ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 7:2 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XX NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA BY ERMINIE W. VOEGELIN UNIVERSITY OF C4}JFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1942 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XX NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA BY ERMINIE W VOEGELIN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 7, No. 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LoWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 7, No. 2, pp. 47-251, i map Submitted by the Editors Sept. I7, 1940 Issued June 27, 1942 Price, $2.25 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in I903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page Preface .io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4V introduction.47 Informants ..... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Orthography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Tribal abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Culture element distributions list .51 Symbols used in the element list ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Basic economy, elements 1-632 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Hunting, 1-189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fishing, 190-300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gathering, 300a-329a .57 Domesticated animals and pets, 330-353 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Food and its handling, 354-547 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Ownership of productive areas, 548-565 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Division of labor, 566-632 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Houses and shelters, 633-857 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Assembly and living houses, 633-765 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Sweat houses and sweating customs, 766-811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 House furnishings and arrangement, 812-838b .68 Shelters, 839-857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Means and methods of transport, 858-964 .69 Water transport, 858-914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Land transport, 915-964 .70 Tools and implements, 965-1244 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Weapons, 965-1084a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Household implements, 1085-1189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Manufacturing implements, 1190-1244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Manufactures 1245-1482 .77 Textiles, 1245-1432a ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Receptacles other than baskets, 1433-1450 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Leather goods, 1451-1476 . ............................ . 81 Adhesives, 1477-1482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Body and dress, 1483-1957a .82 Care and adornment of person, 1483-1712 .82 Dress, 1713-1957a .86 Currency, treasure, 1958-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Smoking and tobacco, 2006-2075 .92 Pipes and pipe sacks, 2006-2034 .92 Tobacco, 2035-2075 .92 Music and drawing, 2076-2169 .93 Musical instruments, 2076-2163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Pictographs, petroglyphs, 2164-2169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Recreation, 2170-2616 .95 Games, 2170-2465 .95 Amusements, 2466-2528 .................. . ............ 101 Social dances, 2529-2616 .102 Political organization, 2617-2769c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Political units, 2617-2620 .104 Chiefs and other officials, 2621-2769c ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 War, 2770-3006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Cycle of life, 3007-4415 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Birth customs, 3007-3414 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Puberty and menstrual customs, 3415-3773 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Marriage, 3774-3998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Transvestites, 3999-4018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Death, 4019-4415 .135 Knowledge and beliefs, 4416-4468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Counting, calendar, directions, 4416-4468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Therapeutic knowledge and beliefs, 4469-4511 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Beliefs concerning natural phenomena, 4512-4654 .145 Beliefs concerning ghosts and spirits, 4655-4706 .148 Omens, 4707-4721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 iv ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Page Aspects of religion, 4722-5263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Vision quest, 4722-4792 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Shamanism, 4792a-5181 .152 Witchcraft, 5182-5195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Prayer, offerings, 5196-5197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Eagle ceremony, 5198-5206a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Kuksu, 5207-5263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Elements denied by all informants .............................. . 163 Ethnographic notes on the element list .169 Appendix. Absolute numbers of elements shared and not shared .250 Bibliography ......... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... . . 251 MAP 1. Area surveyed and localities to which cultural data from the several tribal groups refer . . vi PREFACE The following comparative ethnographic study of fifteen northeastern California groups and one group in southern Oregon is based on approxi- mately three and one-half months' field work (July-October, 1936), under- taken while serving as Research Assistant in the Department of Anthro- pology at the University of California. During the six months' period which the appointment covered I incurred numerous obligations for as- sistance. To Dr. A. L. Kroeber, director of the culture-element survey, I am indebted for much sound advice, never-failing co6peration, and many cour- tesies extended throughout the term of appointment. To Professor E. W. Gifford, Dr. Robert H. Lowie, and Dr. Harold E. Driver I am likewise un- der obligations for their co6peration and numerous courtesies. I also wish to thank those authors who have written the detailed and pioneer monographs on many of the groups covered in this study; these in- clude Dra. Leslie Spier, A. L. Kroeber, Ralph L. Beals, Isabel T. Kelly, Cora Du Bois, Edwin M. Loeb, and Mr. E. W. Gifford. Many of these authori- ties, and also the late Professor Edward Sapir, of Yale, supplied the names of reliable informants for the groups I was to study, and otherwise ori- ented me concerning field conditions. To all these scholars I am greatly indebted, both for their personal cobperation and for their valuable pub- lications on various tribes in or near the area surveyed. Since I worked with both the Shasta and the Maidu, it is almost needless to mention how often I leaned on the late Dr. Roland B. Dixon's ethnographic studies of these two tribes, and how delighted I was to obtain western Shasta data from Sargent Sambo whok some thirty years before, had been Dr. Dixon's chief informant. The difficulties of living on an extremely mobile field trip were lightened by virtue of having with me three interested companions. My hus- band, Dr. C. F. Voegelin, and our daughter, Gail, spent July and August in the field. To Dr. Voegelin I am deeply grateful for frequent linguistic aid and for encouragement in the pursuit of a new ethnographic field tech- nique. To Gail, and likewise to my father, Mr. Roscoe Wheeler, who proved an ever-cheerful companion during the latter half of the trip, I wish to express a happy appreciation of their comradeship and their responsiveness to informants and informants' families. Many kindnesses were extended to me during field work. Mrs. John Perry and her late husband, of Greenville, offered the hospitality of their home and were helpful in suggesting suitable informants. Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Barton, of Horse Creek, temporarily released Sargent Sambo from their employ so that I might work with him. Mrs. Lucy Thomson, my informant for the Southern Nisenan, had my father and me as guests in her home during our stay at Stanfield Hill. Mrs. Winnie Shiffbauer, Modoc; Ben Bridge, Achomawi informant, and his wife; and Mrs. Amanda Wilson, Valley Maidu informant, were likewise generous in hospitality. The interest and cooperative spirit I met with among these and many others of my informants puts me under a debt which cannot easily be acknowledged, but which will always be a pleas- ure to recall. Assistance in the preparation of field material for publication was furnished by the personnel of Works Projects Administration Official Project No. 665-08-3-30, Unit A-15. 124 J23 43 fj 'ikci r-oh L WA* 'k. OREGO Zh FORNIA LI We *SE AE AW XNS'? 41 0 AT U. I> 7i w < I Z U 4 40 mv NF LA t 39 VV N$ SCALE tO Lo 30 40 Map 1. Area surveyed and localities to which cultural data from the several tribal groups refer. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XX NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA BY ERMINIE W VOEGELIN INTRODUCTION The list of elements used in the field for munity of clusters of settlements, obviously this study was assembled from six other lists could not be given directly. For questions such for adjoining areas which had been gathered by as these, specific data were collected, as for members of the culture-element survey and were example, native names for directions, months, s--till in manuscript form. Dr. Driver, Dr. seasons, data on village groups and the headmen [roeber, and I collaborated in preparing the or chiefs of such. The same is true for questions "list which I was to use. It contained some 5500 relating to exogamy, marriage, and other social elements. While working in the field I added customs. and occasionally subtracted elements and often As one worked, intensively and rapidly, with reorganized entire sections of the list; in the a detailed orderly list of questions on which to final preparation of the manuscript further re- rely, needless repetitions with the same inform- organization was effected. I consistently at- ant and dawdling over data approached the vanish- tempted to keep complexes of elements together, ing point. In no other way can I explain how in order to present a more intelligible picture within the space of four or five days as much in- of the patterns of the various cultures as formation as is contained in an element list is wholes. This was not an easy task, since ele- collected. Previous to working on the survey, I ments tended to be regrouped, in kaleidoscopic had made three successive summer field trips to fashion, among the different peoples studied. the Tubatulabal, spending in all some eleven JTo help solve this difficulty frequent use has weeks studying Tubatulabal ethnography, and three been made of cross references in the ethnographic much longer trips to the Shawnee to collect ma- notes which accompany the lists. terial for a Shawnee ethnography. My chief re- With respect to field method, I found that gret concerning both the Tibatulabal and Shawnee "working with an element list is a definite aid field work is that so much time was squandered in making quick rapport with informants. Several because the only sort of lists I carried were of of the sixteen informants interviewed repeatedly the hit-and-miss variety that one generally makes expressed both astonishment and respect when the up preparatory to and during field work. The questions I put to them from the list hit the longer trips naturally afforded more opportunity cultural nail squarely on the head. Far from a for collecting mythological and ethnobotanical -list deterring informants from volunteering in- data, for example, than it was possible to gather formation, it obviously stimulated comments. while doing survey work. All volunteered information, unless it came at After completing this survey I had the oppor- too rapid a rate, was jotted down in a separate tunity to use part of my California element list notebook which was kept open beside the element for questioning one of my most reliable Shawnee list itself. informants. Although the list I used was not I should like to emphasize here that while assembled for an eastern group, I was agreeably questioning informants I never used the element surprised on two points: (1) that the informant list in the rigidly mechanical "yes or no" stuck to the point of the questions and often fashion which some critics of element-list work volunteered pertinent additional information, and take for granted as being a part of the field (2) that by trying out the list I uncovered the technique. The content of the ethnographic notes presence, among the Shawnee, of a game concerning ppended to the element list itself bears wit- which I had never before been able to secure in- .ness to the fact that informants were not only formation, and also obtained data on several illing, but anxious to elaborate on the ques- items of material culture that heretofore had ltions put to them. Some queries, such as whether been missing from my record. Among some eastern he floor of a winter house is dug out or level tribes, such as the Central Algonquians, for ex- with the ground, could be asked directly and a ample, one difficulty might arise which was not eso or no answer relied upon. But if the answer of paramount importance in California; it might .to this question was merely "Yes" the query be hard, working on short notice, to secure co- WHow deep?? always followed as a check. The operative and at the same time reliable inform- uswers to other questions, such as number of ants. This difficulty could however be partly ireotions, month names, seasons, or whether the obviated, I believe, by using a technique which utonomous group consists of a single village, always worked well in California, namely, inquir- group of closely adjacent villages, or a com- ing in advance from the informant with whom one [47] 48 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS is working for possible informants in the group formant; had derived most of her information from to which one next intends to go. Comments re- her f's m, who had been captured by the Modoc, garding the reliability of possible informants, returned to her own people in later life when their capabilities, honesty, interests, and blind. other attributes are often made in connection with the mention of their names, and when one Shasta, Western, of Klamath and Rogue rivers.-- does move on, one goes forearmed with what Sargent Sambo, Horse Creek, Calif. (address 1936). proves to be extremely valuable information. Age 72. Health good; eyesight good. Born at Oak Bar, Calif. (on Klamath River), a member of kaho- sadi (Rogue River) band. Has lived around Oak INFORMAN'I Bar and Horse Creek all his life, among ki'kat- stk group. F Shasta, born on Rogue River, Oregon, Klamath. of Klamath Marsh.--Antone Marrett, member of kahosadi band; m Karuk, born at Happy Modoc Point (Williamson River Bridge, Klamath Camp, spoke Karuk, Shasta. F's f Shasta, of Reservation), Oregon (address 1936). Age ca. Rogue River, Oregon; f's m Shasta, of Shasta Val- 70. Health good; blind. Born at Klamath Marsh, ley, Calif.; both spoke Shasta. Informant spoke spent boyhood in Klamath Marsh region, has lived Shasta, good English. Worked with 50 hours, July on Klamath Reservation all his life. F Klamath, 29-Aug. 5, 1936. Excellent informant; intelli- spoke Klamath; m half-Modoc, quarter-Klamath, gent, interested, very co6perative; had been quarter-Pit River (Achomawi), spoke Klamath; shaman; is berdache; Roland B. Dixon's chief eth- f's f, f's m Klamath, spoke Klamath. Informant nographic informant for his Shasta monograph. spoke Klamath, English (fair). Worked with 43 hours, July 17-22, Sept. 27, 1936. Good inform- Atsugewi (Hat Creek).--Julie Bob, Cassel, ant; gave much information, mostly voluntarily, Calif. (address 1936). Age 79. Health fair; on recent Klamath culture borrowings. eyesight good. Born on Hat Creek, near Cassel, Calif. Married Hat Creek man and has lived on Modoc, of Tule Lake.--Dolly Lawver, Chiloquin, Hat Creek all her life. F Atsuge, born on Hat Oregon, and Mrs. Jennie Clinton, Williamson Creek, spoke Atsuge dialect; m Madesi Achomawi, River Bridge (near Modoc Point), Oregon. Ages born at Round Mountain (Big Bend), spoke Achomawi ca. 70 and 78, respectively. Health, Mrs. and Atsuge. F's f, f's m Hat Creek Atsuge; m's Lawver, fair, Mrs. Clinton, poor; eyesight good f, m's m Madesi Achomawi, of Round Mountain, and very poor, respectively. Both informants spoke Achomawi. Informant spoke Atsugewi, poor born on W side of Tule Lake, lived there until English. Worked with 48 hours, Aug. 7-13, 1936. 1864, when removed to Oklahoma, where both mar- Variable informant, rating from poor to fair. ried Modoc men. Mrs. Lawver returned to Klamath Is considered "queer" by other Indians in vicin- Reservation in 1926, Mrs. Clinton in 1903. Mrs. ity, and is definitely neurotic. Informant was, Lawver's f and m Modoc, born at Tule Lake, spoke however, energetic, chattery, interested in bas- Modoc, no English. Mrs. Clinton's f half-Modoc, ketmaking. Members of her family helped appre- half-Shasta, born on W side of Tule Lake, in ciably in clarifying some of her statements and pawasken band, spoke Modoc; m Modoc, half-pas- insisting that she be accurate in her replies. kanwas, half-gumbatwas Modoc, born at Paska, N She herself volunteered a good deal of gossipy side of Tule Lake, spoke Modoc. F's f Shasta, information. spoke Shasta and Modoc; f's m Modoc, born W side of Tule Lake, spoke Modoc. M's f paskanwas Achomawi, Western (Achomawi proper).--Ben Modoc, born at Paska, spoke Modoc; m's m Modoc Bridge (or Bainbridge), Glenburn, Calif. (address and Pit River (Achomawi), spoke Modoc. Both Mrs. 1936). Age ca. 68-70. Health excellent; eye- Lawver, Mrs. Clinton spoke Modoc, good English. sight good. Born at Round Valley Reservation, Worked with Mrs. Lawver, 24 hours, July 21-25, Mendocino Co., Calif., brought to Glenburn when 1976; Mrs. Clinton, 14 hours, July 22-25, Sept. 2 or 3 yrs. old, has lived on own land near Glen- 26, 1936. Mrs. Lawver willing, but poorly in- burn all his life, except for trips made into formed; Mrs. Clinton well informed. Sacramento Valley in fall, winter to pick prunes, olives. F Achomawi proper, born near Glenburn, Shasta, Eastern, of Shasta Valley.--Emma spoke Achomawi; m Ilmawi band of Achomawi, born Snelling, Yreka, Calif. (address 1936). Age 67. on Pit River, spoke Achomawi. F's f, f's m Health good; blind in 1 eye, eyesight fairly Achomawi proper; m's f, m's m Ilmawi Achomawi. good in other. Born near Big Bogus, Calif., Informant spoke Achomawi, fair English. Worked lived at Pine Flat and around Yreka all her life. with 44 hours, Aug. 17-22, 1936. Very good in- F Shasta, born in Shasta Valley near Bogus, formant; intelligent, interested, talkative, Calif., spoke Shasta; m Shasta, ki katslk band, well-informed. born near Horse Creek, Calif., spoke Shasta. F's f, f's m Shasta, of Shasta Valley. Informant Aehomawi, Eastern (Tnmmrwi).--Sam Fox, Alturas spoke Shasta and English. Worked with 25 hours, Calif. (address 1936). Age ca. 70. Health poor; Sept. 22-25, 1936. Intelligent, cooperative in- eyesight fair. Born at village of pa6flomYci, in CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 49 West's Valley, near Alturas, lived in West's information relates to Upper Sacramento Wintu; Valley and Alturas all his life. F born, reared he denied a complete enough knowledge of Upper at pa6flomf6i (West's Valley, in Hammawi area), Trinity Wintu culture in all the phases embraced vpoke Achomawi dialect; m born, reared at Sugar by an element list. 11 among Alumsi (subgroup of Kosalektawi group ofAchomawi), spoke Achomawi dialect. F's f, Maidu, Mountain (Northeastern), Indian Valley.-- f's m Hammawi Achomawi (pa6llomlfi village); m's Dick Smith, Greenville, Calif. (address 1936). f, m's m Kosalektawi Achomawi (Alumsi village, Age 73. Health good; eyesight fair; hearing Sugar Hill). Informant spoke Achomawi, good slightly impaired. Born and has lived all his English. Worked with 35 hours, Aug. 24-29. life in Indian Valley. F Mountain Maidu, born, Good informant; cooperative, willing; had worked reared in Indian Valley; m Atsugewi, born at Hat with Omer Stewart on element list 2 weeks before Creek, spoke Atsugewi and Maidu. F's f, f's m I worked with him.- Historical sense not so keen Mountain Maidu of Indian Valley; m's f, m's m as that of informants for Kl and AW, but fairly Atsugewi of Hat Creek. Informant spoke Maidu, good; often volunteered. good English. Worked with 32 hours, Oct. 2-5, 1936. Good informant; somewhat diffident, self- Wintu, Trinity River or Hayfork.--William deprecatory, but fairly well informed; probably (Whiskey Bill) George, Hayfork, Calif. (address drew overly idealized picture of some aspects of 1936). Age ca. 70. Health only fair; eyesight Maidu culture, such as marriage and divorce cus- fair. Born at Hyampom (Chimariko area), reared toms. at Hayfork, has lived there all his life. F Hayfork Wintu, spoke Wintu; m Chimariko, born at Maidu, Foothill (Northwestern), Dogwood, Chero- Hyampom, spoke Chimariko, Wintu. F's f, f's m kee, Yankee Hill. --Kitty Williams, Cherokee, Hayfork Wintu; m's f, m's m Chimariko, of Hyam- Calif. (address 1936). Age ca. 90. Health poor pom. Informant spoke Wintu, some Chimariko, to fair; eyesight fair. Born at Dogwood, near scant English. Worked with 39 hours, Sept. 4-10, Pulga, in Feather River canyon. Lived there ca. 1936. Satisfactory informant, but volunteered 80 years, then moved to Cherokee. F, m Foothill little, perhaps because interpreter necessary. Maidu, kimsu or Dogwood group; born at Dogwood, Interpreter: Mrs. Grace McKibben, of Hayfork, spoke Maidu. Informant spoke Maidu, very little William George's w's b's d, age 38. F, m Wintu. English. Worked with 29 hours, Oct. 7-10, 1936. English good; sympathetic with work, conscien- Very poor informant; uncobperative in main, too tious, intelligent. old, apparently stupid, or reticent, or both; worked with as forlorn hope; 3 other better in- Wintu McCloud River.--Jennie Curl, Baird, formants interviewed, but services unprocurable. Calif. (address 1936). Age given as 72 but Interpreter: Leah Johnson Simmons, of Cherokee, probably between 60-65. Health good; eyesight age 33, born and reared on Round Valley Reserva- fair only. Born on McCloud River, 10 miles N tion, Mendocino Co., knowledge of Maidu scanty, of Baird, has lived near Baird all her life. served more as sponsor than interpreter. F McCloud Wintu, born on Pit River; m McCloud Wintu, born on McCloud River. F's f, f's m Nisenan, Foothill, Stanfield Hill or Yuba McCloud Wintu; m' s f Upper Trinity Wintu, m's m River.'--Lucy Thomson, Stanfield Hill, Yuba Co. McCloud Wintu. Informant spoke Wintu, good Calif. (address 1936). Age 86. Health fair English. Worked with 41 hours, Sept. 11-16, only; eyesight fair. Born at settlement of 1936. Good informant; often volunteered; sym- yumaka, 1/8-mi. from Stanfield Hill, Calif.; pathetic toward work; had served as informant married Henry Thomson, Butte Co. Maidu; has for Drs. Du Bois and Demetracopoulo'. lived at Stanfield Hill all her life. F, m Yuba River Nisenan, born, reared near Stanfield Hill. Wintu, Sacramento River (Upper).--John Informant spoke Maidu, fair English. Worked fowndolly, Dunsmuir, Calif. (address 1936). with 25 hours, Oct. 20-23, 1936. Good informant; Age 77. Health fair; eyesight good. Born on fairly well informed, shy at first but enjoyed Sacramento River, in Shasta Co. When 3 or 4 work, often volunteered, knowledge limited on yrs. old taken to Trinity Center and lived there more esoteric phases of culture. until young man, then returned to Dunsmuir and has lived there ever since. F Trinity Center Nisenan, Mountain (northerly).--Polly Ann Wintu, born at Trinity Center; m Madesi Achomawi, Hamburg, Nevada City, Calif. (address 1936). born at Big Bend. F's f, f's m Trinity Center Age ca. 70. Health fair; eyesight fair. Born Wintu; m's f, m's m Madesi Achomawi. Informant at Chicago Park, Calif., and has always lived in spoke Wintu, good English. Worked with 27 hours, vicinity. F, m Northern Nisenan, born, reared Sept. 17-21, 1936. Very good informant; intel- vicinity of Chicago Park, Calif. Informant spoke ligent, well-informed. Did not volunteer as Maidu, good English. Worked with 22 hours, Oct. much as some informants, not, apparently, be- 17-19. Fair only as informant; seemed intelli- cause he was incapable of doing so but because he chose to stay with the matter at hand. His See page 50 for footnote 1. 50 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS gent, but none too well informed, not greatly age ca. 80, and Jake Smith of Hornbrook, a west- interested in work. List for this group incom- ern Shasta aged ca. 95. Johnson, Mrs. Hedricks, plete as informant too busy gathering acorns to and Smith were each interviewed for a few hours, finish work on final morning. but an attempt to cover an entire element list with any one of them did not seem feasible. Nisenan Southern (of mountains).--Susie Kessler, Placerville, Calif. (address 1936). Age 65. Health fairly good, but lame; eyesight good. ORTHOGRAPHY Born near Camino, Calif., lived in same vicinity d, implosive "d" a, as in all all her life. F White; m Nisenan, born, reared b, implosive "b" ?, as in met at Gold Hill; m's f, m's m Nisenan, of Gold Hill. c, ch as in charm I, as in it Informant spoke Maidu, very good English. Worked s, sh as in shall u, unrounded "u" with 28 hours, Oct. 12-15, 1936. Informant in- T), ng as in sing *, denotes length telligent, honest, but knowledge of aboriginal L, t followed by voiceless 1 glottal stop culture limited; was, however, reared by m's m, full-blood Nisenan; married Nisenan man. TRIBAL ABBREVIATIONS Maidu, Valley (NW), vicinity of Chico.--Mrs. The groups covered in this study are as follows: Amanda Wilson, Chico, Calif. (address 1936). Age ca. 75. Health good; eyesight good. Born Kl Klamath of Klamath Marsh and reared at Chico, Calif. F White; m Maidu Mo Modoc, of Tule Lake from vicinity of Oroville; m's f, m's m from SE Shasta Eastern, of Shasta Valley same vicinity. Infomant speaks Maidu, very good SW Shasta, Western, of Klamath and Rogue rivers English. Worked with 38 hours, Oct. 24-28, 1936. At Atsugewi (Hat Creek) Cooperative, intelligent informant; wife of A A > s . > A~~~~~~~~~W Achomawi, Western (Achomawi proper) former headman of mi6opdo group of Sacramento AE Achomawi Eastern (Hammawi) Valley Maidu (this group originally lived near WT Wintu, Trinity River or Hayfork Dayton, Calif.; brought to Chico by Gen. Bidwell). WM Wintu, McCloud River o Mrs. Wilson is, as far as I could learn only W W S X ~~WS Wintu. Sacramento River (upper) remaining informant for Sacramento Valley Maidu; MM Maidu, Mountain (NE), Indian Valley her knowledge of some aspects of Maidu life, as M Maidu, Foothill (NW), Dogwood, Cherokee for instance warfare, is nil, but for many phases Yankee Hill of the culture she is an excellent and sympa- NF Nisenan Foothill Stanfield Hill or Yuba thetic informant. Rive * ~~~~~~~~~~River Supplementary information.--Slight amount in- NM Nisenan, Mountain, northerly formation for A, supplementing Ben Bridge's, ob- NS Nisenan, Southern (of mountains) toratin fr A, uppemetin 3e ]rlcgies, b~ MV Maidu Valley (NW), vicinity of Chico tained from Dexter Johnson at Fall River Mills. M i Johnson is about 50; his f belonged to Achomawi For each of the groups listed above further proper, his m was Atsugewi; he himself has lived localization for the information obtained is in- in Achomawi area practically all his life. Any dicated in the section "Informants." information obtained from him is specifically For a map of the area surveyed and locations credited to him. The same is true of the small of informants see page vi. Initials on the map amounts of supplementary information derived correspond to the group abbreviations listed above; from Maria Hedricks, a Quincy Mountain Maidu, the black dots to the location of informants. 'This group refers to itself collectively as he "believe(s) they referred to themselves as cuyumum. Maidu my inf't. translated as "man," Maidu (people) rather than as Nisenan" (E. Kuksu, Nisenan as "relations" or "all kinds of people." 178). As far as concerns his inf'ts. Henry Several words (listed below) in a 30-word vo- Thomson and George Nigh (ibid., 137), he is cabulary obtained from each Maidu and Nisenan probably correct, for neither was born Stan- group visited indicate that the Stanfield Hill field Hill. Thomson, the deceased husband of MiM MF MV NF NM NS Star ... lClum lulu . lulu pokelulu pokelulu po6uko Six ... saitcok'om ---- sai'sokum tumbo tumbo tumbo Fire ... sam sam sama sa s a sa Deer ... susmim sumi sumi 5up dupe la,pe Mouth ... simim k'umbo kombo simi sim sim dialect affiliates more closely with Nisenan my inf't., was born in Butte Co.; Nigh belongs than with Maidu. For this reason Nisenan is to the "mt. people," according to my inf't.; used for the Stanfield Hill group. this mt. group comprises the people living at Loeb notes the dialectic correspondence for Dobbins, 3 mi. beyond Stanfield Hill, above the numeral 6, but tentatively classifies the Mooretown, Cherokee, etc." Probably both Thom- Stanfield Hill group as Yuba R. Maidu because son's and Nigh's own groups refer to themselves as Maidu. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS USED IN THE ELEMENT LIST + Element affirmed by informant. Further information concerning item is - Element denied by informant. contained in the section "Ethnographic -(i) Element affirmed, but some doubt concern- Notes on the Element List." ing it on part of informant or eth- Blank Element not enquired for by ethnographer. nographer. (H) Element denied, but with qualifications The following symbols precede element numbers: as in the preceding. Element enquired about, but informant un- t For statistical computations, the number certain regarding it. or letter entries under this element o Absent because lacking or impossible in have been read as plus. the environment. (Not to be confused * For statistical computations, the element with the symbol o preceding an element has been broken into two or more (e.g., number, and which is explained below.) 1 foot or less; more than 1 foot). R Element said to be of comparatively re- o For statistical computations, the element cent introduction. has been eliminated. OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV BASIC ECONOMY Huntn Driving and Pursuing 1. Driving game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2. Into enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 3. Circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4. With pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 5. With V-shaped wings . . . . . . .. - + - - + _ *6. Along fence, hunters in pits . . . . . . *+ + 7. Over cliff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *8. Into water or mud . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + +- *9. To or past concealed hunter . . . . . . + + + - + - _ + _ + + + + + + 10. Into trap, net or snare . . . . . . . . . + _ + _ + + + + + - + + + - _ _ *; 11. Surround by hunters . . . . . . . . . . . + *i-- 12. Surround by fire . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 13. Dog used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 14. Pursuing game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15. Wounded-animal only . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 16. Single hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + _ + + - 17. Group of hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 18. In relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 19. Race: swiftest kills deer . . . . . + + + + _ . + 20. Shout to frighten quarry. . . . . . + + * + . _ + 21. Hunters on snowshoes . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 0 -0 0 22. Dog used . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Trailing or tracking game . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Snares, Nets, Traps 24.Fence with nooses in gaps . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + - + _ - + + + 9R V^" In-"+ + +1 + --+? 25. For deer . . - + + _ _+ _ + - - - - 26. For rabbits ...............**_++__+o+* +____ 27. For quail .-... __ - + + - - +_ - - -_ ++ +_- t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~[511 52 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 28. Noose above trail for deer, elk . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + - _ 29. Noose on bent sapling . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + - + + + + + - + 30. For deer, other large game . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - + + + + + - + 31. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + _ _ 32. For birds .... .... . + - - + *+- - + + - + 33. Noose on stick, hand held . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + - + _ + . + + . + 34. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + - + - + + . + + . + 35. For birds.. ....... + + - + + - + + + . + *36. Cord with suspended nooses . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + _ _ + + _ _ _ ) 37. Long vertical net set in straight line . . . + + - - + + + _ - _ + + + - + 38. For deer. ...... . . . . . . . _ _ + _ ___ 39. For rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ - + *+ + - o - - + + + + 40. For waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + - _ o? 41. Set under water . . . . . . . . . . + 42. Set above water . . . . . . . . . . - *+ *++ - _ - + 43. For land birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 44. Vertical net set in circle, no openings . . . *+ _ _ + _ +?+ - 45. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - +? 46. For antelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - +? 47. For rabbits, squirrels . . . . . . . . . _++ - 48. Bag-shaped net ............... . + _ +__ +?+ 49. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 50. For birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ?+ 51. Woodpecker . . . . . . . . . . . _ +? 52. Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ++ 53. Basket trap for birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + *+ - + *+ *+ + + 54. Figure 4 trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - _ - +? 55. Seed or meal bait . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - _ - + + + + + _ 56. For woodpeckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ + 57. For quail.. ....... - + + - + -+ + - ___ 58. For all variety winter birds . . . . . . - + + + + + _ _ 59. Slat or stick drop-box trap . . . . . . . . . . _ + 60. Figure-4 trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . - R 61. Deadfall... .............. _ + + + R - - + + + - + - 62. Single stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + R - + + + + + - *+ - 63. Single log .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + ? ?+ _ _ 64. Figure-4 trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + R *65. Stone propped up with acorn . . . . . . . - + + + - + - + - 66. Meat bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 67. Seed bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + R - + + + - + - + _ 68. For large mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + *+ R ?+ - - - - 69. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + *+ R *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ _ 70. For birds ....... .. . . . . .+ ? _ _ _ + ? 71. Pitfall . .......... ... . *+ - *+ + *+ + - _ ++ + +- o72. Depth in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 - 2 7 8 6 8 6 - 6 6 6- 73. Covered with sticks and dirt . . . . . . + + - + + + + - _ _ + + + - 74. Water in bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - - ) _ 75. Stake in bottom for impalement.- + ? ? ? ?_ - ) - 76. For carnivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + *+ - _ - + - - 77. For artiodactyls . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - - + - + - - 78. For rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - +? Booths and Blinds 79. Booths and blinds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 80. Natural ambush . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + +? 81. Brush fence or enclosure . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + - 82. Roofed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - - _ + + + + + + + - 83. Peekhole to shoot, snare through. . + + + + + + + + + - 84. For game shooting ... . ..... + + - + + + + + + + _+ + + + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 53 _______________________________________ SKi Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS NV 85. Deer . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + _ + _ - + _ 86. Birds . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + _ - + + + + - 87. Bird snaring, noose on stick . . _ _ - - + + - + - + + - _ 87a.Ambush on watercraft . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + + + - _ _ _ 88. On tule balsa.. + ____+ 89. On dugout, run into tules . . + *+ + + ? ?+ _ 90. On log raft . . . . . . . . . . +- + + 91. Ambush of plant material .... + - + + + + + _ 92. Stone walls or enclosure, for deer *+ + - + - _ _ + + + . _ 93. Hunter concealed in pit . . . . . . . . + +? ? ? ? + + + - 94. At moonrise, at deer licks + - + *+??+ Disguises, Decoys *95. Animal head worn by hunter . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 96. With horns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + 97. Without horns . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 98. Entire skin worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _. _ 99. Only horns worn.----+? ? ? ?? +- 99. nlyhorn won .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ____+________.+_ 100. Hunter walks with two canes . - + + + - + _ 101. Brush worn or carried by hunter . . . . . . . - _ + - + *+ + + - 102. For deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - + ?+ + - 103. For rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 104. When driving birds toward nets . . . .?+ .? 105. Stuffed bird-skin decoy, floating . . . . . . ++ 106. Flares, jacklight to attract waterfowl . . . . *+ + - - *+????? + + + - l07. Leaf or grass calls for game . . . . . . . . . + . + + - R + + . + + + + + + + 108. Imitation of fawn crying . . . . . . . + + + + + R + + + + + + + + + + 109. Whistling with lips for deer . . . . . . . . . - *+ - + R - - + - _ _ + + + + 110. For rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + _+ 11. Shouting, for deer . . . . - + - + + + + + - _ - + + + + tl2. 'Honking' so ducks will light. + + +? Other Hunting Techniques 13. Large game shot in water . . . . . . . . . . . + - . + . - + - 9 114. Bear killed inside den . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + * *o + + o . _ 115. Bear smoked out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + *+ - o + *+ + + + o * + _ 116. Dipod at mouth of den . . . . . . . . . + + - _ - o??????o . _ _ 117. Vertical stakes at mouth of den . . . . . . + o _ _ _ 118. Rodents smoked out . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 119. Pine needles used for fire . . . . . . - + + + + - o + + + + + + + + - 120. Fire blown with mouth . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + + + 121. Basket fan used . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + ?????? + + + + - 122. Brush fan used . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 123. Feather fan used . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 124. Stick thrust down rodent's hole . . . . . . . - + + - + + + - + + + + + + - _ 125. Sharpened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + - + + + + + + - _ 126. Hooked stick or gaff . . . . . . . . . _ - - _+ 127. Rodents drowned out . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + + - + - + - _ _ _ 128. Rats' nests burned. . . . . . *+ - + + + + + + + 129. Rats' nests prodded with stick.- + + . + + + + - + + + + + - 131. 130. Jumped on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 131. Duck fledglings clubbed . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + ;t-.132. Insects caught . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + *+ + + + + + 132a.In trench, pit . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ??????? + + + + $+ 133. Shaken down from trees, or picked off - ~~branches . . . ..... + _-* - - _ _ _ *+ *+ _ *+ *~+ - S; 134. Hand-gathered early in morning - + + + _ _ +_________ 135. Obtained by burning field . - . + + - + + *+ _- + + + + _ 136. "Whipped" into pack basket .. . ... + - - *+ - + _ _ + + + + + - 54 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM TF NF NM NS MV Hunting Observances o137. First kill taboo to youth . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 138. To youth's parents also . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - - + + - + + 139. Kill taboo until marriage . . . . . . . . . . _+ 140. Youth switched after first kill . . . . . . .+ - - + + + + _ 141. Before he goes to kill first deer + + . _ - + .? 142. Taboo to voice intent to hunt deer . . . . . .+ o143. Hunter fasts morning or day of hunt .+ + +?+ - _ - + ? - + 144. Sexual continence before hunt . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - +- 145. Tobacco smoked ritually before hunt . . . . . + + + + + + + *- + + + + - 146. Root incense before hunt . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + - + - - - + + + - + 147. Weapons smoked over fire . . . . . . . - + + + *+ + + - + - + + + - + - 148. Hunter smokes self over fire . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + - 149. Root chewed before hunt . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - - + - + + + + + + 150. Sweating before hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 151. With scarification and bleeding. . . . - + + + + - - + +?- 152. Hunter prays while sweating . . . . . . *+ + + + + - _ + +?????_ 153. Shell bead burnt as offering . . . . . . . . . + + + - 154. Bathing before hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 155. Body swabbed with medicine . . . . . . _ *+ + + + + + *+ - + + *+ 156. Deer doctor charms game prior to hunt . . . . - + + + + + *+ + + + + + - 157. Antelope doctor charms game prior to hunt . - + o o + o o o -o o - 158. Ceremony before group hunt . . . . . . . . . . - + + + *+ *+ * + + + + + + *+ + 159. Singing ..... . ..-... . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 160. Praying ..... . ..-... . . . . . _ + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 161. Dancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + - + + + - ? _ 162. Hoof rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + _ 163. Cocoon rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ 163a.Split-stick rattle . . . . . . . . . . - - - _ R + ??? ? . *+ 164. Headdress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + +? 165. Conducted by shaman . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 166. Acorn-soup dinner . . . . . . . . . . * ++ + *+ *+ + 167. Ceremony after hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ _ _?*+ . + *+ + 168. Offerings made for success of hunt . . . . . + + + + + + - _ *+ *+ *+ *+ . + 168a.Eagle down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - - + . _ 168b.T obacco... ....... _ + + + + + - + + + +. 169. Shaman goes on hunt to charm game . . . . . . - - + + + - + - 170. Bear spoken to in den or woods . . . . . . . . + + + *+ 0 - + . + + 0 *) + 171. Addressed by kin term . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + o + 172. Apologetic speech after killing . . . . - - + + - o - + . + + o * - + 173. Meat eaten in one house . . . . . . . . _ _ - - + (+)o . + 174. All who eat must wash, be continent - + + + + o . + - 175. Remains in tree or hidden in woods . . + - - _ o + -o . - 176. Remains burnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + o??????o * - + 177. Killing pregnant bear causes death, misfortune - . - + - o . + o - - 178. Smoke or fire signals when 2 or more hunt together .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + +- + + + + + + 179. Shouting as signal . . . . . . . . . . + - *+ 180. To obtain aid in packing kill . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + Butchering of Large Game 181. Large game butchered in woods . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + - + + + + *+ * + + 182. Lying ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 183. Eyes cut out . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 184. Given to child to eat raw . . . - + +? ? ? ? ?_ 185. Nose cut or tied . . . . . . . . . . . + 186. Paunch cleaned, filled with blood . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + *'+ + + *'+ + 187. Carcass packed home whole.- - + - + + + + - . - + + + - + CULTURE EIEM. DISERIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 55 Ki MO SE SW|At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 188. Deer bones, remains hidden in woods.- + *+ *+ *+ + - _ _ - * - + - - + 189. Thrown away in woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + Fishing Nets 190. Long flat nets .+....... +.- + + +.*...+ .) + __ **+*+ + 191. Gill net. + + - + + + 192. Seine net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 193. Perforated stone sinkers . . . . . . . + . + 194. Grooved stone sinkers . . . . . . . . . + + . - + + + +? 195. Wooden floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 196. Tule floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + 197. Bag net, not dipped or scooped . . . . . . . . + + + _ - + _ + _ _ _ 198. Set.. . . _+ ++ + _ 199. On A-frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 200. Tule floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ 201. Small, dived with . . . . . . . . . . . 202. Dip or scoop net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - . + 203. On A-frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + - _ * *+ *+ ++ 204. Kite-shaped frame . . . . . . . . . . . + + 205. Circular mouth, 1 handle . . . . . . . *+ + + - + - - _ - +? *206. Bow and arrow type . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + -+ + 207. Circular mouth, 2 handles . . . . . . . _ _ + 208. On semicircular pole, no other handle . ? ? ? +? *209. Rectangular pouch net . . . . . . . . . + 210. For lampreys also . . . . . . . . . . . o + - o - + + . + * 211. Roots put on set lines . . . . . . . . - - + Weirs, Scaffolds, Pens 212. Straight across stream . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + ? ? ? + + 213. Converging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + +? :214. Diagonal or semicircular . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - - - + t215. Openings in weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 1 *2 1 L- 1 1 1 216. Pen with each door . . . . . . . . . . ++ 217. Door closed by hand . . . . . . . . . . -(+) 218. Net in opening . . . . . . . . . . . . + 219. Trap in opening . . . . . . . . *+ + + 1-:20. Movable weir of willow, etc., woven, dragged + + - _ _ _ +? 221. Men form line across stream . . . . . . . . . + _ ,122. Fish driven into weir, net, or trap . . . . . + + + + - - + - + + + + + _ i-223. Platform on weir . . . . . . . . . . . .+)+ -224. Dipod supports for weir . . . . . . . . . . . ) ++ "225. Single-post supports for weir . . . . . . . . + + ++ -226. Scaffold without weir . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +++*+ + 227. Floor or booth on scaffold for harpoon- ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *228. White rocks on bottom to increase visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ '229. Stone pens or dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ ?+ Traps 230. Long basketry trap, cylindrical . . . ... . + + + + *+ '231. Conical basketry trap, inner cone. . . - + + + + + _ 32. Conical, opening at apex . . . . . . . . . . . + *433 Flat, rectangular base trap, open top . . . . - + + + _* tl234.Fish scooped up inbasket . .. .. .. |+ *+ - + |+ + + |+ --|+ -|-- + + 56 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AX WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV Angling 235. Acute-angled hook, 1 barb .-.. . . . . . . + ++ + + + + + + _ _ _ _ 236. Acute-angled hook, 2 barbs, bilateral . . _ _ _ _ _?_?_?_? + *237. Gorge.+ _ +.. __ + +.+ ___ 238. Meat, grasshopper on line; no hook.- + *+ + *+? ? 239. Several hooks on line .... . + + + _ + - . _ _ + - + + Harpoons, Spears 240. Harpoon, detachable point(s) . . ..... . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 241. Single toggle .-.+.?.??.?.?.??.?.... . _ _ *+__ 242. Two toggles .... . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + . + 243. Toggle of bone .... . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + i) . + 244. Barbed toggle, three-piece . . . . . . . - + + + ?????? + . . + 245. Simple toggle, one-piece . . . . . . . + + + + + + - 246. Harpoon used infrequently . ...... + + *+ + ??? ? + - + - 247. Fish spear, fixed point(s) ... . . . . . . . + + _ - + + + + - + . + - 248. One point .... . . ....... ........+ . 249. Two points .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 250. More than two points ... + + + + - . . . 251. Circular arrangement of points . . . + + - _ + + _ _ _ _ . . . 252. Points spread by ring .++ . . . . 253. Wooden point(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + - + . . . - + 254. Bone point(s) . . . . . . ...... . - + __+ +__. 255. Flaked stone point(s). +?+? 256. Fish "spear," 1 point fixed, 1 detachable. . .?+?_ 257. Landing gaff .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . RR-- +-_ 258. Hooked at end . . . . . . . . . . .. . *R R-- + ??_ 259. Straight stick, pointed end .-.. . . . - +? _ Other Fishing Techniques 260. Fish shot with bow and arrow .-.... . . . *+ + + - + . 261. Infrequently . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . + + + +? ? ? ? ? ?- 262. Fish poisoning with plant substance .-.. . . - _ + + + *+ *+ *- + *+ *+ *+ *+ 263. Fish caught with bare hands ... . . . . . . + + + + + 264. Flares at night for fish .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + - + + - _ _ _ 265. Harpooning, dipping fish through ice . ... . + + + + -o o? o 266. Fish killed ................. + + + + + + + + + + + + . . + 267. Manufactured club .-... . . . . . . . _ + - +? ? ? _ *+ *+ . *+ 268. Natural stone .+............ + + + - _ +? ? ? ? ?. . - 269. Piece of stick .... . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + - + + + + + _ . 270. Biting neck of fish .+. . -. 271. Breaking neck or back .. . .. + _ . . + + + + . . - 272. Striking head on ground, rock .. .. . + + + + + + + _ 273. Fish creel of basketry .... . . . . . .. . ++ + *+ *+ + *+ 274. Fish carried on forked stick through gills or jaw ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. + - . + + + ?????? + + + 275. On string or withe . . ..... . . . + + + + + + + + _ - - 276. Fish carried in fish net, over shoulder . . . + + + . + 277. Fish laid head to tail, tied and packed on back .-.-+.+-.--........ Fishing Observances 278. Continence before fishing .+.+..???.??*._... . + + *+ 279. 1st salmon, other fish taboo to youth _. *+ + *+ *+ * * * * * ** 280.l1st trout .................... + + + - + + o - + - - + + + 281. lst-fish rite orobservance...... + -+ + - + + - - + + - + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTIB.: Xl--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 57 ________________|E1___________________ Mo SE SW At AW AZ WT WM WS MM M1 NF NM NS MV 282. lst salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | o ++ 283. lst sucker .... . . . . . . . . . . *+ ? ? 284. lst steelhead trout . . . .-. . . .. . - - _ *+? 285. Taboo to catch salmon before rite ..o - + o + + o + + 286. Steelhead .-.-.-. . . . . . . . _ _ _ + ? ? _ 287. Suckers .... . . + ? ? 288. Taboo to eat salmon before rite . .. - o - + - - 0 + _ _ _ + + 0 + + 289. Steelhead .-.-. .-. . . . . . . _ - _ + ? ? _ 290. Suckers .... . . . . . . . . + ? ? 291. Spring of year .... . . . . . . . . + - + + - - - + + _ _ + + - - + 292. Priest prepares for rite .-.. . _ _ _ + ? _ _ _ _ + *+ - - _ 293. Neighboring tribe holds (salmon) rite . _ _ + 294. Old man catches lst fish ... . . . . *+ ?+ 295. Anyone may catch lst fish for rite . .?+ + - _ _ + - + + 296. Anyone may eat lst fish .-.. . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + 29.7. First (2) suckers burned ... . . . . + ? 298. All of lst catch eaten immediately . . - - + _ _ _ + 299. Punishment for removal of portion. *+ 300. Taboo against leaving in basket overnight . *+ - - + - - + _ Gathering Gathering Techniques and Observances * .Poles, staves for gathering acorns, pine cones - + + + + + + + - + _ + + + + + *300b.Shepherd's crook stave . . . . . . . . _ _ + + *301. Forked stick grapple.- - + + - + + + + _ *302. Straight pole . + + + - + + - + + + + - + 303. Straight pole with cross bar.. +? . . + + - + 304. Also used for wood gathering . . - + + + + - + 05. Limbs shaken with hands, feet _ . + + + + + + + + + . Sapling as ladder for climbing trees + *+ + *+ + + + _ + + + + + 307. Double-pole ladder, buckskin rungs . . _ _ + ? . Digging stick.+ + + + + + + + + - + + + ++ + 309. Plain, pointed at one end . . . . . + - + - _ + + - + + + 310. Plain, bipointed.- - + + - - + - + - _ _ + _ _ _ 311. Crutch handled .+ + + R + - *+ ? 2. Seed plants sometimes broken by hand *+ + - + _ _ + - _ _ _ .lst-fruits rite .+ + - - + ? _ _ + + + + *+ + 314. Observed for: acorns . . . . . . . . . o - _ _ _ _ *+ + + + + + 315. Pine nuts . . . . _ + + 316. Wokus (water lily seeds). + +? 317. Ipos bulbs (Calochortus sp.).. + *+ + 318. Manzanita berries o o_ + + o 319. Annual; observed in . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + + + + + 320. Springtime . + _ _ + ? . . . . . . _ _ + + 321. Midsummer .+ + ? ? + _ 322. Fall of year . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + *323. Number of days .1 . . . - . . . . 1 11 1 1 1 1 324. Dancing . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + _ _ 325. Praying .+ + - _ +?_ + + + + + + 326. Singing . . . . . _ +?+ _ 326a.Feasting on lst fruit .+ ? + + + + + + 327. lst fruit gathered thrown away _ *+ - _ ?+ + *+ *+ + Preagriculture (Other than Tobacco) .Burning for better wild-seed crops. .....|+ + + +| + + - - + - | + + | + * +- 58 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IKl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 329. Seeds scattered to produce better crop . . . . + + *+ - _ - i) i) + *329a.Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domesticated Animals and Pets Dogs 330. Dogs kept .*+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ *+ + * + + *+ *+ - *+ _ 331. By relatively few persons . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + - + _ 332. Bred . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 333. Bought from other localities . . . . . . + + - + _ 334. Named . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + . + *+ + + + . _ _ _- 335. Used in hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + +- 336. Trained not to bark . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ (- - o337. Kept inside dwelling . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + 338. Separate dog house . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - 339. Semisubterranean, earth covered.?+ - _ _ _- 340. Domed, thatched . . . . . . . . +? _ _ 341. Domed, bark covered . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + 342. Conical, slab . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ 343. Burned at death, or death of owner . . - + - - * +?_ _ ) _ _ 344. Buried .+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. . . . . . . . + 345. Body thrown outside . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + _ _ + + - ) - _ _ 346. Suspended in tree at death of owner . - + *+ - - - + - H - - - Birds, Bear Cubs, Etc. 347. Birds kept .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+- *+ *++ *+ 348. Caged .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . _*+ -_*+? 349. Tied up . . . . .....-... . ...-+. . . _+ + + + 350. Wings plucked or cut . . . . . . . . . + + *+ 351. Bear cubs kept .... . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ -+ + + - + +- -_ +_ 352. Deer fawns kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + +? ? ? ?? + 353. Small mammals kept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ *+ + + - *+ + +? ? ? ?- Food and Its Handling Staple Foods 354. Deer staple flesh food . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ - + + + + + 355. Fish staple flesh food . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + *+ + + *+ 356. Deer and fish equally important . . . . . . . - _ + _ _ _ _ + _ 357. Acorns staple plant food . . . . . . . . . . . *o *o *+ *+ *+ *+ *o *+ + *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ *+ 358. Sunflower seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ *+ + + + + + + _ + + + 359. Ipos or other bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ + *+ *? *+ *+ + + + + + + 360. Water lily seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ Animals Eaten *361. Dog eaten habitually . . . . . . . . . . . . +- 362. Dog eaten during famines, epidemics . . . . . - *-+ - +????? 363. Fox .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + + + + + + + + + 364. Coyote ..... . . . . . . . .. . .*+__ + +? ?? . ____? 365. Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + *+ + + + - - + - o - - _ 366. Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilus). . . . . . . + *+ + + + + *+ + + + + o o - 0 - 366a.Brown bear (Ursus americanus). . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + + o - + i) 367. Deer. . . ........ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 368. Elk (wapiti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + 369. Antelope .+... ++ ++ 0*++ 00000000 oo+ o370. Puma. .................... _+ _ - + *+ + + + + - _-6 + - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 59 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM KF NF NM NS MV 31. Wildcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - - + + + - + + R + - _ _ 2. Beaver ........+ + + + 0 *+ + - + 00 000 - 3Skoin ._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + + + + + - + - '374. Raccoon ................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :37 Porcupine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + - + + + + - + 376. Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + o + + + + + + + !377. Badger ................... . + - + + + + -0- - 0 0 0 - Z'?78. Ground hog .-.-..-n**.*.***-. _ +_ - - + + -00 - + + ++_ ?379. Gopher . . .+ - + + +.- + + -.o + + 380. Mole .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ * - - - - - . - S18. Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... ............................ >. +- _ + +_ - ___ + - -+ -+ 382. Owl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + +__ 0+ 0- + 38.Crow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + -- 0+ 00 00 1 84. Raven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ) + . _ _ _ . . _ 38. Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ___ _ _ _ __ +- +-_ .86. Swan and crane . . . . ............................. . + - + + _ - o - - + >v387. Pelican . . . . . . .... .... .... . .... .. . . . _ *+ _ _ + + _ _ 0 o o o -38Fish . . . . . . . .... . . .... . . . .... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 89.Crawfish ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + o + 0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 '390.Freshwater mussel .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + o + - - 0 - - 391. Iamprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - 0 + 0 + _ - *+ - - 0 0 - 2. Turtle or tortoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . * + + - * * 0 + - + + ? 893.Snake . . . . ... . . .-. _ . _ . _ . . . . _ 394. Lizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + :895. Cricket and grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + *+ + + *+ o + + + + + + :396. Caterpillar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . + - + - o + + . o 397.Anglewom .. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . - __- + + - + - - + + + + - An.t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ _ *+__ J99. Ant eggs .-..... . .. . .. . . .. . . . _ + + + + - - + + - + -_ :00, Yellow-jacket larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Foods Taboo to Special Groups 401. Deer head or any part of . . . . . . . . . . .- - - -402. Deer heart .-..... . . . . .. . . . .. . *+_ - *+ *+ *+ *+ - *+- *+ *+- 403. Heart-shaped meat in deer ham .-.. . . . . . - + - + *+ *+ + - . *+- >404. Kneecap fat on deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - _ _ - + - + 405. Deer fetus .+... . . . . . . . . . . ... . + + - + + *+ *+ - ++ *+ *++ 406. Fetuses in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + - *+ + *+ * * * -407. Deer fawn .-.-.-.-.-. . . . .. . . _ - .- *+-- *+*+ *+*+*+*+ 4Q8.Deer liver . . . .* * *..+*.+.- *.+-.- +_ *+*+* 409. Wild-bird eggs .... 410. Bird eggs aid in human reproduction . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? . *+ *+ *+ * 41. Ducks' feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - - 412. Certain combinations of food taboo . . . . . . - + + Food Preparation 413. Bone ground for eating . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + - + + + - - + _ 414. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + - + - + - - + * 415. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + *+ + - - + - 416. Boiled . ............. - . +-_ _ + 417. Eaten dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ++ + + 418.Marrow extracted . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .419. Small mammals roasted whole . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + 420. Pounded after cooking . . . . . . . . . _ + + - + - + - _ 1. Broiling on frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + '421a.Broiling on single stick . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + 422. Broiling directly on coals .......... + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 423. Blood, lights, etc., cooked in paunch . . .. | + + + + |+ + + |+ + + |+ + |+ + + + 60 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WSMM BI NF NM NS NV 424. On coals, in ashes . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - + - - + + + i) + 425. In pit oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + *426. Stone boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - + + + - + + + - + 427. Meat boiled ............... - ++ + *++- ++ + + _ + 428. Rarely ............... - + _ + -+ + 429. Blood boiled ............... - + + + - + + + + + -++ 430. Mammal meat dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 431. Fish dried. .............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + 432. Salted for drying . . . . . . . . . . . 433. Drying frame ............... + +- + + *+ + + + + ? 434. Four-post frame . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + - + - + - +? 435. Outdoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + - + + - + - + 436. Indoors . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + *437. Fish slit, strung on pole to dry . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + 438. Smoke (fire) drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + - + + -- + 439. Sun drying ............... + ++ + + *+ + + + + + - +- + + 440. Dried meat or fish ground . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 440a.Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - + + + + 440b.Immediately before eating, cooking only . . . . . . . . . + + - - - + + - + + + + 441. Salmon, or other fish . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + - + + + H - _ + 441a.Made into meal, stored . . . . . - _ + + + + - - + + + ) - - _ + 442. Salmon eggs added . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 + + _+ 443. Seeds added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - *+ * - -_ + + 444. Fat added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + ? ? + 445. Bone awl for splitting fish . . . . . . . . . + . 446. Special drying house . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + * + + - - + ? 447. Thatch. ....... . __ . . . i) - 448. Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + - _ 449. Poles, conical . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + 450. Double lean-to . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ? + + + + 451. Insects, insect eggs cooked . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . - 452. Parched with coals . . . . . . . . . . - + +????????+ . - 453. Baked in earth oven . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ???????? + 454. Yellow-jacket larvae roasted beside fire . _ .+ +- + + +++_ *454a Vegetable food pounded in mortar . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 455. Acorn meal leached in sand, earth basin . . o o + + + + o + + + + + + + + + 456. Basin set in openwork basket . . . . . o o + + o? ? 457. Basin lined with grass or boughs . . . o - - - - + - - - + + - 458. Basin set on sticks, pine needles . . . o o + + - - o + - + - + + + + _ 459. Water heated for leaching . . . . . . . o o + + + *+ o + + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 460. Water dripped through cedar sprigs . . o o o + + + + + + 461. Acorns buried whole in mud . . . . . . . . . . o o + *+ + + o + + + + + - + + + 462. Whole acorns not dried, allowed to mold ... 0 -- + - 0 + 463. Acorn bread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o - + + + o + + + + + + + - + 464. Earth added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -- + + o + + +- 465. Baked in ashes . . . . . . . . . . . . o - - + + o - - - - + - _ _ _ 466. Baked in earth oven . . . . . . . . . . o o - - o - + + - . - - _ - 467. Baked on top of stone or coals . . . . - - + - + o + - - + + + - - + 468. Roots made into bread . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - 469. Acorn "biscuits" by chilling gruel in water. o o - +? ? ? ? ? ?+ - + - + - 470. Stone boiling in baskets . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *470a.Vegetable food ground on stone slab . .+ + + _ + + + _ _ _ + + - - + - *470b.Vegetable, flesh food pounded on stone slab.' - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *471. Parching seeds with coals . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + + + *+ + + + + + *+ 472. Pounded fruit made into cakes, dried . + - + + + + + - - _ - *473. Seeds ground or pounded. . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 474. Made into mush. ........... + + + + - + +?_______-+ 475. Made into bread .-...... + - - _ - +?_______+ - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 61 _________________________________________ :K M4o SE SW At AW AE WT WY, S H HF NF NH N$ NV 476. Eaten dry .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + () + - + -*477 Buckeyes eaten.0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + + + + 0 478. Leached. o oo - o oo o + + o + + + + o 479. Boiled whole. o o o + o o o o + + o + - - + o 480. Earth oven. . . ... . + + + R + + + + + + + + 481. For flesh food .+ + + + + R + - - _ + + - - + + 482. For vegetable food + + + + + + + + + + - + *+ 483. Food sprinkled with water .- + + - _ + + + + 484. Food covered with leaves or grass . . . + + + + + R + + + + + + + + 485. Water sprinkled into oven after closed up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - - + + - + - 486. Eggs cooked .... ....... ... ... + + + + + + + + 487. Baked in earth oven .+ - - . *+ + 488. Baked in hot ashes .-. . .s. . . . . . - + ++- + 489. Stone boiled in basket .-.. . . . . . _ + + + - _ + + + 490. Berry "cider" . . . .. . + 0 + + + 0 0 + + + + + + + + + 491. Sipped with deer tail ... . . . . . . - o + + + + o + + + + - + - + _ o492. Salt obtained in mineral form, dry ... . . . - - + + _ _ - + + + + + - + + + 493. Salt from spring or marsh _- - _ - + + - _ _ _ + - + - + + 494. Salt locally.- - + + - - + - + + + + - + + 495. Salt imported.- - _ - + + - - + _ + - - + + - 496. Used little or not at all; disliked + + + - * *+ + _ - - + + + - 497. "Salt" from burning grass . . . . . . . . . . + + + 498. "Salt" clover eaten fresh . + _.* + + + + + + + + + *499. Soaproot eaten.0 0 0 o 0 +0 0 0 0 0 + - + + - 500. Top eaten .0... . . . . . . . ... . o o o o o o o o o 0 0 + + - 501. Root eaten .0... . . . . . . . . . . o o o + - o o o o o o + + _ 502. Cooked in earth oven ... . . . 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0 0 0 + _ 503. Root concoction drunk as medicine . .. o o o - + o o o o o o0 . 504. Imported if not obtainable locally . - _ - - ) - - + + + + ? t505. Soaproot for washing . 000 + + 0 0 0 0 + + + + + R + 506. Milkweed chewing gum.. + + + - +? 507. Pine pitch chewing gum . . . . + + + + - + + + o + + + 508. Pine "sugar" . ...... .. . . . . . . . . . `509. Honeydew from leaves eaten . . . .+ . . . . + r510. Inner bark of trees eaten ... . . . . . . . + 511. Mushrooms and fungi eaten + + + + *512. Fresh or dried +*+.+ + Eating Customs 513. Men served before women, if crowd +.+ + + + + + + + + + + + 514. All eat out of one basket . + - - + + + + + - + + + + + - 515. Men each have own basket. + - + + - _ - + + + + 516. Women also have separate baskets.. - + + + + + + 517. Man and wife eat from same basket.+ + + + + + 518. Children "piece" whenever hungry. + + + + + + + + + + + 519. Two main meals daily, usually - + + + + + - + + + + + - 520. Three main meals daily.- _ - + - _ + - _ _ _ _ ++ t52l. Meal whenever visitor arrives . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 522. Hands washed after eating deer, bear meat . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 523. Men's rule only.- - - - + . - - - *- 524. Wipe face, hands with grass, bark after eating + + + + + + + + + + Storage of Food 525. Outdoor granaries .- + + _ + *+ - + - + + + + + + 526. Against tree- + *527. In burnt tree stump. - + - + + - _ - +?___ 528. On platform in tree; covered ...................... |- *+ + + - - - - 62 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM r| NF NM NS MV 529. Thatched . . . . . . . . . . . . +- *530. Roughly coiled, in shape tubular bin.. *+ + + + + + + 531. Posts set upright in ground + + + + + *+ *+ 532. Goods wrapped, hung from branch of tree . . . _ 533. Storage in pit outside . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 534. Storage indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 534a.In baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 535. In twined tule "sacks" . . . . . . . . + + + +? ? ? ?? + 536. Vegetable foods .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 537. Dried meat, salted or plain . . . . . . + + + + + - - + - + + + + + + + 538. Dried fish or salmon flour . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + 539. Storage in pit inside sweat house . . . . . . _ + + + Exchange of Food 540. Food sold ..* + ??+ + + + + - - + 541. Traded or borrowed . . .. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 542. Mainly in time of famine . . . . . . . + * + + + + + _ 543. Mainly in winter, early spring + + + + + + + + + + 544. Game divided .+...... .. ........ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 545. Killer gets most or certain parts ... + + - + + - - * + + + + + * + 546. Meat equally divided among hunters . . + + + + + + + +*+ 547. Large game divided among whole camp. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ownership of Productive' Areas 548. Fishing places privately owned . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + + (+) - + - 549. Fishing places jointly owned, owners unrelated - + - + ? 550. Fishing places owned by village group . . . . + + - _ + + + ? ? ? ? + - + 551. Anyone may take some of owner's catch. . . . . _- - + + + + _ _ 552. Fishing places rented for share of catch . . . - - + + _ + - _ 553. Fish weir privately owned . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + + 554. Hunting land or spots privately owned . . . .?_?+ ? + _?+ - _ + - 555. Seed tracts privately owned . . . . . . . . . _ + _ 556. Seed tracts owned by village group . . . . . . + + *+ + + + + + + - + 557. Trees privately owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? ? ? ? ?- 558. Trees owned by village group . . . . - . . + +? ????? + - + 559. Trees claimed for single season only . . . . . . . _ + +? ? ? ? ?_ 560. Only trees distant from village . . . . _ _ + +? ? ? ? ?_ 561. Tribal or group boundaries marked by topo- graphic features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 562. Tobacco plot privately owned . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + 563. Land for single season only . . . . . . + + _ + - _ 564. Tobacco plot owned by village . ++ + + _ 565. Village site owned by group . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ Division of Labor Subsistence Pursuits 566. Hunting: men only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 567. Rat and mouse catching: men and women .. ??????????????+ - - 568. Men .... . . . . . . ... .-... . __ + + + + + + + + + + - +- 569. Women .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + 570. Gathering insects, grubs: men and women . . . _ _ + - + + + + + + 571. Men ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + 572. Women .... . . . . ...-... . . . _ + + + - + ????? + _ _ _ 573. Fishing: men and women - - - - - - . . .- - - -- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 574. Men only net, spear fish .. . . ... + + + + + + + + + + _+ + - + -; 575. Women use basket to catch fish .... + + + + + + + + __+ + _ - + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 63 KI Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 576. Acorn gathering: men and women . . . .................... . *o . + +| - + + +| + +| + + + + 577. Men, youths climb trees .. . o o + + - _ o + + + + + + + + + 578. Women gather transport acorns 0 0 + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + 579. Pine-nut gathering: men and women . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 580. Men climb trees knock down cones . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 581. Men and women gather cones . . . . . . + 582. Women only .+ + + + + + + + - + + + _ - + - 583. Men only . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 584. Men and women transport cones . _ + _ _ + - _ - + - - + - _ 585. Women only .+ + + - + + _ _ + + - + _ _ + - 586. Men only . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 587. Men and women prepare pine nuts _ . _ + _ + - _ _ _ + _ _ + - _ 588. Men only .+ . . _ +? . . . . . + _ _ + 589. Women only. _ . + . _ - ++ + + - + - - + - 590. Gathering of small seeds: women only + + + + *+ + * + + + + + + + + 91. Cooking: men and women .+ + - + + + - + + - + 592. Women prepare, cook plant foods ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 593. Men only, cook meat- + - . - .+ - + + - - 594. Women only, cook meat.- - + - _ - + - - + - 595. Men and women cook meat.+ - _ *+ *+ + 596. Carrying water near camp: men and women . . . + +? 597. Men only . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? + 598. Women only . .- - + + + + + + + + + + + - 599. Carrying water long distance: men and women. .? ? ? ? ? ? +? 600. Men only . .+ + + *+ + + + + + + + 601. Women only . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 602. Fire making: men and women- +. . . . . . . . . . + 603. Men only . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 604. Wood gathering: "kindling" wood, men and women - - +? 605. Men only . . . . . . + - _ - + + + - - - 606. Women only .+ + - + + + - + + + - - - + + + 607. Wood gathering: large logs, men and women . . - - + - *+? 608. Men only .+ - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 609. Women only . . . +? . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing Activities 610. Baskets: women only make .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 611. Skin, feather blankets: men and women make . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - 612. Men only or chiefly .+ + + + H + + - + 613. Women only or chiefly . +? . . . . . . . _ -614. Nets: men only make .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 615. Cord: men and women make . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ __ 616. Men, generally.- - - + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 617. Skin tanning: men and women . . . . . . . . . - - - + 618. Men only.- - + + + + + + + + + + + + 619. Women only .+ *+ . + _ _ 620. Clothing: men and women make . . . . . . . . +- - + + ? ? 621. Men only . . . . - - + + + + + + +. _ 622. Women only.+ + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 623. Moccasins: men and women make- + - +? . . . . . 624. Men only.- - _ + + + + + + + + + - 625. Women only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 626. Fish traps: men make . .+ - + + + + + + + + . + 627. Women.- +. +.+ ? ? ? . ._ ++ , 628. Winter house: men and women build.- - +? 629. Men only .+ + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 630. Summer house: men an d women build. i _ _+ + _ _ _ + _ _ + - _ :~631. Men only.+ - + + + _ _+ + + _+ + -+ + 632. Women only - +?_______ 64 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WN WS NM MF NF NM NS MV HOUSES AND SHELTERS Assembly and Living Houses * Semisubterranean Earth Lodge 633. Semisubterranean earth lodge .... . . . . . *+ *+ * + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 634. Circular ground plan .... . . . . . + + _ _ _ _ + + + *+ *+ + + + + + 635. Elliptical ground plan .-. . . . . . . _ *+ - + 636. Rectangular ground plan .-.. . . . . . - _ + + *+ 637. Trapezoidal ground plan ... . . . . . - - - - + + 638. l-pitch roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + _+ +_ 639. 2 ridgepoles .... . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + + + 640. Hip-roof, rectangular type ..... . + + + + _ + _ 641. Hip-roof, conical type . . . . . . . . . _ _+ +? 642. Conical roof .... ................ _ _ + + *+ *+ *+ + *+ + _ 643. Multipole foundation .?.?.?.-. . . . . _ _ 644. 4-pole foundation .... . . . . . . . + + 645. 3-pole foundation .... . . . . .. + 646. Center pole as foundation .. . + - *+ + + 646a.Domed roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 647. Center posts .... . . . . . . . . . + - + + *+ + + *+ + + + + + + 648. 1 . _ _ *+ + *+ + + + + + _ _ _ - 649. 2 . ......... + + 650. 4 .+.?... . . . . . . . . . . . + 651. Medial posts. + . . . . . . . . *+ ? _ 652. Side posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 653. End posts .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + 654. 4 corner posts .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ *+?????+ 655. Slope inward .... . . . . . . + + _ _+ _ +??? 656. Vertical walls .... . . . . . . . . - _ + + - - *+ *+ + _ 657. Entire floor excavated .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 658. 1-2 ft. . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ + - _ _ *+ - + - + - _ 658a.3-5 ft. ..... . . . . .... _ + + + *+ + + + *+ + + - + + 659. Plank covering .... . . . . . . . . + + -+ _ __ ) *+ _ 660. Planks vertical ....... . - _ + _ _ _ - + +? 661. Planks slope inward ... . . . + +? 662. Bark or slab covering .... . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ *+ + - *+ *+ + + + *+ 663. Pole or bough covering . ...... . + + _ - _ + + - *+ *+ + _ _ + - 664. Thatch covering ..... . . . . . + + - _ *+ *+ +? ? ? ? ? + 664a.Pine-needle covering . . . . . . . . . + *+ _ + -_ + 665. Mat covering .... . . . . . . . . . + _ +? 666. Earth all over .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + *+ *+ + + + + + + 667. Earth partial .-... . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ *+ *+ *+? 668. Main entry: ground level ...... . - _ + + - *+ - + *+ *+ *+ + + + *+ 669. "Porch" . . . . . .... ...... - _ + ? ? ? + + _ + - _ + - 670. Flush.- _ + - . . . . . . . +- - -++ + 671. Oriented: E, SE . . . . ? . . . _ _ + + 672. Oriented: S . . . . . . . . . . - + 673. Oriented: W .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . + 674. In end of house .. . + + + *+ + + 675. In side of house ....... . + *+ + + + + + 676. Rectangular ... . . + - + _ _ + + + 677. Converging toward top ..... ??? + + _ + - 678. Domed .?.?.-.?.....+.?.?.?.?.?. _ _ 679. Hide door .?.?.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. _ _ 680. Mat door .-... . . . . . . . - _ + +??+ 681. Bark, brush, or slab door . . . *+ * $ + + - + - 682. Nain entry: roof ................... + + - _ *+ *+ + + - *+ *+ *+ - _ + * 683. Smoke hole ....,. + + _ _ - + + + _ + + + - _ - + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 65 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS NV 684. Separate hole . . . . . . . . . + + - 685. Hole rectangular or square . . . + + + + + - + + + - _ - + 685a.Secondary entry . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + )*+ *+ *+ ) - - + 686. Ground level . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + H + + + - - - - + 687. Side or end of house . - - + *+ *+ + *+ + + + - - - - + 688. For children . . . . . . - - + + + H - *+ + - - - - + 689. For deer, wood . . . . . *+ + + - - - - + 690. Draft hole . . . . . . . - + + + 691. Smoke hole .... . . . . . . . _ 692. Ceremonial use only...?+ - 693. Single fireplace . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + 694. Center of house . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ *+ + + + + 695. Between center and door . . . .*+ *+ *+ - _ _ 696. Between draft hole and center post . . . . + *+ 697. Beside main (ground) entrance. . ?+ - - + +? 698. On surface or in shallow de- pression . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + *+ 699. In definite pit . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - + _ _ + - _ _ _ 700. Cooking fire outside dwelling . . . . . + + *+ *+ 701. Smoke hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + *+ + + * *+ + + + + + + 702. Draft hole in rear of house . . . + + + + _ + *+ * . - *+ 703. House ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + * 704. Notched plank or log . . . . . .) 705. 2 poles, rungs tied between . + + - - + + + - - + + + 706. Center post as ladder 707. Crosspieces lashed on . . ?? +? 708. Interior wall coverings . . . . . . . . + 709. Tule mats . . . . . . . . . . .+++ 710. Hides . . . .+-+ 711. Bark slabs to bank walls . . . . _ _ _ + - . _ _ 712. Planks to bank walls . . . . . . ++ 713. Bed scaffolds . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 714. Floor coverings and pallets . . . . . . + + ) + + + + + + + + + + + + 715. Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 716. Loose grass or boughs . . . . . + + - + + _ 717. Pine-needle pallet.+ + *+ - + + + + + + . 718. Wooden stool . . . . . . . . . . . . .+)*+ 719. Individually owned . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + . + 720. Chief nominal owner . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + . _ 721. Rich man . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 722. Shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 722a. Communally owned . . . . . . . . . . . +. 723. Used as living house . . . . . . . . + + + + + - *+ * + + + - 724. 1-family . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + - + 725. Multifamily . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 726. To sleep in, only . . . . . . . + + + + 727. For sleeping, cooking . . . . . + _ + + + *+ + + + - _ - + 728. Serves as sweat house . . . . . . . . . (+) + + + + + + + + + + + 729. Serves as assembly house . . . . . . . + + + *+ *+ *+ + + + + *+ *+ + + + *+ 730. Open to both sexes . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + - 731. Open to men only . . . . . . . . + + + + + 732. Women admitted only during * ceremonies . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ - + + + - _ _ - + + 733. Used for shamanistic activities. *+ * *+ *+) H+* *+ *+ *+ * + *+ *+ *+ + 733a.Winter use mainly . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + *+ _ _ *+ 734. Summer use mainly . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 735. Used throughout year. . . _ + - + - + + *+ - _ + + + 66 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM4 WS MM NF NF NM NS MV Domed Living House 736. Domed living house . . ........... . *+ *+ _ _ - *+ *+? 737. Elliptical ground plan ... . . . . . + *+ 738. Circular ground plan .-....... . _ *+ - - + + 739. Domed roof .... . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ *+ +- 740. Pole or bough covering ... . . . . . _ *+ 741. Thatch covering .... . . . . . . . . _ + +? 742. Mat covering .... . . . . . . . . . + + _ _+ +? 743. Earth covering partial ... .... . + *+ ___++? 744. Main entrance at ground level .. . + + - _ _ + +? 745. Oriented: E, SE . . . . . . . . + ++ 746. In end of house ... . . . . . + +? 747. In side of house ... . . . . . _ _ + _? 748. Rectangular ... . . . . . . . _ _ + +? 749. Domed .... . . . . . . . . . + +? 750. Mat door covering ... . + + _ _ - + +? 751. Entire floor excavated .?. . . . . . . + 751a. Single fireplace . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + +? 751b. Used as living house ... ..... . _ *+ _ _ - + +? 752. 1-family .... . . . . . . . . _ +?_ 752a.Multifamily . . . . . . . . . . - + + 753. Used as cook house only ... . . . + *+? Conical Hut and Lean-tos 754. Conical hut .- . . . + *+ *+. *+. *+ _ _ *+ *+ *+ *+ 754a.Bark covered .- __ ) __+ + + -.+ . _ + + + + 755. Thatch covered ..?.?.?. . . . ... . _ __ __ + 756. Mat covered .... . . . . . . ... . - -H- _i) 756a.4-pole foundation . . . . . . . . . . . - - *+ + + - _ _ - + + 757. Doorway flush .-.-. . . . .) _ - + + + + _ + *+ + 757a. Doorway projecting .-.-. .-. . . ) - _ _ - + *+ - 757b. Oriented E, SE . . . . . . . . . . . . - - --- + + -+ 758. Living house .... . . . . . . . . . - - *+ + + + + 758a..Multifamily . . . . . . . . . . _ + *+ +_ 758b.Used throughout year ... . - - (+). - + - +?+ _ _ 758c.Used in winter ... . - - . - ? . + - + 759. Used in summer . - - -- - - ) - - ++ 759a. Summer cook house . . . . . . . . . . . +? 760. Single lean-to .... . . . . . . . . . .. - *+ *+*+? 761. Back wall .. . . . . . ..... . - + +? . 762. Lacking back wall . . . . ..... . . +?_ _? 763. Double lean-to .-.+. .?.+?.. .. . +. . . . +. . 763a.Lean-tos: plank covered . . . . . . . . . . . + 763b.Lean-tos: bark covered . . . . . . . . . . ...+ 764. Lean-tos: brush covered . . . . . . . . . . . - +?- 765. Lean-tos: mat covered . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + Sweat Houses and Sweating Customs Earth-covered Sweat House 766. Earth-covered sweat house . . . ...-. . . . . *+'+ * H*+ *+ * * *+ *+ * *- - -*+ 766a.Elliptical ground plan .. . + + _ * _ 766b.Single ridgepole . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + 766c.Excavated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+- 766d.Board floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 767. Pole, bough, or thatch covering . . ....?.................. +_ + *'+? ? ? __+ 767a.Bark or slab covering .-...................... + _ + + ?___? __+ - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 67 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 767b. Earth covering partial . . . . . . . . + 768. Earth covering all over . . . . . . . . + + *+ + - - + _ + + 768a.Main entrance through roof . . . . . . - - + + 768b.Main entrance at ground level .+ + - - + _ - + + _ + + 768c.Flush . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ i) 768d.In end of house . . . . . . . . + + _ *+? 768e.Secondary entrance at ground level . . _ _ *+ + _ _ +? 769. Sliding wooden door . . . . . . . . . . *+ 769a. Stone paved "porch" . . . . . . . . . . + 769b.Steam or hot-rock heat . . . . . . . * ) 770. Direct-fire heat. . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + 770a.Small, for 1-4 persons . . . . . . . . *+ + - + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ _ 770b.Large, for group . . . . . . . . . . . ++++ 770c.Used throughout year . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 771. Used in winter only . . . . . . . . . . ++ 772. Used by both sexes . . . . . . . . . . ++) 773. Used by men only . . . . . . . . . . . +- - + 774. Used by mourners only . . . . . . . . . *+ 775. Communally owned . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Plains-Type Sweat House 776. Plains-type sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *R *R *+ *+ *+ - 777. Dome shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + R R + ) + + 778. Mat covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + R - + )? 778a.Hide covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + R R + 779. Brush, bough covered . . . . . . . . . _- - + - - + ) *+ + + - 780. Small, for 1-3 persons . . . . . . . . + + + + R R + ) + + + - 781. Steam heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ R R + ) + + + - 782. Used throughout year . . . . . . . . . + + + R R + H+ 783. Used in suimmer only . . . . . . . . . . +?_ _ ) +? Sweating Customs 784. Individual sweating . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + R + - *+ *+ - _ _ - + - 785. Sweating in groups of 2-4, or larger .+ *+ + + + + + + + + *+ + + + - + *?86. Women sometimes sweat with men . . . . . . . + + + *+ R *+ + *+ + + *+ + - 787. Women sometimes sweat separately . . . . . . + + + + R + *+ - _ *+. 788. Sweating daily or every 2-3 days . . . . . . . + - -*+ + R *+ *+ 789. Sweaters sit or crouch . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + R + + +? 790. Sweaters lie down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + - _ + - 791. Sweaters "dance around". . . . . . . . . . . . .*+ *+ _ + + + + +? ? ? + 792. Formalized sweat dance . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - ) 793. Sweaters kneel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + R + + +? 794. All men sleep in sweat house occasionally . . + + - - + - *+ + - _ 795. Male mourners sleep in sweat house . .+ + ?+ 796. Unmarried old men sleep, eat in sweat house .