipses 1150. Eclipse of sun known . . 1151. Eclipse of moon known 1152. Eating theory . . . . . 1153. Sun . . . . . . 1154. Moon . . . . . . 1155. Bear . . . . . . 1156. People shout . . . . . . 1157. Pound ground with sticks 1158. 1159. 1160. Rainbow Sign of childbirth somewhere . . . . . . .. Must not look at long, else weak eyes . . , People afraid of rainbow . . . . . . . . . . 1161. Bad to point at . . . . . . . . . . 1162. Makes finger crooked . . . . Thunder and Lightning 1163. Thunder anthropomorphic . . . . . . . . . . . 1164. Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165. Thunder-boy makes lesser noises 1166. Lightning from body of thunder person . 1167. Lightning from eyes of thunder person . . . . 1168. Thunder and lightning feared . . . . . . . . . 1169. Dogs made to squeal . . . . . . . . . 1170. Twist ears of dogs. 1171. Angelica burned to stop thunder . . . 1172. Chewed and spat to stop . . . 1174. Shamans go outside, talk to thunder to 1174a.Sign of death somewhere . . . . . . . . . . . 1175. 1176. 1177. 1178. 1179. * * * make iti * . . . * * * * * .* stop * * Whirlwind Evil association . . . . . . . . . . . . Spirit in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghost in . .... ........... Talked to (told to go away). . . . . . . Dodged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l Ka La - M R1 Ka La Yu + + + * + + + * + + + + + * + + + + + *+ *+ *+ * + + + + + + _* + + _ + + + * + + + + (9. *+ * + R R R + + + *+ *+ + I * - + + + * + + 28 I I s CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 29 Earthquake uaued by big deer moving underground . . . . . 1181. Coyote moving underground. . . . . . . . b stop earthquake, everyone strikes ground with 1183. Everyone sings and dances . . . . . . . 1184. People rub angelica on bodies . . . . . 1185. Doctors sing and dance. * * * pestles * . .* * . . . and * . * 0 sti1:ck s . * * * . * * * 0 Various ilky Way ghosts' road . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187. Bear's road . . . . . . . . . . . . . in male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tin female .................. oon male .................. erson in moon ................ umber of cardinal directions At193. Up and down less important than other .1194. Dextral order (counterclockwise) . . . 1195. Direction listed first . . . . . . . . orld a horizontal disk . . . . . . . . . . . :1197. Diamond shape . . . . . . . . . . . . 'loating on water all around . . . . . . . . . orth top, south bottom . . . . . . . . . . . b stop rain, poke stick in fire . . . . . . . 1201. Burn angelica, hides, pepperwood . . . go make rain, throw hides, snails into stream 1202a.Lines cut in rock . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 0 directions *** . * * * * * . . . . * . . .* * . . . . MARRIAGE Child betrothal before puberty . . . . . 1204. Exchange of presents . . . . . . 1205. Only a good-will pledge . . . . 1206. Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Negotiated bride price . . . . . . . . . Girl eats meat offered by suitor if she Suitor "proposes" personally . . . . . . Mutual exchange of gifts by families . . Wedding at bride's house . . . . . . . . 1213. Duration (days) groom's family s Elopement without payment tolerated Bride scratches groom to show modesty is agreeable * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . stays . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . * * . . . to marriage *- * * * * * . . . . . **..*** * * * * * . * . . * * 0 * . . * * . Marriage of Affinal Relatives Sororate.............. . 1218. Simultaneous (polygynous). . . . . . . . . . 1219. 2 wives maximum in same house . . . 1220. Without barrenness of first wife 1221. Successive (post-mortem) . . . . . . . . 1222. Obligatory for sister . . . . . . 1223. Obligatory for widower . . . . . . . 1225. Extended to wife's parallel or cross Levirate, successive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227. Obligatory for widow . . . . . . . ... . . . 1228. Obligatory for brother . . . . . . . . . . . '1229. Extended to other relatives ... . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * I . . . * * . . IKl Ka La Yu + + + 6 + N *+ * + + + + + + 6 *+) + * . * + + *) + + + + * + 6 E+ E + + + 30 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I Ka. La Yu 1230. Two men exchange sisters .... . ...... la.......ID......... . . + + + + 1231. Simultaneous or nearly so ..+ _ + 1232. Successive (man marries sister's husband's sister) .+ + + + Polygyny With Unrelated Wives 1233. Polygyny, unrelated wives .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + * 1234. Maximum number .... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 *4 1235. Maximum number in same house .... . ..... . . . . . . 2 2 2 1236. Usually only by prominent men .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + -t 1237. Separate houses for wives .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + Postnuptial Residence *1241. First residence matrilocal .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1242. Variable period ................ + + + 1243. Wife's parents' house ......... . . + + + 1244. Final residence variable .......................................... + + + 1245. Wife from another local group preferred .+ + + 1246. Local endogamy permitted if no kinship .... . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + 1247. Marriage to other "tribes" - . . . . . . . + + + + Sexual Relations of Unmarried 1248. Unchaste girl physically chastised .-.-.. . . . . . . . . . . 1249. Will make her parents ill .+.-.-. . . . . . . . . . ..... + 1250. Seducer must marry girl .... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . + + 1251. A seducer already married may be killed . . . . . . . . . . + + Adultery 1252. Unfaithful wife beaten by husband .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1253. Unfaithful wife sometimes killed .... . . . . ..... . . . . . + + 1254. Seducer assailed by husband .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1255. Seducer sometimes killed by husband .... . . . ..... . . . . + + 1256. Husband may tell seducer to take the woman .. . . . . . + + + Divorce 1257. Husband may divorce wife for unfaithfulness . + + + 1258. For barrenness ............. . + - + 1259. For laziness .... . . . ... ...... . . . . . . . . . + + + 1260. Wife may divorce husband for unfaithfulness . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1261. For maltreatment .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1262. Divorce for incompatibility .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1263. Children go to wife's family .... . . . . . . . + - _ 1264. Children divided .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . + + 1265. Boys go to husband's family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1266. Girls go to wife's family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Intercourse 1267. Man lying superior ........ . | + + + 1268. Woman lying inferior, legs raised .* * ....... . . . . . . . . . . + + + *1269. Anal intercourse practiced on girl, insult to her relatives . . . . + - _ 1270. Fellatio (homosexual and heterosexual) .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1271. Rape, common.+ - * 1272. One man rapes one woman.+ + - 1273. Group of men rape one woman.+ + 1274. From rear or side position .. . + +.- 1275. Anal entry .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + U I . 'A CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 6. Group of women rape one man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277. Fellatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278. Defecate on face of victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . BERDACHES women's clothes . .. . . .. . . . Is work ............. 4 . ..4. . . . . .. aeshamans o . . . . . . . ..... . . .. . oed like women ............. ... .... i ih man . . ........... oo o. . . ........... i11 functions of tribal prostitute . . . . . . . . . . . . KINSBIP AVOIDANCES r-in-law son-in-law . . .. o o o o .. .. .Do not speak at all ... .... .. 7. Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plural address. .................... Speak through 3d person ....... ..... .... 2 Head covered (mother-in-law) . . . . . . . . . 1. Turn aside on trail ....... ..... ..... 92. Must not eat together ........ ........... 293. Must not hand things to one another . . . . . . . . . 294. Must not laugh together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. bscenity tabooed ....... ... ........... 6. Avoidance for life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297. Temporary, for newlywed, or before 1st child . . . . r-in-law daughter-in-law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Speak little. ... .................. )00. Plural address .......... 3IZ01. Obscenity tabooed. . . ....... 1302. Avoidance temporary, for newlywed, or before 1st child . her-in-law daughter-in-law .. ..... ... ....... Z4. Do not speak at all .. . . ... ....... )05. Speak little. 1306. Plural address .. . . . t1307. Speak through 3d person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308. Turn aside on trail . 1309. Must not eat together ........... t13l0. Must not hand things to one another . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311. Must not laugh together . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312. Obscenity tabooed ... 1313. Avoidance for life. 1314. Temporary, for newlywed, or before 1st child . . X er-in-law son-in-law.. .................... ,1316. Speak little ............... ......... 1317. Plural address. .... . 1318. No obscenity together .......... ... ... .1319. Avoidance temporary, for newlywed, or before lst child . . BIRTH Obstetrics separate hut .......................... .'dwelliag . . . . JKI Ka La Yu + + H + + + + + + + + *+ + + + * + * + + + 9 + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + 31 32 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS K|. Ka La Yu 1322. Mother sits .+.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1323. Kneels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1324. Holds to cord or strap from roof . . . . + 1325. Husband sits behind wife with arms around her waist.+ - - 1326. Midwife assists .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1327. Paid or given present .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1328. Shaman assists .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + + 1329: Birth aided by rubbing of mother's belly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1330. Light blows on mother's shoulder or head . . . . . . . . . . + 1331. Warmed ground or shallow pit for mother to lie on or in . . . . . . + + + 1332. Mother steamed .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1333. In heated pit.- + + 1334. Green grass and leaves under and over her. + + *1335. Navel cord cut with flint . . + + + 1336. Tied with vegetable fiber .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1337. Human hair.- + - 1338. Detached in ... days (N=till drops off). . . . . . . . . . . 4 N N 1339. Kept in house .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1340. Kept till death .-. . . ....... . . . . . . . . . _ + 1341. Put in buckskin bag, kept around neck . . . . . . . + 1342. Put in baby's rattle basket . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1343. Buried. + - . 1344. Afterbirth buried . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1345. Child bathed at birth .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1346. Steamed.. _ + 1347. "Baked" in pit after birth with.mother . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1348. Fear of twins ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + + * 1349. Lie on side to prevent twins .+ -..... .................... | + 1350. Kill one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1351. Twins treated same as other children .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352. Adoption . . . .-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *Restrictions on Mother (Nos. refer to days after birth) 1353. Fresh meat taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . + + + 1355. Fresh fish taboo .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1356. Dried meat taboo ... .. + + + 1357. Dried fish taboo .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. + + + 1358. Eats alone, separate receptacles .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + + + 1360. Combing hair taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -. . 1361. Uses scratching stick .+ + + 1362. Lies down (not referring to actual birth period) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1363. Travel taboo .............. + + + 10 1365-. Making baskets taboo.- _ _ 1367. Cooking for family taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1369. Gathering taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1370. Bathing in stream taboo.+ + 3 1371. Bath at end of taboo period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Restrictions on Father (Nos. refer to days after birth) 1372. Meat, except dried fish, taboo .. . 4 - _ 1373. Eats alone, separate receptacles .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - - 1374. Remains indoors most of time ............... ..... . 4 30 4 1375. Travel taboo .............. . 4 30 4 i CULTUJE ELEM. DISTRIB.: --ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 33 Ki Ka Ia Yu tabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 7 gtaboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 30 7 7 deer taboo ........................ . 4 30 7 7 in stream taboo ..4 - - - mndatory, end of taboo period ..-............ . _ + + + noe, months after birth, between parents . ........ . 1 2 *2+ 3 Abortion, Infanticide, Nursing, Birth Control me eaten or drank for abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or pressure on abdomen for abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ ticide admitted . + + + Chiefly of bastards . + + - -fi weaned (earliest age in years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 3 2 weaned (latest age in years) .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 7 7 i.tis- ashes drunk mixed with water, to prevent conception . . . . + + - t infusion drunk to prevent conception .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + 'Mutilations eierced, age in years . 15 15 20 12 -pierced, age in years ................. . 15 15 25 20 8 tattooed: at puberty .- . + + - 3 After puberty .+ .......la..... - - + .Age in years . 18 15 15 18 tattooed, age in years . .................. . 20 20 25 20 Milk Teeth onaway ........................... . + + + - Z97. Toward place where born .... . . . . . . .. .+ - _ ~9.Toward sun..,. + - 3,98. Toward new mon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - , to.rhidden .. _ - + 402. If eaten by dog, squirrel, etc., permanent teeth like animal's... *.- - . . . . . . - - + boo against throwing in fire .-. . -.-. . .. . ...+ _ _ _ syer to make teeth grow .. .+ *+ + Name ten soon after birth (up to 6 mos.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + 406. Given, age in years .... . . . ....... . . . . . . 5 1 - psake a relative .... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . + + * 1408. Paternal ..... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + '1409. Maternal ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . + + )410.Living ........ + + _ _ per a relative ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . + + ) 1412. Paternal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ) + 1413. Maternal . .+ ) + per, anyone from birthplace of child ..+ - + *or is paid or given present . . . .. . . ....... .+ - _ ,knames, descriptive of person .. .+ + + + GIRIS' PUBERTY RITES rmonial number 6 .-. .. . .. -.--.. . + + + iremonial number 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ rl secluded or confined. * ----- - -* + + + + 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka Ia Yu 1423. Duration in days when less than 1 month . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 6 6 q 1425. In dwelling .+ + + +1 1426. Screened-off or separate room . . + -_ 1427. In separate (menstrual) hut.. _ + +. 1428. Outdoors in enclosure . . . . . . . . . . - 1429. Girl must sit or squat in seclusion .+ - + + 1430. Girl must lie in seclusion.+ + + + 1432. On heated spot .+ - + + 1433. In definite pit . + - _ . 1434. Plants under or over girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 1435. Hot stone on girl's belly.. - 1436. Girl lies prone, massaged . + - . . 1437. Girl attended or proctored .+ + + + 1438a.By mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1439. By kinswoman other than mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 1440. Attendant paid or given gifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1441. Girl instructed (other than about menstruation) . . . . . . . . . . + - 1442. Restriction on food.+ + + + 1443. Separate eating or drinking receptacles (other than drinking tube) .+ + + + 1444. Girl eats alone or with other menstruants or attendant . . + + + + 1445. Girl eats twice daily .+ - - 1446. Three times daily. + + 1447. Girl eats about sunrise or sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - 1448. Hot food taboo. . . . 1449. Meat taboo, days .+ 90 + 6 1450. Some dried meat or fish permitted . . . . . . . . . + - _ 1451. Berries taboo.+ + .-+ 1452. Salt taboo + 1453. Restriction on drinking water.+ + + 4 1454. Hot water not given girl .+ - + + 1455. Drinks little .+ + + 1456. Drinking tube . . . . 1457. Straw, cane, or elder drinking tube . . . . . . . . - - 1458. Scratching or touching self with hands taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1459. Wooden scratcher .+ + + d 1460. 1-prong (single-stick) scratcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1461. Rubs self with smooth rock . 1462. Towel for face ................ . + - . _ 1463. Girl's hair dressed by attendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1464. Girl's hair washed by attendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465. Girl deloused .+ - + 1466. Lice thrown in fire _.. + 1467. Girl's head or eyes covered .+ + + 1468. With hide, mat, or blankets . - + .. *1468a.With utilitarian basket .+ + + 1469. Basket hopper .+ - + 1470. Gazing at people taboo .. + + 1471. Gazing at sun, moon, or sky taboo .+ + + 1472. Gazing at wild crops taboo .+ + + 1473. Girl avoids fire (usually house fire). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1474. Girl has own fire in-seclusion . - + 1475. Girl avoids all men .+ + + 1476. Girl avoids hunters and fishermen.. + + 1477. Girl avoids gamblers .+ + + 1478. Girl avoids the sick .+ + + 1479. Girl mutilated .- + + + 1480. Tattooed.. _ *+ + 9 1481. Ears pierced.+ + - 1482. Nose pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I I :s I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 35 K, Ka La YU tion on sleep . ._ + on on talking or laughing. + _ + e xertion or work by girl (including dancing at public rite) + + + + Girl must work.. - + 1487. Girl must work during menstruation . . . . . . . . . + 1488. Girl must weave or spin .-... . . . . . . . . . . + - t bathe during menstruation. .. . . . ..... Is... . . . . + - + _ Girl must bathe daily during menstruation .... . . . . . + - + - 1491. Outdoors in cold water ............ . . . + 1492. Take sponge bath or use warm water -.. . -. . + - _ _ tes at end of seclusion or menstruation .... . . . . . . + + + + tIn stream . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + _ + _ Takes sponge bath or uses warm water .-.......... . + - + Scrubbed with boughs ............... . + - _ 1497. With soaproot ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ... + clothes changed or washed at end of rite .. . + + + * Wears special grass skirt ..... . . . .+ - _ wused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +__ .,suitor connected with rite .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - .recognition of girl's puberty ............... . + + + + Duration of public recognition, days or nights .... . . . 1 1 6 6 rl a separate public recognition ceremony . . . . . . . . . . + + + + re girls at 1 public recognition ceremony . . . . . . . . . . + + + + recognition held in dwelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - Held in brush enclosure.. . . . . + 0. Held outdoors, no enclosure ... .- + - 1510a. Held in daytime ..+ + H.oeld at night ........ . ............ . . + + !1l.Held during actual menstruation of girl .. ..... . . . + + + + ttend or participate in public recognition . . . . . . . . . . + + attend or participate in public recognition . . . . . . . . . + + + + tng at public recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 5. Men sing.. -.+ + b6. Women sing ..... .....+ .. . + + ;7. Songs magically increase supply of acorns. . . . . . . .+ - B. Singers paid or given gifts. . . . . . . . . . . + dances at public recognition ..... . ....... . . . . + + + + bO. 1 or 2 persons support her ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + i dancing at public recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . + + + + 22.Men dance... -.+ + 3..Women dance ......... . ........... ... . + + + + 4.. Each sex dances separately ... .- + B5. Both sexes dance together.. + ?6.Dancers in circle ....... . ......... . . . + + + + t7. Dancers in 2 lines abreast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + I-stick rattle (single stick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ tforall ................. .. . - . + + + llicense... . .) _ _ trual pad worn by girl during ceremony. ...+ . rplaced under girl to absorb flow . .+ - _ IkMSTRUATION OF MATURE WOMEN (Nos. refer to days after menstrual beginning) attaboo. .+ + + + Xexcept dried fish tabooa+ - _ _ fish taboo. + + + alone, separate receptacles .+ + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1537a.Confined in dwelling . . . . . . . . 1538. Scratches with stick or bone . 1539. Cooking for family taboo. 1540. Cooking meat taboo . . . . . . . . . 1541. Pounding acorns taboo . . . . . . . 1542. Making baskets taboo . . . . . . . . 1543. Getting wood taboo . . . . . . . . . 1544. Gathering vegetable food taboo . . . 1545. Bathes daily . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546. In stream . . . . . . . . . 1547. In cold water indoors . . . 1548. Bathing in stream taboo . . . . . . 1549. Purification bath at end . . . . . . 1550. Called "moon sickness". 1550a.Restrictions extended to husband 1551. Hunting taboo . . . . . . . 1552. Fishing taboo . . . . . . . 1553. Gambling taboo . . . . . . . 1554. Intercourse taboo, from beginning of * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * menstruation DEATH (Unless otherwise specified, nos. refer to days after death) 1555. Corpse left in house until buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1556. Corpse taken out through wall of house . . . . . . . . . . . 1557. Through door. 1558. Feet first ..................... 1559. Head first ..................... 1560. Passed out ..................... 1561. Corpse carried on pole stretcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562. On back of one man. 1563. Interment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1564. Corpse washed in house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565. Corpse flexed sitting up . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 1566. Corpse extended supine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1568. Direction corpse faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569. Corpse wrapped in blanket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570. Depth of grave,in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571. Grave boulder covered ................... 1572. Cord to lower corpse .................... 1573. Twisted or woven .................. 1574. Tracks covered around grave ................ 1575. Wife buried at husband's plot or locality . . . . . . . . . 1576. Wife buried at own family's plot . . . . . . . . . . 1577. Cemetery near village ................... 1578. Cremation of dead ..................... 1579. Corpse stretched out ................ 1580. Inside pyre ................ 1581. On top of pyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582. Bones put in basket with beads, buried . . . . . . . 1583. Bones and ashes buried without other articles . . 1584. Food burned with corpse 1585. Personal property burned with corpse. 1586. Warriors cremated if killed far from home village . . . . . 1587. Ashes brought home and buried . . . . . . . . . . . 1588. "Stranger" may be cremated ................. 1589. Ashes brought home in basket and buried . . . . . . KI Ka La I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (9.) * + + + + + 6 + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + + + 36 * * +, * .4 i i I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VAIJEY 37 :Kl Ka Ia Yu -Destruction of Property ased's dog sacrificed .*- .................. . . + + 591. Hung by neck to tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + _ lsed's money and valuables buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 193. Personal property buried .+ + - + 94. Personal property burnt .+ + + + ie where death occurred burned . ..... . . .... + + + * 5$6. Purified with aromatic vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ ,ers burn own property at funeral.- + + - 198. Are later paid for it . _ + Undertakers :grave, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2 2 *2 2 ,1e corpse, number . . .................. . *2 2 *2 *2 9 relatives always ....... . + - - . .). 102. Sometimes .-..................... ... + + ...- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - except dried fish, taboo, days .. . + - 4 - ngtaboo, days .-................ .... .. . 4 1 ~Ang taboo, days .-................... . ... 4 7 l taboo, days .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 i1 continence, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - tication .. . + + + + 1O. By washing or bathing .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Wing, open fire .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + its rubbed on body .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Wchewed .... + + - + Lpated water applied to body .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Widow hing corpse taboo.- + _ _ cut or burned off, on day of death. + + + + 17. Ends buried .(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) - - _ ;18. Ends burned .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + >not washed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + h on face or head .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 'or ashes on face or head .... . . . ..... . . . . . . . + + '22. White clay on forehead or bangs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 'ing or scratching at funeral ..- .......+....... . - - + 24. Breast beaten .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + rand bead necklace worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ lace of pitch lumps . .-.+................... + - w confined in house . .................... . + + + + Ig baskets taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + ering taboo . ........................ . + + + + Les self at end of mourning period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Blood Relatives c out hair .... . . . . . . . ....... . . . + + + *+ 32. Hair singed after cutting . . ............. . . + - - + ing deer taboo .... . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . + - + ng baskets taboo ...........+. . - - ...... + sring taboo . ................. .. . _ + ined in house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + fication by sweating..+ _ _ * 38. Bathing with angelica or pepperwood in water .+ + - + 38 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La Yw 1639. Mourners financially satisfiable before dance . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 1640. Mourning begins before death. . . . . . . ++ 1641. Mourning anniversary, year after death. . . . . . . . . + 1642. Altered terms for kin-in-law after death . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1642a.Ceremonial cannibalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Name 1643. Name of deceased taboo . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1644. Indefinitely ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *1645. Only in presence of kin .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1646. Circumlocution at death of namesake . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - Ghosts 1647. Visible ....... . 0 .| - + + 1648. Like a person .-... . . . . . . . . . . + + 1649. Audible ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . + + + 1650. Go up or to sky..(i-) *..+ + 1651. One destination for all .(.-.. . . . . . . . . . . ) + + 1652. Good and bad, different destinations .t. . .-. . . . . . .. . .) - _ 1653. If dead dreamed of, bathe with medicated water . . . . . . . . . . . + - 1654. Buckskin (recently, rags) burned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1655. Angelica burned .... . . . . + + + 1656. Rubbed on body .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1657. Chewed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1658. Infusion drunk. . . + 1659. Shaman treats dreamer.. . + 1660. Tobacco smoked by shaman . . ... . . . . . . . . . . + 1661. Tells ghost to leave .-. . . . . . ..... . . . ... + + E 1662. Dreamer may die ..+ + 1663. Becomes doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 1664. Reincarnation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + DREAMS 1665. Dreams usually considered a misfortune (see 1653). . . . . . . . . . + + + 1666. To avert evil effects, sing .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1667. Give feast to spirits seen . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ 1668. Snakes bad to dream about .+ + + 1669. Feathered serpent most dangerous . - + - 1670. Bears dangerous to dream about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1671. Imitated by dreamer to avert evil effects . . . . . + + _ 1672. Sexual dreams not considered harmful ............... .. + + 1673. Bragged about ... . + - . . 1674. Kept secret .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + CHIEFS AND OFFICIAIS 1675. Chief or headman, no. per local group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1+ + 2 1676. Multiple chiefs of equal rank ....... . . .. . .. . . .. . + + - *1677. Hereditary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1678. Patrilineal bias ........ . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . 1679. Matrilineal bias ........... . + .- . 2 1680. Brother may succeed ...... .. . .. . . .. . . . + + + 1681. Brother's son may succeed ................ . * + 1682. Chosen at popular assembly.+ + + 1683. Must have general approval in all cases .I... . I. . ..... + + + 1684. Position lifelong ......................... +I + + U I 1 m I i I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XHI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY on or other relative hunts for chief . . . . . bod given chief free . . . . . . . . . . . . . d visitors till impoverished . . . . . . . . . 1688. Members of village contributed . . . . . luetioned every public ceremony . . . . . . . . 6vided largest share of food and property for Wde speech at public ceremony . . . . . rzeted boy's school and initiation . . . . . . Idressed people from top of sweat house . . . . Pe moral lectures to children . . . . . . . . Ottled disputes ................ *uctioned killing of offenders . . . . . . . . es to war ................ elth influence. Irects communal food-quest activities . . . . . Kaistant chief for administration . . . . . . . ltled woman chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702. Sister or daughter of chief . . . . . . 1703. Wife of male chief . . . . . . 1704. May be head chief, give orders to men Hier, messenger, orator . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . . . . . 1707. Office lifelong . . . . . 1708. About 10 years . . . . . . . . . 1709. Acted as messenger . . . . . . . . . . . 1710. Carries invitation sticks . . . 1711. Addressed people from top of sweat house -1712. Moral lectures to children. Xretender, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714. For sweating . . . . . . . 31714. For ceremonies. 1715. Gave moral lectures to children . 1716. Office lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717. Appointed by chief . . . . . ir chief, number . . . . . . . . 1719. Usually not "peace" chief . . . 1720. Office lifelong, or as long as able '1721. Leads local group or tribe . --1722. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . 1723. Becomes such by continued success in war * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * ceremony * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * WAR AND FEUDS Ruses, murder . . . . . . . . . L7252. Witchcraft . . . . . . . . . . 1726. Rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727. Poaching. 1728. Stealing valuables . . . . rearranged battles . . . . . . . zzprise attacks . . . . . . . . . . -1731. Night sentry to guard against i paint red . . . . . . . . . . . :1733. Black . . . . . . 1734. White . . . ief (not war chief) sometimes leads ief neutral . . . . . . . . . a11ps taken . . . . . . . . . . O1e head taken . . peoial custodian for scalp. * * 0 * * * * * * * * * * 0 pepl * * . * * ; * a 0 * * 0 Ki Ea La Yu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + * + ) (f) + *1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + *+ + * + -V + + + * + + + + + + 39 i 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 * * * 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 . 0 . . 0 . . . 0 . 0 . : *0 0. 00 0 . 0 . . 0 . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 e . 0 0 9 0 0 & 0 0 40 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IK Ka La ! 1740. Usually man who prepares scalp .. ... ............... - ... + + + 1741. Cleaner of scalp has more restrictions than killer . . . . . . . . . + + _ 1742. Lives alone, outdoors .+ + 1743. Fish and meat taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 1744. Rubs self with pepperwood .+ + 1745. Angelica .. + 1746. Sexual continence .+ + 1747. Has to get up and shout before daybreak . . . . . . . . . . + 1747a.Ritual abuse of scalp cleaner. + - 1748. At end of taboo period, bathes self with pepperwood and angelica .+ + 1749. Cleans nails, ears, nose . + - 1750. Length of taboo period, days. *2130 1751. Envoys (peace-makers) chiefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1752. Envoys, not chiefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1753. Compensation by both sides .+ + + 1754. For all dead and injured . + + 1755. According to sex, more for male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1757. Deceased wife's blood money to husband's family . + + 1758. Wife's family.. -.. 1759. Amount more than bride price . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1760. For all property destroyede.. .- 1761. Purification of killers, days .( 4 *1 1762. Does nothing during this period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ 1763. Bath without sweating .+ + + 1764. Aromatic plants applied to body . . . . . . . . . .. . . . + + 1765. Fish and meat taboo .+ + 1766. Dance of incitement before fight .+ + + 1767. Lasts one day or night .+ + + 1768. At village .+ + + 1769. Dancers in concentric circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1770. Victory dance when enemy killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1771. Scalp on pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1772. "Feed" scalp . + + 1773. Women dance .+ + + 1774. Carry scalp between teeth.+ + _ 1775. Put scalp between legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1776. Men dance .+ + + 1776a.Dancers abreast . + + 1777. Both feet stomped, together or alternating . . . . . + + + 1778. Walking back and forth in front of row . . . . . . . + 1779. Men wear war costume .+ + + 1780. Red paint .+ + + 1781. Black paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1782. White paint.. + 1783. Carry bows and arrows . + + 1784. War dreams by leader ...... . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1785. War omens ..+ + + 1786. Scouts..+ + + 1787. Owl calls used as signals . - *+ 1788. Dove or quail calls used as signals. - + 1789. Fire or smoke signals .. + 1790. Shamans go to war .. + *1791. Women and children usually killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1792. Women captives sometimes married . . + + + 1793. Captive children sometimes adopted into tribe . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 41 IKi Ka La Yu SHAMANISM Sex of Doctors ing doctors men.+ *+ *+ Img doctors women .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + +.+ Xng doctors mostly men .-... . . . . . . . . . . + -_ + ing doctors about equally men and women . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + -loss doctors men .... . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ lioss doctors women .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + !0oss doctors mostly men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + "loss doctors about equally men and women . . . . . . . . . . . + - + Acquisition of Power ,on unsought . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 03. Sucking doctor .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 04. Soul-loss doctor .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 05. Dream ..... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . ... . + + + + 06. Unusual event (conscious). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 07. Trance or faint .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 08.Sick .... + + + 09. Bleeds at nose or mouth .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + prous not to accept power ... + + + on sought .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + + 12. Sucking doctor ...... . . . . . . . + + 13. Soul-loss doctor .... . . . . . . . + + 14. Isolation, usually on mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 15. At certain localities .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 16. Quest lasts, days or nights .... . . . . - 4 6 17. With an older shaman .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 18. Compulsory (necessary). . O . - . + + 19. Age of first quest .... . . . . . . . o . . . . - 15 *L - 20. Season ..- Sp Su 21. Repeated later in life .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . + + 22. During doctor-making feast .-... . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + 23. Complete food fast .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 24. Complete water fast .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + rictions below refer to sucking doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 26. To soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 27. Meat except dried fish taboo, months . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4 12 + 28. Eats alone, separate receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . + + 29. Water taboo, days .-. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 30. Sexual continence, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 30 31. Sexual continence after power acquired . . . . . . . . . . . - - + mvances below refer to sucking doctor . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 33. To soul-loss doctor .... . . . . . + + + + 34. Bathes for power in natural body of water . . . . .. . + - - + 1835. Immersion . + 36. Dances to acquire spirit control. . O. . . + + + 37. Smokes tobacco .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 38. Burns angelica ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . + 39. Chews angelica ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 10. Wears deer tail on headband.. . + 1l. Wears woven hazelwood belt.. . + 42. Male novice wears moss apron.. . + 13. Female novice wears buckskin apron . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1844. Grass apron. + motion by older doctor for sucking doctor ....lb...a.O...a.. . + + + + 46. For soul-loss doctor .... o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 42 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I EKa La 1847. In school .. . + .. ... .......... . . + 1848. Instructor paid . + *1849. Heredity for sucking doctor.. + 1850. For soul-loss doctor.. + 1851. Two or more doctors usually work together on serious cases .+ + + Powers or Guardian Spirits *1852. Hluman (spirit or ghost) . . . . . . . . . ; | 3 ) , + 1853.Sun ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1854. Moon . - + 1855. Morning star . 1856. Thunder or lightning .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1857. ammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1858. Bear . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ..9 + 1859. Hummingbird .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . _ 1860. Power seene-n . . , 1861. Power heard .+ + + 1862. Novice gets song .+ + + 1863. Novice gets dance. + + 1864. Hummingbird "sacred," associated with shamanism .+ + + 1865. Raccoon associated with supernatural or shamanism .+ + *1866. Bear associated with shamnism .+ + 'Public Doctor-Making Dance 1867. For sucking doctor.. + 1868. For soul-loss doctor. + + 1869. Duration, days or nights .- 4 5 1870. In sweat house + + 1871. In circular brush enclosure.- + + 1872. Novice assisted by older doctors.. + 1873. Novice swallows and vomits up 'pains" ._ - + 1873a.Exhibits "pains" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1874. Patient brought in for novice to cure.. + 1875. All or anyone sings. + + 1876. Novice compelled to dance. + + 1877. Ventriloquism by novice.- + - 1878. Novice predicts the future. + + Theories of Disease 1879. Intrusion of inanimate poison object. + + 1880. Arrowheads. + + 1881. Intrusion of animate poison object .+ + + 1882. In backbone of victim.. . + 1883. Disease organisms fly around in air. + + 1884. Disease due to soul loss .+ + + 1885. Breach of taboo .+ + + 1886. Toothache caused by-worm + + %'oisoning Technique 1887. Poison object put in food .+ + + 1888. Victim touched with poison object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1889. Poisoner carries poison under his fingernails .. + 1890. Poison object blown off hand at victim .+ - 1891. Poison object thrown at victim.- + 1892. Thrown at shadow (soul) of victim . + 1893. Special class of poisoners, hired .+ + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY oisoner must pronounce name of victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tinting of poisoned objeet at victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . attlesnakes associated with poisoners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897. Rattlesnakes ground, used for poisoning . . . . . . . . . . 1898. Whole rattlesnakes used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899. Poisoner eats nonpoisonous snakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . oisoner walks behind victim ......... ....... bmaan swallows person who walks behind him while he is doctoring 1902. Regurgitates victim ............... oisoning of enemy at long range by pointing with various objects. ontagious magic; feces, nail-parings, hair, dirty clothes of victim "worked on" by poisoner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b.ams dress as ghosts to frighten people . . . . . . . . . . . . . lindness caused by reflecting light with polished haliotis into victim's eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907. By poison carried in air to eyes of victim . . . . . . tring snare set to capture soul of victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909. Haliotis pendant on snare ................. 1910. Rattlesnake and salamander blood on snare . . . ... . . . . disoner actually steals soul of victim . . . . . . . . . ... . . . Curing Technique tring snare set by shamans in treatment of victim . . . . . . . . . 1913. If snare is sprung, victim will get well, poisoner will die. aokes tobacco, sucking doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1915. Soul-loss doctor ..... ... ..II..... * ings or dances, sucking doctor ............ 191?. Soul-loss doctor ...................... isistants sing or play for sucking doctor . .......... 1919. For soul-loss doctor ......... .. ........ 1920. Assistants paid ...................... 1921. Assistants are relatives or friends of patient ....... mer-hoof rattle used by or for soul-loss doctor .......... Dooon rattle used by or for soul-loss doctor ........ aoking doctor rubs charcoal around eyes when sucking for flint Iardian spirit tells cause of sickness and (or) location of poison object in body, sucking doctor .................. 1927. Soul-loss doctor. wing by sucking directly with mouth. isease object removed with hand by sucking doctor. isease object thrown in river. wease object exhibited .............. isease object buried ... Lsease object thrown into thick brush ............... Dul-loss doctor recovers lost soul ................ 1934. Goes himself, physically, and catches soul. 1935. Refrightens patient cking doctor sprays medicated water or saliva from mouth . . I'm arification and bleeding of patient ............... vctor blows tobacco smoke on patient or around house. )otor burns aromatic vegetation .................. rnession of breach of taboo if sickness caused thus ....... e paid before cure ........................ oe paid after cure ................. 0e placed in basket near patient during treatment. iotiated fee ........................... Pe returned, not taken, or not offered if unsuccessful ...... Iu~n declining case blamed if victim dies ......... dtish sacks for soul-loss doctors ......... ....... Kl Ka La Yu + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + - + + * + + + *+ + *+ *+ H + + *+ * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * * + * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + * + * + * + + * + * + + * * + 43 I i 44 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1.1. Ka La El Ka Iia 1948. Sack doctors in secret society ...... ... . .) . 1949. Ventriloquism .. ..................+ +.+ 1950. Soul-loss doctor presses ashes on patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 1951. Doctor cures by brushing with hand.. _ _ 1952. Doctor cures by sprinkling water on patient with feathers. + _ 1953. Admission that unsuccessful doctors were killed . . . . . . . . . . + Special Functions of Priests and Shamans 1954. Group of shamans pray in concert. 1955. Rattlesnake doctor treats snake bites.+ *+ 1956. Charms snakes as exhibition .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . + 1957. Sucks place snake struck .. . . . 1958. Image of snake made to refrighten patient .-.. . . . . . - 1959. Patient sung and danced over, not sucked.+ +.+ 1960. Sun associated with rattlesnake doctor.+ +.+ 1961. Sun helps doctor.+ t-) + 1962. If sun is "bloody," patient will die; if clear, patient will live .-... . . . . . . . . . . + . 1963. Lost or stolen articles found by soul-loss doctor.+ +.+ 1964. Money .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . ..... + + 1965. Persons ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -.+ 1966. Foretelling the future .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + +.+ 1967. Through dreams.+ + + 1968. "Seeing" happenings at a distance.+ + + Bear "Doctors" 1969. Person actually turns into a grizzly bear or is "possessed".- + + 1970. Bites people, imitates bear in other ways .-.. . . . . + + 1971. Is a true doctor (cures people through power from bear). . . _ + 1972. Nonpossessional type of bear "doctor" ... . + +.. 1973. Wears grizzly-bear skin.+ + + 1974. Yew-stick backbone ... . + +.+ 1975. Hardwood ribs .... . . . . . . . + +.+ 1976. Haliotis eyess.. + 1977. Haliotis tongue .-............... . . - 1978. String to move tongue .-... . . . . . . . . . . - 1979. Puma claw teeth ..+ + 1980. Sticks tied to feet to make bear tracks.+ +.- 1981. Manzanita berries and pinole dropped in imitation of bear excrement . . . + +.- 1982. Sharp pieces of flint sticking out nostrils . . . . + 1983. Skin kept hidden in sacred place .. . + +.+ 1984. Makes noise like cry of baby ... . . . . . . . . . + 1985. Like hoot of owl .-... . . . . . . . . + - 1986. Prisoner kept in bear hide .... . . . . . . . . . + 1987. Not a doctor, but usually a malicious person .+ +.+ 1988. Some are respected, noted warriors .-... . . . . - 1989. Both men and women (M=men only) ..+.... . . + .+....... . + 1990. Get power from bear or bearskin .... . . . . . . . . . .... . + + 1991. Invulnerable .... ; . . . . . ..... . + +.+ 199.2. Kill only enemies .... . . . . . . ... + - 1993. Kill anyone .. + - 1994. With long obsidian knife..- + + 1995. With hardwood or bone dagger .... . . . + 1996. Crooked yew staff to trip victims .... . . . . . . . ... 1997. Power of rapid travel .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + +.+ 1998. Bear cubs used as decoys .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1999. Wearer of bearskin must purify self .-.+.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 45 B1 Ka La Yu DOO. Meat and fish taboo._ + Lie dance performed by bear-men .-... . . . . . . + _ _ D02. Number of "bears' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4 m03. Everyone could attend .-... . . . . . . . . +.. . . Omens I-luck omens: forked-tail salamander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ m05. Forked-tail bullsnake.. . - + K6. Smll, perfectly formed deer (ca. 1 ft. high). . . . . . . . + + - _ iO7. Albino animals .. + -. mO. Bezoar stone found in deer.+ + - + 109. A rock that moves by itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1O0 Angelica growing out of a tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ,,luok omens: owl calls near house .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 112. Albino animals .............. + _ + - 01 movements give warning of approaching danger . . . . . . . . + + - _ A4. Chicken hawk and quail warn against skulking enemies . . . . + - _ _ leaves tied in bunches in house gives luck . . . . . . . . . . . + - SCHOOLS *Puberty or "Ghost" School y8 only ..................... .....+ . + * I:at periods about 2 years apart .... . . . ...... . . . + + - + Wtion of schooling, days .... . . . ..O... . . . . . . . . *60 - *4+ [-in spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 9.Winter ..+ + - + gremonial house or sweat house .... . . ..... . . . . . . + + - + exeluded .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - inate age of boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *15 *12+ - *10+ yB in tribe attended . *+ + _ + directs and instructs boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Firetender directs and instructs boys. . - + tor shakes split-stick rattle .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + food fast, days ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ** 4 -fast, days .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 fast for total school period .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + soup and pinole is all allowed to eat . . . ............................. .. . + + - + ith elk-horn spoon .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ?ngimplement ... ................ .. . .. . + +__ overed when outside .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - *.With buckskin . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... . + + ot resleep after awakening in morning . . . . . . . . . . . . + t lio down ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + .All turn over at same time .+ - or noses pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + zinorot o o*e d l - 4................ ............ la_ - + _ _ thrownin orout ofhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 8 oroatdfor boys ........................... + + - * Ghosts msked ........... . 0 ................ID... + + _ _ 2042. igsin nostrils and ears ......... .... . + + - _ .Painted ............................ e. Fathers in their hair ... . ... + + - Enter dance house .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ .Talk in strange tongue . . . . . . . .. . . .. + + _ _ 7.Circlefire4times . ........... .+................... + - _ * a. Ndrola wand. feathers in end. held .. ID.. . * a .... + ..--I -- ---) --- . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2049. Whirl bull-roarers ................... 2050. Shake cocoon rattles .................. 2051. Scatter the fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2052. Try to make boys laugh ................. 2053. Boys must not laugh .................. 2054. Firetender also sweeps house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2055. Takes 1st bite of food given to novices after their fast 2056. Uses eagle feather as fork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2057. Spits out 1st morsel .................. 2058. Parents of boy cry as if he were dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2059. Ashes rubbed on boy at conclusion of rite . . . . . . . . . . . *Doctors' School 2060. For men only ................. 2061. Every two years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2062. Every year . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2063. Duration, days ................ 2064. Wintertime .................. 2065. Spring ................ 2066. In sweat house or ceremonial house . . . . . . 2067. Nondoctors excluded . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2068. Women doctors excluded . . . . . . . . . . . . 2069. Chief directs school and instructs novices 2070. Old doctors instruct novices . . . . . . . . . 2071. Novices dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2072. Feather thrust down novices' throats . . . . . 2073. Novices bleed at nose or mouth . . . . . . . . 2074. Patients brought in for novices to cure . . . 2075. Novices practice on each other . . . . . . . . 2076. Novices taken to mountain or lake for 1 night 2077. Once a day, for 6 days . . . . . . . . 2078. Total food fast, days . . . . . . . . . . . . 2079. Wdater fast, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2080. Novices' faces painted black . . . . . . . . . 2081. Novices made to vomit. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2082. Meat taboo, months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2083. Scratching implement used . . . . . . . . . . 2084. Head covered all the time . . . . . . . . . . 2085. Must not resleep after awakening . . . . . . . 2086. Must lie down all the time . . . . . . . . . . 2087. "Big Head" impersonation . . . . . . . . . . . 2088. Talks in strange tongue . . . . . . . 2089. Ghosts impersonated, number . . . . . . . . . 2090. Head covered with feather hat or mask 2091. Handle fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2092. Eat fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093. Throw ashes around house . . . . . . 2094. Clown; taboo for novices to laugh . . 2095. Dance with boys . . . . . . . . . . . 2096. Lead boys around fire, holding penises 2097. Drag boys around by their hair . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * of boy? * * * * GHOST SOCIETY *2098. Ghost society ......... 2099. Ghost impersonators . . 2100. Run and dance ..... 2101. Cure "fright-sickness" . Ki Ka La Yu + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + 4 4 4 + 4 + -I 4 4 (I 4 4 4 * 4 4 4 1 * + *6 5 3 12 + + * + + + + + i + I i I -.A 4 F I I 1? 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 47 Ki Ka Ia Yu go in nostrils and lips to distort features.+ - - + rizontal bands of paint .-... . . . . + - + bs of paint ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ hrowring or holding over fire to initiate boys.+ + - + ytossed, not over fire ...... . + + - _ ghosts (ash covered) .-....... . . + - * y with live coals .-......... . . + - + tcoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . Vlownish .-.................. . . + - + Iearth-covered house .-........ . . + _ + Eld at intervals ..... . . . . . . . + + - + spectators pay ............ . + - + RITUAL (VARIOUS) soninser.+ - + - ;Ininer...................................- + - + dces in earth-covered sweat house ..+ + + + ces in brush enclosure ............ . + + + + erings in fire . . - . . . . Rlsewhere fceremonies, village chief.+ + + - Firetender .-.-.-.................. . . . . + kept by chief .-.... . . . . . . . . . + - _ By firetender .... _ + *By individual dancers .... . . . . . . + - + - In dance house .-.... . . . . . . . . . + - + In dwelling house .... . . . . . + _ + - singing for acorns .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ruits ceremony ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + .+... ot ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ d"impersonation ........ . .+ + . *+ Spirit comes from south . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + - Black paint on face .+ - -....... ... . . . . Body painted in broad horizontal bands.+ + - + Done to cure fright-sick individual . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + L dance . . . . . . . . .. . . . ......................... ........ . . . oe . . . . . . 0 . . . . . ... ........... .+ - - + ~dance.*oo D s 1 Ece . _ ~~~~~~~+ _- nee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + "ke dance. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 floor seat allotment .... . . . . . . . + + + + 42. To visitors vs. home people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 93. To groups or ranks of performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . ....... ... ... .. ... . . + *+ *+ t.) a number 4 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 46. 4 or 6.. .-.+ _ onial orations ................. . + + + + SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATAUS rosity with property a virtue ......... .. . . + + + + noget water, usual . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + Bet water, occasional ...... . . . . . . . + + + + pt wood, usual ..... . . . . . . . . + + + + a get wood, occasional . o o . + + + + tioal unit has 3eparate subdialect.+ - + . iple-lineage villages ... ... o . + + + + 48 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Ka La 2155. Multiple-family villages .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2156. Village autonomous .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . MYTHOLOGY 2157. Man made of sticks .... . . . . . . . . + *. 2158. Man made of earth .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . - . . .) 2159. Coyote creator .... . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . + - + 2160. Anthropomorphic creator .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- +, 2161. Marplot (coyote) antithesis of creator . . . . . . . . . + 2162. "First People" animals .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + \163. Fairies, gnomes, etc. ("outside people") .+ + + 2164. Water monsters or spirits.. -.. 2165. Feathered, horned serpent ..+ VARIA 2166. To prevent snake bite, rub feet and legs with angelica . + 2167. With pepperwood.... . 2168. Dried seaweed and octopus mouth prevent snake bite .+ + 2169. Well or filtering pit for drinking water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 2170. Males urinate squatting *2171. Toilet chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2172. Sneeze indicates someone talking about sneezer . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2173. Conventionalized exclamation thereafter . . . . . . . . . . + 2174. Dead wood only, for firewood.. + I ?,A ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS SUBSISTENCE Hunting trailing. --Driving of small mammals to.) into fences with nooses in gaps; aucks at edge of water into fences -in gaps; driving of any type of game 'with nets in openings; driving of with fire; driving of any type of iffs; running down, trailing by one t,. traps, snares.--Long flat nets mg birds or animals; long basketry 3dpeckers; quail basketry traps set Irging fences; noose on stick for idfalls; pitfalls. Blinds, dis- tt.--Grass or brush worn by hunter; rfed ducks) for hunting ducks. Yari- usethods.--Meat or fish bait for id stick for prodding rat nests; a off roost at night, strangled; flying geese; hardwood stick to club poed animal foods and combinations.-- iboo to females or young; deer and ir taboo; deer and fresh salmon to- i; children must leave before deer , Hunting observances.--Scarifica- ieding before hunt; smoking tobacco smoking weapons over fire; smoking Ire; deer butchered with head to if deer cut (not cut out); eyes of ,aw by hunter on spot; deer tongue ains of deer hidden in brush or or's soul immortal; killer gets head lier gets heart of deer; deer bones iavings ritually burned; sex taboo bear meat; remains of bear piled up, in tree; game believed immortal; game t'control. Fishing pine net dragged or circled; grooved- rnkers; clay net sinkers; net floats; t-dragged; A-framed dip-net used in abped'dip-net used in river or surf. seaffolds.--Solid dams to divert erging weir; scaffold without weir. 4ot. Hooks.--Bird-claw hook; sharp- wok; hair fly attached to hook; kelp m bait; worm tied to deer sinew for it. Harpoons, spears.--Fish spear Oints; fish spear," one point fixed, ;ble. Various fishing methods.-- Ilar to mortar basket) dropped over g used for fish poisoning; biting l. Fishing observances.