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + - *+ $ - + * * * * 797. Men gamble in sweat house .+ + + + + + + + - * * 798. Men work (handicrafts) in sweat house . . . . _ - + - - *+ *+ * - + + + *+ *799. Youths gather fuel for sweating . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 800. Office of fire maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ *+ - . *+ + *+ 801. Competitive sweat groups . . . . . . . . . . . + 802. All sweators sing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - + + + + + + 803. 1 man sings for group . . . . . . . . . . . . - )*+ *+ - + *+ - _ _ 804. Sweat for success in hunting . . . . . . . . . + +. _ 805. Sweat for success in gambling . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - + +? 806. Sweat for general good luck . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + _ + + - + + 807 Sweat as cure for disease . . .+ + + + + R + + + *+ - _ . + + 808. Scarify selves, let blood drip on hot rocks - + + *+ * - + +?___ 809. Sweat to cleanse body . - + + + + - + +?____-+ 68 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS NM M N? NM NS NV 810. Pray or wish while sweating .... . . . . . + + R *R *+ + *+ *+ + 811. Cold bath follows sweat . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ *+ + + *+ + *+ + + + - + House Furnishings and Arrangement 812. Blankets .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 813. Elk and deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 814. Painted hides for fine blankets . . . . _ +? 815. Woven rabbitskin blankets . + - - - + + _ + + + + + + + 816. Patchwork skin blankets . . . . . . . . + + - - - + + + + + + + + + + 817. Deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ - - - - - - + _ _ + 818. Coyote skin . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + ? 819. Wildcat skin . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ + + 820. Raccoon skin . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - + + - _ 821. Rabbitskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + 822. Blue-fox skin . . . . . . . . . + + 823. Buffalo hides, imported for blankets. . _ + + *+ + + 824. Feather blankets . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 825. Loose tule, grass blanket covering . . + + + + - + 826. Pillows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + + + + + + 827. Individual wooden pillow . . . . . . . - - _ + ? 828. Pole pillow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + _ - + + + - 829. Piece of wood or rock . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ _ + + + . + 830. Rolled skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + 831. Rolled tule mat . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + 832. Leaf or grass pillow . . . . . . . . . _i) + 833. Pine needles heaped up for pillow . . - + - _ - (_) + _ t834. Wooden foot drum .- *R *R + *+ *+ * + t835. Hollow half log . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - -. R + + + + ++ t836. In line with door . . . . . . . . . . . - . - R R + + + + ++ t837. Over hole in ground . . . . . . . . . . _ .. + + + + .+ t838. Post before drum . . . . . . . . . . . - - R R + .+ t838a.Houses in rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + - + +? t838b.Houses in circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ _ __ Shelters Brush Enclosures and Shades 839. Roofless circular brush enclosure . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + _ + + -+ + 840. Large, used for ceremonies . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + _ + + -+ + 841. As camping place for visitors. . - + + + + + + + + + ? 842. At cemeteries only . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - i) + -+ + 843. Fire in center . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + - + + - + + 844. Opening(s) oriented . . _- + + + + - + * + + - *+ _ .+ 845. Same, but smaller, for suimmer shelter . - _ + + - - + - + + - + + - - - 846. Partly roofed over . . . . . . . - + + - 847. Roofed circular brush enclosure . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + - + ??_ 848. Shades. + + - - + + + + + + + - + + *+ 849. Horizontal roof . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + + + - 850. Sloping roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 851. 4 supporting posts . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 852. 3 side walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 853. Brush heaped around pit mortars, for shade . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - (+) + + - _ 854. Conical bark grinding house, 2 families . . . _ _ - + *+ +. Menstrual Huts 855. Menstrual hut .+...... + +*+ + *+ + + +*+ *+ + + + + + + 856. Similar to living house, but smaller. . _ _ - *+ - + *+ *+t - - _ _ *+ *+ + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 69 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 857. Cook house used as menstrual hut . . . *+ + - - *+ MEANS AND METHODS OF TRANSPORT Water Transport Boats and Ferriage 858. Dugout canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ *0 _ + + + + *0 *0 - - 859. Sharp prow and stern . . . . . . . . . + + - o o o - - 860. Shovel prow and stern . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + o _ + + + + o o - - 861. Carved gunwale, turned in . . . . . . . _- - + - - o _ _ _ _ _ o o - - 862. Ends rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + - - o? ? ? ?o o - 863. Carved in seat . . . . . . . . . . . . + o-- 864. Carved in footbraces. . . . . . . . . . _ oo o - - 865. Manufactured .+ + - + + + o _ + + + + o o - - 866. Hollowed by burning . . . . . . + + - + + *+ o _ + + + + o o - - 867. Commonly and frequently used . . . . . + + _ _ i) + o??????o o - - 868. Log raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + o + + 869. Used to transport goods only . . . . . * * + + + o - - 870. Tule balsa..?. .....?.?.. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ o 0 - 871. Raised prow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - + 0 -- o872. Length in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 15 - 5 ?????0o o -- o873. Maximum number of passengers .- - 2 - 3 ??????? o o - - 874. Bundles lashed together . . . . . . . . + - + o o - - 875. Towed by rope . . . . . . . . . . . . .+-- 876. Propelled with paddle . . . . . . . . .+-- -877. Tule raft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+- o878. Length in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . - 10 - *6 - - 8 - - - - - -- *879. Maximum number of passengers .5 - 2 - - 3 - -o o - - 880. Bundles lashed together . . . . . . . . + + - + - - +?0 0 - - 881. Bundles pinned together . . . . . . . . + ? 0 - - 882. Towed by rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . +-- 883. Poled . . . . .+-- 884. Paddled with hands.+?o o - - 885. Single-bladed paddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886. Blade end convex . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + - - 887. Blade end squared . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ - - + 0o o-- 888. Blade end pointed . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _o o- 0 - *889. Length in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 5 3 *5 --5 -- 00-- 890. Poling rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + 0 0-- 891. Plain or pointed end . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + - + + + 0 0 - - 892. Split base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + .0 0 - - 893. Basket bailer .............. + * + + + - + + - 0 - - 894. Grooved stone anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . + o o - - 1895. Boatman must ferry traveler free of charge + *+ + + + + + . o o - - 896. Ferriage in baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + _ - o + - 897. Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + _ + - 898. Goods. . ..... _ + + + + + ---0 + - 1899. Ferriage by swimmers . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + o + + 900. Children ferried on swimmer's back . . + + + + + o + - 901. Swimmer lies on tule float; children cling to float . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - - 0 - - 902. Swimmer holds goods above water in 1 hand, swims with other . . . . . . . + + _ + + + - + 0 + + 903. Bridges ........ .. . ... . .++.. + + + + + + + 0 0 + + 904. Single-log bridge . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - o o + + 905. 2poles tied together. ........ +?_____+?00_ oo- - 906. Several poles, spliced at end . ....1I~~-l-+ +- -l 0 0 - - 70 AN[HROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW -At AW AE WT WM WS MM IMF NF NM NS MV Swimming 907. Pseudo breast stroke, arms and legs together + + + _ + + + - + + + + + 0 * + 908. Side stroke.. . + *+ - + + + *+ o * 909. Dog fashion, arms under water. + + *+ *+ + + + + + - *+ *+ o * + 910. Double overhand, arms moving alternately + .*+ - + - *+ - + - ) o 911. On back, frog stroke. + + - + + + + + + + - - o + + 912. Under water ............... + + + * + + + + + o + + 913. Jump in water, feet first. *+ *+ ++ - - o - + 914. Diving, head first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + o + + Land Transport Carrying Devices 915. Pack strap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 916. Plain, of hide . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + - 917. Woven or braided pack strap . . . . . . + - + + ? ? ?+ . - + 918. Of 2-ply materials . . . . . . . + - . + + - + 919. Ends braided, narrower than rest + - .? __+ . - + 920. Made from vegetable fiber . . . + - . + ??+ . - + 921. Pack strap of twisted rope . . . . . . - + + _ + - + + + + + + + + + + 922. Root or bark headband for packing . . . . . . _ + 923. Basketry hat for packing . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 924. Net carrying bag or "sack" . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ ) + + + + + + . - 925. Small mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + () + + + + + + . _ 926. Approximately trapezoidal in shape - + - *+ +i) + * * + . _ . _ 927. Cased hide bag (exclusive of quivers). . + + + + + + - + + _ + - + 928. Folded hide bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ - - *+ *+ *+ 4_ *+ *+ *+- *+ 929. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ _ + _ + + - + 930. Rawhide . ....... + + - _ _ + _ + + + - - 931. Sewn at edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + ? ?+ + + - + 932. Tied at corners . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + _ +? 933. Pinned together with stick . . . . . . - + 934. Opens at side . . . . . . . . . . . . . -+- i) 935. Opens at top . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - + - + + - 936. Load rolled up in mat . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + - _ - + ? 937. Load rolled in hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + 938. Back carrier of hide on frame . . . . . ) *+ *+? 939. Conical hide container used for back packing *+ *+ +? ? ?? + - _ _ _ 940. Pack basket (details under Basketry) . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 941. Baby cradles (details under Basketry).- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 942. Litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + R + + + + . + + + + *943. Net or thongs bound to pole framework . + + + - + R + + + + - - + + *944. Large skin used as litter . . . . . . . + + 945. Sled. ...... .+*+? . _ o --o Methods of Packing 946. Pack strap spreads over top of head . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 947. Pack strap spreads over forehead . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ??????? + + 948. Pack strap spreads across chest . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 949. Women only use strap on head, forehead . . . . + + + + ?????? + + + + + + 950. Men, women use strap on head, forehead . . . . _ _ + + + + + +? 951. Men only use strap across chest . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + - 952. Men, women use strap across chest . . . . . . + + + _+ + + 953. Sick carried on litter . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + R + + + + - + + + + 954. Double, load between 2 or 4 . . . . . . + + + - _ + -_ - + + + - + - + + 955. Sick packed on back. ............ + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 71 Kl Mo SE SW|At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MIFNF NM NSMV 956. Atop load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + - + + 957. In pack basket . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 958. Loads carried on head . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 959. Grass, tule, or btrk ring . . . . . . . 960. Hands support load . . . . . . . . . . 961. Liquids.(.) ..... . . . . . . . . 962. Loads carried on shoulder .+ + _ *+ *+ + + + + + - - R + R 963. Load suspended from pole, man at each end . *+ *+ + + *+ 964. Liquids carried waiter style on upturned palm. - + + * *+ *+ - + + *+ + + + + + TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS Weapons Bows 965.Selfbow .............. + + + + + + + + + +- . + + *966. For rough or occasional use only . . . + + + + + + + + + + + +-+ + + 967. Sinew-backed wooden bow . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + *+ + *+ *+ + *+ + + + + + + 968. Made locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ - + + + + - . _ _ 969. Imported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + _ + *+ + 970, Bow wood from N (shady) side of tree . . . . . + _ + 971. Recurved tips . + + + + + + + + + + + + - . + 972. Middle recurve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . . + 973. Slight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + + + + . + 974. Pronounced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . 975. Constricted grip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +76. Sinew bowstring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 977. 2-ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 978. 1-ply, fine strands glued together - . - _ - + - 979. Vegetable-fiber bowstring . . . . . . . . . . + + + . - . 980. Gut bowstring ............... . 980a. Hide-thong bowstring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88l. Design(s) painted on bow . . . . . . . . . . . + 982. Wristguard on left arm . . . . . . . . . . . . + Arrows .83 Arrowheads of flaked stone . . . . . . . . . . + + + 984. Stemmed, no definite barbs . . . . . . + + + 985. Concave base, notch in each side . . ?? *+ + t86. Concave base, no notches . . . . . . . *987. Barbed and stemmed . . . . . . . . . . _ 988. Toothed edges . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 989. Ground stone arrowheads . . . . . . . . . . .. + 990. Bone arrowheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 991. Awl-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992. Stemmed, no barbs . . . . . . . . . . . 993. Barbed .+- -+. . . . . _ 94. Solid wooden shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 995. Cane shaft..+ + + + + + - - - o- 996. Used for ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - oo- 997. Single shaft, no head . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + - + + _ 998. Sharp. ....... + + + - + + - + + ? 999. Blunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + ? 1000. For birds, squirrels, etc. . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + 1001. For fish .-......- ... ___+-_ + +___ ? 1Q02. Foreshaft, no other head. .......... + + - + + + + + - + + (i) + $+ + 1003. Foreshaft plus head . . - + + + + - - + + + + + ++ 72 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1K Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1004. Head, minus foreshaft . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + + - . 0 - * 1005. Bird arrow with cross-stick tip . . + + + + + - + - . + + 1006. Bird arrow, wrapped tip .... . . . . . . . + +? + t1O07. Feathering tangential .-... ? ? ??_. _ _ _ . 1008. Feathering radial, 3 vanes .+ + + *+ + + + + + + + ) + + + + 1009. Spiraled . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . - 1010. Arrows painted .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + - + - + + + + + - - . + 1011. For identification ... . . . . . . _ _ + + + + - - _ 1012. Pyrographic ornament. + 1013. Arrows grooved .-... . . . ....... . + - _ - + + - + - + i) . . 1014. Arrow poison .+ + + - + - + - . - + - _ . ++ 1015. Liver or gall .... . . . . . . . . *+ + _ _ + - + + 1016. Snake venom .... . . . . . . . . . + - + - - - + -+ 1017. Red ants .... . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + - +_.? 1018. Flint from certain places poisonous . + + - + +. 1019. Flint of certain varieties poisonous ... . - + + + + + + + + . + Arrow Straighteners and Smoothers 1020. Abrasive stone smoother .... . . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + *+ *+ . . - + + 1021. 1-piece .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + . . - 1022. 2-piece ..... . . . . . ..... . + + + + + .- ++ 1023. Longitudinal groove .. . .... . . _ + + + - + + + + + . . + + 1024. Made purposely .-... . . . + - + . . + + 1025. Natural, worn down + _ + + _. . 1026. Scouring rush for smoothing .-... . . . . . _ + + * o o + - . . 1027. 1-piece stone straightener .... ...... + - - ???????- 1028. Transverse groove(s). . . . . . . . . .. + _ _ 1029. Perforated straightener or wrench ... . . + + . + + + + + + + . . . - 1030. Of horn .... . . . ...... . _ + + + 1031. Of stone .-... . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + *+ + 1032. Of wood .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + . . . - 1033. Forked wooden straightener .-... . . . . . _ + + - - + - . . . 1034. Arrows warmed before straightening ... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1035. Straightened in hot ashes .-.. . . . _ + + + + . + 1036. Straightening with hands and teeth .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1037. Straightening over knee .... . . . . . . . + + + + ???? + + . . + + 1038. Arrows.- _ _ +. . ._. . . - + 1039. Spear poles .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . . + + Shooting Techniques 1040. Primary arrow release.+ + + + + + + + + + + +i) - + + + 1041. Tertiary arrow release . . . . . . . + - _ _ 1042. Mediterranean arrow release . . . . +- - - _ _ _ - i 1043. Bow held horizontally . _ + _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + 1044. Bow held at 450 angle from horizontal. . . *+ + - + + + + - - + + - _ _ _ _ 1045. Bow held vertically . . + _ _ * + _ . . . . . _ + +? 1046. Arrow to right of bow .+ + + + + + + - 1047. Arrow to left of bow . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 1048. Arrow rests on top of bow .... . . .... - - + - - - - + + + l+ + + + * + Quivers 1049. Cased rawhide, fur left on .... . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ + + + + + + + 1050. Buckskin, sewn ..... .. . . . .. . + + - + - +- 1051.Bark .-.................. . _ +- 1052.Twinedtule .. ...... . ++. . . +? . . . ____ 1053.Carriedonback .............. ++- +-__+?_-___ _ 1054. Carried at side under arm. .........|+ + + + |+ + + |+ + + |+ + |+ + + +| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 73 EK Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM M1F N? NM NS MV Clubs 1055. Stone clubs ..-. . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ ++? 1056. "Slave killer" (animal figure) . +? 1057. Paddle-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1058. Imported . ..... . . . . + 1059. Natural cobblestone, cylindrical . + +? .1060. Wooden clubs .+..... + +_ +.+ + + + + + + + 1061. Natural limb .+ + + - _ + + + + + + + + _ 1062. Used in brawls or to kill salmon only ... . . . . . + + + + + + _ 1063. Ball- or knob-ended ... . . . . . . + + + _ _ _ _ ?+ + 1064. Stone or horn spike insert *+ 1065. Straight rabbit club ....... . _ +____+? 1066. Stone head encased in buckskin .-.. . . ) . _ . Fighting Spears 1067. Spear used in war ... . + + . *. - + - _ + + + + _ 1068. Thrust mainly .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1069. Flaked stone point ..... . + .+ - + + + + 1070. Bone or horn point . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daggers, Slings, Bola 1071. Obsidian knife or dagger .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ 1072. Center section buckskin-wrapped . . . + + +? 1073. Hafted wooden handle .----....... 1073a. Bone dagger, awl-shaped . . . . . . . + 1074. Sling .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + _ + + 1075. Used for war .- + + + + + + _ 1076. Used for hunting ......... . _ + + ___+__+??+ 1077. Used as toy .-... . . . . . . . . . _ + + - _ _ _ + + + + _ _ _ _ + 1078. Clay shot .-... . . . . . . . . . . +? 1079. Rocks for shot .-... . . . . . . . _ + + _ _ _ + + + + + - + + - + O1080.Bola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + Armor 1081.Rod jacket .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + ? 4082. Hide tunic, no rods.+ + + + + _ + + + + 4083. Hide helmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . i++ + ++ ++ +-+ 1084. Circular rod shield .-... . . . . . . . . . *+? 084a.Hide curtain as shield .......... . + i) + _ _ - +? Household Implements Mortars and Pestles 085. Bedrock mortar .......... . . . . . . *+ * _ - + + + * o 086. Portable stone mortar .+... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - _ + + + + + + + 1087. Outside rough hewn _ _ _ + + + +? 1088. Outside shaped and smoothed + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1089. Found locally, used commonly + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + _ 1090. Found locally, not used for grinding * food ._. ..... - + + + + + + - + + _ 1091. Found locally, used by shaman - t) + - + - _ _ - + ? L 1092. Regarded as animate object _ * - - -_ + +_ 1093. Regarded as dangerous or poisonous. . _- + + - + _ -+ *+ + . _ _ _-* 1094. Made by myth character______.__+.____+ 74 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _____________________________ KlMo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS M INF NM NS MV 1095. Made by recent humans . . . . . . . . + + + - - + - _ _ _ . + + + + _ 1096. Made locally . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1097. Wooden mortar .... . + +__ . . . . _ + * -+ 1098. Shallow, in side of log. 1099. Deep, in end of log . . . . . . . . . + ++ *1100. Pounding slab .-.......... .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 1101. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1102. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 1103. Hopper basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 1104. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 1105. Made for purpose . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 1106. Old basket adapted . . . . . . . . . - + ???? + _ - i) - -_ 1107. Stone pestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1108. Natural cobble . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1109. Cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + 1110. Tapering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - + + + + + + _ _ 1111. Maul-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1112. Flanged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + ++ 1113. At top . . . . . . . . . . . - - ++ 1114. At bottom . . . - + 1115. Long, slender for deep wood mortar. .?+ - _ _ _ 1116. Made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + + + - _ _ _ 1117. Found.+ ? + ? . ... . . . . . . . . + +++ 1118. Wooden pestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1119. Metate or grinding slab . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - _ - + + - _ *+ _ 1120. Natural, oval . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - - + +?_ . + _ 1121. Squared on 4 sides . . . . . . . . . - - + ++ 1122. Smooth (used) on 1 side only . . . . + + + - + + + - _ - + + - - + _ 1123. Muller .+........ + ++- + +.+ __ _. ++ __+_ 1124. Natural, oval . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ +- 1125. Made, square . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + +? 1126. Made, rectangular . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ 1127. Made, conical (1 horn). . . . . . . . + + +?_ 1128. Made, 2-horned . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1129. Hammerstone and anvil . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1130. Hollowed anvil, for cracking acorns ? ? ? ? + - -- - + + + + 1131. Small natural rock used as anvil + + + + + + - + + + - - - - *1132. "Green" acorns cracked with teeth + | + + + + + + - + Brushes *1133. Soaproot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + 1134. Cylindrical, bunched . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + 1135. Flat, like modern broom . . . . . . . + 1136. Used for mealing . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + 1137. Porcupine quills glued together . . . . . . . + + 1138. Used for mealing . . . . . . . . . . + +?_ 1139. Twigs or brush, bunched . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + 1140. Used for mealing . . . . . . . . . . +? _- 1141. Used for mashing wild fruit . . . . . _ _+ + 1142. Used for sweeping . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ 1143. Bird wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + - + - _ - + - _ _ - + 1144. Used for mealing . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + +?+ 1145. Used for sweeping . . . . . . . . . . + ?+ Stirrers, Stone Lifters o1146. Wooden paddle mush stirrer . . . . . . . . . - + + + + *+ + + + + 1147. Carved . . + 1148. Plain . - + +| + + +| + + + - -l + + + +| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 75 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NE NF NM NS MV 1149. Also used to remove stones from basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - - + - - + + - - + + + + 1150. 2 paddles .-.-.-. . . . . . . _ _ + - - + - - + + ? ? 1151. 1 paddle plus hand + + + + 1152. Single stick used as stirrer . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + 1153. 2 sticks (loose) for stone tongs ... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1154. Used to remove stones from basket + + - + + + - + + _ _ 1155. Used to remove stones from fire . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1155a.Split-stick stone tongs . . . . . . . . . . .i) + Spoons 1156. Horn spoon . + .+ - - +? ? _ . . . . . _ 1157. Carved handle . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158. Horn dipper .- . + .? 1159. Wooden spoon . .....+ + + - - + ? _ _ _ _ .+ 1160. Carved handle . + . ? . . . . . . . . 1161. Wooden ladle . . . . . . . . _ 1162. Bone spoon . . . . . . . . . . . ___ 1163. Deer skull as spoon or dipper _ - _ +? 1164. Fawn forehead, carved . . . . . . . . 1165. Rodent scapula ? . . . . . +? . . . 1166. Breast bone of duck, swan + + - - _ - +? 1167. Fish bone . + . . . . +? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1168. Shell spoon .+ + + + - + + +?+ 1169. Ocean mussel shells, imported _ _ + + + 1170. Freshwater mussels .+ + + + - + + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ + 1171. Used by men and women .+ + + + - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 1172. Spatula for eating .- + . - - + + + - + ? ? _ _ _ 1173. Bone .- . + __++ 1174. Wood.- + . _ _ + + *+ - +? 1175. Deer tail for sipping fruit ciders.- - + + + + - + + + + - + - + - 1176. Handled basketry dipper . . . . . .+ - + + ? + 1177. Small basket, no handle, for dipper - - - + + + + + Knives 1178. Stone, retouched; used for butchering + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 1179. Obsidian.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +. - + 1180. Quartz . . _ . *+ _ 1181. Buckskin wrapped .+ + + + + - + -+ 1182. Sinew wrapped. _ +? . . . . . . . . 1183. Wooden handle . . . - + - * + + _ + - + 1184. Horn handle . + . . -- +? 1185. Bone handle .-... . . . . . . . . . _ + - - + - +? 1186. Stone; split cobble or rough core ... . . . _ _ + _ + + 1187. Bone or horn knife ..-.-.-. . . . . . . . . _ _ + ? 1188. Horn knife used for butchering . .??+ 1189. Beaver tooth engraver . . . . . . . . . . . .+ Manufacturing Implements Awls 1190. Bone ..... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1191. Upper foreleg of deer . - + - + + 1192. Deer ulna.+ + + - + + + - + - . + + + + + 1193. Coyote, porcupine, etc., bone . . . . + - - *+.-_+ 1194. Cactus spine ....................... : 1195. Handle pitch covered. .......|- - - (+)? 76 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT MWSMM MFNF NM S MV 1196. Awl handle wrapped .+.+.-.+.+. . . . . . . . T T I T + Needles 1197. Eyed needle of bone for mats . . . . . . . . - + + _ + R + - + 1198. Notched needle of bone .-.-.. . . . ... . _ _ + + _? _ 1199. Wooden mat needle .... . . . . . . . . . . + +? _ 1200. Bone awl used to sew buckskin ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Shuttles and Spacers 1201. 1-piece wooden net shuttle ... . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + + + . _ _ . _ 1202. Flat stick, ends notched ... . . . + + . + + + + -+ - + . _ _ . _ 1203. Flat stick, ends pointed ... . . . _ _ . *+ *+ 1204. 2-piece shuttle of 2 sticks ... . . . . . . _ _ + + + 1205. String ball, no stick .... . . . . . . . . _ + + 1206. Mesh spacer of wood .... . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + _ + + + + . + - . + 1207. Flat, squarish . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + - _ + + + + . 1208. Flat, rectangular . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + + + - . + 1209. Mesh measured with fingers .-.. . . . . . . _ + + - - + + + + - _ . - + . + Drills, Fire-making Implements 1210. Composite drill, shaft and point .-.. .. . - . - + - + _ _ _ . *+ + 1211. Stone point .... . . . . . . . . . - - ++ - + - - - 1212. Bone or horn point ... . . . . . . _ _ + + 1213. For shell work, pipe making. + + + + 1214. 1-piece bone or horn drill (awl) ...... . _ + + + + 1215. For shell work ........ .. _- + +?????????? 1216. Bow drill, to drill wooden pipes ... . . . _ 1217. 1-piece, held with buckskin in fingers . + + + + . . _ 1218. Rotated, 1 hand, other holding object . + _ + + . _. 1219. Rotated, both hands opposed ... . . . . . . _ 1220. Pipe wood soaked in oil: grub bores through . _ - +????????. . _ _ _ 1221. Small coal used to burn hole, wooden pipe . . . + + + . . - . + 1222. Hand rotated fire-drill .... . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + 1223. 1-piece .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + - 1224. Composite .... . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + 1225. 2 stones struck together, for spark. + + + 1226. Slow match of bark to carry fire .. . . . . *+ + _ - + + + - - + + + - + + + 1227. Smoldering "torch" to carry fire ... . . . + + *+ - - - *+ + *+ + 1228. Live coals carried on stone, wooden slab . . + - + + + + + + + + + + Wedges, Mauls, Axes 1229. Horn wedge or "pick" ...... + . + + + + + + . + + 1230. Wooden wedge ....... ......?.?.?. + ?+ .+ 1231. Natural cobble as maul .... . . . . . . . + + - - + + - + . _ 1232. Wooden maul ................. + + + .?? ? ? 1233. Wooden pounding club .-... . . . . . . . . - - + + + + - + + .+ 1234. Grooved stone ax .*... . . . . . .... . _ + -R _ ___+ + -_ Flakers 1235. Flakers for retouching by pressure . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + (F) * 1236. Of antler .... . . . . . . . . . . _ + - + _- ? __? 1237. Of deer cannon bone .... . . . . . + + - - + _ - + - + + + - - _ 1238. Flaker hafted .... . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + 1239. Flakers for retouching by percussion . . .. + + . - + + - + + + - . + +. 1240. Of stone ................... + + + _ + + - + + _ _ . + + . CULTURE ELEI. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 77 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM* MF NF NM NS MV 1241. Of bone or horn.+ . . _ _ . 1242. Buckskin wrapped ..... . . *+ + _ . _ . . 1243. Stone anvil . . ... + . . . . _ . - 1244. Obsidian heated before flaking .-... . +. _+ - . + MANUFACTURES Textiles Baskets: Weaves 1245. Coiling . . __ . . . __ ++ ++++ 1246. Number of rods . . . . . . --- 3 3 3 3 3 33 1247. "Triangular" (bunched). . . . - - - - R + + + + + + 1248. Clockwise, looking into basket . . . _ _ _ _ + + + + - + 1249. In bowl-type basket . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + + - + 1250. In flat trays . . . . . . . . _ _ + - + + _ 1251. Counterclockwise, looking into basket - - - - +?+ + + . + + 1252. In bowl-type basket. - _ _ + -+ 1253. In flat trays. -+ 1254. Weaving proceeds toward left of worker - - - - + + + + + + + 1255. Awl enters outside (bowl-type basket) - - - - + + + + + + + 1256. Start coiled._ +_+? 1257. Start a knot of weft material....??+ - + - 1258. Start piece of wood . . . . . . . . . 1259. Twining.+ + + +.+ + +.+ +.+ + + + + +++ 1260. Clockwise (looking into basket) . . + + _ - + - _ _ _ .. 1261. Counterclockwise. + + + + + + . . . . 1262. Weaving proceeds toward right . . . + + + + + -..- + 1263. Weaving proceeds toward left . . . . . + 1264. Plain: 2-strand . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1265. 3-strand . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + . _ 1266. Diagonal: 2-strand . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1267. 3-strand . .+ + + + + + + + + + + ? 1268. Closework .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1269. Single-rod stiff warp + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1270. 2-ply flexible warp . . . _ + + + + + 1271. Openwork . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *1272. Lattice twining, for dress fringes only .... . ...... . . . . + - +? *1273. Wrapped twining .... . . . .... + + + + + + +? *1274. Cross-warp twining ..... . .. . + + + + __+ -_)? 1275. Ridge (V) bottom .-... . . . . . . - + - _ . *+ R ? `Baskets: Shapes and Uses 276. Seed beater.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1277. Plain twine .... . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + *+ + 1278. Diagonal twine . . . .-.-. . . . . . - - _ + + - - - - - ? - - - 1279. Radiating warp, circular ... . . . _ _ _ + _ _ + - + _ _ 1280. Parallel warp, oval or triangular . . + + - - + + + - + - + + + + + + 1281. Hoop and sticks, unwoven .. . . . . _ 1282. Oval, hide covering stick framework . - +? 1283. Openwork-bottom sifting basket .+ + . + + + + + 1284. Used as seed beater also ?+ + + + -285. Trays.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ + 1286. Plain twine.+ + + + + + - + + + + + - + + +4+ 1287. Diagonal twine ____.. +___+--_ -+ 1288. Closework.+ + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 78 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM 1F NF NM NS NV 1289. Parallel warp, oval or triangular . ....... + + + + 1290. Radiating warp, circular + + + _ + + + +- 1291. Openwork .... . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1292. Parallel warp, oval or triangular . ..... . . + + - _ + + + ++ 1293. Radiating warp, circular . . - + + + + + + +??????- 1294. Coiled, circular . . _ _ _ *R ????? + + + + + 1295. For winnowing, sifting, or parching + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1295a.Used as meat, fish platter .. . .. + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 1296. Boiling basket .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1297. Plain twine .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +? _ 1298. No decoration.+ + + + + + + + + +- 1299. Overlay designs .-.. . . . . _ + 1300. Coiled .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + 1301. No decoration ... . . . . . _ - + + 1302. Designs. + 1303. Necked water bottle .... . . . . . . . . + 1304. Diagonal twine ... . . . . . . . +?. 1305. Pitched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1306. Burden baskets ....... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1307. Plain openwork twine.+ + + + + *+ + *+ + + + + (+) + +. 1308. True cone, pointed bottom . . - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1309. Truncated cone, flat bottom + + *+ - + 1310. Diagonal twine (at bottom only) .. . . . . ) ? . . . 1311. Used mainly for packing wood, * acorns .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1312. Plain closework twine .... . . - - + ) + + + + + + + + + + 1313. True cone, pointed bottom . . _ * * + + *+ + + + + + + + + 1314. Rounded bottom . . + - -. 1315. Truncated cone, flat bottom . + - - + 1316. Diagonal twine (at bottom only) .+.+... . . . .. .. ... 1317. Used mainly for small seeds + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 1318. Coiled .... . . . . ........... _ _ _ + + - _ _ 1319. True cone .... . . ..... _ _ _ + + - _ _ 1320. Rare . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ 1321. Coating ... ... + - - + - 1322. Of soaproot .. .. .... . . _ _+ _ 1323. Of pitch . . . . .........+ - _ _ 1324. Circular storage basket, wide mouthed . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1325. Twined .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +??????- 1326. Coiled ................ ++ ++++ 1327. Small round baskets .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + 1328. Sides straight or flaring ... . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + - _ _ 1329. Globular .... . . . .. ....... __+ + + + + + 1330. Close-twined .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + i) - _ - - _ 1331. Coiled + + + + + + 1332. Baskets used chiefly, as dishes and contain- ers.. ............... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Baskets: Decoration 1333. Overlay twining .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - . _ _ _ 1334. Banded woven ornament .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + 1335. Sparingly used .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ . _ _ 1336. Shell-bead decoration . . + + R + - + - +?_ 1337. Porcupine-quill decoration ....................... *+ *+ + - + + + - + +?___ 1338. Feather decoration ........................ ____*+- - _ - +? _+ _ - *+ *+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 79 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS NM MF NF NM NS NV 1339. On sides of basket ..... . + + - + + 1340. Patterns in 2 kinds of feathers 1341. Patterns in 3 colors besides back- ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * + + + - *+ + Cradles .1342. Sitting type * + *+ *+ *+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ 1343. "Toe" (Hupa) type . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 1344. Shallow type . * + . . . _ - + + + _ _+ 1345. Basketry, oval outline .- *+ - + + + _ + + +? 1346. Vertical warps .- *+ _ + + + - - + +? 1347. Rod rim . . . ...-... . ... . - _ + +_ 1348. Board . .* . . . . . . . . . ._ _' 1349. Y frame .. . ............... ..... . - _+ 1350. Y-kite frame .*... . . . . * + . . 1351. Head covering . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + *1352. Bed or leg rest bar at bottom . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 1353. Lying type . . . . . ++ ++ + + 1354. Board .+ R . . . . . . . . . . . _ R 1355. Y-kite frame .- -- - R? . . . . . -- 1356. Kite frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357. Willows transverse across frame . . . . . .+ + + + 1358. Basketry. *+? +? 1359. Oval outline . . . . . _ *+ 1360. Rectangular or triangular outline . . . . . *. . . . . . 1361. Vertical warp .*+ ? _ . . + 1362. Rod rim . . . . . .+ . . . . 1363. Soft tule bed attached .+ + - . . 1364. Soft tule, grass bed separate * + * R - R? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + *1364a. Crossbar rest for child's legs . . . + R - *R 1365. Cradle hood ..+ *+*+ *+ + + + + + + + ++ 1366. Twined weave . *+ - _ - + + + - + + + + + + + 1367. Parallel warp . . . . . . . . + + + - 4+ - + + + + + 1368. Radiating warp + + 1369. Hoop or sticks, across top of cradle. R *R *+ 1370. Buckskin draped over hoop . R R + + 1371. Pendants from top or hood . + + + + R + + + - 1372. Cradle lashing .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1373. Laced buckskin .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1374. Woven vegetable fiber . 1375. Cradle entirely buckskin covered _ m _ - _ _ *R 1376. Infant's sex indicated on cradle .+... 4'R + + - R? 1377. By hood design . . . . . . . . . . . 1378. Diagonal lines: boy . . . . . 1379. Zigzag line . ..... . _ R-+? 1380. Boy. - - R . . . . . . 1381. Girl . . . . . . . . 1382. Diamond chain: girl. . . _R + 1383. By lashing design . . . . . . . . . . __ 1384. By position of rim rod . . . . . . . 1385. By shape of cradle *..+ . _ _ _ + + + 1386. Girl's cradle wider at bottom ? ?+ + +? 1387. Girl's cradle wider at top.. + + Elankets 1388. Woven rabbitskin blankets, made locally . . . |- + - -l o + +l o o ol + +l + + + + 80 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1Ki Mo SE SW AtAWAEIWTWMWS| MEF NF NMNS MV 1389. Woven bird-skin blankets . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1390. Woven skin blankets imported only . . . . . . *+ - - - *+ *+? 1391. Warp l-ply fur or bird skin . . . . . . . . + + - - + + _ _ 1392. Warp 2-ply fur or bird skin . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1393. String twisted in with warp . . . . . . . . . + + + 1394. Weft 2 strips of rabbit hide . + *+ + + + + 1395. Weft of vegetable-fiber string . . . . . . . + +? 1396. Weft of bird skins and string .+ +? 1397. Stick to twist fur strips . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + 1398. Plain stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ??????? + _ + 1399. Hooked or notched stick . . . . . . . + - 1400. Skin, fur strips twisted on thigh . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1401. Frame vertical (perpendicular to ground). .? ? ? ? ?+ + + + + + - + 1402. Warp wrapped around 2 vertical posts. _ _?+ + + + + + . 1403. Weaving starts upward . . . . . . . . _ + 1404. Weaving starts downward . . . . . . . _ + + + - 1405. Frame horizontal (parallel to ground) . . . . + +? Mats 1406. Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ - + - _ - -+ 1407. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + 1408. Sewn, stems pierced . . . . . . . . . + + + - + R - ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 1409. With needle . . . . . . . . . + + + - + R - 1410. Checker, string weft . . . . . . . . . + + +?_ 1411. Inner bark of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1412. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 1413. Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1414. String weft ......... .. . . . . . . - - + + + + _ - 1415. Unspun bark-strip warp . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + 1416. Wooden stick bark shredder ..+ + + Cordage 1417. Iris ........ .. .. . . . . . . . . - . + __ + + +? 1418. For deer snares . . . . . . . . . . . - . + - _ - + - +? _ 1419. Milkweed .................. . . _ _ + ++ ++ + .++ 1420. Nettle .......... . ++. . . __ ._ . . ___ 1421. Indian hemp (Apocynum) ............ - + + + + + + + + + + + + 1422. For fish lines . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1423. Human hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 1424. Cordage 2-ply ........ .. .. .. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1425. Plain stick to comb out fibers . . . . . . . + + + + + - + 1426. Twisted on thigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1427. Down thigh, then up . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1428. Down thigh only . . . . . . . . . . . + 1429. Up thigh, then down . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ +??????????- 1430. Thumb guard of shell for fiber drawing . . . + - + - _ + + + . + . _ 1431. Braided cord ........ .. . ++- +. _ + __ _ __ ? ?I) 1432. Rawhide thongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + * + 1432a.Withes of grapevine, willow, etc. . . . . . . - + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + Receptacles (Other than Baskets) Wood, Bark, etc. 1433. Wooden meat platter . *+- 1434. Bark meat, fish platter. . + + + + + + +- 1435. Pine-bark sifter ... . ...... . ..._ + + - + +?___- 1436. Paunch water container .-...... +? ? ? ? ?-___ ___ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 81 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV Stone 1437. Stone vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + - + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ + - 1438. Shallow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ + _ 1439. Manufactured . . . . . . . . _- - + - + ? + - 1440. Natural rock, found . . . . . _ _ _ + + 1441. "Fry-pan" type . . . . . . . _- - + - 1442. Set near fire . . . . . . . . _- - + - + +? 1443. Deep bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . +*+ 1444. Used as water container.?+ - 1445. Water heated by soapstone ring . . . . . . . . . . . 1446. Set directly on fire . 1447. Flat bottomed . . . . . . . . 1448. Round bottomed.. . _ +? 1449. Fire to harden . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - 1450. Grease to harden . . . . . . . . . . - - + Leather Goods Skin Tanning 1451. Green hide soaked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + *+ *+ *+ + + + 1452. Staked out in water . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + - + + _ - _ 1453. Ashes to aid in dehairing . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 1454. Dehaired on pole set at 450 angle . . . . . . + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + *1455. Bone dehairing tool . . . . . + + *+ + + + *+ + + + 1456. Wooden dehairing tool . . . - + - - +? 1457. Stone dehairing, fleshing tool .-..... . + - + + *+ + *+ f 1458. Tanning agent rubbed on, soaked in . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + i) + + + - 1459. Brain solution . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1460. Wild-bird egg yolks . . . . . . . . - + _ _ *+ +? 1461. Acorn soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ^ 1462. Spinal cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - +? t463. Wet hide twisted around upright post, or tree + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1464. Short stick lever to wring out water. + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1465. Hide grained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1466. With hands. . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1467. With unworked cannon bone . . . . . . _- - + + + + . 1468. With wooden implement . . . . . . . . _- - + + - - +? 1469. On loose pole . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470. On blunt post . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + *+ + + 1471. On vertical frame, hide tied at 4 corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + + + - . - 1472. Bear hide only . . . . . . . ) + + . 1473. Pulled back and forth over foot . . . - + + + + + + . + + 1474. Skins smoked, always . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + +? 1475. Skins smoked, occasionally . . . . . . . . . + + - + + . - _ . Preparation of Tanning Agent 1476. Deer brains dried on vegetable-fiber "patty". + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + *+ +. . + . Adhesives Glue 1477. Fish skin +.+++_-++. :1478. Fish internal organs ............| ---| + +|- - -|+ |* 82 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1479. Plant bulb ........ . .... . *+_ 1480. Mountain balm and milkweed . . . . . . . . . + 1481. Pine pitch . . + + + + + + + + *+ *1482. Chokecherry tree pitch . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + . *+ . . . . BODY AND DRESS Care and Adornment of Person Haircut 1483. Long, past shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - - 1484. Bobbed or shoulder length . . . . . . . . . . - + - + _ + + + _ + + + - - + 1485. Men. ..... . . . . - +---++ ? 1486. Women . ..... .. - - - + + + _ + + _ + 1487. Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ _ + + 1488. After death of relative only . . - + - *+ _ + + - + + _ _ _ _ 1489. Close crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ _ + + + + + + + + + - _ 1490. Men . .+ - - - +- + + + + - 1491. Women.. ...... + + + +- + + + + + + + +_ 1492. Girls.. . ..... . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + 1493. Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ *+ + *1494. Infants .+ + - *+ +? *+ 1495. After death of relative only. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1496. Bangs on forehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ ++ 1497. Temple locks, forelock . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ 1498. Scalp lock ............... *+*+_ _ *+ 1499. Hair cut with knife . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ 1500. Hair singed ............... . .++ - + - ++ ?+ _ _ *+ Coiffure 1501. Hair hangs loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1502. Men.. ....... + +? ? ? ??*+_ + + + + + 1503. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ _ + + + _ + + - 1504. Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + - + + + + + + 1505.-Girls.. ...... + + - + + + - _ _ + + - + +- *1506. Hair rolled or bunched on head . . . . . . . - _ + *+ + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + - - *+ 1507. Men.. ..... . . - *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + - - + 1508. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + 1509. Hair combed up, 1 tie on top of head, ends up - _??????. *+ 1510. 1 tie around hair, nape of neck . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + . + + 1511. Men.-. ....... + - _ + + - _ + + - . + + 1512. Women... ...... + - + _ + + + + 1513. Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + - + 1514. Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + - 1515. Hair parted in middle . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + *+ *+ 1516. Part painted red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1517. Commonly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ _ 1518. Doctors only . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1519. Hair braided, three strand . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + _ + _ 1520. 2 braids in front of shoulders, men . + + - _ _ - +? ? ? ? + - 1521. 2 braids in front of shoulders, women - + ??? + - + - 1522. 1 braid down back, men . . . . . . . _ + + +? 1523. 1 braid down back; women, girls . . . + - _ + +? 1524. 2 full-length rolls in front of shoulders . . - + + + + + _ + - +? 1525. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + 1526. Women. . . - + + _ + - + ? 1527. Young women . - + + +?______ 1528. Girls. ................_______+ -+?___ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 83 ____________________________|____________ Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1529. 2 half-length clubs, front of shoulders or at sides of head .-... . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - - - + + +? 1530. Men .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + _ _ _ 1531. Women .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + +. - - - + + +? 1532. Boys .... . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - _? 1533. Girls .... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ ++ + 1534. 1 full-length roll down back . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + +? 1535. Men .-.-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - _ _ ++? 1536. Women .... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ ++? 1537. Girls .?.?.-.-.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. _ + 1538. 1 half-length club down back, men .... . + +? ? _ _ 1539. Hair tied above both shoulders; hangs down unrolled, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540. Ribbons of fur or buckskin ... . .. . + *+ + + + + + + + +? 1541. Buckskin strip with woodpecker scalp. _ - +???? ? +? 1542. Strung shells ... ...... . .... +? 1543. Shell pendants on end .-... . . . . + _ - + + - +? 1544. Hairpins of bone .-... . . . . . . . . . . + - - _ + + + + + _ 1545. Flowers in hair .... . . . . . . . . . . . R - - + - _ - + + + + + + + - Comb or Brush 1546. Soaproot . .......+ + + - + + + + + 1547. Twig bundle ... ...... . .... + 1548. Roots, bound together for flat brush . . . . + _ +? 1549. Porcupine tail .t) + + + + - + + ? 1550. Fishbone . +? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1551. Pine cone. . + + + - o ? + ++__ 1552. Pine needles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1553. Single stick as comb.. _ _ + - + + - _ - + - + - _ 1554. Hands to smooth hair .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Care of Hair 1555. Hair dyed . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . -- + + *R - R 1556. 2 persons delouse each other's heads . . + . + + + + + + + . + 1557. Hair greased.+ + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + 1558. Marrow or fat .+ + + * + + + + + + + (+) + + + 1559. Otter oil . ---+? *1560. Burned pepperwood gourds .o o o + - - - 0 - 0 0 0 _ - 0 - 1561. Vegetable, mineral shampoo . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ _ _ + _ _i-) + - + *1562. Soaproot . . . . . . . . . . . . i ) + - + 1563. Manroot._ +. . . . . 1564. Wild carrot (?) root . . . . . . . . - +? 1565. Seed decoction +? . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 1566. Alkali dust . -+ ? 1567. Hair "whipped" with stick to dry .- + + + + + + + + + + + + 1568. Hair perfumed.- + + + + + + +? 1569. Aromatic plant .- + _ + + + +? 1570. Silver pine nuts, boys, girls + _ _ _? 1571. Beaver musk . . +? . . . . . . . . . . _ 1572. Hunters only .... . . . . . . . . + Face and Body Paints and Powders 1573. Red paint .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1574. Fungus . . . . . . . . . *+ + - _ + _ 1575. Pine flowerets_+ Wf1576. Juice from plants._________*+ _ - - -+_* 1577. Alder sap .................|- - + ll ------ 84 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1578. Mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + - + 9 + + - 1579. White paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 9 * + + 1580. Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - . + - 1581. Ashes ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 582. Ashes taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + _ 1583. Yellow paint ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1584. Pollen, from conifers .+ + _+ 1585. Mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1586. Blue paint: mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ 1587. Green paint: mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1588. Black paint ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *1589. Charcoal or soot . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ *+ + 1590. Mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1591. Mixtures ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1592. Grease or marrow mixed with pigment . - + *i *+ + *+ + + + + - *+ _ *1593. Pitch mixed with charcoal . . . . . . + + + + 1594. Water mixed with pigment . . . . . . - - + + + + 1595. Saliva mixed with pigment . . . . . . + + - +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 1596. Paint base .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - + + + + + _ _ - + +_ 1597. Grease or marrow . . . . . . . . . . + - + - _ _ - + + + - _ - + - _ 1598. Acorn cake . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ 1599. Pitch . . . . . . . . .. . . . + + _+? 1600. Paint applied with fingers. . . . + + + + + + *++ + + + *+ *. - + 1600a.Water as mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ 1601. Grease or marrow on body to prevent chapping. + + +?+ - + - . + *+ 1602. Pitch on arms for warmth . . . . . . . . . .+ 1603. Pitch on body, bird feathers stuck on . . . . + *1604. Body powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - - + + + - + + + + + - 1605. Chalk, powdered . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - - + + +- 1606. Acorn flour, finely ground ?+ + + + _ 1607. Oak balls, ground . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 + + 1608. Oak wood, rotten . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1609. Puff balls, inner powder .. . . . . . _ + 1610. Skin soothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + *1611. Cooked acorn mush . . . . . . . . . . + + 1612. Eyebrows blackened . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + - _ Deformation, Mutilations on Living o1613. Head flattening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + +?_ 1614. Nasal septum pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . R + + *+ + + + - *+ *+ + + + - 1615. Men. . ...... R + + + + + + - + + + - + 1616. Women. . ..... R + + + + + + - + + + + ++ 1617. Ear lobes pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *R + + *+ + + + + + + + 9 + + + + 1618. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + + + + + + + + - + 9 - + + 1619. Women.. .... . R + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1620. Ear rims pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ -+ 1621. Tattooing . . . . . . . . . .*+ + + + + + + *+ R R -+ 1622. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + + + *+ + *+ + - R 1623. Women. . . ... R++ + + ++ + R R R + 1624. Chin, 3 wide stripes . . . . . . . . - + + + ????_ 1625. Chin, 3 narrow stripes . . . . . . . - - - - *+ R R R 1626. Vertical lines . . . . . . . . . . . R + + + + + + + 1627. Cheeks, horizontal or radiating from mouth. . . . . . . R + - + + + + - - + - _ _ 1628. Forehead, vertical line(s) . + 1629. Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + - + + + *+ 1630. Hand . - - - - - -+ + - _ _ _ 1631. Legs .-.... ..... -_+__+ - +?_____ 1632. Chest .............. ____++? ? ? ?-_ __ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEMAST CALIFORNIA 85 |E1 No SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS NV 1633. Cut with stone knife ....... . + + + + + + - + R R - - - 1634. Cut with porcupine quill . . + . . . _ 1635. Charcoal rubbed in ........ . + + + - + + + - R R 1636. Soot rubbed in . .-..... . _ _ + + _ _ . . _ 1637. Plant juice rubbed in . . .+... . . _ _ *1638. Burning ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + R - __ 1639. On arms .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + R - _ _ 1640. Depilation .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + 1641. Eyebrows .... . . . . . . ... . + ? ? ?+ _ + - 1642. Beard .... . . ..... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + 1643. Deer-bone tweezers ... .... . . +? 1644. Plucking with fingers ... . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + 1645. Ashes on fingers, for plucking . + + + . . + _ 1646. Plucking, stone flake opposed to fingernail ..-..+ . . . . +? . . . _ 1647. Shaving with obsidian or flint . . . * _ * 1648. Beard allowed to grow .-.. .... . + - - + + *+ - - + + *+ _ Ear, Nose Ornaments; Necklaces, etc. .1649. Earrings .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *R + + + + + + + + + + - - + + 1650. Bone ring ..-. . ..... . - _ - +? 1651. Clamshell beads ..... ...... . . _ + + _ + + + + + _ 1652. Buckskin string .... . . . . . . . + + + *+ + - + + + + ? 1653. Dentalia pendant .... . . ... . R - + + i)--+ +? *1654. Flat shell pendants .. . .... . . _ + + + + + + _ + _ 1655. Haliotis pendant .. . .-.... . . _ _ + + - +? ? ? ? ?+ _ 1656. Ear stick: wooden .*... . . . . . . . . . . R + + - + + + + + + + - + *+ *+ *+ 1657. Worn when hole healing, only . . . . R + - + + + +? 1658. Worn during dances only ... . . . . + + + + 1659. Plain, 1/2-inch long ..... . + + + + - + 1660. Painted design ..-.-.-. . . . . . +? 1661. Burned design .... . . . . . . . . R? 1662. Shell beads or pendant on end ... . ???? + + + + 1663. Ear tube: bone. + - - + - _ _ - + ) + + - + 1664. Worn when hole healing, only . _ + + - + +? 1665. Applied decoration .+ 1666. Feathers on end . . . . . . . . . . . + 1667. Shell beads or pendant on end...++-+ i668Ear tube: shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R - + ) _+ ? - 1669. Solid-shell cylinder . . . . . . . . +? + ? _ _ 1670. Dentalium .R - . . . . . _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ 1671. Feather in ear . . . . . * + . . . . _ + _ _ ? 1672. Quill alone in ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 673. Flowers in ear.- - + - _ + - + - + + +9- 1674. Nosepins. R + + - + + + _+ + + - 1675. Bone, bipointed . . . . . . . . . . . R + + - + + + + + + - 1676. Solid-shell cylinder . . . . . . . . + 1677. Dentalium through nose ...... . R + + + + + + ) _+ *1678. Wooden nosepin .... . . . . . . . R + + - + - + + + - + 1679. Feather .... . . . . . . . . . . . R - + - + *+ + 1680. Nose pendants. R + + + + + + + 1681. Bone ring ._ +? . . . . . . . . . 1682. Strings of beads .R + + + + + + _ 683Necklaces .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1684. Deer hoofs or dewclaws . . . . . . . - + - _ - + __ 1685. Bear teeth.. + - + + +?_____ e 1686. Elk teeth .9................... + + - + _ _ _- e 1687. Bear claws ................... . + + + + - +?_______+. 1688. Bird claws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * - + + + 86 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS JM MF NF NM NS NV 1689. Dentalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + + - + + + + ???? 1690. Olivella whole shells . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + - + + - + . +. 1691. Clamshell disk beads . . . . . . . . - + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1692. Haliotis pieces . . . . . . . . . . . - + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1693. Banjo-shaped haliotis pendant . . . - + - +??????_ 1694. Bone tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1695. Deer, coyote, wildcat carpals . . . . _ _ _ +????????_ 1696. Pine nuts or shells . . . . . . . . . i) *+ + *+ *+ + + + + +?????_ *1697. Braided sweet grass . . . . . . . . . o + o + + o - 1698. Wildflowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . R --+ + + + *1699. Belts of hair ................ *+ + + + + + + + + + ? 1700. Worn by women . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ? *1701. Worn continually . . . . . . . . . . 1702. Worn on special occasions only . . + + + + - + + ? 1703. Flower wreaths on head . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 1704. Boys and girls, playing . . . . . . . - + + + + + 1705. Girls, at girl's puberty dance . . . R - _ _ _ + + - _ - + - _ Cane or Staff 1706. Straight stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1707. Sharpened at lower end . . . . . . . + + + + - + + - + + 1708. Used by old people . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1709. Old men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710. Old women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1711. Single cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1712. 2 canes, if crippled . .+ + + + + + + + + + + Dress Headgear 1713. Basketry cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + $ + + + - _ _- 1714. Plain twine . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - R + - *1715. 3-strand diagonal twine . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - R + - _- ?? 1716. Coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1717. Worn habitually, by women . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ + ? 1718. Worn habitually, by men . . . . . . . + - _ _ _ * * 1719. Worn for packing, not worn habitually - - - - - - - - + _ _ - _ 1720. Worn for dances, not worn habitually. - - - - - _ - R + - + - - - - 1721. Designs on cap . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - R + + + - - 1722. Men's undecorated . . . . . . . . . . + + +? *1723. Fur cap. ............... + + + +*+ + + - + + _ 1724. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + _ 1725. Women .?.?.?.?....... . __ +-+. . . . __ 1726. Buckskin cap ................ + + *+ + + + - + + _ _ 1727. Solid buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1728. Buckskin pierced with holes . . . . . + + 1729. Worn habitually . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1730. Band around head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - - + - + - - + 1731. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + +- 1732. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ + - + - _ _ 1733. Men only . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + _ + + + + + 1734. Doctors only . . . . . . . . + - - *+ - + + _ + _ _ 1735. Eyeshade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ - - - _+? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1736. Charcoal around eyes for snow-blindness . . + *+ + + + + + + + + - Robes 1737. Woren rabbitskin blanket..........|-+--|++ |--+|+-|++-+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 87 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1738. Woven bird-skin blanket . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1739. Mat of whole tule or rush . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1740. Bark cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + 1741. Cloak of shredded tule . . . . . . . . . . . - + - *+? 1742. Deer fur robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1743. Single hide, tied at front of neck $+ *+ * + '+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + *+ + + 1744. Single hide, tied over shoulder *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ - *+ + *+ . 1745. 2 hides sewn together . . . . . . . . _- - + + + + + + _ + + + + - _ 1746. Painted on bare side . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + 1747. Bear fur.. .-..... . . + + + ? + _ _ .+ ____ -1748. Elkhide.. ......... + + + ++ + +-+ . ? 1749. Puma fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ - + + + - + - +? 1750. Patchwork cape of small mammal hides + *+ + + + - * + - + - + + Shirts and Gowns 1751. Women's buckskin gown . . . . . . . . . . . . R + R *+ R + + + - - + + _ _ _ _ 1752. Imported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ . *+ ? ? _ _ _ _ _ o1753. Number of skins . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 2 2 2 $23 *1 2 2 1754. To knee or more .R + R + R + + + + + 1755. Tied at back of neck...._+ 1756. Tied in back, at waist . . . . . . . _ *1757. Skins, front and back . . . . . . . . _ + 1758. Tied over 2 shoulders, at waist 2 * sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + _ - - + + _ - _ - 1759. Belted around waist . . . . . . . . . - + + 1760. Sleeveless . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + R + - _ +? 1761. Flaps over upper arms . . . . . . . . - - R + - - + - + + - - - 1762. Sleeves, elbow length . . . . . . . . R - - - - + + 1763. Sleeves fringed. R - - - + + 1764. Porcupine-quill decoration. R + R + +? 1765. Poncho type, 1 skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 766. Painted .................. . - - R + 1767. Shell pendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + . + + 76.Clamshell beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ~9Tubular bone beads .---- ... ..R .+? 770. Men's buckskin shirt. ........... R + R *+ *+ + -+ - -++--- 1771. Imported. *+ *+ - o1772. Number of skins . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 2 1 1(1 2 - *1 2 --_ *1773. Skins, front and back .... . . _ + + 1774. Tied at neck . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1775. Tied at both shoulders. - _ _ + + _ 1776. Slipped over head .R + R ? ?+ + _ 1777. Open front, tied with thong . . . . . + + + + 1778. Knee length ...... . . . .... R R + 1779. Sleeveless ...... . . . .... - + R + +?+ ? 1780. Sleeves, elbow length .... . . . . - - - + - + + - + _ 1781. Sleeves, wrist length . . . . . . . . R - - + - + + 1782. Sleeves fringed .... . . . . . . . + + _ + _ 1783. Painted .... . . . . . . . . .. . R -R -_ +? 1784. Bone-bead pendants .... . . . . . + + + 785. Poncho type, 1 skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . R+ *+ - + Loin Coverings Y86. Breechclout (between legs) .... . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *++ 1787. Buckskin .+............ . + + + *+ + + + + + + + 1788. Fur . . . . . . . ............. ... . + - + + +? 9. Buckskin skirt, sewed sides._(+)?________+ ?-__ t90, Wrap-around type skirt ...............+ + + + + + - + - + + + + + - + 88 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1791. Men ...+ + +-- + 1792. Women + + + + - + 1793. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + *+ + + - _ 1794. Bear hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *1795. 1 or more buckskins . + - - - + - + + + + - _ _ *1796. 4 coyote skins . . . . . . . . . . . + 1797. Fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + 1798. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1799. Grass stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + ??_ 1800. Soaproot fiber, reaches to knee . . + + - 1801. Bark ..... *)-*+????+ 1802. Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 1803. Single small apron or kilt, front only . . - + - _ _ + + *+ _ ?+ 1804. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 1805. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 1806. Inner bark. + + -++ 1807. Tule ..+ __+- 1808. Double apron . + + - + * + *+ *+ +- *+ + _ 1809. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + + + _ + - + + _ _ 1810. Fringed or slit . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1811. Small skins, sewn together . . . - + - + ? ? ? ? - + 1812. Woven bird skins.+?_ 1813. Inner bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + 1814. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + )+ + 1815. Tules . - +_ ++? *1816. String apron-skirts . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ + + + + + + + 1817. On buckskin belt . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + _ 1818. Nut, seed, shell strings . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + _ 1819. Shell embroidery . . . . . . . . . . - + - _ _ + + + ? 1820. Braids on cord, bottom of skirt . . . - + + + + + - + + + ? 1821. Worn by women for dances, special occasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + - 1822. Buckskin trousers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - R - + R R R R - R -R R-- Muffs and Mittens 1823. Muff of cased fur . . . . . . . )--+ *+ + 1824. Sewed onto shirt, for sleeves.... _ _ _ +?- 1825. Single muff. . . . . . . . . . . . + 1826. Double, 1 on each arm . . . . . . . . _ _ + 1827. Quiver used as muff when hunting + + - + - _ + - _ - + + - _ 1828. Mittens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Footgear and Leggings 1829. Barefoot around house . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1830. Moccasins .... . + +*+ + *++ + +*+ + +.+ +___ 1831. Men ................ . + *+ + ++ + + + + + + +_ - _ 1832. Women. .............. +*+ + + + + + + + + + ++ __ 1833. Rich people only . . . . . . . . . . *+ 1834. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _- 1835. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + - - - + - - + + - _ _- t*1836. Number of pieces . . . . . . . . . 22 * 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 *1837. Added sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . - *+ R + + + + - + + + + 1838. Heel seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + - - + + + - _ _ 1839. Toe seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + + *+ + + + - - - 1840. Seam on outside . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + i) + + + + + + + . _ _ _ 1841. Tongue - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - R - + + 1842. Ankle length ............ +++++______++-__ 1843. Boot length . - + - + + + + + + + - _ _ _ CULTUR ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 89 | Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM II NF NM NS MV 1844. Shell embroidery .-... . . . . . . - _ + - + ? 1845. Painted, top front . . . . . . . . . . _ + + _ _ + _ _ _ _ + 1846. Painted, seams . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ + - - - - _- - - - 1847. Slippers .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + ? _ _ ____ 1848. Woven bark .-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1849. Tule, twined . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1850. Sandal ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1851. Hide .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?... . _ _ + - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1852. Bark .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. .?. . . . . . *+ - + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1853. Leggings .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - - + - ? ? _ _ 1854. Tule, twined . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + _ _ _ + - 1855. Fur piece .. . ........... . ... . . ) + + + + - + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1856. Buckskin .-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ 1857. Sewed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ +? 1858. Fringed .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1859. Painted .-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +? 1860. Porcupine-quill decoration . . . . . 1861. Tied at knee and ankle .-.. . . . . + + + + *+ *+? 1862. Knee-to-ankle length . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ - + ? 1863. Hip-to-knee length . . . . . . . . . 1864. Snowshoes .+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + o + + o 1865. Circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + _+ - + ? 1866. Oval .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + o - ? o 1867. Kite-shaped .... . . . . . . . . + + 1868. Lashing withes . . . . . . . . . . . + + + o + o 1869. Lashing buckskin .. . . . . . . . . + + + o + - o 1870. Lashing rawhide .... . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + - o - - o 1871. Lashing of fiber string .-.. . . . . - _ + + - + + _ o - - o Ceremonial Dress 1872. Feather garment on net foundation. ..... - - - ? + + + + + 1873. Half length ............. - - - - +? 1874. Tied over shoulders. ........ - - - - 1875. Held up by shoulder straps + 1876. Tied under arms . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + _ 1877. Full length, neck to ankles _ _ * _ _ + + * + 1878. Down-feather ropes or strings . . . . . . . . * * _ *+ *+ *+ *+ 1879. Yellowhammer-quill band.- - - - + + + + + + + + + + + 1880. Feather tips at intervals . - - - - + - - + + + + + - + + + 1881. Feathers solid, edge untrimmed . . . ??? + + _ _ 1881a. Feathers solid, edge trimmed .+ 1882. Worn across forehead.- - + - + + + + + + + + + + 1883. Ends extend, side of head . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + _ + + 1884. Worn as belt . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + 1885. Worn as bracelet . . . . . . . . . - - - - +?+ 1886. Worn as necklace . - - - - -) t - - - - i + + - - 1887. Worn as bandolier.- - - - + - + + + - _ 1888. Worn over head and down back + - + + + + 1889. Decorated with beads.- _ + + - + _ + + + - 1890. Used as dance ornament.- - - _ + - + + + + + + + + + + 1891. Used by doctor . . . . . _+ . . . + - ? _ _ _ 1892. Whole yellowhammer feathers solid on headband + + + + *+ + + + + + ? 1893. All same direction .+ + + + + + + + + + ? 1894. 'Worn across forehead . . + + + + + + + + ? 1895. Worn as belt . . . +? ? _ _ _ _ . . 1896. Worn as bracelet.. . + +? 1897. Worn as necklace .- - - - - - - - - -_ + + + - + +? 1898. Worn in head net. _ _ -_ _+ +?+____ 1899. Worn over head and down back _ _ + + + - +?_____ 90 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MY NF NM NS MV 1900. Used by doctors only . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + 1901. Feathers notched at sides . . . . . . + + . + + + + - . *+? ? ? ? 1901a.Decorated with rattlesnake rattles. . + +? ? ? ?_ 1902. Woodpecker scalps on band . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + + + + + 1903. Buckskin band . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + () + - + + + + + - + + - + 1904. Fur band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + 1905. Woven-fiber band . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + *+ 1906. Scalps sewn on . . . . . . . . . . . - - + () + + - + + + - _ . _ _ _ *1907. Scalps tied on . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + 1908. Scalps glued on . . . . . . . . . . . + - . 1909. Beaks left on scalps . . . . . . . . _ _ + _ + + + + 1910. Single row of scalps . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + + 1911. 2 or more rows of scalps . . . . . . _ _ + 1912. Headband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + H + + + + + + - + + - + 1913. Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + - + 1914. Necklace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ ___+__ 1915. Bandolier.. + - + + 1916. Woodpecker scalps in feather headdress. . . . + + + - + 1917. Woodpecker scalps on head net . . . . . . . . + + _ + + 1918. Mallard duck neck skins on band . . . . . . . - _ + - o o + - + o o + 1919. Headband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - R + ? + 1920. Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ - _ _ - + 1921. Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ - - _ + + - 1922. Bunch of feathers, tied to top of hair . . . + + *+ *+ + + + - - *+ + + + + + + 1923. Topknot headdress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1924. Whole feathers radiating from crown of buck- skin cap . . . + + +?_i) - __ 1925. Feathers tipped with small white feathers . . _ - + + + + +? 1926. Buckskin strip down back, feathers attached . _ _ _ _ + + +? 1927. "Big head" feather-tipped radiating stick headdress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R R R R + + + 1928. Feather plumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + R + + + + + + 1929. Single primary or tail feather . *+ - + + + + + *+ *+ + + + + + _ 1930. 2 primary or tail feathers . . . . . + + + + + + + . _ 1931. Woodpecker scalp on feather . . . + _ - + + _ _ _ - + _ _ 1932. Shells, cedar, small feathers attached + +? 1933. lJsed by doctor . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + 1934. Spliced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _+ . + t*1935. Forked ... times. . . . . . . . . . . - - *2 *2 *2 - 2 2 - 2 2 1936. Twisted sinew body . . . . . . . . . _- - - + + . . + 1937. Stick base . . . . . - - - + + + + _ - - + + - + . + 1938. Feathers bunched at fork or top of base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ . . + 1939. Yellowhammer-quill attachment. . . . - - _ _ +?+ - + . + 1940. Yellowhammer feathers attached. . . . - - - - + ?? . _ 1941. Worn on head . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + + + + + H- + + - + . + 1942. Hand-held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + - - - R R 1943. Fur headband or blind . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + - _ - _ 1944. Feathers suspended from lower edge _? ? ? ? ? + - + _ 1945. Visor.-+ .. . . ++ - _ _ +_ _ _ ___ 1946. Head net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + 1947. Flowing down back . . . . . . . . . . + *+ 1948. Close woven . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1949. Open woven . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1950. Feathers at bottom . . . . . . . . . + 1951. All on head . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ ++ + + + + _ + - + 1952. Bag type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - + + 1953. Hammock type . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + - - + + - + - + 1954. Down-filled ........... _________+_+_+_+ 1955. Down tied on back part - . . - + *+-_____ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 91 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 1956. Down woven into . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + ?+ 1957. For war, dances only . . . . . . . . . _ *+ _ + - + + + _ + - + 1957a.Worn habitually by some men . . . . . - - - _ + - *+ - +? CURRENCY, TREASURE Currency 1959. Dentalia ......... R + . . . . .. . *+ + + _ i _ _ _ +_ 1960. Standard of value . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + +? 1961. Incised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + - - 1962. Feathers on large end . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ _ 1963. Wrapped with sinew, painted like snake skin . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + - - 1964. Graded on finger creases . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ _ 1965. Counted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + *l 1966. Measured in fathom and fractions of + + *+ + + + + + +? 1967. Upper-arm tattoo for measuring whole t string . . .- + - _- 0 ~ ~ ~ + + +? 1968. Measured on arm, no tattoo 1969. Cylindrical purse of horn . . . . . . + 1970. Purse of horn fork . . . . . . . . . + - *+ 1971. Buckskin purse . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1972. Cased fur purse . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1973. Shells rolled in fur . . . . . . . . + 1974. Shells kept in basket . . . . . . . + + + + + - + +? 1975. Long dentalia preferred . . . . . . . + + :1976. Clamshell disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1977. Standard of value . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1978. Manufactured . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + 1979. Smoothing slab . . . . . . . . . . . - + 1980. Disks counted.. - - + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 1981. Short strings only. . . +? 1982. Measured around neck ... . . . . . + + + . _ 1983. Measured on elbow . . . . . . . . . . + + +? *1984. Measured in fathoms .... . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + - - + . + - 1985. Measured in half-fathoms ... . . . + - *+ + *+ + + + + + _+ )+ - 1986. Cased-fur purse .. . . . . . . .. . - _ +? + +? 1987. Buckskin sack for purse . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + - + 1988. Basket for purse .+ - + + + + _ + + + 9. Loans of shell currency without interest . - + + + + + - - Treasure 90. Olivella: whole shell . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + - + + - . _ - 91. Shell cylinders or Columnella . . . . . . . . - _ + - + *+ + + _ _ . + + + + + 1992. Sizes distinguished . . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + + - _ . + + 93. Bone cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + 994. Magnesite cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1995. Imported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . + + + + + + + + + + + + 6. Haliotis-disk beads.* + + + + + + + 7. Large obsidian blades, used for display *+ *+ 1998. Manufactured, not used 9, Charmstones. - + + +_+ + - + + + -* 2000. Natural shape . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + + _ 2001. Most effective if found by possessor. - _ + - + + - + + + + 2002.TUsed in doctoringr. + + ? + ; 2003. Animated; can travel of own accord. .+ * + t4. Doughnut stones............... . ______+ - +?_____+ - 2005. Natural shape..... ........ ______+ - +?____ 92 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS l K MO SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MT NF NM NS MV SMOKING AND TOBACCO Pipes and Pipe Sacks Pipes 2006. Tubular-type pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + *+ + + + *+ + + + 2007. 1-piece .+ - + + + - + + + + + + + + + 2008. Solid wood . . . . . . . . . + + + + +? + 2009. Elder or other pithy stalk. . _ + + + _ _ + + _ _ + - 2010. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + ?????? + + + + -+ 2011. Found, not manufactured . . + + - 2012. 2-piece .+ - + + + + _ _ + _ _ + + +_ 2013. Stone bowl . . *+- + *+ + + + --+ _ 2014. Cane stem . . . . . . . . . . - . 2015. Elder stem . . . . . . . . . - . + 2016. Solid wooden stem . . . . . . + -+ ) 2017. Stem stuck into bowl . . . . + - . - + + - - + - + + + - 2018. Stem mortised into bowl. . . _ _ . + ? ? ? ? ?_ *2019. Optional use of stem . . . . + + + _ 2020. Concave-shaped bowl . . . . . . . . . + +? 2021. Convex-shaped bowl . . . . . . . . . +*+ + + + + +_ *2022. Bulb bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ ? 2023. Double-bulb bowl . . . . . . _ + *+ ? 2024. Obtuse-angled pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+? 2025. Stone bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2026. Wooden stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? 2027. Right-angled pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + ?+ - 2028. Stone bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . R + ?*+ ? 2029. Wooden bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 2030. Wooden stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . R ++ Pipe Sacks 2031. Pipe sack of cased fur . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 2032. Pipe sack of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + - + + + - _ _ 2033. Pipe kept in small basket . . . . . . . . . . + + 2034. Pipe kept in ground, head of bed . . . . . . + + + + - - + - + - . . _ Tobacco Cultivation and Gathering 2035. Gathered wild ................ + + + - + - + - + ?? + 2036. Cultivated or semicultivated . . . . . . . . - + + + - *+ + + - + + + + + + - 2037. Sown. .. ...... . + + + + +- + + + + + + - *2038. Log or brush burned, sown in ashes. . _ - + _ - + + + + + + + - + 2039. Log or brush burned, for volunteer crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + *+? 2040. Seeds sown next year, same spot . . . . . . . . . . . - . + + + +?+ _- 2041. Ground cultivated with digging stick. + - + - 2042. Plants thinned . . . . . . . . . . . - - + 2043. Pruned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ *+ 2044. Irrigated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ *+ 2045. Gathered when yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2046. Gathered when green . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2047. Leaves only, or mainly, picked . . . . . . . _. + + + + + + + - + + 2048. Stalk occasionally pulled up . .... + _+ + *++ + + + + + _- Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV Preparation 2049. Stalk hung up to dry .... . . . . . . . . + - + + _ + *+ + + + - + - - 2050. Leaves dried, whole .... ..... . . . . + + + + + ++ + + + - + + + 2051. Leaves rubbed and hung to dry in sack ... . + + - + 2052. Leaves only, used ... . . . + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + '2053. Leaves rubbed fine in palm, with fingertips .+ + - *+ * + + + + + + + + + + + 2054. Dried leaves put in sack, pounded on slab . + * * _ _ _ _ o2055. Tobacco mixed for smoking .. ..... . . . + + + _ + + + - - + o2056. Kinnikinick, manzanita mixtures . . . + + + + + + + - - +? 2057. Grease added .. . ...... . . . + + _ + *+ + - - + - Tobacco Containers 2058. Basket .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + 2059. Buckskin pouch .+... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + _ 2060. Cased-fur pouch .-... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + +?+ Tobacco Substitutes ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2061. Plant substitutes used occasionally.- _ + +? 2062. Manzanita.. + 2063. Parched and ground . . . . . . . . . + Uses 2064. Smoking at social gatherings .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2065. Pipe passed .+ *+ + + + *+ *+ + * + + + + + + + 2066. Smoking after sweating .+ + + + + + + - + + _ + + - - - 2067. Bedtime smoking .+ + + + + * + + + + + + + + + 2068. No smoking in dwelling house . . . + . . . . _ + X069. Men smoke, generally . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2070. Smoking limited among women; shamans mainly + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2071. Tobacco chewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ o2072. Tobacco as offering .* + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 2073. Tossed or blown in air. + + +?+ + - -2074. Burnt in fire . +? . . . . . . . . . . 2075. Smoked. + + + + *+ + - *+ _ + + + + + + M(USIC AND DRAWING Musical Instruments Drums 2076. Hide drum... R++ ++ _ _ _ __ 2077. Cylindrical .R + + + + R +? 2078. 2-headed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 2079. 1-headed . . . + R + - - R R+ 2080. Tambourine type .R + - + R+? ? _ . . . . _ 2081. Drumstick wrapped at head. R +- + + R +? 2082. Plain drumstick, knot for head . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 't2083. Footdrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - RR- - R R ++ +++*+ 2084. Basket drummed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + - ? - + |+ + - Rattles 2085. Cocoon rattle.* _ _ * *+ *+ *+ * *- *R *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 2086. Stick handle ....... _ _ - + + + - - R + + + + + + 94 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EKl Mo SE SW|At AW AE|WT WM WS|MM MF|NF NM NS MV 2087. Feathers on stick handle . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o2088. Number of cocoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - - *3 5 6 - - *4 *5 5 *4 5 *3 *5 2089. Used by shaman in curing . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + - - + 2090. Used by Big Head singers . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - R + 2091. Used for any singing or dancing . . . . . . . _ _ _ + - 2092. Used by "dreamer," calling spirit . + + + - - _ 2093. Cocoon-type rattle as child's toy . . . . . . - - _ *+ 2094. Split-stick clapper . . . . . . . . . . R - R - + R + + R R + + + + + + 2095. Single split . . . . . . . . . . . . R - R - + R + R R R + + + + + + 2096. Multiple splits . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + ? ? _ 2097. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - R -R - - - + 2098. Burned decoration . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + - - _ 2099. For girl's puberty dance . . . . . . _ _ _ *+ - - _ 2100. For war dance . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - +- 2101. For Ghost dance . . . . . . . . . . . - R- R * R R ?+ 2102. For any singing or dancing . . . - + R + _ _ + + +- + + 2103. Snake rattles on stick .+ - + *+ * *+ - _ _ _ 2104. Deer-hoof rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + -- 2105. Stick handle . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - _ 2106. On cord or thong, no handle .+ _ 2107. Worn .+?. 2107 Won .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ______+_________ 2108. Number of hoofs . . . . . . . . . . . 10 20 *7 15 20 20 20 - 25 8 20 1 2 4 - - 2109. For girl's puberty . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - _ 2110. For any singing or dancing . . . . . + + - + 2111. Basket rattle. .............. _*+ - + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ 2112. Child's toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + +? _ _ _ _ _ _ 2113. Beads tied together, child's toy .R + - + + + - _ _ _ _ _ _ Rasp 2114. Notched-wood rasp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2115. Basket scraped.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bull-roarer, Musical Bow 2116. Bull-roarer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -R R + 2117. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -+- R + 2118. Bone or horn . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2119. Produces storm or wind . . . . . . . + + 2120. Produces sickness . . . . . . . . . . - - - - _ - 2121. Only shamans use . . . . . . . . . . +? _ _ 2122. Only boys, men use . . . . . . . . . - - - - R +-R? _ 2123. For amusement, boys . . . . . . . . . R - - - R - - + - R ??_ 2124. Musical bow ............ ..+ - - + + + - - + + + + + 2125. Hunting bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + - - - . + + + + + 2126. Separate instrument . . . . . . . . . + - - - 2127. Played with finger . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2128. Played with stick . . . . . . . . . . + + +?_ 2129. Boys only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Whistles and Flutes 2130. Whistle. ............ . . _* *+ + + + R R *+ + + + + + + 2131. Single hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + R R *+ + + + + + + 2132. Grass wrapped at edge of hole ....? ? ? ? + _ + - - 2133. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + R R *+ + + + + - + 2134. Birdor rodent .- 4. . + + + + + RPR *+ + - + - - + 2135. Large maminal ............ _.__+-+___++_+__ 2136. Elder .-.. ._+ ? R 2137. Cane ..........---............ ___+ -+?__?_?__?????- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 95 KI Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 2138. Sinew-wrapped at mouthpiece. + + o2139. End stopped._ + - + + - + R R + + . + + + t: 2140. Partially stopped inside at hole . . - + + + + + + R R + + + + + . + 2141. Stop of pitch . . + + _ + + R R + - - + + . + 2142. Stop of salmon glue . . . . . . . . . 2143. Stop of wood . . ? . . . . . . . . . _ 2144. Single whistle . + + + + + + R R + - - + - + - 2145. 2 whistles bound together. R - + + + - + _ + 2146. Whistle worn, suspended from string around neck.- _ + + + + + . + 2147. Taboo to whistle around elderberry bush .... . . .+ *+ + - + + - *+ 2148. Snake will strike whistler. . + + + - + + -+ 2149.. Flute . . . . .... . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + 2150. Bone .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . + +?+ + _ _ 2151. Elder . ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + 2152. Cane . .-.-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . + *2153. Number of holes . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - 6 2154. Holes burnt in .... . . . . . . . + + R R + + - + - + 2155. Holes put in with awl ... . . . . . + + + 2156. Entire upper surface flattened + + 2157. End blown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2158. Side blown .+ + + + - + _ _ + + + - + 2159. Mouth blown.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2160. Nose blown . . .+ . . . . . . . . . 2161. Used by shaman . . . . . . . . . . . + 2162. Used for courting . *+? ? _ _ _ _ . 2163. Used for self-amusement. + + + + + + + + + + - + Pictographs, Petroglyphs 2164. Pictographs, petroglyphs present in area. . . *+ *+ _ *+ *+ - __ _ 2165. Nonhuman origin+ + - - + - + . . ? _ _ _ 2166. Made by tiny people . .+ 2167. Made by mythological characters . . . _ + 2168. Bring bad luck; charm viewer . . . * + _ _ _ * 2169. Impress of feet, etc., on rocks . . . . . . . + + + - + + - RECREATION Games Shinny 2170. Shinny played.+ + + + + + + + *+ + + + - + 2171. Men, youths play occasionally + - - + + + + ?+ + + J 2172. Women play.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2173. Each sex plays separately . + + + . + +? ? ? ? + + + 2174. Both sexes play together .+ - - + . _ + +? 2175. Children play . + . + + + . . . . . . ?176. Single ball . . . . . . . . . __ 2177. Wood . . . . . . . . . _ __ 2178. Stuffed buckskin . . . . .+ - _ 2179. Oak gall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. Double ball . . . . . . . . _- + 2181. Stuffed buckskin . . . . . . + . . . _ 2182. 2blocks on ends of cord . _ + + + - + + *+ *'+ + - + - _ _ _ 2183. 2 grass balls on end of cord.. _ _ _ - + _ _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _- 84. Cord or hide strip only ........... 96 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IK1 Mo SE SW At AW AE,WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 2185. Hoop or ring for ball . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2186. Shinny stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2187. Curved stick . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 2188. Straight stick . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 2189. Netted stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ *+ 2190. Ball propelled with feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..+ _ _ 2191. Start: ball buried in center of field. . . - + ? 2192. Start: ball on ground, center of field . - +? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ 2193. Start: ball thrown or dropped, center of field. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 2194. Attempt to keep ball on ground . . . . . . . + + + _ 2195. Attempt to keep ball in air . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + + - _ - + 2196. Grappling permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + *+ + + - _ _ + - + - _ 2197. Goal at each end of field . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2198. 2 poles, ca. 4 ft. apart.+ + _ + + + + + + + + - - + 2199. Marked line of ground . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - _ o2200. Number of players on each side . . . . . . . 4 20 6 4 5 *3 *10 6 *4 I3 5 2 4 -* *2201. Sides local groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2202. Betting. +*++ + + + + + + + + + + -*+ 2203. Referee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+*+- _i -_ *+ *+ *+ _+ Ball Race *2204. Ball races ..1..................... . . - *.- -- R *+ R + + + + 2205. Men .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + R + R *+ R + + + + 2206. Women play, occasionally . . . . . . - + R - *+ + - _ 2207. Each sex plays separately . . . . . . - R - _ _ - *+ + - - 2208. Play along a course, not returning . . . . . - + *R - - R *+ + - 2209. Along a course and return . . . . . . . . . . - *R + - - + + - 2210. Single ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - - + R *+ $ R + + 2211. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - _ *+_ + 2212. Stuffed buckskin . . . . . . . . . . - - - - + *R *+ *+ R + 2213. 2 balls, 1 for each side . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - R *+ - R *+- + + + - 2214. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - R 2215. Oak gall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _+ _ _ _ 2215a. Stuffed buckskin . . . . . . . . . . - m *+ - *+ + + _ 2216. Curved stick to propel ball . . . . . . . . . - - - - - R- 2217. Straight stick to propel ball . . . . . . . . + + 2218. Feet to propel ball . . . . . . . . . _- - - + R + + R + ++ 2219. Wrestling permitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - - *+ + - _ 2220. Paired posts for goal(s). . . . . . . . . . . _- - - + R + _ _ - + R + + + 2221. Arch of poles for goal(s) . R - - + - - - 2222. 2 goals, 1 for each side . . . . . . . . . . - - - - --R *+ R *+ R _ - + 2223. Speed wins.+. ........... . . ++ +-- R + R. + + + 2224. Fewest number of strokes wins .?+ - - _ o2225. Number on each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - - 5 6 *6 4 *4 10 2 *2 4 4 t2226. Number of sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 2 2 2 -- 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2227. Sides local groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - - + R + - - R + R + + + + 2228. 2 out of 3 games wins . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . 2229. Referee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ Hoop and Pole 2230. Hoop-and-pole game played .. + +- . . . )- _ - _ 2231. Men ... . . . ++ _- )- . __ . .-- ____ 2232. Women .... . . . . . . ... . . ._) ---- 2233. Hoop, wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _) - 2234. Pole, thrown overhand, 1 arm ... . . . . . + + ( 4) - - 2235. Sides cast simultaneously ....................... + ?? (4 ___ )- - _ _- 2236. Sides cast in turns ....................... _ +?_______- CULTME ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 97 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 2237. Pole through hoop scores .... . . . . . . + +? __- - - - 2238. Pole over hoop or stick scores ............. _ _+ - - - - o2239. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ - * o2240. Number on a side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 *2 - - ? - - - - - -*10 _ t2241. Number of sides .... . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 - - ? - - - - - - 2242. Sides local groups .... . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2243. Referee ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ - i _ _ _ _ 2244. Betting ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - Quoits 2245. Quoits played .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? _ _ _ + + + _ 2246. Quoit a ring, from limber rope or withe . . + + _ + - _ _ _ 2247. Quoit a stone .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . *+ - *+ 2248. Target: single stake . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2249. Target, 2 stakes, at each end of the field. . ? _ _ _ + - - - _ t2250. No. of throws for each player ... . . . . . 10 12 1 1 1 - 2 - - - - 2251. All players throw simultaneously o2252. No. of points for ringer or strike .1 2 1 . - - 2 _ o2253. No. of points for closest throw.2 1. 1 1 - 2- _ 2254. Distance from pole measured with stick + + ? _+ + - . - - *2255. No. of points for game . . . . . . . . . . . 10 12 - - 1 - 1 -4 Spear or Dart Throwing p2256. Spear or dart-throwing games . . . . . . . + + *+ + + - - + - 4+ s + - - * + 2257. Men play + + + + - + + + 2258. Spear thrown .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ ? + + . + 2259. Pole thrown .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 2260. Arrow thrown .... . . . . . +. . . . . . . + ? 2261. Stationary target .... . . . ...... . + + - - + - - + - + - + - - . - 2262. Tule or grass bundle .....- - - - . . 2263. 1 stake .... . . . . . . . . . . +? 2264. 2 stakes, small . + ? _ _ _ + - + - + - - . 2265. 22targets; throw back and forth... - + _ - + - _ 2266. Closest wins points . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ 2267. Stuck in target, or between, 2 points + + - - + + - - - - 2268. Players cast in turn .+ + - + - - + - + - + - - + o2269. Number on each side . . . . . . _ *2 - 2 5 - - t2270. Number of sides.2 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - . - Stick Bouncing (Snow Snake) 2271. Sticks bounced.- +? . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 2272. Men play .- + 2273. Children play . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 2274. Plain stick bounced . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 2275. Bounced off rise in ground .- + 2276. Bounced off pile of snow . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 2277. Bounced for distance . +? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ Archery 2278. Target games played; men .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2279. Stationary target, above ground . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2280. Shoulder bone .+ - - - + - - 2281. Brush bundle . . . _ + + + _+ + 2282. Single stake or bush .... ?? + - - +_ + + + - + l ~~~2283. Arrow, previously shot ... ----|-++|--+|+*|---- 98 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MF|NF NM NS lMV 2284. Small tule, willow target . + + - - + +? - - 2285. Double, shoot back and forth. + _ _ _ + - + _ + + + _ . _ 2286. Buried target . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _+ ? ? _ 2287. Bundle of tules . . . . . . . + + - + ? 2288. Buried in circle of dug ground . . . . . . . . . . + +- 2289. Buried in ground . . . . . . + 2290. All contestants shoot into circle simultaneously . . . + +? 2291. Contestants shoot individu- ally . . . . . . . . . . . + 2292. Person hitting buried target wins . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ +?_ 2293. Target rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + ? ? + _ _ 2294. Downhill . . . . . . . . . . - + - + + - + ? ? + _ _ 2295. On level . . . . . . . . . . + 2296. Hoop . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -+ + + 2297. Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ - *+ 2298. Target thrown in air . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + - - + + 2299. Pine cone . . . . . . . . . . - - + + 2300. Bark disk . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + - - - + 2301. Closest wins . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - - + + + - + + - + . - + 2302. Hitting target scores only .- + + + + + - - + - + _. + + 2303. Shooting for distance . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - _ + + + + 2304. Gambling for arrows in archery games . . . . + + + + + + + - _ - + - + . Ring and Pin 2305. Ring-and-pin game played . . . . . . . . . .+? 2306. Men.- + + - - + + + + ?_ 2307. Women.- + + - - - + - + ?_ 2308. Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - - + + + + t2309. Number of rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 * 10 - - *1 10*20 *7? 2310. Fish vertebrae . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - - - + + +? _ 2311. Deer carpals . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + ? 2312. Tule bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - - - + _ t2313. Number of pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 1 1 - - 1 111 2314. Outfit transferred at miss . - + - - + + +?_ 2315. Each player has 2 tries . . . . . . . _ + - - + ? _ 2316. Each ring counts 1 point . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ _ _ _ + - + 2317. Ring counts game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + 2318. All rings on for game . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - -_ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ - t2319. Number of sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 2 - - - - 2 - 2 2 - - - - - - o2320. Number on each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - *2 - *4 1 - - - - _ - t2321. No teamwork; number playing . . . . . . . . . - *+ - 15 - - - - 2322. Betting on game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - _ _ _ _ _ _ 2323. Winner raps opponent's knuckles, forehead . - + + + _ _ _ _ _ - 2324. Winner pulls out opponent's eyebrows + - * +?_ 2325. Played to make moon wane . . . . . . . . . . + + Many-Stick Game, 1 Marked 2326. Many-stick game played . . . . . . . . . . . __+ + + + - + *+ R - _ - 2327. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + - + *+ R - _ - 2328. Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . . __+ + - - - - R - - - -?- o2329. Many small sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -1015 20 20 - 20 20 30 - - _ 2330. 1 marked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -_ + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ *2331. 1 specially made stick . . . . . . . . + + R. _ 2332. "Marked" stick guessed for . - + + + + - + + R?__- CULTURE ELEN. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 99 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WN WS NM MF NF NN NS NV 2333. 2 sides. . + + ++ ++ R 2334. 1 player on a side holds sticks. _ + + + - . . + R - - - - - - 2335. 2 players on a side each hold set of sticks . ? ?+ *R. 2336. Sticks grass-wrapped, held in hand ... . . - - - + + _ + *+ R 2337. Hide in bare hand only .. . .-..... . . _ _ + + - _m? 2338. Shuffle in front of body .-... . . . . . . - - + - + + - + + R? 2339. In grass .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. . . . _ _ + _ + + + R 2340. Shuffle behind back .... . .-.... . . . + + - +? 2341. Sticks rolled in grass, set on ground. . . . _ _ + - + R? t2342. Number of counters . . . . . . - *12 10 10 - 10 *20 10 - - - - - ? 2343. Counters in 1 neutral pile at start . + + R - - - - - - 2344. Counters in 2 piles .-.-. ... . . . . + + _ _ 2345. Referee to hand out counters ... .?+ - - *+ 2346. Holder ("dealer") wins point, if guess in- correct .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + R ? - - - - - 2347. Correct guessing side takes over sticks + + + + - + + R - - - - - - 2348. Played in winter only .... . . . . . . _ *+ R Hand or Grass Game *2349. Hand or grass game played . . . . . . . . . . *R + + + *+ + *+ + *+ *+ + + + + + *+ 2350. Men play .... . . . . . . . . . . R + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 2351. Women play .... . . . . . . . . . R + + - *R + *+ - - + + *+ 2352. 2 objects held by each player ... . . . . . R + + + + *+ - *R + + + + + + + 2353. 1 wrapped or marked .... . . . . . R + + + + *+ - *R + + + + + + + 2354. Wrapped or marked guessed fo r r + + - *+ - - - *R + - + + + + + 2355. Unwrapped guessed for ... .... . R -- + *R + + ___+ ? 2356. Call tep and wei, when guessing . . . * 2357. "Bones" called by special terms . . . R - _ _ + - *+? ? ?. + 2358. Man and woman.- _ _ - +?. + 2359. Black and white . R? + . . . 2360. Alive and dead ... . . *+ 2361. Bones called by own terms . . . . . + + - - R *+ + | * 2362. Made from solid wood ... . . . . . R + - + + + + _ *R + - - - + - - 2363. Made from hollow bone ....... . R? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + - - 2364. Made from solid bone or horn .R.. . R + + _ * R *R - *R - + i) - + + 2365. 1 object held by each player ... . . . . . _ + + *+ 2366. Solid wooden object .... . . . . . _ + *+ 2367. String of shell beads . ...... . ? + 2368. 1 player at a time holds objects ..... . + *+ - - *+ +? 2369. 2 players at a time hold objects.+ - - ). *R + + + *R - + + + + + 2370. Hide in bare hand only .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + - R *+ *+ 2371. Hide in grass in hand .... . . . . . .. . _ _ + - + - + + *R + + + + + *+ 2372. Shuf f ling ................. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2373. Under mat.. . _ + - + ? ? 2374. Under hide blanket .+ + - + ? ? 2375. Under grass pile . - + + + - _ + - + + + + + + + 2376. Under basket . . . . +? . . . . . . . _ _ _ 2377. In front of body .+ + + *+ + + + + + *+ 2378. Behind back .+ + + + - *R *+ + + + + + + 2379. Grass bundles thrown up in air . . . _ + + + + + + + 2380. Counters sticks .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *2381. Total no. of counters for 2 sides . 10 12 * * 10 10 10 10*15 10 16 6 16 20 * 16 2382. Counters in 1 neutral pile at start . + . . - + - + + + ? ? _ _ _ 2383. Counters in 2 equal piles at start . + - . . + - + _ _ _ + + + + + + 2384. Holder wins point, if guess incorrect.... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2385. Correct guessing side takes over "bones" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2386. Sides local groups ....................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + [-2387. Played in summer only .-...................... + *+ *+ 2388. Played any time. ..............|+ + * |*| i *+ |+ + |+ + + + 100 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS __ Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV Objects Laid Down, Position Guessed 2389. 4 sticks, 2 large, 2 small, laid down. . . + + - - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2390. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2391. 1 pair wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ 2392. Large sticks guessed for . . . . . . - - - _ + - + ? 2393. Small sticks guessed for . . . . . . + + - - - + 2394. Sticks covered with basket . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - *2395. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . . . 6 12 - - 10 10 10 ? ? ? 2396. Counters in 1 neutral pile at start - + - - - + ? ? 2397. Counters equally divided at start. + - - - + + ? _ 2398. Indefinite no. of players on each side . . + + - - + + + ? Stick Hiding 2399. Single small stick hidden between fingers . .+ - _ _ _ t) - - 2400. Men, boys play . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + ? ? 2401. Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?+ ? ? 2402. Hider wins point when opponent misses - _+ - - 2403. Correct guesser hides . . . . . . . . + +?+ 2404. Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ o2405. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . 12? Dice Games 2406. Dice, disk type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R *+ *+ H)+ 2407. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 2408. Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2409. Split acorn kernels . . . . . . . . . 2410. Animal-teeth dice . . . . . . . . . . R *+ o2411. Number of dice . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 2 -3 2412. All same size . . . . . . . . () ? 2413. 2 pairs, different sizes .. () +? 2414. Each pair similarly marked. . (+) +? o2415. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . 10 12 4 - 2416. Stick counters . . . + + - - _ - 2417. 1 neutral pile, at start . . + +? 2418. Referee to hand out counters. - +? + - _ 2419. Dice thrown on basket tray . . . . . + 2420. Dice thrown on flat stone . . . . . . + +? - o2421. Number of sides . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 -2 o2422. Number on each side . . . . . . . 1 1 2 -2 o2423. 1 pair up, 1 pair down, scores ...(?) 1 1 - - 2424. 2 unmatched up, 2 unmatched down, scores ...(?). . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 o2425. 0 up, all down, scores ...(?)or wins . 0 2 - - _ _ _ _ 2426. 1 up, 3 down, scores ... . . . . . . - O - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2427. 3 up, 1 down, scores ... . . . . . . 0 ? - - ? _ _ _ _ _ _ o2428. 4 up, O down, scores ...(?). . . . . . 2 2 - - ? - - - - 2429. Bone dice . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ *+ _ 2430. Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - - 2431. Carpal or tarsal bones . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - _ o2432. Number thrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2 - o2433. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 2434. Scoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Objects Thrown in Air 2435. Stick thrown up.- - - - + +? _- ___* 2436. Men . - - - + +?____ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X: VOEGELIN: NORThEAST CALIFORNIA 101 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NF N? NM NS MV 2437.Women ............... . - --- - + 2438. Children . . . . . . . . . ---- + + ? 2439. Stick sharpened at both end s s _+ *+ -__ _*+_ 2440. Natural vestigial deer metapodial . . _ _ _ ('i)? 2441. 1 point when it lands erect in ground - _ _ - + +? 2442. Person who catches stick wins . 2443. Thrower scores.. _ _ + +? 2444. Unsuccessful thrower transfers . . . _ _ _ + +? t2445. Number of counters . . . . . . . . . _ _ - _ lo *lo 2446. Jacks . . . . . . . . _ + R - - + R 2447. Men play . - - - - - - - R - - + - 2448. Women play . . . . . ---- + + R - - + ? 2449. Children play . . _ - - + R - - + R ? 2450. Stones . . . . . . . . _ + R - - + R t2451. Number of objects.- - - - 10 10 - _ _ - 5 - _ 3 - _ 2452. Indefinite . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + + 2453. Last object thrown up heaviest - - - - *+ - + - _ _ + _ _ 2454. For fun; no betting . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ + _ _ 2455. Juggling . . . . --- + _ _ _ + 2456. Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . --- 2457. Acorns . --- + ? ? _ _ _ + o2458. Number thrown up . . . . . . . 2 - - - 2 - - 2459. Thrown up in both hands, same time . _ _ + + ? ? ?+ _ _ 2460. Women . . . . . . .................... + + - + - + _ 2461. Boys . . . .........-............. . + _ _ _ + - 2462. For fun; no betting . . . .....-..... + +_ + ? ? Gambling Taboos 2463. Intercourse taboo before gambling ... . . + + + + - + + . . _ _ _ _ 2464. Only if man has washed in sacred spot, for luck .. + + . . - . . 2465. Intercourse taboo after gambling . . _ Amusements Toys 2466. Tops .-... . . _ + - + + + + + - + - - + + ._ 2467. Children play .... . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + - + _ _ + + 2468. Adults play .... . . . . . . . . . + _ 2469. Acorn.- _ _ *+ + + - + - + - _ + + . _ 2470. Bark or wood disk, horizontal plane - + 2471. Lump of pitch .. . . . . . . ... . - +___ 2472. Deer kneecap .+... . . . . . . . . _ _ 2473. Twirl with fingers ... . . . . . . _ - + + + + + + + 2474. Twirl between palms .... + + . +.+ 2475. Buzzer .......... .... ... . . + + + + + R + + R R + - R .*R 2476. Children play .-... . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + - _ - . R 2477. Adults play .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ R 2478. Wood or bark disk .... . . . . . . _ + + + 2479. Deer carpal . . . ...-. ........ . + --+_ 2480. Shell disk . . . .+ . . . . . . . . 2481. Acorns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2482. Shoe-leather disk . - R R R - -R .R 2483. To make snow .+ . . . . . . . . . . 2484. String figures. . ... + + + + + + + _ * + - R R + - + 2485. Old men, women play.. ... + + + + + - + - _ + - _ _ + - + 2486. Men play . . + + + + _ + + _ _ + - _ - + - + l 2487. Women play. ............|+ + + +| - + +| - - +| - - - + - + 102 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |_E1 MO SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS M MF NF NM NS NV 2488. Young people play . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + 2489. Static figures . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + 2490. Moving figures . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + "+ + + + + + + - + 2491. Lips used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + + . + - + 2492. Done in winter only . . . . . . . . . + *+ 2493. Done any time, for fun . . . . . . . + + + + - + 2494. Not done in fall; makes nights long + + - *+ _ _ 2494a.Stilts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + R R Contests 2495. Wrestling ...........+ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 2496. Men, boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2497. To throw man down . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2498. To judge who is strongest boy . . + + + + + + + + 2499. No tripping allowed . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + . - 2500. Bets laid, sometimes . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2501. Fight starts, if injuries result . + + + + + + + + 2502. Dodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + 2503. Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ? 2504. Hard objects inside geese . . . . . . - + 2505. Sand bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2506. Tule, grass balls . . . . . . . . . . + + 2507. Two sides . . + + + +??????+ _ _ o2508. Number on each side . . *5 1 15? 2509. Racing. ... . ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2510. Boys alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2511. Girls (prepuberty) alone . . . . . . + + + + + + + + H + + + + + + + 2512. Boys and girls on opposite sides . . + + _ _ + - _ + _ + _ + + . - 2513. Men alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2514. Women alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + -+ + + _ + . + 2515. To mark and back . . . . . . . . . . _ - _ + + _ + _. + + +__ 2516. Start at exclamation . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 2517. Rocks skipped across river . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + . + 2518. For fun; no betting . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + . + Storytelling 2519. "True" narratives told any time .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2520. Myths told at night . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ 2521. Auditors lie flat on back . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - . _ + 2522. Be humpbacked if sit up . . . *+ + - + + - + _ _ . _ _ 2523. Taboo to narrate myths in suimer . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + . + + 2524. Rattlesnake will bit e + . + + + + - . + - * . _ 2525. Winter will come quickly + - . + . + - . . _ 2526. Narrated by old people only . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 2527. Auditors bathe early next morning . . + + + + - + . + + 2528. Makes listeners "healthy" . - + + + + - + . + + Social Dances Circle Dances 2529. Circle dance aboriginal dance form. *+ + *+ + + + + + - R _ _ _ 2530. Performed in brush corral . . + + + _ + + - _ _ _ _ _ 2531. Performed in open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + _ - - ; 2532. At fall rabbit hunt . . . . . . . . . _- - + 2533. In springtime . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + 2534. In suimer, at any celebration .. . . + + + _ + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ 2535. During communal fishing periods . .. + + + + - _ _ _ _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 103 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MN SDF NF NM NS NV 2536. Any time .... . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + 2537. Several bands assemble together.+ - + + + + + + + - . _ _ _ _ 2538. Young people dance, mainly .... . + 2539. Purpose mainly pleasure .+... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + - _ _ 2540. To make seeds grow . . . . . . . . . 2541. Dance around center post . + _ - _ + _ _ _ _ i) _ _ 2542. Juniper tree . . . . . . . . . . _ 2543. Dance around fire .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + _ _ _ _ 2544. All dancers sing .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - +? t2545. Special singers . . . . . . . . _*2 *4 _ E 2546. Each local group sings own songs, in turn . + - + .+ +. - + -. . -. - - - 2547. Split-stick rattle accompaniment . . _ _ _ _ - +? 2548. Clap hands as accompaniment. + + + 2549. Women choose partners ......... .. . _ __ _?) _ 2550. Men choose partners .... . . _ _ _ _ + + + + _ _ 2551. Dance in 1 circle .... ...... . . . . + + + + + + + + _ _ 2552. Dance in 2 concentric circles ... + - - + _+ 2553. Dance in 2 circles next to each other . _ _ _ + + - + + - _ ..2554.Sexes alternate .... . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + _ _ _ 2555. Sexes dance opposite each other in 1 circle + - *+ - 2556. Quick shuffle step .?.?.. . . . . . . . . . + _ _ 2557. Hopping step .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + 2558. Stamp both feet, moving slightly + + - _ _ _ _ 2559. Start: counterclockwise . . . . . . . . . . . + i)+ + + + + + + - + 2560. Reverse: dance clockwise .-.. . . . - + - - - + _ _ - _ - _ 2561. When dance stops, all shout ... . . . . . . + + + + + 2562. Good singer dance leader ... . . . . . . . + + - _ 2563. Band or district chief dance leader .... . - _ + + - _ _ _ _ 2564. Clowns ..-.-. . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ _ _ _ 2565. Act of own accord; not appointed . . _ - - - + + + + - _ _ _ _ _ 'o2566. Duration of dance, nights.1 - *1 1 *1 *1 *3 1*2 - *2 - _ - 26.Dance occasion for courting ......... + + + - -+ ++- 2568. Visitors camp in circular brush corral... - - + + + + - _ - + _ 2569. Visitors feasted by hosts .... . . . . . . + + + Sweat "Dance" 2570. Held inside sweat house + + + . _ 2571. At night .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ 2572. Any time of year .... . . . . . . + + - _ 2573. Both sexes participate ... . . . . + + 2574. Hot fire in sweat house . . . . . . . + + + 2575. 1 singer; hits center pole with stick + - _ _ _ 2576. Split-stick rattle used .-..... . _ + - _ 2577. Participants stand in 1 spot, dance until exhausted .... . . . . . . + + + *! 2578. Swim after dancing + + + Bear Dances 2579. Bear dance aboriginal ..-......... . _ _ _ - + + + + *+ *+ - + MO58. Given for good time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158. Given to dress bearskin..+ + + - _ _ _ _ [2582. Held in spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583. Held in winter ... ...... + 84. Held any time, in good weather ............ _+ + + - + - _ _ pi85. Danced in sweat house ................ ......... ___ ____+ - - + 1t586. Danced in open ....................... ______+ + + + + - _ _ - p58.W'holegathering lasts ......... . . . days . . . .... . . . . __________32-_ - 2 104 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV t2588. Lasts ... nights ..... . . ... | - - - - - 1 1 1 3 2- -1 o2589. Actual dance lasts ... days . . . . . . . . . _ 1 - _ -1 o2590. Lasts ... nights . . . . . . . 1 1 2 1 2 __ 2591. Dance begins near sundown . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ _ 2592. Dance begins in morning - - 2 1 - - 2 _ _ _ . . . _ + o2593. Number of singers, musicians . . . - - - 2 *2 1 2 2594. Split-stick rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - + 2595. Deer-hoof rattle .... . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ +?_ 2596. Clap hands as accompaniment .. . ........... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - _ 2597. Women, only, dance . . . . . . . . . . + - - _ - 2598. Women choose partners . . . . . .+ - - - _ + - _ _ 2599. Touch with stick . . . . . . + - _ _ - i 2600. Each person dances separately . . . . . . . + + + + - - - + 2601. Dancers abreast . . . . . . + - + 2602. Dancers in circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ _ _ _ 2603. Stretch bear hide, as out to dry . . . . . . _ + + + - _ - _ _ 2604. Male singer sits by hide and sings + + + - _ _ _ _ 2605. Women, or man, rub, hit bearskin ... . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + +? _ 2606. Man puts on bearskin . . . . . . . + + + + + - + 2607. In morning . . . . . . _ + + + + +- 2608. Dances, walks with bearskin on . . .?+ + - + - _ _ 2609. Impersonates bear, claws tree ?+ - + - + - + - 2610. Dog set onto him . _ . . . . +?- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2611. Drops shell beads, which women pick up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ +- 2612. Killer of bear ultimately given bearskin . .+ + + - _ - - _ 2613. Impersonator, girl dancers wash at sacred spring . . . . + + - - - __ 2614. Performers from other groups . . . . . ) - - + 2615. Feast follows performance.+ _ - - _ _ _ . + 2616. Held for black bear onlf .......... + + + - - - - - POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Political Units Sovereign Bodies 2617. Each village is autonomous unit.- _ - - + - *+ .* - - - + + - + *2618. Community of closely adjacent villages forms * * * * autonomous unit .- + - + - + - + - _ - * _ 2619. Local group, embracing several communities * * * is recognized, or is autonomous unit . . + + - + - + + + +- + - _ 2620. Tribe, embracing all local groups, is recognized unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chiefs and Other Officials Number of Male Chiefs 2621. 1 per autonomous unit .... . . . . . . + + ++ + *++ + *+ + + + + + + + 2622. Multiple, of equal rank, per autonomous unit. 4 - *2 ?- 2623. Chiefly lineages ......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2624. Tribal chief .... . . . . . . . . . . . . R+ R+ - -*R- Basis for Selection 2625. Heredity, primary factor .-...................... + + + + *+ + + *+ + *+ - + + + +: 2626. Paternal only .-...................... - + + + - + _ - - + - + + + _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X0--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 105 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS NV 2627. Both paternal, maternal . .+ - _ + - + + + - _ . . . + 2628. Primogeniture . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + - + *+ +. - - + 2629. Oldest member paternal lineage + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2630. Only if direct heir too young _ + + + + + + - _ _ + _ _ _ - 2631. Brother of deceased chief . + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + 2632. Only if direct heir too young + + - *+ - . _ _ 2633. Brother's son . - + + + - - - + + + - - * - + + Qualifications for Appointment 2634. Character and knowledge .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ t2635. Possession of wealth _ + . + - _ +? 2636. Good speaker, and"talks to everyone" .... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Appointment 2637. Chosen at assembly of elders .+.?.?.?.?.?. . + *+ + + + 2638. Chosen at assembly of all males .-... . . + + - + _ + . . 2639. Women sometimes attend and speak . . _ + - _ _ . + . _ _ _ 2640. Incumbent may select successor ... . . . . + + + + + _ _ + + + . - + + + + 2641. New leader may be appointed before incumbent dies . + + + + _ _ - + . _ + - 2642. Headmen of other groups select or help select new leader ........ . + + + + + + + + . - + + 2643. Approval of community required ... . . . . + + _ _ + + _ + + _ + - . _ _ _ Tenure 2644. For life .+...... .. ........ + + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + 2645. Dependent on satisfactory behavior. - - + + + - + - - - + - + + + 2646. May be deposed by killing. . - - - + - - - - - "+ - - - * Title 2647. Individual title.+ + + + + + + + + + *. + + + + + *2648. Title extended to children + + + + + + - + _ _ - _ _ 2649. To daughter only . . . . _ + 2650. Daughter called by special title .+ 2651. Title extended to wife; "chief's * wife" .+ + + + + - + + + + + + + . - + Insignia 2652. Wears "hairpin" with quail crest at ceremonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2653. Chief only person who uses eagle feathers . + - Activities and Duties 2654. Hunts, fishes for self .... . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ + - 2655. Relatives hunt, fish for him .-.. . . . . . _ + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 2656. All give chief food free. . + + + _ + + + *+ - + + + + 2657. Food bought for chief .... _ _ _ - + _ _ + _ 2658. Feeds visitors .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + 2659. Impoverished thereby . .?.?.?.?. .._ ,2660. Provides most of food for ceremonies ... . _ - + _ + + - + + - + + + + + + .2661. Directs communal economic activities . . ....................... + + + _ + + + + + + * +*+ + + + 2662. Deer drives ........................ _ + +__+_+-+++__+_ 2663. Antelope, duck hunts, etc.... ..|-++-|--|- -| | 106 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EK Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NF NF NM NS MV 2664. Fishing . + + - + + - + - 2665. Vegetable-food quests ... . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2666. Pine-nut trips .-... . . . . . . . + 2667. Orates at public ceremonies .... . . . . . + + + *+ + *+ + + + + + 2668. Talks from sweat house, at dances . . - *+ + + _ + + + - + *2669. Talks morning and evening ... . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + - + + *+ + + + + _ 2670. Moral lectures to children .... . . . . . + + + *+ + + *+ + + + + + 2671. Settles disputes .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + 2672. Pays or helps pay wergild .-.. . . . + + - _ - + + - . _ _ - - - 2673. Sets price for wergild payments. - + + + + - * () - _ _ 2674. Sanctions killing of offenders .... . + + - + - 2675. Concerned with war . .+ - + - + + + + + + *+ + + . + 2676. Declares war .... . ........ . + - + - + *+ + + . + o2677. Goes to war .... . + - _ _ + + + + *+ + + . + . 2678. Negotiates for peace . . . . . + _ + + + + + _ *+ - _ . + . Escort 2679. Some 1 person accompanies chief on visit . . _ + *+ *+ + + - 2680. Several men, youths, accompany chief on visits .+.. ........ + + _ - + + ? Female Chiefs and Titled Women 2681. Female chiefs .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + ++ - ++_ 2682. No male chief .... . . . . . . . . _ _ + - + _ + 2683. Male chief also .-... . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + - + - + + - + + _ 2684. Sister, cousin of male chief . ...?????????+ +?????? 2685. Daughter of male chief ... ..... . + + - + + - 2686. Wife of male chief .-... . . . . . - _ + + + - + _ + _ + + + 2687. Gives orders to men .-. - . + *+ + + + + - + + - 2688. Sends messengers with orders. - - + + + - + + - 2689. Substitutes for male chief in absence of latter .-.-.. . . . . . *+ + - +? ? ?_ 2690. Supervises preparation of food for ceremony .-... . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - + - + + + - + + +- 2691. Titled women .-.?.-.?.).?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. _ _ 2692. Sister, cousin of male chief _ _ _ - - _?+ 2693. Daughter of male chief . . . . + - Assistant to Male Chief 2694. Assistant chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + - + + - - + o2695. Number per political unit .. . 1 .- - - 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1- 2696. Son or brother of chief . . . - . _ - + _ _ + + _+ - 2697. Advises chief . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + 2698. Substitutes for chief in his absence . + . - - - + + + _ + + _ 2699. Provides money for public gathering . . + . _ - - +???????? 2700. Supervises preparation, division of food for ceremony .... . . + . + + . 2701. Lifelong office ... .. . . + . _ _ - + + + + + Criers 2702. Appointed by chief .+... . . . . . . . . . _ + - _ - + + 2703. Chosen at assembly of old men . ...... . ? +? 2704. Hereditary, paternal line .... . ...... _ _ + + - + + 2705. Ability basis of selection ....+ + - - - + ? _ _ _ + o2706. Number per chief or headman ....................... - 1 2 - - - 1 1? ? ? ??- -1 o2707. Number per village. ............|- 2*t2 |- - 1|- 1 -|--|1 --i1 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 107 ___________________________________ Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV .,~~~~~~~~~~~ _ 2708. Speaks twice daily, from top of sweat house *+ *+ + - _ +? ? ? ?+ + 2710. Moral lectures to children ... . . ... . + + - _ _ + - +? ? ?? + 2711. Stops disputes, chief's orders ... . . . . + + + - _ - +? 2712. Acts as dance manager .. ...... .....+ *+ 2713. Acts as messenger man .... . ... . + +? . . _ 2714. Talks at ceremonies ..... + + + + + - - + 2715. Clowns and ridicules . . . . . . . . . . . . Clowns 2716. Informal clowning, joking, only . ...+ + ? . 2717. Formal clowns .. .- + - - + 2718. Office distinct from crier's . _ _ ? ++ - - + 2719. Hereditary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2720. Appointed by chief ...... . . +?+ + 2721. Lifelong . (+). . . . . . + - - + 2722. Clowns at ceremonies ... . . + _ + + - - + 2723. Wears acorn necklace .. . - + + - - + 2724. Paid . . . ........ . . . . . + + 2725. Helps dreamer call spirits ... . . + - - - Messengers o2726. No. male messengers per village or local group . . . . ... . . . . -. . . 2 - - 1 *1*3 2 *6 2 1 2 - - 2727. No. variable for intratribal matters .. . + + - + + + _ + + _ + - - - + $+ 2728. Individuals serve in temporary capacity only. + + - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + 2728a. Official messenger for war matters only . . - + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ 2729. Competency and willingness chief criteria for selection of .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2729a.Must be good speaker . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2730. Appointed by chief .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2731. Hereditary, paternal line . ...... .. ...+ . 2732. Lifelong tenure . . + - + + + + + + + _ 2733. If incompetent, discharged . . . . . ... . . + - + + + + + + + + + + 2734. Paid if travels a distance .... . .... + - *+ + + _+ _ 2735. Paid occasionally; given board ... . .... + + + + + + + + _ 2736. Carries messages for chief or headman + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - 2737. Travels about; gathers news ... ..... . + + + + + + - *2738. Welcomes guests .... . . . . .....-. . _ _ + - . + + + + + + . _ 2739. Orders hunt for chief. . . . - + + . . . . . . . _ + + + + 2739a.Attends to fire at ceremonies . . . . . . . . - - - + 2740. Women messengers .... . . . ....-.. . _ + - + +? 2741. Carry messages for anyone . .... -. _ + - + +? o2742. Number going together - _ - 2? 2743. Suitability only criterion ..... + - + +? 2744. Travel only short distances .. .... + - +? 2745. Act in temporary capacity only - + - + +? Fire Tender t2746. No. per village or local group *- - 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2747. Lifelong office .-... . . . . . . . . . . . + + R+- + + + - + 2748. Temporary office only .... . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + R- + - - + - 2749. Hereditary in paternal line .. . . . . _ +? . + i) - + 2750. Appointed by chief .... . . . . . . . . . - - + + + R+ + + 2751. Chief acts as fire tender .-... . . . . . . - _ + - + - _ *2752. Clown acts as fire tender . _ + - - + 2753. Attends to fire in assembly house ....................... ___+--- - - +?R + + + + + + 2754. Keeps assembly house clean ....................... ___+_-- - - +?R + + + - + 2755. Has 1 assistant ................... . . ___+?_ ? ?__ ? + + - + + 108 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS M MF NF NM NS MV 2756. Attends to fire for sweating . . . . . . . . - + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + - _ 2757. Attends to fire for ceremonies . . . . . . . + - - - - - R + + + + + + 2758. Builds fire for encamped visitors ... . . . + - - -l + - Singers o2759. No. male singers per village or local group . *2 - 3 2760. Variable number ....... . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + - 2761. Office lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2762. Hereditary, in paternal line ? ? ? ? ?? + 2763. Any gifted individual . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ 2764. Appointed by chief . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2765. Female singers also . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + 2766. Sister, daughter of male singer . . .? ? ? ? ? ? + Dance Manager 2767. Owner of sweat house (headman).-H - - + + + + - 2768. Hereditary office, paternal line ..+ + + + + 2769. Schedules dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2769a. Urges people to dance . . . . . . . . . . . . +- + + + 2769b.Orders wood gathered for dance fire . ... + + + - - 2769c.Talks at intervals (prays) at dance . . . . . + + + - WAR Nature and Causes Nature of Warfare 2770. Intertribal wars .+ + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + * * + 2771. Intratribal raids and feuds . . . . . . . . . + + + + - *+ *+ + + - *+ *+ + Motivation 2772. War for adventure or plunder . . . . . . . . + +?_ 2773. War for revenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2774. Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - - + + + - _ + + - 2775. Rare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - - _ + + - + + + 2776. Intertribal murders . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2777. Strangers from hostile tribes killed on sight .+ + + + + + + + + + + 2778. Intratribal murders, if uncompensated + + + + + + + + + - - + + + 2779. Rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + 2780. Stealing women, young girls . . . . . + - _ _ - + + + + + - + - _ * 2781. Women, girls bought back, no war . + +?_ 2782. Insult or slight to chief . . . . . . + - + + + + _ + + + . . 2783. To avenge witchcraft against group. . + + + + - - *+ - + + + + . _ 2784. Intratribally, for poisoning of girl by suitor .+ + - _ _ . _ 2785. Poaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _+ +_ + 2786. By alien tribe . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + + - _ + + _ _ 2787. By another local group of same tribe . . . . . . . . + - + + 2788. No war; merely run off intruders . . + + + - + - + - + 2789. Stealing stored food .- CULTRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 109 TE1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM |F NF NS Participants Groups Involved *790. Autonomous group alone .... . . . . . . . + + - + _ + _ _ + + + + + 2791. Autonomous group plus allies ... . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + *+ + + *+ + Combatants 2792. All able-bodied men of group .... . . .... . + - + + + _ _ - + _ _ *+ - 2793. Sometimes only limited number ... . . . . + + + + - + - _ _ - + + - _ 2794. Some men stay to protect women (+) + + + - - + + - + + + _ _ 2795. Neighboring groups, tribes asked to give aid . + .*+ + *+ + + + + + _ _ 2796. Warriors or neighboring tribes "hired" for war *+- - _ - Leaders ,-o2797. Chief or headman may lead war party . + ? . .+ ? t *+ + + + o2798. Chief goes to war, neutral in battle . . + _ *+ - + - + - - + _ _ o2799. Chief stays home + + _ + + + ro2800. War leader distinct official, not chief . + + + + - + _ + _ + - _ _ 2801. Selected by chief .- + . + + - + + _ + - _ 2802. Chosen at popular assembly + + . $+ 2803. Chosen on basis of competency .+ + + + + + *+ *+ *+ 2804. Holds office until physically disabled . . . . . . _ + + _ _ + + + _ _ + 2805. Appointed for 1 expedition, usually . . . . . . . . _ + - _ 2806. Shaman goes to war..+ + - + + + - . + + + - 2807. Occasionally only . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ _ _ Preparation Prognostication 2808. Prediction of deaths in war .+ + + - + + + + + + + . _ _ 2809. By war leader, through dreams . + + - +? 2810. By shaman .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + 2811. Dreams . + _ _ _ + +? . . . . . . 2812. Shaman tests contestants. *+? 2813. If man falls during war dance, sign of death.. - + + +. _ _ Shamanistic Activities Against Enemy 2814. Shaman sings all night against enemy, prior to encounter .- + + - *+ + + - + + - - + - 2815. "Charms" enemy - + + - + + + - + + _ _ + - 2816. "Poisons" enemy .+ + + - - + + - + + _ _ _ - 2817. Formulas against enemy.- + - - - + + - + + _ _ _ _ 2818. Shaman sings during fighting * _ _ . + + + - 2819. Shaman sometimes hired to kill enemy; no expedition + + + + + + _ + + - _ _ _ Practice Fighting 20. Combatants practice dodging arrows .+ .i) . *+ + + + - + _ 2821. Night before fight. + i) . + + + + - - 2822. In daytime.. _ _ - .................. _ _ +- War Dance |23. War dance of incitement ........-...... .. . + + +| + - +| t+ + -l + - - - 110 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NS o2824. Held ... days before fight . . . . . . . . - - 2 -2 *2 1 2 6 o2825. Lasts ... days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-- - - - - - 1 - o2826. Lasts ... nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2 - - *2 - 5 2827. Part of night only . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 2828. At or near village . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + - + - + - - _ 2829. Outside in open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2830. Inside in sweat house, around pole .+ 2831. Dancers abreast in row . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + ??_ 2832. Dancers in circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + +?? + - 2833. Each person runs around . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + 2834. Carry bow and arrows . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - - _ 2835. Talk to arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . - _- 2836. Shoot at human effigy . . . . . . . . . . . _ 2837. Men only dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + 2838. Men and women dance . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + + - 2839. Women carry feathers . . . . . . . _ + 2840. Women sing for men . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - + - +-_ Painting, Headdress 2841. Contestants paint .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - 2842. Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - ++ . + + _ _ 2843. Black ..... . . . . . ...... . . . - - + - + + + + + + _ *2844. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + _ _ + 2845. Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - 2846. Arms . . ............... . ..- + + + + + + + + -_ 2847. Body and legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + - 2848. Stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + 2849. Variable patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + . - 2850. According to guardian spirit . - + - _ - + +??????_ 2851. Head net . . ........- - + + __ 2852. Headband..-. ......... . . . ... +++ ++ + 2853. Bone hairpins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - *+ *+ *+ - - Procedure Declaration and Manner of Fighting 2854. Declaration of war .... . . . . . . ..... . + + + 2855. Prearranged encounters . . . . . . . . . . .* + + 2856. Surprise attacks .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2857. Early morning, before dawn . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2858. Scouts ...... .. . .. . .. . .. . ... + + + + + + + + + + + . - + 2859. Use owl calls, etc ......... . ... *+ + + _+ + + + + 2860. Hand-to-hand fighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + - + + + + + _ _ 2861. Shaman sings .................. . ++ + 2862. Men killed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2863. Women killed .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - + - + + + + + + - + 2864. Children killed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + _ + Captives 2865. Prisoners taken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + _ _ _ 2866. Women: young. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + * + - - + + *+ *+ - - - - 2867. Children.. ....... . + + + ++ + + ++ _ __ 2868. Mainly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ 2869. Women captives killed . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + - - - - 2870. Kept month or so before being killed .-....... . _-- ++_ 2871. Abused, mistreated .-.... . - - + + + - - _ _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIk 111 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE |WT WM WS M1MM NFNS 2872. Body left unburied, unburned ... . . . . + + 2873. Women captives enslaved . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . + +) + - - + + + _ _ 2874. Violated ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +- + o2875. Married .+.?.?.?.?. . . +. _ _ . _ 2876. Child captives killed .-... . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + ? 2877. Kept for month or so .... . . . . . . . _ _ + + + 2878. Abused .-.-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + 2879. Body left unburied, unburned ... . . . . _ _ + + 2880. Child captives enslaved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ - + + + + _ _ 2881. Adopted .+.... +._ _ ++_ -__. . + _ _ - - Booty and Scalps 2882. Booty taken ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + ++ 2883. Bows of slain kept .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - i) 2884. Scalps taken ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +* + + + *+ + + +- 2885. Scalp dried on frame .-... . . . . . . _ + _ _ - + + + + - 2886. Special custodian for scalp ... . . . . . + + + _ _ - +? 2887. Scalp kept permanently ..... . + + + ___+? 2888. Scalp thrown away .... . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ 2889. Scalp burnt ..... . . . .. . _ _ _ + +_... (.)+ (+)-+ 2890. Whole head taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ? 2891. Fingers taken ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ _ 2892. Heart cut out, taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + . Behavior of Noncombatants Women's Dance 2893. Women dance while warriors away .-........ . _ + + *+ + + _ + + . *2894. Each day or night .-... . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + _ _ - + . 2895. Sing, pray to help men at war ... . . . . _ + + + + + 2896. Each woman dances separately.- _ - +? ? ? + ..- 2897. Round dance .-... . . . . . . . _ - _ +? . 2898. Dance abreast .-...... . + + . +? . . . . 2899. Outside .-. . . . . ......... . . + + +++__ ++. 2900. Woman singer.- + + + + + _ _ + + . - 2901. Male singer . . . . . _ _ _+ +. 2902. Flint "rattle," on basket caps . + . . . . 2903. Panther teeth, bear claws on stick rattle . - + _ _ _ . 2904. No rattle used . ..f. .) _ + + _ . . . +.. 2905. Wear skirts of strung pine nuts- + + . +? . 2906. Hold bow and arrow, or flint knife, in hand - + * _ + + . Prognostications 2907.If woman drops knife during dance, sign husband killed, hurt.- .- .. ..+ .+ .. ..-..- 2908. Shaman doctors to learn of warrior's progress... - - . + - + . + Return of War Party Victory Dance 2908a.Victory (scalp) dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + )*+ 2909. Held in or near village .+..... ........ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2910. Held in brush corral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2911.lAll men dance ..............................- _ _- + + _ + ++ +- - .2912. Warriors only, among men, dance ......................... + + + - - + +?___ !/2913. Women dance ......................... + + - + + - + + + + + + - 112 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _l Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM ME NF NS 2914. Dancing proceeds around fire and pole . ..... . + + + + + + + + + _ + - 2915. 2 circles, men and women separately + + ??? + _ + - 2916. 1 circle, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - 2917. Dancers in row abreast .... . .. .* . . + + + + _ 2918. Each person dances separately .... .. .. . + + + - 2919. Dancers stamp 1 foot .... . . ....... . . + + - + +???????? 2920. Dancers stamp both feet .... . . .. .. . + + + + - 2921. Scalp on center pole .... . . .. ..... . . + *+ * + + + + _ 2922. Heart on top of center pole . . + _ + - . - _ _ _ _ 2923. Scalp(s) on small hand pole(s) .+......... . + $ _ - + + + + + + _ _ 2924. Human effigy .-_++ + +-_--. 2925. Each warrior pantomimes his war deeds._ . _ + + + + + . + - 2926. Each warrior dances singly, once around, with scalp _ . _ - + + + + . - - 2927. Old women dance with scalps .... . . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ + + + _ _ - 2928. Wipe themselves with bloody scalp .+ + _ + - . _ - 2929. Chew and bite scalp, heart + + + 2930. Scalps dragged and rubbed in dirt ... . . . . . . + + - + + + - _ _ 2931. 1-2 women walk back and forth in front of dancers .- - + + + _ + + - _ _ 2932. Warriors carry bow and arrows .+ + + + + + + + + + + + - 2933. Shoot at scalp or heart .. . + + + + - + - 2934. Women dancers carry brush or pole . + - + _ + - 2935. Participants painted .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - - - _ 2936. Black .+ - + + + + + - - - _ 2937. Red.-++++++--+---- 2938. White.+ + + + + + + - - 2939. Participants wear brush, feather headdresses . . + + + - - + + _ + + - - - _ *2940. Warriors wear fighting gear . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + - - 'Purification of Killers; Treatment of Wounded 2941. Swims ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + -__ +. +_ 2942. Sweats ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - + + - . _- 2943. Steam type .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + 2944. Direct-fire type .-... . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - - - - + - - . _ _ 2945. Scarification and bleeding . . ..... . . . .+ - . - _ 2946. Aromatic plants rubbed on body .. . . - - - + - + - - + + . + - 2947. Women brush off men with plant ... - - - + + - - - + . _ _ 2948. Must stay outside .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - - - + + + . + - 2949. Stays awake mainly, or naps .-.. . . . . . - _ + + + - - - + + + . + - 2950. Prays for luck .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -_ + + + - + - - + +. +_ t2951. Meat taboo ... days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . + *2- - - *4 -28 * 6 2952. Warm food taboo . + - 2953. Scratching stick used .-... . . . ....... . - - - + ? ? + . + + 2954. Bath at end of taboo period .- + + + . + + 2955. Meat taboo to wounded .... . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + - + _ + - + . + + 2956. Hot food taboo to wounded .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ? + . + + 2957. Wash wounded with special decoction .. . .... . + + . + + Peace Negotiations Compensation for Slain 2958. Intertribal wars: compensation ... + - - * - R ? 2959. Revenge only .-... . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEMI. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 113 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM IF NF NS 2960. Intratribal feuds or murders: compensation . + + + + + *+ + + + *+ *+ 2961. Revenge only .... . . .... . .. . . . + + 2962. Victims send envoy(s) to ask aggressors for pay + + + * + + + + + + + - 2963. Chief or headman as envoy . - + + _ + + + . _ 2964. Paid for services by 1 side ... . . . . . + - - + + + ? 2965. Chief or headman makes peace ... . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ - + + + + + + + + 2966. Compensation for slain, 1 side only ... . . . . . + + 2967. Compensation for all dead .... ..... . . . . _ + + + + - + + + + + _ 2968. If victims on both sides, no compensation .... +. + _?+ ? 2969. Payment in beads, property .... . ...... . *+ + + + *+ + + + + + + + _ 2970. Payment in women .... . . . . ...... . . . + + + + + + + + _ 2971. Customarily .... . . ..... . . . . . + + ) . + +? 2972. Intratribally .... . ..... . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 2973. Intertribally .... . . . . . . . .... + - - (- ) R R? 2974. Pay according to wealth, more for rich ..... . + + - + - + + + + . _ 2975. Pay according to status of victim ... . . . . . . - _ + +? 2976. Pay according to sex of victim ... . . . . . . . - _ + - - + . _ 2977. Pay according to age of victim ... . . . . . . . - _ + - - _ + + . _ 2978. If sufficient reason for killing, not much pay . . + + + + + _ 2979. If kill "for meanness," pay large amount .. . . . + + + + + 2980. Sticks of 1-string length for negotiation . . + + +? 2981. Amount same as victim's mother's bride price . - + +? 2982. Amount (for woman) same as usual bride price . . - +? 2983. Payment divided among all villagers ..... - - . . . ) 2984. Most of payment goes to chief . . . . . . . . . . . 2985. Payment for woman goes to husband .. .. .... . + + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ 2986. Payment for woman goes to her family .. .. . *+ - + + + + + + + *+ 2987. Payment for man goes to his family . ..... . . + + + + + + + + + _ 2988. Payment for slave goes to owner. + 2989. Payment for slave goes to latter's family .. _ +? 2990. Compensation for property destroyed . ....... + Dance or Meeting for Settlement 2991. Both groups present .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + +?+ - _ 2992. Daytime .-.-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + 2993. Night.+ - _ 2994. At certain localities outside village. 2995. Halfway between 2 villages .-... . . . . . . . . - _ +?+ _ 2996. Dressed for war; armed .-... . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + +?+ _ 2997. Dance in circle .?.?.-.-.....?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?..?. - - + 2998. Dance in row, abreast .... . . . . . . . . . . . - - + +? 2999. 2 groups face each other .-... . . . . . . . . . - _ +? 3000. All dance together . - + + +? . . . . . _ 3001.Payment in heads .......... . - _ + ++ - _ _ . . 3002. During dance .-... . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + +? 3003. Dancers disarm after money paid ... . . . . . . . - - + + +? 3004. Women dance with blood money . _ + . +? . . . . 3005. Blood money smoked over fire . + - + . . . . . _ 3006. Groups sometimes eat together ... - - + ... -. - 114 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IR1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS IM MF NF NM NS MV CYCLE OF LIFE Birth Customs Preparations for Delivery 3007. Delivery in special hut . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - *+ + 3008. Delivery in dwelling house .+ + + + + _ 3009. Ground prepared for delivery .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3009a.Trench dug . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ 3010. Ground warmed . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - _ + - + - - - + + + - - + 3011. Grass bed . - + _ + + + - - - + + - _ _ _ 3012. Pine needles, tules, leaves for bed + + + + - _ - + + + + + + + + + Delivery 3013. Parturient assisted during delivery .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3014. By professional midwife . . . . . . . + + - _ - + + + + + + + - + + + 3015. Midwife paid. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + + 3016. By female relative . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3017. By husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? + + - + + - _ _ _ 3018. By shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ *+ *+ + + 3019. By female herbalist . . . . . . . . . - _ *+ + + + - 3020. Birth aided by medicine. . . + + + + + - + + 3021. Vegetable decoction drunk, sometimes. - _ + *+ *+ + - *+ + 3022. Decoction of ashes drunk . . . . . . + 3023. Water blown on parturient's head . . _ - +? ? ? ? ?+ + - _ 3024. Parturient kneels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +?? + _ + _ 3025. Parturient squats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3026. Parturient sits down, leaning backward . . . _ + + + +? ? ? ? ?_ 3027. Parturient lies on back. + + 3028. Grasps stakes . . - + + + + - + + + 3029. Grasps cord . . - +?????????_ 3030. Steadies self with hands . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3031. Holding or handling of parturient . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3032. Massaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + _ + + + 3033. Shaken .+ + + + + ? ? + + + + + - 3034. Held by attendant, from behind . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3035. Abdomen pressed, if slow birth . . + _ + + + + + + + + + - + + 3036. Held suspended, head down . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+) 3037. Attempts made to hasten birth . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + 3038. Child "coaxed" by speech or songs *+ *- + *+ + *+. + *3039. Child "frightened" by noise . . . . . - - + + + +? ? ? ? ? ?_ 3040. Child squeezed out . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + *+ + + *+ 3041. Child "shaken" out . . . . . . . . . + + + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ Afterbirth 3042. Assistance in expelling afterbirth . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3043. Husband aids; tries to shake it out. + + _ _ - + + - _ - + + - _ _ _ 3044. Poor couples only . . . . . . . *+ + 3045. Parturient's abdomen pressed . . *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ *+ 3046. Afterbirth sometimes taken out with hands. . + . + . __ '3047. Womb pushed back with heel . . . + + _ 3048. Afterbirth disposed of immediately after delivery. .. .. . + + + + + - + + + + + 3049. Afterbirth kept until navel cord drops off . + *+ _ - + ? 3050. Afterbirth wrapped ...... . . ..... + + + - + _+ + + + + + -+ 3051.5Skin ............... . .?|*--- -~ *|++ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 115 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3052. Grass .. +. +?. I .*++ + + -1+ 3053. Bark..??+ . + + + + + - 3054. Relatives or midwife dispose of afterbirth. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3055. Old women relatives . . . . . . . . . + + *- + + + + + + + + _ 3056. Male relatives of parturient . + +? 3057. Husband of parturient . . . . . . . . + + +? 3058. Midwife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + 3059. Afterbirth buried, customarily . . . . . . . + + + _ _ *+ + + + + + + + + + 3060. In ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - + + + + _ + + + + *+ 3061. Underneath bark, but not in ground. .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ ? 3062. Afterbirth burned, customarily . . . . . . . + + * + . 3063. In fire, between 2 hot rocks ._) + *+. 3064. Roasted, between 2 hot rocks; no fire _ 3065. Afterbirth burned, only if infant dies . . . + + - . _ - +? 3066. Afterbirth mutilated, destroyed . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + _ _ + + - _ 3067. Turned inside out . . . . . . . . . . + *+ - + + + _ - 3068. Burned outside . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + _ _ 3069. Buried.- -- 3069 Buied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _________++__ 3070. Thrown outside . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + 3071. Thrown on ants' nest . . . . . . . . - _ + + +? 3072. Put in hole..+_ +.? 3073. Hole stopped withihot rock.. . + .? 3074. To change sex of child . . . . + +_+ 3075. To prevent future offspring . . + + + + + . + + + _ Navel Cord 3076. Cord not cut until afterbirth expelled . . . + + + 3077. Cord twisted and cut below twist . . . . . . + + + + + . + 3078. Cord cut with knife . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 3079. Obsidian or stone knife . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + - 3080. Shell knife. + + + + 3081. Knife put away, or purified, after use + + + + ++ + *+ + - 3082. So0infant will'not'sicken. + + - _ - + + + . . + . + + 3083. Knife thrown away, or destroyed + . *+ 3084. Cut by attendant . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + 3085. Cord tied .. . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3086. With mother's hair . . . . . . . . . - - - + + 3087. With vegetable-fiber string . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + + + . + + 3088. With sinew . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 3089. With buckskin string . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + _ 3090. Tied on itself . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + . + + 3091. Cord coiled: bound with rat or mouse gut . + + + ? ? _ _ 3092. Dressings applied to umbilicus, before cord drops off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3093. Pitch... + *+___ _? 3094. Deer grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3095. Pulverized shells and ashes..+ ? 3096. Plant dressings . . . . . . . . . . . + *+- 3097. Charcoal and fingernail scrapings . _*+ 3098. Warm stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + 1099. Belly band used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + - - - + _ _ + + _ + + 3100. Navel cord preserved, after drops off . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3101. For short time only . . . . . . . . + - + _ + _ - + - - + - - + - + 3102. Until owner adult . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + - - + - _ _ 3103. Permanently . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 3104. In small basket . . . . + - _ + _ _ _ 3105. In bag ............... . + +-+-_ + +*+ -_ + -_-_+ -- * 3106. On first cradle ........... +--_ -+ -_+ __+_ ? 116 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE.-WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS MV 3107. On second cradle. . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + - _ + _ _ 3108. On person, after child walks .. .. _+_+ __+? 3109. Shown to owner, when adult. *+ + _ ?*+ __?+ 3110. Disposal of cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *3111. Buried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 3112. Burnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3113. Thrown away, or "lost" . + + + _ Treatment of Infant 3114. Bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 3115. Immediately after birth . . . . . . . + + + + + _ - + + - + + + 3116. 1 day after birth . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3117. Steamed on lap, 2-3 days after birth . . . . *+ + + - + + - - - 3118. Steamed after cord drops off . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ - _ 3119. Wiped with grass, skin, etc. . . . . . . . . *+ *+*+ _ . *+ *+ 3120. Rubbed with oil, grease, powder . . . . . . . + + + + ++ - 3121. Massaging.. ......... + +++ + + + + + + + + + + + 3122. Torso shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+)+ + + + + + + + + + ++ 3123. Legs, arms shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3124. Face, nose shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3125. Massaging, shaping after cord drops off, only + + + + +? 3126. By maternal grandmother . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - + + + + + + _ 3127. By mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - +????? 3128. By attendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 3129. Blow in baby's ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ 3130. Ceremonial; singing, praying over baby . . . _ - *++ - _ _ _ Treatment of Mother 3131. Isolated indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + 3132. In hut, dwelling . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *3133. For ... days and nights . . . 5 5 + + + - _ + + + -3 6 5 4 + t3134. For ... months . - . - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - - - ?1 3135. Until blood stops flowing. . _ + + - - - - - 3136. Until cord drops off infant . - - - - + + +?+ + _ _ 3137. Leaves hut immediately after birth of child . - _ + + _ + +?_ 3138. Breaks wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + +? 3139. Packs wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + +_+ _ _? 3140. Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ *++ 3141. Dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ *+ 3142. To keep healthy . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + -_ + 3143. To keep blood flowing . . . . . . . . - _ + + - +?- 3144. Bathing or care of body . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3145. Bathes in river . . . . . . . . . . . - - - *+ _*+ ?_ *- *- 3146. Bathed in hut, by attendant . . . . . . . _ + - + 3147. Takes steam bath in hut. . - +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 3148. Massaging . . . . . . . . . . . . + _+ + + + + 3149. Belt around abdomen for period of isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + 3150. Hair belt . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ 3151. Medicinal drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ + + + + + 3152. Ordinarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + 3153. Only if ailing . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + 3154. External application of heat . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3155. Warm rock strapped on abdomen, with belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + + + + + + - 3156. Lies on warm "bed" . . . . . . . . . + + + - + *+ + + + + + - + - _ + o3157. For ... days ........ 2'*2 - 10 l -- - 36 54 - 3158. Until blood stops running . . - + - _ _ _ _ - + ?____-+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 117 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS M MF NF NM NS MV 3159. Until cord drops off .... + _+ _ + _ _ 3160. Pit or trench dug .+.. . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + - - + 3161. Hot rocks, charcoal put in pit .+ + + + + + + + + + _ + _ _ + 3162. Pit covered with grass, bark. + + + + + + + + + - + - - + 3163. Fire direct on ground; lies beside it - - ?????????+ - + + - Treatment of Midwife 3164. Bathes, immediately after child born + + + ++ t4165. Cuts arms, later . . .+ + - i.) _ _ . - Restrictions on Mother *3166. Restrictions last for ... days ..... . . 5 5 -28 - 6 -28 28 28 - 3 6 5 28 28 3167. Until blood stops flowing .-.. . . . - _ + - - +? 3168. Until navel cord drops off. _ *+ . + o3169. Bathing taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + ?+ + + + + + + 3170. In stream .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - + + + + + + + + + 3171. Sweat bath .... . . . . . . . . . + + - i) + + + + + + + + + + + + 3172. Food taboos .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3173. Eats alone .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + $ 3174. Fed by old woman .-... . . . . . . - _ + - - + + - + + + + + + + + 3175. Uses separate receptacles ... . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + 3176. Eats sparingly .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3176a.Fresh meat taboo .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3177. Dried meat taboo .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3178. Fresh fish taboo .... . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3179. Dried fish taboo .... . . . . . . + + - - + + + + - - + + + + + + 3181. Grease taboo .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3182. Salt taboo .... . . . . . . . . * + + + - - + + + + + + 3183. Cold water taboo .+ + + + *+ + + - - + + + + - + + 3184. Toiletry taboos .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 3185. Combing hair taboo .+ + - - + + + - + + + + - + + 3186. Head, face scratcher used.*+ *+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 3187. Especially for first child. . - - - + - + + + + - - - 3188. Tabooed activities .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 3189. Making baskets taboo . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 3190. Preparing food taboo ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + $3191. Traveling taboo ... days .5 5 - 28 -28 28 28 - 3 6 5 28 - 3192. Until blood stops flowing or cord drops off .-... . . - _ + - + *+ + - - - + - - - - + o3193. Sees no men for ... days. 5 - - - *2. t3194. Intercourse taboo for ... months . . *2 *2 *2 2 2 . . - 1 * 3 3195. Loud noise near child taboo .-.. . . _ + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 3196. Would make child deaf - + + - + + + + . + 3197. Release from taboos .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + 3198. Bathes .... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + + *+ + + + + + + . + 3199. Midwife or mother assists . . + _ + - - + + - + - + + + + . + 3200. Medicated bath - + + $ + - _ - - + *+ + 3201. Sweats.. + + + +_ + _ ? 3202. Swims after sweating.... - + + + + - - - - +? Restrictions on Father 3203. Required for all offspring .... . . . . . + + + + +? ? ? ? + + - _ 3204. For first child only . . .......... _+ + - + + + - - + - '205. Retirement period ...................... + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 3206. Stays with mother in hut -...................... + *+ *+ - +________ 3207. Must stay in own dwelling house .. . ...................... + + +?______+ + - - - - + 118 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3208. Merely stays indoors .- - - + - _ + + - - + + + + - *3209. For ... days.. . 5 5 - 5 _*4 - *4 6 * 28 3210. Until child's cord drops off - - + + + + - - + - + + - - - _ *3211. Sleeps little . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + *+ + + - _ . + 3212. Enforced activities, immediately after birth. + + + (+) + + + _ + + + + + + + + 3212a. Dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ 3213. Runs .+ + + -+ + + -+ + ?_ 3214. First'child'only. + + _ + 3215. Breaks up wood . + + + + + + + + + + + + 3216. Brings back firewood ... - _ _ _ + + + - + + + + + + + + 3217. Piles up rocks . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ _ _ o3218. Seeks power in mountains . . . . . . + + + i) + - - + +?_ 3219. For every child he has .. . + + + + +?_ 3220. First 4-5 children only .. . _ _ _ _ _+ + 3221. Swims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + . _ 3222. In spring in mountains - + - _ + _ _ - + - _ _ _ 3223. Cooks for self and children . . . . + _ - - + - _ _ _ 3224. Bathing taboo ............... + + - - + - + + + + + ._ o3225. Bathing taboo for ...days . 4 - - *4 - *4 - *4 + 3 t3226. Sweating taboo for ... days . . . . . 5 *4 - - *4 - + *4 *4 + - _ _ . _ 3227. Certain activities taboo . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *3228. Hunting deer taboo ... days . . . . . 5 + 28 + + + 28 *4 28 + 3 + 6 + 40 t3229. Other hunting taboo ... days . . . . - 5 + 28 + + + 28 *4 28 + 3 + 6 + 30 t3230. Fishing taboo ... days . . . . . . . 5 + 28 + + + 28 *4 *2 + 3 + 6 + 30 3231. Hunting, fishing taboo until cord drops off . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ + + + - _ _ + - t3232. Gambling taboo ...days . . . . . . . 5 5 + + + - 28 *2 + 3 + + + 3233. Until cord drops of + + + + - + + 3234. Smoking taboo until cord drops off. - + + +? ? ? + i) - . _ t3235. Traveling taboo ... days . . . . . . + + + + + 28 28 *2 + 3 + + + 40 3236. Until cord drops off . .. _ - + + + + + - _ _ + _ + + - - t*3237. Fresh, dried meat, grease taboo . . - 5 + + + + + 28 + *2 + 3 + - + 28 t3238. Fresh fish taboo . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - + + + 28 + - + 3 + - + 35 t3239. Dried fish taboo . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - + + + 28 - - + 3 + - + 35 t3240. Salt taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + 5 + - + 3 + 5 + 35 3241. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . - + 3242. Until cord drops off . . . . - + + + + + - + + + - _ _ 3243. Until child smiles first time + 3244. Eats with wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 3245. Uses own receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + + - + + 3246. Dress and toiletry taboos . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + _ _ + + + - _ _ 3247. Special belt worn . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - *+ + - - - + + - _ 3248. Scratch stick used .+ + + + + + + - _+ *+ + - _ _ 3249. Combing hair taboo. + *+ + + +? ? ? ? ?_ 3250. Until navel has healed . . . . + + - + + + - + _ + _ _ _ 3251. Release from taboos . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3252. Bathes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ - _ _ + *+ + + _ 3253. Sweat bath and swim . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + - + 3254. Clothes changed . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + 3255. Gives away old clothes ...? ? ? ? ?+ + ? ?+ + -_ 3256. Burns old clothes . . . . . . - + 3257. Throws away old clothes. . . - _ - +? ? ? ? ?+ - - - - 3258. Leaves old clothes on tree. - - + +?_+ - - - - 3259. Keeps old clothes; washes them . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - - 3259a.Shoots at target . . . . . .- - + _. _ _ - 3260. When hunts, gives away 1st kill . . . . . . . - + + - *+ + + + + + + + + _ 3261. When gambles, gives away 1st winnings . . . - - - *+ + + ? ? ?_ + - - _ 3262. Feast at end of taboo period ........+ + *+ + *+ + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 119 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MNF N NM NS MV Cradles t3263. 2 cradles used successively . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 3264. Both same shape . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + - + - + + + + + + + + _ 3265. First lacks hood . . . . . . + - - + + + + _ + ? 3266. Different shapes . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - + _ _ *3267. lst cradle used for about ... days . . . . . 28 28 5 + + + 28 28 28 + *28 28 + - 3268. Used until cord drops off . . . . . . - - + + + + - - - + . - - _ _ 3269. Made before baby born . . . . . . . . + - + + - + + 3270. Presented to mother after child born . . . . . . . . + + 3271. Made after baby born . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + - . + _ _ 3272. Bad luck if made before birth + + + - + - + + - . + 3273. Tied on tree when discarded . . . . . _ + ** *+ + + + - *+ *+ * _ _ o3274. 2d cradle used for ... years . . . . . . . . 1+ 1+ 1+ *1+ 1+ *1+ 1+ *2 *2 *1 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ *1 1+ 3275. Made by maternal, paternal grand- mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - + + + + + + + + - 3276. Made by mother . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + - - + + + + + + + + - 3277. Made by woman specialist . . . . . . + - - + + 3278. Made by paternal grandfather .+ + 3279. Man makes cradleboard . . . . + + + _ 3280. Cradle must be finished same day begun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 3281. Discarded cradle tied on tree . . . _ *+ 3282. Discarded cradle kept in house . . - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3283. Used for several children . + + - + + + + - - + - + + + + 3284. Vegetable diapering material . . . . . . . . *+ *9 *+ - *+ *+ *+ * + *+ - *+ - *+ *+ *+ 3285. Skin diapering material . . . . . . . . . . . _- - *+ + - + - - - 3286. Infant wrapped in skin . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + Nursing o3287. Infant nurses after ... days . . . . . . . . *2 2 1 22 *1 *1 *1 1 *1 *1 0 *1 *1 1 0 '3288. Colostrum milked out . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ + + + - + + *+ + 3289. Milked onto hot rock or coals *+ *+ + + *+ + *+? 3290. Denied to baby . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3291. Infant fed gruel, first 2-3 days . . - _+ - _ - *+? 3291a.Infant fed water, first 2-3 days . + + - . + + - _ + + 3292. Nursed whenever cries . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + o3293. No intercourse between parents for ... months - *2 *2 2 2 * | i 1 t 3 Weaning and Discipline of Children 3294. Weaning as soon as teeth appear, regularly. . - - - +? 3295. Early weanings, occasionally . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + 3296. Pregnancy cause of . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + _ + - + + 3297. Sickness of mother cause of . . . . . + - + + + + + + + . + + + + 3298. Infant taken to mother's relatives. + + + + + - + _. + 3299. Mother keeps out of baby's sight . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ? ? _ + . _ + 3300. Mother puts bitter substance on nipples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + + 3301. Mother frightens child . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ _ _ 3302. Child fed larger quantities solid food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 3303. Child usually nurses until he stops of own accord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + *+ + + *+ + + + + + + + '3304. Night "cry babies" bathed .- - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + [ 305. Infant's ears pierced, if cries excessively . |- - - + +l - + -l + -l - - + - 120 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Kl MoSESW AtAWAEWTWMWSMMF NFNMNSMV Naming 3306. Child named at, soon after, birth . . . . . . + + 3307. Child named up to 6 months after birth . . .? ? + _ _ _ 3308. Child named after 1 year plus . . . . . . . . + *+ + *+ _+ + + + + + + . + 3309. Child named around puberty . . . . . . . . .+ + 3310. Named by father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + _ . + 3311. Named by mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + _ . + 3312. Girl baby named by mother's mother . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + . - 3313. Boy baby named by father's father . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + . - 3314. Child named by any near relative . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ . _ 3315. Child named by relative or nonrelative . . . +. 3316. Names meaningful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + . + 3317. Names meaningless . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + . + 3318. Names duplicated during lifetime 2 people . . t+ ) + + . 3319. Name "given away" . . . . . . . . . . *+ . 3320. Names dreamt. . . . . . . . . . . -+ +- + 3321. Naming after grandparents, other relatives. - - + + - + - + + + + + . + 3322. After death of relative only . . . - - + - - + + + + + + . - Mutilations 3323. Ears pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + *+ + 3324. Soon after birth . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + - _ _ + 3325. Prepuberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + - + 3326. Around or after puberty . . . . . . . + - + + + *+ *++ + + + - - + 3327. Obligatory for all boys and girls - + _ ?*+ +??????_ 3328. Girls only . . . . .? . . . . - - - + + + 3329. Virgins only . . . . . . . . - - - + + + 3330. Done by older relative . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? + + + + *+ 3331. Done by skilled person . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 3332. Done by good or "powerful" person s + - + ????? + - -*+ 3333. To make child good-tempered . . . . + + + + + - + _ 3334. For "fun" or style; to display wealth + - + + + - - - + + 3335. For good fortune . . . . . . . . . . _ + 3336. Dance follows . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - _ - + - - + _ _ 3337. Nasal septum pierced . . . . . . . . . . . . R+ + + + + + + - + + + - - + + - 3338. Soon after birth . . . . . . . . . . + 3339. Prepuberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . R+ ++? 3340. At or around puberty . . . . . . . . - - + + + - _ _ + - *+ - 3341. Any time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + 3342. Men and women . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - - _ - + - 3343. Obligatory for all . . . . . . . . . - + + _ *? _ _ _ _ 3344. All girls only . . . . . . . - - - + 3345. Done by relative . . . . . . . . . . R+ + ? + 3346. Done by skilled person . . . . . . . _- - + *+ + +? ? ? ? ?_ 3347. Done by self . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ + + ?? - 3348. Boy: sent on vision quest . . . . . . - - - + + - 3349. Girl: dance follows . . . . . . . . . 3350. Tattooing .R + . . ++ + + R R + 3351. Women: prepuberty . . . . . . . . . . R + - *+ - + + - R????? 3352. Women: postpuberty, any time . . . R + + *+ + + + + R R R (+) + 3353. Obligatory for woman . . . . . . . . - + + + + - - +? 3354. Rare among women . . . . . . . . . . . - R R R + + 3355. Men: when adult, any time . . . . . . - _ *+ - + + + + +????? ? + 3356. Done by skilled person, usually woman - + + + - + + + *R R R * + 3357. Done by "good" person . . . . . . . . _ + 3358. For style only. R- + - + +-L RR R * _ 3359. As therapeutic measure .-.... - - *+?-___- 3360. To insure longevity.- - - - . + - - +?___. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 121 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS MV 3361. Spirit of tattooed goes to good place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ - * _ * 3362. Cranial deformation. . . . . . . . + + + *+ - *+ + 3363. Male .+ + + + - + +? 3364. Female. + + + + - + + 3365. Pads bound to head. + + + + - + +? 3366. Back . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + 3367. Front . . + + + + - + + 3368. Mother attends to baby's head. . . + + + + - + +? Disposal of Milk Teeth 3369. Thrown away, no particular plae . . . . . . + + +? 3370. Thrown away, toward sun.- _ _ +? 3371. Thrown in river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ++ 3372. Buried in gopher hole .... . ... . . . *+. **+ + + *+ *+ *+ + 3373. Buried in excrement .-. . . . . . *+ *+ - - 3374. Hidden in grass clump . . . . . . . . . . .+ ? ? 3375. Buried, no special place . . . . . . . . . . + +? 3376. Exchanged with gopher .. ..... . . . .+ _ _ + + + + + 3377. Formula spoken . . . . . . . . . . . _+ Twins 3378. Twins feared ._- + . + + + + * + + 3379. Considered unlucky. .. + + + + + + 3380. Attempts made to prevent conception of twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ . *+ *+ 3381. People "ashamed" for woman . . . . . _ _ + 3382. No significance ....... .. . .. .. . + + ++ _ _+? 