--Plants tied for luck; first-salmon rite. Gathering Acute-angled-hook stick for acorns or pine nuts; tree-climbing taboo; stone-weighted digging stick; first-acorn rite held in sweat house or dwelling house; dancers carry oak boughs. Food Preparation Small mammals or fish roasted on wooden scaf- fold; bone awl for lamprey splitting; ground bone boiled; special drying house for smoking meat; grease or berries added to ground meat or fish. Whole acorns leached in sand-lined baskets; acorn "biscuits" made by chilling gruel in water. Eating Etiquette All women eat out of one basket. Pets Dogs kept in anteroom or near door; dogs im- portant in hunting; dogs used for transportation; basketry cages for pets; eagles kept. Real Property Hunting land or spots owned privately or joint- ly; seed-gathering land owned privately or jointly; tobacco plot owned privately or jointly; family land ownership; trees owned privately or by fami- lies; village owned dance house; doctor's para- phernalia owned by village. Various Soaproot used as adhesive for coating basket; honeydew (deposits from aphis) on leaves eaten. HOUSES Frame.--Ridgepole; hip roof; rectangular or square ground plan; house supported by four "corner" posts; double center post; lintel con- struction except over door of sweat house; raft- ers separate from wall studs; dome-shaped houses (except recent sweat houses). Covering.--Planks; tule or rush; mats; thatching on permanent (win- ter) dwellings. Fireplace.--In definite pit in either dwelling or sweat house. Sweat House Shaman nominal owner; communally owned; com- petitive sweating, individual; sweating for suc- cess in gambling; flat plank foot drum; tule [49] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS sponge in mouth of sweater; earth-covered sweat house, distinct from assembly house; tied-rung or notched ladder; roof door; 4-door Ghost soci- ety house; tule dance house for summer; stool of wood; mats on floor. NAVIGATION; SWIMMING Double-blade paddle balsa; log-raft bridge. Double overhand (crawl5 stroke. LAND TRANSPORTATION Burden carried or dragged by dogs; food rolled up in mat; coating or soaproot juice on carrying basket; hide on pack-frame; liquids carried on head; disabled or dead carried in net. TECHNOLOGY Brushes; Mush Stirrers, Stone Lifters Flat soaproot brush; bird-wing-brush mush stirrers; looped-stick stone lifters; carved or decorated mush stirrers. Spoons, Forks, "Dishes"; Knives; Awls, Needles Wooden spoons; spatulas of bone or horn for eating. Horn-handled knife; shell knife for butchering; bone knife for bark stripping. Handle of awl wrapped or hafted; eyed or notched needle; shell awl. Grinding; Drilling; Fire Making; Flint Flaking Metate; muller; bowl mortar admittedly used by anyone (see elements 525, 526); bowl mortar reputedly used by coyote; bowl mortar- used for paint or tobacco; wooden mortar; bedrock mortar; natural cobble used as pestle; maul-shaped pestle; pestle flanged at bottom. One-piece drill of bone or horn; drill rotated, one hand opposed to thigh; tiny flint drill held in fin- gers with buckskin; knees or split stick used as vise. Fire by percussion; fire by "rubbing" quartz; fire plow; stone bowl to carry coals; pump drill for fire making. Flint flaker hafted; prismatic flaking. Skin Dressing; Glue; Wood Working Ashes to aid in dehairing; hide staked out or hung up by one end to aid in dehairing; bone, horn, or wood flesher or dehairer; brains for hide softening preserved with moss; marrow ap- plied to hide; hide softened by pulling over blunt pole or rolling over loose pole. Lamprey-skin glue; glue from horn and hoofs; wild-cherry gum glue. Curved elkhorn wedge; whalebone wedge; grooved or buckskin-wrapped stone ax. WEAPONS Bow.--Long self bow; vegetable-fiber bows Arrows.--Barbed wooden duck arrow; blunt woo bird arrow. Arrowheads: barbed and side not concave base; bone or horn. Feathering: tan tial. Poisoning.--Any type of plant poison; venom; putrid animal matter; blood (except k Arrowshaft straightening, smoothing.`-Holed straightener of wood; powdered blue rock to arrows; forked-stick arrow polisher and stra ener. Shooting position.--Arrow under bow M latter is horizontal; arrow guided between 2 3d fingers of left hand; true secondary arro lease; tertiary arrow release; Mediterranean row release. Spears.--Bone, horn, or wood p thrown in warfare; thrust at large game. C) Curved rabbit clubs. Armor. --Double-thickne armor; deerhide armor; bearskin armor (excep bear doctors); rod-jacket armor; soaproot-fi armor; bark armor; any type of shield. BODY AND DRESS Formal Sitting Posturesl Hair; Mutilat: Sitting on stools; Turkish posture while gambling; women must keep feet covered with while sitting; temple locks of hair worn; ha cut with deer-bone knife; beard pulled out A shell tweezers; shaving with flint or obsidi knives; beard singed. Two clubs on side of shoulder length; hair combed up, one tie at of head; hair "ribbons" of fur or.buckskin;! plaster on hair; oak-ball or pepperwood hair eyebrows plucked to a thin line. Chin almo8 solidly tattooed. Clothing Basketry cap; fur cap; breechelout worn b legs; robes of two or more buckskins sewn t' painted robes; woven rabbitskin blankets use robes; sea-otter fur robes; buckskin shirt' ded tule cape; grass-stem breechelout; wove bitskin skirt; one-piece deer-fur skirt; nua seeds suspended from skirt; shredded-bark 9 buckskin trousers; coating body with mud fo warmth; muffs of fur; bearskin moccasins; s rate sole of elkhide; shell embroidery on mq sins; snowshoes with withe lashings; any typ leggings. Adornment and Ceremonial Dress Mallard-drake skins on band; woodpecker i on fur headband; headband with 3-rod suppor than one row of woodpecker scalps on headbe feather bandolier; tail feathers on fur baz pecker scalp in center of feather head pl bird skins on stuffed buckskin head hoop; S white feathers on large feathers of "Big En costume; topknot of magpie feathers; feathe: _ _ _ _ _ 50 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY n hands by women; leaves hand-held mdor skin worn or displayed; cougar- p; swanskin headband; any type of ted. Ear ornaments.--Painted; halio- ;1 feather or quill. Nose orna- ed nose pin; feather. Necklace.-- r teeth. Face and body paint.-- row mixed with pigment. Hairpins.-- |rdbone. WEAVING Basketry Pokwise coiling; coiling to the oner; deep sifter or winnower; flat d with bone or stick; cylindrical or carrying basket; three colors, be- round; feather ornamentation on twined De-type cradle; hood attached to terent type or differently decorated .boys and girls; cradle design indi- of next baby desired. Rabbitskin Blankets frame; twined; made by women; tied 'twist; woven in horizontal position. Bedding of mat. Netting; Cordage e shuttle of wood; two-piece shuttle horn; horn or bone mesh spacer. Bted up thigh; sinews twisted on 'to-floor fathom measure. MONEY AND BEADS standard of value; incised; feather pped with snake skin; graded on fin- graded on forearm tattoo; fathom a1ls rolled in fur. PIPES concave NW California type; stone or pottery bowls; right angled; ob- L; haliotis inlay. TOBACCO 1; ground cultivated with digging med or transplanted if too thick; brings (other than smoking); used in isr than smoking); kept in any little MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Hide drums; feathers on handle of cocoon rat- tle; cocoon rattle used in gambling; cocoon rat- tle used in general singing or dancing; cocoon rattle as child's toy; deer-hoof rattle with hoofs in line (Plains type); deer-hoof rattle in girls' puberty rite; rattlesnake rattles on stick; mul- tiple-split-stick rattle; turtle-shell rattle; deer-hide rattle; deer-ear rattle; rabbit-ear rattle; gourd rattle; pottery rattle; bird-beak rattle; horn rattle; bull-roarer produces or stops storm; musical bow; bead inlay on single-hole whistle; bone flute; flute, nose blown. GAMES Shinny.--Oak gall used as puck; puck buried to start game; straight paddle-ended stick; net- ted stick; line, single stake, or row of stakes for goal; four goals (total) played to. Various games.--Football race; throwing rings at stake; hoop-and-pole; spear- and dart-throwing. Arch- ery.--Target, stake in hole in ground; target, circle alone on ground; target, tule or grass bundle; target, effigy of rabbit or deer; double target (shoot back and forth); target rolled (e.g., downhill); target thrown in air. Hand, grass, or many-stick game.--Women play, a; bone "sticks," a; solid bone "sticks," b; each side holds total number of counters, a, b; choice guess when two points from game, a, b; singing while playing, a. Other guessing games.--Take away 4 at a time, guess remainder; 3 sticks, un- marked, in hand, division matched by opponent; four-stick guessing game; guessing game by hid- ing sticks in sand; shell dice; knee-cap-bone dice; wooden-disk dice; mat or basket for dice or guessing. Sticks thrown up.--Natural vestigial deer metapodi eac player has stick or bone. Other games.--Pepperwood-nut tops; bark- or wood-disk tops; shell buzzer; toes worked into cat's cradle; jackstones. COUNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES Knotted string for months, for messages; sticks as mnemonic in trading, representing commodities wanted. CALENDAR Beginning of calendrical year near winter sol- stice; 4 seasonal names only, no moon series; stars as month markers; "Big Head" identified with moon. ASTMONOMY, METEOROLOGY, COSMOLOGY New-moon observances.--Only children go out 51 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS to see; face rubbed; body, arms rubbed; children thrown in air; children "jumped," "spanked" throw stones, chips, or straw at moon; horizontal Thorns?? sign of death or sickness; vertical "horns" sign of good fortune; rest period of 4 days; if looked at too long makes face crooked. Eclipses; rainbow.--Sun or moon believed dying; sun or moon being eaten by a dog or bird; dogs made to squeal; rainbow sign of dry weather. Thunder, lightning; whirlwind.--Thunder is female deity; food and water thrown out during storm; lightning from mouth of thunder man; snake in whirlwind; water thrown at whirlwind; beads thrown at whirlwind. Various.--Frog, tree, or dog in moon; upriver and downriver as cardinal directions; world is a tree, north bottom, south top. MARRIAGE Child betrothal considered binding; inter- mediary to negotiate wife purchase or arrange wedding; wedding at groom's house; "half-mar- riage" (as in NW Calif.); more than one wife paid for in sororate; sororate obligatory to wife's family if wife is barren; additional pay- ment for bride in junior levirate; payments for both brides when men exchange sisters; first residence variable or patrilocal; final residence matrilocal; final residence patrilocal. Sexual relations of unmarried.--Promiscuity before mar- riage; unchaste girl sometimes killed; girl or seducer fined if girl becomes pregnant. Adul- tery.--Husband pays fine to wife's family if he kills unfaithful wife; fine paid to husband by his wife, her family, or her seducer. Divorce.-- If wife leaves husband because of maltreatment, she returns if fine paid to her family; husband gets bride price back if wife leaves; children all go to husband's family. BERDACBES Not allowed in sweat house; homosexuality among women. KINSHIP AVOIDANCES Mother-in-law daughter-in-law: must not laugh together; life-long avoidance. Daughter-in-law covers head in presence of father-in-law. Father-in-law son-in-law: do not speak at all; speak through 3d person; turn aside on trail; must not eat together; must not hand things to one another; must not laugh together; restric- tions hold for life. BIRTH Obstetrics.--Mother squats while giving birth; mother holds to stake or loose stick; herb d assists; birth aided by drinking vegetable d coction; external application of any herb; m steamed with basket of hot water and blanket navel cord tied with buckskin or sinews; naw cord put in creek, tree, gopher hole, or bur navel cord thrown by sprung sapling or throw hand in any given direction; treatment of af birth affects sex of future children; afterb destroyed or mutilated to prevent future con tion; twins favored or signalized; special 1 for twins. Restrictions on mother.--Cold wa taboo; bone scratching "stick"; taboos for f child only. Restrictions on father.--Cold taboo; any type of scratching stick, combin taboo. Mutilations.--Ears pierced soon aft birth; nose pierced before puberty; tattooi fore puberty. Milk teeth.--Thrown in a car direction; placed in excrement; placed in hole. Name.--Name of living taboo in addre' namesake deceased. GIRLS' PUBERTY RITES Ceremonial number 3, 5, 8, 10, or 16; se sion more than one month at any time; seclu in permanent ceremonial house; seclusion ou no enclosure; girl must lie prone; girl mus legs flexed; girl attended by professional normally not kin; complete fast; eats once fed special food at conclusion of rite; gir spits out food; cold water taboo; water as taboo; bone drinking tube; bone, horn or s scratcher; 2-prong scratcher; comb for scr girl's hair cut; bangs or forelock trimmed; deloused with mud plaster; lice set adrift stream; girl's head covered with basket hat girl's eyes covered with feather visor; gir head or eyes covered with boughs or brush; wears special head band; girl wears special girl wears band around legs; girl painted; sprinkled or marked with pollen; sun symbol girl's head or face; girl's eyebrows plucke girl's hairline on forehead plucked back; must run; girl must carry wood or water; gi must gather or prepare wood; girl must dig; must pick leaves or conifer needles; girl eat or drink tobacco; vision quest at time tual menstruation; rock painting by girl; g named; sand painting; girl looks into halio scarification or bleeding of girl; east si cant; public recognition repeated; public nition only for girls of prominent familie girls from one "clan" or unit when public nition for 2 or more; public recognition he permanent ceremonial house; public recognit held in tipi-like structure erected for tha pose; public recognition seasonal; dancing "washers" perform at public recognition; de rattle in ceremony; multiple-stick rattle i mony; cocoon rattle in ceremony; drumming 52 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE ROUND VALLEY rs; distribution of property; re- menses; parents scratch girl. ISTRUATION OF MATURE WOMEN r taboo; confined in menstrual hut; DEATH Own after corpse; corpse carried on e painted; corpse's head pointed up- me placed in basket; grave plank- Cal pole as grave marker; family plots; cemetery far away from vil- I cremation in one place, remainder Ones rubbed to dust; burial or ex- put canoe. Property destruction.-- Orty put on top of grave; buried ken; house where death occurred torn wed, deserted temporarily, or puri- 4acco smoke. Undertakers.--Contami- >at (gravedigger); smoking taboo; .by formula; by scarification and xsinging.for self; offering of to- Foots; offerings by all mourners to- pings every day or on final day of Widow.--Widow's hair made into Ir kept till death; clay smeared mars mourning necklace of plants; widow's face at end of mourning; taboo; use of head scratcher. Blood eat or fish taboo; cold water taboo; g necklace of plants; altered kin- )r deceased blood relatives. Name.-- it death of namesake. Ghosts.--Look aloud; leave grave at any particular ath; gO in any particular direction; underworld; go across ocean; ghost rer; boatman or doorkeeper at entrance ad; ghosts of bad stay on earth; red or formulas used to keep ghosts mation in newborn child. CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS *ditary succession of chieftainship; cements at home village by town onder appointed by crier; war chief pular assembly; chiefs equated to s owned and inherited. WAR AND FEUD by insult or by abduction of women peacemakers paid for services; more tid for rich than poor; more money 1 child; woman or girl given as com- pensation; scratching stick used by killer during purification; killer purified by scarification and bleeding; killer must stay awake during puri- fication period; effigy of enemy shot at in dance of incitement; dance of settlement, both sides to- gether; war dreams by shamans; women captives en- slaved. SHAMANISM Herb doctors as a distinct group; novice makes vision quest alone; novice uses drinking tube; novice bathes in medicated water; novice sweats in open-fire sweat house; novice smokes self over fire; scarification of novice. Powers or guardian spirits.--Live under water; doctor receives "pain" from; fish,as guardian spirits; birds (except hummingbird) as guardian spirits. Theories of disease.--Disease object kept in shaman's body; disease caused by offended spirit or ghost. Poisoning technique.--Soul snaring with noose on stick; poison object blown through pipe; poison- ing by pointing with human bones. Curing tech- nique.--Split-stick rattle used by doctor; suck- ing doctor sucks thr'ough pipe; disease object disappears by sleight of hand; doctor sends guardian 'spirit to recover lost soul; doctor financially liable for declining case; doctor declining case likely to get sick. Special func- tions of priests and shamans.--Doctor makes rain. SCHOOLS Puberty school.--Held in fall; ghosts remain outside during ghost impersonation. GHOST SOCIETY Women members; women spectators; meetings held annually. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS Lineages political unit or basis of same; any suggestion of clan or moietal groupings; invari- able exogamous or endogamous villages; specific intermarrying rules between two or more villages. MYTHOLOGY Man made of feathers; coyote as assistant to creator; parallel prehuman race (as in NW Cali- fornia); offerings to water monsters or spirits. CEREMONIES World renewal; first-salmon rite; Hesi dance. 53 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST SUBSISTENCE Hunting Driving, trailing.-- 1. Ka: Inner maple-bark rope strung along brush to form "fence." Method used in summer; other hunting methods used throughout year. La: Inner maple-bark rope strung around water holes, salt licks. Men stationed along rope, shook it if deer came near, drove deer toward snares. Other men clubbed deer that got caught in snares, shot those that got through. Method used in spring and early summer. 3. Ka: Nooses arranged in openings near con- vergence. La: Similar to Kato, possibly also drove deer into corral, though informant hazy on details. Deer corrals mentioned in mythology. 6. La: In late summer and early fall. 7. La: Deer only, "not allowed" for elk. 8. Ka: Cahto Lake, in wintertime. Deer shot from shore with bow, or rafts poled in pursuit. La: Into Eel River and its larger tributaries. Nets, traps, snares.-- 14. La: Acorns used as bait. 17. Ka: Set at water hole in slummer; also used to catch squirrels. Denied by Martinez Bell. 23. Kl: Affirmed by Wm. Sloan and John Stewart. Blinds, disguises, decoys.-- 26. Kl: For deer, not elk. Artificial wood horns, flint eyes; hunter rubbed grass together to simulate browsing deer. 30. Ka: Poison-oak leaf. Various hunting methods.-- 34. La: Black and brown bear hunted, eaten. A Wailaki, Nancy Dobey, also affirmed. Loeb, p. 88, contradicts this. Both my informants positive, saying bear provided chief winter meat but was little hunted in summer. Yu: Hunters worry bear with pointed sticks. 35. La: Denied for Wailaki by Nancy Dobey. 38. Ka: In wintertime only, insufficient water in summer. Animal food not eaten by anyone.-- 52-54. Not eaten by Wailaki. 57. La: Tail worn, tied to back of head, to prevent colds. 61. La: Fresh-water "mussels." Yu: Traded in via Huchnom. 63. Yu: Traded in via Huchnom. 68. Ka: Angleworm (konestyo) created world; possibly religious taboo. La: Rarely eaten; angleworm soup for stomach trouble. 69. Ka, La, Yu: Strongest taboo against eating dog flesh, but not considered poisonous. 75. La: Except rattlesnake shamans, who 1 mainly on bull snakes. See elements 1955-19 76. Hummingbirds too small to make more mouthful, but taboo goes beyond practical ce siderations. Hummingbird has "power," is as ciated with shamanism, is, next to Coyote, monest mythological figure. 78. Probably most strongly tabooed food with dog meat if dogs kept. Ka: Heart eaten longevity. Yu: Informant says Wailaki ate for longevity. 80. Yu: Black bear later declared not ea avoided by most people. Certain powerful (shamans?) might eat bear. This, however, tradicts elements 34, 35, hence left as neg Tabooed animal foods and combinations.--- 84. Kl: Deer head and heart given to old' who could (but seldom did) give parts to wo and children. Ka: Some old men would claim, and head on basis that deer came from their, try. Old women exempted from deer-meat tab 87. Nl: Eyes taken out before deer head See element 118 for similar custom. Eating deer eyes only universal taboo but no info felt that taboo was due to belief that deer see after death. Hunting observances.-- 114. Ka: Deer to be divided among several hunters was butchered out in the woods. Si hunter brings whole deer home. 120. Ni: Affirmed by John Stewart. Na: G to parents who sometimes allow youth to eat part of it. 122. Kl: Giving heart and head to old men hunter better luck. Denied by John Stewart Ka: See note 84. La: Killer gave hear-t and to old men. 126. Na: Nothing edible should be wasted. 132a. La: Usually; a mature buck believed follow behind spike buck; wait for mature Fishing Nets.-- 141. La: Says Wailaki used -n,4 -P^ ;IM- ^ P; oh; -ne semicircular fi nieI iur river i1.sLLLg. 142. Yu: Called ttol k'o'l (hair put-in);e after men's hair net. Weirs, pens, scaffolds.-- 144. Ni: Also set long basketry fishtrap 149. La: Described use by Wailaki. Traps.- 150. Yu: Also short basket trap used. St wall built in stream close to shore; basket at upstream end; fish entering corral driv [54] I i L. i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY ashing water with stick; fish then bank. k. Sloan affirmed. Enformant once saw cousin catch 5reech-owl-claw hook. This after t. Never saw any other Lassik catch uanner. lm. Sloan affirmed. orayfish called u'lcitc; not eaten. ars.-- Tcording to both John Stewart and p-pointed harpoon usual type. La: ly used if man broke one point of pointed harpoon. N methods.-- hile probably a universal though Iimportant means of catching fish ibes of California, it was a Yuki art of spring run of salmon were ols that remained after the many dried up. These pools often very e and suckers remained under the way to get them out was to dive for al old Yuki attributed their deaf- r diving as deep as 20 feet for this Ds twenty years ago, an old Yuki got sd between the rocks while groping was drowned before he could get e: Only bullheads; arrow is sharpened Othered. Affirmed by John Stewart and Wm. t Described for Pitch Wailaki on North I River. Evidently technique limited Vsurroundings. Yu: Only in one par- Ot of Round Vallej was this done. ito shallow muddy spot where they hid iter. Men waded out, stepped on fish, sped noose around tail of fish they g down. bntified by Gordon Hewes. .ious names were given for a third K] E1: kadltsime. Ka: Wild parsnip ,Bear root. Yu: lilmil. According [wes, these are probably all manroot is). Also harpooning from raft. ervances.-- Old women only. La: First denied by Later, in anecdote, told how her Oit fish. Women fished but rarely; sistants to men. Denied by Martinez Bell. -Not a fish-drugging device as re- Deb, p. 56. I Gathering 202. La: Hunting and fishing more efficiently done and more important in Lassik economy than among other tribes. However, acorns still the staple. As informant put it, "If the Indians ain't got acorns, it seem like he ain't got nothing." 206. La: Did by far most burning of all the groups listed. Kept much of their territory, particularly that adjacent to Eel and Mad rivers, completely clear of underbrush. Other reasons for burning: easier to hunt, easier to travel, rattlesnakes killed by fire. Informant says much of Trinity County, now choked with thick brush, was almost open prairie before white man came. 207. Kl, Ka, La: Sharpened stick of hardwood (La: prefer mountain mahogany), no particular shape attempted. Yu: Short piece of mountain mahogany was sharpened at one end, natural knot formed knob at other. Stick scraped with flint, polished with equisetum. When used for digging, palm of right hand pressed down on knobbed end. Also used as club. 209. Ka: Doubtful, at least informant did not think rite important. Quoting informant, "People just had a big dance whenever there was plenty of food." The other groups pointed out this no time to dance, too much work to be done. 218. Wild oats not indigenous but introduced accidentally by Spaniards with their wheat. Spread ahead of actual contact in some places. Reached this general area about 1850. Believed native by all informants. 219. Kl: Called co. 220. La, Yu: Only one variety cooked. 221. La: Southernmost extension of this plant: Kettenchow (Lassik territory; SW part of Trinity County). Lassik call plant kos, Hayfork Wintun, ke'ten. Latter name now generally used by Round Valley Indians. Camas was most important root crop of Lassik and Athabascans directly north. Camas mentioned in their mythology and in that of Wailaki. Yu: Since white contact, both 'Wailaki and Yuki have been able to travel far enough north to get this plant. 223. Kl: Called kobai . 236. Kl, Ka, La: Only "sweet" ones eaten. 237. Kl: Called behe . Food Preparation 255. La: Only bear and raccoon; all other meat broiled or roasted in earth oven. Meat cut in thin slices, cooked with acorn mush. Bear and raccoon associated with shamanism (see elements 1858, 1865, 1866, 1969-2015). 259. Kl: Only when on camping trip. La, Yu: In summer only. 270, 271. La: Marrow from bear bones only. 276. In recent times, with introduction of metal pots, most leaching done with warm water. 55 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Only oldest, most conservative Indians still use cold water for leaching. Ka: Only if acorns very bitter. La: If in hurry. 288. Yu: Probably recent technique. Salt 302. La: From second or northern Yolla-bolly (Snow Mountain), 40 miles east of Alderpoint. This region sort of no-man's-land held nominally by Pitch or Salt Wailaki of North Fork of Eel River. Cottonwood (N Wintun) and Lassik also hunted, got salt in this area. Yolla-bolly now uninhabited; marked "Primitive Area" on most maps. Lassik generally went at night, "stole" the salt. Yu: "Stole" salt from Stonyford area, held by NE Pomo. 303. Kl, Ka: Near present town of Westport. Both Kalekau and Kato spent much of summer on coast, in general had friendly relations with Coast Yuki. 304. Ka: Sometimes traded for salt with Coast Yuki and sometimes traded it on to inland groups. La: Sometimes from Pitch Wailaki but not from Northern Wintun. Yu: Sometimes, from Stonyford Pomo, though in general relations unfriendly. Sometimes bought from Huchnom, who got it from coast. 306. K1, Ka: During summer ate great quanti- ties of seaweed. This provided more than suf- ficient salt at the time. In fall, returned to own villages with "balls" of salt for winter supply. Eating Etiquette 308. Ka, Kl, Yu: Usual but not necessary. La: Hands always washed both before and after eating in respect for deer. 318. Ka: Sometimes, but not usual. Storage 319. La: All buckeyes and white-oak acorns, some black-oak acorns stored outside. All tan- bark, some black-oak acorns stored inside. This reflects value placed on different kinds of acorns. All groups prefer tan-bark acorn even though it has higher percentage of tannic acid. Pets 327. Kl: Questioned three informants inde- pendently, all denied. Loeb, p. 13, affirms. Loeb's informant John Bell, alias John Stewart, is one informant who denied point to me. 328. Ka: From Sinkyone who in turn got dogs from kanata-kwtlhtM. In latter's territory, lived a big dog in mountain cave. Many small dogs there also. People put human feces at en- trances of cave, captured dogs that came out to eat feces. La: From Nongatl and Hayfork Wintun. Yu: From Cottonwood Wintun. 329. Ka, La: Not sure because so few dog Most dogs imported. Pomo in general lack d as shown by Gifford, elements 1082, 1083. A believes dog quite recent in region from La' to San Francisco Bay. 331. Too valuable to leave out at night: stray or be stolen. 333. La: Usually small game, such as squi occasionally used in deer drives. Yu: Only Real Property 344. Kl: Fishing place may be privately but anyone may fish there. Ka: Permission be asked, part of catch given to owner of place. Yu: Permission usually asked. 345. Ka, Yu: Owner cannot refuse permissi. fish at his weir. Only defense owner has is right to tear down his own weir, thus keepil other people from using it. 346. In general, rough, hilly areas and forests had indefinite boundaries. Kl: Had nite area of ocean front that they claimed though they spent most of time some 15 miles land. Ka: Recognized and marked a definite boundary between themselves and Yuki. La: an exactly delimited area on Eel River where "holed up" during winter. In sujmmer wander over most of south half of Trinity County, returning to their permanent village till lal fall. Yu: Six or more Yukian divisions held definite areas in Round Valley. Each group one or more permanent villages in Round Val Each also had less definite section of hill back country for hunting, fishing, and gath HOUSES Letters used in this section are those e by Driver (CED:X, p. 383) and refer to foll types of house: e, circular ground plan, co .roofed dwelling house; y, circular ground p conical-roof, center pole to support rocf, underground, at least partially earth-cove "sweat" house. Structural Features Frame. - - 360. Ka: Method of building. 2 tct1lgXc posts) set vertically in ground, 2 feet apa These form doorway. Belgal (long poles) se each crotch, slant to ground at 30-degree Belgal extend to extreme rear of house, ro parallel to each other. Nanunai (lintel) s tween two crotches. Poles are leaned on b6 all the way around except in front of doo tied with hazel withes. A vaulted front en is formed from small branches tied together bark placed over the poles, parallel with t Dirt banked up over the lower 3 feet; ditch around house to drain off water. Usable fl I 'i 7 56 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY57 mae about 10 feet in diameter. (SE ) La: This describes only permaner 0e6. In summer lived in flimsy bruE r camped in open. Winter houses rE r year. .8 f ~~~~~So o.. .. ML27/272S'TIG,W4 ::- - . L- ' . .OJITUDIALA. C -t6 C SATCrOM. Built same as dwelling house (see at about 20 feet in diameter. Als( ilt from tan-bark oak except fir-bE La: Two vertical forked poles witl os formed doorway. Covered passagE 'feet long, extended out from door weat house looking less like a corn after earth piled over it. Center post put in after sweat-hot s built but before earth covering i th covering makes building sag, pul -.on center post, holds it in place. ilaki had two forked center posts v etween them. l Men go out singing, select tree an-bark oak), dance around tree foi uise, touch tree four times. Say t i going to cut you down. You're gc iptain of our house." Dance repeat pole erected. Tree cut down with ges pounded by stone mauls. After built, center post prayed to to ir a of acorn crop. Women, children r 6oeih center post. La: Tan bark oi ee black oak prayed to before cut down if to be used at for center post. (Not all trees cut down were sh prayed to as Loeb, p. 85, says.) Yu: Kroeber, Hdbk., p. 189. Covering.