3383. Relative adopts 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + Adoption of Children 3384. Parents impoverished: relatives, only, adopt child . .+ + + + + + + + + + . + + + 3385. Orphan: adopted by paternal, maternal kin + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3386. Paternal relatives only . . . . . . . ++ 3387. Childless couples given child by relatives. . + + + + + + _ + . + 3388. Anyone may adopt orphan .. . . . . _ +? . | Infanticide, Illegitimate Children 3389. Illegitimate children killed, occasionally.. + + + - + + * * * _ . -.__ 3390. Legitimate children killed occasionally ... _ + *+ + - _ - + + 3391. To avert disaster . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - 3392. If mother dies in childbirth . . . . + + 3393. Infant buried alive with mother . . . . . . . + + . + + 3394. Infant put in badger hole . . . . . . . . . + + - _ . - +? 3395. Infant smothered._ *+ *+ *+ _? 3396. Mother keeps illegitimate child.- + + - + + + + - + . _ . + + + 3397. Mother's mother takes illegitimate child.. - _ - + - *+ - _ - _ . + . + + - 3398. Father of illegitimate child provides for baby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Impregnatives, Contraceptives, Abortion IZQ awi-a ilc- +)inlin n?n-m-m-r+ + +---+-+? 5}399. Measures taken to induce pregnancy . .* . + + - _ - + - 0> 3400. Shell, vegetable decoction drunk . . + $ -+___+_+ 3401. Doctor makes miniature baby cradle. .__* 122 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MMI MF NF NM NS MV *3402. Measures taken to insure sex wanted, of T child ....... .+. . + *+ *+ + *+ . . + 3403. 2 varieties shell used in decoction: employed ... . ...... . . . + + _ + +? 3404. Different parts of plant used in decoction . ........ . . . ._- +.X 3405. Bow and arrow or basket hung up . - - *+ _ - * *3406. Measures taken to prevent pregnancy ... . . + + + - + + + + + - R 3407. Decoction drunk . . . . . . . . . . . . __ 3408. Abortion ... . . . . ++ . . + + 3409. Pregnant woman lies on warm trench. . . *+ _ + _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ 3410. Pregnant woman lies over log ... . - + . . _ _ _ _ 3411. Exercise .... . . . . . . . . . . + + 3412. Blows or pressure .... . . . . .. . 3413. Old woman helps . . . . . . . . . . . 3414. Pregnant woman helps self, alone . . . + + + + _ . . - + _ Puberty and Menstrual Customs Girls' Puberty Ceremony 3415. Held for each girl separately .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3416. Private seclusion of menstruant ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3417. In menstrual hut .-... . . . . . . - _ + + *+ - + + + + + + + + t) + 3418. In cook house .... . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ +? _ 3419. In dwelling, winter only . . .... + + 3420. In open . ......... .. . . + + ***+ *++ ? ? 3421. Daytime ..... . .. ...... . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 3422. Night time . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + - + - + + 3423. Hut behind, near dwelling . . . . . . - - _ *+ + _ _ _ + + + + + _ _ 3424. Girl not allowed in dwelling house. + + + + _ + + + + + + + + _ _ 3425. Girl sits, lies on pine needles, mat bed . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3426. Girl sits, lies on heated trench . + + 3427. Girl sits, lies on warmed ground . .?+ _ _ _ 3428. Bark pillow . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + 3429. Stick, pine needle pillow . . . . . . *++ + 3430. Girl lies on back . . . . . . . . . . + 3431. Girl lies on side . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + + 3432. Girl lies in any position . . - + - - + - - + - + _ + (i - 3433. Faces east when lying down .. + + + *+ - - + + * - (+) - + _ _ *3434. Seclusion lasts ... months, rich girl - - - - - _ _ *2 12 1?1 o3435. Seclusion lasts ... months, poor girl - - - - - 1 12 1 - - *3436. Seclusion lasts ... days, all girls . 5 5 10 *3 6 *3- - - 6 5 6 5 4 - o3437. Seclusion lasts ... nights, all girls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 0 6 0 4 - *3438. Seclusion ... days subsequent periods 5 5 2 *1 *2 2 2 *1 11 1 - 1 - 5 - 1 3439. Attendants during seclusion .+ + - + - - - + + + + + + + + + 3440. Father's mother or mother's mother attends girl .+ + ? + + + _ + + + + + 3441. Father's father or mother's father attends girl . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ _ 3442. Mother's mother attends girl . ... _ - + +? _ 3443. Mother attends girl . . . . . . _ . + + + _ + + + + _ - + + _ 3444. Female nonrelative attends girl _ _ _ * _ _ _ ?+ 3445. 2 or more attendants . . . . . . . . + + + - *+ 3446. All attendants paid . . . . . . . . + + 3447. Girl digs, pounds epos for attendant . - + +?_ 3448. Attendant paid in beads.+ - _ + 3449. Girl's clothes given attendant(s) . .?_______________+ 3450. Girl's basket given female attendant.?_______________+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 123 _l Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV t3451. Girl eats sparingly ... days . . . . 5 5 * 10 *3 *6 *3 - - - 6 5 6 5 4 28 t3452. Girl eats sparingly ... years. . . .? - - - - - - 3 1 1 - - - - - - 3453. Meals limited to twice daily . . . . l + + + _ _ + - + + + + + + + + 3454a.After sunrise, before sunset. _ + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 3454b.Fresh fish taboo . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3455. Dried fish taboo . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3456. Meat taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + + + + + 3457. Grease taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3458. Salt taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 3459. Berries taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + *+ + - + - _ + _ _ . _ 3460. New crop acorns, seeds taboo . . + *+ + 3461. Hot food taboo . .+ - - + + + + + + + + + + 3462. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - - + - _ + + - _ _ _ 3463. River water taboo . + - *+ _ _ *3464. Food taboos extend over... days . . 5 5 *8 10 3 *6 *3 - - 6 5 6 5 4 28 t3465. Food taboos extend over ... yrs. . . ? - - - - - - 3 2 1 ? - - - - - 3466. Food taboos observed all subsequent periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3467. Girl eats outside . . . . . . . . . . + + + 3468. Girl eats inside hut, dwelling . . . + + + + + _ - + + + + + + + + *+ 3469. Eats with woman attendant . . . . . . + + + - + - + - *+ 3470. Girl uses own baskets . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3471. Baskets kept; left in hut . . . . . . + + + + - _ _ * 3472. Baskets destroyed . . . . . . . . . . 9 ? _ _ _ _ 3473. Baskets hung on tree . . . . . . . . _ + 3474. Cane drinking tube used . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ +? 3475. Basket "cup" used for drinking. . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3476. Ceremonial feeding by attendant . . . - + + + it) *+????????+ + *+ *3477. Mother feeds girl, cleans teeth . . . _ _ + + + + + 3478. Girl's mouth wiped by attendant . _ *+ *+ + + + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 3479. Girl chews plant substance .+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + - _ _ - *+ + - _ 3479a.Plant substance stuffed in nostrils. _ _ - *+ *+ *+ _ *+ 3480. Girl sleeps little, fitfully . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9 + 3481. No daytime sleeping, first day . . - + + + + + + + - _ - + - - + 3482. Charcoal in ears, to avoid bad dreams + - + + - +? 3483. Bark burned above hut, to frighten evil spirits . . . . . . . . . . . + 3483a.Menstruant must tell her bad dreams. (+) + + + - _ _ + + . _ _ _ _ 3483b.If dreams, doctored by special doctor + + - + + + + + . _ 3484. Girl rises early . . . . . . . . . .+ + 3485. No talking during seclusion . . . . .+ 3486. Little talking . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + 3487. Must talk softly . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3488. Cannot laugh aloud . . . . . . . . . + +++*+ 3489. Girl avoids all men in daytime . . . _ _ - + + + + + + + - + - _ _ 3490. Avoids all hunters . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 3491. Old women visit girl . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *3492. Old women instruct girl ..... . _ + - + + + + + + -. 3493. Gazing at any fire taboo. + + + - . _ _ _ _ + + + + + - 3494. Gazing at sun taboo . . . . . . . . . + + + - . - + + + + + + + + - 3494a.Weak eyes, if gaze at sun . . . . . . + + . . + . 3495. Gazing at moon taboo . . . . . . . . + + + + . - + + + + + + + + - 3496. Gazing at sky taboo . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ + + + + + + + + - 3497. Looking around taboo . . . . . . . . + - + + - . - + + + _- + + + - 3498. Looking at acorns taboo . . . . . . . 0 - - 0 + + + - + + + + + 3499. Looking at any wild crops taboo. . +?+ + - - + + + + 3500. Gaze would "kill" crops.?+ + - + + *+ 3500a. Crossing streams taboo + + + *+ *+ + + + + - + + * + + 3501. Nenstruant bathes daily....... _______________+ *3502. Nenstruant bathes after flow ceases . - + + + -I + -l + + + - 124 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW t AW A WT WM WS M MF NFNM NS MV 3503. Bathes last day of seclusion only. . + + - + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 3504. Bathes outside, in stream . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 3505. Bathes inside, house . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ + _ _ + + + - + 3506. May wet, wash hair . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + _ 3507. Bathes alone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 3508. Mother, attendant helps girl bathe - + + + + + - - + - - + + + - + 3509. Girl uses head scratcher . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3510. Bone head scratcher .+ + + + + + +?_ 3511. Stick head scratcher ? ? . . + + + + + + + + + + + t3512. Head scratcher used ... days . . . . 5 5 * 10 **6 *3 5 -28 6 5 6 5 4 28 t3513. Head scratcher used... years ....?1 - 3513a.Parents scratch girl's head . . . . .+ + 3514. Delousing by attendant . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ - + + + + + + + 3515. Girl wears basket cap . . . . .! .. . + + + + *+ _ _*+ + - _ _ _ _ 3515a.Girl wears flower crown . . . . . . . + 3516. Head covered with bark "cape" . . . .?+?_ 3517. Head covered with deerskin blanket +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 3518. Head inside basket when sleeping . + *+ *+ + - +? ? ? ? 3519. Eagle down in hair . . . . . . . . . - + - - 3520. Feathers in hair . . . . . . . . . . _ +? _ 3521. Braided bark forehead band. *+ *+ - + + +? ? ? ? ? ? 3522. Fur forehead band . . . . . . . . .. . 3523. Feather visor.. . . . + 3524. Head, face covered inside house . . + + + + - + * _ 3525. Head, face covered when going outside - _ + *+ - _ _ * *+ *+ - *+ - + 3526. Hair in 2 braids, over shoulders . + +??????????+ - + - 3526a.Hair in 1 braid, down back . + + *3527. Braid(s) wrapped with bark . . . . . + + + + 3528. Hair in 2 knobs, over shoulders, wrapped . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + - _ _ 3529. Knobs wrapped with bark. 3530. Hair short, banged . . . . . . . . . + 3531. Hair loose, tied at back . . . . . . 3532. Mother combs, dresses girl's hair + + + - + + - + + + + + + - 3533. Attendant dresses girl's hair . . - - + - - - + - + - + + - + 3534. Hair dressed once only, first day . . + + + - - + + + + - + _ _ 3535. Hair dressed daily . . . . . . . . 3536. Combings burned, buried . . . . . . . - - + + 3537. Combings saved for belt . . . . . . . - + + 3538. Girl's face painted black . . . . . . + + - _ _ - + - +? ?+? ? 3539. Girl's face painted red . . . . . . . - + + + + - - _ _ 3540. Special face pattern . . . . . . . . - - + _ *+ + + 3541. Daily varied face patterns. . ... + -. . - 3542. Charcoal around eyes . . . . . . . . 3543. Arms painted . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 3544. Girl painted daily . . . . . . . . . + ? + 3545. Girl painted by mother . . . . . . + ? 3546. Girl painted by attendant . . . . . . + ++++ 3547. Girl wears old clothing . . . . . . .+ + + + + *+ + + 3547a.Small skin over shoulders . . . . . . H 3548. Buckskin skirt or dress . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + _ - 3549. Pine-nut string skirt . . . . . . . . _ + 3550. Bark skirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? + *+ + + 3551. Short tule, grass skirt . . . . . . . + + - + +?+ + + *3552. Grass or skin breechclout . . . . . * + *+ *+ *. + *+ . - *+ *+ - _ - 3553. Buckskin leggings . . . . . . . . . . + + 3554. Tule leggings . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3555. Tule, skin moccasins . . . . . . . . . + + + + + +_ - _ + + - _ 3556. Barefoot, preferred. ........ + _ + _+ + + __+ + + + 3557. Anklets . .............. +* |~~t|~~-* + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 125 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS MV 3558. Wristlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ - - - *+ *+ - - *+ 3559. Special belt . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ *+ *+ - *+ + *+ *+ *+ *+ _ _ _ 3560. Nose stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _+ - _ 3561. Earrings, optional . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + 3562. Necklaces.- -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3563. All labor taboo during isolation + + + + + + 3564. Preparing food taboo . . . . . . . . - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 3565. Basketmaking taboo . . . . . . . . . - + + + *+ *+ - + + + + + + + + + 3566. No labor taboo . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3567. Compulsory light labor . . . . . . . + + + + + 3568. Compulsory heavy labor . . . . . . . + + + - - + ? ? ?+ - 3569. Girl must carry firewood . . . . . . + + * + * + + + -+ - *+ 3570. Girl must carry water . . . . . . . . + + + + '3571. Girl must pound roots . . . . . . . . 3572. Girl must gather vegetable food . + *+ + + *+ 3573. Girl gives roots she digs to old woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 3574. Girl makes baskets . . . . . . . . . + 3575. Compulsory running, racing . . . . + *+ *+ *+ *+ + + *+ _ 3576. Girl runs each morning . . . . . . .+ 3577. Girl runs in evening . . . . . . . . + + - - +? 3578. Girl runs at end of rite only . +?+ + - + - _ 3579. Girl races with 2 girls . . . . . . . + + + - - - + - - + - - 3580. Carries deer-hoof rattle when running . _ _ - + + + - - + - 3581. Vision seeking during running, * dancing . . . . . . . + + + - + - + . _ _ _ _ *3582. Instruction by attendant during * seclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + + + + + + + + + 3583. Ears pierced during puberty ceremony. - - - - *+ + - _ + - _ 3584. Ears pierced shortly after puberty rites... .... . . . . + "+ _ _ 3585. Dance follows ear-piercing . . . . . _+ + _ - _ + - - + - _ 3586. Vision seeking after ear-piercing . . _ _ _ _ + 3587. Ears pierced prepuberty . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + - *+ - _ _ 3588. Ears pierced postpuberty . . . . . . + + + - _ _ - + + + - - + + + 3589. Ceremonial purification at end of puberty ceremony . . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ + + + + + *+ *+ + + + + + *+ 3590. Girl bathes to remove taboos . . . . + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3591. Mother, attendant wash girl . . . . . + + + + + + + + 3591a.Girl bathes alone .+ - - + - + + + 3592. Sage decoction used for bath .+ + 3593. Girl rubbed with pine needle, root medicine.. ..... . + - + + . _ 3594. Girl rubbed with salt . . . . . . . .+ 3595. Sweat bath to remove taboos .+ + +? 3596. Girl jumps in stream after sweating . + + +? 3597. Girl changes clothes, end of rites. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *3597a.Girl given new clothes . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3598. Old clothes burnt . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ 3599. Old clothes saved for limited no. menses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ *+ 3599a.01d clothes kept in hut; loaned, used by near relatives . . . . . . + 3600. Old clothes washed . . . . . . . . . + + + 3601. Old clothes given or thrown away . . _ _ - + + + + + + - *+ 3602. Old clothes hung on tree . . . . . . 3603. Old clothes exchanged for new ones . + + - _ _ - + + -*+ 364. Sagebrush bandkept.+ +? 365. Anklets,wristlets burned.+ + 3606. Belt kept permanently .-.....- + +?______ 126 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MY 3606a.Belt given attendant . . . . . . . . _ _ + 3607. Belt hung on tree, end of last dance. - - - + + + ???_ 3608. Public rites: major dance . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 3609. Night dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +- 3609a.Begins 1st night of girl's menstruation . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + _+ _ 3610. Day dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3611. Given mainly for girls of rich families . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + "'3612. Given to avert disaster to participant(s) . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + * + *+ + *+ *+ . + + *+ + - 3613. Given to have girl get power in dreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + - . . - - - *3614. Lasts ... nights or days. 5 5 10 *3 *3 3 5 *5 5 4 5 * 5 -1 t3615. Repeated for ... subsequent menses. 5 5 *1 *1 *2 *1 2 2 1 1 - 1 -5 - - 3616. Held in dwelling or cookhouse, winter + + - - + +- - + 3617. Held in sweat house, winter . . . . . + + "3618. Held outside, summer or winter . . . _ *+ *+ _ _ + + + + - - + _ _ 3619. Held outside, summer only . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + 3620. Rainy weather, no dance . . . . . . . . + + _ - + + - _ 3621. Rainy weather, sing only, in girl's hut.----+ + - - ht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ____++___+__ *3622. Girl's family in charge . . . . . . . - + + + + + _ + *+ - _ _ - + *3623. Old man in charge . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + - + - - 3623a.Singers in charge . . . . . . . . . . + + ?????? ? + - + +- - 3624. Shaman in charge . . . . . . . . . .+ 3625. Youths, men participate . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - - + - + 3626. Girls, women participate . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *3626a. Girl's suitor may participate . . . . _ _ + - + + . _ _ _ _ _ 3627. Neighbors notified by girl's sister, friend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3628. Girl dances by self, near group . . . + + + - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 3629. 1-2 persons "support" menstruant . . *+ *+ *+ *4 **+ - - - - - - - - - 3630. Girl dances with group . . . . . . . _- - + - - - + + + + + + + - + o3631. Girl dances each night . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - _ - + - + - 3632. Youths dance . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + - - + - + 3633. Men dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + - - + - + 3634. Old men dance . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - - + + + + + - - + - + 3635. Betrothed dances with menstruant . . _ _ *+ - - *+? 3636. Women, girls dance . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + -+ 3637. Menstruant dances beside fire . . . + + *+ ?+? ? 3638. Menstruant dances back and forth . + + - _ - + + - _ + + + _ _ - 3639. Menstruant dances east to west . . + + - _ - + + _- - - + _ _ _ 3640. Menstruant faces E continually . . + + + + + + + - - _ + + + - _ - 3641. Menstruant rests at intervals . . . . + + + + - - + + + *+ + _ _ _ 3642. Men, women dance separately. + 3643. Men, women dance together . . . . . . - _ + + + + + - + + + - + - _ 3644. Men, women in 1 circle . . . . . . . - _ + + + - + + + + + + + - 3645. Men, women in 2 circles . . . . . . . - _ + + + - - - + +? ? ? - 3646. Men, women abreast, 1 line . . . . . _- - + - + + + - _ + + _ _ - 3647. Men, women abreast, 2 lines . . . . . _ _ _ + + _ + 3648. Clockwise start . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + . + +- + 3649. Counterclockwise start . . . . . . . - _ + + + - + + + + - . _ _ _ 3650. Dance proceeds around pit . . . . . . . _ + - _ _ 3651. Dance proceeds around fire . . . . . - _ + _ + - + + + + _ - + - _ 3652. Singers mainly women . . . . . . . . + *+- + + + *+ *+ _ + 3653. Singers mainly men . . . . . . . . . _+ + - + 3654. Volunteer singers, men and women + - + + + + + - +? ? ? ?__ 3655. Professional singers . + + - - + + + - - + 3656.l1singer paid ............ . + +?_______ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: Xf--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 127 EK Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3657. 4-5 (all) singers paid . . . . . . . _ _ + 3658. Reciprocal obligations only . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + - _ + _ 3659. Menstruant sings . . . . . . * + + + . - + + _ 3660. Participants join in singing . . . . + _ + + + + + + + ? 3661. Night singing, minus dancing . . . . *+ + + - + + + 3662. "Love" songs sung .+ + .? 3663. Enemy songs sung, final dance . . . .?+ +? 3664. Women's songs sung . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + _ + + + - + 3665. Special song cycle sung . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ ) + + + - + + + . + - + 3666. Joking by singers . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + *+ + - _ + 3667. Multiple split-stick rattle used by menstruant, singers . . . . . . . . + 3668. Deer-hoof rattle used by singers . . + + + + ++ + - _ - + + + *+ _ _ 3669. Deer-hoof rattle used by menstruant . _ - + + *+ _ _ *+ +? 3670. Stick hit against board, as drum . .+ 3671. Whistle used . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + _ 3672. Singing, dancing continues throughout night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + _ _ +- - + -_ 3673. Singing, dancing ends middle of night - - + - - - + + + - + - - - _ 3674. Entire assembly fed, middle cf night. + - + + *+ *+ R - - - + + - + - + 3675. Singers, dancers bathe dai ly l + + + - - + - - - + 3676. Girl's attendant(s) have eyebrows, face blackened . . . . . . . . . . )+ 3677. Men wear eagle down plumes . + + + - + - * * + + _ + _ _ 3678. Men wear fur headband .+ + + + + + + + - - + + _ + _ _ 3679. Men wear woodpecker scalp headband . - - + - + - - + + _ _ 3680. Men paint face red.. + + + + + - + - + ? 3680a.Men paint face white . - + +? ? _+ _ _ _ 3680b.Men paint face black . . . . . . . . + 3681. Men wear bead necklaces .+ + + + + + + + + _ + ? 3682. Men wear head net.. _ _ _ - + + _ _ _ + - + _ 3683. Men wear yellowhammer bands.- + _ + + + 3684. Menstruant wears braided grass fringed visor . . . . . . . . . _- - _ 3685. Women wear basket cap .+ + + + + + + _ + + + + - _ _ _ 3686. Women wear yellowhammer bands + + _ ? 3687. Women wear brush, flower crowns . 3688. Women paint faces red . + + + + + + _ + 3689. Women paint faces black . . . . . . _ + 3690. Women carry branches in hand s + + 3691. Boys, girls wear flower wreaths . . . - _ + *+ *+ + 3692. Dress, headgear changed nightly . . . _ + + + + + 693. Public rites: minor day dances . . + - *+ *+ + - + _ () - *+ - _ 3694. Menstruant dances.- - - - + + + - - + _ i)_ + - _ 3695. Men dance ._+-. . . . . . + 3696. Women dance . .+ - *+ *+ i.) - + - Ei) _ + - o3697. Lasts ... days ..... . . . . . . - - *8 -3 *3 .-.- 5 3698. Lasts part of each day only . + - + + + i) - + - () - + - 3699. Held in open _ _ + _ + + + i + + 3700. Rain in winter, no dance. - . .) _ - * _ _ _ _ _ 3701. Circle dance . . + + _ _ _ . _ 3702. Dancers abreast, 1 line . . . . . . . 3703. Special songs, female singers . . + + _ _ _ _ _ ?04. Public concluding rites .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3705. Held in daytime .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3706. "War" dance.- - - + _- - _ *+ *+_ 3707. Round dance . . . . . . . . . --- + - + ? 3708. Dancers abreast, in 1 line . - - - + *+ 3708a.Women grasp men's belts _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _+?__ 3709. Feather visor lifted off menstruant . _ _ + +?______ 128 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS K1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM M' NF NM ES M 3710. Menstruant's ears pierced . . . . . . _ _ + _ 3711. Girl dances in front of dancers . - + _ 3712. Girl stands on view in finery r . . . _ + *+ *+ _ + 3717. Betrothed stands on view with girl. " _ _ _ +?????_ 3714. Poor girl may stand with rich celebrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 3715. Visitors present food . . . . . . . . - _ + + - _ + + _ _+ 3716. Visitors feasted after dance . . . _ _ + *+ - R + ) + + _ + 3717. Visitors given return gifts of food . _ + - - - + +?????+ 3718. Girl runs at daybreak . . . . . . . . + - - - + + + _ _ + + + 3719. Spectators throw lighted sticks at girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? _ ? 3720. Girl's anklets, wristlets burnt . . *+ + ??? 3721. Girl passes through fire. . .+?_+ - _ _ _ 3721a. Girls sing, esoort menstruant to stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boys' Puberty Observances 3722. Formal group rites. . . .... + + _ _+ *3723. Seoret society initiation.. . .. .+ +__+ *3724. Individual vision questing . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + - _ _ 3725. Optional, for all boys or group + + + + + + + + + - + + + - _ - General Menstrual Customs 3726. Certain foods taboo to all menstruants. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3727. Meat, fresh or dried .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3728. Fresh fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3729. Dried fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 3730. Grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3731. Salt. + + + + + + 3732. Cold water . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 3733. Menstruant eats alone . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3734. Daughter may eat with mother . ... + + + . + + + - *3735. Uses separate receptaoles . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + -+ 3736. Menstruant stays in dwelling house . . . .. + + ? ? ? + + 3737. Menstruant seoluded . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + 3738. In menstrual hut or oookhouse . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + o3739. For ... days and nights. 5 5 5 5 5 _ 5 *4 *4 35 5 3740. All women . . . . . . . . . . . *+ - + + + + + + + + _+ -+ 3741. Shamans' wives only . . . . . . . . . + 3742. Old women attend menstruant + _ + 3743. Certain activities taboo . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + - + + + + + + + + + - + 3744. Basketmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + + + + + - + 3745. Wood gathering . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + - 3746. Preparing vegetable food .... . . . + + + _ _ 3747. Preparing vegetable food for family + _ + + + + + + + + + -+ 3747a.Cooking meat . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3747b.If cook meat, give hunters bad luck . + + + + 3748. Interoourse taboo .+ + + + + - - + + + + + + + . + 3749. Cannot sleep with back to ma n + + _ 3750. Walking beside streams taboo . . . . . + + + + + + + . . . + - + 3751. Toiletry taboos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3752. Hair left unoombed . . . . . . . . . + ? ? _ _ _ _ + + + + - - - - - o3753. Head scratcher used for ... periods after puberty . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 - - - - - - 2 5 - - 3754. Head soratcher obligatory all periods - - + + + + + + + + + + - - - - 3755. No bathing during period. ..... + + _ _ - + _ + + + + + + + ++ 3756. Purif'icatory bath, end or period; obligatoryw.................. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XD--VOEGELIN: NORTB]EAST CALIFORNIA 129 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM IMF NF NM NS NV 3757. Bathes in stream ... . . . + + - + + + + + *+ *+ + - + + *+ 3758. Bathes in house. + + - - + 3759. Sweat bath, optional * ... + + - + + +? 3760. Sweat bath, obligatory . . . _ +? 3761. Avoids sick ..... . ...... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3762. Avoids hunters ...... ......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .3763. Avoids attending dances . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + t764. Some menstruants "lucky" for husbands .' _ . + + + + . + 3765. Restrictions extend to menstruant's husband + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + 3766. Husband eats sparingly .-.. . . . . - _ _ + + - _ + + + + + 3767. Meat, fish taboo + + + + + 3768. Smoking taboo . . . . . . . --- + + + + ? + 3769. Fishing taboo _ + +. . + + + . + 3770. Hunting taboo . . . . . . . _ + _ _ + + + - + 3771. Gambling taboo + . _ + _ + _ _ + + + + - + 3772. Intercourse with wife taboo + + + + + + + + + + + + 3773. Menopause: measures taken to induce . . _ *+ Marriage Child Betrothal 3774. Child betrothal...... * + + + *+ + *+ + + 3775. Boy's father starts negotiations . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 3776. Payment by boy's side .. . . . . .+ t + + + + - + - 3777. Exchange of presents .* + + + + + + + + + + 3777a.Taboo relationship between children + 3778. Binding on children .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3779. Good-will pledge only, for parents. - +? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - 3780. Common..-..+?.? ?.? ?++. .++.+ 3781. To pay debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3782. Usually chief's or prominent family. + + + + + + + + + +? 3783. Payment in beads at time of marriage. - + + + + + + + + +?+ 3784. Gifts given at time of marriage . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + + Bride Purchase '785. Bride purchase, postpuberty.*+ + + + + + + + + + 3786. Negotiated bride price . . . . . . . + 3787. Suitor's father makes offer; no negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *3788. Intermediary acts . . . . . . . . . . 3789. Suitor's father acts . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + _ + + - _ _ . + 3789a.Suitor himself acts . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + +? 3790. Money payment for bride . . . . . . . - + + + *+ + + - + + ? 3791. Gifts by suitor's family in payment . + + _ _ - + + - + + _ _ _ _ . + 3792. Gifts by suitor . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + 3793. Additional presents from groom's family after marriage . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - _ _ + 3794. Bride's family gives groom's presents + + + - + + + _ + + ? 3795. Mature daughter given, to pay debt to groom's family . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ + 3795a.Payment made to establish children's status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )+ + Other Forms of Marriage 3796. Simple marriage, established by couple living together ..,.............. + + )+ *F +*++ + + _*+ + + + + + 3797. Disapproved by community. ..... + *+ *+ + + *+ *+ - _ _ *+ - _ _ _- 130 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3798. Groom's family gives pay, presents to bride's family after marriage established . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - - + *+ - + + . _ 3799. Amount of gifts depends on * approval of girl + + * - + + + - - + + - + + . _ 3800. No gifts if girl a "run around" (loose) . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3800a. Service for bride, no payment . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + - + + + . + - . + 3801. Poor man only . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - _ + + + + ? + 3802. May buy or work out . . . . . . . . . - + - _ + + + + _ . + -_+ 3802a. Temporary matrilocal residence . - + - - + + + _ + - _ . + - _ _ 3803. Permanent matrilocal residence . - + +? ? ? + + . _ + 3803a.Marriage by abduction tolerated . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + _ . _ 3804. Married women only . . . . . . . . . + + + * * _?? ? ? ?. _ 3805. Woman won by contest . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - *+ - *+ *+? ? ? ? + _ 3805a.Friends assist . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - _ + 3806. Husband bought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + +-+ *3806a.By wealthy man, for daughter . . . . _ - + - + *+ + +- _ 3807. Girl sent to live with rich man, gratis. . . - - - + + - + + + -- Marriage Observances 3808. Groom goes to bride's house . . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ . _ 3808a.Groom stays at bride's house . . . . * + *+ - _ *+ *+ - *+ *+ + *+ *+ *+ * - 3809. Groom takes bride to his father's house . . . *+ *+ *+ _ *+ * + *+ * *+ *+ *+ *+ . 3809a.Couple live at groom's father's house + *+ * *_ *+ *+*++ *+ $- *- * **+ *+ *+ 3810. Short time only . . . . . . . *+ *+ - *+ *+ *i *+ - *+ .*+ 3810a.Indefinitely . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ - - *+ *+ *+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ *+ . 3811. Bride returns to her parent's house . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ *+ _ - * * . _ 3812. Groom's or bride's sister or family escort her to groom's home . . . . . . . *+ * *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ .*+ 3812a.Groom and some friends go to bride's home -. *+ *+? ? ? ?_+ *+ - _ _ . _ 3813. Friends help groom hunt, fish . . - *+ *+? ? ? _ *+ *+ - _ . _ 3814. Groom and family go to bride's house . . . *+ - *+ *+ - *+ *+ - + - + . _ t3815. Visiting family (either side) stays nights, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1 *1 E - 3 *2 *+ - b *6 - . _ . 3816. Marriage feast given by hosts. . . + *+ - *+ *+ *+ - - *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 3817. Both parties contribute *+ *+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ - - *+ _ . *+ *+ *+ - 3818. Bride and groom sit together on mat *+ *+ 3818a. Presents piled beside couple. *+ *+ _ 3819. Couple fed . . . *+ *+ 3819a.Sleep together at spot where they sat . . . . . . . . . *+ *_ 3820. Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R *+ *+ - *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ $ *+ *+ *+ 3820a.By heads of both families . R *+ *+ - + - _ _ + _ *+ *+ *+ *+ 3821. By headmen of group . . + *+ - _ * + - + *+ *+ $ *+ *+ *+ Polygamy 3822. Polygyny, wives unrelated . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + H + + + *3823. Maximum number paid for .1 1 3 5 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 - 0 0 2 o3824. Maximum number in same house . . . . 5 2 2 2 2 *10 2 1 10 2 *2 2- 2 2 2 3824a.First wife outranks others .+ + + + + + + + + + + . _ + *+ + 3825. Wives live in separate houses . . . . _ + + _ *+ *+- + + - . *+ _ 3826. Wives live in separate towns . . . . _ _+ *+ + - 3827. Concubines in separate towns . . . . + +? ??+ _ _ _ 3828. Prominent men have greatest no. of wives. ..............i+ + + +l + +l + + +1* - - + ++| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 131 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3829. Polygyny prerogative of any man. + + - - - + - - - - + + - - + 3830. Polygyny rare in tribe . . . . . . . + + + + - + _ _ _ + + + 3831. Sororal polygyny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + 3832. During life of sisters . . . . . . + + . + + + + _ + + + + ) + + + t3833. Maximum number paid for . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - 2 o3834. Maximum number in same house . . . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 3 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 3835. Because first wife barren . . . . . . *+. + - + *+ _ + + - _ _ _ 3836. Without barrenness of first wife + + . _ + + *+ + + + + _ + + + 3837. Post-mortem sororate . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + 3838. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - _ + 3839. Obligatory for woman . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + - + - + 3840. Especially if children n ++ + _+ + +. 3841. Obligatory for widower . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + + - 3842. Life endangered, if he does not comply . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ *+ * + *+ *+ . _ + 3843. Stepdaughter marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + + + - + _ _ _ _ 3844. Simultaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + - + + + _ 3845. Successive . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + _ 3846. Additional payment for daughter . . - +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ 3847. Rare.. ..... + + + + ? 3848. Disapproved . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - 3849. Polyandry, husbands unrelated. + + _ o3850. Maximum no. of husbands . . . . . . . - 2 2 - - o3851. Maximum no. in same house . . . . . . - 2 2 - - 3852. Polyandry, fraternal . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ - -+ o3853. Maximum no. of brothers in same house - - 2 2 -*1- 3854. Wife lending ............... . _ 3855. Between any 2 men . . . . . . . . . . - 3856. Levirate .+..... + +*+ *+ ++ + + *+ + ++ )++ + 3857. Obligatory for man . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + + + + + - - + - 3858. Obligatory for woman . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - 3859. Additional payment, gifts for woman - - + - _ - + - _ - - + - + - + 3860. Brother-in-law can punish woman if she refuses . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + . - _ - + - 3861. Cut her hair, ear, nose . . - - - +? ' 3862. Can kill her . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + *+ 3863. Killing common . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 3864. Man may marry son's son's wife + + + 3865. Common.. . . _ +- +. Marriage of Blood Relatives 3866. Cousins; man to any cross-cousin's daughter. _ _ + - + + + + + + 3867. Sister exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 3868. 2 men exchange sisters . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + + + + - + + + 3869. Simultaneously or nearly so . . + + + - - + - - + + + - + + + 38+0. Successively . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + - + + + 3871. No payment or gifts for brides. . . . . + + + + + + - + + - 3872. Payment for both brides . - + + - . + + - - + + - _ - + 3873. 2 brothers marry 2 sisters . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + Exogamy 874. Local group exogamy .+..... .. .. . . . + . + + + + + + + + + .*+ + + 3875. Preferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . - - + + + + + + - . - -*+ 3876. Obligatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ? ? _ _ _ 3877. Endogamy, if not related.+ + . + - + + + - + + - . + + + 878. Tribal exogamy optional. .......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 83879. Often practiced ...........$+ + + + + + - + + + + - - + + 132 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV Postnuptial Residence 3880. First residence patrilocal . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - - - *+ - _ + + _ 3881. Husband's parent's house . . . . . . + + + + + - + - - - $ - + - 3882. In own house, husband's village . . .?*+- + - 3883. First residence matrilocal . . . . . . . . . _- - + + + + - + - *+ - + - - + 3884. Wife's parent's house . . . . . . . . - - + + + + - + - + - + - - + 3885. Only if widow selected man - for daughter . . . . . . . _- - +? _ 3886. Only if some form bride serv- ice .- - - - + _ +?__ 3889. Own house, wife's village . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ *3890. Time in months . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - *1 12 - 1 *1 *1 -2 *3891. First residence alternating . . . . . . . . . + + - - - + + + - + + - 3892. First residence variable, no rule. . .. . . . . + - . - _ 3893. Final residence patrilocal . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - + + + - - + + - 3894. Husband's parents' house . . . . . . + + - + + - + + _ - - _ - 3895. Own house, husband's village . . . + + + + - - - + + + + - - + + - 3896. Final residence matrilocal . . . . . . . . . + + 3897. Own house, wife's village. . .. . . . . . + - - + 3898. Final residence own house, another village - - - +- 3899. Final residence variable, no rule . . . . . ..+ + + Kinship Avoidances 3900. Parents-in-law taboos. . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3901. Mother-in-law son-in-law. . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + 3902. Never speak together . . - - + ? ? ? ? ? + + + + 3903. Speak little . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + + + - _ _ 3904. Plural address . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + .+ 3905. Convey messages through 3d person . - - - - + + + + + + + + + 3906. If talk together, someone between them . - . + + + 3907. Cannot touch each other + + + + + + + + + + + + 3908. Cannot look at each other . . + ++ 3909. Woman covers head. - . - + ? ? ? ? ? + + +- + 3910. Both turn aside on trail . . - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3911. Eat separately . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 3912. Receive objects through 3d person . . - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 3913. Laughing together taboo . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 3914. Obscenity between taboo . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 3915. Intercourse between taboo .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3916. Wash if any bodily contact - + - + -?-?; 3917. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3918. Obligatory . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3919. Penalty: bear might eat mother or son-in-law . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + + + + _ *_ 3920. Father-in-law daughter-in-law + + + + + + + + + + + *3921. Similar to mother-in-law taboos . . - - + *+ + *+ *+ + + + + + + 3922. Brother-sister taboos ..... . . . . . . . | + + * + + + + + + + + + + 3923. Play apart, near puberty and after- * ward .+ + . + _ *+ + + + + + +_ 3924. Joking between taboo . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + _ + + 3925. Touching each other taboo . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - 3926. Eating together taboo . . . . . . . . . + 3927. Brother-in-law, sister-in-law taboos . . . - + - +? ? ? ? ? ?+ - -- 3928. Joking relationship . . . . . . . . + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + 3929. Respect each other .+ -4 +? CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: fl--VOEGELIN: NOREEAST CALIFORNIA 133 _____________________________ |Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS NM BF NF NM NS MV Adultery 3930.Adulteryrare .............. + + + + + + + + + + - 3931. Wife punished .............. + + + - + + + + + + R+ + R+ + + - 3932. Beaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + R+ + R+ + + - 3933. Hair cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? 3934. Mouth burnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . *?+ _ 3935. Sometimes killed. *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ - *+ - *+ *+ _ 3936. Wife's seducer punished . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + - + + - + - - i) + 3937. Killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + _ + + _ + _ _ + 3938. Fine paid by killer .+ + + + _ - + - + - - + - - _ _ 3939. No fine, if seducer in- stigated affair . . . . . . + + ? + - - + + + 3940. No fine if wife instigated affair . . . . . . . . . . - + + +? 3941. Feud starts . . . ... . . . . + + - - _ + + - - + - + + + + _ 3942. Feud stopped by payment . . . + + - - - - + - - + - + - - - _ 3943. Beaten, by husband . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ _ _ + 3944. Seducer pays fine . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - _ + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ 3945. To husband . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ 3946. To woman's family . . . . . . _ - + ? 3947. Wife sent home; let go; given to seducer . *+ + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + + 3948. Husband punished . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + 3949. Beaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - $ _ + 3950. Deserted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ * + + *+ *+ + *+ + - + + 3951. Killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ *+ 3952. Husband's paramour punished . . . . . . . . _ *+ + _ + - _ 3953. Constructive adultery punished . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ) + - . _ 3954. Husband pays man, if wife proposes such . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 3955. Woman beaten if she proposes such . . + + + + + + + + + + ) + _ . _ 3956. Woman sent home, if she proposes such - + + _ . + 3957. Man fined for proposing adultery. . . + +? ? ? +? 3958. Man killed for proposing adultery . . + + *+ + _ + +? Divorce 3959. Divorces rare, especially if children .... + + + + *+ + + . + + + 3960. Adultery by wife grounds for divorce. + + + *+ *+ + + + + + ) + - + + + 3960a. Adultery by husband grounds for divorce ..... . . ....... + + + *+ + + + + _ _ + - + . + 3961. Barrenness ... . .-. ..... .. . *+ + * + - _ _ + - _ _ + 3962. Jealousy. + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ + + + 3963. Fighting ......... + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 3964. Laziness . + + + + + + * * + + - + _ + + + 3965. Maltreatment by husband .+ + + $+ + + + *+ + . + + + + + 3966. Divorce involves repaying bride price to husband's family ... . . . . . . . . . . + *+ ? 3967. Children go to husband's family . . . + + + _ _ + - + . . + + _ 3968. Children divided. . _ - *+ *+ *+ + _ _ + . . . _ . _ 3969. Children stay with mother .-... . . . . . . _ + + + . + . 3970. Wife keeps nursing baby .. . ..... . . . + + - + + + + + + + . + . + + + 3971. Grandparents, either side, take children . . - * _ + . _. + + + 3972. Wife keeps own property . . + + + *+ *+ + . _. + + + Nonaffinal Remarriage 973. New husband pays widow's brother-in-law - . *+ + - _ + _ . + _ 3974. New husband asks widow's brother-in-law's iconsent .-.................... _ + + _ + + -__ + - . + . .................. _ 134 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 3975. New husband pays widow's parents-in-law . ? ? ? + + ? ? ?_ *3976. New husband asks widow's parents-in-law consent . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . + . 3977. New husband pays widow's sister-in-law . . . - + + + - + _ . _ _ - - 3978. New husband pays, gives gifts to widow's family .-... . . . . . . . . . . ... . - + + _ + + _ _ _ . + _ + 3979. Remarriage of widows rare, if husband good man . + + + + + + + + + + + 3980. Divorcee's former husband paid by new husband - _ _ * _ _ + + 3981. Man sells wife to male bidder . . . . . . . . + +? o3982. New husband pays divorcee's parents . . . . . + + o3983. New husband asks divorcee's parents . . . ._ _ ?? - Intercourse 3984. Bride scratches at 1st intercourse . . . . . + - _ _ i) - _ . . *+. . 3985. Natural position lying on side . . . . . . . + + 3986. Kissing unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + + + - + - + + + *3987. Exclamation of endearment for adults, * * children. . .... + + _ + + + + + + . - + + __ 3988. Virginity tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+- Promiscuity 3989. Promiscuity any time . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + . _ _ 3990. At dances chiefly . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + . + + - 3991. Promiscuity denied by informant . . . . . . . ++ 3992. Unchaste unmarried girl beaten, shaken, scolded .+ + + + + + + + 3993. Unmarried pregnant girl scolded, beaten . + + + + + + + + + + - 3994. Father of bastard punished . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + + 3995. Killed by girl's relatives . . . . . 3996. Obligated to marry girl . . . . . . . *+ + + + 3997. Might marry girl, not obligated. . - + - + + + - *+ - + - - - - 3998. Payment for girl . . . . . . . . . - + + - + - Transvestites Male 3999. Male transvestites affirmed for group + + *+ *+ + + + + + * _ . 4000. Sweat with women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + + _ + + - ) . _ 4001. Perform women's work . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + _ ) . _ 4002. Wear women's clothes . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + - i) . _ 4003. Live with normal man . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + - . . - 4004. Special functions at funerals . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + - + 4005. Some are shamans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + _+ - ) . 4006. Nursing in war . . . . . . . . . . . - - - +? ? ? ? ? ?. - 4007. Regarded indifferently by community . . + - + + + + + + + . . - *4008. Turn berdache at puberty, prepuberty . . - + *i) + + + . . _ 4009. Turn berdache postpuberty, later in life + - - + + +? ? ? ? ? ?. - 4010. Act upon dream . . . . . . . . . . . + +? ? ? ? ? ?. - Female *4011. Female transvestites affirmed for group . . + - + - + + + + + + - - - - * - 4012. Live with woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + + + _ _ + _ _ _ _. -_ 4012a.Live with man. .. + +??????. _ 4012b.Wear woman's clothes. ........... + - + _ + + + + _.+_-_ 4013. Some are shamans. .............|+ - + -l + - - l +????????*. - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 135 _l Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4014. Perform man's work only .... ...... . + - _ _ _ + + - +? 4015. Perform labors both sexes ......... . _ + - + - . + +? 4016. Digs grave or helps at funerals .... ... + 4017. Regarded disapprovingly . - _ + +? 4018. Regarded indifferently .... . . . . . . . + + + Death Treatment of corpse 4019. Left in house until buried or burned .... - + - - + + - _ _ - + - + + + + -4020. Left in house ... days or nights . - 1 1- 1 2 _ _ _ _ 4021. Removed outside immediately after death . . . *++ + + + _- - + _ _ 4022. Body prepared for burial, burning ... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4023. Washed, in house .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 4024. Washed, at grave . + 4025. Painted .-... . . . . . . . . . . . +? + + + + 4026. Dentalia, bone tubes in nose, ears. . + + + _ + + +?+ - 4027. Bead necklaces on wealthy . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *+ |+ + + + 4028. Wrapped in hide .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + *+ 4028a.Flexed, to form round bundle. _ + + + + + 4029. Wrapped in mat .... . . . . . . . _ + _ _+ +? 4030. Put in basket, occasionally .?. . + + + + 4031. Removed from house through regular entrance. + + _ _ - + - _ + + + + + + . + 4032. Removed through wall of house .-.. . . . . . *+ *+ + - *+ +? 4033. Removed through draft hole ... . . . . . . + 4034. Removed from house head first .+.. . . . . . + + + + + + + + . + + . + 4035. Body outstretched, carried by 2 persons . . . . . . . . . . .. . . _ + + + + + + + 4036. On pole stretcher .-.. . . . _ _ + + +? 4037. On double robe.- + + + ? ? ? ?+ 4038. Body carried suspended from pole . .???????????+ + - _ ) _ 4039. Body carried in arms, on back by 1 person.. .. + + - - - + + + ? -? - Funerary Procedure t4040.Body kept outside for .. . nights 1 - *1 *1 - - 1 - - 1 - 2 - _ _ _ 4041. For few hours only .-... . . . . . _ + ? ? ? ? + + _ _ _ + + 4042. Large fire built beside corpse . . . + - + + + ? ? 4043. Relatives, friends assemble, wail.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4044. Mourning begins before death .. . _ + + + + + + - + . + + + - 4045. Wailing by mourners at prefuneral dance .-... . . . . . .. . . . _ _ + + + + + + + + 4046. Mourners bring gifts to dead . ..... . . + + + *+ + + + *+ + + + + *+ + *+ *+ 4047. Night dance by mourners .... . ...-. . . + + + ? ? ? ? + + + + + 4048. Prior to burial, cremation - *+ *+ *+_*+ *+ *+ *+ *+ 4049. Mourners wear or carry boughs . . - *+ *+? 4050. 1 group of dancers follows another . _ + +? 4051. Officiating woman piles boughs by corpse .... . . . . . . ... . + *+ + .4052. Ashes, water sprinkled after corpse. . + * + - + + + + + f + + 4053 Children not allowed at burial, burning . + *+ + + + + + + + + + + _ 4054. All avoid smoke from pyre ... . . . + - + + + '4055. Widow attends husband's burial, burning . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 056. Speech at burial, burning . . ...... . . + + + + - *+ + *+ + + + + - _ $+ 057. Widow(s) try to jump on pyre, in grave . + - + + + + + + . + + + - 4058. Restrained . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + | + + + + + * + *+ - 136 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM M NF NM NS MV7 4062. Chief, rich person's funeral differs from * * - + common mans . + + + ++ + 4063. Larger, better attended ...... . + + + + + + + . + + 4064. Body kept 1-2 days .... . . . . . + + + - + . + + 4065. Feast follows funeral .-... . . . . _ + + + _ _ _ ++ Assistants at Burials, Burnings t4066. One or more men in charge .1 *3 2 *1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4067. Inherit position, paternal - _ _ . _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *4068. Numbe'r of pallbearers .1 1 *3 4 5 *1 *22 2 2 - 2 *3 3 4069. Kinsmen of deceased .-... . . . . . - - _ + - - + + - + + + - + 4070. Kinswomen of deceased .... .... _ _ _ _ + ?- 4071. Nonrelatives .... . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + + +? 4072. Any strong man . . . . . . . . . ... + + - - + + + + + + 4073. Chosen by widow . . . . ... . + + - - + _ + + + _ _ _ 4074. Paid . . . . .6*1.... . .3.23 .". o4075. Number of gravediggers . . . . *3 6 *1 2 *2 *3 2 3 2 *2 4076. Paid + _ _ + + _ _ + 4077. Herb in mouth when digging grave . . - _ _+ _ + 4078. All help gather wood for cremation .. . + + + + + + 4079. 1-4 persons gather wood.+ - _ _ _ +? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 4080. Relatives or nonrelatives . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + Disposal of Corpse 4081. Interment ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + + + + - + + 4082. General .-... . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + - + + + + + _ _+ + 4083. Rare ... . + + . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - 4084. Interred in earth .. . . . . . .. . _ + - + + + + + + + + - + + 4085. Unlined hole, circular or * rectangular.- _ + + + + - + - 4086. Round hole, brush or bark lined .... . ...... . . + + + + 4087. Inside house + + + 4088. Winter only .... . _ _ + - - + - - + _ _ _ _ 4089. 'Interred among rocks .... . . . . + + + _ +- 4090. Corpse rock-covered.- _ _ - + +? _ 4091. Corpse extended supine.(+) . + + + +? 4092. Corpse flexed .... . . . ...... _ _ _ + - + + + + + + + 4093. Face or head toward east .- -. . _ + *+ *+ *+ - + + + + + _ + 4094. Head toward west ... . . . . . . . + _ 4095. Cord or withe to lower corpse . .. . _ _ _ + - _ + - + _ _ _ _ + 4096. Corpse handed down into grave . .. . _ + _ + + _ _ + - + + + _ . 4097. String projecting from child's grave. ? ? ? ? +? 4098. Basket of water set in grave . . . _ *+ + + + _ _ 4099. Basket of water set on grave . . . _ _ _ * _ + + + 4100. Food set on grave ...... . _ _ _ + + ???????_+ 4101. Sand put on top of grave ..... . - _ + + + + +? 4102. Pounded beads put on top of grave . . _ + +??+ + + -+ 4103. Rock(s) set on top of grave . _ + + + . + 4104. Fire built near grave.- _ _ _ + +??????-. 4105. Grave marker, vertical pole ._ _ _ _ +?????? + + _ 4106. Bark shed built over grave .. ..+ - _ ) . *4107. Fence of sticks, rocks around grave . - _ + + _ +? ? ? ? ? ?_ *4108. Secondary basket burial, occasionally-- + + _ _ + _ + + _ 4109. Cremation ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + R 4110. General + + - - - +? 7 ? + + 4112. Corpse flexed .................. - - -+?~~~~~~ CULTURE EIEM. DISTRIB.: Xl--VOEGELIN: NORTIEAST CALIFORNIA 137 _______________RN___________ Mo SESW At AW AE WT WWSMMMMFNF NM NS MV 4113. Corpse extended . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 4114. Body burned outside .+ + + + + + + + + + + _ 4115. Body on top of pyre. + + + + + 4116. Body inside pyre . .+ + + + + + + _ 4117. Body burned in house . . . . . . . . + + - - - - R 4118. Only if whole family dies, epidemic . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? _ _ o4119. Duration of burning, days . . . . . . 1 11- 4120. Partial cremation . . . - + 4121. Bones entirely consumedby fire... + + + - _ + + + _ _ _ + + + - 4122. Broken with sticks, rocks + ++ _ _ + + _ 4123. Ceremonial eating of corpse. . . . . . . . . . . . .+ _ 4124. Secondary basket burial of ashes + + + _ _ - + _ *+ _ *+ + + - 4125. Ashes raked into pile after burning . + + - _ - + + - +? 4126. Covered with rocks or dirt. + + + - - + + + + - _ + _ Cemeteries and Burning Places 127. Cemeteries + + + + + + + * + *+ *+ + 4128. Less than1/2milefre . . . . . *+ - + - - + - _ + _ _ + + 4129. 1/2 mile or more from village. *+ _ + -+ + + _ + 4130. No regular cemetery; burial 1/2 mile or more from village . . +? . . . . . . . . . . . . *4131. Grave plots . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4132. Definite grave plots, each family.. _ - + + _ + _ + $+ + *+ * "+ $ $ $ 4133. Graves weeded, cleaned oc- casionally, in spring ... _ + + + - + + + - _ + + + 4134. Wife buried at husband's plot * _ + + + $ - - + + + + * * + 4135. Wife buried in own family plot .. . ++ + *+ *+ + + *4136. Husband occasionally buried at wife's plot . . + + + *+ - - + ? 4137. Wife buried near husband's village. . _ - + + + + + + + + _ 38Regular burning places ...... + + - ? ? ?+ +- 4139. Near village . . . . . . +? ? . . . + + + - Treatment of Property 140. Destruction of personal property .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4145. Burnt .+ + + + + + + + _+ *+ + + *+ *+ 4146. During cremation .+ + + - _ - + - _ - + - + + + _ 4147. Following cremation .+ + + - + 4148. During, after burial _ _ + + + +_ + _ + + -_ + + 4149. Buried .. . . . . .. + + + - + + + + + - - + + 4150. With'corpse. + + + + + + 4151. Man's implements broken. . . - _ * + + + + - + + 4152. Baskets smashed ... . . . . + *+ + + + - - + R+ 4153. Property set on top of grave + + + - + + + 4154. Canoe broken, given away . **+ _ - - . *o _+ - * * *o *o -- 4155. Canoe of deceased burnt when worn out + + - + *+ *. o - + + o o _ 4156. Slave(s) killed .... . . . . .. . + +__ )? 4157. Deceased's dog disposed of .-.. . . _ + + + - + + + + - - + - - - + 4158. Killed .... . . . . . . . _ + + + _ + + _ + _ _ _ 4159. Hung by neck .... . . . . _ _ + + -_ + + 4160. Given away . _ _ _ + + ?+ 4161. Horse killed (recent).+ *+ + + + + + + + 4162. Meat distributed and eaten. . +? 4163. Hide or carcass burnt .... + + - _ _ - + _ _ - + + . _ _ _ 4164. Killed at grave; carcass left thre........................ - + *. - + - 6. Preservation of personal property. .....I+ + + + I+ + + I- k + I+ - I- - + + 138 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IE1 Mo SE SWAt AWAE WTWMWSNMMM1 NF NMNNS MY 4166. Relatives take some personal property + + + _ + + *+ + + - + + 4167. New unused possessions only . + - + - + + 4168. Outsiders take some personal property + + + + - + ??????? + + 4169. Destruction of real property (living houses). 4170. House burned . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4171. Only if man owns sweat house- * living house . . . . . . . + + + + _ + 4172. House torn down or abandoned . . . . *+ + + + ? ? ? ? + - _ _ 4173. House torn down and rebuilt . . . . . *+ + + + + *+ - + + + _ 4174. House deserted temporarily . . . . . - + + _ + + ? ? ? ? ? + + _ 4175. Only headman's house burned, deserted _ - _ + ? ? ? ? ? *+ - _ _ 4176. House of man killed in war burned .. ) + * + + . . . .+ 4177. Preservation of real property . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + _ _ _ + + - + - + 4178. House occupied constantly after death - _ _ _ + + *+ - _ - + + - + - + 4179. Purification of house . . . . . . . . + + + - + *+ + _ + - + + + + 4180. With aromatic plants . .. . . *+ *+ *+ _- *+ *+ * _ *+ _*+ *+ _ *+ _ 4181. Tobacco smoked inside house . + - + - + + + _ _ + . - + + . 4182. Deer hair burnt inside house. + _ + Taboos and Purification of Undertakers, etc. 4183. Undertakers only contaminated, subject to taboos ....... . . . . . . . . _ . . . ++ + + + + *+++ *4184. Mourners and undertakers contaminated, subject to taboos. *+ *+ + + ??????_ t4185. Use head scratcher for... days after funeral- - -- F) - - 5-- *4 2 28 5 - - t4186. Eat alone for ... days after funeral . . . . - -.1O *5 - - 5 - - *4 2 28 5 4 - t4187. Separate dishes . . . . . . . . . . . - - *4 *5 - 5 - - *4 2 28 5 4 - t4188. Meat, meat products taboo ... days.. - - *4 *5 1 - 1 5 12 - *4 2 28 5 4 - t4189. Fresh fish taboo ... days. - *5 - 1 - 5 *6 - *4 2 28 5 4 - t4190. Dried salmon taboo ... days . - *5 - - - *4 2 28 5 4 - t4191. Hunting taboo ... days . - L *5 - - 1 5 - - *4 2 - - 4 - t4192. For ... months . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 1? - - - - t4193. Gambling taboo ... days . . . . . . . . . . . *1 - -0 *5 5 - - *4 2 - - 4 - t4194. For ... months . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - 1- - - 1 1 4 2 t4195. Smoking taboo ... days . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - *4 2 28 5 4 t4196. Intercourse taboo ... days . . . . . . . . . O )1 -1 + - - *4 2 28 5 4 - 4197. Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4198. All persons who attend funeral . . + + + + + + + - + + + - + + - _ 4199. By sweating .+ + *+ *+ *+ *+ + - *+ +- 4200. By swimming, washing hands, face . . + + *+ *+ (+) + + + *+ + + + + $ + + 4201. Immediately after funeral . . . . . . + + *+ *+ + + + *+ + + - . - + 4202. Everyday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + _ _ _ + +_ o4203. After ... days . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ 5 E - 2 *5 4 * 4204. Scarification and bleeding. *+ - + - - - + +? _ - 4205. Application of medicated water . . . *+ *+ + - + ? + - - + 4206. Smoking body . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - 4207. Plant rubbed on body . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + - + + + + + + 4208. Medicine drunk . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + _+ Taboos on Relatives 4209. Widow. . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4210. Taboo to touch corpse . . . . . ... . + + - - + + + + + + _ _ 4211. Steps between legs as release from marriage tie . . . . . . . . + . - 4212. Lies beside corpse . . . . . . - *+ *+ - - *+ *+ *+ *+ 4213. Outside, before corpse taken to grave .- - + - - - + - - + ?_____+ 4214. At grave, pyre .-.... + - - - +?_____- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 139 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS MV 4215. Hair cut, close crop, or burned off *+ *+ *+ + *+|*+ *+ *+|*+ *+ *+ $ *+ $+ 9 + 4216. Cuttings saved . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + - + _ _ 4217. Cuttings kept in house . . . + + + - + - - - + - - + - _ 4218. Cuttings made into belt . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ? 4219. Cuttings burnt . . . . . . . + 4220. Cuttings thrown in river . .+ - _ _ 4221. Cuttings buried in grave . .+ 4223. Mutilations .+ - _ + + + - + + ? 4224. Arms cut soon after death ..+ + 4225. Beat breast . . . . . . . . . + + + - + +? 4226. Beat head . . . . . . . . .. + + + 4227. Facial and head coatings . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4228. Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + $+ + + + + + + + + 4229. Dirt, ashes . . . . . . . . . + 4230. Chalk, charcoal . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4231. Pounded shell . . . . . . . . + + 4232. White clay on bangs . . . . . + + _ _ _ + - _ _ _ 4233. Pitch on arms or legs, chest . . - + + + + + + - + + - _ 4234. Touching face with fingers taboo . + + + - + + + + + + + + 4235. Face left unwashed . . . . . - + + + + + _ + + + + . + 4236. "Washed" with wet grass . + + . + - + - + - _ 4237. Space around eyes washed . + - + + + + + + + + + + - + 4238. Scratching stick used . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + _ + - + + + +i- 4239. For head . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + _ + - + + + + i - 4240. For body . . . . . . . . . . + + .??????+ - + - + - - _ 4241. Worn tied around neck . . + - + + + _ + - + + + + i - 4242. Special attire . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + *4243. Mourning necklace . . _ . + - + + + - + + + - + - *+ *+ *4244. Basket cap, coated with pitch + + + + + - + - + + ? - 4245. Head covered with blanket . - + + *4246. Food taboos . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + - - + - + - + t4247. Meat ... days . . . . . . . . *5 6 *14 28 1 - - 5 *6 - - 2 - 5 - *6 t4248. Grease ... days .*15 6*14t8 1 - - 5*86 - - 2 - 5 - *6 t4249. Fresh fish ... days .*1 5 6 *14 - 1 - - 586 - - 2 - 5 - *6 t4250. Dried fish ... days .*15 6 -- 1-- 5 - 2 -5 - 4251. Cold water ... days. t4252. Salt ... days . . . . . . . . 5 5 4253. Seclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ - - + - - + + - - + + + + + 4254. In house .. . . . . . . . . .* *+ * + + + - - + *+ *+ *+ *+ f4255. For ... days . . . . . . . . 2 528-- 3 + + *+ + t4256. For... years . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 + 1 4257. For variable period . .. . .+ - 4258. Prescribed activities during taboo period . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ *+ + *+ f4259. Sweats for ... days or nights 5 6 55 1 - - 1 1 4260. Gathers wood for sweating . + + + + - - - - + +? 4261. Goes to grave or cremation spot and wails .*+ *+ *+ - + -+ + + *+ *+ *+ *+ 4262. Walks around, wailing + + + + *+ *+ *+ 4263. May go to mountains to seek power . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 4264. Making baskets taboo . . . . + + + + - + ? 4265. Gathering food taboo . . . . + + + + 4266. Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . - *4267. Sweats to remove taboos, af- ter ... months . . . . . . *12122 1 2 *2 - *+i? 4268. Washes head, face to remove * taboos . . . . . . . . . . _- - + + - + + - - * + *+ . 4269. Drinks medicine. ...... + . + i) - - 4270. Takes pitch off head, face at re- * marriage only. .......... + + + + + + + + + +?___ 140 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS NM MF NF NM NS MV 4271. Pitch wears off naturally .+ + + - + + 4272. Mourning necklace worn until re- marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + - + + + - * _ + o4273. Approximate no. yrs. before remarriage *1 *2 j 1 *2 *1 + * 1 *2 *1 - *3 *3 *3 4274. Indefinite period; shorter for younger women . . + + + + + + 4275. Older women often do not remarry . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + + -_ 4276. Widower .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4277. Cuts or burns hair, slightly . . . + + *+ *+ *+ - - + + + + - + *+ + 4278. Pitches hair or face, or both. + - + - - + + + + - - + + - - - *4279. Meat, fish, salt taboo ... days after funeral .56 10 10 5 1 - 1 5 28 - - 1 - 5 - - t4280. Hunting taboo... days ..+ 10 10 5 - + - 10 + - - 1 + + - t4281. For ... months . . . . . . . 12 - - - - 3 - - 3 - - - 1 - t4282. Fishing taboo ... days . . . . . . . 5 10 5 5 - + - 10 + - - 1 + + - + t4283. For ... months . . . . . . . - - - - - _ -3 - 3 - - - 1 1 - 4 4284. Gives away all or most of lst kill. - - + + + - + - _ + + - _ 4285. Cannot "cry" before hunting .+ + + . . + . . _ *4286. Spends ... nights in mountains . . . 5 * 10 - - 1 1 1 1 1 *1 - - _ - 4287. To obtain vision . . . . . . + + + - _ + + + + + + - - - - 4288. Piles up rocks . . . . . . . + + + _- 4289. Gathers or breaks wood + + + - _ + + --_ 4290. Sleeps little or non e . + + + + + __ 4291. Returns home wailing . + + - + + + - + ? ? - 4292. Obtains dream at home, night of funeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + - - - t4293. Sweats alone daily for ... days after cremation . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 4294. Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - - _ - o4295. Sweats with other mourners ..days after funeral . --*1 5 - *+ *+ - 2 *+______ t4296. Swims ... days after funeral. - *1 5 1 *+ *+ 5 1 *+ - 3 2 5 : 4297. Cuts shoulder . . . . . . . . - + - - - - + + ? _ _ 4298. Children observe taboos for dead parent . . . + + + - - + + + + + + + + + _ - 4299. Son, daughter cut hair close; slight pitch .+ + + + + + + + + *+ *+- *4301 4300. Do not seek for power . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - - + - + + + 4301. Parents observe taboos for child . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4302. Cut hair slightly . . . . . . . . . . +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4303. Pitch on hair or face . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 4304. Mother only . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - - - + + + t4305. Meat taboo ... days . . . . . . . . . 5 5 10 5 3 -1 5 + - - 1 - 5 o4306. For ... months . . . . . . . - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 4307. Sweat or bathe . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + + + + - - + + - + 4308. Man goes to mountains to seek power + + + _ _ _ + _ + + + - - _ _ - *4309. Loss of lst child before cord drops off entails rigid taboos .t. . ) *+ + + + + 4310. Couple give everything away, start anew + + + + +- 4311. Secluded for 1 month + Taboos on Community t4312. Foot travel stopped for ... days .- +?_ 4 *6 5 - + 4313. Until burial of corpse . . . . . . . + ? _ - +, 4314. Uttering name of dead taboo ...... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +X 4315. Indefinitely . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ + _ _ _ + _ + - + + 4316.UIntil forally regiven__+_-_+_+++_+_y__ 4317. Only in presence of kin ....... + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + +X CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 141 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4318. Compensation to kin for uttering in presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + - . _ - + - *4319. If no compensation paid, fight starts - - + + _ _ - + + + _ . _ _ + - 4320. No rule of compensation: fight starts + - - - - + + - _ _ _ . + - - _ *4321. Dances taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 9 + + + *+ + + + + + + + t4322. For ...years . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1+ 1 -1 1 *1 1 3333 3*i 4323. Violent deaths in war excepted + + - + - + + + - - - - . . - _ 4324. Girl's puberty rite taboo . . . . . . - _ + + _ _ + + + + + + - + - - 4325. May be held 1/2 mi. from mourner s camp. . . . . . . - _ + + + - _ _ . + - _ _ 4326. No dance held; only sing for girl . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + . - + - _ 4326a.Brush dance taboo . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + 4327. Doctor-making dance taboo . . . . . . + _ _ + + +? 4328. Scalp dance taboo . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + ? 4329. Social dances taboo . . . . . . . . . _ + - + + + - + + + + + 4330. Must be held 10-15 mi. away . + + _ + + 4331. Mourners' consent obtained, before dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - *+ _ *+ + + + - 4332. Mourners paid . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? 4333. Choice food presented mourners ...? ? ? ? + - + + + + _ Mourning Ceremonies 4334. Family mourning ceremony . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ - - +?+ 4335. Informal; at assembly old people may cry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - *+. t4336. Held ... yrs. following death. . . - _ 3 ? 4337. Held variable time following death. + + + - +?+ 4338. Held only if child of deceased sick - - - + ? o4339. Lasts ... day and night . . . . . . . - - - - o4340. Lasts ... hour . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 4341. For 1 dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +___+ ? ? ? + 4342. Chief sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 4343. Fellow tribesmen only . . . . . . . . + + + + ??? + 4344. All close relatives of deceased assemble . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . _ - +?+ 4345. Doctor sings over widow, sick child . . . . . . . . + 4346. All mourners cry . . . . . . + + + + ?? + 4347. Widow removes pitch from hair, face . . . . . . . . + 4348. Widow burns pitch necklace . _ _ - +? 4349. Male undertakers sweat . . . _ _ + 4350. Feast concludes ceremony . . . . . . + 4351. All eat . . . . . . . + 4352. Mourners wash selves outside at end _ _ - + + _ _ _ - + 4353. Ceremony removes all taboos. . - + - _ - H ?? + 54. Group mourning ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + + + + 4355. Held by each village . . . . . . . . . + + - + 4356. Held by several villages together. ..+ + - 4357. For each dead separately . . . . . . + 4358. For several dead together . . . . . . _ + 4359. For all dead together . . . . . . . . - + + + + - o4360. Held ... years after death . . . . . *2+? + * o4361. Held ... months after death. ???? 5 - 4362. Annually . . . . . . . . . . + + - + s ~4363. Irregularly .-.... + - _ - + ? ? ?_ __+ + - 4364. Fall ............ ___________+++-+ 4365. Any time of year, dry weather |- + - -[ - + ?? - l- + + - 142 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM11S1My' 4366. Other towns invited . ........ + + + + + 4367. Other local groups sometimes invited. - + - - - + ? _ _ _ _ + + + + + 4368. Sanctioned by headman .-... . . . . _ + - - - + - ? _ _ _ + + + + - 4369. Headman in charge ... . . . _ + + + + - 4370. Headman attends, speaks . . . ? + + + + +* t4371. Ceremony lasts ... days, nights . . . - 1 2 2 *3"2 4372. Daytime affair, entirely . . - + _ _ - +? 4373. Mainly night affair, some daytime activities ....+ + + + 4374. Held outside .... . . . . . . . . _ +_ +? + + + + 4375. Unroofed brush fence, near cemetery .... . . . . . _ 4376. Under trees, in suimmer ... - + _ _ - +? 4377. In round brush enclosure . . - -H - - - + _ _ 4378. At cemetery, no enclosure .. .?+ - _ + 4379. Held inside .-... . . +. . . +? _ 4380. Living house .... . . . . +__ +- 4381. Assembly house . ...... + *4382. Participants wail .-. . . . . . . . . + + + + + 4383. Participants dance .... . . . . . + + - + 4384. Oratory .+.?.?. . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +? 4385. By headman . ........ + + + + 4386. By shaman ... . ......... __+ - - - 4387. By orator ......... . _ _ -_ +?+ 4388. Images used in ceremony ... ... + + - 4389. Made by relatives of deceased ??? + + + _ 4390. Made by chief .. ....... . + 4391. Made by nonrelatives .. . . . . + 4392. All images burnt at cemetery, at dawn .... . . ..... _+ + + - + 4393. Offerings in honor of dead ... . . +?+ + + - + 4394. Food + - + 4395. Baskets .... . . . . + ? . + + - $ 4396. Clothes . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 4397. Offerings put on poles .. . . . . . + + + + -+ 4398. Single pole for each variety of offering .... . . . ++ + + - + 4399. Poles planted in ground. . . . (+) ? + + - + 4400. Poles carried about .... + 4401. Offerings burnt at cemetery at dawn . ??+ + + - + 4402. Dance, holding baskets, be- fore burning; wail . . . + + -+ 4403. Offerings put on graves . . . . . . . + 4404. Ceremonial purification .-. . + - _ _ + + + + + + 4405. All who cry wash own faces .?+ + + + + 4406. All who cry swim at end . . . - + _ _ - +?+ + + - + 4407. All change clothes ... . . + + + - + 4408. Gambling in daytime, after burning .?+ + + + 4409. Feast during daytime. + + + + + + 4410. Rich mourners all contribute food . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + ++ 4411. Held at same spot where mourners wailed .-.. . . . _ + ---++ - 4412. Held in village camp ....+ + 4413. Held day following burning . + + + ++ 4414. After eating, cry again...+ + 4415. Mourners return home at sundown . . . - + - - - +?+ + + -l CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 143 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NF NF NM NS MV KMOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS Counting, Calendar, Directions Counting 4416. Finger count for months+ +? . . . . . . . . . . 4417. Finger count for objects ... . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + . + 4418. Begin counting on thumb ... . . . . + _ + _ _ + _ + - + + + _ . + 4419. Begin count on 4th finger.- + + . + - + + + + + . - 4420. End on 4th finger of other hand .-... . . . . . . . _ + + . + - + + + + + . - 4421. Count on toes .. .- +? ? ??? + + -- + 4422. Mnemonic devices .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4423. Knotted string for measuring time intervals + + + _ _ _ + + + + + + 4424. Knotted string for messages.- . + + + _ _ _ + + + + + + 4425. Stick for 1, 5, 10, 100 objects. . + - + + + _ + + - - _ 4426. Stick counters used in games . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4427. Rocks to count objects . . . . . . . . + + + _ + 4428. Marks on house to measure time intervals .+ - + + . - 4429. Scratch on ground for 10 and 100 . + + . + + + + - 4430. Stick poker burned to mark month's duration .... . . . . . . . . . 4431. Sack with berries in it . ...... Calendar t 4432. Number of seasons .... . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 4 5 X4 44 4 3 4 *2 4 4 o4433. Number of names for moons . . . . . . . . . . 10 * * 10 10 *12 *10 14 7 7 4 - *12 4434. Names descriptive .-... . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + - + . 4435. Finger names .... . . . . . . . . + +? 4436. Winter solstice observed ... . . . . . . . + + + *+ + *+ + + - _ + + + + + + 4437. Calendar begins winter solstice .. . . . . *+ + . *+ (+) i) i) - _ _ _ . (+) * + - 4438. Suimmer month counted .... . . . . . . . . + . + + (+) + + + - _ _ . + . . + 4439. Month begins on new moon ... . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4439a.Stars as month markers + _ *+ . *+ + + - + . 4440. Month record kept . as monm.k.r.s..... . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + *+ + 4441. Sticks put away .... . . . . . . . + 4442. Stones put in sack .... . . . . . _ _ _ - 4442a.Knots tied in string. . . . . . . . . + 4443. Old man keeps record ... . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + _ 4444. By memory only . ..... + + + + --+ + - + +(--) -- 4445. Old people argue which month .+ + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + 4446. Fisticuffs . . . . _ + _ _ + + _ _ + + 4447. Solstices observed by marks or shadow + + + + + + + + *+ *+ + + + + + + 4448. Sunmer solstice .... . . . . . . . + + - + . + + - + + + . . + 4449. Winter solstice .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4450. In sweat house ........ . . *+ *+ - *+ + + . 4451. Trees or mountains .... . . . . . + + + *+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 4452. Sunrise and sunset .... .... . + + _ _ - + + + - + + + - *+ 4453. Sunrise only ... . - + + + _ _ _ + - _ _ + - 4454. Sun's monthly position observed. + + + + . + + + _ * + + + * - 4455. Marks on shadows from trees, moun- tains .+ . - + . + + + - - + + . . . + 4456. Marks in sweat house ...... . + + + 57. Daily sunrise, sunset observed .- - - - - - | + - + + + - + . . + 144 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EKl Mo SE SW At AW AE|WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS My Directions 4458. 4 cardinal directions . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + _ +_ 4459. 6 cardinal directions . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + + 4460. 8 cardinal directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4461. Waterflow for directions . . . . . . . . . . + + 4462. Directions indicated by place names. . . *+ + $ .? 4463. Sunrise, sunset terms for , W. + + + + + _ 4464. Direction indicated by pursing lips .+ + + + + + + + _ _ o4465. Plus twitching nose, glancing with + : eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4466. Plus hand against cheek, pointing . . + +? *4467. Used for privacy, mainly . . . . . . + + + + + . . _ _ 4468. Direction indicated by pointing hand, finger. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 Therapeutic Knowledge and Beliefs Therapeutic Practices 4469. Practioes for curing illnesses . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 4470. Piss ants, for rheumatism, tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - 4471. Drink boiled decoction of + - + - +? _ 4472. Sit on nest of, let "water" remain on body . . . . . . + - *4473. Cautery . . . ............ + + *+ 4474. If blister rises, cure will be effected . . . . . . . . + + + + 'I + - _ _- 4475. Blood letting . . . . . . *+ *++ *+ + + + 4476. Cut made with flint knife . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + + +.; 4477. Vapor baths, patient covered with robe .-...... . . . . . . . . . _ + +++ + *+ - + + 4478. Steaming in small steam house, mud and ashes . . + 4479. Poultices .+ + + + + 4480. Sucker skin, for snake bites. - _ + - _ _ _ _ - 4481. Plant poultices with warm rock inside + + 4482. Smoking: wild parsnip, for headaches, * colds . . . . + + *+ + - 4483. Plant and root decoctions. .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4484. Datura (jimsonweed) root . . ?_*+ 4485. Decoctions for wounds . . . . + + . + + Herb Doctoring; Beliefs Concerning Ailments 4486. Herbalists . . . . . . . . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4487. Informal "doctoring" only .+ + + $+ + + + - + + _ _ + _ _ 4488. Informal and formal doctoring. . . .? + - + + - + + 4489. Men .. o .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 4490. Women.+ + + + + + +++ + ++ ++ + + 4491. Mostly women . . . + + + ? ?+ + 4492. Herbalist may also be sucking shaman.? _+ + + + + + - * + + 4493. Knowledge inherited . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + 4494. Dreamt.+ _ _ + - _ _ _ _ _ 4495. Taught free byolder person. + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 4496. Taught free by doctor, to relation only . . . . . . . . + 4497. Formula spoken when gathering plants. _ +?___________ . *+ 4498. Treatment private, at patient's house + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CJLTURE ELEM, DISTRIB.: Xl--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 145 Ei Mo SE SW At AWA W M WS M MNF NM NS MV 4499. Formula recited, before l taking medicine . . . . . . + 4500. Disease brushed off body. - +? 4501. Medicine administered internally .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4502. Medicine administered externally.+ +.+ +.+ +.+ + + + + + + + + 4503. Medicine sprayed from mouth - _ _ + - _ + _ + + _ + + + 4504. Herbalist can cure any disease . . + + 4505. Can kill disease objects _ + 4506. Can cure rattlesnake bites. . _ _ + _ + + + 4507. Can only weaken, check natural diseases + + + + + + + + + + + + 4508. Precautions to ward off disease; incense burnt .i) + + + _ _ + + + + + + + 4508a.Breach of taboo causes illness. .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4509. Eating meat in taboo period causes tuberculosis + + + + + + _ 4510. Worms in tooth cause toothache _ + *+ + . *+ + + + + + - i) 4511. Ants, spider-like bug in teeth causes tooth- * ache. + + - _ + _ + _ Beliefs Concerning Natural Phenomena Cosmogony 4512. World a disk, floating in water .. + - + + + + _ _ . _ + 4513. Supported by animal . . . . . . . . . + 4514. Mythical age; animals persons ... . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + . + 4515. Chief for each species of animal . . + + ) + +..... + 4516. Flood ........... + + + + + + + ++ +++ +i) . + 4517. Human beings created or appear . + . + + + + + + + + + . + Sun and Moon 4518. Sun male human .+ +* + - + -|+ + - - - + i) 4519. Sun female human ..+.?.?.?.. . . . . . + + + *+_ 4520. Moon male human .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + * + + + + + - *+ + ) 4521. Moon female human .. . . + 4522. Sun and moon husband and wife . + - + 4523. Frog mate of moon .+............ . *+ *+ ? ? ? ? ??__ _ ) _ 4524. Figures in moon .+ + + + + + + + + + . + _ 4525. Scar from bear's bite +? 4526. Man .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 4527. Tree .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 4528. Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +- |+ -+ + - - - + ? New Moon 4529. Monthly birth-and-death theory ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + . + *+ 4530. All view new moon .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + 4531. Each month .-... . . . . . . . . . - + - + + + + + - - + - _ _ 4532. In winter, only +. ... .. . .... *+ 4533. In spring, chiefly .. . . .. *++ + - _ _??+ + + _ 4534. Speak, pray to moon .... . . . . . *+ + + + + - + + + - + + *+ 4535. Address by kin term ........ . + + - - + - + + - + + 4536. Old persons shake selves, clothes, bedding.- + *+ + + - +?____ 4537. Throw stones at moon. - _ _ _- 4538. Food prepared, guests invited . .. | l*** +-+ + 146 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS IMMMF NF NM NS MV 4539. Babies, children shown to moon . . . . . . . - + - *'*+ + + + + + + + + _ + - 4540. Race, run, jump east . . . . . . . . - + - + + + + _ + - 4541. "Spanked" .-... . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ _ _ _ 4542. Tossed in air . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ _ _ _ + 4543. Children raise arms to moon . . . . . - + + + + + + + _ 4544. Tell moon they are growing .-.. . . _ + - - - + + + + + + - _ _ _ 4545. Face, body, arms rubbed ... . . . . _ + + + 4546. Address moon by kin term . + - _ - *+ + + + - + - + - 4547. Done to make child grow fast . . . + - + + + + + + - _ _ + - 4548. Position of horns significant . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4549. Vertical; sign of death, sickness . _ - _+ ???????????? ?+ 4550. Vertical; sign of rain and snow . . + + + + - +??????????- 4551. Vertical; sign of good weather, good fortune . . . . . . . . . . . . ... _ + + + - - + + + _ 4552. Horizontal; good weather, dry month. + + + 4553. Horizontal; full of water, rain or storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + - + + + + 4554. Horizontal; death, sickness . . . . . _+ *+ + - + - + 4555. Taboos concerning moon . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + _ + + + + _ 4556. If point at new moon, finger crooks, drops off . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + _ + *4557. If sleep in moonlight, cross eyes, facial paralysis . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + Eclipses 4558. Recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4559. Sun, moon dying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + . 4560. Bear, dog eating sun, moon .+ + + + - + - + + + - _ _ _ . _ 4561. Lizard eating moon . . . . . . . . . + 4562. Frog eating, passing over sun . . .+ - _ . + 4563. Frog doctoring, passing over moon . . + - + + - _ _ . + 4564. Big snake giving birth to baby . . . . . . . + 4565. No explanation for eclipse of moon . . . . . + - + + + . _ 4566. Special behavior during eclipses . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + 4567..All shout, eclipse of sun . . . . . . + + + + + + - +? 4568. All shout, eclipse of moon . . . . . + + + 4569. Pray and talk to sun, moon . . . . . - - + - - + + - _ _ - + + + . + *4570. Beat dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - + 4571. Shoot arrows in air . . . . . . . . . - - _ _ + 4572. Sprinkle water . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + 4573. Cover all food . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + *+ 4574. Hide children . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + *+ 4575. Bring in wood, or make fire. - + + + - 4576. Eclipse portent of death . . . . . . . . . _- - +- 4577. Red moon portent of disaster . ... . . . . - - + + + Falling Stars *4578. Evil sign . - +.+ -1- +? + -++- *4579. Sign man visiting woman, for intercourse . + . - + - + + - _ _ - i) - _ _ _ 4580. Presage good weather next day .. . _ +?.-i) . _ _ _ 4581. No sign . . . . 4582. Porcupine fallen star ... . . . . . . . . . 4583. People clap hands, breathe loudly . . . . . . - + + . _ _ _ _ + + 4584. People pray for good luck . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - _ - + + - _ _ Milky Way, Other Star Lore 4585. Milky Way: creek or river .+ .~? . . . . ....|++-- l--- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 147 | Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NF NF NM NS MV 4586. Milky Way: dead persons', ghosts' road, trail + + + + + + - + + + - - 4587. Taboo for young boys to look at evening star. . *+ *+ - 4588. Girls forbidden to count stars ... . . . . *+ *+ 4589. Single star, close to moon, evil sign ... *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ - _ * . . 4590. 5 small stars, close to moon, sign children will die .. + +? . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainbow 4591. Menstruation sign .... . ............... _+ + + _ . + *+ *+ 4592. Evil sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ _ *+ *+ . 4593. Sign of rain .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ +? 4594. Sign of good wild crops ... ..... . _ __ * +? 4595. Sign connected with doctoring .-. . . . . . *+ *+ *+ 4596. If point at, finger will be crooked, drop off + + + + + + + _ + + + + + 4597. Children warned especially ... . . + + + ? ? ? ? + + + + 4598. If point at, makes child sick . . . . . . . . . + + + + 4599. Dreaming of rainbow evil portent ... . . . - $+ *- *+* Thunder 4600. Old man .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+*+ *+ *+ *+ *+- - *+ + *+ +*+ + 4601. Has wife .... . . . . . . . . . . - - - - + + + + *+ +- + 4602. Tree his wife .... . . . . . . . . - - - + +? 4603. Boy .?.?.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ 4604. Thunder and lightning twin boys ............. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + *+_ 4605. Thunder takes form of bird, when striking . ..*+- +? 4606. No explanation of noise ... . . . . ... . + ?? + ? 4607. Noise, man and woman talking ... . _ + + _ + *+ * 4608. Noise, man moving or kicking things ... . . *+ + 4609. Noise, man shouting angrily .. ..... . + + + + + + 4610. Noise, bird ripping tree with claws, moving * * wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 4611. Noise, twin boys back on earth . ...... 4612. Thunder feared .*.... ....* 462.Thndrfere .............................. + + + _ + *+ + + + + + + *+ - + + 4613. Raccoon skin held up on stick ..... . . . - + +? 4614. Dogs made to squeal . *+ *+? *4615. Stick burned; old men walk in circle with it. + - + + + - 4616. Thunder talked, prayed to; told to depart . . - + + + - + + + + |+ + + - + Lightning 4617. Power, weapon of Thunder person . ..... . + + - + + . + i) - 4618. From mouth, hand of Thunder person .. . . . _ _ + 4619. From claws of Thunder or Lightning Bird . . .???????+ + ? 4620. Takes shape of raccoon .-.-. . .. . . . . + +? 4621. Feared .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4622. Crawl under burnt trees or log . + + + _ + + + 4623. Run to open spot .. . . .. . . . . . . . . +__ + 4624. Jump into water .... . . . . . . . . . . . + . _ _ +? *4625. Cover head . . .+ _ + + + + *+ 4626. Talk to lightning .... . . . . . . . . . + + 4627. Hold up raccoon skin - _ - + +? j 4628. Keep quiet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Whirlwind 4629. Evil associated with whirlwind ....................... + + + + + *- 4630. In fall especially ....................... *+ + + + _ 4631. Is dead shaman's dust . ....... - + + "+ I+? - -- I~~It 148 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS|MM MF NF NM NS MV 4632. Contains poison or doctor's pain * inside it . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ? ? ? ? + + - . _ 4633. Contains spirit (or person?) inside it _ _ _ _ + _ + *+ + - *+ . + 4634. Malignant activities of whirlwind . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + . + + 4635. Sickens persons with bad dreams . + *+ + + - *+ *+ *+ *+ + + *+. + + 4636. Puts "pain" in person . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + - . _ _ 4637. Catches person's shadow or spirit - + + - + + + + + . 4638. Causes person to have accident, die . + + + _ + _ _ + . _ _ 4639. Gives power for doctoring, occasionally . . . + + - + + _ . . 4640. Precautions against whirlwind . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + 4641. Try to hide from, dodge it . . . . . + + + _ + ?+ + + . + + 4642. Throw dirt, water at it . . . . . . . - + + -+ + + + - _ _ + + - 4643. Talk to it, informally . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 4644. Smoke when talking to it - + + + + + + _ + _ _ 4645. Clap hands, stomp feet . - + + _ _ _ . . _ 4646. Smoke victim of whirlwind + + + 4646a.Mourners who dream of whirlwind doctored . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ _ . Rain and Storms 4647. Nonshamanistic beliefs concerning rain . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + 4648. Rolling rocks down hill causes rain + + - +? 4649. Shouting in mountains causes rain . . _ + + - + + _ + i) - _ *4650. Sprinkles a little after funeral naturally . . . . . . . .+. . . . . + . + + + - + + + + + + 4651. Nonshamanistic measures for stopping rain . - +? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ + _ 4652. Pinch dog's ear . . . . . . . . . . . 4653. Old men wave lighted brands . . .. . . . . . .+ + 4654. Flies and yellow jackets burnt. . . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? + _ _ Beliefs Concerning Spirits, Ghosts Characteristics of Ghost or Spirit 4655. Visible to anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + - + + + 4656. Resembles person . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + ++ 4657. Resembles skeleton, shadow, fog, or cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 4658. Audible to anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 4659. Shamans chiefly . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + _ + 4660. Wails, whistles . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - + + + - + Activities of Ghosts or Spirits 4661. Leaves body shortly before death . . . . . . - - + - + +? 4662. Leaves body immediately after death . . . . . + - _ + + - - - - + + + + + + o4663. Leaves grave, pyre ... days after death . . . - - ? 3 28 *6 - - 3 4 4- 4664. Leaves pyre night of cremation . . . . . . . _ + _ _ 4665. Turns back once after leaving body. . . . . . + + _ 4666. Retraces steps person has taken when alive. . + + - + + 4667. Departs toward distant place . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + 4668. Toward west . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + - + + + + + . + . _ 4669. To assembly house in mountains, sky . *"*+ *+ 4670. Up to sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 4671.'Along Milky Way . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + - + . _ 4672. Across water, river.+ + - + - . _ - + - - + + + _ 4673. On bridge .......... + + + _ 4674. If get dizzy crossing, turn into coyote ........ + + + _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XK--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 149 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4675. Door keeper at land of dead .. . - + - + + 4676. One destination for all ... . . . . + + + + - + + - + + _ 4677. Good and bad different destinations .-.. . . . . _ + *+ +_ )* _ 4678. All ghosts stay on earth .... . . . . . . _ 4679. Doctors, bad persons .-. . . . _ . _ + + _ + +? 4680. Improperly buried, burned persons . . _ . _ _ _ - + +? 4681. Ghosts encountered around village .+. . + + - . + 4682. Ghosts encountered around cremation spot or burying place .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ - + + + + + + - + - + + - 4683. In air .... . + - _ _ - + + - + + _ . _ . + + 4684. In whirlwind . + _ _ . _ - + + + _ - + + + + 4685. Dead visit in dreams with living.+ + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 4686. Occasional dream may give person power . _ _ . + + _ + + + + + + - . _ 4687. Constant dreaming of dead bad omen. . - + - ..+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+_+ *+ *+ Precautions to Keep Away Ghosts 4688. Ghosts feared .+.... ++ - + + + + + + + + + + + + 4689. Offerings of food, if dream of dead . + - -H-)--+ - +- + *4690. Ghost feast . ? . . . . . . . + *+ + - . *+ 4691. Eat with dog .-.-..-. . . . . *+? 4692. Shaman hired to sing for dreamer. . . - - + + + + + + + + + + . _ 4693. Dreamer puts ashes, pitch on body . . + + 4694. Talk to ghost.- _ _ _ + - + + + + - + + + . + 4695. Throw ashes toward ghost ... . . . + *+ _ _ - + + + - _ + 4696. Throw water toward ghost or grave . . + *+ + + 4697. Bathe in plain or medicated water . .?+ + + - + + + - _ 4698. Herbs rubbed on body.- _ _ - + - - + + + _ + + + . + 4699. Roots chewed and spit.- _ _ - _ + - + + . _ - + . _. _ 4700. Tobacco smoked .-. . + _ - + + + + + + - + - _ . _ 4701. Burn aromatic plant .-... . _ _ _ _ + + + + + + *+ * + - 4702. After childbirth, to avoid bad dreams ..... . _ *+ * *+ 4703. Burn hair, skin .-.. ..... . . _ - _ * + - - _ - *+ + *+ - * 4704. After childbirth, to avoid .bad dreams . .......+ 4705. Hang small bow and arrow in door . . + - - + - _ _ 4706. Plant, feathers hung up . ?+ - . _ Omens Sneezing, etc. 4707. Sudden sneeze sign someone talking about sneezer .+... + + +++ + + ._ __.. +_- 4708. Of opposite sex . . .....+ + _ _ . 4709. Relation .f. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4710. At a distance .. . ............ . +++ + _+? 4711. Sudden sneeze sign someone thinking of sneezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 4712. Invite such to come visit. _ _ + 4713. Ear buzzing sign someone deprecating person . + - _ Bird, Animal Calls as Omens 4714. Owl call before dawn omen death, war, rain. + + + * + . + + + - + + + + + + 4715. Robin calling after dark bad omen .-...................... + + + - . + + + - +_____ 4716. Magpie calling after dark bad omen .-...................... + - _ . + - - +_____ 150 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4717. Crow, quail calling, tells of enemy passing - + + _ . + _ _ + _ _ -*+ 4718. Dog howling, sign of war . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + 4719. Coyote, fox howling sign of war . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + _ + - _ + + + 4720. Any animal calling out of time evil sign . + + - . . + + + _ + - _ _ _ _ 4721. May b' shaman, sending out spirit . . + ASPECTS OF RELIGION Vision Quest 4722. Vision questing to obtain guardian spirit(s). + + + + + + + *+ + |*+ *+|+ -t 4723. By individuals . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + i) + _ _ 4624. By group *+ 4725. Men, youths, boys.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 4726. Women, girls . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ - + + + _ + + - + 4726a.Optional, not obligatory . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 4727. First quest, prepuberty + - + 4728. First quest at or around puberty . + + + + + + + + + + + ) - - 4729. Questing during adult life . . . . . + + + + + + (H + + - - 4730. Quest once only . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + _- 4731. Quest repeated, to gain power, or for successive powers . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + -_ 4732. Some candidates never obtain vision . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _- 4733. Undertaken in winter, annually . . . _ - +? _ 4734. Undertaken in spring, sunmer only. . _ _ + - - + + + *f - _ - + _ - *4735. Undertaken any time, after birth child, death of near relative . . . + + - _ _ _ + - _ + +- 4736. Vision quest general, may obtain any variety power . . . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ ___*+ + *+--___ __ $4736a.Vision quest may yield all powers except those for doctoring . - + + *+ *+ _ _ 4737. Vision quest yields doctoring powers * only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + 4738. Youths prepared for quest . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + _ _ _ 4739. Lectured by father, father's brother . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + - + - _ _ _ _- 4740. Whipped with bowstring, stick - - - + + - *+ - _ _ _ _ _ 4741. Ears pierced . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + *+ _ 4742. Go out naked, or with breech- clout only . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - - + _ -- 4743. Seeker quests at fixed localities in mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +) + + + + *+ + + + + + 4744. Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - _- 4745. With older shaman . . . . . . + 4746. Men or youths only . . . . . + - + + - - - + + + + + - _ _ *4747. For ... days, nihts i 5 5*4 1 5 *1 *2 1 1 1 2 2 4748. Before doctor-making dance *+ *+ - - - - - + + - + i) + 4749. After doctor-making dance . . + _ - *+ *+ - - - - _ *4750. Complete food fast ... days. 5 5 i) - 5 *2 - - - - 1 - 2 _ _ o4751a.Eats sparingly, or according to spirit's instructions ...days . . . . . . . . . - + 28 5 2 - *2 5 1 *2 - 2 *+ 4752. Meat taboo . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _- 4753. Abstains from water. - - - *+ - 4754. Drinks water with acorn meal in it . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + 4755. Sexual continence during* quest. .......... + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + _-_ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 151 |R1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4756. Bathes to acquire power + + + - + + *+ + +| + - - 4756a.In lake or stream + + + _ + + + + + + + + - _ 4757. Complete immersion + + + _ - + + + + + + + - _ 4758. Washes hands in spring . . . . . . + + + _ _ 4759. Bathes each day . . . + + _ - - - + H . _ o4759a.Bathes after ... days - _ _ _ *2 *2 5 5 *2 . . 4760. Rebuilds stone altar + + + + + + + - - - - + - _ _ 4761. Breaks branches, piles up wood . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + +? - _ 4762. Builds fire . . . . . . . . I + + + + - - + + + + _ 4763. Smokes self over fire _ _ _ _ + - _ - + _ + + - _ 4764. Catches glowworms . . . . . . *+ *+ - . 4765. Sleeps on mountain at night . + + + _ + + + - _ _ i - _ _ 4766. Prays for vision . . . . . . + + + - _ _ _ _ 4766a.Scarification and bleeding . - + _ + _ _ _ - + _ _ _ _ _ 4767. Ants allowed to bite wounds . . . . . . + *+ *4768. To obtain "luck' only _ - ()*+ _ 4769. Power comes by dreaming . . . _ + - + + + _ + + + + + _ _ 4769a.Power comes in trance or faint + + - + + - - + + + + + + - _ 4770. Nose or mouth bleeds . . . . + *+ _ + -+ + + + + - 4771. Instruction by shaman . . . . ???????????? + - _ 4772. Guardian spirit communicates with seeker . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 4773. Spirit seen . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + _ _ 4773a.Spirit heard . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 4774. Spirit felt . . . . . + + 4775. Gives song . . . . . + + + - _ + + - _ + + + + - _ 4776. Gives paint . . . . . + + + + 4777. Gives dance . . . + - 4778. Instructs as to para- phernalia, methods. + + + - _ _ - + - - + + *4779. Doctor dance main or only form vision seeking for youths, girls . . . . . _ *+ *+ *+ 4780. Successful seeker observes taboos on return ........ . . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ t4781. Is sick for ... days + + 11*1 *2 1 + + _- t4782. Continent .... . . .. . ++ + + + + + + + _- 4782a.For ... years . . . . 1 - 1 4783. Swims .+ + + _ . . +? _ . . . . _ 4784. Sweats and swims . . . + + _ - + + - - - _ _ ft4785. Stays outside house ... days. 1 1 - 2 1 *2 5 0 *2 - - - _ _ t4786. Confined ... days in sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . . 4787. Uses head scratcher - + . _ - + + _ 4788. Eats sparingly or according to spirit's instructions. . + + + *+ + + + *+ + + + + + 4788a.Meat taboo. . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4789. Fish taboo . . . _ + + + + + +_ _ 4790. Salt taboo. + + - _ _ _ _ _ 4790a. Drinks water with acorn meal in it. . _ _ + i) _ _ 4791. Smokes tobacco .+ + + + + + + + - + _ + - _ _ 4792. Gives firstkill to old man. + + + + - _ _ + - _ _ _ _ 152 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _Kl Mo SE SWAt AW AE|WT WM WSNM MFNF NM NS MY Shamanism Sucking Doctors: Personnel 4792a.Sucking doctors recognized ... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4793. Men only .. .. ........ . ++ 4794. Mainly men, few women .... . . . . . . . . + _ _ - + + + _ _ _ + + + _ 4795. Mainly women, few men .... . . . . . . . . _ + + 4796. Both sexes, about equal .... . . . . . . . _ + + + + 4797. Men can cure and sicken ... ... .... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 4798. Women's powers equal to male doctors' - + _ _ + + + + - + _ _ _ _ - 4799. Stronger. + + 4800. More limited .... . . . . . . . . + ?+ + + + - 4801. Can only cure; no sickening . .?+ - *+ *+ + _ _ 4802. Mainly send illness .... . + .-_? Sucking Doctors: Acquisition of Power 4803. Shamanistic power inherited .... . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + + *+ + + + *+ 4804. Before relative's death, paternal or maternal .... . . . . . . . . . + *+ - + *+ *+ *+ + _ + + + 4805. After relative's death, paternal or maternal . .*+ + + + *+ *+ + *+ + + _ *4806. Dependent on power's or "pain's" * * * willingness .... . . . . . . . . *+ *+ + + + + + 4807. Shamanistic power acquired unsought.- *+ + + + + + + + + + + + - 4808. While in conscious state . . . . . . - _ + + + - + _ _ - + + + 4809. While ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + +-- 4810. During trance or faint . . . . . . . _- - + + - + + + - _ + + - + t4811. Sick for ... days . . . . . . - 4 o -o * * - - + + - > o4812. Sick for ... years..11 - i 4813. In dream when adult . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + *+ *+ + + + + + -+ 4814. In dream before puberty, anytime . + + - + ?? + - _ 4815. Novice bleeds . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - + _ + + + -+ t4816. Novice dances for ... nights after apparition . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ----- 4817. Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . +++ 4818. Smokes when dancing. . + _ _ _ 4819. Sings . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 4820. Nonacceptance of power dangerous . + + + + + *+ + - + + + - + _ _ 4821. May involve sickness, death . + + + + + + - + + + - + - _ 4822. Legitimate methods of refusing power. + + + + + + + . - + 4823. Eat fresh food . . . . . . . * *+ - *$ - 4824. Put ashes on body ..._+ _ 4825. "Pain" may leave of own accord . . . . . . . . . . _ + 4825a.Shaman sometimes cures sufferer . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + . _ _ 4826. Shamanistic power acquired during vision quest . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + 4827. Shamanistic power acquired during group initiatory dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 4828. Held in open-fire sweat house. . . .+ + + _ _ _ 4829. Novices instructed ... . ..... . . . . - - - - + + - + + - + + + +++ 4830. By older shaman. ...........- - -- + + - (~(-) - + + + +* 4831. In sweat house .... . . . . . . . - - - - + + - + + - + + _ - + 4832. In open .... . . . . ............ _ _ _ _ + + 4833. Novice acquires "pain" or poison object . . . + + + + *+ *+ + + + + + + *4834. Anlimate; can move, talk .-.................. + + + + + + + + + + + - 4835. Pain calls possessor "father" or "mother" . .*.-................. _ _ _- + + + + + + . + - _-_ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 153 1K Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV o4836. Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 1 1 2 4836a.Indefinite; many . . . . . _ + + + _ _ _ 4837. Kept outside shaman's body . . . + + _ - + + + - - - + + _ _ 4838. Kept inside shaman's body . . . . . . *+ *+ _ _ *+ *+ + _ _ 4839. Novice acquires guardian spirit helper from natural phenomena, fauna . . . . . . . . . *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + - 4840. Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + . + + + + + + + + + - 4841. Moon .......+ . _+ + + + + + + + _ 4842. Wind ........+ + + + + + + + + _ 4843. Thunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + . + _ 4844. Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + _ 4845. Fire . .+ . + + + + + . + _ 4846. Animals, all kinds . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + _ _ 4847. Coyote mainly . . . . + + + + _ _ 4848. Wolf, only or mainly .+ + + 4849. Birds.+ + + + + + + + + + + 4850. Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ + + + - _ 4851. Chicken hawk . . . . . . . . + + .+ + + _ + + + _ 4852. Small birds . . . . . . . . . + + - + + _ _ 4853. Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + + - + + _ _ _ 4854. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + .+ - + + + + .- + 4855. Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + _ + + _ _ 4856. Favorite, best power . . . . + . + - + *+ ? ? ? 4857. Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - _ _ 4858. Ghosts or spirits . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + - + + + + + _ _ 4859. Doctor gets power from several guardian spirits, successively . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + - + + + ) - _ 4860. After power from "pain" acquired . . + - - 4861. Guardian spirits communicate with novice . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 4862. Are visible to novice . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + - 4863. Are audible . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 4864. Can be felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 4865. Give song .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - 4866. Novice, in training sings by himself . . . . . . . . ++ + _ 4867. Give paint .+ _ _ _ + + + . + _ _ 4868. Give dance . . . . . . . .+ + _ _ _ 4869. Instruct as to paraphernalia, curing methods. + + + + + + - - + + + + - 4870. Novice acquires feathers, feather flags .. + + *+ *+ + + *+ + + + _ 4871. Must be kept outside house .+ + + *+ + + - + + + + - . 4872. Kept in hollow tree * when not in use.. + + - + + _ + + + _ _ . 4873. Novice keeps fact he has power secret . _ _ _ *+ + + + + Sucking Doctors: Doctor-Making Rites 4874. Doctor-making rites for sucking doctors . . . + + *+ *+ + + _ + + + + + + + - 4874a.Rites last ... days and nights. t - - - 1 - *1 - - - - 2 4- *4875. For ... nights. + 5 *3 5 - - + *1 11 1 + +- 476. Novices assisted by older shamans ... . . . + + _ - + + - + + + + + + + - 4877. Doctor dance .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + i) + + + - - *+ ( 4878. Held irregularly .-. . .... . . - _ + ____+ + +_ _ 4878a.Held immediately before, after vision attained . . . . . . *+ *+ + + + *+ *+ *+ _ 4879. After specified objects collected . _ - + + - (+) - t4880. Repeated yearly for ...... . ...... yrs. _-* >- -?- ------ 4881. Given in winter only ........... + + - +??--- - - 154 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS IDE M1T NF NM NS NY 4881a. Given in summer only . . . . . . . . - - + 4882. In open fire sweat house . . . . . . _ _ + + + + + + 4883. In dwelling house . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+) 4883a.In open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 4884. Shaman in charge . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - 4885. Novice doctor dances alone . . . . . + *+ + (+) - 4886. All shamans dance . . . . . . . . . . ++ ++ 4887. All men except novice dance . . . . . (-I() - 4888. All prepubescent boys, girls, adults dance . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ 4889. One time only . . . . . . . . + + _ 4890. Dance in 1 spot . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + - . 4891. Informal dance; jump around . . . . . + + + 4892. Room dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 4893. Small fire for light . . . . . . . . + + + + + 4894. All or anyone sings . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ _ 4895. Men, women lie on back before dance; sing . . . . . . . . + 4896. Women sing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+ + + + _ 4897. Some men sing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + + + i) _ 4898. Singers kick on floor planks . . . + + + + _ 4899. Sit on stools, pieces of wood - - + + _ 4900. Outside speaker calls spirits to sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + _ _ 4901. Novice(s) bleed at mouth . . . . . . + *+ + + *+ + - + + + + 4902. Fall in trance . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + 4903. Not touched until next morn- ing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - _ _ 4904. Grabbed . . . . . . . . . . . + 4905. Older shaman may deprive novice of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + 4906. Disease organisms fly around in air . _ . + + + + _ _ _ 4907. Novice enters house via regular entrance.+ + + + + + - + + + _ _ _ _ 4908. Novice swallows and vomits up pains + _ _ 4909. Exhibits pains . . . . . . . + + + 4910. Novice or doctors handle fire, hot stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ *+ + + _ - + +*+ 4911. Eat fire . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . + 4912. Novice or doctors eat pounded * * obsidian .. i) + + + . . . . . . _ . _ 4913. Novice can start curing immediately after dance . . . . . . . . . . . . (+)- - + + + + __-- 4914. Novice sings in sweat house; no dancing. . . _ - __ ) i) - _ _ _ + + _ _ 4915. Novice, in training, sings by himself . . . . _ - + + + _ _ _ + + + - _ 4916. Novice trains outside in woods . . . . . . . + + + + _ 4917. With older shamans . . . . . . . . . 4918. Small fire for light . . . . . . . . 4919. Bleeds at mouth . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 4920. Falls in trance . . . . . . . . . . .+ + 4921. Taught to handle fire . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ 4922. Taught use of medicines . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ 4923. For ... days and nights . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ - 4- 4924. Novice cures, helps cure patient, as part of training.. ........... + ++)+ + - +?-_ Sucking Doctors: Curing Techniques o4925. Treatment lasts ....nights. . I . . - . . 1 1*1 *2 3 *1 2 1 2 *1 E n 2 3 11 4926. Public, indoors. .......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 155 Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 4927. Private, indoors . . . . . . . . . . _+ 4928. Doctor has ...assistants ....... ... . 1 2 1 2 *2 1111111 11 4929. "Interpreter" for doctor while doc- * * * toring, or in trance.+ + + + + + + + + + + + . _ _ 4930. "Outside speaker" to call doctor's spirit(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + *+ + - *+ + + + _ _ 4931. Friend or relative of doctor + + + + + + + . + + + + 4932. Mlust know' esoteric language .- + + + + + - + _ _ _ 4933. Doctor goes into trance + + _ _ . - + + + + _ + * _ 4934. Assistant calls doctor's spirit(s).. + + + + + + + + + + - _ * _ _ 4935. Spirit takes possession of doctor. . _i)? ? ? ? ?+ + + . _ _ 4936. Doctor diagnoses by singing . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4937. Audience joins in.songs .+ + + + + + + + - + + + + - + 4938. Doctor diagnoses by dancing . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ . 4939. Doctor smokes..+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4940. When trance coming on + + + _+ _ o4941. Blows tobacco smoke over patient . + + + + + + + + + _ _ 4942. Assistant lights doctor's pipe + - + + + + + _ _ 4943. Doctor drinks through bark tube.. _ _ + + _ 4944. Has basket cup of water beside him. + + + + + + + + _ _ 4945. Doctor uses feathers or stick . + + + + + + + + + + + . _ 4946. Bunch of supernatural feathers . . . - + + + * - + _ 4947. Eagle down - . _ _ + + +? 4948. Eagle wing _ - + _ _ _ _ _ 4949. Stick . . . . +++ + + _ . 4950. Doctor uses fire + + + + + *- + + + + + - . + 4951. For light only: usually small . . .. + + * + + + + +_. 4952. Doctor applies ashes, clay to patient . . . . - - + 4953. Doctor uses charmstone (pestle) . . . . . . . _ _ _ 4954. Brushes or fans away disease .- + + *+ + - + _ 4955. With feathers.- + + + - +. . . . . . . . 4956. Sprays liquid from mouth.+ + + + + + + + + + + . *+ 4957. Administers herb medicines. . . _ _+ _ - + + _ + + 4958. Doctor, assistant, or singers use rattle . . _ _ - + + + + + + + + + + 4959. Cocoon rattle.. _ _ + - + + + + - *+ 4960. Walking cane . . . . . . . _ 4961. Beat on plank with board . . . . . . _ _ 4962. Whistle . . + _ . + _ ._ _. + _ .+ 4963. Doctor's spirit or "pain" tells location of disease object . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + 4964. Tells cause of sickness .+ + + + - + + + + + - _ _ 4965. Doctor can see or feel disease object + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4966. Disease object ("pain") sucked out .. . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + *+ + + + + 4967. Directly into doctor's mouth + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + 4968. Vomited out of mouth . . . . . . . . + + - o4969. Disease object removed with hand . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ 4970. Pus ("bad feelings') sucked out . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + *+ 4971. Women doctors use same technique as men . .. + + + + + + + + - + + + + - _ 4972. Disease object tells doctor who sent it . . . _ _ _ - + + + + + + + + - _ _ *4973. Disease object exhibited . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4974. Put in basket cup of water.- + + + + + - + - + _ 4975. Invisible to all except shamans . . . _ _ + + - _ 4976. Disease object disappears .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 4977. By sleight of hand . . . . . . . i) - + + + __ 4978. Doctor bites it .+ + + + + + + + + - + 4979. Doctor swallows it .+ + + _ 4980. Sent back to owner, for revenge, sometimes ... + _1 *+ + *+ + + + + + _ _ 4981. Buried ..... _+ +? ? ? ? ? ? ?-_ +_+ 4982. Blown away _+ + + _+ _ _- 4983. Burned ......... _ _ + + + + ____+ _ _- 156 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS M MF INF NM NS MV Sucking Doctors: Payment for Curing 4983a.Shaman paid for curing . . . . . . . . . . . | + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + 4984. Negotiated fee .... . . . . . . . . . . . + 4985. Patient, patients' relatives decide amount of fee . ++- + + + + + + + + + + ++ 4986. Fee paid to doctorbefore cure.- _ - + - _ - + _ 4987. Fee shown to doctor, who smells it .*.. . . *+ *+ + + +_ 4988. Fee paid after cure .... . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + - + *+ *+ + + + + 4989. Fee set near patient during treatment ... . + + - + *+ + - _ _ _ + + - _ 4990. Shaman's guardian spirit also "paid" . . . . - - + *+ - + _ 4991. Demands skins, hides, baskets, etc. . . _ + + _ 4992. Objects set up by patient during cure - - *+ + . _ 4993. If treatment unsuccessful, doctor tries again + + + _ + + _ + + o4994. Makes ... attempts only 3 3 3 - - 2 4995. If treatment unsuccessful, fee not offered or not taken ... . . . + - + - + + + - + _ 4996. If treatment unsuccessful, fee returned . . + + + + - - + + _ - + 4997. Treatment deemed unsuccessful if patient dies + . + + . . + + + + + - + + + 4998. Within 1 to 6 months ....... . + + . . + + - t4999. Within ... days . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 10 10 -l_0_20 20 '2 5000. Assistants paid same amount as doctor .. + ? _ + - _ _ 5001. Assistants paid less than doctor . _ +) - _ + + + - + + + _ _ 5002. Doctor pays assistant out of own fee. _ + _ 5003. Doctor liable for refusing case ... . . . . _ + + ? ? ?+ + + - _ 5004. May be accused of poisoning. +. . . . + + + _ _ 5005. Liable to be killed .. .. . . - + + + + + __ 5006. Never decline case ... . + +. . . . . _ 5007. Unsuccessful doctors killed ........ . _ + +? ?? + _ _ Sucking Doctors: Beneficent Powers Other Than Curing *S008. Can capture "poison" sickening village . . . *+ *+ *+ + + + + + + - 5009. Goes into trance . .*+ + + + *+ + + + + - _ 5010. 2 men support him, when poison captured .... . ...... . . + + + + + + + + - _ _- 5011. Can locate lost, stolen objects . .-... . . _ + + + + + + + + . + + - 5012. Can see what is happening afar off ..-.. . _ + + + + + + + + - + + _ _ _ 5013. What will happen in future .-.. . . _ + + '+ + + + + + + + + + _ _ Sucking Doctors: Malevolent Practices 5014. Shaman causes illness, death . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + 5015. Talks to disease object (pain), sends it to victim ..... . . . ... . + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 5016. Disease object put in food .... . _ + - + + - - + + + + _ 5017. Disease object put under victim's doorstep .... . . . .. . *+ + + + - + + + - _- *5018. Disease object sent to sicken entire village .... . . . . . .... + + + + + + + + + + _- 5019. Disease object applied to person's body.- _ _ _ + - + + - + + + + + 5020. Sco.rpion's tail applied to body, or person's urine.. _ 5020a.Ashes, water, dirt thrown toward victim ..... . . . ..... . + + + + +_ 5021. Disease object pointed at victim . . _ _ * + + + + + + + + - _ 5022. Thrown at victim .............. . . .._________+-_+- _ _- 5023. Blown off hand at victim . . _ _ _ - + + + + + + - + + - _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 157 KL Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 5024. Blown through pipe . . . . . - + - - - - + * + + + + - - 5025. Blown with smoke . ..... + - + $+ + + . + + + + _ _ 5026. Disease object put in pipe; pipe offered victim .... . . . . . . + + - - - - + . + + + + - _ 5027. Disease object, evil spirit may use tiny bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + ? _ _ _ + + + + - 5028. Shoots at victim .-.. . . . _ + ? _ _+ + + _ _ _ 5029. Shaman talks to animal spirit, sends it to victim .*... . . . . . . . + + + + + - 5030. Disease object injected by animal .... . . . . . . + + - - *+ - - 5031. Dreaming of doctor may cause illness. + + + + _ + + _ + + _ + + - _ 5032. Dreaming of animal may cause illness. + +? ? ? ? ? ?. _ _ 5033. Shaman steals victim's soul ... . . - - - _ + + + - + + - + + _ _ 5034. Heavy fall may also cause soul loss ... . . . . . . - - - _ + - *+ *+ *+ *+ + *+ *+ _ _ 5035. Shaman causes minor injuries that lead to death .... . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + - _ 5036. Curing doctors hired to kill ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 5037. Malevolent doctor killed .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 5038. Burned to death .... . . . . . . . + _ _ 5039. Jumped upon, neck broken ... . . . + + + - _ 5040. Shot with bow and arrow ... . . . . + + + + *+ + + _ + _ + *+ + - *5041. Poisoned by another shaman .+ + + + *+ + + + - + + + - _ _ 5042. Chief's consent necessary . . . . . . + + + - + + - *+ *+ 5043. Relative of victim kills doctor . . . + + + + + + + - + - + + + + - 5044. Chief kills doctor .... . . . . . + + + + .+ - 5045. Chief hires killers .... . . . . . + + - - + + - - + - . + + - _ 5046. Woman may hire killers ... . . . . + + + + + + + + Sucking Doctors: Competitions 5047. Competitions of sucking shamans.. .+ .+ (+) - _ - + - _ + - i) - - 5048. Male shamans only .. + + - - _ - + - _ + - _ _ _ 5049. Sing, charm opponent ... . . . . . _ + - 5050. Shaman sings .+. . . . . . . . . . . -+ _ _ 5051. Shakes cocoon rattle ... .?+ - _ 5052. Is "shot" by sun . ..... 5053. Shamans boast of power ... . . . . + + + _ _ - +? 5054. Exehange pipes filled with tobacco. . + + . + _ o5055. Inhale from pipes ... times .5 5 . 3 _ 5056. Overpowered shaman cures self ... . ? ? ? ? ? ? + - _ _ 5057. Overpowered shaman cured by winner. + + . _ _ - +?+ - _ 5058. Sometimes dies ...... . - *+.?+ -_ 5059. Contest held publicly ....... . + i) +? + 5060. Contest held privately ... . . . . + + + Singing Shamans 5060a.Singing shamans recognized .t.-. . . . . .) +. - - + - *+ - - *- *+ *+ *+ * 5061. Men .-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + - - + + + + _ 5062. Women . _ . _ + -+-_ -i 5063. Power acquired during sleep .-.-. . . . . . . _ + -- - - + + + - _ 5064. Power acquired by vision, often unsought .. - . - + - + - _ _ - + 5065. Knowledge acquired by instruction .-.. . . . - + _ 5066. May also be sucking doctor ... . . . . . . - _?+ + - _ 5067. Limited power only .-.-.-.-. . ...... . _ +_ +_ + +_ __ 5068. Use outfit bundle .---..................... _- _ _+?__- ___ 5069. Kept inside house ...................... ___ _+? _- 5070. Buried with patient if latter dies. .?___ +? _- 158 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Nio SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MY 5071. Burned at owner's death . . . . . . . + - 5072. Diagnosis by singing, rubbing patient . - + - + - + - - - + + _ _ 5073. Singing, rubbing to cure patient . . . . . . - + - + - + - - - + + 5074. Brushes patient .. - + 5075. Sprinkles water from feather on patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 5076. Sucks patient . . . . . . . . . . . . + 5077. Sprays water from mouth on patient. . _ - + - - + - + - - + + _ - _ 5078. Can foretell future events . . . . . . . . . + + + - 5079. Performs in round house, at night . . . . . . + + + + 5080. Spirit comes and sings in dark . . . . . . . + + - _ Soul-Loss Doctors 5081. Soul loss doctors recognized . . . . . . . . - - - _ + + *+ + + + - + + - _ 5081a.Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - - + + + + + + - + + - 5082. Women . .. ....... . _ _ + + + + - _ - - 5083. Is also sucking doctor . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + _ + + + _ + + 5084. Inherit power ................ - - - - . + + + + + - + + 5085. Power through vision, dream . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + + + + + _ + + 5086. Instructed by older shaman, or in dance . . . _ _ _ + + + + + + _ + + - _ 5087. Shaman sucks on head, neck . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - - 5088. Shaman sends own soul after lost one . . . - - - - -H - - 5089. Shaman sends guardian spirit to catch soul .?+ + ?? 9 - - 5090. Shaman goes outside to coax soul back . . . _ _ . + + + + + - + . _ _ 5091. Sings ........ . _ + ++ + + + _ + + 5092. Dances .... . ...-. . . + + + + + + - + - - _ 5093. Has ... assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 2 - 2 1 1 E - 1 - 5094. Outside speaker . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + _ _ _ 5095. Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + - _ - 5096. Spectators sing in house . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + _ 5097. Beat time with 1-2 sticks . . . . . . + + + - _ _ _ _ 5098. Doctor uses cocoon rattle . . . . . . . . . . ++ + *5099. Doctor uses bone "bull-roarer" . . . . . . . + 5100. Soul returns through fontanelle . . . . . . . + - . - + - + 9 - - Weather Shamans 5100a.Weather shamans recognized . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + - _ _ 5101. Men mostly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + _ + + + + - _ _ 5102. Both sexes ............ . . . . . _ _ _ _ 5103. Specialized profession . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + 5104. Weather shaman may also be curing shaman . . + + - - + - - + + + + - _ - 5105. Office inherited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + 5106. Knowledge acquired by instruction . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + _ + 5107. Supernatural experience required . . . . . . + + - - - + + - + + + + _ _ _ 5108. Make rain by formula, song . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - + + + + - _- 5109. Sing with spectators . . . . . . . . _ + + + + _ + 5110. Smoke pipe. ........... . . . . - + + + + _ - _ 5111. Notion with hands, 4 directions . . . . . . . + + - 5112. Contortions or dancing . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + 5113. Can make fog, high winds . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - + + + + _ 5114. Make rain to remove snow . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - + + + + - 5115. Can make rain stop . . . . . . . . . . . . - *+ + + + - 5116. Performs whenever need arises . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - + + + + - 5117. Paid-for performance.. .._ + + R -_ _ - (- 5118. Bets made on outcome of . . . . . . . + + _ 5119. Rain doctors, competing, test powers . . . .* 5120. When doctor cries, rain will ensue . . - + - + + - _ - + + -- 5121. At funeral .-..... ..___+-_+ +?_?_ ??_?_ o5122. Thunders when doctor dies .'i . -...* + . + + + + + + -- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 159 _l Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MN M' NF NM NS NV Rattlesnake Shamans 5123. Rattlesnake shamans recognized ... . . . . + + + *+ + - + + - + + - + 5124. Men only .+.(. . . . . . . ) . . +_ ___ + _ + 5125. Mostly men, some women ........ . .+ . - + - _ _ _ 5126. Mostly women .-.-.. . . . . . . . ++ + ?? 5127. Berdache .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + ??_ _ 5128. May also be curing shaman .... . . . . . . + + + + + - _ + - + + - _ + 5129. Hereditary .-.-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ +-+ +- + + 5130. Instruction given .-.-.-.-. . . . . . ... . _ _ _ _ + + - +?_ 5131. Supernatural experience required ... . . . + + + + + + + + - + + _ _ + 5132. Power from thunder ... . . . . +. _ 5133. Power from rattlesnake ..... . . . . + + + - + + - - + 5134. Dreams of buzzard .*.. . . . . . . . + - *+ + 5135. Immune to snake bites. . . . + + + + + + + 5136. Plays with snakes publicly. + + + + 5137. Uses bone whistle ... . . . . . . +? +_ 5138. Carries snake around neck ... . . . + + + - + - _ _ _ 5139. Can skin snake alive ... . . . . . + _ 5140. Cures snake bites ... .. ..... . + + + + + + + + . + + - - + 5141.By sucking .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + + 5142. Sucks out fangs, snakes . . . + (+) + + + _ + . + + _ 5143. Rubs patient with buzzard wing . . . - + _ 5144. Rattlesnake ceremony .-.-... . . . + +? ? ? ? ? _ _ _ 5145. Songs sung to snakes .. . + + . + + - + 5146. In winter, by woman . - + *+ _ 5147. Early in spring .... . + + _ + - _ 5148. Privately .. . .).-. . . . . __ 5149. Snakes emerge from holes .....+ + _ . . 5150. Talked to, told not to molest villagers ... .+ + - _ + - _ _ 5151. Rattlesnake shamans from other tribes, not local .-... . . . . . _ _ _ + _ Bear Shamans tb151a.Bear shamans .-... . . _ - _ + ++_ + _ -_+. . +- + + 5152. Men only .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +_ 5153. Mostly men .?. .?. ..... . . ..+ + _ . . . . 5154. Both sexes .... . . . . . . . . . ... . ___+ _ 5155. Is regular curing shaman .... . . . . . . + + + + _ 5156. Hereditary .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - 5157. Instruction given .... . . . . . . . . . . + + - 5158. Supernatural experience required ..... . _ - + + + - + - _ + - _ 5159. Power obtained from bear ..... . _ - + + . _ . _ - + - _ _ _ 5160. Cure wounds made by grizzly bear . ..... *+ 5161. Simulates bear's guise .... . . . . .. . _ - + + + _ + + - _ + _ 5162. Rubs self with snake . ....... + 5163. Transformation into bear ............. + 5164. Wears bearskin, bear hair ..... . _ - + + + - + + - - + - 5165. Wears bear claws .... . . . .. . _ - + + - - + + - _ + - 5166. Impersonator invulnerable .... . .... . _ _ - + + - + + - - + - 5167. Can travel rapidly .-. .-.-. . . . . + + + + 5168. Maliciously inclined ... . . .. + + + Money Finders 5168a.Money finders recognized ....................... _____+ + + + + - _ _ _ _ 5169. Any doctor capable of ........................ _______+ + + - _ _ 5170. Only doctor with certain guardian spirits . .?....................... + *+ ?? _- 160 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ki Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS 1MM M NF NM NS MV 5171. Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + - + + + 5172. Supernatural experience . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + 5173. Sings ....... . _ _ _ + + +++ __ 5174. Goes into trance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + + + _ _ _ _- 5175. Tells who hid or stole money ....+ + + + + - _ _ _ 5176. Tracks money, if hiding place changed - - - - - + + - + + - _ _ _ - 5177. Talks to piece of money . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + 5178. Listens to hear money singing . ? ? ? ? + + - _ _ _ 5179. Functions when money is lost . . . . . . . . ( _ _ _ ) + + + + - _ _ _ _ 5180. Performs at any public ceremony . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + _ + + + - _ _ _ _ 5181. Money hidden, to test shaman . . . . . . . . - - - - - + + + Witchcraft Black Magic 5182. Love medicine .......... . + . - + -_+ + + +++ + + -__ 5183. Roots.+.?__ 5184. Hair treated with formula, blood . + + * _ _ 5185. Songs .+ + *+ +--+ *+-- 5186. 'Diamond" (charmstone).. 5187. Poisoners distinct from doctors . . . . . . . + - + + *+ + *+ + 5188. Men only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -+ + 5189. Have power from various animals . . . _ _ - _ + - . _ - 5190. From evil spirit . . . . . . 5191. Have knowledge of herbs . . . . . . . ) * * * * * * + *5192. Shamans, poisoners practice contagious magic. + + + + + + + + + + + - t193. Poisoner, curing shaman hired to revenge refusal of girl . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 5194. Make girl crazy, or kill her outright.+ + *+ *+ *+ + + - + + + + *+ *+ H 5195. Colored lights (transformed witches) cause illness ..... . . ++ - _ ........ . _ _. 5195a.Epidemics caused by spirit creatures . . Prayer, Offerings 5196. Prayers frequent by all . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + *+ + 5197. Offerings of food at meals . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + Eagle Ceremony *5198. Special observances connected with eagle. . . .) _ + 5199. Eaglets captured alive . . . . . . . + 5200. People eat acorn soup on spot + 5201. Eaglets kept tied by leg . . . . . . + 5202. Killed when grown . . . . + 5203. Feathers plucked out . . . . + 5204. Beads put on body . . . . . . . . . . + 5205. Eagle buried in basket, like person + 5206. Owners cry at funeral, as for person. _ _ + _ 5206a.Chief only uses eagle feathers . . . + _ Kuksu Initiation (Boys) 5207. Tossed .+. 5208. Over fire .(............. * ) . _-_ 5209. Held over fire . ...... ) . __ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 161 Kl Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM NF N? NM NS NV 5210. Shot . . . . . . . . ._._._.__ _ _ _ _+ *. -_ 5211. Hooked . . . . . . . . . ._.__ ___ ___ . .. . 5212. In seclusion .... . . . . . . . . . . . ++ - + t5213. For ... months . . . . . . . . . . . .- 2 *3 - *4 5214. Meat, salt taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - + 5215. Lie down, do not move .... . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + 5216. In dance house .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + - + 5217. Instructed, taught . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + Impersonated Spirits 5218. Moki (wuta) . . . . . . .(+) + 5219. Wholly covered feather net .+ - - + 5220. Big-head (yohyo, t'uya) . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - *+ R *+ - + 5221. Woman (kUl, ddu, dadu) . . . . . . . . . . .(+) _ _ + 5222. Sili (racer, in net) .... . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ . - + 5223. Yat . . . . . . . . - + 5224. Sobe . . . . . . . . . . + 5225. Yabe . . . . . . . . - + 5226. Koto . . . . . . . . . . - + 5227. Grizzly . . . . . . . . . ___ ___ ___ __. - + 5228. Coyote . . . . . . . . . . + 5229. Deer . . . . . . . . . . ._.__ _ ___ __. . + 5230. Kuksu . . . . . . . . ._._._.__ ___ __. - + 5231. Ghosts . . -|---|---|-+|- -.. Officials 5232. Moki: head of whole ceremony . . . . . . . . _ 5233. Kuksu: leader of dancers .............._- *+ 5234. Limo (wulu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5235. Temegu, doorkeeper . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 5236. Fire tender clown . .......+ - + t237. Yomi (yomta is curing doctor . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - -+ - + Ceremonies 5238. Hesi ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - _*+ R + 5239. Aki ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + -+ 5240. Waima .t.'... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ - ) _+ 5241. Grizzly bear .... . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ - + 5242. Deer .. . . . . . . +.. - + Dances 5243. Coyote .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _(+) - + 5244. Goose ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + .+ 5245. Condor (Moloko) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5246. Wololok (yellowhammer) ....+ . .) - - 5247. Eagle .. .. ....... . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ __ 5248. Thunder .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +. -_ 5249. Lole .+.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + -+ 5250. With feather ropes ... . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + 5251. Hilewe (hiwe?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 5252. K'aima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 5253. TotQ . .. ........ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - + R -R 5254. Salalu .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ -(+) + -+ 5255. Duck dance .......................__ _ _ +-_ -+ t5256. Kenu, keni (sweat dance). ......... __________+ + + + - +* 5257. Kinee swinging from rafters.....____________+ ......-+ 162 ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |1 Mo SE SW At AW AE WT WM WS MM MF NF NM NS MV 5258. Head-first sliding down center post . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + *+ - - _ 5259. In sweat dance . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _ Seating Arrangement in Dance House 5260. Performers sit on 1 side . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + 5261. Spectators sit on other side . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + 5262. Performers graded by classes . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . - + 5263. Chief in middle of post side . . . . . . . . _ _ _ -(+) . - + ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS BASIC ECONOMY Storage of food.--Outdoor granaries on ground; on bedrock or multistone foundations; on platform. Hunting Ownership of Productive Areas Snares, nets, traps, booths and blinds.--Bag net used for waterfowl. Poles with stones as Owner liable for injury of renter. Pens on weights for deadfall. Pitfall with noose in communal weir privately owned. Seed tracts bottom of pit. Arrow with string attached. De- claimed for single season only. Private bounda- coys disguises; other hunting techniques.-- ries marked. "Tribal" boundaries marked. Wooden head used as visual decoy. Live birds used as decoys (At: recently only). Live mam- Division of Labor mals used as decoys (Kl: recently only). Hide fan, to smoke out rodents. Butchering of large Formalized myth accounting for division of game.--Deer's eyes eaten raw by hunter. labor (cf. Voegelin, Tubatulabal). AW state di- vision of labor according to "Coyote's law," but Fishing lack any detailed myth. Nets; weirs, scaffolds, pens; traps.--Tule- wrapped clay ball sinkers. Bag net dragged. HOUSES AND SHELTER Shell rattle on net. Stick pens, not associ- ated with weirs. Basketry or pole trough. g- Assembly and Living Houses ling; other techniques.--Feather "fly." Hair "fly." Hair string or ball. Knot or block on Entrances; uses and ownership; furnishings.-- end of line. Shooting fish taboo. Lamprey Entrance round, carved in plank. Partitions be- gaff. Buckeye used for poisoning fish. Fishing tween families. House names. Windbreak before observances.--Special disposal of salmon or house. Flat plank for foot drum. Leader of other fishbones. First-fish rite: priest or hunters nominal owner. All men regularly sleep chief catches first fish; only priest or chief in sweat house. Fireplace and heating.--Fuel- eats first fish; similar rite for lampreys. gathering ritual; fuel from top of tree; pair of limbs left on top. Gathering Gathering techniques and observances; pre- MEANS AND METHODS OF TRANSPORT agriculture.--Stone ring weighted digging stick. Digging stick with footrest. Bone or horn Water Transport pointed digging stick. Stone pointed digging stick. Horn seed beater. Seed knife. Agricul- Boats and ferriage.--Dugout canoe, ends peaked; ture. Irrigation of wild-seed crops. carved-in "heart"; detachable prow ornament. Launching ceremony. Sails. Single-bladed paddle Domesticated Animals and Pets with crutch handle; compound paddle; blade end of paddle concave. Ferriage by person in basket Dogs, birds, bear, etc.--Domesticated animals, pulling across on rope (At: ascribe this to N other than dog. Named after owner's totem. Yana of Round Mountain). Separate dog house, conical, thatched. Own totem animal kept. Land Transport Food and Its Handling Carrying devices.--Hammock-type carrying net. Painted decoration on folded hide bag. Cord and Animals eaten.--Road runner (informants from stick Mohave-type back frame. Snowshoe-type all groups except MF, NF, NV ignorant as to any carrying frame. Coolie yoke. Dog packing. bird by this name, which indicates its probable absence. MF, NF do not eat it, NV regard it as poisonous.) Buzzard (WS, MM, NF, NM informants TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS stated buzzard absent from area). Crabs. Slugs. Frogs. Food preparation.--Small mammals pounded Weapons before eating. Dried meat or fish ground, ber- ries added. Bone awl for lamprey splitting. Bows and arrows.--Horn bow (AW: mentioned in Acorns leached in openwork basket. Acorn "cof- myth, made by Butterfly). Laurel-leaf arrow- fee" (NS: modern). Stone boiling in stone heads. Arrows with 2 or more points. Arrow bowls; in hide in ground; in paunch in ground. shaft of solid wood, split from log. Arrows with [163] 164 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS single shaft, no head used for war. String at- cradle. Y-frame, U-frame, hooked-ladder frame tached to arrow to retrieve. (AW: in myth But- lying-type cradle. Horizontal (double) warp on terfly shoots arrow with string attached; arrow- basketry lying cradle. Wicker weave in cradle chain motif.) Arrow poison made from blood. hood. Loose basket over head of sleeping child. Arrow straighteners and smoothers.--l-piece Buckskin covering on cradle partial. Sex of stone straightener with incised design, used child indicated by bed design. Woven skin blan- mainly for cane shafts; heated before using. kets: mats.--Checker. Weft of buckskin thongs. Shooting techniques.--Secondary arrow release. Perforated stick to twist fur strips. Suspended Mongolian arrow release. Clubs and spears.-- warp. Thumb guard of bone for shredding mat ma- Manufactured cylindrical stone club. Curved terial. Cordage.--Stick for twisting (1 ply at rabbit club. Spear with wooden point. Spear a time). Spindle whorl. thrower. Daggers and armor.--Horn, wooden dag- gers. Bark armor. Rawhide shield, round or Receptacles Other Than Baskets rectangular. Wood, etc.; chests, boxes; pottery.--Wooden Household Implements bowl. Wooden chest. Wooden box of bent and sewed boards. Pottery vessels. Mortars and pestles.--Portable stone mortar, outside natural. Coiled hopper basket; hopper Leather Goods; Adhesives basket stuck fast to pounding slab with pitch. Stone pestle with bulb end and slender body. Skin tanning; glue.--Fleshing or dehairing: Metate used on both sides. Loop-handled muller. hide staked out with several stakes; with single Brushes.--Leaves glued to stick with pitch. stake, other end held; with 1 end tied to tree, Porcupine tail, rodent tail for mealing. Stir- other end held. Fleshed on plank. Fleshing or rers, lifters, spoons, knives.--Looped-stick dehairing tool: blunt posts; horn; shell. Tan- stirrer. 2 sticks, bound at 1 end, for stone ning agent: liver; wood ashes. Graining: with tongs. Horn spoon used by men only. Tortoise- horn. Glue from horns or hoofs; from milkweed shell dipper. Gourd dipper. Rodent foot as gum. spoon. Cane knife. Manufacturing Implements BODY AND DRESS Net shuttle, drills, fire making, mauls.-- Care and Adornment of Person J1 Flat round stick, bone or horn 1-piece shuttle. Vise for drilling: split stick, hide. Stone Coiffure; comb; care of hair.--One tie around bowl to carry coals. Pear-shaped stone maul; head, forehead level. Wooden hairpins. Bone partly shaped stone maul. Adzes, axes.--Curved- head scratcher as comb. Hair dyed with eel blood,J handle adz; D-shaped-handle adz; elbow-shaped- White clay on head or to wash head. Mud plaster handle adz. Stone, bone, horn, shell blades. against lice. Hair dye in mud plaster. Hair greased with acorn oil. Nettle roots to wash head. Paint; deformations and mutilations.-- MANUFACTURES Face, body paints according to totem. Paint ap- plied with brush. Mud or pitch on body for Textiles warmth. Nasal alae pierced; lip pierced. Tattoo- ing with bone awl. Depilation of pubic hair. Baskets: weaves.--Coiling: rods vertical; Tweezers of split cane, wood, shell. Depilation: rod-and-splint foundation; grass-bundle foun- pitch on fingers; bone knife opposed to finger- dation. Coiling toward right of worker. Awl nail. Beard burnt off if long. Ear, nose orna- enters inside of basket. Start a piece of hide. ments, necklaces, etc.--Wooden ear stick, feath- Baskets: uses and shapes.--Seed beater of wicker ers on end. Bone ear tube, incised. Cane or weave. Deep sifter or winnower, pointed bottom, cane pipe in ear. Cane nose ornament. Sea-lion Hupa type. Boiling basket in diagonal twine. teeth necklace. Necked water bottle in plain twine. Necked water bottle with earth smeared over pitch. Dress Bell-shaped, Pomo-type burden basket; cylindri- cal or barrel-shaped burden basket. Elliptical Headgear; robes; loin covering; muff.--Basket coiled storage basket, Pomo type. Tulare "bot- cap, for fishing with large dip net only. Feath- tleneck" baskets. Cylindrical side-opening ers on net foundation for robe. Inner bark mat dance basket, Hupa type. Baskets: decoration.-- robe. Buffalo-fur robe. Breecholout of woven Break in banded woven ornament, to let soul out. bird skins; of woven rabbitskins; of grass stems; Feather decoration on rim or shoulder. Entire of inner bark. Single small front apron, of basket feather covered. Patterns painted on fringed buckskin; with braids on cord. Double baskets. Cradles.--Deep, Pomo-ty-pe sitting apron of woven rabbitskins. Bird-skin muff. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 165 Footgear and leggings. --Moccasin seam on inside. seed beater to propel ball; carrying ball in Yucca-fiber sandal. Milkweed-fiber sandal. racket or stick permitted; picking up and bat- Hip to ankle leggings. Snowshoe: "handled" ting ball permitted; goal a stake or post, hole, shape; sinew lashing, stick "lashing." Cere- circle on ground, rock, stakes or posts, arch, monial dress. --Eagle-down-rope skirt. 3-stick circular hoop, row of stakes. Ball race: single support for wide-band woodpecker scalps. Eagle- ball a hoop, stick, stone; carrying ball per- down-rope crown. Feather plumes: bird skin or mitted; goal a line on ground, a stake, hole; mammal fur on body. Sea-lion tooth headband. home man catches ball on stick. Hoop-and-pole Visor of yellowhammer feathers. Masks. Down game; quoits.--Hoop and pole: unwrapped hoop, stuck to face. Headdress of human hair. netted hoop, short stick as hoop; pole tossed underarm, both arms, thrust into rolling hoop; pole under hoop or stick scores; closest wins CURRENCY point(s); win by elimination. Quoits: target a stick lying loose; target a stone. Spear or Dentalia, wrapped with snake skin; graded on dart throwing; snow snake; ring and pin.--Spear forearm tattoo. Clamshell beads measured around or dart throwing: specially made dart, feathered; palm; on arm tattoo; on thumb. Loans at inter- target buried hoop, previously thrown dart. est. Olivella-disk beads. Steatite beads. Snow snake: women play; arrow bounced. Ring and pin: ring a rabbit skull, pine cone, brush ball, piece of cane with 1 hole. Many-stick game; SMOKING AND TOBACCO hand game; objects laid down.--Many-stick: 3- choice guess. Hand game: cane "bone"; finger Pipes and Pipe Sacks loops on "bones." Objects laid down: women play; 1 of each pair wrapped; unwrapped guessed; ob- Pipes.--Tubular-type 1-piece pipe of cane; jects covered with mat, hide. Dice games.--Disk horm or bone; pottery. 2-piece tubular pipe; dice: animal shell, half walnut shells, wooden solid-wood bowl; pottery bowl; stone, bone stem tablets, wooden hemispheres for dice; stone or mouthpiece; stem mortised into bowl. Halio- counters; dice thrown on hide, mat, into hopper tis inlay. basket, on hard ground, plank. Bone dice: women play. Stick dice. Jacks, tops, buzzer.--Jacks Tobacco of foot bones of animal. Top of pepperwood nut; twirled with string. Buzzer, edge of disk Cultivation; preparationi uses.--Tobacco im- notched; snake rattles used as buzzer. Games ported. Always sown on hill, not near river; wholly absent.--Catching dart in ring. Many- transplanted; weeded. Ground in mortar; on stick game of take away, guess remainder. Guess- metate. Mixed for smoking with bark, aromatic ing marks on ground. Scoring circuit for dice. root. Kept in horn container. Tobacco eaten, drunk. Social Dances Circle dance; Bear dance.--Circle dance: per- MUSIC AND DRAWING formed at fall pine-nut harvest, to make pi2ons grow, produce rain, bring deer; performed at Musical Instruments mourning ceremony; at funeral; center post dry cottonwood tree, pine-nut tree; dance occasion Drum, rattle, rasp.--Rectanguloid drum. for public mourning. Bear dance: held in brush Cocoon rattle, feather (quill) handle, attached corral; musical rasp, gourd rattle; dance in to arm, leg; child's toy. Gourd, deer's ear, couples; whip to make dance; chief urges dancers rabbit's ear rawhide, fish gill-sack rattles. with stick; stop dance at fall; rub fallen per- Sheep horn(s3 on stick as rattle; tortoise- son with rasp; cover fallen person with blanket; shell rattle. Ornamented rasp. Bull-roarer, held at mourning ceremony. Dances wholly lack- musical bow; flute.--Bull-roarer used to as- ing.--"South" dance or Exhibition dance. Crazy semble people for ceremony; to stop storm; dance. voice of thunder; used in curing; only men use. Musical bow separate instrument, hollow, of elder; perpendicular tuning peg. Flute flat- POLITICAL ORGANIZATION tened, squared around holes. Chief paid to settle disputes. Chief owns RECREATION all eagles, eyries; pays to have eagles released; buys them from captors. Assistant cult chief. Games and Amusements Chief equated to birds. Totem for assistant chief (screech owl, hawk). Boss for rabbit Shinny; ball race. --Shinny: basket racket or drives; irrigating boss. Crier has totem bird. Messenger has rod as symbol of office; builds 166 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS fire at ceremony; totem. Female dance managers. head; pollen on head. Legs, torso painted; white Fire tender appointed by crier. Judge. Moieties paint blown on with mouth; pollen blown on. lacking; lineages lacking, except possibly among Painting done by self; from own paint box. Paint- AE. ing before eating only. Tattooing. Nose pierced. Tattooing so girl can touch fire. Thighs, arms, breasts cut. Shell skirt for eating. Sage leg- WAR gings. Chest band. Labret. Nose feather. Girl ducked in water during ceremonial bath. Belt, Leader has totem animal, bird. Painting of anklets, wristlets buried. Girl given new name. contestants according to totem. Men taken Public rites (major or night dance): Given for prisoners in war; enslaved. Compensation for group of selected girls. Poor girls excluded. slain amounts to more than victim's or victim's Several girls together, only 1 menstruating. mother's bride price. Compensation paid before Dancers mill around menstruant. Men hold to wall. dance of settlement; at end of dance. Dancers file out of house after each dance. Given during fixed season. Coincides with boys' initi- ation. Given in ceremonial enclosure. Conducted CYCLE OF LIFE by chief, priest, clan. Single split-stick rat- tle. Deer-hoof headband. Deer-hoof anklets. Birth Deer hoofs on moccasins. Cocoon, gourd, tortoise shell, pottery rattles. Masks worn. Attendants Pit, small hole dug in preparation for child- wear woolen fringed headdress; woolen fringed birth. Animal medicine to aid childbirth. Navel rattles. Male participants wear haliotis-rim cord cut with bone, cane knife. Cord buried in horns; blind. Women paint face white; all colors. ashes. Cord thrown in bush, stream. Mother Sand paintings. Tobacco eaten. Haliotis gazing. baked in pit. Mother uses drinking tube. General menstrual customs.--Woman confined in Father lies down, after birth of child. Father penthouse against dwelling. Head, face covered uses drinking tube. Milk teeth thrown toward when going outside. Bathes daily. Bathing op- moon; backward; over pregnant woman; over house. tional. Twins liked; one killed, only if of opposite sex, incest theory. Abortion accomplished by Marriage taking animal, vegetable medicines, massaging with hot stones. Infanticide practiced on all Service for bride: children belong to mother's illegitimate, deformed children, twins; infant family. Sororate obviated if children, payment killed by sitting upon, drowning, abandoning. rendered. Polyandry: lovers in separate towns. Marriage of man to first cousins, cross or paral- Puberty and Menstrual Observances lel; to mother's sister. Mother-in-law, son-in- law taboos temporary, for newlyweds only; tempor- Girls' puberty rites.--Private seclusion: ary up to first child; optional. Father-in-law, held for group of related, unrelated girls. Held son-in-law taboos. Mother-in-law, daughter-in-. outside in ceremonial enclosure. Girl sits, law taboos. Husband punished for adultery by lies on curtained couch, bed platform, heated being fined, before wife will return. Woman's pit. Girl sits, lies face down. Girl's blan- family pays husband fine for constructive adul- kets given attendant(s). Girl abstains from tery by woman. Repayment of bride price in event food completely. Meals limited to once a day; of divorce depends on number of children. Inter- girl eats after others. All liquids taboo. course taboo inside dwelling. Lie on side to 4-day increase in food taboos after first period. prevent twins. Prostitution with compensation Food taboos enforced limited number of subse- to woman. Unchaste girl killed. Unmarried preg- quent periods. Food taboos not enforced after nant girl killed. Man fined for seduction. first period. Girl chews deer-fat pellets. Girl fed in pit. Does own cooking. Uses bone Death drinking tube. No sleeping. Girl avoids all people. No visitors. Scratcher yew wedge, horn. Treatment of corpse; taboos.--Body removed Girl scratches head with fingers. Delousing by from house prior to death. Removed from house self. Mud plastered on hair. Girl makes flower through roof; feet first; throw-out of animal garlands. All join girl in running. Girl after corpse; body carried on plank. Undertakers: travels at night. Girl uses blanket, rabbit- of opposite moiety; priest; shaman; chosen by skin blanket, mat wool head covering. Girl chief; paid; gifts; one a scapegoat. Corpse's wears woodpecker scalp, shell, brush, flower nose, ears pierced. Body buried with head up- crown headband; brush visor. Hair hangs over hill, upstream, downstream. Cremation for sha- face. Girl stands at wall covered. Hair worn mans especially. Pyre over pit. Urn burial. done up; braided with goat's wool. Hair dressed Any form scaffold burial. Undertaker(s) visit by self. Bangs cut at end-of ceremony. Face grave nightly; build fire at grave; put food out: painted white; all colors; sun painted on fore- for ghost; wear brush on head. Widow's hair cut- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 167 tings hidden in woods. Mutilations: scratching is fire from dove, fire for driving rabbits; is soon after death; finger amputation. Sacrifice pinole or piTon road, frame or back bone of sky. of relatives. Widow pays parents-in-law before Rainbow: is man's penis, coyote's penis, child- eating. Mourner pays to waive taboos. Taboos birth sign; sign of dry weather, bad luck for laid on community: boat travel stopped for ... hunting or fishing; get weak eyes from staring days; offender pays mourners. Name taboo for at. Thunder: is female, woman and 2 sons, coyote; ... months; until mourning ceremony; change name noise explained as 2 fawns hiding in intercourse, at death of namesake. Deerskin dance, Jump dance hummingbird, eagle playing shinny, dancing, slid- taboo for ... days. Mourning ceremony.--Family ing on snow, sticks being beaten together, tules mourning ceremony: fixed number of days after being broken, basket being rolled; food or water death; mourners washed; ceremony removes meat thrown out, food or water covered. Lightning: taboo only. Group mourning ceremony: held for from mouth, eyes of Thunder person; from waving prominent persons only; warriors only; spring of ribbon, drilling, rubbing sticks, striking only; summer only. Other tribes invited; loans stones together; is fire from burning tules, by mourners; given under flat shade; fence and birds flying fast; food, water thrown out, cov- flat shade. Dance inside structure, in open; ered; dogs made to squeal. Whirlwind: war asso- center pole. Formal seating allotments. Pro- ciated with, snake in it, wind playing; caused fessional performers. Images made by another by charmstone; spit at to stop, offer beads to, tribe; some burnt; given to individuals, to point at, strike or pierce it with weapon; formula visiting tribes only, given irrespective of and bathing. tribe, to performers only; images thrown to crowd. Offerings put in hut, hole; single sta- Beliefs Concerning Spirits, Ghosts tionary pole for all offerings. Sham battle. Everyone in tribe washed; mourners only washed. Spirit goes to definite underworld; to island; Post-washing activities: dancing; eagle sacri- crosses water with boatman; rich and poor differ- fice. ent destinations; warriors go to special heaven. Hang hopper basket, grass snare, bay leaves in door to keep away ghost. KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS Counting, Calendar, Directions ASPECTS OF RELIGION Counting.--Count with twigs between fingers. Vision Quest Beads over rod for messages; as calendar. Stick mat for messages. Calendar.--Numeral names for Jimsonweed (Datura) root drunk to obtain months; 2-solstice calendar. Months recorded on vision, by group or individuals. Ant-fortitude sticks. Charcoal marks inside house for month ordeal; group or individuals swallow ants, to ob- record. tain vision. Therapeutic Knowledge and Beliefs Shamanism Herb doctoring: knowledge purchased from Sucking doctors: women only; women can sicken older person; doctor sings or dances; doctor em- only. Doctor-making rite held in circular brush ploys assistant. enclosure; patient brought in for novice to cure; novice enters sweat house via exit hole, enters Beliefs Concerning Natural Phenomena head first down ladder. Curing: shaman uses beads on stick, quartz crystals; brushes or fans away Cosmography: world a person, tree, animal; disease with skin; rubs Datura (jimsonweed) on multiple heavens. Sun and moon: sun an animal; eyes, drinks Datura; doctor or assistant uses moon an animal; figure in moon coyote, dog, deer-hoof rattle, split-stick clapper, flute. river. New moon: children have hair cut, dance. Doctor cuts before sucking; disease object sucked Eclipses: any bird, condor, blue jay, bug, out through pipe. Doctor paid by installments coyote, puma, raccoon, gopher, rattlesnake eat- throughout night. Sucking doctors: in competi- n sun or moon; moon's husband lying on her; tion, "bullets" shot; assistants for each contest- coyote's tail in front of; condor in front of ant, performers paid; contests held at mourning sun, moon. At eclipse strike plank or canoe; ceremony only. Singing shamans: outfit bundle hold raccoon skin on stick; men go to woods or inherited, bought; shaman uses quartz crystals, mountains to make medicine; turn vessels over; portable mortar, charmstone; shaman dies if he throw out food, turn over canoe. Falling stars: loses outfit. Soul-loss doctor: is also singing explained as stars wanting to change place; shaman; uses deer-hoof rattle, split-stick clap- stars dead man's eyes. Milky Way: is dust from per; mostly women. Soul recovered by snaring in rnmning animals, birds, elk, deer, mountain noose, by refrightening patient. Weather sha- sheep, bear, frog, prairie falcon, ducks, snakes; mans: make rain with aid of black rock, crystal, 168 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS charmstone; water sprinkled, blown on rock, dirt Kuksu sprinkled, thrown; fence built across creek. Performs at mourning ceremony, any public cere- Initiation: boys stabbed, drowned, go crazy; mony; belongs to other tribe, not local. Rat- use scratching stick, drinking tube, bull-roarer. tlesnake shaman: gets power from sun; plays with Impersonated woman spirit wears tarat woodpecker snakes secretly. Public rattlesnake ceremony, visor; tokoilulu, north spirits; spirits with annual, in spring, summer, at mourning ceremony; contrasting stripes of paint, distorted faces, chief furnishes food; sham curing rite, stepping twigs in nostrils and mouth. Yomta is ceremonis- rite with snake in hole. Money finders: wear director. Ceremonies: wai-saltu. Dances: kilak. full-length feather cloak, carry 1 or 2 long Pole-climbing, diving in roof hole. Girls in- sticks; whistle, shake cocoon rattle; function structed with boys; women initiated (?). at mourning ceremony; member of another tribe, not local. ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST BASIC ECONOMY Hunting cottontail rabbit, ground squirrel, tree squirrels as having been eaten, but observes (p. 155) that Driving and pursuing.-- "the Klamath are not much given to hunting." Cp. 2. AE: Antelope doctor sings (charms) ante- elements 361-380. Mo: Secure rabbits only if lope; animals come toward round tule corral, chance upon them. MM: Rabbits scarce; kill 1 or with single entrance. People stationed outside 2 occasionally; no nets, surround. corral wave branches ta frighten antelope, head 28. Kl: Noose, k'nls; set up on sapling, or them toward entrance. Woman inside corral kill limb of tree, at night, for deer. Smaller nooses (club?) antelope. Done in spring, for antelope set on ends of poles on riverbanks at night for only: not for deer. ducks. SE, SW: Deer snares used only at night; 5. WT: Noose hung at funnel end. Mo, At, AW, AE, WT; day and night. 6. As described by Dixon, Maidu, 192-193. 29. Kl: See note 28. SW: Deer driven along straight-line fence, in 31. Kl: See note 26. AE: Twine snares sus- winter; no pit. pended from clumps of sagebrush. This is a re- 7. AW: Over cliff into snow, on Pit River. cent method of securing rabbits. 8. See also element 113. SW: Fat deer run 32. At: Woodpeckers; noose suspended over hole; down from mountains by hunters into river in end of noose tied to branch of tree. autumn; other hunters shoot deer as it floats 36. For geese and duck; described by Dixon, down-river. Maidu, 195. 9. E.g., in narrow canyon. 39. AW: See note 10. 10. Mo: Net of this type mentioned in myth; 40. WM: Ducks, geese, fly across McCloud area, not actually used. SW: Snares set on deer but rarely light on McCloud River; do light on trails, but deer not driven down trails. See Upper Sacramento River; plentiful on Pit River. element 28. At, AW: Set net up above water, on MM: Ducks obtainable occasionally in winter only; long poles; approach net at night in canoe (no not many. light on canoe) and birds fly into net. AW: 42. At, AW: See note 10. Also drive rabbits into nets, but only occasion- 44. Kl: Large net set on stakes in wide, closed ally. circle, to surround herd of antelope. Brush 11. Kl: See note 44. fastened to top of net. Clumps of brush (within 12. Kl: Mountain encircled with fire in day- area encompassed by net) set afire at several time; 30-40 men, some women, gather the deer. spots, to frighten out antelope; when latter run ?Mo: At night, for deer. out men stationed inside net wave the brush af- 14. SW: Elk especially hard to kill; run elk fixed to top of net, and others shoot antelope; down, in order to shoot it. women sometimes secure antelope barehanded, if 15. NS: 2-3 men or more pursue wounded deer animals exhausted. Surrounds (nel'qa) with nets 4-5 days sometimes. such as these held in Williamson River, Klamath 21. AE: Hunters on snowshoes run herds of Marsh areas; "wherever they saw lots of antelope deer into narrow canyons; snow "has to have a in valley." crust on it, to hurt deers' legs." 47. WT: During mating season of gray squirrels, 23. AE: In fall only, when water scarce and stretch nets around tree trunk, 2-3 ft. from big bucks fat, hunter tracks buck with dog; "he base of trunk; no opening in net; as squirrels camps right on the deer's trail until he shoots frolic from 1 tree to other, they are caught in it; usually it takes 2 days." nets. 51. SE, MM: Woodpeckers removed by hand from Snares, nets, traps.-- nest; eaten and topknot saved. At: See note 32. 24. MV: Use bow and arrow chiefly in hunting; NF, NS: Woodpecker holes stopped with grass. boys use sling. Eat deer mainly in fall; rest MV: Shot with bow and arrow, in fall. of year eat salmon, sucker, sturgeon, ducks, 52. MV: Net draped over cascara bushes, where vegetable food. "The people didn't have a hard quail roost. time getting a living here in the valley, 80 53. SW: Basket similar to platter shown in they didn't use so many snares, nets, traps, for Dixon, Shasta, p. 400, fig. 76a, used. WM, WS: game." Long tubular basket, with small round mouth at 1 26. Kl: Informant stated several times that end, woven of willows, set inside brush double Elamath Marsh group did not eat rabbits, squir- lean-to in winter. Snow on ground inside lean-to rels, other small mammals. "Lately they do, cleared off and acorn meal sprinkled on bare though; they eat ground hogs." He could give no ground; when birds inside house eating meal man reason for former nonuse of small mammals. throws rocks at walls of lean-to; frightened Spier, Elamath, 156-157, lists porcupine, beaver, birds fly into basket; man crawls into lean-to ground hog, mink, otter, raccoon, jack rabbit, and secures birds in the basket. Same device [169] 170 ANTBROPOLOGICAL RECORDS used occasionally in suTmmer also, on mountain Achomawi) use fire in canoe to get ducks." NS: near spring. Flares to attract geese. 59. NF: Slender straight pieces of willow 107. Among all groups, for deer. NM, NS: For stuck in ground in circle; 3-4 openings left in mountain quail also; NF, DV, for rabbits also. circle; willow roof over top. Acorn meal scat- 108. AW: Paper whistle used for purpose. tered on ground inside trap; birds unable to 109. Mo: Elderberry whistle also used, to call: find way out; removed by person watching trap. buck. 62. NS: Used in winter. 111. Done when hunter "wants to make deer 65. Long slender acorns from live oaks used. stand, to shoot him." 68. At: For bear; acorn bait. 112. When flock flying overhead. 69. AW, WT, WM, MM, MF, NF, NS: Single stone deadfall used for catching mice. MM, MF, NF, Other hunting techniques.-- NS: Used for catching rats; WM, WS: not used for 113. See also element 8. AW: In winter, when rats. MM, MF: Used for ground squirrels; WM, snow heavy, deer jump into lake; "nobody chases WS, NF, NS: not used for ground squirrels. him, he just goes down to the water." 2 hunters 71. Kl: Pitfall (benc) used for deer; Spier in canoe pursue deer until near enough to shoot. says Kl did not use (Klamath, p. 158); 2 inform- 114. AW: Brown bear rarely killed. One AW ants questioned, both denied pitfall a recent (Dexter Johnson) stated that "bear is a person; innovation. SW: Hole wider at bottom than at people can't do anything with him. They can't top; used for small animals only. AW: Dig pits kill him because they have no power to; flint with digging stick; if find ground to be too doesn't do any good against bear." Grizzlies, hard, leave pit unfinished. according to same source, killed by mythical per- 76. AE: For coyotes. sons, who "live by themselves, in holes in the rim rock, on the mountains"; when one such kills Booths and blinds.-- a grizzly, the Achomawi get the grease (from car- 80. SW: Hunters hide behind bushes in open cass). AE: Very few bears in area. MV: See note country, where antelope found. 170. 87a. WM: See note 40. 115. At: Pine-pitch torches piled inside 89. Mo: Tules matted over prow and sides of mouth of den and lit. WM: "'If (brown) bear will boat; hunter inside. not come out of den when talked to, smoked out." 92. Kl: Pumice stone enclosures (wa'akkls) 116. Kl: 2 green poles, 6 ft. long, planted 6 ft. in diameter, no roof; built by single in ground on each side of entrance to bear den; hunter. 2 men stand beside poles; as bear, hearing noise 94. SW: No pit, but bonfires built at deer outside, emerges growling from den each man licks, and deer shot as they come to fire. Also grasps upper end of pole opposite him and bears hunter conceals self at deer licks, on moonlight down on it; poles are thus crossed to form dipod nights, to shoot deer. which presses down on bear's neck; other men then shoot bear. If 2 bears in 1 den, hunters ran off Disguises, decoys.-- as second emerged. Bears killed in fall, winter. 95. Deer head generally, but among some groups 117. SW: Grizzly bear "lives underground like antelope heads also. Kl: Spier (Klamath, p. 158) ground squirrel; when people see grizzly den they says Kl did not use disguise, but my informant hold war dance for 1 whole night, next day set up described it, said used by Kl of Klamath Marsh. vertical poles outside mouth of den. Then smoke NF: Hunter wears yellowhammer-band headdress to bear out; as he comes out of den he tries to pull attract deer's attention. the poles toward him, with his claws, instead of 96. AW: Prong horn head used only; none of pushing against them to get out, as he is doing neck skin left attached. this, men shoot him in the neck." 98. SE: Mink hides fastened over deerskin in 120. WM, MV: See note 698. suimmer, when deer shedding, to make disguise 124. AW: After rodents have been smoked to look more natural (Jake Smith, informant). death in holes. 101. AW: Tules used for disguise; for ducks 126. At: Pole with sharpened branch left on only, when driving them toward net (see note 10, at 1 end; resembles gaff. also element 42). 128. Mo: Nests burned, because rats steal win- 106. Kl: Jack light. Put fire at 1 end of ter food. Rats killed as they run out, and canoe; tule mats around fire. As canoe floats bodies thrown into fire, but not eaten; rats, down-river ducks fly down to light; shot with mice "too nasty." bow and arrow. Sometimes ducks so thick they 131. Mo: Men route out duck fledglings in tules, put out the fire. Done at night, in freezing women club them with poles. MV: Young ducks weather. At: Fire set on 1 end of canoe, for caught by hand in tules; not clubbed. ducks; flares not used but attributed by inform- 132. SW: Yellow-jacket larvae obtained by ant to Madesi Achomawi. AW: Small fire carried building fire under nest, smoking out larvae. in 1 end of canoe, at night, over which boatmen 132a. MV: Water sprinkled in hole and grass- warm hands only. "People at Big Bend (Madesi hoppers driven in. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 171 133. SE: Picked off trees only. At, MMI, MF, "just talk to the mountains"; no shaman; no offer- NM, NS: Shaken down from trees, or picked off. ings. MM, NF: Hunter prays when offering shell At: Pack basket held up under tree, early in bead; no sweating. morning, and crickets shaken into it. 153. MV: Broken, so that rattlesnake will not 135. SW: Crickets. WNI: Grasshoppers obtained bite hunters. outside of home area, in vicinity of Stillwater; 155. Mo: Large variety of sage. MM1: Cedar. in fall Stillwater people invite McCloud people MV: Wormwood. to burn flat for grasshoppers. 156. AW: No hunt; deer-calling ceremony des- 136. AW: Men, women form large circle; beat cribed by Dexter Johnson. At sun up, shaman makes grasshoppers into large pack baskets with seed it sprinkle, then sings in back of line of tules beaters; later roast them. stretched out in front of village. Deer come, 1 at a time, as he calls them, and jump into square Hunting observances.-- pit about 6 ft. deep; people kill them, eat them. 137. Kl: "If youth eats that meat, he can't This doctor "had a strong power to do this; he kill any more game. So he brought it home and did it for everybody in his tribe; he got people gave it to his mother, and she gave it away (to something to eat, this way." AE: Sings for sev- nonrelatives). Neither she nor father of youth eral hours so he himself can kill deer. "After could eat it, because boy wouldn't kill any more hunters leave, early in morning, to kill deer, game then." Mo: Same as for Kl. Also see note deer doctor may sit around camp all morning and 279. AE: When boy 15 or 16 years old, piece sing; in afternoon he goes to mountains, and size of trout taken out of lower leg of first kills 3-4 deer; returns and tells people to go deer he kills; this piece hung up, and youth get them. The other hunters return, unsuccess- given 2 arrows, to shoot at it. If he misses, ful." UM: Hunters give shaman deer bones painted he has to wait until he kills another deer be- with soot (yarmlt) and minkskin (bisus); he wraps fore he can eat any of the meat; if he hits the skin on right wrist and ties deer bones strung target he can eat meat of first kill, and will on buckskin on his right hand, then sings all not be crippled. MV: First kill taken into as- night previous to hunt, so hunters will see "the sembly house, prayed over by leaders of secret biggest buck." Next morning hunters go out and society, then eaten by them. secure deer. 139. At: First time youth eats deer, eats 158. At: Shaman also sings half night for neck part only. AW: Deermeat taboo to youth hunters in woods, after they go out camping. for 1 year after he makes his first kill, which AU: Shaman sings all night, prophecies success is about time that he marries, also. of hunt. AE: In fall mainly, for group hunt 140. At: Youth switched: "Coyote told people (ca. 10+ men); deer doctor with power from weasel to do this"; also smoked with tobacco by his may sing all night before hunt. Hunters give him father, who talks to him, then sends him out pieces of marrow from lower leg of deer; these into mountains for 5 days at least to seek for he puts in small holes in ground; these holes power. Informant's husband (At man) had stayed have live coals in them. He is feeding his power out for nearly month at this time. so it will give the hunters whom he accompanies 142. Mo: "Hunters don't talk about it much; good luck. During winter each man usually goes g just tell their relatives at home, so latter hunting by himself. UT: All men who are going know where they are." as group to hunt lie on their backs and sing all 144. SW: For 5 nights. Rule applies to deer, night prior to hunt; leader of hunt (who knows bear hunting, but not to fishing. the songs best) leads the singing. Shaman also 145. WM: Young men (such as hunters) never helps; it is he who does most of the "charming." ? smoke tobacco. NM, MV: Old man smokes for Singers hold slender stick about 20 in. long in hunter. their hands and hit their chests with stick as 147. At: Also talk to bow and arrows. they lie singing. NM: Singing by shaman at night 148. AW: Hunter smokes weapons and self, to after soup dinner, in assembly house; everyone kill human odor, before going hunting; cedar or attends; no fire in house. MV: Leaders of secret fir used. WM: Pine. NM: Old man smokes for society pray that hunters will sight game, before hunter; prays, blows smoke over hunter. men set out for fall deer hunt. Do not "talk to" 150. SW: Done frequently. or charm game. 151. SE: Cuts calf of leg and arm with flint, 159. SW: Sing deer song or mountain song. rubs roots on cut, for hunting luck. SW: Only 163a. SE, AW: Split stick, struck against those hunters who have come in contact with men- chest. MV: Split stick rattled in hand. struating woman cut themselves. Cut arm at 166. WM, WS: Acorn soup and venison dinner shoulder; let blood run down arm onto hot quartz eaten after hunt, by men only (see note 545). rocks in steam sweat house; blood, together with NF, NM, NS, MV: Eaten night before hunt, in as- hunter's bad luck, burnt. sembly house. 152. Kl: In evening before hunt, sweat, talk 167. SE: When hunter brings deer home, takes (pray) to rocks used in steam-type sweat house. branch of fir, burns it a little, and waves it No smoking. Night before hunt 2 hunters or more over deer carcass. Significance of this unknown 172 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS to informant. See note 185, WM. At: Shaman as- climbs into tree and watches bear as it approach- sembles hunters in 1 spot when they return, and es the paw. Bear killer has special club, with all sweat, to cleanse themselves under armpits; medicine on it; bear walks up to man, and lies shaman sings. MM: "Do not eat meat, after big down; man clubs him. Carcass burned; meat not hunt, until some one prays, talks." NM: After eaten, because bear has killed person. Informant hunt everyone dances; deer brought into assembly added, "There were lots of bears at Marysville house whole; women make large basket acorn soup; Buttes; that bear killer died rich; people paid feast, sing, dance. him a lot of shell beads and other property. 168. SE, SW: Paint offered; denied for all Once his assistant (son) tried to do this, al- other groups except NM and NS, where informants though his father had warned him not to because uncertain. At: See note 169. MM, MF, NF, MV: he had no spirit to help him; the assistant was Shell bead offered (see element 153). NM, NS: killed; when the father returned he hired another. Informants uncertain about shell bead as offer- assistant and killed the bear that had killed his ing; not inquired for among other groups. SW: son. The guilty bear always came to him when he At certain spots in mountains paint and tobacco called it with the paw, because he had such a offered for luck; formula, "I will give you strong power." this, for you to smoke and paint," accompanies 172. SWd: If kill rattlesnake (not bear) make offering. NS: Before going hunting, men go to apologetic speech and then throw snake in direc- certain locality in mountains where there are tion of tribe Shasta dislike. 3 rocks, identical in appearance. "They gave 174. SW: No rule concerning grizzly-bear meat; thanks to these rocks, for good luck in hunting"; "some people didn't like the meat, because griz- uncertain whether any offering made. zly kills people." 169. At: Shaman, during hunt, smokes and 179. MV: 4 times. calls each mountain by name; speaks to each one, 180. Mo: Also used as signal by persons who "Don't hide your children (deer); give my boys have lost way. good luck; give them your children." Offerings of tobacco smoke and eagle down made; latter laid Butchering of large game.-- on ground, not put on sticks. NM: "Lucky" man 181. At: For treatment of bear carcass, see (not a shaman: latter never hunts deer) walks note 170. NF: Deer slit down belly and guts omly. ahead of hunters; able to sight deer quickly; removed. NM: Clean deer and cut it up in some other hunters follow behind him and shoot deer. old man's dwelling house or, occasionally, in as- 170. Kl, Mo, SE, MF, MV: If meet bear in sembly house; never take carcass into family woods, person must not run away, else bear will dwelling. When butchering completed, all people attack. Mo: Bear addressed when encountered are called to take away the pieces of meat, which outside (not in den); told "Don't harm us, we are are taken back to various dwellings, roasted and not going to harm you." Bear stands up, right eaten with acorn soup. forearm raised, "wondering whether he should at- 182. SW: Lying on back; head must be toward tack person; when latter speaks as above to him, sunrise. Slit made down belly. bear stamps paw and goes away." SE: Song sung 183. AW: Cut out after deer is brought home. to bear outside den: "It comes spring now, grand- 184. SW: Eyes cut out and cooked. Children father, You want to come out, It comes spring not allowed to eat fat behind eyes; impairs visi now." At: 3-5 men go into den, "talk to bear, At, AW: Eyes eaten raw, by boys especially, to 'um um ughm,' meaning 'Look out,' and bear slow- make child farsighted. ly emerges. Men tell him, 'You'd better come 185. WM: When kill deer in mountains, lay car- out here; I'd like to see you,' 'You'd better be cass on fir branches; deermeat, when brought into careful,' etc. Bear looks around in every direc- living house, always laid on fir branches. Deer'8 tion, then emerges further from den; men shoot home is in N, "in a big place up there; when him." After killing him, people pull his body hunter kills deer, if he cannot bring head home, entirely out of den, and smoke carcass with to- he leaves it facing N so deer's spirit returns to bacco, talking to him at same time, telling bear N. Deer does not stay in 1 place, as white peopl he is going to follow his brother, that his sis- believe; he travels N on occasion." ter is coming, etc. People then build large 186. MF, NS: Blood also drunk warm by hunters. fire on spot and roast bear, unskinned, over it; 188. SE, SW, At: Pile bones under tree in 1 scrape off skin after carcass is cooked, cut up place; if woman steps on bones, hunter will lose latter and divide meat among group. AW: See his luck. SW: Lower section of large intestines note 114. MV: Bears killed only for revenge, if (containing feces ?) must not be dropped in fire; they have attacked, killed person. Relatives of if this happens, man who shot deer loses his hunt slain person hire special man and his assistant ing luck for 5 years, unless doctored. "Some to kill bear; this man uses bear paw for purpose; jealous people watched and did this on a good puts medicine on it, and lays it in certain hunter." MM: Jaw, hip, shoulder bones of deer direction, depending on wind; his assistant hung up in tree; remaining bones thrown in brush. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 173 Fishing 222. By men, women wading, beating water with long poles. Nets.-- 223. Kl: At night men sit on top of weir, with 190. AE: Streams small, consequently nets circular nets (see element 205); net salmon as used not large. WT: 1 or 2 men, only, made fish they try to jump through openings in weir. MV: nets: not everyone. WM: Du Bois, Wintu, p. 15, Men stand on top of weir, and net or club fish. mentions use of net stretched across McCloud River, at Baird, for communal fish drive; my in- formant denied this; probably mistaken. NF: Ex- K cept for Yuba River, streams in area small; high water in winter only. NM: See note 282. NS: A few of old men, only, make nets. x 192. AE: Mentioned in myth, only; Owl had x seine, but Weasel ran up and rolled log into it, x tearing it up. NS: Net (bin), composed of sev- x eral small flat nets fastened together for pur- /-2x x pose, placed on and behind barrier of rocks, 2-3 X ft. high, erected across stream at base of falls. As salmon attempt to leap barrier, fall into net; men stationed at each end of net lift it ..., people frightening salmon down- and fish taken out. stream, spearing them; arrows point up- 194. AW: Use natural stone for net sinker; no stream; A, rock and brush dam; B, fir branches intertwined; i, brush piled up; groove or perforation. 0,man clubbing fish; X) man to string 203. Kl: Used in springtime; dragged by 2 men, up fish. iin river. Mo: 2 men to operate. AW: Not used; M Iadesi group on Pit River use it. WT, WIM, WS: 226. WT, WS: Salmon house (buki) lacking. WM 1 man to operate. (For sketch see Du Bois, have salmon house. For description see Du Bois, Wintu, p. 127, fig. 5.) WT: Used under falls. Wintu, p. 123. WS: Set 2 poles, in form of dipod, 205. Kl: See note 265. At: Not used much. in river; rest 1 end of log in fork of dipod, 206. See Dixon, Maidu, p. 142, fig. 13; Du other end on river bank; man stands on this log fBois, Wintu, p. 127. AW: For'trout and suckers. near dipod end and spears salmon; informant re- AE: 4-5 grooved stone sinkers attached to bottom membered 1 man "who could spear 2 salmon at a of net. time; other men couldn't spear any." This type ; 209. See Spier, Klamath, p. 151. of scaffold referred to as tokamas. 228. Chalk, generally. Weirs, scaffolds, pens.-- 229. Kl: Stone dams attributed to mythical be- 212. Kl: Spier, Klamath, p. 149, says "weirs ing. Consist of semicircle of rocks, curving ...are unknown to the Klamath"; possibly my out from bank, then in again toward bank, with informant misunderstood my repeated questioning opening on downstream end. 2 such semicircles, on this point, but his account of weir with 3 on opposite sides of Williamson River, W of openings, from top of which men speared fish, is Chiloquin (not in Klamath Marsh area proper). too circumstantial to be overlooked. AW: Weirs Men stand inside enclosure, netting fish, which built across stream on Pit River, below falls other men frighten into nets. See Spier, Klamath, at Pit 1 power house; nowhere else in area. p. 149. Mo, AW, WT: Made by human beings. 213. AW: Circular "corral" built of rocks, iwth single opening in center on downstream side. Traps.-- 214. Kl: See note 229. 230. Ki: Weighted with stone at each end. 215. SW: 2-3 openings. AW: Refers to corral- AE: 6-7 ft. long. ~shaped weir; see note 213. 231. AW: Narrow end untied, to take out fish. 219. WT, WM, WS: See Du Bois, Wintu, p. 128, Catch otters and minnows with this trap, also. on fishtrap. WT: Willows, as well as rocks, used 233. See note 219. for converging sides of weir. Trap walls 3 ft. 234. Mo: Willow pack basket used. NS: Seed high; back end 3 ft. high and elevated above wa- beater (patai) used. ter ca. 3 ft. WS: Trap of this sort used during xidsuinmer salmon run (see fig., this page; note Angin.-- N2): "as salmon tired and went down-river, 235. Kl: Hooks made of sucker's tailbone or caught in this trap.?? Such trap might be made of bone shank and 2 bone points (see Spier, at Shasta Retreat; men would then proceed up- Klamath, fig. 10, p. 154) denied by informant. :?iver to Mossbrae Falls (kenwinispom) near Shasta SE: Sing while angling, to make fish swallow hook rings and sometimes put a lot of green leaves and keep on line. AW: Before fishing, man swal- Vin water, to frighten salmon down-river into trap. lows food without chewing it, in imitation of 221. SW: In Rogue River, but not in Klamath fish swallowing hook and line. NM: Quincy NMM River. informant (Maria Hedricks) stated bilateral 174 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS double-barbed bone hooks used; several tied on 267. WS, MM, NF, MV: Club cut from limb of long string; 1 end of string tied to bush, other tree. end which had hooks on it, tied around rock; 271. SE: When catching salmon in net, only. rock thrown far out into stream. Indian Valley 273. Kl: Twined tule basket, 14 in. high, 24 MM informant knew nothing of this. in. wide at top. Packed on back with pack strap; 237. Slender piece of bone, 2-3 in. long, ends made, used expressly for carrying fish. Mo: Open' pointed. Kl: Made of deer bone: baited with work twined conical willow pack basket used. WT: minnow; used at night. Willow basket, with small opening at top; widens 238. SW: Meat tied on end of string for craw- out at bottom; bottom lined with leaves. Imita- fish and catfish; line with fish on it drawn up tion of modern creel? MM, MF: "Use any sort of slowly and flat basket shoved underneath fish basket to pack home fish." NS: Pack basket. when they get near surface of water. AW: Same technique used for crawfish. Fishlines dyed red Fishing observances.-- with bark of tree (alder ?), so that fish cannot 278. SE: When catching salmon in net, only. see line in water. SW: See note 144. AW: Have "medicine" which 239. Kl: As many as 10 gorges fastened to counteracts any baneful effect. MV: When trap- line of native twine. ping salmon, do not eat any meat. 279. Mo: First of any species of fish or game Harpoons, spears.-- youth secures taboo to him; if he ate it he would 241. SW: Rarely used. be "no account, have no luck in future." For 246. At: Harpoon used for salmon, but due to salmon specifically, see note 282. At: First scarcity of salmon in streams in area, harpoon fish, game of any species taboo to youth and his used infrequently. AW, WS NF: Harpoon used for parents. For salmon specifically, see note 282. salmon (see notes 219, 2823. WS: Harpoon used AW: First deer, duck, fish boy kills taboo; also in connection with scaffold (see note 226). first deer, duck, fish youth catches after he 250. At: 4 points; used to spear trout, main- has been sent out on vision quest and obtained ly, from boats. vision should not be eaten by him. For salmon 253. Kl: Mountain mahogany wood. specifically, see note 282. At: See note 282. 258. Kl: Grapple or gaff recent; formerly NV: First fish of any variety secured by youth raised end of spear slowly upward; impaled fish treated same as first game (see note 137). "sometimes came off" and escaped. 280. M21, NM, NS, MV: First sucker caught by youth taboo to him also; denied by MF, NF. Other fishing techniques.-- 282. Kl: No salmon in Klamath Marsh, but abun- 260. SW: In still water of Modoc County; also dant elsewhere in area; run in spring. Suckers, in Klamath River; boys. etc., abundant in marsh area. Mo: Mullet, trout 262. AE: Most of fish obtained, secured by chiefly, available in Tule Lake; no salmon. SE: this method. Women churn up water in stream Salmon plentiful in area; first salmon caught after putting plants in it. NF, NS, MV: Soap- with line, after which salmon can be speared. root used. AE, WT, MM, NM: Use of soaproot de- SW: Salmon abundant in area. Shasta do nothing nied. NV: Also use horehound as fish poison. with first salmon they catch, but before they Data on use of turkey mullein (dove weed), man- begin fishing, first salmon is caught down-river root, ginsing too unreliable to include, as in- from them, by "a man who was raised at Hamburg formants did not know common English names for [i,e., who belonged to Kammatwa group, a small plants used. WM: Soaproot used in Stillwater buffer group between the Shasta proper and the area as fish poison, but not in McCloud area, Karuk, on the Klamath River; see Dixon, Shasta, where "river runs too swiftly" to use fish poi- p. 388, and Kroeber, Karok Towns, pp. 36-37]. sons. WS: Soaproot obtained from vicinity of Formerly he [Kammatwa man] caught this salmon in Redding, where plentiful; absent in Upper Sacra- spring, at beginning of 'summer salmon' run; he mento region; not used for fish poison in latter used certain plants available at this season for area, although streams not so large as in Mc- rite. Perhaps he ate head, only, of this first Cloud area. salmon. Now, however, summer salmon run in Sep- 263. Kl: In spring only, when many fish run- tember, and plants needed for rite are dried up ning. Mo: By women. AW: Done frequently during by then." After this rite had been performed at salmon run at falls on Pit River at site of Hamburg, the Shasta can catch summer salmon, d present Pit 1 power house; not done in any other and store them, but cannot eat them. Before streams within Achomawi area. they can, eat fresh salmon, the Karuk down-river 264. SW: Fires built alongside dams; pitch- have to have given the White Deerskin dance pine torches used as flares also. (kuwarik = Shasta name). Shasta attend this 265. Kl: Round-mouthed net (see element 205) dance as spectators; Shasta men avoid hunting at "just like a dipper" used in winter, only, to this time, so they will not see smoke from fire dip up fish through hole in ice. Nen pound with on mountains, which is built at beginning of poles on top of ice, dance, to frighten the fish. dance. Previous to White Deerskin dance, the AR: Fish dipped up through hole in ice. Shasta cannot catch or eat steelhead (rainbow CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 175 trout); see note 284. At: Not many salmon in first catch of suckers on spot. "If they don't Hat Creek; occasionally a good run. AW: Salmon eat it all up there, people won't catch any more ascend Pit River as far as falls at site of Pit suckers." After these observances, all suckers 1 power house, in Achomawi area (see Kniffen, caught can be transported home to be eaten, dried. Achomawi, map 1). Trout, suckers, catfish, bass 284. SW: 'Wait until Karuk give White Deerskin also found within area. AE: No salmon; very few dance at end of July before eating steelhead streams, creeks; fish scarce. WT: Salmon in (rainbow trout); if any steelheads caught in sal- area. When salmon begin running, if couple have mon net before Karuk dance given, they must be pubescent daughter following rite held so couple thrown back into river. Fishermen who disregard can eat salmon. Young men catch salmon; take it this rule are in danger of being killed. to home of old man "who uses cane"; this old man 292. NF: "Dreamer" or singing shaman. may be adolescent girl's grandfather. Old man's 294. Kl: First 2 suckers. wife cooks the first fish, then old man prays 296. SW: First run taboo to adolescent girls. over it for short time, facing sun and leaning 299. Kl: Old man in charge of rite tells youth, on his cane after this everyone present, ex- "Don't you pack those fish home on the first day; cept girl(s3 nearing puberty, eats this first eat well; don't carry them around, or break their fish. For other salmon caught after first run, backbones." If youth disobeys, sticks bound from no prayers of this sort. Rite restricted to wrist to shoulder on boy's arms, and then bent parents of girls entering puberty, not general upward and broken, thus breaking boy's arms at practice. WM: Salmon plentiful in area. If elbow; boy sometimes died. Any of old men pres- leave first salmon in basket overnight, will not ent administer this punishment. catch any more. WS: Salmon in area. No rites 300. WM: See note 282. over first salmon, but in middle of summer, dur- ing July, people start fishing at nodalcohipom Gathering (Castle Crag depot, 5 mi. S of Dunsmuir) and fish up Sacramento River to Shasta Retreat across Gathering techniques and observances.-- river from Dunsmuir. At every village on the 300a. See note 357. AW: Pick up acorns from way they dance; stay 3-5 days at each place; ground by hand; do not beat trees. young people dance, "just for a good time at 300b. Used to bend down limbs within hand's night as they make this trip; old people sleep. reach. MV: Obtained pine nuts at Lookout (in It takes them 2-3 weeks to make this trip; there MF area); man intending to go for such, continent may be 200-300 people on it. Camp at 3-5 dif- night before he starts. To obtain pine cones, ferent locations on way." NM: Few salmon in he climbs tree, hooks branches with staff, cuts area; other varieties fish more abundant. MF: off cones. Salmon in area, more abundant. NF: No salmon 301. Used to bend down limbs. nearer than Yuba River; sometimes go there to 302. Used for whipping, knocking acorns and spear, net salmon. First salmon cooked, eaten pine cones off limbs. at "dinner" by all. Salmon plentiful in Feather 306. Branches left on pole, to serve as foot- River, but NF group never went there to fish as holds. SW: Wrap grapevine around fir pole, or this was in "another country." NM: No salmon leave limbs on pole for footholds. AW: Native or suckers in area; never go to Yuba River or twine wrapped around sapling for foothold; limb Sacramento Valley to fish. Small fish, only, left on sapling at upper end to serve as hook; found in creeks in area; no large rivers in pole hooked onto upper branches of tree, as area; little emphasis on fishing, which is pur- climber progresses upward. sued in main with small flat gill net. NS: Sal- 308. Kl, SW: Made of mountain mahogany. mon obtainable within area, in American River. 311. SW: Iron bar across top end. AE: Use No salmon caught until certain time in summer; crutch-handled type mostly, but sometimes plain first fish cooked, divided and eaten by all mem- bipointed one as well. bers of community, "for good luck." No com- 312. Mo: Break or pull up entire plant of parable rite for any other variety of fish. MV: lamb's-quarters, pile plants on bare hard ground, Salmon plentiful; first-salmon rite similar to and beat out seeds with long straight stick. first-acorn rite (see note 313). 313. NS: Prepare meal for group, when first 283. Kl: In spring old man (not shaman) batch of any wild fruit gathered. Example, for catches first 2 suckers with nets at certain manzanita berries, make large quantity of cider spot on Williamson River and throws them, alive, with first gathered berries, all drink. MV: Head- into fire which has been built on flat surface man goes out and tests acorns for ripeness; tells of deeply embedded rock near river. Fish burnt people when they are ripe. His wife then goes to foretell season's luck; "if they roll around out, secures 1 pack-basketful of acorns; dries when thrown in the fire, the people will have them, and in about 6 days she is able to make 2 lots of fish; if they die quickly, quietly, baskets of acorn mush from them. These she takes there won't be many fish." Men, women, children into assembly house; there members of secret ather at rock where rite held (only 1 place society pray over mush and eat it; then everyone where this is done in whole of El area) and eat can go out and gather acorns. 176 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 314. MM: Large group of people gather acorns, ponds which form, in effect, natural irrigation in fall; make large batch acorn soup out of system. first crop; shaman or old man prays; mush then distributed to all present, eaten. After this Domesticated Animals and Pets each family may cook its own acorn mush separate- ly. (Custom still observed.) MV: See note 313. Dogs.-- 316. Kl: When wokus ripe, shaman does not 330. Kl: Single variety, prick ears, short allow anyone to pick them at first; he tells all tail, short hair, about 18 in. high; varicolored the women to gather wokus, cook them and bring (?). Man or woman may own either male, female them to him in daytime. Shaman then sings, and dog; no rule. Mo: Single small variety, prick men, women join him in singing for 2-3 hours; ears, short hair, brown and black. SE: Small he then eats some of the wokus first, then variety; large prick ears. At: About size of fox, everyone else eats it. Shaman instructs people coyote; small prick ears; short hair and long to gather wokus for 5 days following, after that hair, fawn or brown colored. AW: 2 varieties. to refrain from gathering any for 5 days; at end Small dog, 12 in. high, short hair; not used for of 10-day period people can gather wokus when- hunting, "just stayed around house." Large dog ever they wish (for about 1 month, until end of (qo'loha'), "pretty nearly as big as a calf," crop). used for hunting. Both varieties enter into 317. At: 3 types lst-fruits rites for ipos mythology; Butterfly (aponaha) "who had power and roots described. (1) In May, first ipos roots could do anything, made the big dogs. He had a gathered sung over by shaman. Latter examines little dog in his sack; he was going to fight some of roots; prophecies whether any women are Kowilla (a big lizard, a bad man), who had a big going to be sick. If they are, tells all women dog. Aponaha blew on his little puppy and told to dig roots; they do so 1 entire day, then him to 'grow, grow,' so that he could fight Ko- bring them home in evening and dump them in 1 willa's big dog. The puppy grew, and whipped the spot. All female doctors sing over these roots big dog." AE: Single variety, similar to coyote for half night, to make women healthy. Each in appearance; prick ears, short hair, tawny; woman then takes home the roots she has dug, but small-to-medium size; females generally have only leaves handful or so for shamans, who cook and 1-2 pups. WDI: Prick ears, short hair. MF, NF: eat them. (2) General feast, to which women Dogs imported; high priced; difficult to obtain. bring ipos, men fish, after shaman has dug first People go "to a sharp country (see below, NS), roots; shaman in charge. (3) First ipos roots throw a round rock down a slope; bitch chases the any woman digs, in spring, she throws away; says: rock, and while she is away, people steal her "Don't make me poor; give me good luck; you may pups from her hole; never try to catch mother of have this one," and throws root in back of her. the pups." NS: Mt. Diablo known as sukumyama Prayer addressed to (?). Informant herself (dog mountain); bitch has hole there; men roll never eats any of first day's digging of roots; large stone down mountain, bitch chases it; mean- this however is not a general rule. Woman throws time men steal her pups from hole. away root thus "to make her healthy"; no similar 331. AE: Dogs scarce; owned by rich men only. observance for other roots, or for acorns. 334. SW: Name dogs after animal; bad tempered 318. NV: Foothill Maidu bring manzanita ber- dog named for grizzly, good hunting dogs for wolf, ries down to valley Maidu when they attend lat- puma. WT: Names of nickname variety: "log," ter's dances, burnings. "'porch'--because dog was always lying on porch." 327. Mo: First of any variety root, seed 335. See 13, 22, note for 23. crop thrown on ground to "feed earth first." 336. Kl, Mo, SE, AE, WT, MN: Dogs "sniff" in- MF, NM, NS: First morsel of each prepared new- stead of barking, as signal of strangers' approach. fruit product thrown in fire, as offering. SE: Huc, huc (sic 'em). AE: Never bark; "trained not to bark away back; hit them if they did." Preagriculture.-- 337. Mo: Stay in "kitchen" or cook house. 328. MM, MF, NF: For better crop mushrooms, WM, WS,: Stay in porch of dwelling house. principally; sometimes for wild seeds also. 343. At: Widow keeps husband's dog. 329. AE: When seeds begin to ripen in patches 344. SW: "Against the rule to bury dogs." out on hill, 2-3 women take sticks 4-5 ft. long 346. SW: Hung or given to relative of deceased. and walk "forward and back, forward and back," WT: Could give no reason for custom, except that flaying plants with sticks; "next year there "dogs like to be hung thus; it makes his spirit will be a big crop there because lots of seeds glad; if buried, dog's spirit is dissatisfied, have been scattered." because not treated right." 329a. Responses negative throughout area, but a few comments made in connection with question Birds, bear cubs, etc.-- are of interest. AW: "When they (want to) 'ir- 347. Kl: Shoot eagles, to secure their feath- rigate,' they sing for cloud!" MV: Large ponds ers. SW: Eagles only; kept tied by leg, beside in area dry up in summer; wild-seed plants grow spring. When grown freed; dangerous. AE: Eagles; plentifully in moist bottoms of these dried-up kept when young in heavy tule basket cage; later CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 177 kept tied by leg. Fed squirrels, raw meat. Do plentiful in Hat Creek (At) area; also rob gopher not pluck, cut wings; ultimately freed. WT: holes of stored roots. WT: "Wild potatoes [sp.?] Grouse kept. NS: Eagles kept. See elements about only root crop." WS: "No roots in area." 5198-5206a. MV: "Don't allow eagle to be kept:' 360. AE: Plentiful in area; in contrast to Kl, Eagle and swan feathers used chiefly for great who still gather wokus to some extent, AE no variety of feather ornaments, etc., that MV longer "bother with them; people say now 'I'm not make; eagle shot with bow and arrows when feath- a bird.'" MF: Water lilies "poisonous." ers needed. 348. AE: See note 347. WM: In basket, when Animals eaten.-- young. 361. That is, as food, not merely during fam- 350. NS: After eagle killed. ines or epidemics. 351. Kl: When cub gets "mean," kill it. 362. Kl: "Long time ago [pre-White], when all 352. WT: "Deer wish one bad luck, if one people dying [in some sort of epidemic] and Indian keeps fawn as pet; people die very shortly if medicines didn't work, man said he was going to they keep a pet fawn." try dog meat [as a cure]; he roasted a dog and 353. Mo: Skunk. SE: Mink. WT: Cottontail ate it, and it cured him"; others followed suit, rabbits, squirrels. and also recovered. Kl ate dog meat only on such an occasion (cp. Spier, Klamath, p. 130). A long Food and Its Handling time after this, the White people purchased dogs from the Kl with shell beads, and ate them." Staple foods.-- At: "3 persons once ate dog, during epidemic; it 354. SW: In discussing horn utensils, in- made them well; dog is good medicine." Also formant said, "The Hupa, Karuk, Yurok bought eaten in time of famine. horn from the Shasta for spoons. They didn't 363, 364. Mo: Eaten only during times of scarc- hunt much down-river; mostly fished, so they ity. didn't use much deermeat. Fish is first, deer- 365. At: Eaten whenever procurable. meat second, among down-river tribes; it's the 366, 366a. Mo: Grizzly bear eaten only by few other way around for the Shasta." AE: Deer and people. AE: Grizzly and brown bears lacking in antelope; latter mentioned frequently by inform- area but sometimes hunted to W. ant. WS: Deer hunted chiefly in winter; "best 369. AW: Antelope lacking in area; sometimes way to get them is in snow." hunted to E. 355. Kl: Starvation periods affirmed; "in 370. AW: Eaten by some persons only. winter whole families died, all around-this 372. Tail eaten. Kl: Beavers shot in spring- [Williamson] River, 100 years ago." Good deal time, from canoe. AW: Eaten by some persons only. of deer, elk, antelope meat eaten although fish 373. AW, WS: Eaten by some persons only. staple food. AW: Starvation periods denied; 374. WM: Some persons eat, not all. Raccoons "people didn't know anything about starving tracked to den in winter, and dug out. here, in old times; they had plenty of fish, 375. Mo: Highly esteemed. ducks, deer, acorns, roots; people from Alturas 376. Kl: See note 26. (AE) came down here in winter." (See also note 380. AW: Mole hide used, but mole not eaten. 1747.) MV: "Plenty of food, year round; if 1 382. At: Killed only in wintertime. variety of acorn fails 1 year, have plenty of 387. Mo: Flavor disliked, but eaten in times other varieties; not like people up in foothills, of scarcity. where have only 1 variety; if this fails, they 391. MM: Caught in fish net. starve. Also have plenty of game: fish, ducks, 392. Kl: Catch and keep them, but do not eat deer in fall." them. At: Eaten by Goose Valley (Aporige) group 357. Kl, Mo: Acorns not used. SE, SW: Acorns of At. AW: "Goose Valley people (see above) very used extensively; pine nuts not used much. At, fond of turtle, eat lots of them." AW: Acorns used extensively; little use of sugar- 394. SE: Lizard used for poison, "scalp of pine nuts. AE: No oaks in area; a few pine nuts lizard and frog pounded together, put in food as from piAon pine obtained in Hammawi area to E; poison." parties camp there for 3-4 weeks in October, 395. SW: People of Shasta Valley and vicinity some years. WT: Acorns, digger and sugar-pine of Montague eat crickets, but crickets lacking in nuts gathered. WM, WS, MM, MF, NF: Acorns and SW area. If SW people visiting in Shasta Valley pine nuts gathered. NM: Acorns and sugar-pine at right time, they gather, eat crickets. Insects nuts gathered. NS: Acorns and pine nuts. MV: pounded into meal, stored. AW: Not many grass- 4 varieties of acorns in area--live oak, white hoppers eaten; those that are, are boiled. Eaten oak, tan oak, and valley oak; mountain-oak by Dixie Valley (Aporige) people in large quanti- acorns imported, are richest in oil. Pine nuts ties. WM: Crickets lacking in area, but gathered obtained at Lookout (in MF area); see note 300b. on trips to S. 358. At: Important small seed food; 3 vane- 396. Mo: Eat 4 varieties. ties. AW: Important seed food. 397. MV: Angleworms made into soup are "good 359. Kl, Mo, SE, At, AW, AE: Dig ipos roots; medicine." 178 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 398. MF, NM: Roasted. 419. Ki: Raccoons. Mo: Cleaned, hide left on; 399. Eggs of red ant. several roasted underground, beneath hot rocks; coals piled on top of rocks. At: Roasted, with Foods taboo to special groups.--(M, men; W, women; hide left on; when cooked hide peeled off, meat Y, youths; y, young women; b, boys; g, girls.) pounded. 401. SE: Brains only taboo to Y, y, b, g. 421. Frame consists of 2 upright sticks, At: Head to M, Y, b. AE: Head to M, Y, y, b, g. forked at upper end; single pole laid parallel to AW: Head to Y, y, b, g. WT, WM: Head to Y, y, ground, ends resting in 2 forks; fish, meat laid b, g. WS: Head to y. NM, NV: Head to Y, y, b, g. on horizontal pole, beside fire. Mo: Meat hung 402. Mo, AW: Taboo to all except old men, from crossbar and heated sufficiently "to draw old women. At: To M, Y, b. AE, WT: To b, g. watery juices out: then laid on live coals and WNM, MM, MF, NM: To Y, y, b, g. AE: If b, g eat really cooked."? deer heart, own heart will pound too fast. 423. Kl: Also make "sausage" from bear intes- 403. SW: Taboo to Y, y. AW, AE: To b, g. tines; blood, grease put in; roasted in ashes for WT: To y. WM, NF: To Y, y, b, g. NS: Eaten lengthy period. chiefly by b. NM, MV: Denied eaten chiefly by b. 424. SW: Paunch poked with stick every so often~ 404. SW: Taboo to b, g. AW, WM, NM, MV: To Y,. as it cooks, in order to let steam escape; blood y, b, g. AW: If eaten by member of tabooed inside paunch clots over hole, seals it up. group, his or her knee joint will slip out when 426. Usually, hot rocks put into paunch, after; trying to run. latter filled with blood; paunch tied up, set on 405. Kl, WT, NV: Taboo to all. SE, SW, At: coals. SE: Paunch with blood inside cooked in To all except old men, old women; boiled, soup basketful of water kept hot with heated stones. drunk. AW, AE, WM, MM, NM, NS: Taboo to Y, y, 427. Kl: "Only wokus are boiled; meat is b, g. SW: Young boy made to shoot at fawn fetus, roasted." At: Red salmon stone-boiled. before latter eaten, to give boy luck. 430. WM: Not enough procured to dry; eaten 406. Kl, AW, WT, NF, MV: Taboo to all. SW, fresh only. AE, WM, MN, NM, NS: To Y, y, b, g. Kl, Mo: 433. AW: Used for drying meat. (See notes Afterbirth taboo to all. SE: Informant uncer- 438, 446, element 439.) tain. WM: To Y, y, b, g. At: Bear fetus skinned, 434. Kl: With small fire underneath. given to old women to eat, because meat tender. 437. Strung by tail; held open with small 407. At: To all except old men and old women. stick. WT: To y. MM, MF, NF, NM, NS, NV: To Y, y, b, g. 438. AW: In camp, smoke deermeat first, using 408. Kl: Anyone may eat liver, but princi- black oak for purpose; finish drying it in sun. pally old people do, because it is easy to chew. 439. AW: See note 438. Mo: "Old people eat it." SE, SW: Eaten raw by 441. WT: "McCloud Wintu made sack after sack hunter, on spot. At: To Y, b. AW, NF, NM, NS, of salmon flour, but Hayfork Wintu didn't make MV: To Y, y, b, g. WT: To b, g. it at all, although they had the salmon. The 409. WM, NF, NM, NS: To Y, y, b, g. Hayfork traded deer hides, dried meat, shell money 410. NM, NS: Twin plums also taboo to y; to the McCloud people for salmon flour." Why Hay- would have twins. Denied for NF, where no wild fork Wintu did not make this flour informant could- plums in area, and for NV. not say. 411. Mo, At: To Y, y, b, g. AE: To b, g. 443. SW: Pine nuts added to salmon. At: Eat WT: To all. SW: Small children cannot eat red salmon meal with whole nuts of sugar pine, grouse; if do, have yellow mark in eye, on neck. however. Atf If eat duck's feet, cold weather will ensue. 446. AW: Fish dried in sweat house or under 412. SW: Grouse and fish. If eat these to- shade where women make baskets. gether, will not be able to catch either after- 454a. As acorns, roots, pine nuts. ward. At: Fish and deprmeat. WM: Salt and 456. AW: Sand basin made inside basket; basket deermeat. MM: Salt and bear meat. MV: Venison rests on leaves. and bear meat. 459. AW, MF, NF, NM, NS, MV: Cold water used first; then progressively warmer water for each Food preparation.-- successive rinsing. 414. Mo, MV: Often burn fishbones, but "no 461. SW: White-oak, live-oak acorns. Meat rule about this; don't want children to step on black after being soaked. Acorns treated thus the bones." SW: Fishbones saved, dried, pounded; boiled whole, shelled or unshelled. NV: Very ground salmon bones cased in salmon bladders or seldom; only sunburnt acorns. "floats" for storage. 463. SE: Very thick acorn mush made, but not 415. Kl, Mo, At, MM: Backbone of deer only baked; this product "could be carried a long way." and then only when it has dried meat on it. 468. Kl, Mo: Cattail root bread baked in erth SW: Ground deer bone regarded as poisonous; per- oven. Mo: Wild turnips ground fresh, made into sons eating marrow always careful not to swallow loaves which are baked in ashes. At: Roots small flakes of bone, as this would cause death; pounded, shaped into loaves, baked; each loaf3 no medicine known for such an accident. wrapped in grass, dried, kept for winter use. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 179 470a. With either rotary or back-and-forth 496. At: Cook red salmon, deermeat with salt; motion. also use salt as medicine; not used to season 470b. With up-and-down motion. acorn mush. AW: Salt used sparingly; causes sore 471. In flattish basketry tray, usually. Kl, eyes; "the Yana pound up rabbits and put a little Mo: Circular flat twined tule "mat" used. AW: salt on them; we don't." Probably not done much; informant commented, 497. "Salt grass" (Distichilis spicata) prob- "They know how to, but claim the seeds get dirty; ably absent in most of area covered, but unfortu- they do this though at Likely" (among AE). MV: nately no check was made on its distribution. Sycamore coals only, used. NV: What is apparently hitherto unrecorded method 473. Smaller seeds, as sunflower, grass of making salt among NV, explained by informant. seeds, etc. Kl, Mo: Wokus and small seeds. At: Men and women gather salt grass (sp. ?) in large Sunflower seeds. quantities, wash it; grass is then cut up, put 477. Most of informants in areas where non- into large hole lined with rocks. Fire has been occurrence of buckeye noted on list expressed kept burning in this hole for 2 days, in order to ignorance of any tree, shrub called "buckeye" thoroughly heat hole and rocks. Layers of hot or "chestnut"; this fact, together with casual rocks and grass are put into hole; on top of top- personal observations of flora in such areas, most layer of grass is put a layer of elderberry only basis for my notations concerning nonoc- leaves, then another layer of hot rocks, a layer currence of this tree. SW: Informant ignorant of coals, and, lastly, dirt. Pit is left sealed of term buckeye; used "chestnut"; no specimens up thus for day and night; next day is opened; seen. "the grass is burned into hard, gray, salty 482. SE: For roots (Indian potatoes). uIN: sheets, like a rock, but full of holes." This Clover cooked in earth oven, saved, recooked in "salt" serves as article of trade; "Colusa people winter, for soup. MV: Clover and salt grass make it good." Specimen size of hen egg seen, (see note 497). tasted; accords with informant's description. 485. Mo: Water sprinkled on grass which cov- Often used medicinally, for colds. ers red-hot rocks, in order to steam food. 499. Majority of informants familiar with this 486. AW: Boys also suck eggs raw. WT: plant, even though it is lacking in various parts Grouse, quail eggs eaten; no information con- of area surveyed. AE informant only person in- cerning method of cooking. terrogated who did not know about plant, which 487. Kl: Duck eggs. Dig hole 10 in. in di- seems to be lacking in AE area. AW: "Soaproot ameter, 8 in. deep, let fire burn in it, rake grows at Round Mountain, in N Yana territory." out coals and put eggs in; cover eggs with dirt WT: "Soaproot grows at Hyampom, and in Shasta and build fire on top of dirt, to roast eggs. country, but not here." WM, WS: Soaproot im- AW: Roast, also boil eggs. ported from Redding. WS informant's wife had 490. Absences noted relate to manzanita ber- imported some bulbs, tried to raise them at Duns- ries. Kl: Huckleberries made into drink. No muir, but could not; "too cold." manzanita berries in area. AW: No manzanita 505. For washing baskets, buckskins, hair. berries in area; "Hat Creek [At] and Big Bend Mo: Pumice stone used to clean buckskin. [Madesi Achomawi] people make this berry cider, 506. SW: Juice mixed with deer fat for gum; and sip it with a deer's tail." [correct] "too bitter by itself." Milkweed gum "crumbles MV: Manzanita berries absent from area; obtained after awhile"; superior gum made from a root in foothills or brought down by MF people. (sp. ?) which is broken open and set in sun to 492. SW: At deer lick, and from natural de- let juice run out and congeal. This makes "an posits on Shasta and Bogus rivers. No salt everlasting chewing gum." Young people not al- bought. WMI: Obtained from Cow Creek. Salt lowed to chew gum; old people chew it; "they pop never kept in house; "deer would not like it, it--you can hear it crack for a long way." when his meat was brought into same house"; 507. Kl: From sugar pine. SW: Pitch from kept outside in basket placed in hollow log. older yellow pines. Recommended for persons who Practically only use made of it was to eat it when traveling become weak with hunger or thirst; with green grass, in spring; this eaten outside, "chew it, or pound it up fine and swallow it; it not in house. stirs up the heart, and one can go on." 493. At: Salt obtained from Round Mountain, 508. WT: Used sparingly, never given to child- in N Yana territory; informant's father had ren because of its laxative qualities. WS, MM: "gone there and dug it for himself." AW: Salt Used as physic. NM, NS: Children eat it. obtained from alkali creek at Round Mountain, E 509. AE: Bitten off willow leaves; no flaying of Woodmont in N Yana territory. AW refer to N of leaves to obtain it in any quantity. "If eat Yana as tisai6i ("salt people"). too much of it, gums get sore." Made by "little 494. NS: Salt from spring or marsh. Dry salt black bug" (pes*tui). MV: "Sugar" from leaves not obtainable locally; see 495. of valley oak, which forms in "large glassy drops," 495. NS: Dry salt stolen, from deposits near gathered from ground and added to pinole made Auburn; fights ensue, as are "supposed to buy it." from small seeds. 180 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 510. Ki: Inner bark of yellow pine secured gets skin, 1 of his relatives gets head; all deer in June; by July "too hard." piled together in camp for distribution of meat, 512. Eaten fresh, raw or cooked on coals; if large hunt. WT: Killer keeps 1 ham or tender- dried, for winter, strung on willow withe. MM, loin. WM: Killer keeps 2 hams and deerskin; but, NF: Ground burned for better crop; denied by upon his arrival home, after hams cooked hunter NV. NV: Cooked with fish. calls all his companions on hunt to eat these hams at a "big supper." No women attend this Eating customs.-- supper; each woman cooks and eats a small piece 515. WT, WM, WS: For acorn soup. of meat her husband has brought home as his share 516. WM: For acorn soup. WS: For acorn soup from the hunt. WS: Killer gets ham and deerskin. and deermeat. On large hunt, after hunt all men foregather in 519. Kl: Eat any time during day; sometimes headman's house; men cook the deermeat (hams es- men eat alone, sometimes men, women, children pecially) in this house, and proceed to eat their eat together. fill of meat and acorn mush (latter provided by 521. Fresh food cooked and served. WT: Fresh women for this "dinner"). After men are through, batch food not cooked; "they dish out whatever each one takes home piece of meat, raw or cooked, they have on hand and set it before the visitors." for wife and children. MM, MF: Killer gets skin, 524. NF, NV: With buckskin. of deer or bear. NF: Killer gets skin and 1 ham. NM: Killer gets hindquarter. NS: Killer gets skin, Storage of food.-- 546. Kl: See note 545. MV: Meat divided 525. AW: Acorns stored chiefly in pits; "too equally among hunters; each hunter divides his cold here in winter for outdoor granaries; have share again among his relatives. Acorn dough to bury acorns." similarly divided. 527. Bark used as cover for top; dirt piled up around stump. Ownership of Productive Areas 528. Mo: Poles occasionally laid across boughs of cedar tree; tule sacks containing 548. SW: Upriver from Hamburg, on Klamath, food stored on this pole platform. AW: Food falls not privately owned; this true also of falls stored on platform in oak tree; "poison" (ani- on Shasta, Rogue rivers. At Hamburg and from mate) set on top of food; if any person, animal thence down-river on Klamath through Karuk terri- appears to steal food, poison shoots thief. tory, falls privately owned. 530. For illustration of this type, see 550. AW: "Fishing places the people were more Kroeber, Handbook pl. 38. WT: Informant, shown particular about [than hunting places]; they picture of granary just referred-to, stated WT wouldn't let people from other villages come to use similar granary, but that it is thatched get fish or ducks there. Trespassers would be (?) to some extent on sides. hit with a paddle, if met in canoe, and made to 531. NM, NS, NV: 4 upright posts only, for get out." frame. NM: Hole in bottom, to take acorns out. 554. SW: If man hunts over certain territory MV: Hole in side. near spot where he lives, all his life, when this 532. AE: Food, hides hung up in branches of man dies no one can hunt in that territory for 1 junipers; popular method of storage. year. During man's lifetime,however, anyone be- 533. Kl: Recent custom; "may have done it longing to same local group as man does, may hunt formerly also." NS: Used for temporary pur- there. AW: "Hunting places the people were not poses only. so particular about [as fishing places], although T539. AW: If leaving village for a time, bury they would run out a big bunch of strangers, com- acorns in pit dug inside sweat house; cover hole ing too near the settlements to hunt. Everyone with tule mats, etc. would have to hunt together, though, when they used fire drives back in the mountains." AE: In- Exchange of food.-- formant had been born at small village, paculomnfi, 540. Kl: "Whoever has no food, Indians give in present West's Valley; this village group, him some; they help each other, just like 1 through its headman, controlled West's Valley; family." MV: Informant emphasized fact that be- "no one could go in there and hunt without first tween villages food given as gift, but also men- visiting headman and going out hunting with him. tioned that mountain varieties of acorns are pur- They took care of their land well; no hunting on chased from MF, MM groups. it without permission." All men belonging to 542. AE: Food divided in time of famine. this village had right to hunt, fish in West's 545. Kl: If 2 men hunting, meat divided Valley, however. NM: By 3-4 men, jointly. equally; if more than 2, killer gets slightly 556. AE: "If too many ipos bulbs at padulomf6i larger share. Mo: Killer keeps deer hide. SW: [see note 554], and not enough at hammawi [another If 2 men, killer gets most; if meat cut up, village], the hammawi people would be allowed to cooked or dried and divided in camp, all receive gather ipos at pa4ulomlci"; such privileges often equal share. If driving deer into river, driver reciprocal. gets head, hide, foreleg of deer. At: Killer 561. NM: See note 2619. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 181 Division of Labor pended to the positive entry in the element list, the entry applies to all types. If a positive Subsistence pursuits.-- entry applies to one house type only, a note ex- 566. SW: "A man could go out to help his wife plains to which one the entry applies. gather food if he wanted to, but she couldn't go with him to hunt. She might camp with him Assembly and Living Houses [on hunt], but she had to stay in camp." AW: If girl 9-10 shoots bow and arrow, her forefinger Beside the house types covered by elements will become sore and she will lose arm and hand. 633-765, some groups have in addition house forms (Girls, then, precluded from doing much prac- which are not noted in element list. Notes on ticing with these weapons.) Does not make grown these additional house forms follow. Kl: Suimmer woman sick, though, if she handles bow and ar- living house, wu'keploks; unexcavated, but other- rows. Women do not hunt much; they accompany wise similar in construction to Kl semisubter- husband, usually, and help pack home deer. ranean earth lodge; elements 634, 640, 647, 650, 571. NM: Old men, chiefly. 654, 655, 659, 661, 663, 665, 667, 668, 670, 671, 576. Kl: Wokus (water lily seeds) main seed 675, 677, 680, 693, 696, 701, 703, 719, 723, 724, crop; men do not assist in gathering wokus, nor 727, 734 affirmed for this summer house; all in digging roots or picking huckleberries. "In other elements in series 633-735 denied. SW: early days men didn't do any of women's work, Winter dwelling house, amma; used as eating, and women couldn't do any of men's work, either." sleeping house by a few men, all women and chil- Mo: If man not good hunter, he helps gather dren. Similar in construction to semisubterranean wokus, or dig roots; "he has to eat. But other earth lodge (uk'kwamma) except that it is not men tease him, ask him, 'why don't you learn to earth covered and not excavated; elements af- hunt?"' AW: Coyote decreed "that women gather, firmed for amma include 636, 638, 639, 653, 654, pound acorns, and collect wood, and that men 656, 659, 660, 662, 668, 669, 671, 674, 676, 680, hunt--that's what Coyote said. But if a man 681, 693, 694, 699, 701, 702, 714, 715, 719, 721, isn't going hunting some mornings, and has time, 723, 725, 727, 733a. WT: waipom krewel (see Du he gathers wood." Bois, Wintu, p. 122 ff.) denied for this group, 579. MV: Men only go outside area to gather but see notes for WS. WS: In addition to 6 struc- pine nuts; see note 300b. tures listed, WS have 1 other type, the modern 590. At: Man, however, "sometimes goes out Big Head and "Dream" dance house. This house is with wife, and packs home whatever she gathers; dug out, of plank construction, with rectangular he's sorry for her, and the woman doesn't want hip roof, plank door. Accommodates ca. 200. Re- to get them alone." AE: Men and women. NM: ferred to as olteresLut, but differs in structure Few if any small seeds gathered. from older house form of that name described be- 593. MM: Permissible to bring deermeat into low. (See Du Bois, Wintu, p. 122.) house where women stay, but men cook deermeat. 595. WM, WS: See note 545. Semisubterranean earth lodge.-- 600. SW: Rarely necessary, as "always live, 633. Kl: lultemaloks. Mo: la6'as. SE: Uk'- camp near water." kwamma. (See figure.) SW: uk'kwamma. At: yau'di. 607. AW: Man's ability to obtain wood, im- portant consideration in eyes of his future parents-in-law. In summer, woman packs wood in 1 PI pack basket, in winter man packs it. Manufacturing activities.-- IB 614. MV: Some women make small nets. A 615. SE: Men make heavy cord, women fine cord. c 616. MV: Women assist. 619. Mo: "Men help; perhaps scrape hide, when T T not busy hunting. But women generally tan it." 620. SW: Men, women each make own clothing. A, covered porch or entrance AW: "Not many women tan buckskin or make clothes; slab roof cov le;in C bark or just a few." over all; D, upright posts; E, pole stringers, resting on uprights. HOUSES AND SHELTERS AW: 2 types houses entered under this complex: In this section two or more types of houses (1) as'tui or large sweat house-living house- are sometimes entered under the same complex. dance house, and (2) astu'i or 1-family winter Whenever this has been done, if no note is ap- dwelling. AE: Refers to as'tui, large winter 182 ANTIHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS living house (see figure). WT: Men's assembly (2) klummenuwi, 1-family winter dwelling (see fig.). As my informant described type (1), it , ,_ ground; A, wall; B, pole stringers; C, center post; D, draft hole and door; E, roof entrance and smoke hole. house (olteresLut). WM: 2 types of house en- tered: (1) living house (krewel or cararas krewel; latter term used for large house occu- A, center post; B, posts; pied by chief, several wives and boys, and re- C, short posts; D, log rafters; ferred to farther N as waipom krewel [cf. Wintu, E, lintel with rocks on top; l \ ^ n n : ' ~~~~~~X, fireplace (below smoke hole). p. 122]). (2) pomLut (?), doctor-dance house; not used at Baird, where informant lived, but used farther up McCloud River. WS: 4 types of differed somewhat from MM earth lodge described house entered: (1) waipom krewel, chief's or by Dixon (Maidu, fig. 40, p. 171, and p. 172). multifamily living house. (2) krewel, bark liv- MF: 2 types of houses entered: (1) assembly- ing house, 1-family, used by widows, widowers, winter dwelling; (2) summer brush house. NF: etc. (3) pomLut, doctor-dance house. (4) kum, assembly-sweat house. NM: k'um or nemhU olteresLut or 6emate, assembly-sweat-living (informant gave both names; see Beals, Nisenan, house. For WT and WM groups the WS type (4) p. 344), assembly house. NS: k'um, assembly- house has been entered under earth-covered sweat sweat house. MV: 2 house types entered: (1) house, but as WS informant emphasized its use kumi, secret society assembly house; (2) uyi, as a dwelling house for men, women and children, winter dwelling. with occasional use for sweating, the WS form 634. WS: Refers to doctor-dance house and of this house is entered in present section. assembly house. MM: Refers to multifamily dwell- MM: 2 types entered: (1) ku'um, multifamily ing. winter living house and assembly house (see fig.); 635. WM: Refers to living house. MM: Refers to 1-family dwelling. 636. WS: Refers to multifamily and 1-family dwellings. 638. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers to multifamily and 1-family dwellings. 640. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house FE (see note 633). 641. AW: Refers to 1-family living house. B _ A S 642. WM: Refers to dance house. WS: Refers to doctor-dance house and assembly house. MM: \ D / Rear half of both types of house has conical roof; front half is hip roofed, with 2 ridgepoles. Cf. Dixon, Maidu, fig. 40, p. 171. NF: Rear half of house conical, as among MM (above). 643. WS: Refers to doctor-dance house. 645. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. A, center post; B, posts; 646. WS: Refers to assembly house. C, short posts; D, bark, dirt 647. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. roof covering; E, log rafters WS: Refers to assembly house. hole for wood; X, fireplace; 648. SE: Painted red and black. AW: Refers Q, footdrum. to sweat house-living house. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XI--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 183 650. NS: Depends on size of lodge. 680. At: Mat door covering used for menstrual 651. MM: 2, 1 on either side of center pole, lodge (see note 855). WM, 'WS: Basket used to ca. 3 ft. distant. close entrance to living houses at night. MV: 652. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house; Mat, made of tule or wormwood, for assembly house. 2 side posts, two-thirds of way back from front 681. WM: Living house, bark or slab covering; end of house. WM: 2, in living house only. dance house, brush or bough door covering. If MF: 10 side posts, leaning inward'to form coni- living house left vacant for several weeks, sec- cal roof of assembly house. tion of rotten pine used to close entrance way. 653. SW: 2 pairs of end posts, set in center WS: Secondary ground-level entry to assembly of front and back ends of house, support the 2 house closed with brush. Doctor-dance house has ridgepoles which extend from front to back. no door covering. MM: Bark door covering. AW: 2 posts in front end of sweat house-living 682. At: In N end of house. AW: All entries house; 1-family house has 2 posts in front end, for elements 682-692 refer to sweat house-living plus 1 post in center of back end. WM: 2, in house. WS: Refers to assembly house (see note living house only; serve to support single 688). MM, MF: Refers to multifamily assembly- ridgepole. MM: 2 end posts, in 1-family house. dwelling house. MV: Refers to winter living 654. WS: Refers to multifamily and 1-family house. dwellings. 683. Ki: Through hatchway, which is larger 656. WM: Vertical walls ca. 2 ft. high on than ordinary smoke hole, but serves as such. living house; walls surmounted on all sides by See Spier, Klamath, fig. 19, p. 201. overhanging eaves. WS: Refers to multifamily 685a. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers and 1-family dwellings. to multifamily dwelling and to assembly house. 658. AW: Refers to 1-family living house. MM: Refers to multifamily assembly dwelling WS: Refers to 1-family living house. house. MF: Refers to 1-family dwelling. NV: Re- 658a. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. fers to winter dwelling. WS: Refers to multifamily dwelling, doctor- 687. At: Round entrance, on S side of house. dance house, and assembly house. AW: Rectangular, in broad end of house; bark or 659. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers slab door covering. AE: Round. to multifamily dwelling. Both use cedar planks, 688. WS: Refers to assembly house; women, split with elkhorn wedge, cobblestone maul. children who are living in house use this entry, 662. SE, SW: Cedar bark used. At: Cedar- whereas men habitually use smoke-hole entry. bark slabs which slope inward. AW: Cedar bark 689. WM: Refers to living house; round hole, used mainly; "it's the best lumber." Brush used which is used to bring deermeat into house. Be- only occasionally. WVI: Refers to living house. cause menstruating woman may have entered house 'WS: Refers to 1-family dwelling. NV: Refers to by main doorway, deermeat brought in through main assembly house. door might be contaminated and hunter who has 663. WM: Refers to dance house. WS: Refers shot the deer, lose his luck. to dance house and assembly house. 693. WM: In living house, fire never allowed 664. AW: Refers to 1-family living house. to die out while house is being occupied. (See AE: Rye grass frequently mentioned. fig.) 664a. AW: Refers to 1-family living house. WS: Refers to doctor-dance house and assembly house. 666. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. c b WM: Refers to dance house. WS: Refers to doctor- C ________ dance house and assembly house. A 667. AW: Refers to 1-family living house. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers to multi- family and 1-family living house; pine needles and earth banked around sides of house. 668. AW: Entries for elements 668-681 refer ( shoved in towadfire ; BCs logs to 1-family living house. WS: Refers to multi- burn); X, fireplace, coals in pit; family, 1-family dwellings and doctor-dance D, house walls. house. MM: Refers to 1-family dwelling. MF: Refers to summer brush house. NV: Refers to 694. VIM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers assembly house. to multifamily and 1-family dwellings and to 669. SW: Overhanging porch extends across assembly house. entire front of amma or winter dwelling house 695. WM: Refers to dance house, where fire (see note for assembly and living houses, p. may be either beside main entrance or between 181). center and door. In men's assembly sweat house 674. WM, WS: Refers to living house. (see 766 ff.) fire is also between center and 675. VIM: Refers to dance house. WIS: Refers door, and not beside center pole. NM, ME: to doctor-dance house. Nearer center pole than doorway, however. 184 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 696. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. 717. AW: Refers to 1-family dwelling house; 697. AW: Refers to 1-family dwelling. WM: used by "common people" having lesser economic Refers to dance house (see note 695). WS: Re- status. WM: Floor of house smoothed with stick, fers to doctor-dance house. hollow made for bed, and pine needles laid in it 698. WM: In living house. In living houses, for pallet. assembly house, piece of pine bark used as fire 718. SW: Resembles Karuk stool. Used more fan; "to blow fire with mouth makes one faint, often in unexcavated winter dwelling house than dizzy"; young persons told not to do this. in semisubterranean assembly house. At: "After MV: Any article used which is handy, such as large log had burned down to stump in fireplace, basket, to fan fire; in assembly house "don't use this stump for a stool." need any fire fan." 719. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers 699. WM: In dance house. to multifamily and 1-family dwellings. MV: Re- 700. SE: If families occupy uk'kwamma (see fers to winter living house. note 633) during summer months, cooking fire is 720-721. AW: Refers to sweat house-living built outside, otherwise house becomes too hot. house. WS: Refers to multifamily dwelling. MM, Ordinarily however all cooking is done inside MF: Refers to multifamily house. uk'kwamma. AW: Refers to sweat house-living 722a. WM: Refers to dance house. WS: Refers house. Usually cooking done within house, but to assembly house. NV: Refers to assembly house. in summer if it is too hot or noisy inside 723. SW: Used as sleeping quarters for men house, old women use communal conical cook house only. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers in which to pound acorns, cook, or weave baskets. to 1-family and multifamily dwelling and assembly 701. Kl: See note 683. AW: Sweat house-liv- house. Assembly house may be utilized as living ing house always has smoke hole, but 1-family house by 6-8 families who lack any multifamily house may or may not. WM: Refers to living dwelling of type chief usually occupies. NF: house. Dance house lacks smoke hole, smoke es- Assembly house used by some members of village caping through door. WS: Refers to multifamily as regular quarters; also serves as guest house and 1-family dwellings and assembly house; doc- for visitors. MV: Refers to winter dwelling. tor-dance house lacks smoke hole. 725. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. 702. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. AE: Accommodates 50-60, or, if very large, more. WM: Refers to living house. WS: Refers to as- 727. WM: Refers to living house. sembly house. MM: Refers to multifamily assem- 728. SW: Used as sweat house rarely; informant bly-living house. NV: Refers to winter dwelling. stressed point that "it never became so hot in 703. SW: Used in earth-covered sweat house, the assembly house, that people couldn't dance but not in semisubterranean earth lodge where in it." At: Used only occasionally as sweat entry is through sloping tunnel in front end of house, in which event young children removed house. AW: Used in sweat house-living house- from house until sweating over. AW: Refers to dance house. WM: Lacking in living house and sweat house-living house; not to 1-family dwell- dance house; present in earth-covered sweat ing. AE: Used frequently as sweat house; men, house. Form: 2 poles with rungs tied between. women sweat together at social gatherings, then WS: Used in assembly house. MM: Refers to both sexes dance, sing. During sweating anyone multifamily assembly-living house. MF: Refers who wishes may leave; after dancing commences no to assembly house. NS: Jump through smoke hole one may leave until dance over. WM: Neither liv- into assembly house. NV: Refers to winter ing house nor dance house serves as sweat house. dwelling. WS: Refers to assembly house, which is used as 704. SW: This type ladder used in earth- sweat house occasionally, women vacating it at covered sweat house (see note 703). this time. MM, MF: Refers to multifamily house. 706. MM: "Sometimes slide down center pole, 729. SW: Used mainly as assembly house in if want to show off" when entering assembly which indoor dances, attended by both sexes, are house. held. At: Chief's dwelling usually used for 708. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. dances "because it is larger." AW: Refers to WV: Refers to living house. WS: Refers to mul- sweat house-living house. WM: Refers to dance tifamily dwelling. house. WS: Refers to assembly house and to doc- 709. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house. tor-dance house. MM, MF: Refers to multifamily 711. WM: Double lean-to bark house has in- assembly-dwelling house. MV: Refers to secret terior walls banked thus. society assembly house. This house used for 713. MV: Refers to winter dwelling. initiation of boys into secret society; members 714. SW: Mats used as floor coverings; pal- of the secret society sleep in it; chief nominal lets used in unexcavated living house and in owner; only 1 at village. When building assembly'. men's excavated sweat house, however. WM: Re- house, N and S "sides" race to see which can fers to living house. WS: Refers to multifamily cover their half of house first with tule or and 1-family dwelling and assembly house. grass, and wormwood coverings; this task com- 715. AW: Refers to sweat house-living house; pleted during single day. New assembly or dancet mats used by persons of better economic status. house opened with "sweat dance" (kenu). CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 185 730. WS: Refers to assembly house. set in ground at right angles to first pair, and 731. WS: Doctor-dance house open to men only, tips tied together over center section of first except when dancing going on; at this time arch. women may also seek shamanistic power by dancing. 740. Mo: Positive entry refers to domed sum- 732. SW: Ceremonies consist largely of dances, mer house. attended by both men and women; however, prospec- 743. Mo: Positive entry refers to winter cook tive women shamans may also use this house to house. Besides partial earth covering, both Kl, dance in, alone, while training for doctoring. Mo bank pine needles, earth around outside base WS: See note 731. of house. 733. Kl, Mo: Shaman dances publicly in house 751. AE: Ca. 8 in. during training; later cures in house. SE, SW: 751a. Kl: Near main entrance. Mo: In summer Shaman dances, alone, in house during training. house, at center of house; in winter cook house, AE: Shaman cures in house. WT, WM, WS: Would- near main entrance. be shamans, when seeking power, hold dance in 751b. Mo: Positive entry refers to domed sum- dance house. WS, MM, MF, NF, NM, NS: Shaman mer house. cures in assembly house. MM, MF, NF: Shaman also 753. Mo: Positive entry refers to winter cook holds night seances in assembly house. house. 733a. SE: See note for assembly and living houses. AE: By end of December all people be- Conical hut and lean-tos.-- longing to certain village gather, live in 754. SE: All data regarding conical hut among semisubterranean earth lodge; during summer, SE obtained not from SE but from AW informant fall they "live scattered out in camps" of 1-2 (see below). This informant stated that SE used households, "all over the hills." WS: Refers this house type more frequently than did AW. At: to multifamily living house and assembly house. Negative entry probably reliable, as informant MF: Refers to multifamily assembly house. MV: quickly recognized the type and voluntarily at- Refers to winter dwelling. tributed conical houses with bark or juniper cov- 734. At: During summer "camp out, under 4- erings to AW (correct) and an AE group. AW: 2 post shade." MM: During summer use flat-topped types conical houses entered here. (1) plustoki, shades, circular brush enclosures ("corrals"). which was rarely used by AW, used more often by MF: Refers to 1-family brush house. SE. (2) Conical cook house (apule waka). En- 735. WS: Refers to 1-family living house. tries, unless starred, refer to both types. MV: Refers to assembly house. AE: pu'le. Bark-covered, 2-family living house, used mainly in spring and fall. Additional posi- Domed living house.-- tive elements: 657, 658, 662, 664, 665, 668, 675, 736. Kl: Cook house (sti'na'as). The follow- 676, 678, 680, 681, 693, 694, 698, 701, 714, 716, ing additional traits pertaining to this type 719, 723, 727. This type house "used a long time house were noted as present, but are not in- ago"; informant had not seen one for 50 years. cluded in element list: 668, 670, 701, 719, 721, WT: krewel. Additional elements include: 634, 722, 733a. Mo: 2 varieties domed living houses 657, 658, 668, 676, 681, 693, 694, 698, 714, 717, used. (1) multifamily domed eating and sleep- 719, 721. WM, WS: Du Bois (Wintu, 122) mentions ing summer house (stakimus), and (2) cook house conical hut for Wintu generally, refers to it by for winter house (kaiya'da). Type 1 "could be term my informants used for lean-to (see note occupied winter and summer; it often is, by or- 763). WM, WS menstruants only use conical hut dinary persons. Shamans, headmen live in earth (see note 8555. NF: hiu, winter dwelling. Addi- house in winter, and use domed houses only in tional elements include: 634, 643, 657, 658, 663, summer, or when camping." AW: alo'li. Addi- 667, 668, 675, 677, 681, 693, 694, 698, 701, 714, tional positive elements: 693, 694, 699, 701, 717, 719, 723, 724, 727. NM: hUpi, bark dwell- 702, 714, 715, 717, 719, 721, 723, 727, 735. ing. Additional elements include: 635, 6-pole AE: pastilogi. Willow house, having additional foundation, 3 poles being placed at each end of positive elements: 668, 670, 693, 694, 698, 701, ellipsis, 668, 675, 676, 681, 693, 694, 698, 701, 714, 715, 716, 719, 723, 727. NV: Slightly ex- 714, 716, 719. (See fig.) NS: 2 types of houses cavated, partly earth-covered domed living -B house lacking, but it should be noted that the 2 types of semisubterranean earth lodges, and A also the earth-covered sweat house have domed A roofs. \ 737. Mo: Positive entry refers to winter cook A x A house. 738. Mo: Positive entry refers to domed sum- A A mer house. 739. AW, AE: Pair willow poles stuck in A ground 8-10 ft. apart; upper ends arched and tied together at ntiop; iB, en- tied together near tips; second set of poles trance way; X, fireplace. 186 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS entered. (1) hiipu, winter dwelling; (2) itttU, lonikrewel. Used chiefly by widows. Additional summer dwelling. Winter dwelling slightly ex- elements include: 635, single ridgepole, 657, 658, cavated (ca. 1 ft.), entirely covered with earth; 664a, 667, 668, 669, 674, 677, basket to close summer dwelling unexcavated, not earth covered. entrance at night, 685a, 686, 687, 693, 694, 698, MV: duwi, summer dwelling. Additional positive 701, 702, 708, 711, 714, 717, 719, 723, 724, 735. elements include: 634, 646, 647, 648, 668, 675, Du Bois (Wintu, p. 122) describes krewel or 677, 680, 693, 694, 701, 714, 716, 719, 723, lonikrewel as conical type; my informant described 724, 727. it as double lean-to, lacking side walls. See Du 754a. SE, AW: Earth piled over bark, so en- Bois' final remarks on waipom krewel type of tire house is, on outside view, earth covered. house (Wintu, p. 123). AW: Cook house only partly earth covered. 763b. WM: Pine needles and dirt banked halfway 756a. SE: See note 754. SE, AW: 4 large up exterior sides; bark slabs laid over this, poles tied together near top and pulled apart "like shakes."? to make them stand firmly. AE: Willow poles used. 757. NS: Refers to summer dwelling. Sweat Houses and Sweating Customs 757a, b. NS: Refers to winter dwelling. 758. AW: Refers to plustoki or living house. Earth-covered sweat house.-- 758a. AE: 2-family house. 766. Kl: 2 varieties earth-covered sweat house, 759a. AW: Refers to cook house. essentially similar in construction, are included 760. Mo: Used when camping only. SE: Summer in entries 766-775. (1) winter sweat lodge, (2) camp house, amma or currara amma. Cf. name for mourners' sweat lodge, constructed by culture WS "camp shed" (cecararas krewel) and WM living hero. Lodges of latter type located near Ft. house (cararas krewel). SW: 1-family summer or Klamath, at Modoc Point, near Buckley Spring N camp house. WS: 2 types. (1) cecararas krewel of Algoma, at Pelican Bay. Mo: Have only 1 type or "camp shed," multifamily camp with separate of earth-covered sweat house; this is used by family fireplaces. (See fig.) Used for 3- or mourners only. SW: Men's sweat house (wak'wa). Resembles Yurok sweat house; in addition to ele- -E ments noted, following elements also affirmed for this house by SW informant: 636, 638, 639, 647, -I 1 . n . ] . l .648, 682, 685, 685a, 687, 690, 693, 696, 699, x x x n ,702, 703, 704. At: ts'maka (?). In addition to elements noted on list, following also affirmed: 668, 672, 676, 693, 699. AW, AE: All sweating w ; __;____L>____: J done in winter living house (see 633-735) or (re- C m! X g latter; buckskin draped over C_ it. 1375. Mo: "Rich people cover frame with buckskin. D0, ?l ||Poor people only make holes along edge, to thread yoz C vE lashing thongs through." Buckskin coverings used XO 0/ U only on recent board-cradle type. AE: On lying- Fo/ t type cradle for older infant (see note 1353). Hole cut near bottom of buckskin covering, for girl baby to urinate. For boy, small woven wil- (Left) A, holes to pass lashing through; low apron put over lower end of cradle, to keep B, hoop for cradle hood; C, separate tule bed; buckskin dry when infant urinates. D, cross-bar rest for infant's legs. 1376. Mo: Beads suspended from frame of cradle (Right) A, hood of basketry; B, basketry hood, on board cradle only, if infant a girl, splints (?) to support hood; C, transverse and if famlwaltnNot rods, to form bed; lashed to frame with sinew~ ndf mly welh.. tlgsspne o D, leg rest; E, forked stick frame; F, point ' male infant. Board cradle recent. At: Post- to stick in ground. White. At, NM: Formerly boy baby's genitals 196 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS left exposed, so he could urinate without wet- ized pieces of decayed log. Skin hung up to dry; ting wrappings, girl baby's covered. resoaked; worked with hands, over feet, to soften. 1383. SE, SW: Girl laced in cradle from NS: Informant relieved "only certain people tanned, waist upward, boy, from neck downward. buckskin, not everyone"; no knowledge of tanning. 1384. MV: Transverse sticks lashed on top of Beals, Nisenan, p. 345, observes: "Buckskin seems rim rod for boy, underneath rim rod for girl, to have been little employed"; my information as latter's back is "bigger." agrees. 1384. Kl: Refers to willow cradle for older 1453. MM: For skins other than deerskin. NF: infant (see note 1353). Hair plucked out by hand, after hide soaked. 1454. WT: Also fleshed on outstretched leg. Blankets; mats; cordage.-- 1455. Usually lower front leg bone of deer, See also elements 812-825. which is sharp. SE: Elk shoulder blade or lower 1390. At: Imported from Atwamsini Achomawi, front leg bone of deer. WS: Deer rib. of Big Valley, where manufacture of rabbitskin 1457. Mo: Obsidian knife. AW; WT: Sharp piece blankets flourishes. WM, WS: Imported from of rock. Keswick Wintu living in vicinity of Redding. 1460. AW: Sometimes use wild duck egg yolks, 1394. AW: Weft not tied to warp. but "deer brains best." 1402. AW: After blanket finished, 2 vertical 1463. As described in Spier, Havasupai, fig. posts slipped out from ends, and ends of warp 17, p. 141. tied. 1470. AW: Least-used method. If stone, bone 1410. AW: See figure. graining implement used, hide merely held with hands; if hide pulled back and forth over foot, it is held with hands only. 1476. SE, AW, AE: Grass. SW, At, WS: Moss; WS: of "poisonous" variety. WT: Bark. ......... 1478. MM: Plus boiled roots and weeds. 1479. NS: For bows, arrows. 1481. MV: Plus plant. 1482. Usually "mixed with something." WS: Mixed with charcoal. BODY AND DRESS 1413. WS: Maple-bark skirts, made with same Care and Adornment of Person technique AW use for tule mats (see element 1410 and AW note). Haircut; coiffure; comb; care of hair.-- 1424. AW: Also 3-ply, for heavier string; 1487. WT: Occasionally only. "roll 3 small strands together." 1488. SW: Mother, for child. 1429. AW: Informant's father rolled cord up 1489. SW: Woman, after death of husband. thigh, then down, but "others went down, and 1492. WM: Orphaned girls have hair cut, or- then up, all the time." Fish lines dyed (see phaned boys, hair burnt short. note 238). 1493. WM: See note 1492. 1432. SE: Thongs stretched between 2 trees or 1494. Ca. 1 month after birth burn off hair stakes; drawn over oak limb to soften. with pine needles to make it grow in long. AE: Receptacles (Other than Baskets); If infant has thin hair, cut it close when baby Leather Goods; Adhesives 2-3 months old. MV: Girl babies only. 1495. 141: If hair cut at any other time, some- 1433. AW: Natural piece of smooth wood, not one will die. shaped; use forho fish. ' 1496. At: Men, women. AE, WM, MV: Women, shaped; used for hot fish. grs 1443. NS: Soapstone bowl, ca. size large girls. basket cap, used for bathing babies. Water put 1497. Ki: Temple locks, men. AE. Forelock, men. in bowl; soapstone ring, doughnut shape, which 1498. Kl: Men. Mo: Shamans; braid scalp lock. in~~~ bol sopson rig doghu shpe whc AE: Boys; tie feathers, weasel hide, on scalp has been heated in fire, put into bowl to heat AEk B water; used in giving babies sponge bath if ock. fretful. Informant's sons had found handleless 1500. MV: 2 women perform operation; 1 woman soapstone "cup" in hills in vicinity; had ca- holds glowing brand, other holds hair, especi- pacity ca. 1 teacupful. ally bangs. 1451. Mo: Also bury hide in damp ground, to 1502. 14: Occasionally only. soften it, if stiff. WM, WS: For tanning of 1506. On top of, or at back of head. SW, WT, bear hide, see elements 1471-1472. MM: Bearskin 15414, WSTEM, WS: Hairpins in hVaiRo (se emn1hT soaked in water to which has been added pulver- 154.A,W,M,F,V:Rlorbnhai when head net worn, only. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 197 1507. SE, SW: Old men only. 1612. MM: With burnt pepperwood gourds. 1509. WM: Men. 1614. Ki: "Nose plugs and earrings are new; 1515. Kl: Men, women, boys, girls. Mo, SE, the Klamath learned to use them from the Molala At, AW, AE: Men, women. WT: Women, girls. WM: Indians and the S [California] Indians. They Women, boys, girls. SW, MF, NS: Men, women, never made holes in their nose and ears in old young men, young women, boys, girls. times." SW: Awl used chiefly to pierce noses; 1540. Mo: Shamans, others who can afford such sometimes point of quill, but latter makes too ribbons. SW: Men, women, youths, boys. At, small a hole. WM: Male, female mourner if de- AW: Men, women. sirous of inflicting loss on others similar to 1548. Kl: Wild rye grass. that he has experienced, retires to small sweat 1549. Ki: Ascribed to Mo by informant. Spier, house (Lut) and pierces nasal septum with small Klamath, p. 214, states Kl also use it. AE: manzanita stick. Addresses bloody stick, tell- "Best kind of comb." ing it he wishes other persons to die; stays in 1555. SE: Alder sap, boiled. WS: Elderberry sweat house 6-7 days, leaving stick in nose until juice. NF, MV: Pepperwood. hole has healed; then takes out stick and gives 1558. SW: Deer, bear fat "no good for hair, it to relative, shaman usually, to keep and use as deer's, bear's hair comes out yearly." in poisoning people. WS: By sick persons only, 1560. Absences noted for distribution of pep- occasionally. perwood may be only partial; no specimens shown to informants. SW: Pepperwood gourds lacking in Deformation, mutilations.-- SW area; imported from near-by Karuk down-river. 1617. Kl: See note 1614. SW: Porcupine quill Distribution of pepperwood extends only as far used; keeps ear lobes from becoming sore. as Happy Camp. 1620. At: Men, women. AE: Women. 1562. For distribution of this plant, see 1621. Kl: Learned to tattoo from Shasta (Acho- element 499. mawi?) when informant boy (ca. 50 years ago). 1568. AW: Hunters only. 'Two Ki women went [S] to see Shasta; when they returned, 1 old woman tattooed herself" with 3 Face and body paints and powders.-- lines on chin radiating from mouth; "people saw 1574. SE: Grows on knot or burl of white fir. it and liked it, and lots of old women did it WS: On bark of white fir. MM: Specimen seen; then. The first old woman thought it made her orange-colored fistules on spruce burl. look pretty." Informant had also seen 1 old man, 1575. WT: Yellow pine. with circles tattooed under eyes, and connecting 1576. WS, NM: Elderberry. MV: Wild rose line over nose, but "didn't like it; it looked (haws?). funny." Men's tattooing on arms also recent cus- 1578. SE: Burnt, for paint. tom. Mo informants confirmed slight use of tat- 1582. Because scattered to keep away ghosts too by Kl; commented upon how heavily Shasta at funerals, etc., therefore "no good" as paint. tattoo. Mo: Recent (?). SW informant denied Mo, 1584. SE, SW: From pines; also, SE: from Wintu women tattoo; however, Mo informant attrib- oaks. WM: From tamarack. uted tattooing to Tule Lake Mo groups. WM: Little 1586. MM: Imported. tattooing among WM; if tattoo very much, spirits 1589. Mainly from charcoal, finely powdered. will take person away. More tattooing among NF, NM, NS: From burnt acorn. Trinity, Weaverville Wintu groups (Nomsus). 1592. SE, SW: Charcoal mixed with marrow, 1622. AW: Boys occasionally only. WT: Men on chewed into waxy substance, stored in deer blad- arms, when wife dies only. der; squeezed out and used as pencil when needed. 1625. WT: 3 narrow stripes put on girl's chin; This mixture of charcoal and marrow denied for vertical lines across cheeks added later, when all other groups. AW, MF: Red paint only; mixed girl is grown woman. with marrow or grease. 1626. WT: See note 1625. 1593. Made into black paste. 1627. WT: Women. 1600. AE, MF, NF: Pitchy mixtures, especially, 1629. SW: Upper-arm marks to measure dentalia; applied with stick. NS: Black, red paint ap- men, only. WT, WM: Men. WM: Men tattoo as plied with fingers. therapeutic measure only. 1600a. Mo, SE: Water in basket, or in spring, 1633. Obsidian knife, generally. MV: With stream used as mirror when applying paint. white rock, procured from river and smashed for 1601. NS: Lumps of yellow acorn meal, which sharp edge. leaching water did not penetrate when meal be- 1638. Therapeutic measure; see elements 4473- ing leached, made into small cake which is baked 4474. on hot stone; this cake is oily, and is rubbed 1641. Mo: "Proud of eyebrows, eyelashes; over face "like cold cream." wouldn't pull them." NS: Hot ashes applied; 1603. Kl: Men, women pitch body, legs, arms "eyebrows never grow back." and stick on duck feathers, to keep warm. 1642. NS: See preceding note. 1604. Used for babies, especially. 1647. MV: Face rubbed with warm rock, so 1611. Used for babies, especially. MV: Alder beard will not grow quickly. tea used to wash babies who are chafed. 1648. SE, WT, MF, NM: Rarely; old men only. 198 ANTiROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ornaments.-- Dress 1649. Ki: See note 1614. 1652. SW: When hole healing, only. Headgear, robes.-- 1654. No spe imens of these shells seen; des- 1713. Kl: Brim on men's caps, painting of men's cribed as "flat, thin, round shell with hole caps, denied for Klamath Marsh groups (see Spier, made near edge"; 2-3 pendent from buckskin thong. Klamath, pp. 182-183). WT: "Worn at Willow Creek 1656. Kl: See note 1614. NM: Worn by women. [Hupa] and on McCloud River [WM], but not among NS, MV: By men and women. WT." WM: Upriver people [WS] give WM women basket 1657. MV: Worn during dances only. caps occasionally. 1662. MV: Small feather-decorated basketry- 1715. See Spier, Klamath, fig. 13,c, p. 180. plaque pendant. Specimen of Kl woman's basket cap shown to all 1665. MV: Milkweed gum, in black pattern. informants to verify this element. 1671. AW: Shaman only; yellowhammer tail 1718. AW: If man wears basket cap, he is feather. See note 1900. ridiculed. AE: Never worn by men. 1672. AE: Only when ear healing. 1723. Worn in winter. SE: Feathers attached 1677. AE: Possibly dentalia used, as inform- to it. AW: Brimless. ant described nose plug as sharp at both (?) 1726. SW: Worn habitually by men to keep hair ends, and slightly curved. down, as women wear basket cap. Not used for pack- 1678. Generally burned on end, and used only ing, as men pack on shoulders. when hole healing. 1729. WM: In war, or war dance; covered with 1679. AW: Feather, or quill alone, only when duck skins. hole healing. Use of quill denied for all other 1730. SW: Used by shamans, but not by ordinary groups. persons, except for dances (see element 1943). 1684. SW: Worn by children only. AE: "Great MV: Tule band to keep hair back. style"; worn at dances only. 1734. SW: "Goes with Big Head dance." 1691. SW: Strung with double string, so beads 1735. Kl: Tule mat (ste'holas) 3 ft. wide, lie flat. 4-5 ft. long, used when fishing in daytime on 1692. SW: Obtained from Karuk. ice; fisherman covers head with mat "to make it 1696. Mo: From seeds which squirrels, rats, dark underneath so that he can see into the water have gnawed hole in. SW: See Dixon, Shasta, plainly." At: Tule eyeshade woven, "like blind- fig. 94. Buy these from Wintu in 2 colors, ers"; projected from each side of wearer's head; black (roasted) shells, brown (natural) ones. tied on by band around head. Informant's hus- At: Widows in mourning also make pitch beads, band used such when fishing for trout in boat at wear them as necklace, bracelet. night so light would not get into his eyes. 1697. Distribution of sweet grass throughout 1736. Mo: Charcoal mixed with pitch. entire area unverified; absence noted only when 1737. MV: Used commonly in cold weather, es- informants positive on point. pecially by women when outside pounding food. 1698. SW: Girls, playing, put flowers in hair, 1741. At: Used in rainy weather by few people ear, nose, around neck. "Often speak of wild- only. flower patches; how pretty they look, how the 1743. Kl, WS, MM: Worn thus by men and women. flowers brighten up the scene." AW: "Don't pick Mo, At, AW, MF, NM: By men only. SE, WT, WM: By wildflowers, but speak of them, say how pretty women only. (See note 1744.) they look." 1744. SE, WT, WM, NM: Worn thus by men. At, 1699. Usually made from hair cut in mourn- AW, AE, MF: By women. ing. K]: 6-7 strings of human hair; worn as 1747. AW: N of "real" Achomawi, group at Deny ornament by old women only; qai'hlis. (Suk'mawi) use bearskin caps. But "real Achomawi 1701. From girl's puberty on. were river Indians; they stayed around the rivers, 1703. SW: See note 1698. WM: Dancers wear fished; every man had a canoe, and belonged to flowers; "they like the flowers; when they see the river. They went out [hunting] for a little them blooming they make strings of bunches of while, then returned to the river." wild 'orange blossom' flowers tied together, and 1749. Mo: Puma "costly" robe. wear them on their head, or in their ears, or as 1750. SE: Beaver hides. WS: Worn by men and a necklace. They want to be pretty. They take women. yellow button flowers and string these., piercing them with a bone awl, and tie them on their Shirts and gowns.-- heads; women wore these when just sitting around 1751. SW: For everyday wear women's dress con- making a basket. If a woman had part of the sists of 2 whole buckskins, seamed up both sides, strand left, she put it in her ears." NF: Worn tied over both shoulders. by women for Spring dance (weda); also by boys, 1752. KE: Bought women's buckskin dresses from girls playing. Molala, NW of the KE, and the Warm Springs In- dians. "The Molala made them, the Kl bought them, and learned how to make them. That was quite a long time ago, about 90 years; long before the CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEXAST CALIFORNIA 199 Modoc War [1872-73]. There were no White people [see note 282] with using shredded willow-bark in the Kl country yet, or at Portland. The Kl skirts, "woven at top like a mat, with fringe all traded with the Molala and the Warm Springs In- the way down. They were too poor to afford buck- dians and the Yakima; the Warm Springs and Yakima skin skirts for their women." WT: Woven, "like a had more horses; the Kl had only a few." SE: gunny sack." MV: Woven willow-bark skirt; extends From Warm Springs Indians. "Those Indians up nearly to ankle; hangs from grass belt. Bark from there are much smarter. The SE traded bone beads 2 varieties of willow shredded, left to soak over [dentalia] for women's buckskin dresses and men's winter in mud; in spring washed well in clear shirts from them; SE went N and got otter skins water for 2-3 days. Underneath this bark skirt for button [clamshell disk] beads." woman wears long single front apron of grass, pic- 1753. Varies, according to size of woman tured in Dixon, Maidu, fig. 35, p. 163. When wearer. AW: 2-3 skins. WT: 1 skin, if from big woman sits, this grass underapron is tucked be- buck. tween legs. 1755. WT: 2 front legs used to tie skin at 1802. AE: Sewed tule skirts used formerly; in- back of neck. formant dubious concerning style of skirt. 1757. Crude-type dress, little better than 2 1803. WT: Worn by women. WS: Worn by men. whole skins, tied together over shoulders and at 1807. Mo: Worn by poor people. sides, to cover front and back of wearer. 1808. At: Women for everyday wear use (1) 1758. SW: Tied at shoulders, but not at waist. small shredded tule front apron, deer-hide back 1768. Kl: Glass trade beads. apron; (2) 2 buckskin aprons, front one larger 1770. SW: Men's everyday shirt. At: "Atsugewi than back one. AE: Worn by men. At, WM, WS, men wore buckskin all the time; that's why they MM: Worn by women. NF: Worn by men, women. WM: called him rich." AE: Recency of buckskin shirt Front apron of maple bark, back apron of buck- denied. skin. When woman sits, she draws front apron in 1771. Kl: Men's buckskin shirt acquired from between legs and sits on it. Molala about same period as women's buckskin 1813. AE: Man going to war wears small front gown (see note 1752). SE: See note 1752. kilt of shredded sagebrush or greasewood bark, 1772. MM: 1-2 skins. also back kilt of same, but even smaller than 1773. See note 1757. front one. 1780. SW: Sleeves, of elbow or wrist length, 1816. For illustrations of this type skirt sometimes set into armholes, especially for see Du Bois, Wintu, pl. 3, p. 147; Goddard, Hupa, winter wear. pl. 8, fig. 2; Dixon, Shasta, fig. 92, p. 410. 1784. At: Lacking on buckskin shirt, but 2 Mo: Import braided-grass apron-skirts (snak6as), bone beads sewed onto front of poncho-type shirt pine-nut string skirts (nok6as) from Achomawi. (see element 1785). 1820. Mo: Wealthy women only, wear. 1785. At: Worn by Madesi Achomawi also. 1822. SW: Seamed up sides, tied at hips; ankle length. Loin coverings.-- 1786. SE, SW, At, AE: Worn by men, women. Muffs, mittens; footgear, leggings.-- WT, M1: Worn by men. SW: Women wear breecholout 1823. Ki: Spier, Klamath, p. 210, states Kl underneath skirts, but never use it as sole gar- used mittens or mufflike arm garment; my inform- ment, as men often do. AW: All breecholouts ant said not used by Klamath Marsh group. AW: (i 6iti) pass between legs, but different methods Muffler of mink, weasel skin also used, for cold of tying them at waist; some are tied at sides. weather. AE: Whole buckskin, legs left on; trimmed narrow 1828. AE: Cased wood-rat skins; used by men where it passes between legs. Ends pass over in winter when hunting. MF: Buckskin gauntlets belt tied around waist; flaps hang down over with fingers. Term for these, wolosi k'clko, belt in back, front, "like little aprons." Men, translated as "put one's hand in it"; probably some women wear them always; women generally in post-White, but informant stated that "when summer. White men came the Indians threw these gloves 1787. SW: Breechclout made from smoked buck- away." skin, tanned soft. If wet, rubbed and reworked 1830. SE: 2 types: (1) ankle length; (2) boot until soft again. Flap of breechclout falls length. Unless specified in notes or otherwise, down in front over belt. entries for elements 1830-1846 refer to both 1788. SW: For makeshift garment only. types. At: Pounded grass, or occasionally tule 1793. MM: Worn in summer. slippers, worn inside moccasins in winter. W1: 1794. MF: Tanned, with hair removed. Not worn in Stillwater area to S. 1795. According to size of woman. 1831. Mo: Made from tanned buckskin. 1796. Skins sewed or tied together; tail left 1832. Mo: Made from rawhide, with hair left on back skin. on. 1798. MM: Winter only. 1834. AW: Rich man's moccasins made from neck 1801. SW: Informant credited Kammatwa and hide of buck. Poor persons use doe hide. Katiruk groups, between Shasta proper and Karuk 1836. Not counting added sole. SE: 2 pieces 200 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS for ankle-length moccasin; 3 pieces for boot- 1865. Kl: 3-4 buckskin thongs across frame;- length moccasin. 1 lengthwise. Tied with buckskin; "sinew doesn't 1837. Often of elkhide. Mo: Heavy piece from hold." neck. WM: Bearhide, from neck. 1839. WS: Some crudely made without toe seam, Ceremonial dress.-- being merely tied around foot. 1872. AW: "Beyond Kennett, at Grindstone es- 1843. AW: Made boot length as protection pecially (Wintu), one sees these; not among against rattlesnakes, hayseeds. Achomawi." 1844. SE: On front part of ankle-length moc- 1873. MV: Feather aprons (slkli) worn in back, casin only. by male dancers. 1846. MF: Back seam only. 1878. WT: If use or keep eagle down, person 1848. AE: Of sagebrush bark; worn in winter. will have worms in stomach or intestines; term 1849. Kl, Mo, SE, At: Used in winter. AE: for eagle and worm synonymous. WM: Eagle, worm, Used in spring, during wet weather. Mo: Lined t'Luk. Shaman uses eagle wing while in trance; with shredded sage bark. AW: Poor man's foot- puts his power ("bullet" or "poison") in small gear. hole in wing. Also keeps power in rattlesnake 1851. At: Made from neck hide of deer. rattles, kept in house; when doctoring uses these. 1852. At: Used around camp. WS: Shaman uses eagle wing. ME: Eagle (?) down. 1861. AW, AE: Buckskin leggings tied inside, NF, NS, NV: Swan's-down. MV: If youth kills at knee and ankle. swan, must take it to secret society head, who 1863. WT: Hip-to-knee leggings, attached to pays him sum equivalent to $10 for male bird, buckskin band in front, worn by men when hunting $8 for female; members of secret society eat it in winter. 2 strings attached to band at each in assembly house; later use swan feathers for end; these are tied in back. Leggings themselves dance regalia. are tied together with thongs, at intervals down 1879. At: Recent (?); see AW entry. AW: "Win- center front. tun [Wintu] and Round Mountain Indians [Yana] make 1864. SW: Dixon, Shasta, fig. 93, p. 411, yellowhammer-quill bands; so do Yuki and Wailaki. pictures circular snowshoe; my informant emphatic The Hat Creek people [At] just learned from the this type not used by SW; sketched what he stated Round Mountain people." was aboriginal Shasta-type snowshoe (see fig.). 1892. At: This type yellowhammer band also SE: Informant agreed with SW statements. attributed to Madesi Achomawi shamans. 1900. AW: Yellowhammer feathers "go with a doctor's poison" so must be careful of them. Anything with yellowhammer feathers on it (as A ) i t zN whistle) is sign of poison." See note for fol- lowing element; also for 1671. Ordinary doctors wear headband of these feathers; powerful doc- tors usually wear flowing head net (see note 1947). 1901. AW: "Some doctors notch the feathers a little, but most of them say, 'Don't cut that; the poison [in the feathers] will spread on to the ground. "' WS: Shaman keeps "poison" or power object in quill end of single notched feather which he keeps outside house. 