-- 371. Kl: Redwood bark. Ka, La, Yu: Fir bark. Entrance, exits.-- 379. La: Second door at end of passageway made to keep out cold. 380, 381. Ka: Second emergency ("back") door flush to the wall made for some houses and all sweat houses. 385, 386. La: "Face any way but north." Cold wind from north reason given. 390. Kl: Redwood bark. Ka: Twined boughs. La, Yu: Fir bark. Sweat House 397. Ka: Up to 10 years, "tell people afraid it fall down." Must not be burned but torn down, ~ left lying. If new sweat house built near by, > some logs from old sweat house might be used. 398. Yu: Some villages in Round Valley had no sweat house; used one at near-by, friendly vil- lage. 400. Yu: Introduced to Round Valley Reserva- tion by Pit River Achomawi. 404. Yu: Women do not sleep in, unless their dwelling has been destroyed or they are visitors with no close friends to take them in. 407. Ka: Menstruating women not allowed in sweat house; pregnant women must pay fine to en- ter. Yu: Women may not enter during ceremonies except to bring food to men. 410. Ka: About eight men go out with leader, sing on way, all go to same place. As each man o, brings in his load he shouts, otherwise has to srk go out again. 411. La: Have communal sweat "dance" instead; h little singing, women excluded. Men sweat till e- they cannot stand it any longer; all rush out at once. Not competitive. e, 412, 413. Sides are function of direction sweat house is oriented, that is, if entrance to ase south, sides line up east and west of fire. If is on north and south sides, south would be at an ts advantage in having ventilation from door. 0 414. Yu: Two to four times a week. Nith 418. La: Informant insisted there was no foot drum. Only one or two dances were held in sweat house and these were accompanied by split-stick Lir rattles. Wailaki had foot drum, according to to Nancy Dobey. 422. Kl, Ka, La: Old women only. bed 423. Yu: Introduced into Round Valley Reserva- tion by Pit River Achomawi. 427. Kl: Both John Stewart and Wm. Sloan de- 1- scribed a small "window" in back. May have been lot used as emergency exit. Ka: Used in c&se of r emergency. 57 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS NAVIGATION; SWIMMING 438a. La: Called ka'ntth; made from a sound fir log hollowed out by fire. Charred wood dug out with crude flints (adz lacking). Smaller scrapers used to remove rough spots. Both in- side and outside then rubbed with sandstone. Finally pitch rubbed into both inside and out- side, giving dugout glossy brown finish. Three thwarts inserted, used to sit on. Hole cut in upper end of bow for painter, stus. Canoe not used for fishing but only for ferriage or visit- ing. Canoe about 10 or 12 feet long with 2-foot beam. Bow and stern nearly identical. Lassik most southerly group in this region with dugout canoes. 439. La: Called biltigitoba; made of fir, about 5 feet long; blade about 8 inches wide. 440. Jl: Tied logs together with hazel brush. 442. Ka: Goods towed by swimmers in winter and early spring across swollen creeks. La, Yu: Goods, children, even nonswimming adults towed in baskets by expert swimmers. 444. Preferred, "best" way to swim. Side stroke is easiest to use while towing an object (see elements 441, 442); this may be reason for its preference. 1AND TRANSPORTATION 468. Ka: Denied by Martinez Bell. Yu: Called hai; now call pockets in their clothes, hai. 484. La: In basket by men. Informant has pre- viously denied men's carrying basket (element 473, 474). 485. Kl: Corpse wrapped in deer hide, sticks put under (across) corpse, three or four men carry. TECHNOLOGY Stone Lifters; Spoons, Forks 497. Yu: Two sticks tied together some 8 inches from lower end; believed aboriginal by informant. 498. Ka: Informant admitted own spoons sim- pler, cruder than Northwest California spoons shown in Hdbk., p. 20. Called deltsaak; geo- metric design on handle. Trait introduced by inforiant's paternal grandmother, a Sinkyone. 502. La: River mussel. Yu: Obtained in trade from Huchnom or Wailaki. 506. La: Sharpened stick sometimes used. 507. Yu: Volunteered by informant but probably recent imitation of white man's forks. Yuki also used one-pointed stick for spearing and holding hot meat. Knives; Awls, Needles 512. Yu: Rare, only on best knives. 514. Yu: Called k'it; at first informant nied all bone awls. 517. Ka: Manzanita, cherry, or yew wood. Grinding; Drilling 525. Ka: Informant has one found in cree Probably water-worn boulder, though has sym cal sides and flat bottom. 527. La: Lacked drills except fire drill not manufacture perforated beads but obtaini trade from Wailaki. 531. Pump drill believed aboriginal by a groups using it. Skin Dressing; Glue; Wood Working 546. La: Hide used for blanket or seat , most of the hair worn off. 558. Ka: Informant described use of fis in bowmaking. Thought fishskin used to po bow, but from his description must have be as glue. La: Gave similar description, sa used as glue. 561. Wood wedges really used as levers ing off bark. WEAPONS Bow 569. Yu: Unique type. Bow not planed center half, only ends planed down. Henc4 when drawn, bends only at ends. Sinew bac only over center half of bow. 573. Kl, Ka: Only on best, probably ixj bows. 574. Ka: Only on imported bows. 576. In spite of fact yew is rare sout] Lassik territory, all informants voluntee3 best material for bows. Maybe only imporl of Kalekau and Kato made of yew. Yu: Rarn 578. La: With owner's blood. Arrows 582. Yu: Only used for games such as di shooting. Poisoning 593. Ka, La: Man scratches self with si flint to discover if poison in flint; if becomes infected and is long in healing,-i prized. 58 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Straightening, Smoothing -Same type used by Wailaki. Specimen * Anthropology Museum) obtained from ts Wailaki informant. Denied by Marti-nez Bell. 642. Kl: Loeb, p. 13, describes rod armor. Vagueness probably due to Kalekau being more peaceful than their northern neighbors; informa- tion on war customs distinctly hearsay. 643. Ka: Elkhide pulled partly over head to make effective helmet. No separate helmet made. Shooting Position tmary release universally used by boys i. Probably all skilled archers in some type of secondary release, though halekau informant. ..Some men used both index and middle kinformant did not know exact way it Yu: Thumb and first two fingers hold row; bowstring not held. Fingers bent imb opposes fingernails of index and gers. Bow held with left hand with fingers in front of bow. Released saps against back of bow. Arrow r thumb or index finger. Quivers Fox hide, fawnskin. Ka: Fox, fisher, .skin. La: Fawnskin or otter. Yu: bag, k'ut'ai, used by men in which to Iril, tobacco, pipe, etc.; not for ar- ,,Then tied to cased-hide bag. In- )bably mistaken. Spears Described its use by Wailaki and Held at butt end, thrown, like sling, Slings Too inaccurate for hunting but occa- ped. La: Rare. , Used by "mountain" people, that is, '*i . Clubs :Same club used as digging stick. Only in intravillage quarrels. Any tone picked up might be used to brain lager. Lassik more open about their luki and Pomo would ambush or "poison" ow villager. Affirmed by Wm. Sloan. Also used to hunt grizzly bear. Armor My informant probably wrong; for af- mee Loeb, p. 65. Wailaki also used lcr (see Hdbk., p. 152). BODY AND DRESS Formal Sitting Postures 644. 647. wished, 649. in time YIu: Rarely for men. Yu: Men could sit in any position they but kneeling most common. Ka: So man could jump quickly to his feet of danger. Hair 654. Yu: Till about 20 years old. 668. Yu: Only when dancing. 674. Kl: Denied by Jim Cooper but affirmed by Wm. Sloan was practice of plucking eyebrows to thin line. 677. La: Only bear grease; taboo on deer grease. 678. La: Only marrow from bear bones used. Taboo on use of deer marrow. 679. A unique Pomo element found by Gifford (element 56 of his Pomo list). Volunteered to me by three informants--two Kalekau, one Kato. Mutilations Ears and nose.-- 680. La: Few women. 681. Ka: Few women. La: Of male and female shamans, and of other men only a few. Tattooing.--More women were tattooed than men. Most old women still living are tattooed but few old men are. Hence following information about men's tattoos is mostly hearsay. Lucy Cooper and Lucy Young, Kalekau and Lassik informants respec- tively, have facial tattoos, as does another Lassik, Mary Major. 682. Three lines standard, less often, one or five. Sometimes only center line vertical, outer lines flaring outward at bottom. 683. Ka: One line only. 686. Yu: To cure rheumatism. 687. Kl: Women not tattooed on legs because too near menstrual-flow source. Ka: For curative purposes only. 688. La: Only men tattooed on chests were chiefs. 690. La: Also used by Wailaki. 695. La: Informant insisted soaproot used. Probably not, because nonsoluble substance needed. Informant did not discriminate between green and blue. 59 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Clothing 696. Kl: Worn in win-ter only. Pulled around to shield from wind. 700. Most old men and some young men went naked in summer. 703. La: Length below knee. 706. La: Maple bark; summer dress. 707. Ka: Given to girl at conclusion of her puberty rite. Worn till worn out. No other oc- casion for wearing grass skirt. 708. Ki, Ka: Men wear only at ceremonies; shorter, narrower than women's apron. 711, 712. La: For dances usually; wealthy might have for everyday wear. 718. La: Moccasins of single piece buckskir about 3 feet long, or 14 inches long. (See fig.) Buckskin folded over instep, sewn along inner side of foot. Along outside of foot buckskin gathered, pulled up with simple draw- string. Buckskin folded up back of leg, wrapped SCALE Ye8=r. around calf. Sometimes buckskin sewn along back of heel. The drawstring is pulled up, wrapped many times around the leg. When moccasin sole wears out, new sole usually sewn on. Moccasins worn in summer as protection against rattlesnakes; not worn in winter because water and mud would make them soggy and useless. Adornment and Ceremonial Dress 739. Ia: Also short, white eagle featheri 744. Yu: Taboo on use of woodpecker feat} Also taboo on use of quail topknot, because kills rattlesnakes with its topknot (used ai club). 770. Kl: Used only to enlarge holes. Ka: if person poor, does not own bone nose piece La: Straw or grass used to enlarge hole, nel sticks. 772. Ka: Obtained in trade from Wailaki. 776. La: Worn by some old people. 777. Ka: Only important men have nose p'i See note 681 for partial contradiction. Ma' that only women shamans wore nose pins. La: Wailaki men wore bone nose pins with beads a each side (Nancy Dobey, informant). 779. La: Worn by rattlesnake doctor. 781. La: Sometimes haliotis pendants in a shell necklaces. 782. La: On belt or headband. 789. Yu: Use restricted to certain dances 797. Kl, Ka: Deer marrow rubbed on face j hands, not on body. La: Bear grease rubbed body in winter. 800. La: Affirmed for Wailaki men by Nano Dobey. 803. Ka, La: Used as dagger also. 804. Kl: Formerly, people were afraid to flowers. Ka: Some shamans put flowers in t~ hair. La, Yu: Fear of, possibly taboo agai wearing flowers. WEAVING Basketry 805. La: Wailaki made 3-rod and rod-and- coiled baskets. 807. Yu: Left-handed person would procee clockwise. 811. Yu: If Yuki actually did 1-rod coil technique has recently been learned from Po Round Valley Reservation. 812. Yu: Affirmed in Hdbk., p. 171, also Kelly, Yuki Basketry, UC-PAAE 24:421-444. 813. La: Informant has 8 or 10 baskets m herself and another old Lassik, Mary Major; are twined, most are 2-strand, several are 3-strand, one has 3-strand braid around top formant has Hupa basketry cap; wears it oc ally but says her people never made them a they knew that "northern" people wore them. 814. Yu: Or clockwise according to info but he is probably mistaken. 816. Yu: Volunteered by informant and d strated by him. One weft twisted about w usual way, other weft makes series of compi loops or half-hitches around each warp. No mens of this type of weaving were available formant may be giving confused description 60 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY S, passive weft of latter being con- ,the warp. This unique element is the sing when it is considered that Yuki -in coiled baskets, only coarse utili- lts being twined. L informants agreed that Yuki seed trated in Hdbk., plate 29, was most ,own. Informant did not know wicker tech- 'ad his people made seed beaters like uimen in Hdbk., plate 29. * Informant probably mistaken, admitted wuunation that sometimes these were - Imported from east. Ka: Never heard hbly does not grow in Kato territory. t in Lassik territory. (According to PLPAA 20:226, redbud grows in all of lIifornia.) La: Xerophyllum used, called t'o'teI a For splitting, trimming hazelwood marser twined baskets. a For making weft strings for coiled Cradles : Basket tossed in air 4 times, "bear" to make child strong. Yu: Called Rabbitskin Blankets lacking or unimportant in this region. ten conflicting when two or more in- rom same group used. Usual answer: atanned rabbitskins. Kalekau positive ca Jim Cooper; Wm. Sloan denied them. Lve entries from Gil Ray; Martinez i them. Lassik informant told how rabbitskin blankets but denied them ibe. Yuki informant said rabbit fur together, slept on. After weaving, fur beaten with flat sve ridges. Bedding Fear of water monsters in tule beds Do against use of tule. Ka: Feathered red in tule beds, seduced young girls; with power" went near tule. La: Poi- k- lived in tule, no one went into mnless had to. When only available was in tule beds, people used long ibe so did not have to bend over while ;Yu: Informant described feathered, ke that could stretch across Round or 5 miles); not particularly associ- ul'e beds. Netting 900. Kl: Denied by Cooper but described in de- tail by Wm. Sloan. 903. "Mesh spacer" seems to be used only inci- dentally for this purpose; its primary function: to hold loops of string as net is being woven (element 904). Cordage 908. Ka: 3, 4, and 5-strand cords twisted in one operation. La: This technique usually fol- lowed, but informant thought that 3 and 4 strands sometimes twisted in one operation. 911. Ka: Women rarely made string. 914. Kl: si'llm. 915. Kl: ma'ca. MONEY AND BEADS 917. Ka: Called t'stlntc (bone); received in trade from Wailaki; only single small shells. La: Received in trade from Nongatl; small, single shells used as nose or ear pin. Yu: Affirmed in Hdbk., p. 176; affirmed also for Kalekau (Sher- wood), Hdbk., p. 176. 918. Kl: Obtained on coast; some traded for. Ka: Thin clamshells obtained on coast near West- port; thick ones imported from Usal Coast Yuki. La: Imported ready-made from Wailaki; latter got them from Huchnom or Kato; Huchnom obtained them from Northern Pomo. Yu: Obtained whole -shells from Wailaki and Huchnom. 921. La: Rope also standard of value. 924. Yu: Called cip. 925. Yu: Called mu'li. 926. La: Obsidian obtained by trade from Hay- fork Wintun. Yu: Called wai'kutum; described as "red-to-brown flint"; only rich men owned. 927. I was unable to get the lines of travel for Olivella beads. Probably not a common bead in pre-white days. TOBACCO 936. La: Denied for Wailaki by Nancy Dobey. 937. La: Bush dragged around to distribute ashes, then seeded. Brush piled over seed beds to protect from birds; removed after germination. 938. La: To cure colds. 942. Most informants volunteered this; all denied smoking by young people. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Drum 944. La: Split-stick rattle used to beat time 61 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS for the one or two dances held annually in sweat house. Affirmed for Wailaki by Nancy Dobey. 950. Ka: Also string painted with blood, used for soul-snaring, kept under. 953. La: Called tc'wot'61 (grows where Coyote sits down). Yu: Called koySya. 958. Ka: Know that other tribes have deer-hoof rattles but feel it would be a desecration to use them, themselves. 964. La: Informant volunteered that people to north used multiple-stick rattles. 969. Ka: Also tied fishbones to head hoop of baby's cradle for baby to rattle, play with. Bull-roarer 970. Ka: Called telbut. Made of black oak or madrofla. La: Vaguely affirmed for Wailaki by Nancy Dobey. Flute 987. Ka: Used for playing love-songs. La: Played only by old people. 989. La: Informant did not remember but point- ed to picture of 5-holed flute as most like her people's. Wailaki informant Nancy Dobey said they had 4 or 5 holes. GAMES Shinny or Lacrosse 993. Yu: Shinny called t'otc; informant thinks it recent. 996. Yu: Hard rubber ball only kind ever seen by informant. 1002. Kl, Ka: Probably recent. 1007. Ka: Three players for serious games; in- formal games had various number of players up to 10. La: 5-6. Yu: 8-10. Various Games 1017. Ka: Called nateljai. (Element 1018 called by same name.) Hoops of grapevine or hazelwood. May be degenerate form of hoop-and- pole game. Archery 1020. Yu: Tried to come as close as possible to a tree trunk without actually hitting it. Arrow hitting tree would probably break. 1028. Yu: Informant never heard of this game though it has been played in Round Valley in quite recent years. Hence not denied in Yuki list. 1039. Ka: 2-3. Hand, Grass, or Many-Stick Game a = many small sticks with one marked. b or 2 bones or sticks shuffled in grass. 1042. Ka: Played on Kato Reservation by i ing Wailaki, but Kato did not'take up game t extent. Yu: Introduced into Round Valley RE tion by Lassik. 1046. Ka, La, Yu: Or more. 1047. Ka: Also played with single bone. G hand holding bone. Two bones usual, especia in formal games. La: One stick usual game, sticks for each player less often, may be re 1055. Yu: Says this was introduced by whi man. More probably brought into Round Valld Reservation by Little Lake Pomo. 1063. Kl: Learned at Round Valley Reseriv from Wailaki and Yuki. 1071. La: Wailaki had 12 counters, accord to Nancy Dobey. 1081. Kl, Ka: Occasional, usually when p1 is between fellow villagers. Always two on side for intervillage contests. La: Usual u two players on a side may be recent. 1085. No singing with game a, hence many ago game b ousted game a. Neither game pla' now though a few old Indians still retain tb "lucky" gambling bones. Many Sticks, Take Away, Guess Remainder 1087. El: Has not been played for 50 yea; hence information hazy. Sticks may have bee moved 4 at a time; may be confused with elel 1088, or even with 1045. Dice Games 1089. Ka: Learned from Ukiah Pomo some 3 40 years ago. Yu: Introduced into Round Va Reservation by Little Lake or Clear Lake 1091. Kl, Ka: Recently, design burnt in red-hot wire. Old method unknown. Someti stick blackened in fire, split afterward, 1 ing flat side white, curved side black. Stick Thrown Up 1092. Ka: Called tcina'ltllkus (sticks a ing around). Coyote initiated this game. COUNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES 1111. La: "Only children count this way, informant is probably idealizing. 1112. Yu: Informant thoroughly confused native method of counting. Affirmation fr Hdbk., pp. 176, 177. 1119. Ka, La: Numeral systems recorded; sis shows both based on quinary system. 1120. Yu: See note 1112. 62 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIX--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY 1: Probably white influence, but sticks .100 show it was followed consistently. stial; sticks arranged in piles of 10, recent. 1: Word for 20 means "stick," yet in- ned that a stick signifying 20 was Llying. Ea: 5 big sticks equal 100. nt unable to conceive of vigesimal r were there any indications in stick : Apparently derived from mnemonic de- riginal meaning lost. Serves double assurance of good faith on part of Ovitee must accept invitation and give pnything requested. As illustration E-It, informant once given 4 sticks by U to give them to certain man and ask m; man gave it to her without a word. CALENDAR l: Questioned following year, same in- r list of 12 months. Another inform- Ughtly variant list of 10 months. nt probably added two seasonal e Lassik calendar coincide with ours. L2 months but too many came in winter, summer. Almost certainly this dis- ceaused by inclusion of seasonal lachnom (southern Yuki) later gave builar list that he specified as 8 is (summer months unnamed) and 4 sea- i: See note 1126. L: Near end of month. Ka: When buck- to fall, September or October. i: See note 1126. ANOMY, METEOROLOGY, COSMOLOGY New Moon Observances a: Informant denied any ceremonies con- .-new moon, but this is improbable. K, Ea: Pray to moon to make children ilong. La: Children asleep, not al- it up. Adults pray, "May I live long. Od," etc. k Men called moon c'tct11tcYn (maternal ;women called moon c'tco (maternal t). La: Called slstct1gi (maternal : By persons born in summertime; moon burning pitch, produce warm weather. i: Moon will take one's soul with it world. a: Some women menstruate during full Toung women do not look at new moon Id cause a heavy menstrual flow. i Na: Even if man's wife not menstru- ating, some other female relative probably is. Not a taboo but precaution generally observed. Eclipse; Rainbow; Thunder and Lightning 1154. Kl: Same theory holds for the "dark of the moon." 1162. La: Makes whole arm and hand shrivel up. 1163. Ka: Called katcV'nic (god talking); identified with supreme god. La: Called dj'6tn6s; looks like a bear, has large head; wings like buzzard. 1165. La: Grandson of "grandfather thunder." 1166. Ka: Called god's fire. 1174. Yu: Shamans say: "Father is doing that." Go outside and say, "That's enough, grandpa." Discrepancy in kinship term was not noticed by informant. 1174a. Ka: Small noise when good person dies; loud noise when bad die. Whirlwind; Earthquake 1176. Kl: Jesus' heart (soul), ko'i, in whirl- wind, palic. From Maru cult. 1178. La: Person says, "Go away, go hunt a pretty person." Whirlwind would suck out one's soul. 1180. Yu: According to Hdbk., p. 206, Huchnom believe caused by coyote, elk, and deer moving underground. 1181. Kl: Earthquake, ma'cele, caused by coyote who is tying up a huge snake. Big earthquake when coyote turns snake over to tie other side. La: By coyote bending his big toe. Various 1186. Ka: Called tuitcev; is road of Nagaitco (Big Head god; 2d in power). La: Children not allowed to look at. 1188. Kl: Sun both male and female. 1190. Ka: But addressed as grandmother by women; see note 1139. Informant aware of and puzzled by this contradiction. 1193. Difficult to determine whether up and down have same value as the 4 cardinal directions. Yuki informant positive up and down have little importance; as example gave association of direc- tions with 4-repetition rituals. La: kena (east) also means "up. " 1194. Ka, La: Order is clockwise, "as the sun goes." Yu: Order is east, west, north, south. 1198. Kl: World has sunk 3 times, each time everyone drowning. 1202a. Ka: In "Big Rock," about 4 mi. N of Laytonville Rancheria. No attempt to cut any- thing but straight lines. La: Wailaki male born during stormy weather rolls large rocks down into a certain canyon. Fred Major, brother of Nancy Dobey, said his parents made him do this when he was young. 63 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS MARRIAGE 1207. La: Possibly not true purchase, but ex- change of gifts is very one-sided. Often took young man up to three years to accumulate enough money to buy a bride. 1210. Yu: Boy's family gives slightly more; also takes initiative in negotiating for marriage. 1211. El: No wedding in sense of public cere- mony. Young man tries to go to bed with girl in her parents' house. After consummation, marriage ratified by exchange of gifts between families. Yu: Public ceremony only by rich families. 1214. La: To make marriage "legal," presents between families must be exchanged later. Yu: Informant may be right but probably he is idealiz- ing the past. This shows up more strongly later. 1216. La: Informant stated her son, now de- ceased, once "married" a Pomo girl when working near Ukiah. On nuptial night, girl scratched his face, the custom in her country. Bridegroom hit her on head with piece of firewood, left her for- ever. Marriage of Affinal Relatives 1218. La: Common, often girl taking initia- tive. Girls closely watched, prevented from having affairs with nearly all males. Girl might not marry till she was 20 or 25. (This in turn due to high purchase price of brides. Mar- riage with sister's husband did not require pur- chase.) 1221. Yu: Usual if widower has no children to care for. 1222. La: Family solidarity much more pro- nounced than among other tribes. Obligatory sororate and levirate with refusal punishable by death shows this. Story told by informant fur- ther illustrates point: Her mother's brother killed his bride of two months because she did not follow him to the village of his blood rela- tives after the initial period of matrilocal residence. His family knew he was in the wrong, scolded him for this and other crimes. Yet they immediately jumped to his aid when the bride's family came to avenge her death. During the feud that followed at least 3 people were killed. The first white men who came in contact with the Lassik killed most of the Lassik men and inci- dentally ended the feud. 1226. YU: Usual if widow has children to sup- port. 1228. El: If widow has children. 1229. Usually wife's cousin. Polygyny with Unrelated Wives 1233. Yu: Informant denied polygyny but ad- mitted he had heard (though he doubted) that one Yuki chief had had 3 wives. 1234. La: Only one case--a chief; the 4 wives fought among themselves all the time. Sei men had 3 wives. Nearly all rich men had- Necessary to be rich or an excellent hunti have more than 1 wife, sororate excepted.. Postnuptial Residence 1241. In probably 90 per cent of marrii Exceptions occur sometimes when brothers A sisters, when man already has one wife, w marries a widow (levirate or not). 1245. Yu: Only if small village, susp that all within it are blood relatives.-, rules extend to 4th or 5th cousins. 1247. Kl: Intermarried with other Nor Pomo groups, also with Huchnom, less oft- Kato and Coast Yuki. Ka: Mostly with Co less with Potter Valley Pomo, Sinkyone, and Kalekau. La: Hayfork Wintun to nort to south. Yu: Wailaki mostly, especiall North Fork of Eel. A northeastern Yukia intermarried sometimes with Cottonwood W Sexual Relations of Unmarried 1248. Yu: At first firmly maintained girls were chaste. Sometime later casua amended this by saying a bastard (called rabbit) was looked down on, not allowed or doctor's school. On cross-examinatia formant reluctantly affirmed elements 12 1249. Kl: Virginity not prized, but t promiscuity of girl reflects on parents. this rather ineffective restraint. Adultery 1252. Kl: According to Wm. Sloan, if merely suspects his wife of having an a! might beat both her and her alleged love man catches his wife and her paramour in rante delicto, he simply goes away. Cit amples of latter occurrence. In one cam outraged husband fitted an arrow to his- back the bowstring, but would not relea row. The husband knew the death would bi venged or, at least, he would be ridicuI man was much thought of who killed a mae woman." The husband might get his revel secretly poisoning his wife's lover. Y ant in unguarded moment told of man beat killing his wife because of jealousy. 1 alizing the reflection on Yuki morals, i to discuss adultery further. 1255. La: Husband never merely thrasN wife's seducer; either killed him or di Seducer would ambush husband if latter X 1256. La: Seduction of married womeni common than of unmarried. Injured husb puts on a cynical air, makes up a song X -his wife. Sometimes seducer pays husbai and beads, but apparently no fixed aaoiM l 64 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI: ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY KINSHIP AVOIDANCES kNo divorce if there were children, no longer have sexual intercourse No barrenness; conception aided by flowers on woman's belly for girl, II(seed pods) of a certain plant for ab of certain plants rubbed on to induce conception. Also journey to rock shaped like cradle; woman Idrank water that dripped from it. *No laziness! Some women like to be beaten; all sional beating. May leave husband frequent beatings. Only if still are nursing. Yu: See > If boys are about seven or over. Intercourse , Ea: Coition between husband and wife bays in this manner. Man who at- Wtions would insult his wife, and Jobably leave him. In extramarital v -ariations were tried out. Quoting The white man thought he'd show us , but it was old stuff to us." La, ormants reluctant to talk about oourse, denied most elements. L denied "first intercourse anal" as btice. Rape punishable by death; strictly L: Not uncommon; last case happened 20 then Tom Jimmerson (now dead; Gifford's .or Kabedile) was so treated. Jimmer- 7 sensitive to any mention of this BERDACHES i: Called das. "Sometimes he cried rto make people think he has a baby." [is a berdache, lives at present at WiRancheria. Does not wear women's nuever weais a hat. La, Yu: A ber- lying in Round Valley formerly wore ~hes. kes as good or better baskets than in may make coarse baskets without re- his masculinity but a male maker of 0 is suspected of homosexual tenden- t work done: cooking, sewing, gather- L all groups a very strong reaction Fidea of a "murfidai" (colloquial for *e) being a doctor. I K: In recent years 25 cents has rd price; formerly, short string of 1290. La: Loeb, p. 94, says of Wailaki, "Deer- skin screen used by some women to avoid glances of son-in-law.' BIRTH Obstetrics8 1322. Yu: Informant had another spell of prud- ishness. Refused to talk about birth beyond barest generalities. Possibly a Yuki taboo. 1326. La: Sometimes 2 or 3. 1328. Ka, La: Sucking doctor called in for difficult cases but mainly for moral support. Does not actually assist with the birth. May suck out pain. 1331. La: Or wrapped in bear or deerskins. 1335. In all cases, most of the navel cord is buried with the afterbirth. The part receiving special attention is the six inches or so left on the baby. This may account for certain contra- dictions recorded by ethnologists. 1341. Ka: Later worn by all women, gives baby long life. 1348. Ki: If pregnant woman lies on back, fetus will split, causing twins to be born. La: Loeb, p. 92, states of Wailaki, "Twins ill-omened, one killed (otherwise both would die)." 