1902. Mo: If man, in vision, dreams of having woodpecker, he stuffs 1 and hangs it up, fulfill- 9 D <7 ing his vision. Woodpecker "not used for any- thing else." SW: Sent all woodpecker scalps down-river to Karuk. Informant "didn't know why SW didn't use such things themselves; they had raw materials for so many articles Karuk use." Besides woodpecker scalps, SW sent all white n R B deerskins down to Karuk. "All the white deer- skins Karuk have are from the Shasta, especially from SW group on Klamath River near Horse Creek; also a few from Shasta Valley. The Shasta didn't A, hazel-stick frame; B, point value the skins as did the Karuk." Also sent where end of string is tied; C, down wolf skins; "no wolves in Karuk territory webbing of 2-ply hemp rope, such (?). Karuk use wolf tail as ornament, parting as covers entire surface of snow- i i c a c i shoe; D, 2-ply rope, woven 1 un- breast." See ao nvotern19 8t with gr2v oqf3rrvne der, 1 over; E, 2-ply string,bes. e lont 98 T f3vre woven for footrest. ties of woodpeckers used; heads or scalps of CULTURE ELEM4. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 201 (a) bulitarak, large variety which stays high up 1975. WT: "Like smaller ones; they are whiter in timber, and (b) curat, smaller variety which and smoother; larger ones are darker. Smaller stays lower down on mountains in oak country. ones cost more; they pick out these." 1904. AE: Otter, mink band. 1976. SW: Imported from Wintu, who manufacture 1905. MV: Woodpecker feathers, not scalps, them. At: Obtained in considerable quantity from woven into band used for belt. MM of Big Meadows by individuals who have rela- 1907. Sinew used. tives there; recent (?). "Trade horses with 1911. At: Woodpecker scalps on buckskin band these"; also use them as necklaces. "cost lots of [shell] money; 1 row good enough; 1978. At: Small quantities only. it costs too much money." 1980. AW: Counted in units of 20 each. 1913. AW: Yana use this, at Round Mountain. 1984. Span of both arms, with string extending 1918. AW: Used in Ghost dance. downward in middle as far as umbilicus. 1921. WT: Breast skins of ducks sewed to- 1985. SE, At: 1 arm span, from fingers to nose. gether, used to cover buckskin cap; latter worn 1986. SW: Possibly used for clamshell disks; to war, or at dances. certainly for shaman's tobacco. 1922. SE: Worn by children. SW: For everyday 1987. AW: Used as receptacle for large quanti- wear, by men; stuck in topknot. WS: Tied to ties of beads. stick, worn for dances. 1989. Mo: Somewhat longer strand of beads re- 1924. AW: Buckskin cap pierced with holes to turned than borrowed, usually, but this not ob- resemble net; fits snugly over head; feathers ligatory. AW: Do not loan currency; give it to tied on it in all directions; tekwali pani, poor man. "buckskin head net." 1927. At: "One Madesi [Achomawi] man had this; Treasure.-- At didn't know how to sing those songs very well; 1990. SW: Imported from coast; used for neck- the Madesi man sang all night." laces, also as currency, but not so expensive as 1929. Mo: Used only by person who has received dentalia. At: Used for decoration; also to pay instruction to do so from guardian spirit. WM: shamans. Crane or hawk feather, worn by chief when visit- 1991. AW: Used as ornaments on women's dance ing. WS: Worn by men. aprons of strung pine nuts. 1935. At, AW, AE: 2-3 times. 1994. AW: Magnesite cylinders, Olivella shells 1944. AW: Ordinary men wear otter, gray fox obtained, strung together with the imported clam- headbands, some with tule braids attached to shell disks and dentalia. them. 1997. AE: Rarely if ever seen; only very 1946. AW: 2 types: (1) long flowing net, wealthy man able to own such. WM: Hafted ob- suwaraki. (2) Bag type, pani. Except where sidian knives tied on buckskin band, worn around specified in note, entries for elements 1947- neck, down back. Such knives ornamental; not 1957a refer to both types. worn during dances, but only when visiting. WS: 1947. AW: Refers to type (1); see note 1946. Large obsidian knives (olwanis) carried in dances, Worn by shaman; covers whole head, hangs down for display; also used for war. behind, with row of eagle feathers at bottom, 1998. SW: Black and cloudy red variety; car- which reach to small of back. ried occasionally in War dance, but not kept for 1949, 1950. AW: Refers to long flowing net. long; chiefly sent down-river to Karuk. "SE 1951, 1952, 1955. AW: Refers to bag head net. near Glass Mountain made those large blades used 1957. AW: Refers to long flowing net; see down-river." SW on Klamath River, usually acted note 1946. as middlemen for SE and Karuk; SW received den- 1957a. AE: Also by those women who owned head talia from down-river in exchange for goods. net; latter "expensive" article. SW "packed all their goods down to trade with Karuk once a year, when Karuk held White Deerskin dance; that was the only Karuk dance they at- CURRENCY, TREASURE tended." Trading between SW and Karuk carried on at any other time of year through Kammatwa Currency.-- group (see notes for 282, 1902). 1959. At: Dentalia currency obtained at "big 1999. Kl: Keep dried bat or hummingbird in times," from Round Mountain people (N Yana) in quiver, permanently, as charm. Bat occurs in exchange for buckskin, arrows, wildcat quivers, mythology; is most successful hunter. AW: Of woodpecker scalps. WT: Obtained from N. various sorts, all in natural state, not smoothed 1966. SE: From fingers, along outstretched or polished. Shaman uses striated ("painted") arm, to nose. rock; small smooth diamond-shaped pebbles, oa. 2 1970. WT: Opening at tops of 2 horns, not on in. long, "lucky for gambling." Informant had side. drawerful of 20-30 smooth small rocks. Most 1972. AW: Wealthy man keeps dentalia in fur prized charmstones are "diamonds"; at night these purse; poorer person in basket. "shine in darkness, giving off bright light like 1974. AW: See note 1972. fire, and smoke; rise out of ground and then sink 202 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS back into earth and disappear. Paiutes have Tobacco lots of these diamonds." Possessor of such charmstone can attract deer to him easily, or Cultivation and gathering.-- money. WM: Lucky stones of varied shapes, 2036. AW: Specimen identified by Dr. Helen- kept outside house, because if having inter- Mar Wheeler, University of California Botany De- course in house, stone might make possessor sick partment, as Nicotiana attenuata. or blind. Such stones passed on at death. MV: 2038. That is, sown same season. Charmstones of gray-blue rock, such as shown in 2039. AW: Burning for tobacco incidental to Dixon, Maidu, figs. ll,a,b, p. 140, kept in old burning for wild seeds. In fall, "burn brushy oak tree by person who knows how to take care place, for wild seeds; next spring some wild to- of them. As long as they are perfect in shape bacco grows there. This is gathered. While they are animate; if buried, can travel under- gathering, tobacco pods rubbed between hands, ground of own accord. When "alive," can hypno- thus sprinkling the seeds into ashes; ashes tize person; used by gamblers. When such stone kicked over seeds with feet. Next year pick to- is hurt, i.e., nicked or cracked, it "dies" and bacco from this spot. Tobacco continues to grow loses all its power. Noninheritable; effective at this place for 2-3 years, then very little only if found by possessor. comes up, so another brush patch is burned off, 2004. AE: Few doughnut stones found, but not as there is no brush left at first patch to burn. considered as lucky stones. When burning for wild seed crops, do not scatter these seeds intentionally, as do for tobacco. AE: Burn sagebrush in October, when less likeli- SMOKING AND TOBACCO hood of wind. Burning for tobacco not incidental to burning for wild seeds. Pipes and Pipe Sacks 2043. SW: Stems snipped off near upper end, so growth goes into leaves. 2006. Mo: Both informants denied use of tubu- 2044. SW: In dry weather plants watered by lar pipe; commented that holding pipe slanting hand with water from basket. upward would be "tedious" method of smoking. 2048. AW: "It makes a man angry if others WM: Wooden tubular pipe not made by many people; pull up the stalks of tobacco plants he has sown; Okwanuchu (waibos), N of Wintu, make these. fights start. Owner of patch wants seeds to fall NF: Made of green stone (serpentine?). for volunteer crop. If he is very angry, he hires 2007. At: Similar in shape to Wintun pipe, doctor to find out who did it." Kroeber, Handbook, pl. 30,g. 2011. SW: Refers to 1-piece stone pipe. This Preparation; containers; uses.-- used by shamans for poisoning persons. Also, 2049. WT: Occasionally entire plant hung up to when curing patient, shaman smokes it, or sucks dry in sun; not smoked over fire first. Stalks out poison object with it occasionally. used "during hard times, when supply of tobacco 2012. Kl: Used by shamans. running low." 2013. Kl: Ca. 6 in. long. AW: Ca. 3-4 in. 2050. WT: Leaves put in round openwork basket long. Select soft stone, pick out bowl cavity and smoked over fire, before being dried; "makes with bone awl. tobacco stronger." 2016. Kl: Ca. 2 in. long. AE: Wild rose stem. 2053. That is, leaves which have already been 2019. Stem inserted only if hole in mouth- dried. SW: Rubbed to free leaves of midribs. piece end of pipe is too large for smoker. At: Dried leaves and stems separated, pounded, 2021. Kl: Sides flare outward so that bowl stored in separate sacks. end is wider than stem end. WS: Refers to 2- 2055. SW, WS: Also smoked plain. piece stone bowl pipe. 2057. AW: Grease, also marrow, added to pul- 2022. Refers to 1-piece wooden pipe. See Du verized leaves before sacking them. Bois, Wintu, figs. 7, a-d. WT: Same shape as 2058. AW: No specimen seen, but described as Du Bois, Wintu, fig. 7, d, but lacking upper "a tule basket, narrow at top end; 2 edges join bulb. WM: Same shape as Du Bois, Wintu, fig. at top, and dried grass stuffed in opening as 7, a. WS: Same shape as Du Bois, Wintu, fig. 'cork."' 7, a, c; also have pipe same shape as fig. 7, e, 2061. WMI: Unidentified plant (terapa), de- but with short stem added. scribed as growing in rocky places and having 2023. WS: Refers to 1-piece wooden pipe. small gray fuzzy leaves that come out in Febru- 2024. Mo: Owned by important men only. ary, used if supply of tobacco exhausted. 2028. WM: Soft stone bowl picked out with 2065. Dlo: At assembly if men are present who bone awl; wooden stem wrapped with woodpecker do not have own pipes, pipe passed. Also pass skin. Said to be old type. pipe at "peace smokes," held occasionally with other groups. AW: Pipe passed at any gathering. AE: Some pipes large enough for 20 people to smoke from in turn; passed around by leader of group. WM: Ca. 5 men smoke 1 pipe, each man CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTE1AST CALIFORNIA 203 filling pipe from his tobacco pouch in turn and also used board as drum. See element 3670; also passing it. Smoker makes loud guttural noise as cf. Densmore, Musical Instruments, pp. 114-115. he smokes. 2084. AW: Basket drummed with pack strap, to 2067. AW: Most popular time for smoking, but frighten away bear. MF, NF, NM: Use of pack "some old men smoke in morning, after eating, or strap for this purpose denied. MF: Drum on any time." basket, in night ceremony held during April, 2068. SW: Do not smoke in dwelling, where when men, women sing for good seed crops, plenti- women living; pipe will be defiled by woman's ful game for year. NF: Men scrape, drum basket presence and be worthless for use when making when singing in assembly house; no dance. NS: medicine, preparing to hunt. MV: Seldom smoke Taboo to drum basket; "must not play with a in dwelling house; chiefly in assembly house, basket." MV: Basket patted with hands. before going to sleep. 2069. Middle-aged, elderly ten; not young men. Rattles, rasp.-- 2071. Mo: In small amount, as medicine, for 2085. Kl: Spier (Klamath, p. 90) doubts nausea. whether any large cocoons in Kl area. SW, At, 2072. Kl: Offerings not, however, lacking; AW, AE, WT, WM, WS, MM, MF, NF, NM, NS, MV: see note 5197. WS: Occasionally smoked as an Cocoons suitable for rattles available in area. offering; "not much." WS: Cocoon rattle used for Big Head dance. - 2075. AW: Shaman smokes, blows smoke and his 2088. At: 30* cocoons. AW, MM: 5-6. WS, NF: "poison" (animate object) in direction of victim, 4-5. NS: 3-5. MV: 5-10. telling poison: "Now go." WM: Smoke tobacco to 2089. Kl: Shamans do not use any variety rat- mountains when praying, worshipping. WS: See tle. At: Cocoon rattle dangerous; shaman never note 2072. keeps it in house, or shows it to people, except when doctoring. When he shakes rattle, "it is as though he is asking his power for help." MUSIC AND DRAWING AW: Poisonous for anyone other than shaman to handle. Musical Instruments 2093. SW: Gray papery sack, ca. 5 in. long, 2-3 in. wide; neither cocoon nor wasp's nest, Drums.-- but resembling these, used as rattle; broken mus- 2076. Kl: Formerly lacked drum; "learned sel shells put inside it; used by children. about it from groups to N [before informant born]. 2097. WT: Refers to single-split rattle. KE used to go N, to the Dalles; there they saw 2098, 2099. WT: Refers to multiple-split the drum, and how those people used it. (THey rattle. danced with it. Sometimes the Kl visited up 2101. WT: Refers to single-split rattle. there 1, 2, 3 years.) They brought back the 2103. AW, WM, WS, MF: By shamans only. NM: dance that they learned from those people, and Snake rattles regarded as poisonous. the drum. Lots of Kl went over there, before 2108. SE: 7-8 hoofs. the white people came to this country; they 2111. Mo: Obsidian arrowheads shaken inside weren't trading except that they took wokus open-mouthed basket cap, to encourage men to go [water lily seeds] and gave it to some Indians to war. over there, but mainly they were just friends." 2114. Kl: 2 notched rasps, held in hand, Cp. Spier, Klamath, p. 89. For details of dance "played like a fiddle." No basket. Recency with which drum was introduced among Kl, see denied. Cp. Spier, Klamath, p. 35. notes 2529. SE: Double-headed, circular hide drum, hanitomtomiL. Consists of 2 circular Bull-roarer; whistles and flutes.-- willow hoops, ca. 6 in. (?) apart; top, bottom, 2116. Kl: Learned from Whites. sides buckskin covered; buckskin covering sewed 2120. At: Children, twirling bull-roarer for to willow hoops. No specimen seen. Beaten to fun, ordered to stop, because sound produces call people to assembly house. "One Indian [SE] sickness. used to make this drum, in my grandmother's day." 2130. Mo: Used when hunting ducks. SW: Used Probably recent but pre-White, as Spier suggests for any dance. WS: 2 types whistle; (1) of bone, for Kl (Klamath, p. 89). SW: Informant believed old; (2) of elder, recent. drum old but could not assign any use for it; 2131, 2133-2134. WS: Refers to older type not used in gambling, as it is among Karuk. bone whistle. AW: "Mo had a drum, round, with antelope-hide 2136. WS: Used for Ghost (Dream) dance only; head; painted red; held in 1 hand. They came recent. here from Tule Lake; some people used that drum 2147. Mo: Whipsnakes around elderberry bushes. here, at Stonecoal and Big Valley." AE: Recency See note 2161. SE: Also not good to handle el- of drum denied. derberry bush; gives person headache. MV: 2083. See elements 834-838 and notes, especi- Whistling with lips also taboo at any time. ally as regards VIM entry. MV: Besides foot drum, 2148. MIV: Anyr variety of snake will come to whistler. 204 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2153. Ki: 3-4 holes. AE: 3-6 players. WT: 10+. WS: 4-5. PI: 3-4. 2160. SE: To accustom player to hold his MV: 5, in women's game; 3, in men's. breath for long time, in order that he may be 2201. Often, but not always. Mo: Play Kl strong man, good swimmer. often. Concerning 1 such intertribal match be- 2161. Mo: If shaman has whipsnake for his tween women, informant related following: "Before guardian, he uses elderberry flute; "whipsnake's the [Modoc] war, the Mo and Kl were camping on food is elderberry." Flute also used to imitate opposite sides of Lost River, fishing. The Mo bird calls, to obtain hunting luck. and Kl women played shinny; the Mo won, but the 2162. Mo: To make girl sleepy. Kl women, instead of paying [their gambling debt] 2163. Kl: "Just playing, to all kinds of jumped in Lost River and ran home. But the Mo water snakes." SW: Used by old men, chiefly, women jumped in the river after them, and followed playing songs for self-gratification. them into camp.'" 2202. Mo: See note 2201. NV: At spring cele- Pictographs bration women play first shinny game of year; no betting on this first game, which opens season 2164. Kl, Mo, At: Pictographs. AE, WT: Petro- for games of all descriptions. Season for games glyphs. WM: Occasional incised rock found in closes in November; "after that everything quiets area. down for winter." 2169. Mo, SE, WS, MF, NF: Impress of bare 2203. AW: In men's game. WT, NM: 1 man acts human foot on rocks. WS: Footprint is that of as referee. WT: "Big, strong man, who can stop Moon, made when traveling; 1 such occurs at Big fights between players." MF, NF: 2 male referees Bend (Madesi Achomawi area), another near Portu- for game. guese Flat, near Dunsmuir. NS: Footprints of bear, 2 does on rock. Ball race; hoop-and-pole.-- 2204. For 3 groups, AW, AE, and MM, 2 types of ball races entered in this section. When ele- RECREATION ment refers to one type only, note indicates which type. All other entries refer to both Games types. AW, AE: Type (1), single ball race. Type (2), 2-ball race. Informant ignorant of source Shinny.-- of introduction of types (1) and (2), but positive 2170. AW: Women's shinny game "learned from they are both "half-breed" (post-White) races. tribes NE of AW," ca. 50 years ago, or when in- WT: Informant denied any ball races, but WS in- formant was "pretty good-sized man." Hen's formant said he had seen ball races held at Hay- shinny game learned from Round Valley (Mendocino fork, in WT area, and that they were of recent Co.) and Covelo Indians. "The Yuki and Wailaki introduction. WS: Ball races learned from Round played it; some of AW [including informant's Valley Reservation group, about 60 years ago. father] were taken down there by the Wfhites, and They were "played at Hayfork first, then WS group learned to play it there; they brought it back learned to play." Race is somewhat similar to WS to AW area." WS: Women's shinny game, k'ara; form of women's shinny game (see note 2170) but old game. played by men only, with 2 balls. MM: Type (1), 2172. SW: Preeminently woman's game; "among 2-ball game. Type (2), "wrestling football," Karuk down-river a man's game only." Women alone single ball. bet on it; women do not bet on any man's game. 2205-2207. MM: Refers to 2-ball game (see "When men play hand game, and women not allowed note 2204). to, latter go outside and start shinny game to 2208. AW: Refers to single-ball game. MI: Re- help their men if they are losing, by betting fers to 2-ball race. See note 2204. and playing too." 2209. AW, MM: Refers to 2-ball race (see note 2175. AW: In women's game. 2204). 2176. AW: For men's shinny game. 2210-2212. AW, AE: Refers to 2-ball race. MM: 2180. AW: For women's shinny game. Refers to single ball, wrestling football. See 2182. WT, WN1: Thick bark disks. note 2204. 2184. Braided, ca. 15 in. long. AW: For 2213, 2215a. AW, AE, NI'1: Refers to 2-ball race women's shinny game. (see note 2204). 2187. AW: For men's game. 2219. MM: Refers to wrestling football (see 2188. AW: For women's game. note 2204). 2189. AW: For men's game. 2222. AW, AE, NPI: Refers to single-ball race 2194. AW: In men's game. (see note 2204). 2195, 2196. AW: In women's game. 2225. AE: 6 on side, in 2-ball race; 4 on side, 2198. AW: In both men's, women's game ball single-ball race. NH: 4 on side, 2-ball race; 2 flung straight between 2 poles, slightly higher on side, single-ball race (see note 2204). NM: 2 than poles, men or 3 women. 2200. AW: 8, if women play; 6 in men's game. 2228. NH: 2-ball game. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN:-NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 205 2229. MF, NF: 2 men act as referees. NM: 1 2334. WVM: Refers to grass game. See note male referee. 2326. 2230. AW: Informant had seen this played at 2335. WM: Refers to recent many-stick game. Round Valley Reservation. Also mentioned in See note 2326. Achomawi mythology; Coyote and Fox saw this game 2336. WM: Refers to grass game. See note played at Upper Lake. 2326. 2239, 2240. MF: Some doubt concerning this 2337. WM: Refers to recent many-stick game. entry. See note 2326. 2240. Mo: 2-8. 2339, 2341. WM: Refers to grass game. See 2243. Mo: In any game, "bound to have a man note 2326. watching, to stop cheating." 2342. SW: Score kept orally. Counters are 2244. Kl, Mo: Arrows, arrowheads wagered. played with, as part of gambling outfit. VMI: 15 counters for recent many-stick game; 20 counters Quoits; spear throwing; archery.-- used for old grass game. See note 2326. 2246. WM: Pine branch. 2345, 2348. VM: Grass game. See note 2326. 2247. WT, WS: Flat rock. 2256. SE, SW: Not formal game; boys, "just Hand or grass game.-- pitching something." WS: wil6a. 2349. Among several groups, more than 1 type 2259. WT. 10-ft.-pole, lacking stone head. hand or grass game played. Whenever entry refers 2262. At: Bundle of sunflower leaves. to one type only, note indicates to which type. 2269. Mo: 5-6. WT: 2-3. If entry refers to all types played by group, no 2297. Kl, AE: Pine-bark disk. note appended. Kl: Learned to play hand game 2304. Kl: Contestants match arrows and lay from Warm Springs Indians; also from Paiute; them aside; winner takes these arrows, not ar- latter "just natural gamblers." Game popular rows shot in contest. among Kl before informant born. "Many new games among Kl now." At: Type (1), old form of hand Ring-and-pin; Many-stick game.-- game, similar to old Mo game (see note 2368). 2305. WS: Lucus. Type (2), recent, 4-bone-type hand game, learned 2309. AE: 1-2. VIM: 20 rings, if playing with from Kl. AE: Type (1), men's hand game. Type fish vertebrae; 5 rings if playing with deer (2), women's hand game. VM: Type (1) grass hand carpals. See elements 2310-2311. WS: 7-16. game, Xeni. Type (2), recent form of hand game, 2320. Mo, SE: Variable number. AE: 2-3. cu'us, introduced about 20 years ago, perhaps WM: 4-5. from Stillwater area. "People from there came 2321. SW: Variable number. and said, 'Let's play hand game."' WS: Type (1), 2325. SW: In winter (Dec.-Jan.); "bad month grass game, k'eni, old. Type (2), "hand game," for Indians." Game connected with myth concern- no other name. Recent learned from Paiute about ing time when there were 10 moons and animal 30 years ago. Type (35, women's hand game, a-rus; killed 5 of them. No betting; uppermost rinz is old. If men play type (3), use larger set of 10th moon; play to see who can "kill" (spear) bones. MV: Type (1), men's hand game. Type (2), this moon. Players sit in circle, usually in women's hand game. evening, around fire. 2350. AE, MV: Refers to type (1) game. WS: 2326. WM: Two types many-stick game played: Refers to types (1), (3). See note 2349. Type (1) women's many-stick game, dopit. Recent, 2351. At, AE, MV: Refers to type (2) games. after Whites entered area; informant believed it WS: Refers to types (2), (3). See note 2349. came from Chico or that direction; had seen it 2352. AE: Refers to men's hand game. WM: Re- played first about 55 years ago. Type (2), fers to recent form hand game. See note 2349. "grass game," bohemcus; old; played only during 2353-2354. AE: Refers to men's hand game. Jan.-Feb., in assembly house (Lut). When entry WM: Refers to recent form. See note 2349. refers to 1 of 2 types only, note tells to which; 2355. At: Refers to recent type. AE: Refers if entry refers to both types, no note appended. to men's hand game. See note 2349. WS: Many-stick game, bohum6us; use 30 long sticks, 2357, 2359. AE: Some doubt concerning entry. 1 short manzanita stick, pointed at both ends. 2360. AW: Unmarked bone is "live" bone. Played by men only, in winter only; betting. 2361. WM: Called "ace," in recent form hand "Learned bohumcus from Big Bend Indians [Madesi] game. WS: Marked bone called pak (bone) in a long time ago [before informant's lifetime]; it women's hand game. See note 2349. MF: Called used to be only betting game Wintu had" (?). "string bone and slick bone." 2327. SW: "Down-river [among Karuk] a man's 2362. AE: Refers to men's hand game. WM: Re- game only; among SW a woman's game." See note fers to recent form hand game. See note 2349. 2172. VM: Refers to grass game (see note 2326). 2364. At, VIM: Refers to recent form hand game. 2328. VIM: Refers to women's many-stick game. AE: Refers to men's hand game, an old type but See note 2326. only recently played with bone or horn bones. See 2329. SW: 15+. note 2349. 2331. Red manzanita stick, pointed at both 2365. AE: Refers to women's hand game. VIM: Re- ends, ulnmarked. fers to grass game. See note 2349. 206 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2366. WM: Refers to grass game. See note 2475. MV: Shoe-leather disk, also top of tin 2349. can used for recent buzzers. Using buzzer "makes 2367. AE: Refers to women's hand game. people sick; don't use it much." 2368. Mo: Fact that only 1 player at time 2483. SE: Name for buzzer similar to that for holds objects causes Mo to distinguish clearly bird that makes whirring noise at night; when between their form of hand game (nanadeyes) and playing with buzzer people say they "are making "Paiute-Achomawi" 4-bone hand game (which is the deer fat." also recent Kl form). This 4-bone form never 2484. WM: "The puisus (Achomawi) play this, adopted by Mo. At: Refers to recent "hand game," but WM never do." and women's hand game. WY: Refers to grass 2485. WT: Informant had never seen Indians game. See note 2349. play this; had seen Whites doing it. 2369. At, WM: Refers to recent form hand game. 2489. AW: Names of 2 figures: Sundown; Spider's See note 2349. House. 2370. WM: Refers to recent form. WS, MV: Re- 2490. Kl, Mo, SW, AW: Popular moving figure fers to women's hand game. See note 2349. is that of "2 coyotes running from each other." 2371. WS: Refers to recent "hand game." MV: 2492. Mo: If play in summer, ensuing winter Refers to men's hand game. See note 2349. will be severe. 2377. WS: Refers to recent hand game and 2494. SW: Figures made during first quarter women's hand game. NV: Refers to men's hand of moon, in spring especially, to make moon grow game. See note 2349. (by stretching string). 2378. WM, WS: Refers to recent form hand game; 2494a. Mo: Both informants stated stilts also, among WS, to women's hand game. See note aboriginal. At: "Danced on ice with stilts-". 2349. Like Mo informant, At informant had used stilts 2379. WS: Refers to grass game. MV: Refers as girl. to men's hand game. See note 2349. 2505. WT: Willow-bark bag, sand inside. 2381. WM: 15 counters for grass game; 5 count- 2508. Mo: 5-6. ers for recent form hand game. See note 2349. 2520. Mo, MM, MF: Narrators presented with 2387. WM, WS: Refers to grass game. See note small amount of food by auditors; NS: uncertain 2349. about this; NV: denied. Not inquired into for 2388. WN, WS: Refers to recent hand game and, other groups. NF: Myths told to youths, men only for WJS, women's hand game also. (during secret society initiation?); informant for this group a woman. Stick hiding; dice games; objects thrown in air.-- 2522. Kl: Belief held more in jest than in 2399. AW: Single stick, piece of rock, hidden earnest; told to small children who "would never in bare hand (but not between fingers); 2 hands go to sleep." extended, hider sings short song. Opposite side 2523. SW: If myths told toward spring, look guesses which hand contains stick; played merely out for rettlesnake. for fun, between 2 women, or 2 boys, 2 girls; 2527. Kl: Youths "made to swim in winter any- MM: Informant's daughter had seen it played at way"; no rule which applies to myth telling per mission school at Greenville, Plumas Co.; father se. unfamiliar with it. NM: Name of game, tikil (see note 2435) or wotokit. Social Dances 2406. Mo, MF, NM: Said to be aboriginal. 2410. Kl: Possibly learned from Paiute; beaver Circle dances.-- teeth. Mo: Ground-hog-teeth dice. 2529. Kl: See note 2076. Dance Kl brought back 2415. NM: Informant positive no counters. from N with drum was "a round dance; men and women 2429. MF: Deer bones. danced, holding hands, men on 1 side, women on 2435. NM: Name of game, tikil. Informant had other of single circle, with fire inside in middle. seen it played at Mooretown also, among MF group. It was held any time of year, but mostly in sum- 2439. At, AW: Women's digging sticks. MF: mer, just for fun. Given at night; people stopped See NM note, following. NM: Name of game, tikil dancing around midnight. [No leader who brought (see note 2435). Informant had seen game played it back, or no data on such.] One man might say, at Mooretown also, among a MF group. Use of 'Let's have fun'; people told each other; they women's digging stick in game denied. came and danced. The drummer was the leader; he 2445. AW: Sometimes 12 used instead. sang, and the men and women dancers sang too. The 2453. AW: Comparatively large rock. drummer stood by himself; just 1 man drummed. The 2458. AW: 2-4. Kl no longer give this dance; the old people have 2465. NF: For 3 days after gambling. mostly died." Mo: Dance relatively slight affair; "a few young people assemble for 'evening joy' Amusements dance; join hands and go around fire in circle; old man watches them. When they become reckless, Toys; contests; storytelling.-- he stops dance." SW: Circle dance (k'aphek), an 2469. SW: Like Pomo top, Kroeber, Handbook, old summer dance, given for pleasure sometimes; fig. 41,a, p. 449. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 207 also performed at girl's puberty ceremony, as were several villages; in 1 of these,headman 1 of dances. (hu k) and his helper lived; headman had his 2545. AE: 2-4 singers. WM: 4-5. MF: 1-2. round house (k'um) in this village." 2555. WT: In 1 form of round dance women, on 2619. AW: Affairs (such as war), which con- 1 side of circle, hold hands; men on other side cern whole local group, regulated by heads of also hold hands. Each sex sings deprecatingly communities. WS: Single chief for whole group; about other sex; much joking. Names of individu- other villages in group have no chief, but have als put into songs. "headmen" (no native term for these save "man"), 2566. SE: 1-2. AW: 1-2. AE: 1-3. WT: 3-4. who are trained and inherit office from father. WS: 2-3. MF: 2-3. For E fork of Trinity River, Ross Creek George, 2579. MM, MF: "Before Indians' time, animals informant's father's cousin, chief (wi'); in- danced it" (in mythical age). NS: No Bear formant stated his father had never been chief dance; feast held after someone kills bear, for this group, as Du Bois, Wintu, p. 32, states. "for good luck"; skin tanned. NM: Regarding boundaries for MM, informant 2593. AE: 2-4. NMb: 2-3. stated that "after white people were here, Stone- 2616. MM, MF: For either grizzly or black coal (Noze [?], N Yana) and a chief of MM settled bear. on their boundaries; they talked it over for 1 year." When they agreed, "they didn't put up boundary lines, but just used the names of dif- POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ferent mountains," to define boundaries. See also Dixon, Maidu, p. 225. As group, all MM have Political Units 1 chief (ye'ponim; word for secret society member in Maidu groups to W); also headman (upem maidum, Sovereign bodies.-- "common man") for each smaller group within local 2617. AE: Each village named; informant had group. Thus there are headmen at Big Meadows, been born and raised in village of paculomi6i, Quincy, Honey Lake. These headmen are in charge in West's Valley; at this village his father and of local affairs; in war the chief has to be con- all his brothers lived permanently, taking wives sulted before any headman engages in fight. Head- from other villages as far away as Sugar Hill, men have jurisdiction over the camps all around in Hewisedawi territory. Term hanmawi is name their particular villages. Headmen own dance for another village group situated near Likely; house at their villages and are "in charge of term is, however, used by outsiders to include all the people." aggregate of individually named villages in this area. "The Fall River people (Achomawi proper) Chiefs and Other Officials and the Paiutes used the name hammawi for all the people up here." Cf. Kniffen, Achomawi, Number; selection; qualifications; tenure; title.-- pp. 304-306. Among all groups visited on sur- 2621. AW: 1 headman for community of adjacent vey, AE alone gave some evidence of being or- villages. Informant named 4 chiefs, each one of ganized in paternal lineages named after vil- which was headman for 4 separate communities. lages, but these lineages show no trace of to- WT: See note 2617. No head chief over all sepa- temic affiliations, so far as could be learned. rate villages. WM: See note below.' 1 chief for If a member of such a lineage, man owned or community of adjacent villages. MV: Each village shared in ownership of communal winter living has its own "captain"; no head captain over group house (astui); "common man camped with such of villages. people, but any place would be his home, wherever 2622. AW: 4 chiefs (see note above) consult he went." WT: That is, each village having as- together about fights, wars; "if 3 wanted to sembly house, also has a headman, who owns as- fight, 1 didn't, they went to war; if 2 said sembly house; such village forms autonomous unit. fight, 2 not to, they didn't go." WM: Each vil- Ca. 10-12 living houses usually cluster about lage along river did not have chief living in it; assembly house, and form village which is often only 2 such villages, on opposite sides of river designated by name of creek near which it is lo- and about 1 mile apart, had chiefs living in cated. NF: That is, each village of any con- them. On W side of river, 3 1/2 miles above siderable size, which has assembly house in it. Baird, lived Klutchie senior, "a real wi' (chief) This latter owned by chief or headman (hu ku) of for all people on that side of river; on E side village. lived Dolikentiluma [whose authority may have 2618. Ca. 5-10 villages. AW: Affairs which carried more weight for all WM than did Klutchie's], concern community consisting of 2 or more adja- who was chief for all people on E side." My in- cent villages regulated solely by such community. formation for chiefs of WMI differs somewhat from WM: "All along the [McCloud] River were little Du Bois' (Wintu, pp. 32-33): (a) Waikati, Sempieri towns, of -3-10 houses each; these houses clus- not minor chiefs for WM, but merely owned salmon tered together on 10- to 40-acre semi-level spots, houses on McCloud River. (b) Kol6ululi not a 2-3 miles apart." NM: See note below. NS: In [courtesy] "chief"; had a salmon house and was tomela group, to which informant belonged, "there generous with catch; informant had never heard 208 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS he had 12 wives, said he had no women. (c) Bi- 2648. Child called "chief's child." suskalaL was chief (wi') on Pit River, for elpo- 2649. AW: Chief's daughter called "little menbos (Keswick) group of Wintu; "he was a mean chief"; wife, son not called by this title; "the chief; stole." (d) After Dolikentiluma's death, son will be chief pretty soon." Norelputus, chief of Keswick group, was active 2650. NS: Chief's daughter called maiyen. Has among WM; Sunusa, chief for Upper Sacramento women to wait on her, does not cook, gather Wintu, was never "chief" for WM. (e) Charlie acorns. Generally only eldest daughter of chief Klutchie's father's father came from Salmon has this title; to be maiyen "she has to be River; informant had never heard of him purchas- pleasant and good, not silly and saucy." ing land among Upper Sacramento Wintu. His son, 2651. MM: Title extends to wife of chief for Charlie Klutchie's father, was "a real wenememen- all MM (see note 2619). bos [WM], and did not belong to Upper Sacramento band. He lived 3 1/2 miles N of Baird all his Activities and duties; escort.-- life, had dance house [Lut] there, 5 women, and 2654. WT: Chief stays home and "studies his was called wi' [chief]." WS informant also words, and talks to the young boys and girls, stated "Charlie Klutchie's father's father came telling them how to behave; doesn't hunt or fish from Salmon River, way W of here"; had never much." MM: Applies both to chief for all MM and heard of any sale of land to this man. Denied to village headmen. See note 2619. Klutchie's father was ever a chief; Klutchie's 2656. WT: All people bring chief food; he ac- father had Dream dance house, merely. cepts it, eats what he wants after it is cooked 2624. SW: Informant claimed that his father's and has rest put out for other people to eat. father, chief for kohosadi group of Shasta 2658. MM: Applies both to head chief and vil- (Rogue River group) also settled disputes and lage headmen (see note 2619). arranged wergild payments for all Shasta groups 2659. WS: See note 2664. and was, in effect, tribal chief. In addition, 2660. MM: Refers to village headmen (see note Shasta Valley group had subchief, but informant 2619). had never heard of subchiefs for Scott Valley or 2661. NF: Headman (hu-ku) mainly "stays around Klamath River groups of Shasta. Tribal chief in the assembly house all the time," however; does Oregon had no assistant chief. AW: "General not go hunting, fishing. MM: Refers to village Crook [White] took Captain Dick as head chief, headmen (see note 2619). but this was White man's way." 2664. WS: Sunusa (see note 2622, WM) chief of 2625. MM: At headman's death, his oldest son, WS, "was great hand to catch salmon;- he'd call or deceased's brother, builds another dance all the people in spring to catch salmon. He house, and inherits office as headman of village never got much himself, because he gave it away. community. In fall he went out and caught salmon for him- 2626, 2628, 2631, 2632. MM: Entries refer to self; fish spawn then." selection of headman for village community. 2667. AW: Also tells people to feed visitors 2635. In no group was wealth especially well; "give them plenty, don't hurt them, leave stressed, although chiefs were in several groups them alone." WM: When chief has invited people admittedly wealthy men. for a "big time," upon day set for their arrival 2636. WT: Chief "never says anything mean he sends out scouts in all directions from which about poor people; he always has a good word visitors expected. When scouts return saying for everyone. He helps orphans, murderers and visitors are coming, chief sends them out again no-account people--that's why he is called to tell each group of visitors to camp by river chief; he tries to coax bad people to be good, until sundown, then to come into village where and gives them things to get them started." he is presiding. Visitors dress down by river; 2645. AW: Bad chief "hires lots of doctors at sundown come in. Chief stands in center of to kill good men; then people won't have any- brush enclosure made for occasion, and talks to thing to do with him. He does this because visitors; "he tells them not to stumble over any he's 'mean.' Or he may want to kill good doc- little rock, but to have a good time. Then visi- tors. People won't obey a chief if he wants to tors are told in which sections of brush corral kill too many Indian doctors who are good men, they are to camp." Each visiting local group either." Among AW there may have existed at has appointed place. NM: Refers both to head times partnership between chiefs and shamans chief and village headmen (see note 2619). Head- similar to that noted for Yokuts by Gayton men in charge of spring Bear dances, which last (Yokuts-Mono Chiefs and Shamans) but no adequate altogether for about 1 month. These dances held investigation was made of this. in succession in 4 valleys--Honey Lake, Big 2646. AW, MM: Chief killed (witched) by sha- Meadows, Indian Valley, American Valley. man. MV: Chief may withdraw voluntarily, "if 2668. WT: Headman owns assembly or "sweat he has a violent temper; usually he blames his house," which he has built "for the people to wife." dance in. When new house is built and ready to 2647. NM: For chief of all NM. See note be used, chief gets up on roof and makes long 2619. speech to assembled people." CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 209 2669. Occasionally. Ki: Stands by his own WAR house and talks; tells people what to do. MM: Refers to head chief (see note 2619). Nature and Causes 2670. WT: See note 2654. MM: Refers to head chief and village headmen. See note 2619. Nature of warfare; motivation.-- 2675. MM: Refers to head chief and village 2770. SW: Four Shasta groups "didn't have much headmen (see note 2619). trouble among themselves," but chiefly fought Mo 2676, 2678. NM: Refers to head chief. and Wintu. Kammatwa (see note 282) raids against 2677. MM: Refers to village headmen. SW also mentioned, but Shasta "didn't fight much 2679. WT: A "protector." NM: Refers to head against Karuk or the other [Klamath] River tribes." chief and local headmen. NF: A relative. iNS: Intertribally, wars chiefly for revenge; any in- Chief's assistant. tratribal fights usually over women. At: Mo 2680. MV: "A whole group of his boys go with stole young girls from At, but "latter never went him." up and fought the Mo; 2 captive women the Mo took managed to escape and return to Fall River (Acho- Female chiefs; criers; clowns; messengers; fire mawi territory) where they married Fall River tender; singers.-- men." Informant did remember a raid by Fall 2687. SW: Chief's wife may also talk for River men, who came down and took roots and bas- chief, morning and evening, occasionally, if she kets from At. Also Kl came down once and stole has good voice. some women. "Shasta never came over to Hat Creek 2689. SW: In time of raids, chief's wife "if (At), but the Wintun came over once and killed a she is spirited woman, dashes out and cuts bow- Hat Creek man; then men from all the Hat Creek strings of enemy raiders." This was done, "es- towns went to war." Fighting in this war amounted pecially if [neighboring] Kammatwa group [see to little, however (see note 2798), and on the note 2821 were raiding SW." Denied for all whole At made few offensive raids. AW: Subject other groups. to Mo raids; unfriendly toward Mo. Intermarried 2707. SW: 2-3 criers. with, friendly toward Okwanuchu (ye'tatwa) at 2708. Mo, SE: Only when there is "news" to McCloud. "Afraid of Noze Indians, [N Yana, ti'- announce. saici, salt people, at Round Mountain]; fought 2712. MV: Orders fuel gathered for dances. with them." Not much intercourse between AW and 2716. WM: Mainly by boys who are called, when N Paiute (Surprise Valley); latter "were friend- clowning, "Coyote." lier with the AE around Likely." "Not very 2717. At: 2 clowns; WT, WM: several, but not friendly with the 'Shaverhead' [At] tribe." "Not formal office (see note 2716). MF: 5; NF, MV: 1 very friendly with Wintun. The people at Big per village ("rancheria"). Bend (Madesi Achomawi) were friendly with the 2718. NF: Clown (pepe) stands on top of as- Wintun." AW territory sometimes invaded by sembly house, watching for people to return from Shasta; AW pursued them, fought them. AE: Main- hunting, other expeditions; when they come back, ly fought with Kl, Mo, Paiute; the Wintun and he shouts to notify villagers. Shasta were too far away. WT: Fought Karuk, 2722. NF: Also stands on top of assembly Yurok, Hupa ("Klamath Indians") and Yuki (Round house and calls to visitors to enter; attends to Valley Indians); latter were "real mean." On fire in assembly house. friendly terms with Chimariko; intermarried with 2726. WT: 1-3 messengers. WM: 3-5. Referred them. WM: Fought Central Yana; on friendly terms to as yemerikait. MM: 6-7. with Madesi Achomawi and N Yana of Big Bend, 2727. MV: Youths. Montgomery Creek. NMI: Fought Washo (caisum); 2734. At: Messenger who carries knotted occasionally fought Sacramento Valley Maidu (tai- string around when there is a "big war," paid; ylm) and people around Mooretown (MF), but after otherwise not paid. fight, "then they were friends again pretty 2738. Often tells guests where to halt out- quick." At of Hat Creek (kom maidum, snow people) side village, in order that they may dress for and MM friendly; never fought each other; "they participation in dance to be given in village. were good friends, just like 1 tribe together." 2746. Kl: Man who wants to sweat builds fire Paiute, Wintu, Shasta too distant to engage in and tends to it in sweat house; no special of- any fights with MM. NF: Very few wars; when ficial. whites settled around Marysville all fighting 2752. See also element 2722, NF. stopped. Fought Marysville, Colusa groups (Val- 2759. NF: 2-4 singers. ley Maidu and Patwin, respectively); when NF 2760. MM: For sweat "dances," have 1 singer; went down to Yuba River to pick grapes, Marys- for Bear dance, 2; for girl's puberty dance, ville people chased them out. Or "Marysville ca. 6. people might call NF cowards, and tell them to 2763. MV: To serve as "common singer." come down and fight"; NT would then accept chal- 2765. NM: For women's songs, use women lenge. Marysville and Colusa people "mean; no singers. good. Never fought Nevada City [NM], Mooretown 210 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [MF group], or Plumas Co. [MM] Indians." NM: A headman of a single village never collected This section not discussed with informant. MV: just his own men and went off to war; he had too Informant lacked all knowledge of war, declared small a bunch. Sometimes 3-4 Fall River men she had never heard it discussed. [Achomawi proper] would go with the war party." 2771. At: "Never fought Aporige [other At 2796. At: "Hat Creek people gave Round Moun- group]: partners with them; Aporige helped At tain people pay for helping them fight; gave fight against Wintun. Also Round Mountain them beads, arrows, bows" (see note 2771). people [N Yana] helped; a Round Mountain man was 2797. WS: No war leader; chief arranges that in charge." AW: Hammawi (AE) raids mentioned by 40-50 men go to war, from his village, but ap- informant; AW retaliated. AE: No fights between points no leader for group and he himself does small villages referred to collectively by out- not go. MM: Headmen (see note 2619). siders as Hammawi (see note 2617); there were 2798. At: Chief may stop fight, as when At however feuds between villages "over women and and N Yana fighting Wintu, N Yana chief finally girls, or over a doctor of 1 village poisoning stopped battle, telling contestants, "You'd bet- the people of a near-by village." Fights be- ter let me talk; stop fighting." So the Wintu tween Hammawi and "Big Valley people [Atwamsini "quieted down, and stopped and finally paid. But Achomawi] were rare; the El and the Shasta fought At had killed Wintun man or so by then, and had them. Once in awhile [Eammawi] fought the Fall their scalps." River people [Achomawi proper]; then they'd pay 2802. SW: That is, by fellow fighters. [in settlement]. The [HaRmmawi] had relations at 2803. Kl: Because he is "a good singer" (?); Big Valley and Fall River. The Madesi [western- WT, WM, MM: because he has power to dodge arrows. most group of Achomawi] never came into [Hammawi] territory; only the Big Valley Indians fought them." WT: Fought E Wintu groups occasionally. Preparation MM, MF: Fought each other occasionally (see note 2770). NF: See note 2770. Prognostication; shemanistic activities; practioe 2780. MV: "The only people who stole young fighting; war dance; painting.-- girls were White people." 2810. WT: Night before war party leaves, all 2783. AE: See note 2771. men who intend to go to war practice fighting by 2789. SW: "Lots of stealing of money and dodging arrows that are shot at them; if a man stored food by women; this started fights [but falls down, it is warning he will be killed in only among the women]. Also fights arose among war; shaman doctors such and tells him not to go. the women from arguments; then they grabbed each "But sometimes such men went anyway, and were other's hair, and threw dirt in each other's killed." This practice was not a dance. No faces. Men didn't steal this way, but women women participated. did." 2812. Kl: Before war party sets out, all war- riors line up, outside village; each man holds Participants stone-tipped arrow straight in front of him. Shaman walks down line of men with his back to Groups involved; combatants; leaders.-- them; each man strikes in turn at shaman's back, 2790. For definition of autonomous group, see below shoulder, with stone-tipped arrow. If man's elements 2617 ff. arrowhead cuts doctor, latter turns quickly and 2791. At: See note 2771. WT: Villages tells man not to go to war, because he is certain leagued togather and asked Trinity Center and to be killed. Sometimes man, thus forewarned, Lewiston Wintu to help them sometimes; former does not go; "sometimes he does, and is always also occasionally called on WT for aid. MM: killed if he does so." Sometimes asked At (Hat Creek group) to help in 2814. At: Shaman sings all night, on war ex- war; never asked MF groups, as on rather un- pedition, for his power, so that enemies' bow- friendly terms with them. strings will break. In early morning warriors 2792. NF: Women never accompany war party, rise, and doctor talks to arrows, saying, "Get which is chiefly composed of young men. up, and wash your face"; then war party leaves. 2795. Kl: Often asked Mo to help. Mo inform- 2817. Mo: Shamans hired to make enemy sleepy. ant also emphasized this. Kl did not pay Mo; 2818. At: During fight shaman stays behind latter got food, buckskins, other plunder. At: tree, all time, "giving out his power." See note 2771. AE: Headman or "chief" of vil- 2820. Considered in nature of "training" for lage group, if latter raided, visits headmen of war. WT: See note 2810. other near-by village groups, discusses matter 2823. Kl: No real war dance; cp. Spier, Klam- during "a big smoke." All headmen consulted ath, pp. 29-30. Mo: Ho-laklal; of minor im- then meet at winter living house of group which portance; "just a little practice, for part of was attacked, and decide what to do. Headmen night, to show how active they are going to be, then tell their men to join them, when matter is in war." WT: "Arrow dance"; men, only, build settled, and war dance is held at winter house small fire at night, outside; talk to bows and of attacked group; "then they all go off to war. arrows men who are going to war will take with CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 211 them. "They tell their arrows to be good and bow and arrow, from behind, as she is dancing. to try and hold up, not to be weak; just as During month's captivity prisoner is "slapped though talking to person. Do this for hour or and kicked around," but is not made to work. A so, only." man is delegated to lead captive around by hand; 2824. AE, WT, WS: 2-3 days. captive may become so attached to guard that she 2826. WM: 2-3 nights. cries if anyone else takes charge of her. If 2836. At: In war against Wintu (see note she or her guard try to escape either on return .2770) made effigy of Wintu woman, with willow to village from war or during captivity, both withes and sunflower leaves, and shot at it. are killed. Also man "grabbed wife, pulled her around, 2873. Kl: Women hide during fighting; a few boasted that was what he was going tu do with might be taken home, 1 or 2. Mo: "The Kl took Wintun women." In excitement of dance, 1 man their slaves up N to sell, but Mo had no place also shot his own dog. to sell slaves, so they didn't take any" (?). 2841. NS: If use paint when visiting Miwok, SW: Women captives made to work, but "really for example, it is used to denote that visit is taken in order to obtain payment for their re- peaceful and visitors do not want any quarrels; lease later by tribe they belonged to." AW: usually use red paint, applied in stripes to "When they got mad, Mo came and took babies away. face. Also use same for dances; informant did But when AW went [to war] they killed everyone, not know whether such used for war. men, women and children; they didn't make slaves." 2844. Chalk used most frequently. Large de- Occasionally, however, child taken and adopted. posits in At, AW area. SW: White paint pre- 2883. At: Keep bows of slain, and use them; eminently war paint. "they said the bow cried, because the man it be- 2852. NF: Yellowhammer-quill headband, or longed to was dead." (Never used it as musical beaver-fur fillet worn; also feather belts with bow.) NF: Ultimately burned. long "tail" pendant in rear; this attire so 2884. SW: "Mo always scalped Shasta, but fascinated enemy, that latter "forgot to shoot." Shasta never did this." WT: Take only 1 or 2 2853. WT, WM, WS: Used as dagger, sometimes scalps, from persons killed in war. After kill- (cf. Du Bois, Wintu, p. 125). ing man, woman, or child, disembowel corpse and string intestines, etc., around on bushes near enemy village; also cut off genitals and pound Procedure them on rock; no fear of counterattack while doing this, according to informant. Captives Declaration and manner of fighting; captives; killed after returning home (see note 2869), not booty and scalps.-- scalped, but bodies treated in fashion described 2855. Kl: In feud arising from seduction of above. NF: Scalping pre-White custom; "scalping married women, 10-20 men may line up on 2 sides, stopped when White people came into the country." ready to fight, unless settlement is made by NS: "Only scalps taken were those of White men." payment. 2885. NF: Scalp stuffed with straw. 2856. Kl: War party encircles village; when 2 ends of encircling line come near each other, use owl calls as signal they are near by, and as Behavior of Noncombatants; Return of War Party signal to attack by rushing in upon village. 2858. NF: Young men go first, in attack upon Women's dance; victory (scalp) dance.-- village; older men bring up the rear. 2893. At: Women dance, "just like men, in day- 2859. Kl: See note 2856. My information for time, in village outside (no fire). Do this so Kl runs contra to Spier's (Klamath, p. 29). men will return unhurt. Carry feathers." AE: Use crow calls, not owl calls. All other 2894. For all groups in which occurrence of entries refer to owl calls. dance is recorded, dancing starts same day or 2860. Kl: Use clubs in attack, to hit sleep- night as departure if warriors going only short ing victim; if latter jumps up, knock him down. distance; starts next day or night if warriors After first attack, use bow and arrows; continue going far away. fighting for most of day in village; at night 2906. At: Carry feathers. return home. 2908a. NF: Scalp dance (wetem) not celebrated 2865. SW: Only.in intertribal wars; no pris- immediately upon warriors' return, but "put oners taken in intratribal feuds. scalps [taken in war] away for awhile, then ar- 2866. SE, WM: Captive's arm tied to that of ranged scalp dance, with visitors from other capturer's, on return journey of war party; this villages invited." Circle "dance" around scalps denied for Kl, WS; Mo uncertain. No rope ("cap- on poles all day; at night burn them. Some tive leader") used by Kl, Mo, SE, WT, WM, WS. strong women run at scalp and hit it with long WS: Young women and married women whose husbands spear; men shoot it, or spear it. Run around had been killed during fighting. thus all day, crying; those women who join men 2869. WT: Keep woman or child captive for in this dance and men eat nothing during day. about month; then hold dance, and shoot her with Nen dance in center, women on outside. 212 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2917. Ki: Men and women dancers in 2 separate 2960. SW: See note 2962. AE: Intratribal mur- single files; circle fire, men circling it der may lead to "little war" between 2 villages clockwise, women counterclockwise. Women dance or 2 local groups [as Hnmmawi village and Fall on inside, near fire, men on outside. Stamp River people; see note 2771]; in end such set- left foot continually. As men come down to tled by payment for deaths. MM: "Always make fire, hand women dancers scalps, each on small [murderer] pay; got to settle it." MF: Some- hand pole. Dancers sing; also have singers who times pay relations before killing person. ??Big stand by fire. No rattles used. Dance thus for Bar Jack killed a woman; he paid $10 to her re- 5 nights sometimes; each night dance stops about lations, first, then he went up to where woman midnight. was staying and killed her. Her folks didn't 2921. Mo: Center pole has several scalps on try and kill him, then." it. At: Pole 5 ft. tall. NF: Scalp at top of 2962. SW: Intratribal feuds only fights in pole. which compensation paid; "the person who did the 2922. WM: "Learned to tie heart on top of killing wants to pay, because his life is in dan- pole from Kl." ger. He is the one who sends the messenger. 2923. Mo: Woman leader of dance carries Then, if wronged party won't agree, the chief single scalp on small hand pole. steps in to settle matters." See, however, note 2940. Such as elkhide tunic, rod armor; carry 2873. bow and arrows, and shield if such is used. 2965. At: See note 2798. 2969. Kl: Payment in elkskins. At: 3, 5, or Purification of killers; wounded.--This sec- 10 strings clamshell disk beads paid for intra- tion relates in the main to persons who have en- tribal killings; very wealthy man contributes 6 gaged in intratribal murders rather than to war- strings toward wergild payment, rich man 5 riors returning from open combats. The distinc- strings, poor man 1 string. Arrows also paid. tion between the taboos imposed on killers in 2986. Kl, SE, MM: Only if woman has no hus- open warfare and individuals who have secretly band. killed in a feud should have been more specifi- 2990. Kl: "Food and plunder was what war party cally inquired about, and separate entries made was after; members certainly did not pay for for the purification practices followed in each this later when settling for deaths." instance. Unfortunately this was not done and 2991. AE: When payment made for deaths in in- the field data do not allow insertion of sepa- travillage or intratribal war, no dance of set- rate entries for more than 5 or 6 of the groups tlement, "because the relations feel badly; they covered. As a general rule, warriors seemed to couldn't hardly do it [dance]." have engaged in few purificatory practices; 3005. SE: At scene of meeting. At: Upon re- whereas for SW, SE, and other groups feud-mur- turn home money is put on pole, smoked; next day derers observed many of the taboos listed in this chief gathers people around to divide money among section. NF taboos which follow relate to per- them. son who has taken scalp in intertribal war. Such person is deemed witai (crazy) after he has taken scalp; must be purified before he can re- CYCLE OF LIFE join family. 2941. Kl: No ceremonialism connected with ob- Birth Customs servance, however. Klamath Marsh men swim in lake. Preparations for delivery; delivery.-- 2951. At: 2-3. WM: 4-5 days. 3007. NS: Especially when other children apt 2955. Kl: Fish also taboo. to be around. 3009a. Usually trench dug for woman to lie over only after child has been delivered. Mo: Peace Negotiations Warmed trench used in cases of difficult child- birth, or for abortion (see note 3409). Compensation for slain; dance of settlement.-- 3014. Mo: If professional midwife can be pro- 2958. SW: No compensation for slain, but com- cured in time, called in; is always woman who has, pensation for captives. See note 2873, SW. herself, had an easy time during childbirth. AW: AE: No settlement for intertribal killings in "Always get a woman who understands [about child- war; "just keep on owing each other a war (AE birth matters]; she is told [notified] way ahead owe Paiute a war now; the Paiute came over and of time." Parturient's mother is "all right for killed a man, years ago)." It is modern custom this, if she understands." However informant's to settle for intertribal wars; Mo did it, under wife had had 7 (?) children, but in none of her Captain Jack. MM: For intertribal wars, as with confinements had she been assisted by anyone, Washo, neither side will take payment for those either another woman or her husband. killed. "Just fight it out; when good and 3016. NF: 2 women assist parturient, 1 grasp- ready, NM chief may send messenger man over to ing her behind, around waist, other receiving Washo; then they'd make friends with them." baby. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 213 3017. AE: Husband may, however, go into birth 3018.) NS: Women bring flowers to mother in hut occasionally, "to ask wife how she is get- labor and say to unborn baby, "Come on, I brought ting on." flowers; see my flowers," etc. 3018. SW: "At childbirth, woman is 'dark' all 3039. Someone claps hands, or strikes 2 rocks over; the birth blood is dark, not natural like together, around parturient's abdomen. [blood] from a cut on the finger. [Same for 3040. MF, MV: Belt tied tightly around woman's girl at puberty.] Anything dark is 'against' a abdomen, slipped down over abdomen slowly to doctor, who has to keep away from it. A woman force out child. has to be clear of all that [before a shaman can approach her]; 5 days after the birth of the Afterbirth; navel cord.-- child, a 'big' [powerful] doctor could doctor a 3044. AW: Rich man stays away from wife dur- woman who had had a difficult labor case." ing childbirth; poor man helps his wife because AW: Female shaman sometimes called in, to help "he can't hire anyone." expel afterbirth especially; "a new doctor, Mrs. 3045. WM, WS: Press with husband's moccasins, Jim Hunt [AW], is good for that, now." Also "to make it appear as though husband were trying shaman called in shortly after birth of child to kick afterbirth out of woman." MF, NF, NM, if mother catches cold, or infant is ill. WT: NS, MV: Afterbirth pressed out with hands. Person who sees fawn being born, rubs afterbirth 3047. Occasionally only, if need be. on his or her hand. Such person is sent for in 3049. AE: If infant all right after 1 week cases of childbirth; moment he or she walks into (or after cord has dropped off), bury afterbirth birth hut, baby is born. WT, WM, WS: In cases or throw it in stream. If infant dies before of difficult labor, (any) man whose mother bore cord drops off, afterbirth burned together with him easily is sent for, to sit close to parturi- birth hut, and baby buried. ent (with his back to her) so that latter's de- 3052. Mo: Wrapped in grass, laced onto board livery will be hastened. Among WM, man render- resembling cradleboard; put in fork of tree. ing this service is paid; payment denied by WS. Wrapped tightly; if crow, for example, tears it Such a practice denied by Kl, Mo, SE, MM, FM, out and eats it, woman will not have any more NF, NS, MV informants. WT: Before child born, children. shaman can talk to it; if baby says then that it 3055. SE: Mother of baby disposes of it. does not want to nurse its mother, it means it 3059. AE: See note 3049. doesn't want to be born, and will kill the 3060. MV: At night, so no one will see where mother. "A really tiny baby is smart, knows a it is buried. lot; when it begins to creep, talk, it doesn't 3062. AE: See note 3049. know so much then." WS: If labor difficult, 3063. AW: In fire at sofme distance from dwell- shaman (either man or woman) with power from ing house, so that man in cloud (Thunder; see water snake doctors parturient in birth hut to notes 4600, 4612) will not smell it burning. If aid delivery of child. burnt in house fire, Thunder will say the smoke 3019. SW: Only if labor difficult. See note smells good, and try to "get" [kill] mother. 3020. 3064. WM: Hot rocks are buried in hole in 3020. Dlo: No medicine taken at delivery, but ground. some time during pregnancy period (first to 3066. Mo: Afterbirth destroyed if (1) wish to third month) woman wears bird's nest tied around change sex of child, or (2) wish to prevent fu- her abdomen, to ensure easy delivery, because ture offspring. birds lay eggs easily. SW: "A woman, employed 3067. Mo: To change sex of child. for purpose, makes medicine, does nothing else, 3072. Mo: To prevent future offspring. for childbirth cases; just a few knew how to." 3081. NF: Purified by being put in basket of AW: No medicine given mother before birth of wvater. Among all other groups, put away, usu- child; only afterward. ally until baby is grown. 3021. I1M, MF, NS: Sugar-pine sugar, either 3082. Infant might "swell up." crystals or as decoction; acts as physic. 3083. MV: Burnt. 3023. MF: Blown twice. 3093. SW: Pitch put on soon after birth; in 3026. AW: Parturient sits on woman's lap; in- 5 days' time cord drops off. Fresh lump of pitch formant positive this an old custom. WIM: Sits put on umbilicus and allowed to remain there un- on rock or piece of wood, so feces will not come til child is no longer kept in a cradle. out. NS: Round smooth rock pressed against anus, 3095. WS: Charcoal and pulverized mussel shell. so child will not emerge from anal aperture. MV: Ashes from burnt shell knife used to cut cord. Denied for NF, MV. 3096. AW: "River moss" (algae?). WT: Powered 3036. Mo, SE, WS, MF, NF: Woman held suspended oak gall. WM: Pulverized sunflower root. "upside down," if breech presentation suspected. 3097. At: Fingernail scrapings and charcoal Mo: 5 times. NS: Husband inserts penis, if applied, so cord will drop off quickly. Round breech presentation seems likely, piece of rabbitskin put over dressings on umbili- 3038. At, NE, WIT, WS: Shaman coaxes infant; cus, and child put in cradle, immediately. sings, baby "answers" him or her. (See also note 3099. Buckskin band, usually. 214 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 3101. At: Cord buried in ground after child a few sticks." AE: Only healthy women leave hut begins to walk. immediately after birth, run 150-200 ft., and 3105. WM: Bag made from deer's "chin." bathe; if weak, do not. 3109. Mo: Shown to owner, so latter will live 3141. AW: Only if she feels well. long. AW: Cord tied on first cradle, which is 3145. SW: Downstream from village. AE: Bathes discarded and hung in tree after cord has only if day warm. WT: See note 3198. NF, NS: In- dropped off child. When child is grown, he is formants shocked at idea of any bathing at this sometimes shown remains of cord, still attached time; explained that "people were afraid of us- to half-broken tule cradle hanging in tree. ing water" on such occasions (see element 3169). 3111. Deeply, "so that nothing will get at 3151. SE: Mother drinks salmon-tail soup. it." Fish spawns, therefore soup efficacious in clear- 3112. SE: Mother of infant puts cord in fire, ing out woman. Such a medicine denied for Kl, midnight of day it drops off. MM, MF, NF, NM, NS, MV groups. At, AW: Decoction of ashes drunk; denied for all other groups. Treatment of infant, of mother, of midwife.-- 3155. MV: Small cake of warm ashes made into 3117. WT: One way of bathing child. After loaf with water; placed on woman's abdomen. white milk starts flowing, baby's eyes washed 3156. AW: Use "hotbed" for 6-7 days, but when with this milk, also. cord drops off child, after 3-4 days, change lo- 3118. Mo, SE, SW: To cleanse baby of any ill cation of pit. effect from mother's bad dreams (see also note 3157. Mo: 2-3 days. 3130). 3165. To "let bad blood out," after contamina- 3119. Kl, Mo, MF, NS: Grass. SE, NF: Wiped tion during delivery of infant. with soft fawnskin; AE: shredded sagebrush bark. 3120. NF, NM: Infant rubbed with acorn flour; Restrictions on mother, father.-- in all other positive cases for this entry, with 3166. AW: 6-7 days. oil or grease. 3169. SE: Takes steam bath in birth hut. SW, 3129. Mo: By doubling up basket cap and blow- AE: May bathe in river; must not take sweat bath. ing along upper edge; done to sharpen infant's WT: See note 3198. MF, MV: Bathed in hut, by hearing. WM: Done to make child good person; attendant. informant emphasized importance of observance. 3173. MV: Or, usually, with attendant. Informants from groups responding negatively 3182. At: Can eat salt; "makes lots of milk." were usually shocked at custom, stated it would 3183. A-t: Makes lumps in blood. make child deaf. 3186. Kl: Scratching "brush" made of small 3130. SE: After navel cord drops off, shaman bundle of willow twigs, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide. sometimes blows medicated water on baby, to Mo: Bone scratcher, made from deer bone. At: take off any bad dreams mother may have dreamt. Bone scratcher, worn in hair, not suspended from At: No ceremony over child. However Madesi Acho- cord at neck or around wrist. Have fleas if do mawi "dance after they have their first child. not use scratcher. The father dances alone at night for 1 night 3192. AW: First time woman goes outside, with after child born; a young man sings for him. her baby, she throws piece of charcoal behind Then father dances again, for 5 nights, after her; informant could give no reason for this, as- child's cord drops off, or when child is weaned. signed it to "Coyote's law." All the women dance too, in daytime, if warm 3193. Mo: Husband visits wife while she is days, for 6 days, until cord drops off. They outside in cook house; talks to her and sees dance outside under a little shade; the mother baby. SW: Husband stays in birth hut with of child dances with them. An old man sings for mother for 5 days after birth of child. WS: 2-3 them. Sometimes, if they couldn't shoot (see days. element 3259a) they'd put up a dance and feed 3194. Kl, Mo, SE: 2-3 months. singers. Poor people didn't put up these dances. 3198. WT: When navel cord drops off, both AW: "Make a dance after they have first baby." mother and father of infant bathe; then 1 month Distribution of this dance for first-born child after birth of baby both bathe again, and mother was not ascertained; through oversight element quits birth hut, returns to living house. The not entered on list when At, AW informants vol- father must bathe where fish are (in streams, unteered data on dance. MF: Woman (relative) not springs). holds baby, sings over it. 3200. AW: Pine needles; AE: sagebrush bark; 3138. Mo: As long as blood is flowing, woman NF: wormwood used in bath. lies over warmed pit; when it stops, she quits 3206. At: Father sleeps in birth hut with wife, cook house and immediately goes to break wood, but no intercourse; early each morning he leaves pack it home. hut, goes out and walks or runs in mountains dur- 3139. AW: See note below. ing day. AW: Stays with wife in birth hut until 3140. AW: Young mother (but not older women) cord drops off child; gathers wood for fire, runs immediately after birth of her child, "if keeps fire going at night. she is all right, not sick. She also picks up 3209. WT, WS: 4-6 days. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 215 3211. In order to avoid bad dreams. WS: Cradles.-- First night after birth of child only. 3263. For cradles, see also elements 1342- 3212a. AW: See note 3130. 1387. 3213. At: Runs to mountains, on quest (see 3267. NF: When child about 1 week old is put note 3206). AW: Runs a little, when gathering in first cradle. wood (see note 3206), but only goes on quest 3269. AW: Made "way ahead of time. Even if after cord drops off. baby dies, they put him on it and bury him." 3217. Kl, Mo, SE: Piles up rocks in shape of 3273. SE: Hung facing E; WM, WS: facing N. man. SW: First and second cradles tied on tree when 3218. AW: Only after cord drops off child discarded, "so child will keep on growing." does father bathe and seek power in mountains. NF: First cradle given away. "Then it's done; before this he knows he can't 3274. SW: Flint pendants tied to second get anything, even if he goes 100 times, before cradle; these put on because "when child laughs, that cord drops off." makes faces while asleep, it is because little 3225. SE, AW, WT, WS: 4-6 days. WS: "Sign of lizards are saying to child 'I'll hit you to make rain if he bathes." you laugh.' So of course child must laugh. In 3226. SE, AW, WNI, WS: 4-6 days. order to frighten these little lizards away, 3228, 3229. WM: 4-6 days. tie pieces of flint on each side of cradle, near 3230. WM: 4-6 days. WS: 2-3. baby's face." AW: At night, however, child 3232, 3235. WS: 2-3 days. sleeps between parents, not on cradle; "some- 3237. Each of these 3 items inquired about times one of parents rolls over and kills a baby, separately. WS: 2-3 days. MV: 28-35 days. Ra- sleeping this way." WT: 2-3 years. Child of tionale for taboos--to insure child's navel heal- 2 1/2 - 3 years packed in second cradle on long ing properly. trips (as, for example, to Hyampom, 27 miles). 3247. Kl: Spier, Klamath, p. 55, notes that Child's feet dangle over bottom of cradle; "some- both parents wear bark belts for birth of first times child walks for a way, with the cradle on child only. AE: Young man, especially after his back, like a turtle!" WM: 2-3 years. WS: birth of first child, wears braided sagebrush- 1-2 years. NS: 1-2 years. bark belt, 3-4 in. wide, tied around waist rather 3281. SW: See note 3273. tightly so he will have slim waist, "never be 3284. Kl, SE, At, AW, WT, WM, WS, MF, NH, NS: pot-bellied." Also wears this belt when chasing Dry grass, softened by mashing, put under child. deer, "so stomach won't flop up and down," and Mo, AE: Sagebrush bark, softened by mashing, put also "so he won't be so hungry." Youth, being under child. MV: Shredded willow bark, prepared sent off on vision quest to seek power at medi- yearly by midwives (soaked over winter, dried, cine lake or springs, wears similar belt. shredded), sold for purpose. SE: Older children 3248. MM, MF: Head will become sore if try to secure infant's soiled diapers.and bury scratch with fingers.- them; gives them luck in finding bird-nests with 3249. Mo: Hair will turn prematurely gray. eggs in them; eat eggs. 3252. WT: See note 3198. NF: Uses wormwood 3285. SW: Also stuff bottom section of sitting decoction. cradle with buckskin. 3259a. At: After cord drops off, father 3286. At: Wildcat skin. sweats, changes clothes; 2 days later he goes to certain place, shoots at old log; then goes lit- Nursing; weaning and discipline.-- tle farther, and is sure to see deer. He shoots 3287. Kl: 2-3 days. AW, AE, WS, XM, NF: 1-2. 1 arrow and kills deer, which he gives away (see WT, NM: 1-3. note 3260). 3288. No specific term for colostrum; referred 3260. At: See preceding note. After father to in English as "water milk." SE: Breasts cut kills first deer, he tells old woman to go and [sic] with sharp piece of flint, squeezed, to get it; does not eat any of it himself. After- milk out colostrum. Cutting denied by Kl, Mo, ward, next deer he shoots he eats a little; MH, MF, NF, NH, NS, MV. SW: Breasts massaged "not too much. This makes him lucky, so that with basket cap, which is placed over them, in every time he goes out he kills deer, after order to milk out colostrum; also massage them that." thus when they ache; if do not, breasts become 3261. At: Old people (nonrelatives) take what feverish. At: Milk out colostrum by rubbing man wins, put winnings away and never bet with breasts with hands; put warm rock between breasts, them. Then man is always lucky at gambling. then massage them again. After colostrum milked NF: "Afterward has good luck, wins all the time." out, "then the white [milk] comes; that's the 3262. NF: Big dinner held 4 days after cord time. Pretty hard work, to make that white one drops off. NS: Taboo period ends after ca. [milk] come." Baby does not suck, usually, for month; gauged by time when child first smiles; 2 days. AE: "White milk takes 2 days to flow big dinner given, and child's parents can then for older woman; for younger perhaps 1 day." eat meat. WT: "Water" flows from breasts 1-3 days after birth, even if flow begins 2 days or so before 216 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS childbirth. They never feed this 'water' to a portance) whipped children; if a poor man did it, child; it's not real milk, but water, they children would be poor when grown, whereas if claimed, that comes ahead of milk. It is milked rich man punished them, they might grow up to out. A newborn baby can go for 3-4 days without be wealthy. After he had whipped them, whipper anything to eat; it doesn't hurt it, as it would talked to children, but did not send them out on a child a month or so old." NS: After colostrum vision quest. MN: Only certain babies; done by milked out, brush breasts with dry soaproot shaman. brush, "to make all the good [white] milk come together." Never feed baby colostrum; "wouldn't Naming; mutilations.-- think of doing this"; usually child nurses after 3306. MF: Informant knew Indian names given, about 1 day. No milking of breasts before baby and mentioned 1 or 2 names of MF men, but was born to express colostrum. apparently honest in stating she had forgotten 3289. Kl, Mo, At: So that white milk will her own Indian name. NS: Informant had never flow more quickly. At, WS: Colostrum milked in- been given Indian name; no doubt about her hon- to small basket, contents of basket poured onto esty. hot rock, to make milk flow quickly. Denied by 3307. AE: If infant ailing, shaman sings for all Maidu, Nisenan groups. AE: Milked onto hot it, and gives baby a name. Songs shaman sings rocks to burn it up, so flies will not bother different for boy and girl babies. mother or infant. WM: If woman loses baby, and 3308. Mo: Named for first word it speaks. milks out her breasts, she does not let her milk SW: (Boy) named for deed or major occupation of fall on hot rocks, but on grass; "because when his father or grandfather; girl for deed or oc- women used to let it fall on hot rocks, they cupation of her mother, grandmother or father's found they had only a little milk when they had sisters. AW: Informant recalled 3 Indian names, their next baby." but stated "lots of AW have no Indian names"; 3291. SE: Quail, rabbit gruel. AE: Shell, whether this had always been true, informant vegetable gruel. could not say. Possible this has some bearing 3293. Mo, SE: 2-3 months. on matter of extension of name taboo to kinship 3296. AW: If mother pregnant, child stops term taboo, which is described in note 4314. nursing of own accord. 3314. SW: Named by any close relative on 3300. SE: Pitch and sour medicine; NF: Cas- father's side only (but can also be named by cara (juice?); NS: pitch and charcoal; MV: mother herself). burnt tarweed. 3318. MV: 2 namesakes considered sisters or 3301. WM, WS, NM: Mother warns child he, she brothers to each other; strong bond of sympathy is drinking worm; puts worm on breast, near exists between them, and extends to their off- nipple. spring. 3303. AW: But "make fun of large child if he 3319. SE, WS: Original possessor takes new still nurses; say he's 'no good, no good; don't name. SE: Original owner of name paid for his touch him."' WVM: If wean child quickly, will or her name. conceive again quickly; bu-t if continue nursing child, will not conceive for several years. Mutilations.-- 3304. Child up to 2 years old or so bathed See also elements 1613-1648, 3583-3588. with warm or cold water if cries at night, to 3323. NS: "Both ears, not just 1." make it sleep. Sometimes have to bathe child 3326. AW, AE: Boys of 10-15 years have ears, thus twice nightly, each night, until break nose pierced prior to being sent to spring in child of crying. mountains to seek power. Girls have ears, nose 3305. At: Baby may cry because dreaming bad pierced short time after puberty dance; girl dream. WT: As regards disciplining of older dances for 5 nights after piercing is done; may children, informant stated that, "children were obtain vision when dancing (see note 3584). whipped in a group, never singly; after several 3327. SW: Some families believe in it, and children had done wrong at different times they pierce all their boys' and girls' ears. Also were finally gathered together, and 1 special men have ears pierced sometimes. In Kammatwa man in the village whipped each child. The and Katiruk groups (see note 282) "all men and largest boy in the group was the first to be women have noses and ears pierced, and wear big whipped. A basket was put over a little girl's bunch of beads in nose, unlike other [Shasta] head (of 3 years or over) if she was to be groups." whipped. They used a bowstring and whipped a 3330. MV: On boys only. boy on the back, or anywhere; girls they 3332. MV: On girls only. switched on the legs only. The person doing 3335. NF: Will never join good dead when die the whipping held the child; he left large welts unless ears pierced; join "devils" and eat their on them, so they'd listen to him next time." pinole, made out of large bugs. Whippings were administered any time, whenever 3340. NM: Warm oak stick in fire, stick it children became "mean" or got into mischief. A through septum; let it stay there 4-5 days. Girl *rich man (not chief, but next to chief in im- sleeps with old woman at night; in sleep former CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 217 may rub nose with hand. "Then old woman grabs 3372. WT: Teeth put in hole, child says to her wrist and tells girl not to do that; girl animal, "Let's trade teeth; I want good sharp may get so mad she slaps old woman." ones like yours," and then jumps over hole. Or 3341. WM, WS: Mourners, sick persons pierce trades teeth with trout, and says same formula, own nasal septums sometimes; WM: to give others but puts teeth in river. WS, MM: Child jumps misfortune, cause their death; WS: as therapeu- over hole. NF, NM, NS: All first teeth disposed tic measure. See note 1614. of thus. 3343. At: Poor men do not have noses pierced. 3373. At, AW: Child's excrement; WM: Old per- Piercing done when man is going to mountains to son's. pray, in order to give him good luck. 3374. SW: So second or permanent teeth will 3346. At: Done, on man, by "old, gray-haired grow steadily, like grass. man." 3377. NF, MV: Tell animal, "You give me all 3350. WM: Women's facial tattooing recent good teeth." NS: Bury tooth, and ask gopher for practice only; men's facial tattooing old prac- his old tooth, telling him they will give him a tice. new one [the baby tooth] in exchange. 3351. At: If tattooed areas swell, bad luck; 3378. WM: Twins (womas, pretty) feared; "they if do not, girl will have easy childbirths. make a woman sick, pain her before she births 3352. SW: Women tattooed when grown, so pat- them; she may die." NF, MV: Informants had never tern will stay on. heard of any cases of twins occurring in groups. 3355. SE: Done only for identification, in 3380. WM, MF, NM, NS: Never eat "twin" wild event man killed in war. plums, double acorns, etc. WM: Tell young girls 3356. WM: On women, recently. never to talk about twins. Also warn young girls 3358. SW: Untattooed woman called "leather against eating double, triple, etc., acorns "that face"; but no especial reason for tattooing. are all bunched together on 1 stem. If a girl WM: True for women; for men see note 3359. does eat 2 or 3 such acorns off 1 stem, she must 3359. WM: Men only tattoo arms if they ache, point with each of the acorns in a different di- and shaman tells them the reason for this is rection, and say, 'I'll have a child over there that they have plunged their arms in "snake's [pointing E for example]; next time I'll have a dance house [Lut]. A snake's Lut is a little child over there [pointing WI; next time over stream, up in mountains; man, when in mountains, there [pointing N], etc., so that she won't have may have stumbled and, to save himself, pitched 2, 3, 4 children all at 1 time, bunched up to- forward and fallen with his arms in small stream; gether." such streams were snakes' dance houses. When in mountains, people do not drink from such streams; Infanticide, illegitimate children; impregna- they dig out small springs a little with their tives, contraceptives, abortion.-- hands and sing and sing; when water rises in 3389. AW: "Anything they raise [give birth to] hole, they spit in water before drinking, so the they keep." WT: Bastard called a "road baby." spirit in spring will not hurt them. Down by They "worship that little thing more than an or- main river though, they drink river water, and dinary baby; everyone gives it things, because swim in river." they all feel sorry for it." 3360. At: Also, woman tattooed so she will 3390. SE, WM, WS: Child killed occasionally, have easy time in childbirth. if mother had dreamt bad dreams while confined, 3361. Mo: Also, if not tattooed, or do not and violent storm ensues at time of childbirth. have ears, nose pierced, will eat snake eggs Rare. Denied for all other groups. SE, WM, NM, after death. NS: Infant buried alive with mother, if latter 3362. Mo: 2 pads, stuffed with cattail down, dies in childbirth. Burial alive denied for Kl, bound on infant's head, front and back. SW: Mo, WS, MM, NF. Informant for NF remarked in- Front pad "heavier, like a weight; back pad more fant, deprived of mother, usually died after like a pillow, and does not flatten back part of about 3 weeks. MV: Try to save child; hire nurse head." AW: Some people among AW practice fronto- if possible. occipital head flattening, "but not all people, 3392. WS: If mother dies, but infant lives, like those Mo; only a few." WM: Weeds with "another woman, anyone who wants to keep that round "button" flowers (variety of compositae?) baby" [need not be relative] drinks 3-4 cupfuls put in baby's cradle, so that child's head will of boiled wild grapevine roots, stem, leaves. grow round. In about 1 day after drinking this and massaging breasts, the milk begins to flow and woman can Disposal of milk teeth; twins.-- nurse baby she has taken. In winter dry vine and 3370. WM: When toenails or fingernails long, roots effective for this purpose. "An old woman, cut them with piece of obsidian and gather up 60-70 years old, did this for her grandchild, and parings; walk about 10 paces and throw parings raised that boy. His mother had died when he was toward Glass Mountain (source of obsidian supply), 1 month old." saying, "Go away up there and get me good flint 3393. VIM: "Charley Klutchie's father raised nails and put them on me." him; his mother died at childbirth and the people 218 ANTEIROPOLOGICAL RECORDS wanted to bury the baby with mother, but in- 3445. NV: Old woman and young girl helper. fant's father objected and raised the baby." 3451. SE: 8-10 days. At: Eats acorn soup, 3395. SE: Cradleboard turned face down. WM, sparingly. AW: 6-12. AE: 3-4 days. WS: Infant's face pressed into mother's breast. 3456. SW: If eat meat, ruin luck of hunter 3397. AW: "Lots of times woman's father or who has shot game; hunter must obtain more luck mother takes woman's illegitimate child and before he can kill anything afterward. At: If raises it, and woman gets another man [husband]." menstruant eats meat will lose her teeth. AW: 3400. Mo: Shell decoction. SE: Haliotis de- Fresh deermeat makes menstruant ill, because coction. WM: Wild-flag decoction. deer hair grows inside woman if she eats meat at 3401. NS: Woman wishing child goes to shaman, this time. Also, if menstruant eats meat, fish who makes miniature baby cradle; this is put she will make hunter, fisherman sick; weaken his where woman sleeps. "Gives her 1-2 children; not bow and arrow; spoil fishing grounds, etc. many." 3459. At: All berries except manzanita berries 3402. See also elements 3066-3075. Mo: End taboo. of dentalia shell scraped, given to woman to 3460. WM: New crop acorns taboo. Crop would drink, if wants boy; haliotis scrapings, for girl be spoiled, and next year's crop would fail. baby. AW: For boy, ground dentalia shell drunk; 3461. Kl: "Afraid girl would lose her teeth." for girl, Olivella or haliotis (?) drunk. WM: 3463. WM: Girl drinks creek water only; "sal- Stem of wild iris used, for girl; wild iris leaf mon in the river; girl would spoil them." used, for boy. 3464. SE: 8-10 days. AW: 6-12. AE: 3-4. 3404. WM: See note 3402. 3468. MV: Winter only. 3405. WM: Miniature bow and arrow, or basket 3469. NV: 2 female singers eat with girl, also. (depending on whether boy or girl baby wanted) 3471. NV: See element 3450. huing up in dwelling house where couple have in- 3476. AW: Someone has to give girl water; "if tercourse (cf. element 3401). she gets it herself, she will have bad teeth." 3406. See also elements 3066-3075. NF, NV: Girl fed acorn mush on end of forked 3407. NF, MV: Decoction of mistletoe berries; stick. NF: Attendant holds basket of water to said by MV to be recent practice only. girl's lips. 3409. Mo: Trench dug, hot rocks put in, cedar 3477. Twig used to clean teeth. leaves, dirt put over rocks; woman made to lie 3478. Mo, SE, NF: Grass, buckskin, etc. AE, on this, to induce abortion. Also used in cases MF, NM, MV: Shredded bark used to wipe mouth. of difficult childbirth. 3479. Mo, SE, AW: Chew kinnikinick leaves, berries, or sunflower roots. At, AW, MF, NM: Pine needles or pine gum. Puberty and Menstrual Customs 3479a. At, MM: Juniper. AW, MM: Pine tassel (?). AE: Peppermint. At, MM, AW, AE: Done so Girls' puberty ceremony.-- "girl can't smell meat cooking." At: "So girl 3417. At: Girl sleeps short time in hut before won't smell tobacco smoke, or odor of sweat un- daylight, but spends main part of day in open. der armpits." 3420. SE, SW: Part of day spent in open gath- 3480. WS: Girl may sleep all day. ering wood. At, AW: Menstruant often spends 3484. NS: Girl made to lie down for entire whole day in open during rites. period. MV: Rises early and bathes. 3423. SW: Hut on west ("dark side") of dwell- 3486. Mo: If talks too much, will become a ing. WM: Girl occupies hut distant from dwell- "chatterbox." ing ca. 1 month; then moves into bark house near 3488. WM: Cannot laugh because taboo to show dwelling house and stays in bark house all win- teeth; reason unknown. ter (1 year). 