1350. Ka: "One always has something wrong with it anyway.'" The other is treated as any other child. Restrictions on Mother; on Father Duration of restrictions on mother, unless otherwise specified, is as follows: Kalekau, 1 moon; Kato, 1 or 2 moons; Lassik, 4 or 5 moons; Yuki, 1 moon. Restrictions same if baby is boy or girl.- 1381. La: 2-4 months' continence. Abortion, Infanticide, Nursing, Birth Control 1383. Ki: Mother pressed large flat stone against side of girl, or steps on her belly. Ka: Girl jumps off logs, or relative steps on her belly. 1386. La: Mother always nursed child as long as she had milk. Informant nursed her last child till he was 7 years old. Never deliberately weaned child unless another baby was born and needed the milk. 1388. La: Informant did this herself when she was a young woman. It was completely effective. Mutilations; Milk Teeth All ages given under this heading are approxi- mations or averages. In most instances they are estimated by the writer on rather doubtful evi- dence. Divorce 65 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1398. Kl: Denied by Jim Cooper, affirmed by Wm. Sloan. La: Said Wailaki put in gopher hole. 1404. Ka: Prayer: "Gray squirrel, give me my teeth back." Name 1407. La: A "new" name given. Informant knew only one person (his uncle) who had a namesake (a cousin). 1411. Ka: Usually. 1414. Yu: Mostly nicknames that gradually work into common use. Obscene nicknames not used in direct address. GIRLS' PUBERTY RITES 1427. La: Sometimes. 1428. Yu: In summer. 1435. La: Says introduced by whites. 1448. La: Girl gets warm acorn soup made from white oak acorns. These are considered the most inferior of the acorns. Yu: Does not get hot food; at best it is lukewarm. 1456. Yu: Denied when directly questioned; volunteered the next day. May have been the re- sult of suggestion. 1468. La: When inside. 1468a. When girl had to go outside to satisfy natural needs. 1480. Ka, La: At end of rite. 1501. La: He may not hunt, fish, gamble but does not actually participate in rite. 1502. Yu: Unique part of ceremony is that fe- male shaman in charge holds an acorn paddle in both hands, picks "bugs" off of spectators. 1507. When two or more girls, close friends, have first menses at same time. 1508. La: If many came, the dance was held outside the dwelling. The dwelling house re- mained the center of the ceremony. Explains contradiction in Loeb, pp. 93-94. 1512. Yu: Old men only. 1517. Yu: See Hdbk., p. 195, for affirmation. MENSTRUATION OF MATURE WOMEN Unless otherwise specified, Kalekau have re- strictions for 4 days; Kato, a week; Lassik, 7 days; Yuki, uncertain--4 days to a week. Yuki woman menstruating was ta'li (unclean). 1537. Yu: Also cannot carry, dip, or pour water. 1538. Yu: May not scratch self at all, but may rub body. 1542. Yu: Bad for eyes. 1550a. Yu: Some men observe taboos, most not. If a man should touch his wife during this time he has to observe the taboos longer. DEATH 1555. Yu: If lone survivor of a family he is buried or cremated in or by his hous everything of his is destroyed. 1561. Kl: Corpse wrapped in deerskin s1 from single pole. Ka: Corpse wrapped in b puma hide. 1565. La: Curtis, p. 30, says of Wailak "Dead buried extended head to east in deepA graves." Yu: Wrapped or lashed. 1571. Yu: Sometimes rolled over grave t tect from raids of animals. 1576. Yu: Word sent to deceased's kin, usually carried the body, man's or woman's; their own burial place. 1578. Kl: Rather rare. Ka: For death b lence only, such as killed by rattlesnake, in war. La: Remembers two cases: in one t requested it before his death; other was u who married into the village, and her ashe carried to her home. Yu: If no one would grave (see note 1557) or if person died of. tagious disease (latter probably modern ra zation). Cremation common in old days but' erally abolished because contrary to teach of Taikomol cult. Believed difficult too cause several days required to burn up ths- 1584. Yu: Sometimes. 1588. La: By "stranger" is meant person. is only an affinal relative to people in a village. Destruction of Property 1590. Ka: Only if owner a man, and even: widow may sometimes keep dog. 1592. Yu: "Wife or mother might keep sol beads. 1595. Yu: House kept by family unless th another. 1596. Yu: Cannot remember plants; but we probably angelica or pepperwood or both. Undertakers 1599. Kl, La: Sometimes 3. 1600. Kl: Sometimes 1 strong man, someti or 4. La: Unmarried; same sex as dead per Yu: If burial close by; if buried at dista more men took turns at carrying corpse. 1601. Yu: Unless man lacked sufficient b kin. Widow 1616. La: Could not remarry till hair gr usually 1-2 years. Yu: Singed only. 1620. Yu: Left on for long time, especia old people. 1622. Yu: As substitute for pitch. 66 CULTURE EIXM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY La: Variable length of tab'oo period, Pto all summer. Does not seem to be boo. Remarriage forbidden for a year. , La, Yu: Widow does nothing, but may irmal taboo; expected to show grief by traction. Blood Relatives t: Only close kin. k'i'nill, mourner, dng. v Remain inside as much as possible; Xg food, firewood. g Sweating considered "fun," forbidden sing as is singing, dancing. tuna'nsi (give to keep peace); paid d been announced but not yet held at 4h; shows no disrespect or ill-will Vintended. Same word for blood money. Oter putting on regalia, people stand cry for a half hour. Done in memory ends and relatives who come to mind For chiefs or important people. La: A do. Loeb, p. 95, says of Wailaki: hbeld year after death. Feast out- pers sang, danced, cried; property grave. Body not exhumed." Kin-in-law terms stick even when tries into another family. formant could remember only one in- pn informant very small, her grand- killed by the Nai'aitci. The Lassik * woman at place of killing. YNurdered ber seized stomach before it burned it. "She just felt so bad she ate it Name in presence of people who might re- deceased's kin. ,.No namesakes. Yu: In presence of quire new nickname at this time. Ghosts ; Spirit of dead (guardian spirit?) '1. Dead person, atgt hulk'i'lal. Wad ("dead breath"), hulk'I '11 6tam. Wed or scared by a ghost, hulk' i'lal ts (not ghosts), yaun si'l or yaun ? Walk peculiarly, have small eyes ike fire. 'First peal of thunder after a death L got to sky. Yu: Stays short time -`Probably a recent concept; may be Lth Maru cult. Lucy Cooper still does this (most tives have died); keeps large sack root for emergency use. 1654. Yu: Cry on waking, then go through pre- cautionary ritual. 1659. La: Informant lost her 8-months-old baby; repeatedly dreamed of baby, heard it laugh and cry; nearly died, saw visions. Could have become shaman if had wanted to. Instead treated by sha- man who cured her within about 6 months. 1663. La: See note 1659. 1664. Ka: "Spiritualist man" named Ne 'tsots (blue mud), preached about return of dead, about 1800. Dead came back, visited Kato for one sum- mer. For more complete account see Curtis, 14:4, 5. No general belief in reincarnation. DREAMS 1665. Yu: Dreams that do not have to do with spirits, ghosts, or snakes are not harmful. 1667. Ka: Food offered to spirits but actually eaten by the people. 1668. La: A Wailaki, Nancy Dobey, often dreams of snakes, following day eats nothing till sun- down. 1672. La: Informant inhibited about discussing this. CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS 1675. Kl: 1-2; called tca'kale. Ka: 1-2. Yu: ti 'ul. 1676. Kl: Sometimes, especially when small vil- lages unite as has happened in recent times. Ka: Sometimes, when two families in village are equal- ly strong. 1677. New chief must be able man but usually chieftainship stayed within one family. Usual pattern is that ablest man in old chief's family succeeds. 1679. Kl: In two cases remembered by inform- ant, maternal nephew succeeded chief. Ka, La: Chieftainship stayed within most powerful family; ablest man in that family succeeded to chieftain- ship regardless of whether he was a blood or af- final relative of old chief. 1681. Yu: If no son or brother, wife or mother of chief succeeds. Brother's son or sister's son might become chief, but unlikely. 1682. Kl: Rare. Ka: If no member of chief's family is considered competent. La: Informant remembers case of man who refused nomination, "didn't want to bother with it." Informant's mother's cousin, IAssXk, was last chief of Las- sik. Yu: People usually want oldest son of chief. 1685. Yu: Also hunts for himself. 1687. Had charge of feeding visitors but usu- ally gained by the transaction. Ka, La: Chief always became wealthy even though comparatively poor at beginning. Yu: Also invites and offici- ally welcomes all visitors. 1693. Yu: Sometimes, but sweat-house owner usually did this. 67 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1696. Yu: Talks to, tries to get offender to reform; if incorrigible, "someone" quietly kills him. 1697. La: Only in case of big intertribal war. Acts as peacemaker in all local disputes. 1699. Yu: Do not require direction. 1700. Ka, La: Does nearly all the work, is like local constable; chief just "sits and studies." Yu: Various assistants, managers called by same name as chief. 1701. La: "Woman talk too much" to be chief. 1704. Yu: If chief dies with no brother or sons living, wife may become chief if she wants to. If not, someone else chosen, sweat-house manager being most likely candidate. 1705. Ka, La: More duties of assistant chief. Yu: Called m6'li,as token of his office,or tiul, chief. Same individual is also sweat-house manager and firetender. 1713. Ka: Another duty of assistant chief. 1713-1716. Yu: See note 1705. 1718. El: 2-3 war chiefs. Ka: 2-4. La: Another duty of assistant chief. Yu: 2-3; called t'aun iwop, "war men"; E1, Ka, Yu: Tacitly ac- cepted leaders; hard to kill them. 1722. La: Is considered a "little chief." Assists chief in administration. WAR AND FEUDS 1724. Yu: After killing man, killers often send body home or tell where body is to be found. This deliberate provocation is typical of Cali- fornia Indians. 1725. In a roundabout way, one tribe lets another know they have poisoned certain of the latter's people. This is only way witchcraft can be found out; there is no divining technique to determine the poisoner. 1726. La: Only if woman is important person. Usual attitude by all groups was that a woman was not abducted or raped unless she wanted to be. 1729. La: Mercenaries sometimes hired. 1737. La: Sometimes arms, legs, and even guts are brought to killer's village. Guts are strung about the village; pretend to snare deer with them. 1747. Ka: Mate of dead person would hear shout, feel bad. 1747a. Ka: Food given him is taken from him; thrown on the ground. Scalp-cleaner gets down on hands and knees, laps up food as a dog does. 1750. Ka: For 6 months afterward must be "careful," though there are no specific taboos. 1753. Yu: Usually a truce for negotiations is called to give opportunity for surprise at- tack. This does not violate any code, though the ambushed negotiators will probably be re- venged. 1758. Yu: Husband may get small share. 1761. La: Conventionalized modesty of comes home, says nothing for hours, then announces, "I shot at a man. I don't know er I hit him or not." Finally adds, "May should go look." 1770. La: Scalp sold to another tribe a the dance. It may be danced over by the p of a dozen villages before it is finally d carded. 1771. La: Scalp stretched on hoop, tied small rod. Yu: Up to six scalps on pole. 1774. Yu: Affirmed in Hdbk., p. 179. 1775. La: "You like this (i.e., coition I'm sparking you. I've got a pretty man a him feel me." Yu: In Hdbk., p. 179, state* that women addressed the scalp or head as' husband. 1785. Kl: Chicken hawk warns of danger. La: Certain "unusual" happenings would ca party to turn back. 1786. Ka: Used mostly at night. 1787. La: Night time. 1788. La: Daytime. 1791. After Spanish contact children we sold as slaves to tribes in the south. Th tribes in turn sold them to the Spaniards. SHAMANISM Sex of Doctors 1794. Kl: Sucking doctor, mltce'in. Ka: t'ot. La: 4tiTh. Yu: lamcimi. 1798. Ki: Soul-loss doctors (outfit doc called ku'dun. Ka: Soul-loss doctors (sack tors) called natclina. La: Same name as s doctors--curing by soul recovery called n ta'ang (bring home the spirit). Yu: Perfo of soul-loss doctors (singing doctors with rattle) called lit. Acquisition of Power 1803-1804. La: Same individual was both ing and soul-loss doctor. When acting as f his only aid in curing was a mouthful of wa as the latter he carried his "outfit"--ratt feathers, etc. 1806. La: Informant's grandfather saw 2" side people" who gave him power. 1811. Ka: As part of the pf-epuberty or ni school for boys. Held in early spring for 9 nights. Boys painted black. Four nights of struction, then old men take boys out to wal night. Upon four occasions the boys are sca tered, deliberately lost. While finding the way home, they may see supernatural creature This is the only part that corresponds to vi quest. There is a little instruction in sin and dance; are allowed to eat dried fish, pi and acorn mush; no scratching stick. Purpos 68o CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Ls to learn to walk at night; is also Bte for the puberty school. Curtis, Kae information on this preliminary Wgh it is confused with the boys' , La: As part of the doctors? school ;e 2060-2097). Variable to some extent; boys may %ibg several times. Small mammals taboo for indefinite Not necessary for sucking doctor, through the doctors' school. Ka: All go through schools. nre seems to be a definite tendency Wistic families in all groups. La: .ly trains son along with other boys. towers or Guardian Spirits a of guardian spirit is vague in Ka, La, Yu: Rattlesnake shaman gets en. Yu: Sucking doctor also gets above" which includes the sun. Sun A, which is derived from Spanish Power called tclyoi (shadow talker). Ka: Huimmingbird first shaman. When hovers around person, believed to be m. Ka: Hummingbird also associated *. La: Blackbird taught hummingbird i; people afraid of hhummingbird. iird a powerful shaman. Children not permitted to see rac- xi is "poisoner," would kill children. a shaman because black around eyes. ing doctor rubs soot around his eyes 'ag.) ides shamans getting power from nt 1858), bears are credited with powers. In mythology, bear usually bst people will not kill bear, only erienced hunters. lublic Doctor-making Dance 4-5. Called lamciiwok. In winter. In summer. Flint. Theories of Disease A "little soft flat worm." Poisoning Technique ic is the outstanding survival of terial culture among the Pomo today. e admittedly specialists in this art contact. The Kato, Wailaki, and Yuki all hired Pomo Poisoners. One Kalekau in- formant, Jim Cooper, refused to answer questions about poisoning and rattlesnakes, and even was reserved about doctoring. Later, another Kalekau villager told me that Cooper was a poisoner. Cooper has lived near Ukiah for past four years, is afraid to return to his home village. Most of the material on Kalekau.poisoning was given by Wm. Sloan, who is totally blind. He is positive his blindness was caused by a poisoner, and free- ly speculated on the various methods used. Yuki poisoning, common up to 30 years ago, has almost disappeared. The few old Yuki left belong to the Pentecostal Church, which is strongly op- posed to black magic. The young people in gen- eral are not interested. Kato poisoning is also a thing of the past. It seems to have been greatly influenced by Pomo practices. Lassik black magic was in the hands of a specialist, the rattlesnake shaman. He also cured rattlesnake bites (see elements 1955-1961). The Lassik (also the Wailaki) were more likely to settle a grudge with physical violence than by hiring a poisoner. Lassik poisoner was a pro- fessional extortioner, took personal property from victim; if latter resisted he was poisoned. 1893. Yu: Often hire a poisoner from another tribe; about 40 years ago a Yuki chief hired a Pomo poisoner to kill a Yuki troublemaker. 1895. This is connected with idea of "shoot- ing" poison into victim. Object pointed must first be dipped in poison. Kl: Bone pointing. Ka: Flint knife, split-stick rattle, bull-roarer, coyote leg bone and sinew pointed. 1896. Kl, Ka, Yu: Any man caught killing rat- tlesnakes was.suspected of being a poisoner; people even suspected anyone who spent too much of his time alone in the hills. La: Poisoner is known by everyone; called tclnaian (rattlesnake man); see note above under "Poisoning Technique." 1901. Ka: Informant, Martinez Bell, was once swallowed by shaman. See Loeb, p. 39, for de- tails. La: Informant once swallowed by her grand- father, a shaman. 1907. Ka, Yu: Did not know how it was done; possibly by method given in element 1906, though denied by informants. 1908. Ka: Described technique but apparently unaware that method was soul capture. La: One method used to capture soul. 1911. La: Captures soul of sleeping man or catches man alone in the hills. Poisoner may come in guise of coyote or wolf. 1912. Kl: This method of treatment would seem to presuppose an affirmation of element 1908, which was denied. Reason, curing was public, poisoning private affair. 1913. Ka: Shamans beat ground around snare with madroSa sticks. Snare broken and thrown in fire. 69 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Curing Technique 1918. Ka: Soul-loss doctors are assistants. 1929a. Ka: To cool off patient, especially if he has.fever. 1930. Yu: Sometimes, if doctor wants to. 1936. Kl: Drinks water before sucking, but denied spraying on patient. Yu: After sucking is finished. 1937. Kl: Doctor cuts with flint before suck- ing. Ka: Legs scarred and tattooed (but not sucked) for rheumatism. Not part of sucking technique. Yu: Same as for Kato, with arms also being tattooed. 1940. Yu: Example: If drink from "bad" (for- bidden) spring person may become deformed, half- witted. Confession; treatment by "dream" doctor necessary to cure. 1942. Ka: Usually in installments. 1943. Yu: Sometimes. 1944. Yu: Sometimes. 1945. Kl: Sometimes returned. La: Doctor does not take fee till patient at least partly cured. 1946. La: Doctor had to come; if doctor sick or decrepit he was carried to patient's bed. Yu: Doctor seldom refused to treat patient; had to give adequate reason if he did not come. 1947. Kl, Ka: Called sack or outfit doctor. La: Less clearly defined but when doctor was working on a "soul-loss" case, he brought cocoon rattle, feathers, etc., in a little bag. Yu: The lit or hilyu-lit-ol doctor carries a cocoon rat- tle, whistles, etc. 1948. Kl: Denied by informant but there was a secret society of sack doctors who impersonated Dasan (Big Head), cured by refrightening the patient. Most sack doctors got their outfit by inheritance, were not members of this organiza- tion. Ka, Yu: Were graduates and active members of esoteric doctors' school. 1949. La: At first denied but later described voices "in the air" around doctor, speaking strange language. 1953. Kl: Only if doctor was a poisoner; no proof if the patient died unless other evidence was obtained. Ka: Doctor would provide some beads to be buried with his patient. Ka, La: Shaman prepared his alibi in advance, told people he didn't think he could do anything but he would try. Special Functions of Priests and Shamans 1954. Yu: In case of epidemic, shamans gather, converse with spirits (hoa''nsi or ho'awakili); try to find out why so much sickness. 1955. Kl: Singing doctor, not sucking doctor. Ka: Soul-loss doctor. La: Called tcYnaian (tcina, rattlesnake). Cures snake bite only; sings and dances; eats bullsnakes (snakes are tabooed food for rest of Lassik); trains boys in his profession (similar to doctors' school, elements 2060-2085). For other functions o tcTnaian, see elements 1896-1899 and notes. Called sky or heaven doctor; cures by sucki is not a regular sucking doctor. Received tremely high fee, sometimes all personal pr possessed by patient. 1961. Ka: Contradicts note 1853. 1963. La: This is a third function of th sik sucking, soul-loss doctor. 1966. Yu: Another function of the sky do (see element 1955). The moli (sweat-house: also prognosticates. The moli (see element 1716) has both profane and religious duties a doctor he does not suck but sings over pe "investigates," is prophet; uses cocoon rat stick rattle, feathers. 1969. Ka: Case history of the only Kato-i ever did this: A Kato woman always sang bea songs. One day the bear doctors took her oi the hills, made her jump over a ditch, threi painted pine cones between her legs. She si gave birth to a son who was named Nai't'laii The baby grew rapidly; hair sprouted on his and chest. He ate raw acorns and manzanital ries. One day he turned into a bear, scatti the coals, ran outside. The Kato wanted to him but his mother protected him. The nextVt he came back in human form. He was stupid," and a poor hunter. In winter he would go 1 with group of men, turn into a bear, and br trail through the snow to his home village. was also used in fighting the Yuki. His nil was telac (traveler). Same name was given bear doctor (element 1972). La: Informant aunt, a sucking doctor, turned into a bear she bathed where the grizzly bears did. Ia she was seduced by a bear, gave birth to 2 Ashamed of these when she returned to the v she left them to starve. Loeb, p. 85, desc this same bear shaman, credits her with bei aunt of Mary Major, a 'Wailaki. According t informant, Mary Major was the bear shaman' or 4th cousin. Yu: Called wgnci't lamcimi$ grows out, go among bears, no bear can whip do not doctor people. 1971. La: Same shaman described in note 1972. Kl: Called botahol. Ka: Called t4 (traveler); same name for possessional typd La: Called ttL4ioc; no Lassik ever became on but bear-men came from the south. Yu: Call aumol (eater). 1975. Yu: Padded with shell, rocks, and ers instead. 1979. Yu: Tied claws to hand to claw vi 1989. Ka: Only childless women. 1991. Yu: Against all but the white man' which penetrates the padded hide. 1994. Yu: Called lilmAnpin. 1996. Yu: Called k'atmol. 1999. Ka: Before donning robe, bather self with pepperwood, angelica. 2004. Yu: Also forked-tail lizards. 2006. Kl: Called b6cW'situm; one recent 70 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Rancheria by informant's grandsons. k to kill. obably recent though believed aborigi- rmants who affirmed. Picked up with left hand, told no Then gave dinner, invited guests won all guests' money. gelica is sacred in itself, as may be ie many uses it has, scattered B list. Angelica found growing in un- 8, such as high up in tree, out of 6tc.; was doubly effective for magical ,+ This is probably part of the acorn ament 2128). Informant did not think ;connection. SCHOOLS ?uberty or "Ghost" School ~d dikemMtbn (eat lying down)--no L held. Ka: Called keate, was the kl boys attended; for the first see tl-1816 and notes. Yu: Called wok- Woent years a man was woknamci if he . feather dance without going through Girls instructed at home. La: In- I that the "preaching" by the chief to his took the place of a school. Yu: recent times women had more privi- ;Hdbk., p. 186, for affirmation. 1: Loeb, p. 5, says 4 days. Cooper t through school himself, lasted 2 bably 4 days refer to period of boos. Ka: 120 days. Yu: Sometimes kimes all winter. Usual time of intensive training. Women only allowed in to bring food . Informant doubtful, affirmed in Age of informant when he entered; r average. Ka: 12-16. Yu: 10-16; prepuberty age. Denied by Loeb, p. 4. Yu: Bastards L.I Ka: See elements 2054, 2057. Yu: motions of firetender see elements 716, and notes. Kl: Loeb, p. 5, says for 4 days. p. 189, says 4 days. Ceremonial use only; see elements Inote. ;Affirmed in Hdbk., p. 189, also Boys are taught about ghosts. 86-187, affirms elements 2040-2043, 2050, 2052, 2053. Hdbk., p. 187, "On the last day ght to the boys.. .An old man holding t in his hand goes about.. .touching each vessel of food or drink with a feather that he licks off, thus imparting health-giving quali- ties to what the boys will consume." 2059. Kl: Graduate called "ash-boy."- Doctors' School Kl: Only school is the puberty or ghost school just described. Going through this school is a prerequisite for later learning to be a shaman. There is a more direct connection in that the ghosts sometimes cure fright-sickness. Ka: Called the Big Head (nagaitco) school. In addition, there was a sort of postgraduate course to which both girls and boys were admitted. Loeb, pp. 75- 80, gives three somewhat varying accounts of this school. La: Called ke'atigu. Yu: Called taikomol- woknam-ci. Graduate did not always become doctor, but it was felt that he could if he wanted to. Also training given to a young man who showed sha- manistic possibilities by fainting fits, bleeding at mouth and nose, etc. Informant did not know details of this training except that it was simi- lar to Wailaki "flint doctor" school. 2060. Ka: Separate school for girls. 2061. Ka: Not held when other schools were in session, hence sometimes at 4-year intervals. 2063. Ka: 120 days. La: Period of intense training; taboos of certain foods, part of train- ing went on for about a year. Yu: Sometimes for six days, sometimes for entire winter. Probably shorter period only represents time when initiate was under strict taboo. 2073. La: Some do later and become doctors. Yu: Some do when they go into trance. 2077. La: Taken to a sacred deer-lick, covered with mud, left all day. Boys (some girls) sleep, have visions all day. Initiates not allowed to sleep at night, instruction given at that time. 2086. La: Daytime only (see note 2077). 2087. Ka: Called nagai'tco. Yu: Big Head im- personated in taikomol-lit, curing ceremony, per- formed by graduates of school but not as part of school training. GHOST SOCIETY 2098. Should be considered in conjunction with boys' puberty school (elements 2016-2059). The ghost society has other functions than those con- nected with school, and the school is not wholly concerned with the ghost cult. Some informants have seen ghost dance in recent times performed by Clear Lake Pomo. Probably some confusion be- tween this recent dance and old one. 2105. Ka: If boy misbehaves. 2107. Kl: Initiates are covered with ashes, graduate of "school" has title of ash boy. Yu: Initiates covered with ashes. 71 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS RITUAL (VARIOUS) 2117. No tribe had separate ceremonial house. La: Only two dances., the "sweat dance" (see note 411) and acorn singing (note 2138) held in sweat house. 2120. Kl: Affirmed on direct question, inform- ant hazy on details. 2128. La: Each household contributes acorns. Group of women grind them and everyone gathers for feast. Held annually. Yu: Called ltllhtlmp; biannual, in winter and early spring; dance lasts for 4 nights; men and women dance together in groups; one man imitates woodpecker while carry- ing oak branch; others imitate the gathering of acorns; the "rock-carrier" (see Hdbk., p. 196) beats time; the song leader sings one song after another; most songs meaningless. Two songs roughly translated are: "Be lots (of acorns) hanging, swinging (in trees)"; "There will be a lot more that we will pick up." 2129. K1, Ka: No formal rite but always dance and feast held when first vegetable food avail- able in spring. 2130. La: Camas called kos (N Wintun, k6"ttfn); ceremony held in June or July every year; lasts for 4 days; dance takes place outdoors in a cir- cular brush enclosure during daytime and late into night; men and women dance abreast or in circle; dancers wear yellowhammer headbands, deerskin aprons, bead necklaces; faces and breasts are painted black and white; everyone gorges on camas root. Informant thought that this was most important ceremony of Lassik. 2131. Kl: Called Dasan, term Kuksu unknown. Ka: Called Nagaitco, now called "devil." La: Lacking, but Wailaki have impersonation of KMt6nagi. Yu: Called Taikomol. 2136. Kl: Called kilak, after mythical being. Not associated with puberty rites or boys' school. 2137. Kl: Women's dance, no ritualistic sig- nificance. Yu: Common dance, probably recent as name is derived from Pomo. Not recorded pre- viously (see Loeb, p. 70). 2138. Ka: Called t'asidatsan; 4 to 8 men wear- ing eagle feathers danced with an equal number of women. La: Affirmed for Wailaki who are the most northerly people with this dance. Yu: Believed by informant to be derived from Northern Pomo. Called kopa-wok. Dancers wear 2 forked feather- sticks, hair net with feathers inside, feathered cape, and sometimes yellowhammer headbands. Dancing is abreast usually. The "rock-carrier" is dance director. 2139. Kl: Women's dance; dancers wore yellow- hammer headbands in addition to ordinary cloth- ing. Another women's dance, called co'al monly held. 2140. Kl: Common dance often held; bow and women dance, in circles around fire; @i costume, any dancing regalia owned by i could be used. 2142. La: No visitors at dances held,J house. At dances held in brush enclosuri summer, visitors sat apart. Yu: Visitot left (south) of door; had to go around f fore they sat down. 2144. Kl: To new moon; after a sneeze After a sneeze; before getting up; befoi to bed; before eating. La: Before cutt a tree used for center post of sweat hoi fore eating; before doctoring. Yu: Deni formant but statement probably is due to cost Church conflicts. MYTHOLOGY 2157. Ka: Informant did not think th any explanation of the origin of man. 2159. Kl: Loeb, p. 4, has Big Head (I creating man out of tule roots. Loeb's denied this story to me. Dasan is "Indj is associated with poisoners, is not li} be creator. Tule also has evil associai note 2163. 2160. Ka: Thunder-man (Tc6n6s) is p creator; sorcerer-traveler (Nagaitco) i ant, sometimes marplot. Yu: Taikomol (1 walks-alone) is supreme, almost only g der is anthropomorphic being,but in no'- high god. 2163. All tribes believe the redwood by terrifying ghosts. Kl, Ka, La: Also beds, because of various monsters there these are not water monsters. Yu: Call wood spirits olhotattlt (big tree people 2165. Ka: Associated with tule beds; taught to avoid tule because snakes wo them. Yu: Able to- stretch across Round (ca. 5 miles); man could step over sn only head of snake was dangerous. VARIA 2170. Yu: Sometimes. . 2171. Grass, leaves usual. Ka:- "So bother." 2172. La: Sweetheart usually. Aut by informant whenever he sneezed. 2173. Kl: "Prayer" made, wish for Yu: yocimi (thanks) uttered under brea 72 APPENDIX 1 DISAGREEMENTS OF TWO LISTS WITH TWO PUBLISHED LISTS greements in the Kalekau list between ad my data fall into the following ial contradictions only (e.g.: Gif- iself bow, Essene affirms as toy): able alternates (e.g.: Gifford denies outdoors, Essene affirms during fair y): 6 cases. [Category of (2) over- pe presence or absence in Gifford's disagrees with all other lists of rea): 10 cases. -unique presence or absence in Gif- (i.e., disagrees with Gifford's four ern Pomo lists, or disagrees with all Gifford's entire Pomo lists): 15 cases. (5) Vague elements, probably misunderstood; usually poor questions (e.g.: concerning first- salmon ceremony, Gifford affirms, Essene denies; certainly absent in the sense of its NW Calif. connotation): 9 cases. (6) Informant suppressed information (e.g.: berdaches denied to Gifford, affirmed to Essene-- probably Gifford's informant considered that it reflected on him): 3 cases. (7) Probably recent instead of aboriginal (e.g.: Gifford affirms breechclout, Essene de- nies): 3 cases. (8) Element illogical or disagrees with other elements in same list (e.g.: Gifford denies withes for house lashing but gives no alternate for holding house together): 2 cases. TABLE 1 Disagreements in the Kalekau Lists of Gifford and Essene Element description Data Remarks G E Partial Contradictions Only Marrow hair oil and cosmetic . . . . . . . + Affirmed as cosmetic; denied as hair oil. Bow held slantingly . . . . . . . . . . . + Rare. Self bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... - + Toy only. Probable Alternates Alternates suggested: Long basketry quail trap . . . . . . . . . + Snaring. Game run down--wear-out pursuit . . . - + Deer driven to waiting hunters. Granaries on ground .+ _ Storage indoors. Toe as vise in drilling . + _ Held with hand. Imported sinew-back bow.- + Local manufacture. 4 bones used in hand-game . . . . . . . - + 2 bones. Unique Presence or Absence in G List Shell nose stick .+ - Confused with bone. Shculder-chest position occasional (for pack strap) . + Flint basketry scraper . + Deer-mask decoy . . . . . . . . . . . .+ a Substitute slab of wood (for mortar) . . + Whalebone wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . + Multifamily house . . . . . . . . . . . H + G element 494, note, contradicts this. Round house frame of poles . + 'What held up walls of house? Also included in group 8 below (Illogical). Shinny .. H + Long description in E list. Sucking doctor drinks through bark tube. + - red because it is an element denied by all informants, [73] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Table 1 (Continued) Element description Data Rem rks G E G E _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 660 461 547 b Un. 62 1124 600 562 259 435 Un. 482 1186 446 825 183 Un. Un. 2148 346 1786 1857 Un. Near-Unique Presence or Absence in G List Depilation with stone flake. . . . . . . Carrying net. Stone skin scraper. Buckskin (manufacture of). Steam cooking, water on stones . . . . . Mussel poisoning known . . . . . . . . . Bundle sticks for invitation . . . . . . Equisetum arrow polisher . . . . . . . . Shaped maul stone Drying of fish, outdoors . . . . . . . . Roof shade, no walls. . . . . . . . Tobacco kept in basket . . . . . . . . . Messenger to arrange trade . . . . . . . Milky Way path of dead . . . . . . . . . Swimming on back . . . . . . . . . . . . Vague or Misunderstood Elements Wicker seed beater . . . . . . . . . . . Fish carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-holed flute Undertaker sings for self . . . . . . . Generosity with property a virtue Definite community holdings recognized- Scouts for war . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animal guardian spirits . . . . . . . . First-salmon ceremony . . . . . . . . . Suppressed Information 777 c Berdaches admitted . . . . . . . . . . . 889 1953 Unsuccessful shamans killed . . . . . . 1048 d Clowns in Ghost society . . . . . . . . Probably Recent 20 Un. Breechclout (between legs) . . . 62 804 Flowers in hair or ear . . . . . . . . . 544 Un. Musical bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illogical 495 368 Withe lashings for house frames . . bImplied + + (I) (-) (-) + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + - + - + + R + Probably confused with sti A NW Calif. element. Probably alternate to dryi doors. Probable summer shelter. E's informant identified p did not know weaving tec G's note on Kabedile is ex same as E's note on Kale E's informant identified p of 4-holed flute. Some areas only. Very little warfare; proce definite. A feast was held whenever supply of food was at ha Denied at first, later adm Kalekau berdache now liv Laytonville. Informant, alleged "poison driven out of home villa tive entry from another "People used to be afraid What held framework togeth in elements 546-557. cElements 1279-1284. dElements 2040-2053. 59 110 266 272 295 325 369 391 420 497 499 562 821 941 1087 154 216 553 744 776 812 840 866 1077 I I 74 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Lcal correlation between Essene's and Lists: E 377 17 27 322 0.99 = 0.88 = 0.94 reements in the Kato list between .my data fall into the following ial contradictions only (e.g.: Driver ition, Essene affirms for relatively '30 cases. sble alternates (e.g.: concerning dag- t affirms horn but denies bone, Essene e but denies horn): 82 cases. (3) Unique presence or absence (i.e., unique in either all Essene's Round Valley lists or the southern third [5 tribes] of Driver's NW Cali- fornia lists): 31 cases. (4) Near-unique presence (i.e., in either all but one of Essene's Round Valley lists or all but one of Driver's last five NW California lists): 18 cases. (5) Vague elements or probably misunderstood (e.g.: concerning deer soul immortal, affirmed by Driver, denied by Essene): 39 cases. (6) Probably recent instead of aboriginal (e.g.: concerning G-string breechclouts, affirmed by Driver, denied by Essene): 20 cases. (7) Driver has a NW California bias, or Essene has a Central California bias (e.g.: Driver af- firms deadfalls, which are common in NW Calif., Essene denies deadfalls, which are lacking in Pomo area): 24 cases. (8) Probably incidental to another trait (e.g.: Driver affirms driving game with fire; may be incidental to burning for better wild-seed crop): 8 cases. (9) Flat contradictions, with no apparent reason: 32 cases. TABLE 2 Disagreements in the Kato Lists of Driver and Essene bups of elements are tied together by the bracket device; the individual element in such to be read in connection with the entire group for its meaning to be clear. Asterisks igainst elements used in a correlation of selected differences. Un: unnumbered because negative.) Element description Data Remarks D E Partial Contradictions Only Women fish . . . + Most fishing done by men. First-salmon rite . . . . . . . . . . . + _ D's note shows that concept is very vague and weak. Spring of year ...+ Only priest eats first salmon. .. + Similar rite for lampreys . . . + Earth (covering of dwellings). . . . . . . + Only partly covered. P-_Horn spoon . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + Introduced from Sinkyone. Carved handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + Used by chiefs only . . . . . . . . . .+ Wooden wedges (for woodworking) . . + - Wooden wedges used to strip off bark, not to split wood. i Blood as arrow poison . . . . . . . . . + Essentially magical; on shaft as well as point. Rattlesnake venom as arrow poison ... + - lay be used by shamans, never by nonshamans; too dangerous. Cheeks tattooed . . . . . . . . . . . . MW W Universal denial of men tattooing cheeks; also denied by all other tribes in D's area. Dentalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Very rare, imported from Sinkyone or Wailaki. , Chief sanctioned killing of offenders - + Rare and must have public approval. Chief goes to war . . . . . . . . . . . + Rarely; usually assistant chief led warriors. 75 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Table 2 (Continued) Element description Data Remarks D E D E Fire tender appointed by crier. . . . . Sucking doctors women . . . . . . . . . Soul-loss doctors women . . . . . . . . Season (doctoring power acquired) . . . Sexes separate (in puberty school). . . 397 344 Fishing places privately owned . . . . 402 345 Fish weir privately owned . . . . . . . *Un. 1578 Cremation of dead . . . . . . . . . . . Un. 1579 Corpse stretched out Un. 1581 On top of pyre . . . . . . . . . . Un. 1582 Bones put in basket with beads, buried. Un. 1585 Personal property barned with corpse. . Un. 1586 For warriors killed far from home . . . Un. 1587 Ashes brought home to bury. . . . . . . Probable Alternates *2 2 Driving ame into single fences . . . . 5 Un. Rabbits (driven) . . . . . . . . . . . { 6 5 Quail (driven) . . . . . . . . . . . . *17 Un. One hunter running down game f *27 13 Nets, bag type . . . . . . . . . . . . l29 14 For quail . . . . . . . . . . *137 Un. Hunter smokes self over fire (for luck) *148 118 Deer's eyes cut out . . . . . . . . . . *180 136 Sacklike net (fishing). . . . . . . . . l 181 137 Set . 188 Un. Kite-shaped dip net. *201 146 Paired crossed posts supports for weir. 202 147 Vertical-post supports . . . . . . . . *259 181 Fish carried on stick through gills . . *299 Un. Acute-angled-hook stick for acorns . . *325 Un. Ground bone boiled . . . . . . . . . . *335 260 Meat dried inside dwelling . . . . . . *351 292 Acorn bread baked in ashes . . . . . . *356 296 Earth oven for meat or fish . . . . . . *369 312 Hands washed in basket . . . . . . . . *507 382 Dwellings face E. *508 383 Sweat house faces E . . 644 431 Drying scaffold over fire (indoors) *677 439 Poling rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *716 Un. Liquids carried on head . . . . . . . . *727 Un. Bird-wing brush. [*786 530 Drill rotated, both hands opposed . . . 787 Un. 1 hand opposed to thigh . . . . . . . . { 789 533 Knees as vise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Un. Split stick . . . . . 792 534 Hide (friction holds bead). *804 Un. Ashes to aid in dehairing hides . . 805 Un. Fleshing or dehairing: hide staked out. 814 Un. Elkhorn flesher or dehairer . . . . . . *822 Un. Rubbed after brain treatment with elk- horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 553 Wood hand tool . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Un. On loose pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . + wi Sp + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Assistant chief usually was crier; former's power somi subordinated to chief. Few women became doctors. Ditto. Training in both winter and D: boys and girls sat on opl sides of sweat house. E: trained at different time Vague ownership rights; pern to use must be asked; own4 not refuse; usually owner share of catch. Ditto. E: "For death by violence oi such as in war, by rattlei or bear." Alternates possible: Converging fences. Snares set along their tra Nets. Groups of hunters. Snares. Snares. Chews angelica, etc. Dip net, basketry trap. Semicircular-frame dip net Vertical posts. Crossed posts. Carrying frame or basket. Straight stick. D also qua this element; stick used for climbing. Eaten dry or as hash. Dried outside. Baked on hot stone. Broiling. Water poured over hands. Not oriented. Not oriented. Outdoors. Rafts towed by swimmers. Carried in arms. Bundle of twigs or soaproo Pump drill. Pump drill. Held by hand. Ditto. Ditto. Soaking in water. Hide allowed to shrink. Stone flesher. Wood tool. Elkhorn. Pulled about by hand. *2266 Un. *2364b *2364f 2388 *2710 1795 1799 1820 2016 76 77 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Table 2 (Continued) Element description ,Arrowheads stemmed and barbed. Stemmed without barbs. . . . . . . . . . quivers carried on back . . . . . . . . :Shen traveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.orn daggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bone daggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beeard plucked with fingernails. ,Stone flake opposed to fingernails W-Robe of 2 deer hides sewed together !e1lowhammer-quill band worn down back 8Single tail-feather head plume . . . . . !Clamshell ear ornaments . . . . . . . . >Beads, string through ear . . . . . . . BEody paint applied with stick . . . . . tRabbitskin blanket made by women . . . . Mesh spacer: wood Mesh measured with fingers. :Bulb-bowl pipe (Hdbk., pl. 30, f . . . . 'Bulb-bowl pipe (Hdbk., pl. 30, g). Tobacco pouch: buckskin . Tobacco pouch: cased fur . . . . . . . . >Shinny stick curved . . . . . . . . . . S&hinny stick straight . . . . . . . . . -Shuffle in front (many-stick game) 1 player on side holds bones (grass game) Wood or bark buzzer Child betrothal before puberty . . . . . Exchange of presents . . . . . . . . . . Binding. 'Common ................. Intermediary proposes. Suitor proposes personally . . . . . . . 4Unfaithful wife sometimes killed by husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Midwife paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navel cord tied with vegetable-string fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Namesake a relative . . . . . . . . . . Paternal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maternal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living. Cord to lower corpse into grave . . . . Twisted or woven . . . . . . . . . ;Aromatic herbs burned to drive gho away .............. IBathe with medicated water . . . . War paint white . . . . . . . . . Assistants (to doctor) paid . . . sts Unique Presence or Absencea Nets long flat type . . . . . . . . . . Ducks or geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hunter pulls cord Grass or brush disguise for hunting rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Deer fetus taboo to young . . . . . . . Fish spear, 1 point-fixed, other de- tachable. "Plants tied under water for luck (in fishing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data D E W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + - + - + - - + + - + - Remarks Alternates possible (Continued): Stemmed without barbs. Stemmed and barbed. Carried under arm. Ditto. Bone. Horn. Stone flake opposed. Fingernails alone. Single hide. Worn across forehead. Forked-stick head ornaments. Bone or stick. Ditto. Applied with fingers. Made by men. Measured with fingers. Wooden mesh spacer. Hdbk., pl. 30, g. Hdbk., pl. 30, f. Cased fur. Buckskin. Straight. Curved. Shuffle behind back. 2 players hold bones. Acorn. Betrothal after puberty. Suitor. Intermediary. Beaten or deserted. If relative, probably not paid. Tied with human hair. Nickname. Corpse handed down, especially if grave is shallow. Angelica chewed, etc. War paint red or black. Assistants relatives of sick, hence not paid. Lacking among all Athabascan groups and all of E's area. Only presence in either area. Only denial in either area. Only presence in either area. Nearest occurrence is among the Yurok. ? upon comparison with the last 5 lists of D's area. . - - - - I - - I --- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i i ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Table 2 (Continued) Element description Data Remarks D E JD IE ________ 360 Conical-shaped dwelling house . . . . . 387 Dwelling house converges at top . Un. Flat-plank wooden drum. 443 Pseudo breast stroke Un. Bird wing for mealing . . . . . . . . . Un. Spatulas of bone or horn for eating Un. Split stick (vise to hold bead being bored) Un. Wooden arrowshaft straightener . 657 Beard allowed to grow . . . . . . . . . Un. Eyebrows plucked to thin line . . . . . Un. Feather ear ornament . . . . . . . . . 880 Buckskin lashing on cradle . . . . . . 881 Vegetable-fiber lashing on cradle . . . *1306 938 Tobacco mixed with angelica root for smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2470 1890 Knotted string for messages . . . . . . Sun male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sun female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pubescent girl covered or veiled when going outdoors . . . . . . . . . . . Looking at people taboo. Poison object blown off hand at victim. Poison blown through pipe. Doctor burns aromatic vegetation Novices' ears pierced at puberty school Near-Unique Presenceb Grass or brush worn (in hunting rodents) Hunter enters bear den . . . . . . . . Bears smoked out . . . . . . . . . . . Wolf eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mussel poisoning known ........ Sexual continence before fishing . . . Single shaft (arrow), no head . . . . . Spears for large game . . . . . . . . . bIn both areas, only one near-by group shares trait. - + - + + - + + + + + + + - + + - + - + + - + - + + - + + + - + - + + - - + + - - + + - All houses in this region the plank houses of NW 6 are conical. A NW California trait; Kati split planks. May be mo Only presence in either an A NW California trait; far southern occurrence amoxN Only presence in either ar Southernmost occurrence am Certainly rare if presenti Only presence in either ar Only other sure reference Karok. Only absence in D's area; single absence among Kal D records single other occ among Yurok; E, among Ka Essentially a NW Californi, though also recorded for Lassik. Only presence in either ar, Sun usually not personifie Only presence in either ar Near universal among Athab, Universal in this generalA though lacking in extrem California. Hupa, Tolowa, Kalekau only same concept. May be al ally unknown trait. Nearest occurrence Yurok. Only absence in D's area. Only presence in either ar Mattole affirmed for hunti Kato denied for hunting Denied by the Kalekau but other near-by group; pro usual method of hunting, Denied by Kalekau and Coas but affirmed by all othe Nearly all groups deny eat its analogy to dogs or c (which are not eaten) se vious. Every tribe surrounding th knew this. Lacking among most Athabas this trait, shared with and Yuki, may be an old, vague survival in this r Only Mattole, out of both affirms this trait. Only Mattole, Yuki share t trait, all others deny. 78 I *445 519 *633 *683 * 729 *743 791 *879 *937 *965 *1106 *1206 { 1207 *1573 {*1646b t 1646c {*1948 1952 Un. 1188 1189 1467 1470 2471 *2518 *2731 Un. 1939 Un. 64 Un. *72 34 *73 35 *86 52 *96 *260 *852 *905 62 190 580 628 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Table 2 (Continued) Element description Data 1_ E] Remarks D E Coiled boiling baskets . . . . . . . . Men play (dart throwing) . . . . . . . Thrown overhand . . . . . . . . . . . . Dart (not arrow) . . . . . . . . . . . 'Feathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Target stationary . . . . . . . . . . . Closer wins point . -'Cose wns oin .. . . . . . . . . . Sun eclipse caused by animal eating it. Shout (to stop eclipse). Instructor (of novice shaman) paid * Vague or Misunderstood Elements Deer and whale together taboo. Scarification and bleeding before hunt. Smokes tobacco before hunt . . Deer's soul immortal . . . . . . . .. Soaproot (fish poisoning) . . . . . . . Sexual continence when building weir, scaffold, or net . . . . . . . . .. Single ridgepole on dwelling house Sweat house, converging on top . . . . Stone vessel, "frying-pan" type . 1-piece skirt or apron . . . . . . . . Mallard-drake green skins on band . . . Headband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-rod coiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overlay twining . . . . . . . . . . . . .More than 2-ply cord made by twisting 1 ply in at a time . . . . . . . . . Tripping permitted in shinny . . . . . Stick, sharpened both ends, thrown up 1 point if it lands erect . . . . . . . Thrower scores . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - + + + - + - + +- + - + - + - - + + MW M W + - + - - + + - - + - + - + - + Yuki and Coast Yuki share this trait; possibly it is true, but twined baskets had a utilitarian function, coiled baskets were for display or ceremonial use. Shared only with Sinkyone 1 in this region. Informant probably con- fused, or trait may be recent. Mattole only other near-by group who deny this. Mattole and Yuki only others to deny. All but Coast Yuki of D's area af- firm, but denied by all of E's area except Kato. Kato on the boundary between paying and non- paying may have done either on occasion. Kato seldom, if ever,ate whale. Certainly rare, might be done after continued bad luck. "Only old people smoked"; tobacco had little magical association. If present at all, concept is much vaguer than in NW California. Probably D's informant did not know the plant; soaproot used univer- sally from Pomo to Chilula. Not compulsive but may be consid- ered good idea. May be confused with lintel over doorway. Matter of interpretation. Acorn bread and pinole baked'on hot stones near fire, but stone could hardly be called a frying-pan. Men wore a short loin covering, might be considered an apron. Only Mattole and Wiyot shared this trait, may be confused with other types of headbands. 3-rod usual, 1-rod may be recent from Pomo. No Kato basketmakers left but in- formant described white "grass" woven in to make pattern. Technique forgotten by E's inform- ant. Much body contact between players; tripping would be a small item in the mayhem committed. Unimportant game; may be confused with dart throwing. 79 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Table 2 (Continued) Element description Data Remarks D E ID E Stick for 100 in counting . . . . . Must not look at rainbow too long, otherwise weak eyes . . . . . . . If pointed at, finger injured . . . Thunder female . . . . . . . . . . Dried fish taboo for woman after giving birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Making baskets taboo . . . . . . . . . Both sexes dance together in girls' puberty ceremony . . . . . . . . . . Ghost visible . . . . . . . . . . -. . . Ghosts go up or to sky . . . . . . . . Tell ghost to leave . . . . .. . . . . . Crier addressed people from house . . . . . . . . . . Deceased wife's blood money family . . . . . . . . . top of sweat to husband's To wife's family . . . . . . . . . . . Vision unsought by soul-loss doctor . . Complete water fast (in vision quest) . Water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sexual continence after power acquired. Bathes for power in natural body of water . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . L2406 1835 Tmmersion . . . . .... . . . . . I *2467 1887 Poison object put in food . . . . . . Probably Recent Instead of Aboriginal Noose on stick . . . . . . For rodents . . . . . . . . Notched needle of bone . . Fleshing or dehairing: hide Tweezers of shell . . . . . Breechclout (between legs) Buckskin . Whole grass Haliotis on staked out. * * *O * *, ' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * stems . . . . . . . . . . . clothing . . . . . . . . . Flowers in hair or ear . . . . . . . . Feather ornamentation (basketry) . . Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hide drum .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cylindrical . . . . . . . . . ... . . . + + + _ + + _ + _ _ + _ + _ + + _ - + + _ + _ + _ + - + - + _ + _ _ + + _ + _ + _ + _ W14 - MW - W - W - Wg - + - + _ + _ + _ E's informant probably forE D's informant obviously coD as he also called thundez identified with Big Head E's informant probably codn with restriction on fre E's informant probably coi Confusion probably in wordi is, on opposite sides of at different times, or ai dance, etc. Vagueness probably due to tion between direct evide hearsay. May be recent. D's informant gives no prec to keep ghosts away. May be confused with chief. E probably wrong; trait fii culture of NW California. Essential basis of soul-10i tor's power is "school" t Vision induced in school, Probably theoretical ideal. Bathing not necessarily cor with obtaining of power. Poisoning technique not knc many people. Imitation of crochet hook. Only other occurrence is Cc Certainly not worn by womew ably not aboriginal in N fornia at all. Clothing very primitive, dc such decoration occurred. Possibly worn by girls, cer not by mature women. Learned from Pomo, probably cent times. D: stretched over hole in.] sounds like imitation of 80 1570 {*1620 *1625 *1628 *1856 *1866 1117 1159 1162 Un. 1357 1365 1998 1512 2178 1647 *2185 *2202 *2260 *2305 2307 *2367 *2393 2399 2401 2405 1650 1661 1711 1757 1758 1804 1824 1829 1831 1834 {*36 l 37 *769 805 *942 *1001 1002 1005 1114 *1140 {*1195 1196 *1311 1312 Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. Un. 782 804 861 863 Un. Un. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 9 . * 0 L CULTURE EILM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Table 2 (Continued) Element description Women play many-stick game . . . . . Women play grass game . . . . . . . . Counters in 2 piles Counters in 2 piles Mother steamed with and blanket . . . Tmany-stick game) . (grass game) . . . basket of hot water House purified with aromatic vegetation Ethnographer Probably Biased Deadfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single log . . . . . For small game . . . Meat bait . . . . . . Deer and fresh salmon Sweating before hunt together taboo. Bathing before hunt . . . . . . . . . . Sex taboo when eating bear-meat . . . . Manufactured fish club . . . . . . . . Natural Mats on Tule or stick or stone only . . floor . . . . . . . . . rush mats . . . . . . . Twined . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . Tobacco used as offering . . . . . . . Tossed or blown in air . . . . . . . . Burnt.in fire . . Birth aided by drinking vegetable con- coction . . . . . . . . . . . . Dance of settlement (after war) both sides together . . . . . . . . . . . Daytime . . On field of battle . . . . . . . . . I Dancers in circle. Compensation paid- before dancing .. . Herb doctors men . . . . . . . . . . . Doctors smoke tobacco . . . . . . . . . Data D E i i + + R + R + R + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + Remarks Many-stick game seldom played and women not allowed to. Only with breakdown of native cul- ture did women gamble, otherwise "were too busy." Single pile apparently older. Direct-fire sweating only type known; mother placed in heated pit: D: house deserted for a year also. Only modern houses would be worth much at the end of this time. NW Calif. element, foreign to Pomo culture, vide Gifford elements 253, 254. If present at all is recent. Sweating lacks most of the reli- gious aspects it has in NW Cali- fornia. Bathing goes with sweating, hence see above. Van Duzen is closest group having this trait. Obviously not a Kato trait; it goes with the elaborated fishing cul- ture of NW California. Kato feared "horned snake?? of the marshes; tule used to represent snake in ceremonies; tule not put to profane use. Tobacco lacked sacred qualities in this area; associated with sha- manism in NW California. Lacking among N Pomo; may be modern. A distinctly NW California trait; Kato informant thought such an idea absurd, enemy would know it to be a trap. Herbs used for sickness but no one could be called a herb doctor. Everyone knew uses of some herbs. Tobacco not used for curative pur- poses. A doctor might smoke as might any mature man. 81 Imll -1 - - - - -- - - -- - . l I I - - -- . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Table 2 (Continued) Element description Data Remarks D E 4D E I _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Traits Probably Incidental to Others 6 Driving game with fire . . . . . . . . 7 Large game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un. Small game . . . . 417 Sweat for success in hunting . . . . . *630 Un. Sweat for success in gambling. *963 671 Head scratcher used as comb . . . . . . *1339 967 Split-stick rattle used at girl's puberty rite . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 1528 Same element as preceding . . . . . . . Contradictions Difficult to Classifyc *110 94 Deer tongue taboo to young . . . . . . *170 128 Bear spoken to, told to come out of den *721a 480 Broken-branch trail sign. *1076a 757 Fur on forked-head sticks. r*1675 1218 Polygynous sororate . . . . . . . . . . 1676 1219 2 wives maximuim in same house. 1679 1220 Without barrenness of first wife . . . *1780 1293 Mother-in-law, son-in-law must not hand things to one another . . . . . . . . *1797 Un. Daughter-in-law covers head in presence of father-in-law . . . . . . . . . . *1798 1308 Turn aside on trail . . . . . . . . . . 1799 1309 Must not eat together . . . . . . . . . 1800 1310 Must not hand things to one another . . 1801 1311 Must not laugh together . . . . . . . . *1805 1315 Father-in-law son-in-law avoidance. . . 1806 1316 Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1808 1318 No obscenity together . . . . . . . . . 1809 1319 Temporary, newlywed or before 1st child *1839 1341 Navel cord worn by child [*1882 1375 Travel taboo (couvade). . . . . . . . . 1889 1379 Bathing in stream taboo (couvade) . . . *1890 1350 One killed (if twins born) . . . . . . *2027 1542 Making baskets taboo for menstruant . . *2077 1519 Deceased's dog hung by neck in tree . . + - + - + _ + - + - + - - + - + + + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - + + - - + + - - + cIncluding those with no apparent reason for the different response. Burning for better wild-see may also drive out game. Sweating "good" for one bul cific associations with1 or gambling. Primarily a ritual implemei as a comb likely during i use. At public dance, rattles x beat time; not associatE the girl but rather wit} Also denied in Loeb's Kuksu but may be an idealizatiod old times. D: probably correct. Trait probably observed in Valley among Maidu; D ala it from Sinkyone but it X foreign element here. This and following 3 elemen considered as usual pract probably plus; if conside, imperatives, probably min A weakly developed institut logically would fit with porary matrilocal residen E: volunteered trait. At least customary. D denies sweating taboo; bal stream customary after swi D's informant probably supp; this information. E's in?i was ashamed and somewhat i tant to talk about infantl May be more or less customai E's informant volunteered t this arbitrary trait probi came from the north along the dogs. *8 10 11 *629 I I --- - - %.j - - 82 I .4 .4 83 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Table 2 (Concluded) Element description Data Remarks ~~~- _ ~~~~~~D E - Bunting taboo (for undertaker), days. Gambling taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . Sexual continence . . . . . . . . . . . -Widow touching corpse taboo . . . . . . Purification of killers (in war). . . . 'Bath without sweating. Aromatic plants applied to body . . . . Women dance in victory dance Pubescent girl wears basket hat when going outdoors . . . . . . . . . . . 7 _ . 7 7 + _ + + + _ + In element 2111 D says undertakers purified the day of funeral; 7- day taboos appear illogical in that light. Rather unusual trait but E's in- formant positive of it. Denial seems unlikely though the cleaner of the scalps had much stricter taboos. Long description in E's in Loeb's KIiksu Cult. woman often center of notes, also Avenged the ceremony. differences between list: = 740 = 180 = 104 = 785 Correlation of selected differences (duplicate items, false differences, and subdivisions of same element eliminated; alternates counted as one item; the selected elements are starred in the foregoing detailed list): D E a . + b . + c . .. d._ + = 740 - = 103 + = 60 - = 785 ,a = 0.98; Z - 0.81; W = 0.90. APPENDIX 2 KATO AND LASSIK SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL V Round of Year Lassik economy is based on sharply contrasted seasonal activities. About the time the acorns ripen, most of the Lassik return to Alderpoint. Every family builds a new permanent winter house. Acorns, buckeyes, and some late grass seeds are gathered and stored. Deer, elk, and black bear are hunted. Some meat is smoked and the hides are carefully preserved. After the first big rain in the fall the "black" (probably king) sal- mon come up the river. At the height of the run, everyone helps with the fishing. Adults spear the salmon with bipointed harpoons, while the children drive the salmon toward the harpooners. Most of the salmon are smoked and partially cooked for winter use. Near the end of November cold weather usually sets in. Here begins the critical period of the year. If enough food has been stored and the win- ter is not too 1ong and severes all is well. Otherwise, the people are reduced to eating deer- skins, moss, dry grass, anything. The informant said that hard times came every four or five years but can remember only one winter when people actually starved to death. The cold weather usu- ally lasts till about the end of February. Every- one stays indoors most of the time. The men make rope, nets, arrows, bows, harpoons, and, some- times, snowshoes. The women make buckskin clothes and baskets in addition to doing their regular household work. Sometimes there are dances that are merely social affairs except that some winters an "acorn singing" is held. Guessing games of the "many-stick" variety are played. In general the Lassik are marking time until winter is over. Late February or March marks the beginning of the silverside salmon run. Steelhead follow in the wake of the salmon. Again every able-bodied person assists in the salmon catch. Streams are high and muddy so that relatively few salmon are harpooned. Most are caught in nets and basketry traps. Trout are captured with long-handled dip- nets. Some hunting is done but the game is poor after the lean winter months. The earliest clover is eagerly gathered as greens have been a con- spicuously absent dietary item during the past season. Spring rains are quite heavy in this re- gion so the people live in their permanent winter houses during this time. Lassik winter houses are by no means waterproof but provide some measure of protection against the sixty or more inches of rain that falls from October to April. As soon as the rainy season ends, the Lassik scatter out into the hills east of the Eel River. The usual pattern is for each family to go by self though several families may be together weeks at a time. The men hunt deer and squir the two most important game animals. Grouse, quail, black bear, elk, porcupine, etc., are' hunted but are not a primary source of food. women gather clover, roots, seeds, berries, a hazelnuts. "People live high then." There a periodic get-togethers of the whole tribe at places where there is an extra large supply o food. One of these places is at Kettenchow, camas root is gathered for a big feed. Anotb feast takes place on the Mad River,where summ salmon (steelhead?) provide the bulk of the f A third celebration is held in the South Fork Mountains when the hazelnuts ripen. At these feasts, everyone sings, dances, plays games, gambles. The Hayfork Wintun are the only out siders invited in. A trip to the rough Yollabolly country is nearly every summer to obtain salt. This is8 dangerous undertaking because enemy tribes al get their salt there. Young men and women ma the party. They travel at night, build no fi and linger in this area no longer than necess Late in the summer the homeward march begi Instead of retracing their route, they usuall swing over to the western edge of Lassik terr In a general sense their route during the sun is a rough circle, some 200 miles in circumfe which is traveled in a counterclockwise direc Of course there are innumerable side trips a8l some families may not make the full journey bi instead remain at one place for most of the s Furthermore, travel is irregular in both time space. The tribe may take a month to move al or two 6r cover ten to twenty miles in a day. places are visited one year and not the next. two major factors involved are the abundance food supply and the presence of enemy groups. territory the Lassik claim as their own is in also claimed by the Wailaki, Nongatl, Hayfor tun, Cottonwood Wintun, and the Nai'aitci. (T last-named group is described in detail at tb ginning of the war stories, p. 91.) To resume, the Lassik travel southwestward the early fall until they get back'to their l on Eel River. Then the yearly cycle starts e over again. It should be added that some of Lassik winter at Soldier's Basin. At this p0 many black bears are killed while in hibernat: Bearmeat is smoked and used as the winter sta Some of the Lassik also spend the winter on Mad River near the present town of Ruth. The! winter economy is similar to that of Alderpoij [84] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Lassik Names Male s (tie in knots) or Ellai (tag it). t (sack [Wintun]) or Da'Otis (sack Last Lassik chief; first cousin of 26. ita (eye). Maternal grandfather of 24. bita (rock sharp [Lassik]) or Sontcft- wrp [Wintun]). Assistant chief; half L (crow). Father of 4. (packing). Father of 2. tik (water red). Brother of 26. u18fl (water run over rocks). Brother 4ik (hair red). Brother of 7. 0llStXtok (fog come up mountain). fta. A "big" doctor; brother of 6. I (bones bad). The "old chief"; or of both 4 and 2. or J6Qe (coyote). Brother of 1. olaha (laying in water). Brother of 1. pfn (knees weak). Brother of 1. cib6 (grasshopper picking)-. Brother siltoIn (hair white). Father of 1. 'Ialta (throw away). Chief of Blocks- ; brother-in-law of 1. I (small carrying net). Son of 1. ikai (bone white). Victim of the (no translation, Wintun). Stepfather 39. Kailtai (flowers). Wife of 12. 40. GXtailtcl (flower little). Sister of 1. 41. T'ukitclb6 (black-oak acorn picking). Mother of 1, wife of 17. 42. Biltsltn6s (pestle). Sister of 41, wife of 17. 43. Nonists (bearskin). Sister of 17. 44. KltcTlsko. Sister of 17. 45. Jflsko. Sister of 17. 46. Jiik. Sister of 17. 47. Kant6ltcT (shoulders flat little). Non- gatl wife of 1. 48. Otlantci. Wife of 1, sister of 47. 49. T'okltlltaci. Daughter of 1 and 47. 50. GogtlbiTntcl. Sister of 24. 51. gelili (hulmmingbird); 52. Nalkasi (slice of meat); 53. T'Otstcl (ashes little); 54. Toitcfh (water white, i.e., clear); 55. Tca'fla (sun- flower); 56. GilAlbal (head flat); 57. Ttblltnaigal (pack basket packing); all victims of the Nai'aitci. From the translations of the preceding names, the following categories may be obtained. Names (in whole or part) Flowers, grass.............. Gathering.................. Packing (carrying)..., Acorns, piSons.............. Descriptive of person....... Mammals, birds.............. Water..................... Color....................... Artifacts................. Men Women 0 6 1 3 1 2 1 2 6 8 3 1 4 1 4 4 1 3 toota (digger-pine nuts). Maternal of 25. nta. Son of 22. Female tsa (little short). Lucy Young, in- toX (dizzy little). Mary Major, in- s (jump). Mother of 24. el (nose little). Mother of 25. lytm (grass flat.3. Sister of 27. sef (eye bad). Sister of 27. os (eye stink). Mother of 27. teIbd (flower picking). Sister of 2( than (win at gambling). Sister of 21 0lkos (black-oak acorns pounding). A Comparative List of Lassik and Kato Nouns 6. Z. atclbe (sunflower picking). Step- iftcok (back hurts). Wife of 4. k (shady). Wife of 4, sister of 35. tcln (lily ). A "big" doctor; toWnaia (white-oak acorns packing). Land Mammals and Hunting Terms Deer, 6ntc6 (La); Intc6 (Ka). Buck, ka'tetcan (La); natclic (Ka). Doe, bantco (La); tcultci (Ka; bantcosaak, spoon). Fawn, bias (La); t6lkltc (Ka). Snares, dicit (La; same word for quail); noaS (Ka). Brush fence, t'sinoail (stick throw; Ka). Deer-head disguise, t'si (stick; Ka). Run- ning-down trailing, btintiyot (Ka). Elk, gl'co (La; g6stcoGt1s, elkhide armor); gestco (Ka). Bear (generic), noni (Ka). Black bear, taane (La); to'oli (Ka). Brown bear, to'oli (Ka). Grizzly bear, notoni or stis (La); tctli (Ka). Hide (fur), stis (La); stits (Ka). Mountain lion, bwlndatco (La); blitco (Ka). Wildcat, bwlndatcl (La); bttc (Ka). Coyote, sTb6 or k6se (La); tsitctI (Ka). Jack rabbit, ga'tIli (La); ktintaiitc (Na). Cotton- tail, stailtcit (La); stailtc (Na). Ground squir- rel, sltis (La); sltls (Na). Gray squirrel, litco (La); taltailtc (Na). Chipmunk, tsiltctlntc (Ka). Wolf, ylstca (La). Skunk, 1iltci (La); sleitc (Na). Mink, sa'tci or tanalagltci (La; sa'tci, older sister); saatc (Ka). Otter, siis (La); k'a (Na). Weasel, kak6tc6 (La); naitoitc (Na). 85 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Raccoon, todi6 -(eat sour acorns; La); teXtail (Ka). Badger, kaitcitco (La); mai (Ka). Wood rats, Zo (La); Zolkai (Ka). Mouse, loontcl (La). Kangaroo rat, kaltontcl or toni (La). Fox, sladl (La). Silver fox, bootco (La). Gopher, ta'Ictca (La). Mole, yai'ta (La). Dog, nati (La); nati (Ka). Birds Quail, dicit (La); dictc (Ka). Bluejay, tcailtcln (La)- t'saitctln (Ka). Meadowlark, tcoalatcln (Laj; tctllailki (Ka). Red-headed wood- pecker, julaiijak (La); tctintclitco (Ka). Black- and-white woodpecker, tclntcTba (La). Yellowham- mer btfntcisbtll (La); btlntcbtll (Ka). Dove, baio (La5; mant (Ka). Mallard duck, na'atli (La); na'ati (Ka). Teal, tcahalyantc (Ka). Goose, ka (La); kt (Ka). Mud hen, ttokal'stitci (water goose black little; La); tokalXglts (Ka). Sea gull, butckai (Ka). Owl, blstcalo (La); btistcalo (Ka). Hawk (large), glshai (La). Sparrow hawk, katcitl (La). Buzzard, joyoc (La); tcoyostcnm (Ka). Grouse, destco (La). Crow, katcantc or katca (La). Eagle, tugbtll (La). Condor, j'entias (La); tcoyostctln (Ka; same word for buzzard). Crane, j'oketcin or 961batcin (La). Kingfisher, toiyologa (La). Eilldeer, gQdilitcl (La). Screech owl, tcelo (La). Reptiles, Amphibians, Invertebrates Turtle, stint6l (La); t'stint6l (bone flat; 1a). Lizard, salkitcX (La). Grasshopper, aat'is (La); hatiits (Ka). Angleworm, le (La); kon6styo (1a). Snail (slug), j6hanatos (sticky; La); natos (Ka). Eggs, b1g6se (La); takliAwecl or ko (birds' eggs or fish eggs; 1a). Rattlesnake, tcXlna (La); tcti'ltc (Ka). Bull snake, sailtstintctln (lay in sun La); t's6tco (1a). Garter snake, binatotel (La3; naltdotc (Ka). Toad (frog), j'okai (La). Bullfrog, j'okaitco (La). Black salamander, t'6tc6kast6tco (gill-like fish- La). Red sala- mander, t'lh6lan (straight; La3. Yellow jacket, O'na or tcalo (La). Bumblebee, g'na'atco (La). Wasp, tcaalog (La). Hornet, tatllkaitco (hind end large; La). Spider, jasbl4tco (La). Cater- pillar, go (Ka). Octopus, tokoit (1a). Mussel, bantco (1a). Clams, tctntasak (1a). Crawfish, takatcl (La); teka'tct (1a). Fish, Fishing Terms, Sea Food Fish (generic), loiac or tonai (Ka). Black salmon, k6s (La); giss (1a). Silver salmon, looka (La); iok (Ka). Hookbill salmon, tajahal (1a). Summer salmon, silok (La); tct1itcfk (1a). Trout, loias (La); loiaciailtc (1a). Suckers, jYIcfk (La); loiactabantco (fish mouth big; 1a). Bull- heads, gXsiitclln (La; fresh-water type); tcolo (1a; ocean type). Lamprey, totnai (La); tonai or bftlf2 (1a). Sturgeon, jfnetco or lok6tco (head big or fish big; La); tonaibtM (1a). Surf fish, loiac (1a). Perch, lotal (fish flat; Ks fish loiactcolo (fish big scale; 1a; se head5. Sand dabs (false halibut), lotei flat white; 1a). Jack smelt, loiact6bae round; 1a). Mackerel, stln6s (jaw long. Shark, tononi (water bear; Ka). Porpois (swimming big; 1a). Seal, bo'tc (1a). - (and whale), ttitctlstel (big fish come ou Sardines, sI'iitc (many little ones; 1a,) tekatc6 (1a). Flounders, tonainalahaa ( one; 1a). Red backs (china slipper), wd (scraping wood; 1a). Keyhole limpet, tsi (coyote's penis; 1a). Sea anemone tcftl sticker; 1a). Harpoon, b1lk6t (La5. Fii ing, taijanstik (La). Torch, konalto (ft La). Gaff, biljosali (La). Kelp, t'ekU Seaweed, lat' (1a). Periwinkles, tc'ka louse, lat'wanicantc (seaweed watches; I lone, yo'tcilin (bead basket; Ka). Ebbi totistit (water low; 1a). Incoming tide, (coming in water; 1a). High tide, toyTh (water big now; 1a). Ocean, banto (whol Ka). Vegetable Foods Acorns (generic), genIstan (La); tcfx Tan-oak acorns, saa'tcln (La). Black-os tilka (La); l'tai (1a). White-oak acorns (La); tcltcan (1a). Live-oak acorns (am clitcl (La); antcoitc (Ka). Live-oak ao (large), antclitco (La); stikns (1a). B laasa (La); laaclt (1a). Digger-pine nm naat6itco (La). PiTons, naat6in6s (La). nuts, aantcTn (La); antcn (Ka). Hazeir laatclnd6 (La). Camas root, tos (La). tato, talkai (La); kt1stcifnk (Ka). Suga sap, 1izinto (La); natNt6 (1a). Wild p soltcol (1a). Yellow-flowered clover, 1 (La); 6it'th (1a). Red-flowered clover, (La); nakontc (1a). White-flowered clov t'ant6l (La); ttnt'6l (1a). Salt clover (La). Bear (burr?) clover, sasta (La);; (1a). Yellow mushroom, kUtlkots, 1Ilotoi ttmnla (La). White mushroom, ttintcai (1 sik (1a). Large, flat mushroom, k1lantt aatowlt (1a). Wild strawberries, kltoit jiltc (heart; 1a). Elderberries, t?n-so tctlnsal (1a). Raspberries, nonaklItco-( 1a). Huckleberries, tc6ltci (La); salde Blackberries, kos (La); koc (Ka). Manzq ries, tenis (La); t'nfc (Ka). Manzanita ttlnlcto (Ka). Madrota berries, stAd0 (L tltsekond (Ka). Salmonberries, t'ant*l- Food Preparation and Miscellaneou Fish-drying platform, tonaiklllsai (f dry; 1a). Dried fish, tonaitsai (fish d Dried venison, Intcbtsai (deer dry; 1a).- llgi (La); bigl (1a). Bear grease, ligi nonikwa (Ka). Stone boiling, tsebtlltcXl Earth oven, t'aDbtilyitcai (1a). Salt, 1 86 CULTURE EI4. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY < Storage bins, tc'no (they hide it; ffrom burning grass, tatinkots (La). flai (Ka). Build fish dam, nala (Ka). cto (La); gostco (Ka). Bear root, Pine pitch, ja' (La); tc6ylal Ka). Milkweed, t'okatXil (La); (Coyote's dress; Ka). Dwellings eric), yllk (La); yl (Ka). "Old- 4End6lyl (Ka). Lintel, nantngai Ka). Fireplace, kollttn (fire Sweat house, lllcyllk (La); yltco AA). Brush roof (no walls), tcaklt .-Brush walls (no roof), jininai (La); 'house; Ka). -er and Land Transportation aifttn (Ka). Log rafts, tcliklnls (Ka). Dugout boat, kantig (La); ;k boats but have name for them). igltoba (La). Painter, sttis (La). k'6nto (La). Ferriage in baskets, ). Pack baskets, tilbti (La); tilbtil .Pack strap, t'oI (La); btinailgi ing net tcigats6 (La); t6Aenailgi g (cordj, bltok (La). Cased hide bags, 'Water basket tctnls (La). Litter tc6slftllk (La5; tcu7nd1nnahelkan Ka). Sweat-House Paraphernalia 4-ve sweating, ko'balmltoc (Ka). Fire Kyfli (Ka). Foot drum, t'stist'Th (lie Firetender, kticytini (Ka). Swimming nticb6 (Ka). Breast stroke, t64knime Ka). Side stroke, gtlstcentLme (on side "Racing (swimming), gustcenuhatebic ur race; Ka). Back stroke, nYn6ktlt- Diving, k-Uny66116 (Ka). Tools and Technology Lsack, ttindait6I6 (flint carry; Ka). Onag6 (La); ttndait616 (Ka). Fish- 6me, tonaitct1lklt1ntciik (fish stick; ish, bK.kiltco (La); kot (Ka). Mush ataS (La); tctitel (stick flat; Ka). i tcit (stick; La); tsebtllnTnyalai p1.shell spoon, k-Usai (La); saak or g(Ka). Elkhorn spoon, dOtsaak (J(a). i, bi'tanatcian (Ka). Flaked-stone ILa); sektnkebu; (Ka). Ground-stone lbttcelgal (Ka). Awl, sahal (La); Manzanita-wood awl, tct1lsahul (Ka). , tc6stibTn (Ka). Elkhorn wedge Maul, besta (La). Bone dagger, ssos (La); buTnatThnayiyai (Ka). Flint ttlndai (La); ttndai (Ka). Fire drill, lasa (La5; ko'btilyllgls (Ka). Fire hearth, t6is (La); kobitcebas (Ka). Slow match, teestls (La); laustitsnaltai (Ka). Buckskin, j6tOs (La); natciyos (Ka). Glue, je (La). Stone scraper, tinso (La). Walking staff til'Uis (La); t'tits (Ka). Flat mortar, sekat (Ka5. Mortar basket hopper, jeesta (La); jest (Ka). Pestle, est (Ka). Weapons Bow, k'i (La); tstltTh (Ka). Arrows, k'a (La); k'a (Ka). Arrowhead, taikeli (La); ttlndai (Ka). Shaft straightener, selsol (La). Equisetum, toislc (La). Sling, Otitol (La); natclltal (fly- ing; Ka). Club, tcets (La); bilntmnyligal (Ka). Pressure flaking, tcll (Ka). Pressure flaker, btiltceltoi (Ka). Elkskin armour, g6stcosts (La); t'6 (Ka). Spear, nanl'cbuint1cot (Ka). Dress and Ornament Hairpin, ssos (La; same word for bone dagger); sebt1lwailsi (Ka). Buckskin robe, jlgantsl (La); te' or kiLkyitcfc (Ka). Woman's buckskin apron, sai (La); ta'atni (Ka). Woman's buckskin short dress, tca (La). Man's short apron, wt1Unatellsas (Ka). Woman's double apron, nakasaW (La). Mocca- sin, ka'tcln (La). Snowshoe, tiss (La). Tattoo, yfltatc (Ka). Human hair, stwa (Ka). Beard, taga (Ka). Wristlet or anklet, t'sn6btIlnald6l (Ka). Feather dress, t'anibtlnitos (Ka). Owl feather down, btistalotltla (Ka). Yellowhnmmer-feather headband, dt1tclk (La); btintcb11ltek6t (Ka). Forked feathered stick, Uiltik (La); tcuiltt1lgal (Ka). Topknot of feathers, t'asibinojllkls (Ka). Feath- ers sewn in net, lalabinayIlai (Ka). Ear bone, tsthtctwTblwailsi (Ka). Clamshell-bead earrings, tcwObbwaildail (Ka). Clamshell-bead necklace, yo'natllyai (Ka). Madro?ia-seed necklace, tlsteko- nenatllyai (Ka). Nose bone, btintcblwailsi (Ka). Red paint, Atcik (La); I6tcitcik (Ka). White paint, listatco (La); I6tcIkai (Ka). Black paint, Istin (La); t6o (Ka). Head net, sibisan (Ka). White clay, llsba (La). Soapstone, s6tso (La). Eagle-feather headband, lilgal or taabastci (La). Woodpecker-scalp bands, 911sle (La). Abalone (green), yotali loga (La). Abalone (pink), yotali ltcik (La). White shell, Iskai (La). Dentalium, yo (La); tstlntc (bone; Ka). Clamshell bead, yo (Ka). Magnesite bead, yoltcik (Ka). Basketry, Cordage Flat tray, kaitel (La); k'ait6l (large flat; Ka). Boiling basket (small), tctinTs (La); tctil- kitsa (Ka). Boiling basket (large), tciisa (La). Storage basket, ttibtiikatcln (La); k'aittibul (Ka). Hazel, latcInd6tsi (La). Bull-pine root, kai'l (La). Xerophyllum, totel (La); t'otel (grass flat; Ka). Black fern, tsoltcl (La). Alder roots, tlskai'l (La). Cradle, t'sal (La); tsal (Ka). 87 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Basket (over baby's face), kait6lsl (La). Coiled basket, tcXn6lkan (1a). Twined basket, tcitoS (1a). Seed beater, baltciltci (1a). Shuttle, baats6 (La); buitcltoS (1a). String, b";tctM (Ka). Cord or rope, beltco (Ka). Sinew, tcots (Ka). Net, j6ka (La). Basket rattle (for baby), tsTnhstca (La); ckibiya ttllgal (1a). Basket- fringe rattle, golo (La). Umbilical cord, batcit7 ce (La); tsegut (Ka). Maple-bark cord, k6syi (La).. Tobacco Tobacco pipe, QIt'yo (La); bi-ItailnoW (smoke inside was; Ka). Tobacco sack, tastis (La). To- bacco, setllyo (La); lftana (smoke drink; Ea). Angelica, GoltcI (La). Musical Instruments, Games One-hole whistle, tglni (La); yaictc (1a). Four--or five-hole flute, jlt6lbtil (La); ttlbtIl (1a). Shinny, dyolga (La); naatclai (1a). Arrow shot at stake, dyoitis (La). Arrow shot for dis- tance, dylttltllok (La); natelgal (1a). Wrestling matches, lltctlk (La). One-legged race, t6ltcTTs (La); nahlltcak (1a). Stick bouncing, nalltcai (La); nat6ljai (1a). Shinny puck, na'IlXgal (La); tcenttbac (stick round; 1a). Shinny stick, but- colgal (La); bulnTnyXlgal (Ka). Netted stick, tclkak (1a). Shinny goal, tc1ld6tl1h (1a). Foot drum, t?tAstXS (1a). Bull-roarer, teTbut (1a). Cocoon rattle, golo (La); tc'woto (1a). Deer- hoof rattle, tilgal (La). Split-stick rattle, tclntllgal (La); tctitctt1lgal (1a). Arrow shot at bark, tct.IEst1tsnt1tilkai (1a). Arrow shot at man, t6oots (1a). Ring and pin, tcolkos (La); bdtct1l- ketc (1a). Grass game, t1lanafla (La); tonaylai (1a). Many-stick game, ji4aill (La). Tops, natllta (La). Buzzer, yaitYlbfl (La). Counting, Calendar, Meteorology, Cosmology One, ;aiha (La); iaha (1a). Two, naka (La); naka (1a). Three, taaka (La); tak (1a). Four, t6nja (La); nakanaka (1a). Five, llsklla (La); latsanl (1a). Six, bagEsla (La); baniaha (1a). Seven, bagtsnak (La); bannaka (Ka). Eight, bagustak (La); bantak (1a). Nine, bagsteja (La); bannakanaka (Ka). Ten, bagente (La); laTbahaS (1a). Twenty, nataht6n6gisya (La); nakanakalat- sanl (2 x 2 x 5; 1a). October, kflsaitcX (La); laclikaiftc (Ka). November, tatfltcl (La); g6sna (1a). December, yogiltci or nalgUl (La); ualgal (1a). January, ntnktlsttlntsa (La); kotco- lXct (1a). February, yotcYltco (La); can6etco (1a). March, tceitcik (La); tcu2itcik (buds red; 1a). April, datcYt.tco (La); tahttik (leaf come out; 1a). May, getai (La); n12naltt (1a). June, geantstlntalsul (La). July, tokilsi (La). August, t6ka katsai (La). September, tohTlt6bt1nml1t (La). New moon, sfstcugi (maternal grandfather; La); cat1fankah (1(a). Eclipse, st1sylltciktsai-' nonicayltclt (bear catch sun or moon; KU bow, naitisbil (La); natcontcUt (Ka). J j? stn6s or j'et%nit6 (La); natTg6t or tc Moon, sa or kada'sa (La); cat6nagai (Ka) sa or tcintco (La); jiTnagai (1a). WdhiX natIs (La); natis (1a). Earthquake, nOt nItsli (Ka). Milky Way, tcundtlnttine (Lu tt11n (1a). Morning star, bakolitco (La) star, kat6lna'ils (La); Igt1lkatcu!tcegT_ North star, y6taan (La). Ursus Minor, b kok (La). Ursus Major, Ot1ntcailtcl (La) c6gi (1a). North, yl't6 (La); dlt6 ((a) k6na (La); kTnaittik (1a). South, ylnXka nak (Ka; same word for 2; south is 2d di listed). West, yIss6 (La); dis6 (1a). or yabi (La); yabil (Ka). Down, nftitca ntMUkes (1a). River, tonali or ta'atco; Creek, sahana(tsi) (La). Marriage, Birth, Berdache Berdache, lli (La); tc6kalteltci (Ka birth, jittmsaS (Ka). Midwife, natc'non Childbirth, ki1ltcit6l (Ka). Scratching tct8btI4atMo4 (1a). Twins, ntitTh (Ka). tion, gantctstai (La); bttctlYS (Ka). E "purchase," nutas (La). Death Soul, manatagf (La); najlk (Ka). Cor tc'tlntt1 (La); tcUntt1 (1a). Burial, ok oyllt6t (Ka). Cremation, kaliuk (La); te (1a). Undertaker, fcotltit (1a). Widow, (La); kltT.A (1a). Mourners, tcLIyaliai Mourner, ntce (La); tcetce (1a). Chiefs, Warfare Chief, katentn (La); nu2katin11n (1a). ant chief, katentin or kenes (La); kticg2n Scalp cleaner, sinayai (1a). Scalp, 960 slbitea! (Ka). Hired warriors, kaal6tol War, l6tole (La); tcIlaSyaatci (1a). Vi dance, sib1inltoc (Ka). Scouts, ntlgtlsn Magic, Ceremonies Poisoner, 41tfnat6h (La). Bear doctd (La); t6lac (1a). Sucking doctor, ltiTh tcet'ot (1a). Singing doctor, ltil.i (Ia clina (Ka; same word for curing fright a Doctor's power, naatciik (-1a). Animate dlctcaD (1a). Flint pains, tcobalatflto Doctor's outfit, buinatcilna (Ka). Boyt ktilkilt (1a). Dream, glnasl4asnflM (La); (1a). Acorn singing, sinokaS (La); tcun (1(a). Girl's first meuses, tcXnastufl (I puberty ceremony, jelne (La); tctintlIttmn Dance, ttlit'e (La); naatlos (1(a). 88 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY Biography of Lucy Young the principal Lassik informant, the oldest Indian left in Mendocino asibly in the state of California. y Indian in Mendocino County who rat-hand account of native culture contact. Since the whites entered -time in the eighteen-fifties she tely ninety years old. In spite of -near-blindness, and other infirmi- ae at all times a good and sometimes detailed account of Lassik culture. born near the present village of on the east side of the Eel River. ia" was about 200 yards north of the crosses the Eel River at this point. a small girl many of the Lassik,in- 1f,were rounded up by the whites Fort Seward. While she was at Fort of the old Lassik women were tattoo- . Lucy was really too young to be t the old women caught her and took jthe brush. Lucy struggled and screamed i women paid no attention to her cries. Fld her and a third scraped her face rflint. A sooty mixture of burned loaroot stalks was rubbed into the tJesh. Tattooing was done in the *1t green grass could be used. (Lucy's Fnsists of eight vertical lines on d two lines on each cheek that slant i ers of the mouth to the malars.) st supposed to eat meat or any warm OD or three days after being tattooed. told her to go ahead and eat meat be- ss too small to go without food. lout two years at Fort Seward, the ibildren were allowed to go out and "emselves. Most of the Lassik men, in- Iy's father, had already been killed, diite settlers, occasionally by soldiers. later nearly all the Indians on the ere again rounded up and taken to Lucy, her little sister, and her tged to slip away during the march. all summer by themselves. One night fall, Lucy dreamed that she would see The next afternoon they met a num- ik who had escaped from Fort Baker. few months of freedom before the sol- Ied them again. This time only the taken to Fort Seward. The children ken south and never heard of again. probably sold as slaves in Sonoma aIcy hid in the brush and was the only to escape. By this time Lucy was be- grow up. She had been a rather small s smart enough to make a living by y, tattooing was done at puberty; DUt nine years old. herself. She got in contact with her people from time to time, but was not taken to the reserva- tion. The last surviving Lassik adult male had been killed by this time, and the Lassik women were allowed a certain measure of liberty. They were allowed to go out and gather seeds and acorns to eke out the rather meager rations supplied by the government. The country was gradually set- tled by the whites who sometimes took Indian women from Fort Seward for wives and, more often, mistresses. When Lucy was a young woman, she went to live with a white man, Abraham Rogers, who had a ranch near Blocksburg. This was about 1870. She stayed with him more than thirty years. Their union re- sulted in four children: three girls and one boy. One of the girls died in infancy; when this hap- pened Lucy almost became a shaman. Lucy has out- lived all her children but has eleven grand- children and seven great-grandchildren that she knows of who are living. Most of her descendants have married whites; all are scattered over north- ern California. About 1902, Lucy left Rogers and moved to Van Duzen. There she lived with another white man named Arthur Rutlidge. She left him in 1907. This time she finally moved back to Lassik terri- tory, the region called Soldier's Basin. There lived the only other full-blooded Lassik survivors, two old women. One was Lucy's mother's younger sister, Ku'nlgII aS (win at gambling). The other was Lucy's second cousin, ICai' tai (spring flow- ers). Kai' tai was the widow of Otin6i (legs bad), the old Lassik chief. Lucy lived with these old women, took care of them till their deaths in 1924 and 1927. No doubt, this long contact with her own people renewed Lucy.'s knowledge of Lassik culture which most certainly must have been largely lost in the forty years she had been liv- ing with the whites. While Lucy was living with her two aged rela- tives, she met Sam Young, who is half white, one- quarter Lassik, and one-quarter Hayfork Wintun. In 1910 he came to live with her in Soldier's Basin. In the summer, they traveled around a great deal, often coming to Round Valley. In 1927, they moved to Round Valley permanently and today own a small farm there. They were legally married soon after moving to Round Valley. Lucy is three-fourths Lassik and one-fourth Hayfork Wintun. A distant relative of hers, Bill Dobbins, is one-quarter Lassik, one-quarter WVail- aki, and half white. Unfortunately, his knowledge of the aboriginal culture is very limited. An- other distant relative of Lucy, Mary Major, is half Lassik and half Cottonwood Wintun. Mary Major is a fair informant and some of the material she sup- plied has been used in this paper. To the best of my knowledge there are no other individuals who are more than one-fourth Lassik and there are cer- tainly no others who are qualified to act as in- formants. 89 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Biography of Oelyto, a Lassik 96lyTO was born near the present town of Alderpoint. The exact date of his birth is un- known but was probably about 1810. None of his blood relatives were important people. Not one was a doctor, a chief, or even a little chief. Yet his own industry and carefulness more than made up for his humble origin. His niame, which means "tie in knots," ?was given him because he was always making nets in his spare time. He was an expert ropemaker. Rope was the chief medium of exchange among the Lassik and hence even as a youth he became a rich man. He also made the best arrows in the village. He was also a good hunter and profited from the sale of deer- skins. Venison of course was not sold, but pro- viding many people with meat enhanced one's pres- tige. Furthermore, a good hunter never had any trouble in making an advantageous marriage. The food supply ran low every winter and starvation was not uncommon. A man who could kill enough game so that a sizable proportion of it could be stored for the winter was an important asset to his family and village. OelylO's history really begins when he was a young man. He was already recognized then for his sober industry, his cautious ways. He never wasted his time in dancing or gambling as most of the young men did. Instead, he was busy ac- cumulating wealth. Early in his twenties he married two sisters of the Kuskatundun (Nongatl) tribe. Their village was situated near the present town of Blocksburg. Kelgalta, the elder brother of the two sisters, was chief of the Nongatl. Such a marriage required a fairly large capital investment on the part of QelylQ and his family. QelylQ gave quantities of rope, nets, deerskin, and some clamshell beads. The Nongatl family gave presents of lesser value in return and primarily goods produced by the women. After marriage GelylG went to live with his wives' people. Temporary matrilocal residence was the rule which sometimes extended to permanent resi- dence with the wife's relatives. OelylO prospered in his new home but he was not really accepted by anyone except his in-laws. He was the only Lassik who was married into the Nongatl tribe. Several years went by. One day two Nongatl were found murdered a few miles south of the village. Suspicion pointed to the Alder- point Lassik, whose village was some miles fur- ther south. The Nongatl asked O6lytO's father- in-law where O6lyl9 had gone. They were going to murder 9elylg in revenge. OelyXO was out hunting. His father-in-law found him and warned him in time. 9elyIO escaped and returned to Alderpoint. Before leaving, Qelylg left instructions that his wives were not to follow him. He said for them to marry again as he was not likely to re- turn. The elder sister, who had already borne him a baby boy, followed his advice and max about a-year later. The younger sister had of her own and followed 96lyTG to Alderpoi' next year. This wife's name was Kanteltci, OelylQ had returned to his home tribe a man. He had invested most of his capital i marriage. The rest of his goods he had bee forced to abandon in his hurried flight. I dently worked even harder than before to be wealthy. Five years after returning to A1-d he had saved enough ropes and beads to fini another ambitious marriage. This time hen a young Lassik woman named Yeltas. Her "iu (actually a first cousin) was IAslk, the cl of the tribe. Her "grandfather" (actually- mother's father's half-brother) was the asi chief. The "old" chief (too feeble for aeli chieftainship) was an "uncle" of IAslk. X outstanding shamans of the tribe were membi her family as were several of the lesser si As before, Qelyl9 balanced his wealth and I ability against the superior social positit his wife. Yeltas gave birth to a girl within a yet This child was named T'tcetsa (little, shoz cause she was small]). Later T'tc6tsa too) name of Lucy, and is the informant who supj the material for this biography. Three years later, a second daughter wai who was named Gogtlbilntcl. The same year Qblylg went to visit his Nongatl in-laws, brought his son Th'el1 (by the older Nongal back to Alderpoint. This gave @blylg a tol two wives and three children to take care sides some of his older relatives whom hej supported. Lucy says that she can remembei one time when her father was unable to pro' the needs of his family. That was one yea] their stored supplies ran out during an unm long winter. Every person in the village short rations and many actually died of sti tion. Both of QelylO's wives lived in the saw Normally a polygynous marriage resulted in bickering between the wives, especially whi women were unrelated. In this case the opj was true. Probably, 9elylg's own calm and temper was the primary factor in maintainii placid household. Lucy can remember playing with her half T6'6l1. T6'6l1 was about six years older herself. One day, when T6'6l1 was about e. years old, he went fishing with another bo; about the same age. They took little dip-] with them to catch small trout and suckers hours later T6'6l1's companion came runnin to the village. He gasped out that Ts'?l1 been killed by the KEklwt1kI1k. (The Klklw1 were Wailaki who lived about eight miles s Alderpoint, on the Eel River.) A war part, in pursuit of the KfklwWUkk killers but th ter escaped. Gelylg had his choice of blo 90 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY lood money. He took the latter. A KIklwtktik would have been very awk- e some of the Lassik were related to des, 96lylO gained by the transaction did not have to share the blood money llow Lassik. His Nongatl in-laws got half of the blood money but prob- at get a thing. The blood money for a same as that for an adult. The 'agreed to the payment of blood money debt paid up within a year. X next five years, 96lyTO lived a com- quiet life. Occasionally, there were pes from hostile neighbors (several cidents are related in the War Stories 9t QlylO managed to keep away from r the most part. Gradually, other ched themselves to his household. He wealthiest member of his tribe. He sjUt beginning to become a doctor. Then invaded Lassik territory. Sometime 5 and 1865, they massacred most of ; men. lylO was one of the victims. [ War Stories and Myths the wars that the Lassik had were with tci, an Athabascan-speaking group. territory centered near the present idgeville but they roamed over much of unty. Nai'aitci means literally "to like birds" and refers to their no- of life. The Lassik informant alleged ai'aitci had no permanent villages; lived in the hills mostly, had no canoes; numbered fifty to sixty individuals; lived by raiding and thievery, prima- |they raided the Blocksburg Nongatl, ilaki, Hayfork and Cottonwood peoples; were "pretty" people, tall and light- heir home valley was foggy and they did ding at night, hence the sun never dark- i skins); that the men did all the work ,as meant the essentially feminine tasks :ng acorns, preparing food, and the car- wood and water--all the women did was 6rns and grass seeds). Powers' descrip- .be Lassik as thieves and raiders prob- ?s to the Nai'aitci. Powers obtained Oation from the Wintun of whom the Cot- nd Hayfork groups were often victims of .iti. .Young; Lassik.] The Lassik were camped late one summer. This was when Lucy was e years old. Some nine young women across Mud Creek Canyon to gather hazel- e young man went along to guard against One of the women in the party was mar- a five-day-old baby. She left the baby mother. ildren were playing near camp, making a lot of noise. One boy heard shouts in the dis- tance. He ran to tell the people in camp. The young pnen were all out hunting. The older men were cautious, slowly approached the place where the young women had gone. When they got there they found six of the young women and the young man dead. Three of the young women escaped, one uninjured, one got an arrow in her arm, the other an arrow in her leg. The dead included G'itn1lkai (bone white; male); Nalk'asi (slice of meat--the mother of the baby); T'Oustcl (ashes; female); %e'lili (hummingbird; female); To4tclh (water clear; female); and two others whose names are forgotten. The two young women who were wounded were Tca'ila (sunflower) and G'il6lbal (head flat). The latter was Lucy's "full" (actual, as opposed to classificatory) cousin. The only uninjured survivor was TIbfttnalga4 (packing a basket). The men, led by Lucy's father, looked around the neighboring brush for the killers. They found no one but did find some tracks. No attempt was made to follow the trail of the murderers. If the young men had been there, a war party would probably have been organized. The survivors iden- tified the raiders as the Nai'aitci. Even if there had been no direct evidence, everyone would have assumed that the Nai'aitci were the culprits. The women started to cry even before they found their dead. Everyone cried as soon as they came to the dead bodies. The men soon dug a deep pit, filled it with wood, built a scaffold over it, and piled the seven corpses on top. It took the rest of the day to burn them up. Then the ashes and partially consumed bones were put in baskets and taken back to camp. There they were buried with beads and baskets. Some of the baskets were cut first. This was the worst massacre suffered by the Lassik prior to the coming of the whites. For a long time afterward nobody heard or saw any- thing of the Nai'aitci. About two years later the Lassik went into Nai'aitci country. The Nai'aitci wanted to pay for the people they had killed. The Lassik had come for revenge; they didn't want money. Two young Lassik men went out one day, came back with a Nai'aitci scalp. They had caught a Nai'aitci out gathering yellow-jacket larvae. Lucy's family knew nothing about this. Lucy and her half- brother heard something going on that evening. People were singing, "HU, ht, ht." Lucy and her brother sneaked down to where the people were, saw that they were dancing with a scalp. Lucy ran home and told her father. The whole family went down and joined in the dance. The scalp was stretched on a frame which was attached to a stick about 5 feet long. The ears had been left attached to the scalp and there were earrings in them. The scalp was carried around the fire by relatives of the murdered people. Women made love to the scalp, fondling it and calling it "my husband." The people danced all night with the scalp. A short time later, the scalp was sold to the Mad River people (a Lassik village near the present post- 91 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS office of Ruth). The Mad River people sold it to the Cottonwood Wintun. Lucy did not know where the scalp went after that but it was probably traded on to village after village until it wore out. A Nai'aitci scalp was particularly prized because everyone hated the Nai'aitci. About a year later, all the Alderpoint Lassik went up to Zenia to have another war with the Nai'aitci. The Lassik camped on open ground near Nai'aitci country. Lucy's father, GQlyiQ, said, "This is a poor place to camp. Let's move down to where there is a good spring." @elyX9's real reason for moving was because the spring he had in mind was well within Lassik territory. Only OelylQ's family (including his brothers and in- laws) moved camp. One man went out to hunt deer with a deerhead disguise. He came back at eve- ning and said he saw someone gathering and eating clover among the buckeye trees some distance from camp. Since no Lassik had been in the place de- scribed, everyone agreed it was a Nai'aitci. That evening Lucy was ill. 9blyYO thought the Nai'aitci had poisoned Lucy. She didn't eat any- thing, went to sleep early. About midnight she woke up, heard the brush crackling all around. Lucy drank some water, tried to go back to sleep but could not. At first she had thought that deer were feeding around camp but after awhile she began to worry. She woke her father up. He listened awhile and said, "The Nai'aitci are sur- rounding us." GelyIO crawled around and woke up his brothers. They in turn roused everybody in camp. The women .dug a hole under a log to hide themselves and their small children. At daylight, everything was ready for war. One man said that wood rats and skunks were making the noise. He built a fire and lay down beside it. One woman started to go out from camp. Two arrows grazed the side of her head, knocking her down but not hurting her seriously. The man by the fire got an arrow in his side. Everybody started shooting. The Nai'aitci, when they saw that their surprise attack had failed, broke and ran. Gelylg and the men of his camp chased them up the hill. They shot one Nai'aitci but he con- tinued running. Then the Lassik from the other camp came up from another side, closed in on the Nai'aitci. The Nai'aitci scattered out, hid in the thick brush and among the boulders. The wounded Nai'aitci was trailed down and the Lassik smashed his head in with large rocks. They did not bother to scalp him. His hair was too short. The rest of the Nai-'aitci got away. The wounded Lassik was in bad shape. To treat him, a menstruating woman, who was staying out away from camp, was called in. She spit in the wound of the injured man. He said, "That's cool and nice. (It) doesn't hurt any more." He drank some water and raised himself up to a sitting position. Then he said, "Oh, I wish Nai'aitci (were here), I'd kill all of them. I'm so mad I could eat some of those Nai'aitci." Some of the people laughed. One said, "I'll go gW of that dead meat." He meant the Nai'aitv had been killed. The wounded man was able to walk in two days. He gave the menstruating woman a fj to pay for curing him. This was the last" fight with the Nai'aitci. About two years the whites came in. [Lucy Young; Lassik.] One time at KetI the Lassik were cooking camas. They were. have a big dance and lots to eat. It was-; that the Nai'aitci were coming. Gblyig t that something would happen, told his imDI family not to go to the dance. All the r; the Lassik went. About midnight, a Lassi- was shot in the mouth with an arrow. The came out her cheek. An uncle of the wouaX out the arrow. She fainted and bled a loA the arrow was pulled out. Sakatne'llic (p a fungus) were gathered, ground up into aj and rubbed into the wound. This stopped i ing. The woman's face swelled up and fort time she couldn't eat anything. The Lass` for the Nai'aitci for a long time but it- use. All that was found was a fawnskin qX of arrows. The string holding the quiver broken and the Nai'aitci had not dared to to look for it. About a year later, the Lassik were hai other big time in Kettenchow. They hear 4 Koskattfnda (Blocksburg Nongatl) were coma kill them. Q6lyX9 wanted to take his fa but Qtbnail, the old chief, warned him not cause the Nongatl would head them off.' his family went, anyway. They started had traveled only five miles by sundown... day, instead of continuing on toward home moved up into the hills to hunt squirrelg gather camas. 9elytG killed two squirrei4 evening. He gave the heads to Lucy and d the brains. The women gathered a lot of , and Lucy's mother made a big camas cake.- slept beside the camas cake that night. i midnight she woke up thirsty. She woke u mother but her mother went back to sleep. couldn't sleep. She heard something walk the leaves. A little later, she saw a side of the hill. She woke her father uS watched until he saw two men Sneaking a trees. He woke up the family. After awl Nongatl began to shoot into their camp. ~ hit the camas cake. When it began to get the Lassik men took the offensive, chased gatl up a canyon where they lost them.. them shouted across-the canyon, "A big Koskattinda (Nongatl) is going to come and all." The Nongatl language is so much 1? that it was easy to understand what he s? trouble was that the Lassik were too near' country. The next day, Q6lyt9 and his fs started back to Alderpoint. 92 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY bung; Lassik.] When Lucy was a baby, #s mother was killed by the Nai'aitci. d when the Lassik were in Nai'aitci r body was cremated near the place led. The stomach did not burn up and .of the murdered woman "felt so bad, t ate up the stomach." The ashes and oarried back to Alderpoint and buried ia clamshell and haliotis beads. m the mass cremation mentioned in sstory, Lucy can remember but one ;tion. This was when a man who was Wsted that his body be burned. Usually, vre buried flexed in a sitting position. vez Bell; Kato.] One time the Yuki came alley and captured some Kato women, gthering grass seed. They tortured the ticking sticks into their vaginas and g ve young women died from the torture. was the informant's third cousin. One with an arrow in her side and a stick s managed to escape. She was sick a but finally got well. "tifteen years later, five Yuki men came t. They were entertained by the in- ,grandfather, the assistant chief. As Igoing into his house one said, "I see ady is still living." Grandpa could d Yuki. (He had learned it from his was a Potter Valley Pomo. Most of the Lley people could speak Yuki.) I lady who had been tortured recognized e Yuki. She told the people and they together all their weapons. Meanwhile id his wife were talking to his guests. atside shouted to Grandpa that the food for the visitors. Grandpa came out it. The people told him that these Yuki killers. Grandpa took fish and acorn ie visitors as if nothing was happening. tato warriors rushed into the house. ,abbed the Yuki that the old woman had I. He was the Yuki leader. The Yuki t-bone dagger tied to his wrist. Grand- Ld of the dagger, stabbed the Yuki to randpa was the strongest man in the vil- the champion wrestler. It was easy for -other four Yuki ducked out the door, let with a cloud of arrows. Three of ere soon killed but one nearly got away. *ing across the river when the Kato tot him. The Kato scalped the leader t the others. t morning, they went to the hills and i fire so that the Yuki would know that was up. After awhile the Yuki came to tin just across the canyon. Grandpa b them. "I have killed five of your his makes it even for the ones you f you want to have a war, let us know ent to have it." The Yuki leader said, "I don't want a war. I just want you to pay me." Grandpa answered, "Our chief does not want to pay. He just wants more war." Finally a time was set for the battle which would take place along the boundary line. The Kato got the yfllndinkeThuE (house going in people) for allies. (These were either a northern Kato group or southern Sinkyone.) The Yuki brought some Wailaki with them but the Wdai- laki didn't fight, they just looked on. The bat-- tle lasted all day and many were killed on both sides. Both sides just quit fighting when it be- gan to get dark. Neither side won actually. This was the last fight between the Kato and Yuki before the whites came. The Kato never fought the whites, "we always got along with them." The Yuki, however, killed many of the white man's horses and were massacred on several occasions. In particular, those Yuki living just to the east of the Kato were nearly exterminated. Coyote Steals the Sun [Mary Major; Lassik.2] Long ago, it was dark. The people argued about who was going to go after the sun. Coyote said, "I'll go. I am the smart- est." Coyote traveled to the house of the people who had the sun. The sun was in a sack hanging from the rafters. Coyote changed himself into a girl and walked into the house. Soon he began to menstruate. He told them that he had never done that before. The people held a girl's puberty dance for him. Coyote stuck a sharp stick in the ground and stepped on it on purpose. His foot was badly cut so they put him to bed. The next day all the people went hunting ex- cept two boys, Trout and Bumblebee, who were left to take care of Coyote. Coyote asked, "What is in that sack up there? Is it good to eat?" Trout answered, "No," to the latter question. Coyote asked for a taste and threatened to kill the boys when they refused. Trout got scared, broke a piece off, and gave it to Coyote. Coyote tasted it. Then he told the boys to go play, that he could take care of himself. Bumblebee said, "She is fooling us," but they went out anyway. As soon as they were out of sight, Coyote took the sun down and ran away with it. The boys fol- lowed. Coyote turned himself into an old lady, told the boys to go back. Coyote went down the hole where he lived and took the sun with him. Coyote blocked the entrance because he knew that a flood was coming. The water came. It washed away everything; all the animals and people were killed. The only point not covered was Davis Peak. Eagle and his sister Crow were on top of the rock. Eagle built 2Locale of myth is completely in Wailaki ter- ritory, hence probably not a Lassik myth. In- formant probably learned it from her husband, a Wailaki. 93 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS a small house for his sister but he stayed out- side. She called out to him, "My husband, you didn't stop one hole in the roof, the rain comes in." Eagle asked, "What did you say?" Crow said, "You didn't stop that hole." Eagle got mad, went inside the house, and lay down. His sister got up and stepped over his leg. Blood dripped on his leg when she did so. After awhile she stepped outside and a baby was born to her. She asked him, "What am I going to do with this baby?" He answered, "Everybody is gone. I guess we should cut him up and make more people come again." They cut the baby up into small bits, scattered the pieces all over the world. Each piece became a person; the world became populated again. The guts were thrown down in our country. That's why we (the Wdailaki) are such ugly people. All this time Coyote was down a hole, trying to keep the sun from being washed away. When the flood went down, Coyote came out. Right away he met a boy and girl. He asked them what he should do. They said,"This side [south] of Klklwt1kt1k [the northern Wailaki boundary] you can take the sun there. Somebody might try to take the sun away from you." Sure enough, people came who tried to shoot Coyote. Coyote said, "Don't shoot at me. Pick me up and throw me and my load against that rock there." Coyote went through the rock and clear across the Eel River. He landed at Island Mountain. The sun was broken and it became light in the world. Coyote wasn't hurt. He danced and sang, "The people need the light to look for deer, to look for.anything." Creation Story [Lucy Young; Lassik.] At first all the animals and birds were people. They lived just as people do now. One time a big rain came. It rained for many days. Then it got dark. The ocean came from the south. People ran north to the moun- tains. Many were drowned. Finally only Panther and Crow were left. They were on a mountain peak completely surrounded by water. It was quite dark but far to the north they saw fire. Swan was carrying coals on the top of his head. After awhile, the water went down. The trees leafed out and pretty flowers began to grow. Crow found clover and ate it. Panther couldn't eat clover. One day Panther found deer tracks in the mountains. He followed the tracks for a long time but did not see any deer. Crow dug up roots and bulbs, took them home, cooked and ate them. Panther could not eat these either. Pan- ther saw more deer tracks but no deer. Crow dug up earthworms, made a soup out of them. Crow thought this was a wonderful meal. After awhile Panther came home carrying a deer he had killed. Panther had gutted the deer where he had killed it. Crow was disappointed. "Oh, that's the best part," said Crow. The next day Crow went with Panther to where the guts were. Crow some, brought the rest home. Other animals and birds began to appear., ther went on killing deer. Finally, Panthe lonesome. He wanted to see more people. H Crow traveled to the north for a long time. were guided by smoke from a fire on the oce shore. It was smoke from Swan's fire. As approached, they saw Swan's house. It was and filled with large salmon. Swan invited in and gave them much salmon to eat. Crow himself but Panther wouldn't eat any. Two or three days later, Panther and Cro up into the mountains. They took fire with They built a bark house and cooked lots of- One day a shadow fell over the doorway. Pa said, "Come in." It was a woman. Panther her meat to eat, married her that night. T soon had a baby, then later, many more babil The children grew up. One day Panther w out with Crow to hunt. They talked about w do with the children. It would not be righ have brother and sister marry each other. decided what to do. When they got back to house, they sent one boy and girl off toget in different directions till all were gone. could marry then because nobody would know were brother and sister. The offspring of pair became a separate Indian tribe. Panther, his wife, and Crow went hunting the mountains. They killed two bucks. Thel cooked and tried to eat them but the meat tl bad. The next buck they killed, they ate r It tasted good. Then Panther said, "My wifi I will become panthers. We will kill deeri eat raw meat. Crow will become a bird and the guts of dead animals." Screech Owl Brings the Light [Lucy Young; Lassik.] Bumblebee lived H his many brothers and sisters. Screech Owl grandpa, and Frog, their grandma, lived nea One fall, grandpa said, "This is going to b hard winter." Everyone gathered lots of fa Soon a big rain began. It got dark and eve noon there was no light. The stored food M gone. Bumblebee, his brothers, and sisters to starve. Soon they were afraid their bon would break. They went to their grandma bu had no food either. She just sat. After she said, "Tell grandpa to make daylight." went to look for grandpa but couldn't find They returned to grandma,who sent them out On the fourth try they found him wrapped grandma's deerskin. They pleaded with him, make daylight. He just blinked at them.- fourth time they asked him, he said, "All Fill up a basket with water. I'll try to daylight." I Grandma filled the basket. Grandpa put 94 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XXI--ESSENE: ROUND VALLEY ES took all his grandchildren with eyed far to the north. They came *with only one limb. Grandpa tied round himself and climbed the tree. *0 the single branch which was high He sat there. He began to sing, i barCome ongsun make daylight. eare going to die." He asked his if they could see any light. There Be sang again and a little light ap- east. The third time he sang, it ter. The fourth singing brought his grandchildren to go out and eat went on singing. After awhile his off. Then he threw his good baskets four directions. He dropped a poor tly below himself. That's why the 'poor baskets, everybody else around ahS. on singing. His legs dropped off, ch then his arms. His chest, his ins fell off. Finally the mouth lnging, "Ba, ba, ba, ba." Kidnapped Boy kung; Lassik.] Panther-man married W. Their first child was a boy. Pan- *-hunted deer. One day when Panther two women came. They played with the 7 came many times to play with the baby, le Panther was out hunting. Panther i about the women and stayed home to Oy were. They never came when he was a whenever he was out hunting they al- , One day they took the little boy out- isappeared with him. Eagle searched eIt found nothing. 'When Panther got so went out hunting for them but could End their tracks. Panther and Eagle to their house, cut off their hair, put heir heads, and began to mourn. , they heard someone coming. It was oyote cried too. After awhile Coyote ,ing and told them that their son had E far to the northeast. Coyote said eld go to see the boy. They gave him dnole for the journey. Some time later e back. He had seen the boy but could IEhim. Coyote told them he would go elk with the boy. Coyote went back and f invited into the house of the two itay the night. The boy was nearly nd was married to the two women. pretended to get sick that night. He momeone to lead him outside. The boy a soon as they were outside, Coyote hat the women had stolen him when he . Coyote said he would leave but next return as a buck. The boy was to pur- Doting over him. The next day one of the wives saw a buck and shouted to the boy to get his bow and arrows. The buck ran away and the boy followed. When they got some distance away, Coyote threw away his horns. Coyote and the boy walked in creeks to conceal their tracks. When they finally got home, the parents were overjoyed. Coyote warned them that the women would come after the boy. Coyote told them to build a house high up in a tree. Then Coyote went away. The boy and his parents soon had a tree-house built. It was not long before the women came. They looked around for awhile and then saw the boy high up in the tree. The women got long poles and began climbing up. When the women were halfway up the boy pushed the sticks over. The women threw ropes over the tree and began to climb them. The boy cut the ropes loo3e. The women built a ladder, put it against the tree, and be- gan to climb it. Again the boy pushed it over when they were halfway up. Then the boy and his mother turned into eagles and flew away. The father turned into a panther, climbed down the tree, and ran away. Man from the North [Lucy Young; Lassik.] The man from the north is the North Star but he is also called Panther. He had no woman but lived with his grandma, Frog. Panther was a good hunter. He brought lots of meat home. Frog dried it over the fire. Frog always warned-her grandson not to go way up on the mountain. Panther thought he would go some day just to find out what was there. One day he did. As he got near the mountaintop, he shot and killed two deer. He packed the deer a ways, then hung them on a branch while he rested. While he was sitting down he heard someone singing close by. He went toward the voice but always it seemed to be just a little farther away. The sun began to set,so he hurried back, picked up the deer, and packed them home. Grandma fixed acorn soup for him that night but he hardly touched it. He was thinking about the singing he had heard. The next morning he told his grandma he was going up the mountain. He didn't stop to hunt, but went on till he heard the singing. He fol- lowed it north for a long way but could not catch up with it. Late in the day, he turned back. On his way he killed two bucks. That night he did not eat much. The next day he told his grandma he might stay over night. He followed the singing all day. He camped that night without eating. He followed the singing the next day until he came to where deer were feeding. He killed a big buck, built a fire, cooked and ate a lot of it. All that night he worked, cutting the meat up and drying it over the fire. In the morning, he tied the dried meat up with cord and packed it with him. For six days he followed the singing, always going to the north. 95 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS On his way, he sometimes thought of his poor grandma. She probably thought he was dead. On the sixth night he could feel the ground shaking from a dance. He knew he was getting close then. But he was out of food and had to get some. He put on his deer-head disguise and slowly approached a buck which he shot. Again he spent all night drying the meat. The next morning he packed the dried meat on his back. He went down the side of a mountain covered with tan oaks. At the bottom he came to a wide path. It led right down to the ocean. He saw human tracks and little scatterings of acorns that people had dropped. When he came to a low gap he sat down. He looked and saw people down by the ocean. They were packing wood. These were the people he had heard. Panther hung his meat from a tree. He painted himself up for dancing. Then he went down toward the people. One of the dancing girls saw him and ran toward him saying, "That's my man coming." She grabbed his arm. Her sister came running and grabbed his other arm. They took him to their house. There were lots of people there. One man said, "I smell a strange person." The girls quickly hid Panther under a basket. He stayed out of sight for several days. His wives brought him food. Panther got restless and insisted on going out hunting. His in-law went with him. Panther killed a the people there ate it up right away. One day Panther told his wives he wai home. They wanted to go with him. Parn not want them. They argued for a longo girls' father and mother got mad at Panl They tried to kill him by crushing himl them. The girls then fought their fath helped Panther escape. He let them go I then. It took a long time for them to get ther could have gone much faster alone. was glad to see Panther but didn't like Grandma said she didn't have enough fool them. Panther brought home venison but wouldn't eat it. They said that Grandu dirty, that she let the meat fall in th They fought about everything. Pantheri send his wives home but they wouldn't g day Panther found a nice little pond. home and said, "Grandma, you go to that Stay there forever. Become a little gm He killed his wives, threw their bodies river. Then he jumped into the brush E a panther after that. 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY irioan Anthropologist. u of American Ethnology, Bulletin. vibutions to North American mnology. stna of American Folklore. * rsity of California Anthropologi- e1 Records. Tublications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. North American Indians. Vol. 14. wOurtis. and Kroeber, A. L. ral Systems of the Languages of mia. AA 9:663-690. Driver, H. E. 1939. Culture Element Distributions:X--North- west California. UC-AR 1:297-433. Cited: Driver. Gifford, E. W., and Kroeber, A. L. 1937. Culture Element Distributions:IV--Pomo. UC-PAAE 37:117-254. Cited: Gifford. Goddard, P. E. 1906. Lassik Tales. JAFL 19:133-140. 1909. Kato Texts. UC-PAAE 5:65-238. 1912. Elements of the Kato Language. UC-PAAE 11:1-176. Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. BAE-B 78. Cited: Hdbk. Loeb, E. M. 1932. Western Kuksu Cult. UC-PAAE 33:1-137. Cited: Loeb. Powers, Stephen 1877. Tribes of California. CNAE 3. Cited: Powers. [97]