3492. Instruction concerns conduct, house- 3426. Mo: Latter part of period only. NM: keeping, and other things. MV: Old women visi- Throughout period. NS: No heat because "always tors fed by girl's attendant. believe warmth clots blood." 3494a. WT: Would see evil spirit. 3428. At: Burnt bark. If girl sleeps out in 3495. At: If looks at moon, it will rain. open during daytime, uses small piece of bark as 3500. NS: Acorns will drop off trees. pillow. AE: Bark girl carries at night. WM: 3500a. At, AW: If girl steps in water, it will Plain bark. rain. See note 3612, At. NM: If menstruant wood- 3429. AW, NM: Stick. NS: Pine needles. gathering, another woman carries her across "any 3433. At: Head toward E because "W a bad place, little creek." where evil dreams come from." WS: Menstruant 3502. See 3589-3596. faces door, any direction. 3509. Kl: If girl uses fingers, hair will turn 3434. WT: 2-3 months. white when still young. "They don't want this to 3436. SE: 8-10 days. At: 3-10. AW: 6-12. happen." Also, if girl washes face with hands, AE: 3-4. it will soon become wrinkled and she will quickly 3438. SW: 1-2 days. At: 2-6. WT: 1-3. look old. NM: Girl's hands tied together some- 3444. AX: "A good-natured, lively womair." times, to prevent her scratching self with fingers. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 219 3512. SE: 8-10 days. At: 3-6. AW: 6-12. in evening when girl runs she wears buckskin AE: 3-4. skirt over bark one; removes buckskin skirt when 3515. At: Worn attached to skirt or belt, in she returns to her hut. back. See note 3572. "If girl wears basket cap 3552. Serves as menstrual pad. Mo: Shredded on head when menstruating, she will dream and sagebrush. SE: Grass. SW, MF, NF: Buckskin. get gray hair." WM: Old basket cap, worn chief- At: Sagebrush encased in bark. AW: Front skirt ly when going outside hut. (of grass, tule, buckskin) tucked in between legs. 3516. AE: Greasewood-bark woven "cape." WM: Soft maple bark; changed frequently, burned 3518. Mo: Pack basket. SE, SW: Basket hopper. secretly. 3520. AW: Aberrant use of feather; old man or 3557. Kl, Mo: Of sagebrush bark. AE: Of woman, if has power and "wants to get rid of it greasewood bark, braided. MM, MF: Of buckskin. and give it to girl," puts 1 feather in girl's 3558. Kl, Mo, AW: Of sagebrush bark. AE: Of head when she is dancing at puberty dance. greasewood bark, braided. MM: Of buckskin. 3521. Kl, Mo, At, AW: Braided sagebrush. AE: 3559. Mo, AE: Of sage or greasewood. SE, SW, Greasewood bark. At, AW, AE: Bark pendant from WM: Hair belt. SW: Hair belt purchased; deco- band extends down back. Mo: Lacks pendant down rated with triangular pieces of shell that rat- back. tle when girl dances. Kept, worn any time after- 3522. SE: Mink. ward. AW, AE: Pack strap for belt. MM, MF, NF: 3523. SE, SW: Bluejay feathers. WS: Informant Buckskin belt. reported having seen girl's puberty dance among 3562. SE: Sweet-grass necklace. MM: Pine-nut Scott Valley Shasta, 50 yrs. ago, in which girl necklace. wore visor of grouse feathers. Dance lasted 2-3 3565. At: Hand might be paralyzed. AW: "Some weeks, but at end visor not lifted off girl; lat- said a girl would ruin a basket she'd started, or ter wore visor throughout ensuing sujmmer. the weeds [Xerophyllum], if she made baskets." 3525. SE, SW: Feather visor. WT: Girl's 3567. Kl: "If girl doesn't work outside, mother or grandmother takes girl outside; never she'll be lazy." allowed her to go alone. At night attendant 3569. SE, SW, NM: For every household in vil- carries torch. WM: Basket. MM: Basket cap. lage. At: Girl gets light loads of wood, every NF: Pack basket. NS: Girl does not leave hut 4 day, at noontime. NM: All women sing as girl days and nights; hole dug inside hut to serve as goes to top of hill for wood. MV: Gathers wood latrine; covered with dirt afterward. MV: Deer- final 2 days of seclusion only. skin blanket. 3570. At: Menstruating girl "never touches 35627. Sagebrush-bark wrappings. water. That's no good, you'll dream bad." ;536. WT: Burned. NF: Buried. 3571. For everyone asking her to do so. 3538. MV: Burnt pepperwood gourds used. 3572. At: If girl menstruates in season when 3540. AE: 3 red stripes (1 each down nose and roots are dug, she digs them for old women dur- cheeks), if girl is dancing for 3 nights; 4th ing daytime. At noon, girl dances and old woman stripe, down chin, added if girl is dancing for hits ("spanks") her on basket cap; girl then runs 4 nights. (See left figure, below.) WM: Alternate east as old woman shouts. Girl returns to an old red and black dots from eyes down cheeks. (See woman who beckons to her; this old woman pinches right figure, below.) girl's left forefinger hard, so that she will fill up the basket with roots quickly, and hits her on basket cap. The girl then goes off to gather roots, which she puts in the basket cap, and transfers to the old women's pack baskets. <> QP / <9> /She is supposed to fill 3 pack baskets before \0 / o 8 / sundown. The next day girl goes to another fami- ly, to dig roots. "The old women liked this help; they'd say, 'Oh, I wish she would do this every day, dig roots for me.'" This is done not only at first-puberty rites, but during every menstrual period before girl marries. If no 3546. MV: Girl painted by 2 female singers roots, girl gathers fruit during day for her each morning. mother. MV: Final 2 days of seclusion menstru- 3547. WM: Wears old deer-hide skirt, especi- ant, attendants, and women gather clover; return ally when going outside to run. Hide tanned with to village wearing wild-rose crowns. Give clover hair on; has been saved, hung up in top part of to "captains" (yeponi) to eat in sweat house. house in smoke, for ca. 10 years. Taboo for girl 3574. At, AW: See note 3565. to touch newly tanned skirt; "an old skirt will 3575. At: So she will be a good runner. At, help her; she won't be afraid of anything." AW: To catch shadow. AW, AE: To fetch water for 3550. WM: During menstrual periods, wears someone. WM, NM: Brings back sticks. This de- maple-bark double skirt, with breechclout under- nied for WS, NMM, ME, NF, NS, MV. At: Girl runs neath; bark skirt likely to become stained, so toward E. 220 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 3576. AW: Girl runs on first morning of her 3586. AW: See note 3584. AE: Girl may obtain menses, just before daylight, and on each subse- vision while she is dancing after having ears, quent morning. "Some old lady talks to her. nose pierced. When she runs, she can't look back. Then she 3587. NF: Ca. 10 years of age. sleeps a little, then the old ladies come and 3589. Kl, Mo, SE: Sweat bath after first 5 or want to dance with her" (the day dance). 3 menstrual periods. WM, WS: 1 month or 1 year 3581. At: Vision seeking, but with qualifica- after girl first menstruates. MV: 1 month after tions. When girl is menstruating "she may get first menstruation. power; she may dream and go to the mountains as 3591. NS: Menstruant followed to stream by she is told to do in her dream; but she also sister, girl relatives who sing for her, early tries to get power out in the mountains when morning 5th day. well." 3593. NF: Wormwood decoction. 3582. See note 3492. At: Girl is instructed, 3597a. Either at end of each menstrual period, but not when she is menstruating, only when well. or at end of entire puberty ceremony. 3583. At: Sometimes ears pierced during in- 3599. Kl: For 5 periods. Mo: For 3-5. SE, fancy, if baby "mean." Usually, however, a girl, At, AW, AE: For 3. on final night of dancing during 6th or final 3601. MV: To old woman attendant. puberty dance, has ears pierced for first time, 3603. MV: Exchanged with girl attendant. just before daylight. She then goes off into 3606. SE: Worn each subsequent menstruation. mountains for 3 days, alone, seeking for power 3609. Kl, Mo, SE, SW, At, AE, AW, WM, WS, MV: through dream. She is then considered adult. Emphasized jollity connected with girl's puberty 3584. AW: If have "good clear days when girl dance. Lack of ritual obligations on anz of par- dances [puberty dance], then later [ca. 3-8 ticipants except menstruant, made it (SW) "most days] on a cloudy day girl's ears pierced, so popular and well attended of all the dances." there will be good weather again. The father NM: Puberty dance, yomuse. NV: Round dance held says, 'Get that girl,' and some good old lady on final night of girl's 28-day seclusion. "This [not necessarily a relative] pierces the girl's [night] dance was the main dance; each night (of ears. Then some old lady who has a power and the 28) the people came and gambled; the girl's knows how to talk to the mountains lifts the girl family fed the visitors." up--turns her--and drops her, and rubs her legs 3610. NF: Name of day dance, wulu. Held after with dirt, and then hits her with a [miniature] girl has come out of menstrual hut, and bathed; seed beater and hollers, 'See what's coming, you in daytime. Girl and women dance in circle, mountains.' The girl runs off; she goes as far holding hands; no fire, pole. Dance a short as she wants to in the mountains, then turns while, then 2 women singers, with girl between back. She doesn't swim. If she steps in the them, sing, girl joining in singing. No deer- water it will make it rain, and give her bad hoof rattle. luck. She may go out, 2, 3, 10 miles into the 3612. So girl will not dream bad dreams; will timber, for power to dig roots, be strong, heal- have good luck. Kl: "If girl sleeps little thy, get a rich man, but when she gets up to a while, she dreams there's a noise in the sky; she distant place she picks up some leaves or sticks dreams of thunder. That's a bad dream, so they to show she's been there, and immediately turns keep her dancing all night, for 5 nights, so she arqund to go home. [A boy would have to stay won't dream." Mo: "If she sleeps at this time, there.] If she's early, she sits down in the the girl will dream about thunder, then it will woods some place, until it's time for her to sure strike her, and kill her." SW: Girl's pu- dance that night. In the evening she returns berty dance "just a common good-time dance, held home. She may bring back wood for some old lady to help the girl out of her trouble, to keep her who can't get wood. The singers come together from dreaming" (see also note 3721). At: Girl and the celebrant and the boys and girls dance. sleeps head toward east; "the west, they said, She has a stick to scratch her head, but they're was a bad place, where bad dreams come from, Sil- not so particular as about the other [girl's ver Fox said... They dance with her all night, puberty] dance. They dance for 2-5 nights; it to make her lively, so she won't sleep and dream depends on how many singers come; if there are ... [when girl is menstruating] she never touches lots to spell each other, they dance longer. At water; that's no good; she'll dream bad." AW: the end they take the sticks out [of the girl's Given "so the girl will get power in 'dreams' as ears] and put a quill in each ear and she wears she gets sleepier and sleepier, dancing. But she that all the time. They do this for every girl must not tell anyone what she dreams. They don't for whom it is a fine day when she dances the let her sleep in the daytime; if she sleeps she'll puberty dance; if it rains at the puberty dance dream bad for herself and be sick." WT: Puberty it gives the girl bad luck. Mostly it doesn't observances held "so girl won't dream bad dreams." rain." AE: Short time after puberty dance is On first day of menstruation, girl's grandmother over, pierce girl's ears and, sometimes, her sits by her, sings, uses clapper to keep girl nose; girl then dances for 5 nights. awake. WN: Girl "never dreamt bad, but her gramd- 3585. AW: See preceding note. mother, who was staying with her, might; she might CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 221 dream that some animal came and packed her away. trothed not subject to any of above regulations, NF: Girl stays in menstrual hut because "a big but dances with girl for 3 periods and is dressed buzzard [Thunder?] would come if she went out- well when on view with menstruant year after girl side, and take her up to the sky. They come to first menstruates. Morning following this large get the girl; coming down they sound like thun- final puberty dance parents of girl and betrothed der; that's why people are careful of girls." line up in row, singing; girl and youth dance, The day dance is given to celebrate girl's ma- hand in hand, in front of line 1 hour; boy then turity, as well as to avert disaster to girl. takes girl to his father's house, all guests de- NV: Given so girl will be lucky in being able to part, couple considered married. This done only gather abundance of wild seeds. by virgins, chaste boys; marriage has been ar- 3614. SE: 8-10 nights. At: 3-10 nights. 1st ranged previously by parents of principals; com- period, girl dances 3 nights; 2d period, girl mon form of marriage, "done often." Betrothal dances 5 nights; 3d period, girl dances 6 nights; dance, doharilpurik. All other groups explicitly 4th period, girl dances 7-5 nights; 5th period, denied any such puberty marriage customs as des- girl dances 5 nights; 6th period, girl dances 10 cribed herein for AE, WS. nights. Some girls dance for only 3 menstrual 3637. SE: With back toward fire, however. AE: periods, not 6. AW: 3-12 nights. If only few Singers between girl and fire (see fig., note singers come, dance lasts only 3-4 nights; if 3628). many singers come, dance 6-12 nights. AE: 3-4 3641. SW: Between dances men and women sit in nights. WM: Ca. 5 nights. NF: Dance lasts 1 line or group, with menstruant in front of them; day. women, mainly, sing, although men may help. Sing 3615. SE, SW, AW: 1-2 subsequent menses. At: special women's songs that are used only for this 2-5. purpose; also sing songs of more exoteric nature. 3618. Near dwellings. SW, SE hold dance out- MI: Girl rests at intervals during night's danc- side; under tree if rainy weather. ing; also dances 4 nights, rests on fifth, on 3622. In general, girl's father. MM: Girl's sixth has ears pierced, dances and runs in morn- mother. ing. 3623. Usually, girl's father's father. WS: 3652. Mo: Men sing for few hours, then go "No one in charge." home; women stay and sing all night. NF, NM, MV: 3625. Mo: 1-2 men only, to sing. 2 female singers figure prominently in accounts 3626a. See note 3635, AE, WS. of ceremony. 3628. AE: See figure. 3653. AW: Men sing for girl, passing rattle as each sings in turn. Any woman takes rattle, sings, if she is good singer. __ 3654. Kl: "Have 1 singer they hire, a woman; o ?3 23 they pay her. Then lots of people help her sing, (D q3men and women." N 3659. At: Occasionally only, if mother thinks z4..w girl is tired. Mother also rubs ashes on girl's ''''''' 1"1 *legs, if girl tired. 3661. SW: See note 3641. I'#i'', men, women 3662. Kl, Mo: Men and women sing about each dancing; 1, fire; 2 sing- other (see Spier, Klamath, p. 69). ers; 3, dancers support- 3665. Kl, Mo: Begin with an evening song, and ing menstruant; 4, men- struant. end in morning at daylight with a morning song (see Spier, Klamath, p. 69). During night sing 3629. Kl, Mo: Girls support menstruant. SW, "love" songs (see note 3662). SW: See note 3641. SE: Men or women support menstruant. At, AW, AE: Brush dance is 1 of dances given during puberty Boys or girls support menstruant. AE: Menstru- dance; men carry bows and arrows. At: In winter ant's betrothed and girl may support menstruant. sing of snow melting; other songs in regular (?) 3631. MM: Girl dances 4 nights, rests 1 night, order. dances and has ears pierced on 6th (final) night. 3666. Kl: Singers and others, joke with men- 3635. AE: Girl's betrothed dances with girl, struant as she dances. MF, NF: Joking by clown. for each of the 3 successive monthly periods of 3668. At: Use 2 deer-hoof rattles during night 5 days each that girl dances. During these peri- dance; 1 for singers, 1 to keep passing to per- ods his conduct parallels that of girl's; he sons who are sleepy. At end of night dancing, eats no meat, grease, fish; he eats sparingly, menstruant given rattle and told to go and run; runs alone each morning, takes bath by self, she rattles and sings throughout day by herself. uses scratching stick, is employed on errands iNM: Deer-hoof rattle, kosiltil. in daytime. He wears braided greasewood head- 3669. At: See note 3668. WM: Deer-hoofs used band, capelike head covering, greasewood wrist- for this rattle have been saved, hung up in top lets and anklets. On morning of final rite he part of house in smoke, for several years (cf. washes himself, changes clothes. WS: Girl's be- note 3547). 222 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 3670. MV: See Densmore, Musical Instruments, charge chooses partners (mock "wives") for male pp. 114-115. dancers; "they all joke and have fun. This is 3672. At: Men, women dance half night; men- the windup." struant and 4 boys continue dancing throughout 3709. SE: Menstruant herself removes visor. entire night. Boys dance with girl "to make her 3712. WM: At final "big time" dance, girl lively"; otherwise she would grow sleepy. wears braided-grass fringed "visor," clean 3674. Mo: Singers fed at midnight, sometimes. clothes, bead necklaces, basket cap. "She's At, AW: Singers fed, especially. AW: "Some white [from staying in hut]; looks pretty." WS: singers won't eat anything; if they have power Same as WM, except no grass visor. they say, 'I don't want to eat so near to that 3714. WM: If poor girl (for whom no final dance girl.'" has been given) has good clothes to wear, she may 3677. WM, WS: For informal night dancing stand with wealthy girl, "so everyone can look at while girl i's in seclusion, men, women do not them and admire them." dress especially, but (WIS) "at the year's end, 3716. At: When menstruant is bathed, and at- at big time [when girl ends isolation], they put tended to, "then they all eat together, in 1 on all their finery." place. Everybody brings food." MF: Informant 3684. AE: Girl wears greasewood bark cape denied visitors are feasted. But MV informant (over head?) during dance; cape hung on tree at reported that at Enterprise, among another MF end of ceremony. group, on final morning of rite menstruant and 3687. MV: See note 3572. girl attendant made to run and jump over wide bed 3691. WT, WM: In springtime. (of burning pine needles? See note 3721). It is 3693. At: After daybreak, old women dance important that girl should clear the bed. Then 3 circle dance for girl; old woman singer. Girl women bring acorn flour for soup; the 2 old women then departs for mountains to gather fruits, singers clown over the flour, saying "They never roots. AW: After girl stops dancing night dance, give us anything to eat," and other remarks. "they quit dancing for a little while. The girl Clowns grunt and rub the flour over their faces runs [just before daybreak], then sleeps a lit- before giving it back to be cooked. The 3 women tle; then the old ladies come and want to dance then make a big batch of acorn bread from the with her. The girl and women dance a circle flour and give the dough to everyone present. dance in the daytime." NM: "Sometimes have day 3720. Kl: In open, where race ends. Mo: In dance; not always." sweat-house fire. 3696. At, AW: Old women. 3721. SW: Pass girl through fire if she has 3697. SE: 8-10 days. At: 3-10. AW: 3-12. dreamt bad dreams, so that the evil effects of 3700. AW: See note 3584. such will be burnt off. Sometimes put a little 3706. WM: Held in fall "when the salmon have shell money on her, before they pass her through all returned to the ocean," ca. 1 year after girl fire, but no great display of wealth. (Dixon, has started menstruating. "People come from all Shasta, p. 458,says girl burnt alive.) MF: Girl over, Stillwater, all directions. The visitors passes through ring of lighted pine needles dur- paint and come into the dance place in the after- ing puberty ceremonies. See Dixon (Maidu, p. 233) noon, from the brush; they whoop and shoot their and Loeb (Eastern Kuksu, p. 150). NF: Loeb arrows at a brush effigy; it frightens you when (ibid., p. 183).says Yuba River Maidu (- NF) made you see it for the first time and don't know girl run through circle burning pine needles, but what it is about. After the visitors come into his Yuba River Maidu informants probably belonged the camping place, the girl stands in the middle, to MF group. See section on informants, NF entry, all dressed up, but not dancing. The people this study. dance as they do in the war dance, for 1-2 hours, then go to the river and swim, and return home. Boys' puberty observances.-- The old lady [attendant] takes the girl by the 3723. For details see elements 5207-5217. hand and leads her into the [menstrual] hut, and 3724. For details see elements 4722-4792. gives her a bath, then brings her into the big living house in the evening. Then the girl can General menstrual customs.-- eat dry or fresh salmon, but no sucker, trout, 3735. Baskets which have no grease on them. deermeat for 1 more year." WS: "After 1 year, 3739. WM, WS: 4-5 days and nights. MM, MV: when girl is going to eat fresh meat, they have 3-4. a big time. Everybody comes; the visitors bring 3740. Kl. Cp. Spier, Klamath, pp. 55, 70-71. food, and the girl's family provides food.. When My male informant stated definitely all women of they first come in they roll up a brush effigy Klamath Marsh group used menstrual hut. and shoot at it, whooping. Then they call the 3757. WM, WS: But cannot bathe in main rivers, girl, and make her stand up, all dressed up, such as McCloud or upper Sacramento rivers. MV: while they pray for a long time, telling Olelbes In summer only. [Wintu supreme being] they're going to feed that 3764. Menstruating woman may give husband good girl. After this they feast and dance." luck in gambling, hunting, and the like. 3708. WT: During daytime dancing; man in CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 223 3773. WT: Each month when period begins men- or elkhide over head when going out of house; is struant stands over nest of piss ants, allows "bashful." If betrothed wishes to give him bad ants to crawl up her legs and bite her, to in- luck, she climbs up on top of sweat house and duce menopause. looks down inside when he is in there eating; this makes him sick. Marriage 3781. SW: Man, A, may hire shaman to kill someone on his, A?s, behalf. For this, A pays Child betrothal.-- shaman by giving him his daughter, for shaman's 3774. Kl: Boy and girl know nothing of ar- son to espouse when both children grow up. Is- rangement; boy's father asks girl's, "What do sue of such union are "very valuable"; they are you think about it; you're going to let her get valued "beyond any price." WT: Marked reaction married when she grows up; what do you think?" against using child to pay debt. "Chinese do Girl's father says, "Yes; I think it [will] be that; they buy women; we never did this." all right." Boy's father then gives girl's 3783. At: 10 strings shell beads standard pay- people food; "that's how they hold her. When ment for bride; paid only at time of marriage. girl grows up, perhaps another boy tries to get MV: Beads given to girl's mother; she sends back her [to marry him]; her father says, 'No; you yellowhammer bands, and other ornaments, to boy's already belong to that boy over there; we al- family. ready gave you to those folks.' Boy's father then tells his boy to go get girl, and boy goes Bride purchase.-- after her, and brings her back to his father's 3785. Kl: Youth's parents tell youth, "You'd house for about 5 days. Even if girl doesn't better go over and get that woman [naming her], like youth, she has to comply, and her parents if you want her." Youth says, "Yes, I'll take have to give her to her betrothed." Before mar- her, if she likes me." So he goes over to girl's riage, boy may take gifts to girl's parents-- family's house, talks to girl alone; she may re- buckskin, and such. Child betrothal an old form fuse, but if she accepts him he brings her back of marriage; informant had never seen it carried to his father's house, where she sleeps with him out in his lifetime. SW: Boy's father sends 3-5 nights. Girl then returns to her home, unes- buckskin load of money by friend to girl's fa- corted. At end of 5 days her relatives (father, ther; latter "sits there and looks at money, and mother, mother's relatives, some neighbors--per- finally accepts it; or, if he doesn't, boy's haps 10 people altogether) escort her back to father may hire shaman to bewitch girl, so she her husband's family's house; take gifts of food, becomes loose woman. AW: Practiced by wealthy. which they present to his mother. In return, After betrothal arranged, "don't allow any other groom's family gives dried meat and suckers to man to touch that girl." Child betrothal char- bride's parents. Latter distribute these gifts acterized by informant as "real old-time trade." among all people who have come with them. Both MM: Here, as among other groups, child betrothal families eat together; bride and groom sit to- highly approved form of marriage. Couples may gether on mat (see elements 3818-3819a). Bride's be of about same age, or young girl may be paid party departs same day they came, except for for by old man, who marries her after she reaches bride's mother, who may stay for 3 days, teach- puberty. ing girl how to live, telling her to "work hard 3775. AE: Usually boy's father goes to girl's all the time; don't let anybody tell you what to family, taking hides, food with him; if girl's do; I'll tell you myself what you can do." In father does not wish to enter into agreement, he recent times, groom?s and bride's fathers have does not touch present. However, girl's father, both made speeches at time of marriage observ- if headman, can also start negotiations, if he ance; tell couple how they are going to live, and wishes to. If girl and boy of 2 different local other things. Informant had seen them do this groups betrothed, boy's family "have somebody when a boy. Also, recently, groom's father gives [who lives near girl] watch the girl until she horses and clothes for girl; her family also is grown to see how good or how mean she is." gives groom's same, "just like a trade. In early 3776. SE: At time of actual marriage only. days, though, just gave food." AW: Youth's father WT: See note 3781. goes to girl's father's house and talks to her 3777. Mo: Boy's side gives meat, girl's side, parents, saying, "I like you; we'll 'treat' one roots. But concept of "buying" girl recognized, another; I'd like to see those young folk stay although exchange of gifts also emphasized. together." The girl's father smokes, then says, SE: Exchange of gifts at time of actual marriage "All right." Sometimes he asks his wife; she only. At: Boy's side gives meat, girl's side tells him it's up to him [father], all on him. acorns and baskets, while children are young. Sometimes he says, "No, I can't do that." After AE: Exchange some presents, not many. this is settled, youth's father collects food 3777a. Kl, Mo: Denied any taboos; children and shell currency, then takes these things, to- ignorant that they are betrothed until grown. gether with his family, over to girl's father; SE: After boy and girl are betrothed, taboo for big feast given. "?It's just as though he's pay- them to see each other's face. Boy wears buffalo ing for that girl.?? If both families "have lots 224 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS of friends, they all trade together, become daughter or daughters (2) to chief, or may send 1 friends; everybody says, 'Good."' WS: "The only daughter to man who is good hunter. Young women time they pay for a girl is when she is a young carry 2 large baskets fine acorn flour; when woman, at her first marriage." reach chief's house, they sit down outside until 3788. Usually relative of groom's father. chief's mother or 1 of his wives bids them enter. 3789a. Kl: Initially. See note 3785. WT: If In evening chief comes in, and sits down between man s parents like girl, they may advise their 2 girls (if 2 sent); when he eats 1 puts acorn grown son to offer her gifts "for about 1 month; soup in basket for him, other salmon in basket if she and her parents accept them, in about 1 "pan"; all 3 eat together. That night he sleeps month the couple are married [sleep together]." with both of them; they stay with him about 1 3790. At, MV: See note 3783. month or so; he or his helpers kill deer and they 3797. Mo, SE, SW: Strongly disapproved; (SW) dry meat; when they leave they take this meat "only trashy people do this." AW: Disapproved of, home to their mother. At their departure, chief but not so strongly as among Mo, SE, SW. "Some- tells them, "whenever you girls want to come back, times boy goes over and sleeps with girl--marries you can come," and they return later, to him. her; his father hears gossip about it and scolds his son, and says that if he brings girl home, he Marriage observances.-- is going to throw her out. Or, if youth does If entry applies only to 1 or more of several bring her home, sometimes his parents throw hot forms of marriage practiced by group, note ex- ashes over couple when they are asleep. Girl's plains to which it applies. If entry applies to parents talk to her the same way, if they don't all forms practiced by group, no note given. like the boy she's sleeping with. But if boy 3808. SE: Refers to simple marriage established gets a good girl this way, his father tells him by couple living together; to marriage by service to surely bring the girl home, and then both for bride, no payment; to marriage by abduction families trade food and clothes, if rich." MM: and marriage where husband bought. At: Groom's "Common" form of marriage, not much approved of. father goes to girl's house, pays girl's father 3798. MM: Sometimes, not always. 5 strings (1/2 of total) of shell beads, while 3799. SE: Depends on whether child is born of girl is asleep. Girl is awakened, and goes over union; if child born, mother must be paid for, to groom's father's house with her family; she to establish child's status. and family stay there 2-3 days; girl sleeps with 3800a. Mo: If poor, groom may go over and work youth; much feasting; remaining 5 strings of beads for girl; this type marriage referred to as paid to her family and gifts of meat, salmon given wo~kobuks. SE, SW: Peculiar type bride service; them. After 2-3 days bride returns home with her if widow has daughter, she may give this daughter family; stays there 2-3 days, then goes back to to good hunter gratis, in order to get man to husband, loaded with presents from her side, roots, live with her daughter, hunt for daughter and her- acorns, other foodstuffs. Her sister escorts her self. But in event there are children, groom's back to her husband's house; sister stays there 1 father must pay for the wife, in order to estab- night, then returns home. AW, AE: Applies to sim- lish status of children of union. SW informant ple marriage. WI, WN, WS: Applies to child- related following concerning Kammatwa, down-river betrothal marriage; bride-purchase marriage; sim- group between SW and Karuk (see note 282). "If ple marriage. WS: See note 3635 for data on child- widow wants husband for her daughter, she'd get betrothal marriage. NM, NF, NM: Applies to child a likely man to come over to her house and live betrothal and simple marriage. NS: Applies to there and marry her daughter; he would not only simple marriage. have to hunt and fish for women, but cook and 3808a. Kl, WN: Applies to child betrothal; gather vegetable food for them too. SW didn't bride purchase; simple marriage. Mo: Applies to do this; it's too bad, to make a man do anything child betrothal; bride purchase; simple marriage; like this." Possibly slave procured (?). Bride service for bride. SE: Applies to simple marriage service in widely accepted sense of term not and marriage where husband bought. AW, AE: Ap- practiced among SW ("half marriage" also absent); plies to simple marriage. WT: Applies to bride "a poor man never was married; he was just kicked purchase and simple marriage. NM, NF, NM: Applies around; he was nothing." to child betrothal and simple marriage. MM: In 3805. At, AE, WT: In fight with bare hands. child-betrothal marriage groom stays at bride's NS: By race between 2 prospective suitors; swifter house about 6 or 8 days; in simple marriage groom runner obtains girl as wife.. Informant's mother's may live at bride's house from 6 days to 2 or 3 mother's father had obtained his wife thus; race months. NF: Applies to simple marriage. run in a meadow in Pleasant Valley. Such race re- 3809. Kl, WI, WN: Applies to child betrothal; ferred to as yulumkatu. bride purchase; simple marriage. Mo, SE: Applies 3806a. Rich man buys husband for daughter, in to child betrothal; bride purchase; simple mar- order that son-in-law may get him wood, hunt or riage; marriage by abduction. AW, AE, NT: Ap- gamble for him. AW: Rich man pays youth's father plies to simple marriage. WS: Applies to bride dried salmon, acorns, deermeat. purchase and simple marriage. NM, NT, NM: Ap- 3807. WN: Well-to-do man sometimes sends grown plies to child betrothal and simple marriage. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 225 3809a. Mo: Applies to all Mo forms marriage 3816, 3817. Kl, Mo, SE, At, AE, MV: Refers to except service for bride. SE, AW, WT, WM: Ap- child betrothal, bride-purchase marriage. AW: plies to child betrothal; bride purchase; simple Refers to child betrothal; bride purchase; simple marriage. At, MV: Applies to child betrothal marriage. In simple marriage, feast may be given and bride purchase. AE, NF: Applies to simple if groom meets with approval of bride's family, marriage. WS: Applies to bride purchase and sim- and both groom's and bride's family are wealthy. ple marriage. MM, MN, NM: Applies to child be- Host contributes larger share of food; friends trothal and simple marriage. help him. "Sometimes at times like this the 3810. Kl, No, At, WIT, MV: Refers to child be- people dance, too, just for fun, because there trothal and bride purchase. SE, AW, AE: Refers are so many people there." WS: Refers to bride to simple marriage. WS: Applies to bride pur- purchase. MM, NM: Refers to bride purchase. NF: chase and to simple marriage. Refers to simple marriage. NS: Refers to child 3810a. Ki, Mo: Refers to child betrothal and betrothal and marriage where woman won by contest. marriage by abduction. SE: Refers to child be- 3818-3819a. Kl, Mo: Refers to child-betrothal, trothal and bride purchase. AW, AE, WT, NF: Re- bride-purchase marriages. Bride sits with back fers to simple marriage. WM: Refers to child be- to people, groom faces people. trothal; bride purchase; simple marriage. MM, 3820-3821. Kl, WS: Refers to bride purchase. MN, NM: Applies to child betrothal and simple Mo, SE, At, AE, WM, NV: Refers to child betrothal, marriage. NF: Applies to simple marriage. bride purchase. MM, MN, NM: Refers to child be- 3811. Kl, Mo, At, WT: Refers to child betrothal trothal. NF: Refers to simple marriage. NS: Re- and bride purchase. SE, AW, AE: Refers to simple fers to child betrothal, to marriage where woman marriage. SE: Short time after marriage consum- won in contest. mated groom escorts wife to his father's house. WS: Applies to child betrothal; bride purchase; Polygamy; marriage of blood relatives.-- simple marriage. NF, NM: Bride makes informal 3824. AW: Shaman may have as many as 10 wives, visits at irregular intervals to her family, but given to him in payment for doctoring. More usu- no formal return shortly after she has begun liv- al for man to have about 3 wives, 1 of whom he ing in her husband's father's house. paid for; other 2 may be orphans or relations of 3812. Kl, Mo, SE, SW, At, AW, AE, WT, WM, WS, his first wife. MM: See note 3826. MV: Refers to child betrothal and bride purchase. 3824a. NS: First wife head wife; "supposed to Mo: "This was the decent way to do--for the family look after her first of all." to take the girl to her husband's house. This 3825. WT, WM: Sometimes, not always. NS: If made her respectable; they couldn't have her live in same house, "wives fight each other, pull running back and forth between those 2 houses. hair." Wealthy people always did this." MM, MF: Refers 3826. MM: Example: man at Big Meadows (MM to child betrothal. group) has wife, whom he lives with part of year; 3812a, 3813. Mo, SE, WM, WS: Applies to simple other part he may spend with his wife who lives marriage. in Indian Valley (informant's group). "Just com- 3814. SE, AW, AE, WN: Refers to child be- mon men do this; and sometimes, if comman man has trothal and bride purchase. AW: See note 3815. 2 wives, they both live with him, in same house." Bride and groom may stay on at bride's family's 3828. MM, MN: Headman has 1 wife only; "common home (if marriage celebrated there) anywhere from men" are only ones who practice polygyny. NS: 2 days to 1 or 2 months. Groom gets wood for his Chief has several wives to pound acorns for him. father-in-law; bride packs water for mother-in- 3835. Mo: See note 3961. AE: If first wife bar- law, whichever place they are staying. If both ren, she may urge husband to marry her younger families wealthy, couple keep visiting back and sister, so that latter will have baby. "Then forth; if 1 family does not have much to eat, barren wife almost claims that little baby; they stay with more affluent relatives, and "take food like it so much." and pack wood for poorer side once in awhile." 3836. AE: If man's first wife has 3-4 or more WS: Refers to bride purchase. MN, NM: Refers to children, she may send her husband over to her child betrothal. family, to get a younger sister as wife, telling 3815. Kl, Mo: Applies to child betrothal; him, "You go get my sister, to help me take care bride purchase; simple marriage. SE, At, AW, AE, of these children." MV: Refers to child betrothal, bride purchase. 3838. SW: See note 3839. WS: Refers to bride purchase. Kl, Mo, At: Bride's 3839. SW: Man can demand that his dead wife family escort daughter back to groom's house, on be replaced, and it is then obligatory for dead her return to her husband. SE: Groom's family wife's sister to marry him; "but most men want to stays at bride's family's house. AW: In child- 'get away' from their dead wife's family" (and so betrothal marriage, either groom's family goes do not demand this replacement; informant did not to bride's house or vice versa, depending on know why). WT: Dead wife's sister marries brother- which side says, "You come to my place." AE: in-law "because it would make her feel bad to see Visiting family may stay from 2 to 6 months at him with another woman, in place of her dead sis- groom's father's house. WN: Visiting family ter. Nan feels he belongs to his dead wife's stays only few hours. 226 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS family, not that his sister-in-law belongs to 3867. Mo: "Honorable" form of marriage, but him." NM: Woman may refuse to marry brother-in- practiced mostly by poorer people; wealthy per- law, saying she "does not want to die like [her] sons pay for bride. SW: Permissible, but not sister did." Not obligatory for man either. formalized. 3841. At, WT: Only if widower treated first 3868. AW: Done occasionally, but "don't like wife well. NM: See note 3839. it; it's no good marrying that way; there's no 3842. Kl, Mo, SE, AW, AE, WT, WS, NS: Dead sense to it." woman's parents hire shaman to kill son-in-law, if he refuses to marry one of deceased wife's Exogamy; postnuptial residence; kinship avoid- sisters. WM: Woman's parents hire men to kill ances.-- son-in-law outright. 3874. See element 2619. NM: Local group exog- 3844. Kl, SE: Usually, however, relative of amy practiced, but seemingly neither preferred man marries latter's stepdaughter. nor obligatory. Men take wives from Chicago Park, 3852. Kl: Informant "had heard lots about this, Nevada City groups; do not intermarry with Colfax among [N] California tribes and up at Warm or Mooretown (MF) groups. Springs--about man living with his sister-in- 3875. MV: Man usually takes his wife from vil- law--but not practiced among Ki." AE: Not es- lage other than his own. pecially disapproved. WT: Indulged in only by 38??. Kl: Local group endogamy permissible, "loose" women, and generally disapproved. but "can't take wife from near-by neighbor's 3853. NS: Man sleeps with sister-in-law, only house, even if woman unrelated to man; have to during brother's absence from home. take wife from house at least 1 mile away, and 3855. NS: Not necessarily between namesakes rather take wives from farther off." only. 3878. No rule, among any of groups, forbidding 3856. SE: Extension of levirate also occurs; intertribal marriages. man may marry father's brother's wife, "to keep 3879. "Often practiced" may be putting case her in the family; he has to pay for his aunt, too strongly. However, number of intertribal however,to give any children he may have by her marriages, as revealed in genealogies of inform- status. But in outright levirate, gifts only ants (all of whom were between 60-90 years old given; levirate not always obligatory for man; themselves) was rather surprising. See section "woman has to be good woman, to have treated on Informants, this study. Kl: Intertribal mar- dead husband well and pitched her face for him riages of Kl with Mo, Warm Springs Sahaptin com- when he died, for his family to make strenuous mented upon by informant. efforts to keep her after his death." SW: Le- 3880-3882. MM: Applies to child-betrothal virate more obligatory, for both man and woman marriages. concerned, than post-mortem sororate (see note 3883, 3884. MM: Applies to simple form of mar- 3839). WM: Day after funeral, when all rela- riage in which couple merely live together. tives of dead man are crying, brother of de- 3890. AW, WS, MM: 1-2 months. ceased may ask widow for drink of water. If she 3891. Before birth of first child, couple gives it to him, they are considered as married usually go to wife's parents' home and birth hut from then on. Both widow and brother-in-law is made for woman near her parents' house. have blackened, pitched faces, and let pitch stay 3901. Kl, Mo, SE, SW: Taboo attenuated; Kl: on-until it wears off, but in event of speedy re- man accords mother-in-law same respect he accords marriage widow does not wear pitch necklace. his own mother. At, AW, AE, WT, WM, WS, MM, MF, 3857. SE: See preceding note. NF, NM, NS, MV: Taboo important; marked. 3858. At: Widow may tell her brother-in-law 3919. At: If mother-in-law talks to son-in- she is going to marry another man; "All right," law, bear will "chew up" son-in-law; he will he says, and tells her to "take care of those never be seen again. Same applies to conversa- children [by dead husband] good; be careful with tion between father-in-law, daughter-in-law. WT: them and let me know when they're sick." If do not observe taboos, mother-in-law will have 3860. Kl: But because levirate is so obliga- bad luck; rattlesnake will bite her, or grizzly tory for woman and for dead husband's brother, devour her, or she will be killed by enemies or rule seldom if ever violated. However, see ele- burnt. MV: "Observe [these taboos] for love of ment 3973. son-in-law; think world of son-in-law; think so 3862. By hiring shaman to kill woman, for all much of him that mother-in-law won't look at groups except WM, NS. WM: If woman refuses to him." give brother-in-law drink of water (see note 3921. All items listed under mother-in-law, 3856 WM) "then her brother-in-law or father-in- son-in-law taboos inquired about in field for law get mad at her and try to kill her." NS: father-in-law, daughter-in-law. AW: Taboos simi- Woman shot with bow and arrow. lar, except that whereas perhaps only "1 man out 3866. SW: Kammatwa and Katiru groups inter- of 200" may violate taboo against marrying his mediate between Shasta proper and Karok (see mother-in-law it is not matter for much disap- note 282) permit marriage of blood relatives; proval if under some circumstances woman marries Shasta do not. her father-in-law after her husband's death. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 227 "They do this if the father-in-law is rich, and run around, just like dogs. In old days women if her parents tell her to. But if the father- never ran around; they stayed home." SW: Hus- in-law has some close [male] relatives, her par- band may send wife home, and demand bride price ents will tell her to take a relative of her be returned. father-in-law's for a husband, instead." WT: 3960a. SW: Wife may return home, and her Man-may marry his son's son's wife, for same bride price need not be returned. reason woman marries her brother-in-law (see note 3961. Mo: Husband may send barren woman home 3839); man may not marry his son's wife. WM: Man to parents; "that's been done, lots of times; but tells nephew to marry his son's son's wife; does if he loves her, he will keep her, and take an- not marry her himself. other woman also as wife. SW: Barren wife not 3923. AW: Mother tells her daughter that if divorced, but her family must supply second wife latter plays with brother, she (daughter) "will free to her husband. WM: If woman barren, hus- be ashamed." band deserts her, often for another woman; does not bring this second wife home to live with Adultery; divorce; nonaffinal remarriage.-- first one; latter returns home to her parents. 3930. Virtually denied by many informants. 3962. SW: Wife may leave husband, no return of At: Bear will chew up adulterous man. NF: "They bride price necessary. didn't have that sort of trouble in those days; 3963. SW: No return of bride price if husband they stayed together good." is aggressor. 3934. SE: With glowing ember. 3964. SW: If husband lazy, "after awhile wife 3935. Kl, Mo, At, AE, WT, WM, WS, MF, NM, NS: returns home." If wife lazy, she is sent home Killed by husband sometimes. SE: Adulterous wife and bride price must be returned. AE: If husband returned to parents, and return of payment for lazy or "mean," and woman returns to her family, wife demanded; parents sometimes kill such a her father or father's brother usually sends her daughter later. AE: Form of punishment which back to her husband; tells her to come home "only might end fatally sometimes meted out to adulter- in a good way, together with her husband." Daugh- ous wife; when she and husband come to flooded ters, when told this, usually return to husband. stream in springtime, husband lays pole across WT: If woman lazy, but if she stays home and be- stream and crosses on it; tells woman to follow haves self, husband keeps her; but if she is "run- him. When she is halfway across on pole he around" as well as lazy, husband turns her out of pulls it up at his end; she falls into stream, house. and if she can, saves herself, or else is drowned. 3965. SW: If husband "mean," and beats wife, 3936. SE: Seducer poisoned by hired shaman. and wife returns home, firat time she does so her 3937. AW: Woman's husband may kill attacker, parents send her back to he"r husband; second time if latter does not have "a lot of powerful rela- she comes home for such reason she can stay; no tions. But if he has a lot of relatives, the return of bride price. AE: See note 3964. WM: husband would be afraid of killing him; his rela- Woman never fights back, if husband beats her, tives would take revenge." hits her with rock, but her brother or uncle may 3947. Kl: After wife severely beaten, husband fight husband in her stead. tells her, "Better go home; I don't want you any 3966. SW: See notes 3960-3965. In all in- more," and wife returns to her parents; "that's stances where repayment is mentioned above, such the last of her." is necessary only if there have not been children 3949. MF: By wife. born of union. But if 1 or more children have 3950. Kl, Mo, SE, SW, AW, AE, NS, MV: Husband been born, money is not repaid (would ruin child's may promise to behave better, and wife then some- status), and either wife or husband may take times returns to him, "if he makes a good prom- charge of child. ise." SE: In such instances, husband usually 3968. SW, At, AW: Boys usually stay with father, buys wife back. WS, NV: Woman may desert husband, girl with mother's mother or grandmother. AW: marry another man. "But hardly ever do this." 3951. SE, NM: Wife's parents may hire shaman 3972. Kl: Wife leaves her belongings in her to poison erring husband, or (SE) man to shoot husband's house. WT: Wife does not take her him. clothes, "because her husband has made them; she 3952. WM: Wife sometimes goes over to husband's just takes clothes she has on." But anything she paramour, fights with her, but not with husband. herself has made, such as baskets, she takes with 3954. AE: That is, gives man some gifts. her. WM: Woman takes clothes and baskets. 3958. SE: Usually only if proposals are made 3973. Kl: If new husband does not pay before to married woman, mother of children. he marries woman, liable to be killed. AW: 6-10 3959. AW: "Poor people divorce each other; strings of beads paid to widow's brother-in-law they don't care about anybody, even if person had by her suitor. Brother-in-law then tells widow lots of relatives [to revenge affronts]. But rich to marry suitor; if she demurs, he may threaten people hardly ever divorce." her with death. (Brother-in-law often more vio- 3960. At: Divorce and sexual license before lent in demeanor toward widow than her husband marriage "used to be unknown; now men and women ever was.) "The brother-in-law has a share in 228 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS that woman; he acts just like a boss toward well after she married; advised her to take such her." for husband. Youths never went round for women 3975. WT: Also, in Upper Trinity subarea of by themselves, formerly; both girls and youths Wintu, informant had heard of 1 instance of adhered to marriage rules. SE: Admitted, but said mother-in-law killing daughter-in-law after hus- to have been very rare, however. 2 women usually band died. "The mother-in-law didn't want that accompanied girl whenever she went anywhere "in woman to take another husband, so she killed her order to see that men didn't bother her." At: with a bone needle [dagger?]. She was sorry Mother kept girl beside her during night at fies- after she did it; but she didn't like the woman tas (see also note 3960). having another husband who would look just like 3996. Kl: Must marry girl; youth's parents her son; it would make her [mother-in-law] feel tell him, "Get that baby back." Youth gets girl, badly." without paying anything for her. 3976. In case there is no brother-in-law to 3997. WS: "Very few did marry the girl." ask. 3977. If there is no brother-in-law to receive the payment. AW: Sister-in-law may dispose of Transvestites widow to more-distant male relative of dead hus- band also. 3999. Mo, MM, MV: Known by informants to exist 3980. SW: A divorce "puts a man and woman among such tribes as "Pit River" (Achomawi) and clear away from each other"; no payment rendered Kl, but denied positively for informants' own former husband. groups. SW: Informant himself had many traits of 3981. Kl: If man does not like his wife for transvestite, although he dressed in men's clothes; some reason, he announces, "Anyone who wants my most of elements listed positively below for SW wife can take her, if they give me something. If are entered from volunteered data and observation you people don't want her, I'll kill her." The of facts rather than as result of direct question- men discuss it; husband repeats the announcement, ing. At: Referred to as ya'wa'. NM: "In early sets date when he will kill woman; some man fi- days didn't have any [transvestites]"; informant nally takes her for wife, gives the husband some- knew of only 2 hermaphrodites (?), a Mexican at thing; "that's how they save a woman, sometimes." Auburn and a half-breed woman. No one knows what trouble between husband and 4008. "Because born that way." wife prompts man to do this, and man never tells; 4009. AW: Informant for At stated, "1 Pit he doesn't beat his wife, he just sells her. Only River (Achomawi) woman, after she'd had children, done occasionally; when informant was boy such dreamt to be like that." sales still taking place; informant had seen one 4011. See note 3999. At: Referred to as bru- couple separated this way. Woman not captive. maiwi. Wear false penis (?), made of pitch, sus- pended from belt. Intercourse; promiscuity.-- 3984. NF: Girl cries, fights husband, so girl's mother sleeps beside girl first night lat- Death ter sleeps with husband. 3985. NF: Do not allow people to sleep lying Treatment of corpse.-- on.back "like dead people"; lie on side and "put 4021. Kl: Body laid on pyre immediately, left their heart in hiding" so no evil will befall lying there overnight; early next morning burned. sleepers. 4025. Mo: Shamans only. WM: Painted red. Sun 3987. Purse lips and make sound, "ck, 6ck," dogs considered sign of shaman's death, "because repeatedly, close to baby's face. AW: Rub hands paint dead red." Red clouds presage death of over baby's face or neck while making sound; same someone. done between adults. AE: "Learned to make this 4027. MF, NF, NM, NS, MV: Yellowhnmmer-quill sound from animals--badger, raccoon." band also laid with body. MF, NS: Also basket 3988. SE: No virginity tests, but observe cut, so it will lie flat like plaque on top of boy's actions around girls. AE: If girl's, boy's chest; this buried with body. Cut basket on body legs get "heavy" (tired) during girl's puberty lacking among NM, MV; dubious for NF. dance, sign he or she is not virgin. Spectators 4028. WT: Elkhide article of great value; chief watch to see whether this happens. WT: Can tell wrapped in such, and grave "almost filled with whether girl is virgin or not by shape of her ab- shell currency and other valuables. Many visitors domen, if firm, smooth, judge she is. come from distance and bring world of things to 3989. Kl: Prostitution with payment recent put in chief's grave." WM: "Other groups [of Win- custom only. tu] wrap body in bearskin cloak"; WM do not, ex- 3990. WM: Especially at girl's puberty dance. cept in rare instances where head, claws cut off 3991. Kl: Said to have been extremely rare; old bearskin, and latter put in grave. New skin "girls never ran around; pretty hard to get a never treated thus. MV: Wrap wealthy in bearskin. woman." Girl's parents wanted girl to marry man 4030. NF: Also children up to 2-3 years old who could get her lots of fish, so she would eat buried on their cradle. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 229 4032. SE: Sprinkle water, medicine around [Lut]. "If they don't tell the spirit this, it house as body is removed through wall. Purifica- won't go up there; will stay around on earth al- tion of house as corpse removed denied for Kl, ways." MV: Speech given only at burial of im- Mo, all Maidu and Nisenan groups. SW: Through portant man or woman; at woman's funeral, old wall on E side of house (see note 4093). WT: woman talks to the women. Through hole torn in wall at back of house, op- 4058. NT, NM: 3 old women watch widow, to re- posite entrance. strain her. 4036. AW: But see note 4136. 4062. WT: See note 4028. NF, NS: Chief's body taken into assembly house, left there 1 night. Funerary procedure.-- During night people wail, dance around it 4 times; 4040. SE, SW: 1-2 nights. next day body taken out of round house, burned. 4043. At: Wail throughout night whilb body is Common person's body not taken into round house, in house; continue wailing and dancing next day but kept 1 night in living house and then burned. until body buried near sundown. NV: For additional differences other than those 4045. Kl: Mourners wail throughout night as noted below, see notes 4048, 4056, 4100. body lies on pyre, before being burnt early next morning; no dance. Assistants.-- 4046. SW: "Whenever you go to a funeral always 4066. Mo: 3-4 men. AW: Not shaman. Shaman take some money with you. You get something back attends funeral only if he intends to "catch" again for whatever you take there." WT: See note poison that killed corpse, in grave; if he does 4028. NF, NS, MV: Gifts buried or burned with this, 2-3 days later he sings, and sends back corpse. that poison to its owner (with baneful results 4047. AW: Mourners merely "jump around as they to latter). cry on viewing corpse." 4068. SE: 3-4 pallbearers. AW: 1-2. AE: 2-3. 4048. SE, SW, At: Mourners wail ritually as VIM: 2 old men carry corpse to grave; such men too they dance around corpse. MF, NF, NM, NS, NV: old to hunt. "They don't want any young or mid- Mourners hold "fire dance" in assembly house; dle-aged men to handle corpse, because that would wail, dance, circling corpse 4 times. NV: Such spoil their luck hunting deer." NM: 3 men carry dance held only when important man dies. corpse out of house; 2 old women carry ashes to 4049. SE, SW: Wear fir or willow boughs. SE: grave for burial, after corpse cremated. Mourners whip each other on legs with boughs 4075. SE, WS: 3-4 gravediggers. AW: 1-2. 'WM: they are carrying; therapeutic measure. SlW: 2 old women dig grave. NM: 2 men dig grave in Women also bring ipos roots in their basket caps. which ashes of corpse are buried. At: Mourners bring cedar boughs into house of 4077. MM: Grass. NF: Wormwood. death; when through dancing boughs piled and 4078. Mo: All except near relatives of de- burnt, to purify house if relatives of dead plan ceased, "who feel too bad." to continue using house. 4051. SW: Ipos roots women bring also laid Disposal of corpse.-- beside corpse. 4082. NF: "Long time ago, buried grown persons 4052. Kl: Everyone in house collects ashes in as well as young babies; nasty coyotes dug up basket from fireplace of dwelling, talks to dead bodies, carried them away and ate them, so after person's spirit, then sprinkles ashes toward W. that they always burned grown persons." NS: Beals, AW: As body is borne from house to grave, 1 old Nisenan, p. 376, says, "Informants unanimous that woman takes basket of ashes, another old woman [all groups] Nisenan always burned dead until basket of water, and they throw water and ashes whites stopped [cremations]"; my information runs behind line of people, for entire journey from counter to this for NE, NS. NS informant stated house to grave. The 2 old women wail "too bad, that her mother's mother had told her that "if a too bad" as they perform this act to keep spirit person had a lot of beads and shell ornaments, at of deceased away. death his [or her] body would be burned, to be 4053. Mo: Not old enough to realize what is sure that the beads would not be stolen [see notes happening; likely to laugh, play. 4085, 4111] by other Indians, but would be de- 4056. Generally given by "old man, wise man," stroyed [in fire]. But common people, lacking such who is not undertaker. AW: "At grave old man may valuables, were buried," and burial was more usual talk crossly; then people know he is going to procedure. Informant also stated that "the tosenin hire a doctor to kill the poisoner [who caused [Auburn group of Nisenan] burnt their dead quite a death of person being buried]. Or else old man lot"; she had heard her grandmother speak of this. tells the people there not to mourn too much; "But up here [at Placerville] burnings weren't only a few years. 'You can cry a little bit; common." some of you will dream good luck, with a little 4083. Mo: If have no time to burn body, as for cry[ing]. Don't tell anyone, if you dream good, instance when group traveling, bury corpse instead or else you'll lose it [the good luck]."' VM: of cremating it. Burials rare, however. NE-: At funeral old man talks to spirit of deceased, Children up to about 3 years old buried. tells it where to go, upward to sky dance house 4084. At: Interment takes place near suzndown. 230 ANTEROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4085. AW: Man with many friends buried in 4105. At: Flat rock or cedar plank. grave 8 ft. or so deep; corpse extended supine. 4107. Around all graves. Poor person doubled up, put in smaller grave, 4 4108. Basket reburial of bones which have been ft. or so deep, or even put in shallow hole and dug up by mistake. rocks only piled over body. In winter build 4109. At: Never burn bodies; Silver Fox told fire over ground to thaw it out, and then dig people not to burn them. "Just bury them,?? he grave. MV: When grave half filled "t2 men get in said. it and stamp down earth hard, so grave will not 4110. NS: See note 4082. be robbed of beads by other Indian tribes. Visi- 4111. SE, SW, WM, MM: Persons dying away from tors at funeral watch, to see amount of property home only; this denied for all other groups. buried; they do this all through Paskenta (Pat- At: No cremation; man killed in war buried on win), clear to Ukiah and N to the Shasta." spot. AW: "Only strays, poor people, or poor 4088. At: In winter bury body inside living men killed fighting burned, like Mo." WT: Only house where deceased lived; widow or widower time cremation practiced was when corpse was goes to live in another house. Next spring liv- found long time after death. WS: Warriors' bod- ing house torn up and burned. MM: Procedure same ies left where they fall, untended. MM: Men as for At, except that family of deceased con- killed fighting cremated; this denied for WT, WM, tinue living in house where body is buried "un- WS, NS, MV. NS: Rich man or woman, having many til good weather comes along," when family move beads, cremated; done in order to prevent grave- out and house burned. robbing. (MV informant also stated grave-robbing 4089. SE: If in great hurry only. "was even bad in old days. After Whites came it 4090. AW: See note 4085. was very bad because gold was buried with corps- 4091. AW: See note 4085. es.") MV: Cremation in recent times only, for 4093. SW: Head must be "toward daylight" or victims of disease only; these burnt inside house sunrise, "because Sun is over all of us ... he where death occurred. seems to have everything to do with us. Persons 4117. AE: If man who owns large communal liv- travel E after death, toward sun, or daylight." ing-assembly-sweat house dies in spring or good At: Head must always be "toward where the sun weather, his body is burnt inside house. comes up." AW: Head either N or E; mostly E; W 4119. AE: 1/2-1. WM: 1-2. NF: Start burning "no good." body in morning; burn all day, watch ashes that 4095. WT: Buckskin thong or vegetable-fiber night. Next day put ashes in basket; men line cord. WS: Withe. MV: Buckskin thong, kept for up in 1 line, women in another, and basket of this purpose only. ashes taken to cemetery and buried. 4097. AW: If infant dies, string put in grave 4123. NS: Of heart, by widow; 1 case only re- and upper end left projecting from top of grave; called, post-White. if this is not done by young mother, she will not 4124. Mo: Ashes of corpse put in basket (more have any more children. recently in brass kettle) and this buried in 4098. AW: At head or feet of corpse. ashes at cremation spot. MM: Bones wrapped in 4100. SW: If shaman dies, paint and ground buckskin. NF: See note 4119. dried ipos roots sprinkled on grave; small pinch- es of same put on piece of board, and board Cemeteries and burning places.-- set near shaman's feathers that are tied on tree 4127. NF, NM, NS: For ashes of cremated (see near by. This is done "to keep shaman's power element 4124). down, so anyone going around there won't be hurt." 4128. SW: That is, within packing distance of At: "Silver Fox told people in beginning to put village. food on grave for 1 night; shaman does this." 4129. AW: 2 villages may have joint cemetery Shaman also sings night following burial. MV: halfway between 2 sites. When member of secret society or 2 main dance 4130. At: Bury close to living house, in sum- leaders die, 5 days after burial old secret so- mer (see note 4088). ciety members cry in assembly house; "then take 4132. WM, MM, MF, NF, NM, NS, MV: Successive 2 large basketsful of acorn soup, and pour soup burials of relatives in same spots, with reburial over grave, and old woman smoothes it. The elder of previously interred. talks; tells people to 'wash their faces today 4133. NS: Done if dream of dead; see note 4687. and eat and talk and laugh a little bit; now you MV: Done by old people; no grass allowed to grow see your friend is gone.' This is done so per- on grave. sons will not be bothered by dreaming of the 4134. Kl, NF, NM: Wife burned near husband's person who has died." village, not taken home, but among NF, NM wife's 4103. AW: After funeral is over, pile small ashes are taken home. AW: Only if poor woman; mounds of rocks or dirt all around house where see note 4136. MV: Rich man may take wife's body deceased has lived, as sign of mourning. WT: and bury it in his own family grave plot, putting When corpse is laid out on ground in front of good deal of property in grave for his dead rela- house, 2 stones placed at head and feet; when tives, as well as for his wife; in such case wife's corpse removed, stones left in situ, so no one relatives would allow him to bury her body. will walk across ground there. 4135. NF, NM: That is, wife's ashes; see 4134. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 231 4136. In none of groups is this a general WM: Remove 10-15 "good long boards" from house, practice. SW: Done only if man dies while away and keep these for new house; burn remaining part from home, at wife's village, and it is winter of house. Or, tear down that part of house where or too far to pack home body. AW: Poor men only. man slept, burn entire house, and pile dirt over Wealthy people are brought back to their homes spot where dead person used to sleep, then pile for burial; corpse carried on litter consisting rocks on top of dirt. "At Hayfork (WT) burn the of 2 poles, with large deer hide stretched be- side of house where man slept, but leave other tween, its edges laced to poles with thongs which side standing and build onto it." After family pass through cuts made in hide. Furs piled on of deceased burn house, they move away, 10-15 top of hide; litter borne by 4 men, 2 at each miles or so, and live for year or so in the new end. Litter for poor persons has sticks laid place; then return to old location. across it, no skins. Bearers paid; poor men ac- 4175. SW, AE: Burned. NF: Assembly house cept the clamshell-disk beads in payment, wealth- deserted temporarily; closed for 2-3 years, then ier men refuse them. reopened, purified by having wormwood burnt in- side it, cleaned, and used again. Treatment of property.-- 4177. Mo: House temporarily abandoned in some 4145. MM, MF, NS, MV: Worthless property only; instances; fumigated before being abandoned. bury person's good possessions. 4178. AE: See note 4171. 4152. At: Baskets torn up, thrown out (but not 4179. AW: Pitch put on inside walls of house. put in grave); "given" thus to deceased. AE: See note 4171. MV: Pounded salt sprinkled 4154. Kl, MM, MF: Kept by relatives. Mo, AW: inside house and on ceiling. Given to friend. SW, WM: Broken. At, NF, NM: 4180. Kl, SE, At, AW, AE: Juniper; use of juni- Canoes lacking in area. See note 858. per denied for all other groups. Mo, AE: Sage; 4155. At, AW: Or allowed to lie and rot in use of sage denied for all other groups. Mo, SE, water. At, AW, WS: Cedar. AW, AE, NF, NS: Wormwood; use 4161. SE: Informant had heard of at least 1 of wormwood denied for WT, WM, WS, MN, MF, NM. case among SE where, after horse was killed, it WS: Fir. MF, NF: Angelica; denied for NH, MV. was slit down belly, corpse put inside carcass, 4182. MV: If burn hair of deer (or its bones, and carcass buried. hide), hunter who shot deer will lose his hunting 4165. At: Some of woman's baskets kept for luck. her children, others burnt. WM: "Spirit of dead wants all dead person's possessions destroyed; if Taboos and purification of undertakers etc.-- this not done, spirit comes back and threatens to 4183. WT: Taboos imposed so that undertakers take its mother or grandmother with it. Rela- will not "dream bad," that is, dream of death of tives give spirit its possessions; burn them; close relative, or of being hurt. If do have also give spirit powdered red rock. After every- these dreams, means dreamer will die shortly. thing is burnt, spirit no longer bothers living. NM: Includes 2 men who dig grave for ashes; 2 old Persons know when spirit is around because they women who carry ashes to grave; 3 men who carry become sick, have pains in chest, perhaps head- corpse out of house. ache, dizzy, lack appetite. Call in doctor, who 4184. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers, not treats patient and talks to spirit." As regards merely to scapegoat. recent acquisitions, such as horses, silver 4185. MN: 4-5 days. money, spirit tells shaman to keep horse and 4186-4187. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers, treat it well, and use money to buy acorns. not to mourners. MM: 4-5 days. 4166. AE: Relatives take whatever property 4188. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers and they can use; when it wears out or they no longer mourners. MM: 4-5 days. have any use for it, they burn it. 4189. SE: Refers to undertakers and mourners. 4170. AW: Winter living houses used only WM: 6-7 days. MM: 4-5 days. about 10 years at best; "after that, fleas get 4190. SE: Refers to all undertakers and mourn- too bad in them." ers. MM: 4-5 days. 4171. AE: If anyone, other than owner of win- 4191. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers and ter living house, dies in house, "they just puri- mourners. MM: 4-5 days. fy the house, and people go on living in it; they 4192. MV: 2-3 months. don't burn it the next spring. If owner of house 4193. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers and dies in winter, house is purified; other occu- mourners. AE: 5-7 days. MM: 4-5 days. pants live in it until spring, then burn it. WT: 4194. MV: 2-4 months. Chief owns assembly house; this occasionally 4195. MM: 4-6 days. burnt, if people feel very badly and are trying 4196. SE: Refers to all undertakers; not to to forget deceased. mourners. MM: 4-6 days. 4172. Kl: Relatives of dead person move into 4199. SE, SW, WM: Refers to all undertakers, small temporary hut after abandoning living house. not to mourners. At: All taboos imposed on under- 4173. Kl: If death occurs in winter earth takers, gravediggers, and others may bring them lodge, house torn down and rebuilt next fall. good luck. AW: After sweating, swimming follow- 232 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ing funeral, men, women stand facing E and say, and nights, sweating; at end of this 5-day peri- "Sus, sus, sus; good daylight come and give me od widow can eat fish; "she's cleaned good, thet." good dreaming," as they clap their hands. "Some SE: Or more. SW: 1 lunar month. WM: 3 lunar women are bashful, though, to talk that way. The months. MV: 6-7. people are talking to approaching daylight. 4251. MF: Drinks medicinal tea instead of Everyone tries to get good dreams after a funer- water. al; a funeral is good for that." 4253. Mo: Young widow stays in house "for few 4200. SE, SW, WM: Refers to mourners, not to days" after husband's death. Older woman with undertakers. NM: Refers to undertakers and children may have to go out to get wood. None mourners. of seclusion taboos enforcod if it is necessary 4201. SE: Refers to all undertakers and mourn- to get food for dependents. All widows however ers. SW, WM: Refers to mourners, not to under- sweat twice daily for duration of food taboos. takers. Final purification comes 1 year later. 4202. SE: Refers to all undertakers and 4254. Kl, Mo: In mourners' sweat lodge (see mourners. note 4247). SE: Mourner cannot come into living 4203. SW, WM: Refers to all undertakers, not house if deermeat there; gives hunter bad luck. to mourners. NM: Refers to mourners, not to un- NF: Partial seclusion only; does not talk to any dertakers. MV: 2-3 lunar months. man during this period. NS: Stays in seclusion 4204. SE, WM: Refers to all undertakers, not until necklace she is wearing breaks. NM: Stays to mourners. in seclusion until she attends another funeral, 4205, 4208. SE, SW: Refers to all undertakers usually in about 1 year. MV: Widow sometimes and mourners. stays with mother-in-law; usually with her own 4208. SW: Woman (not shaman, however) made mother. special medicine; "have such woman at nearly 4255. Mo: See note 4253. At: 2-3. NS: See every village; if don't have 1, send for 1 from note 4254. another village." Medicine drunk to cleanse, 4258. MF, NF, NH, NV: Widow makes baskets dur- purify self. ing period of seclusion, for post-burial cere- mony (see elements 4354-4415). Taboos on relatives.-- 4261. Kl, Mo, SE, AW, WM, MF, NF, NS, MV: 4212. Mo, SE, AW, AE, WS, MV: Only because Shadowed by attendant. "she feels so sad." SE: Widow lies on top of 4262. NF, NM, MV: Talks only in low voice. corpse, outside, "for last time"; her tears must NM, MV: 2 women watch mourner, take her outside be washed off before corpse can be buried. at night. 4215. Kl, Mo, AE, NM: Cut immediately after 4264. MF, NF, NM, NS: See note 4258. cremation. SE, SW, At, AW, WT, MF: Cut immedi- 4267. Kl: Or more. AE: 2-6 months. WM: Widow ately after funeral. WM, WS, MV: Cut day follow- after death of husband sometimes builds and uses ing death of husband. MM, MF, NF, NM: Cut few small steam-heated sweat house to remove contami- days after burial, cremation. nation of disease from her arms, body. 4218. At: Belts made, similar to Shasta hair 4268. At: After 2-3 years. MF, NM: Ca. 1 year belt figured in Dixon, Shasta, fig. 95, p. 415; after funeral. decorated with bone, shell ornaments. 4270. WH: When woman about to remarry, takes 4220. Mo: Cuttings or combings never thrown pitch off 1 month before marriage. in river or in woods; birds will make nest of it. 4272. NF: Worn until burnt at group mourning 4228. WT: PitcLes face because she feels bad- ceremony, 2-3 years later. NV: Worn for ca. 1 ly, "also to prevent any other man falling in year, then burnt at group mourning ceremony. At love with her." this burning young widows put small amount of 4230. SW: Reason for application of pitch and pitch on face, also. charcoal by mourners explained in myth of intro- 4273. Kl: 1-6 yrs. Mo: 2-3. SE: 6 mos. or duction of death into world: Black Cricket's longer. At: 2-3 yrs. AW: 1-2. WT: 2 mos. to child died, Coyote vetoed its being brought to 5 yrs. WS: 2-3 yrs. MM: 1-3. NF, NM, NS: 3 life, so child buried; "that's why they [mourn- or more yrs. NV: 2-3. ers] pitch themselves black, like Cricket." 4277. SE, SW, MV: Burn hair; all other groups 4233. WT: Widow puts pitch on arms because cut hair. NM: Puts cuttings in gopher hole. At: when she slept with husband, had intercourse with "A man hardly does anything in mourning for his him, she put her arms around him. dead wife." 4243. Necklace usually consists of lumps of 4281, 4283. AW: 3-4 months. MV: 4-5. pitch on fiber string. NS: Dubious as to whether 4286. Mo: 5-6 nights. MM: 1-2. pitch used for necklace. MV: Shell beads on 4295, 4296. SE: 1-2 days. AW, AE, WS: Immedi- string, for necklace. See element 4272. ately after funeral. 4244. Very old cap, or one with hole in it. 4296. NV: Bathes in medicated water, 4-5 4247-4250. Kl: 10 days after husband dies, months after funeral. widow goes to mourners' sweat lodge, stays there 4299. HF: Put on pitch only. HF: Cut hair, in seclusion with old woman attendant for 5 days put on pitch. NH: Cut hair only. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 233 4301. Child of 2 years or over. your heart is awful good." Shaman sings over 4309. Distribution of this trait probably widow all night to make her healthy. widespread among groups under investigation. SW 4335. WM: "Perhaps some of relatives of dead informant mentioned heavy taboos both parents are person can't come to burial; they may live too under if woman has miscarriage or child dies soon far off, or it may be wintertime, or they may not after birth, but no entries made of element until even hear of the death. When they do hear of it, MM informant emphasized its importance, in dis- during following summer they go over to spot cussion of childbirth. WM: If woman loses first where relative is buried and cry at grave for baby, and then walks outside, heavy storm will hour or so for 1 or 2 days; then wash face and arise; for this reason she is kept indoors. MM: hands and return home; they are not going to cry If couple lose first child before navel cord any more. Or if relatives hear at 'big time' of drops off, both give away everything they pos- death of person, they may gather together and cry sess to other couples who have lost child under right there for hour or so, then wash faces. similar circumstances; do not give any of pos- 4354. Referred to among Maidu and Nisenan, as sessions to parents who have raised children suc- "burnings," or "cries." Exchanges of baskets, cessfully. Then relatives and friends of be- other property made prior to burning of property; reaved couple give them new possessions. MV: No MV informant commented enthusiastically, "Oh, special taboos if lose baby before cord drops that burning time makes you glad; it gives a off, or if child is stillborn; "bad luck is bad chance to strangers to pick out [baskets], make luck, that's all." a trade." Burnings held now, according to same informant, among 3 MF groups only: at Enterprise, Taboos on community.-- at Cherokee, and on Berry Greek, at Henry Flynn's. 4312. NF: 6-7 days. MM: "They had a burning once up here [Indian Val- 4314. Mo: Hearing name of dead mentioned re- ley group of MM]; it was given by a poor woman minds persons too forcibly of their bereavement; [dead now] who lived up here all time, for her dislike now to hear English surnames of dead ut- son. But no one would go to it--just a few people, tered after death, or to have towns, such as that's all. Up at Genesee [NH group] they burnt Chiloquin (on Klamath reserve), named for dead. once or twice only, that's all. No one would go AW: Also if, for example, man has sister, and she to the burnings. That isn't their belief, up dies, he cannot use relationship term meaning here; they didn't put [have] that in with their "sister"; if he says, "my dead sister" in pres- [laws] in the first place; that [custom] belongs ence of his mother, she will begin to cry; jump more on the W side of the Sierras; the Paiute, up and say, "I'm sorry, sorry." Man therefore Washo, Hat Creek [At] don't burn like that either. does not talk of his dead sister, except slowly, That woman [who held a burning] had heard people and while crying; if he behaves thus, his father talking about the burnings farther W; she got will not reprove or chastise him; his mother may lots of good things [together], silk handker- cry a little, though. If same man has 1 sister chiefs and other things. They never burned up who is dead, another still living, he refers to at Big Meadows [MM]; at Quincy [MM] they had 1 or latter as "that young woman." Cf. note 3308. 2 burnings; they took this [custom] from other 4319. Fight, or shaman hired to poison of- tribes. Also they burned once or twice at Gene- fender. see. But they [MM] don't believe that; nobody 4321. Taboo in village where death has oc- went to it. The doctors found out it was wrong; curred. WM: Rule also applies to near-by vil- lots of them around here said, 'Tain't made for lages, local groups (?); this extension of taboo them [MM]; he put that the other way' [toward the denied by SE, WS, all Maidu, Nisenan groups. western tribes]." 4322. WT, WM: 1-2 yrs. MV: To 1; depends upon 4360. Mo: 2-3 yrs. NF: 1-3 yrs. after death. how important deceased was. Woman burns property for deceased husband for 3 4326a. SW: Brush dance among SW is danced at successive years during her village's annual fall girl's puberty dance; see note 3665. burnings. NS: "Cries" held shortly after death of 4331. AW: Sometimes relatives of deceased re- person usually, but if die in winter, wait until fuse to give their consent for dance; in this good weather to hold cry. If person dies while event dance not held. WM: Mourning family some- or shortly before acorn crop is being harvested times does not attend any dance for 3 years. (October), people hold feast for new acorns and a cry for recently dead at same time. MV: 1-2. Mourning ceremonies.-- 4371. NS: Cry first day; have games next day; 4334. At: Informant's account of this somewhat last day large feast, "and then people go home confused, but apparently if child of a deceased next [fourth] day." MV: 2-3. person became sick, about 3 years after the 4373. NS: Cry during daytime; informant com- death, in spring, the widow takes off pitch and mented that this is different from ways of Comese shaman doctors widow's child; all people gather (Miwok) who hold cries during night. and feast at end. Even though widow removes 4382. "Cry as though dead person were lying pitch, she may announce her intention never to there." remarry; whereupon chief says, "It's all right; 4388. NM: Images used; their recency denied (?) 234 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS by informants; information concerning them was Pleiades, morning star, especially observed. AE: volunteered (Beals, Nisenan, pp. 378-379, says Watch stars, each new moon, to see which star is images not used; mentions Powers reports they going to appear; different stars appear during were among S Nisenan). Images (so ta) of dead different months. made in shape of man, out of board; decorated 4440. NS: See element 4430. with yellowhammer bands, strings of shell beads. 4442. WM: For winter months only. "Every woman mourner who had such an image danced 4443. NV: Old woman keeps record in following with it all night; in the morning burned these manner: "She keeps 1 variety of seed after an- so ta." At Nevada City 2 specific instances of other in finely netted bag, and eats different use of these images cited: (1) for grandfather sort each month. When arguments become heated in of woman of about 35-40, who is still living; assembly house, old men send for this old woman; (2) for Mrs. Josie Carmen's husband. Dick Jaime, variety of seeds she has in sack at that time old Nevada City Nisenan man now dead, made image often settles argument. for Mrs. Carmen; Jaime related to Mrs. Carmen's 4445. MV: See note 4443. husband. MV: Images made only for "captain" 4447. WM: 2 solstices determined in following (yeponi, head of secret society), captain's child, manner: During solstices sun stays for 3 days, or prominent woman official (utbi) who helps feed oscillating between points A and B, "before it dancers. starts north or south. Old man watches this in 4395. MV: Finely woven baskets traded prior to morning; the sun sits down each morning, first burning (see note 4354); coarse baskets burnt. at [A], then at [B], then back to [A], not look- ing around. But on third morning it looks around and is ready to go N or S, depending on time of KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS year." WS: Winter solstice only observed, be- cause people "want spring to come; don't bother Counting, Calendar, Directions about summer solstice." Solstice explained as follows: Sun rises at point X for 3 days, then 4423. At: Cut off knot each day to measure moves N to Y for 1 day; then rises again at X number of days which have elapsed, in order to for 1 day; then at Y next day. After that it know when to attend celebration. keeps rising farther and farther N each day; 4424. SW: Messages sent by word of mouth; time "when it starts moving N for good, people quit of meeting designated according to phase of moon. watching its position." 4430. NS: Use stick as poker for fire; at end 4448. AW: See note 4451. WS: See note 4447. of month stick is burned to certain length; this 4449. AW: See note 4436. stump is then put in fire and said to be "dead." 4450. SE: Marks made on center pole of assembly 4432. NM: Summer (yomen) and winter (semen). house with chalk. SW: "In the assembly house 4433. AW: "Coyote wanted 20 months, 10 months (uk'kwamma) there are flat rocks, set around base of winter, 10 of suimmer. Silver Fox said, 'That's of center post; the shadow from post, as made by too much; people would die. Six months of hard rising or midday sun, is observed, and note taken times [winter], six months of good times [is all of where it falls on rocks at base of post." AW: right], but 10 months of hard times is too long.' Watch where light strikes on center post of liv- So Silver Fox got his way; there were 12 months, ing house or sweat house, but no marks on pole. 6 and 6." AE: Coyote wanted 20 months, but Fox 4451. SW: Wherever there is assembly house, ob- made it 10. NF: Some doubt concerning entry. servations made indoors, as noted in 4450 above, 4436. SW: Every village had marks for observa- "but for ordinary places, people watch where sun tion. AW: "Watch where sun rises for shortest rises and sets between certain trees." (Inform- day; know when shadow is at certain place sun is ant now uses mark on board by his door in observ- going to 'back up' and that it will snow." No ing shadow cast by rising sun.) AW: Mainly watch shamanistic dances held at this season, but shadow from Soldier Mt. ("it goes to Jim Hunt's people return to live in large communal living place") for solstices. houses (astui) during winter season when they 4452. MV: From top of assembly house. "didn't gather anything." 4454. WS: See note 4447. 4437. Kl: "New year begins on 4th moon. 3 or 4457. WM: Old men watch where sun rises over 4 doctors come together then, and all people have certain rocks or trees every morning throughout good time, singing. The doctors know which moon year; also observe where sun sets. this is; they keep watch for the fourth month es- 4458. Kl: Informant gave 4 names (for N, S, E, pecially; when horn of new moon comes between 2 W), but recognized Spier's 7 names (Spier, Klamath, stars at sunrise, they say 'this is the fourth 222); when food offered, it is thrown in each of moon."' Cf. Spier, Klamath, 218 ff. SW: Year 4 directions. begins in winter solstice, "when for 2-3 days 4461. SW: E and W designated as either up and the sun rises and sets over the same marks" (in downstream or light and dark (sunrise and sunset), the large assembly house, uk'kwamma). Years N and S by place or tribal names, such as "over counted from 1 winter solstice to next. by Jacksonville" (N) and "over by Wintun" (5). 4439a. Kl: See note 4437. SW: Rising of 4462. SW: See preceding note. AW: N, sa~tit, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTEEAST CALIFORNIA 235 "flint side," named for Glass Mountain, where ob- given in dream, but informant did not see plant sidian obtained. S bak'akma, Big Meadows or itself, and so she has not been able to locate "Digger Indian" (MM3 side. any living specimens of it yet. 4463. SW: See note 4461. 4496. NS: Informant's mother's mother's moth- 4467. For flirting; also to direct children, er's father a shaman; he taught informant's while engaged with adults in conversation. mother's mother "many herb medicines. But my grandmother wouldn't tell anyone, not even her own grandchildren, about the herbs she used. We Therapeutic Knowledge and Beliefs asked her to, and offered to pay her, but she wouldn't do it." (If taboo of any specific vari- Therapeutic practices.-- ety existed in regard to this, informant knew 4469. SW: In addition to specifics listed in nothing of it.) elements 4470 ff., SW hold belief that person who 4497. MV: Older people only dig up medicinal chokes on fishbone will recover if he calls upon plants; "they pray to the plant, and no woman who rattlesnake (who swallows food without chewing) is menstruating can follow them when they were and drinks water with river foam on it. Myth doing this." connected with this belief. 4499. MV: Essential. 4473. Balls of sage bark, furze from wormwood, 4510. SW: Shaman treats toothache; doctors pa- and such, 1/2-inch in diameter, placed on arm, tient and removes worm, which "lives in jaw all leg and set afire, to cure rheumatism. Kl: In- the time, sometimes eats tooth and thus causes formant had 12 balls burnt on flesh near spot toothache." WT: Small red worm eating tooth. where he broke his leg; "so bad blood ran out"; "But hardly ever had toothache, because didn't later pine pitch put over burns, allowed to stay eat sweets or hot food to rot their teeth." NS: on for 4-5 days, more pitch put on until leg "No toothache, because don't eat sweets or hot healed. Cf. Spier, Klamath, pp. 129-130; also food." Kroeber, Handbook, p. 628,for Gabrielenfo, and 4511. AW: Toothache caused by small spider- Voegelin, Tiibatulabal, p. 60. At: Sagebrush bark like bug, "just having fun in tooth; if it wanted used, "if man sick all time." WS: Wormwood furze. to it could eat person's heart, and kill person." 4474. WS: If ball of furze snaps as it burns Special doctor for curing toothache. on arm, sign suffer'er will recover. 4475. SE, SW, WS: Practiced in conjunction with sweating. Beliefs Concerning Natural Phenomena 4477. WS: Vapor or steam bath (olk Lominas) taken as "old-time remedy for colds"; patient put Cosmogony; sun and moon; new moon.-- hot rocks wrapped up in chokecherry bark (latter 4514. SW: All animals, except deer, persons. makes steam pungent) into basket of water; sits In mythical age, as now, deer was hunted. SE, At over basket, head hanging down, head and body dubious concerning whether deer person during well covered with robe. mythical age; all other groups asserted deer was 4482. MM, MF: For colds. person at this time. 4484. MV: "A good medicine; old people ob- 4516. WT: Previous to flood "there was a fire; tained it at Battle Mountain"; does not grow in everything burned, trees, even water... [Later] vicinity Chico, informant had never seen it. Tea an old woman (big bullfrog) made a big basket, made of roots; used "for almost any ailment." and put in it 2 of each tribe of Indians, also 4485. SE: Urine of young baby. MM, NF, NS: all [species of] plants and shrubs. People Plant decoctions. laughed at her, but it flooded; then she and her basket rose up and up. She laughed then and said, Herb doctoring; beliefs concerning ailments.-- "ohohoho," as bullfrogs do today. It flooded for 4487. SW: "For fevers, cramps, and such, had 3 years." herb medicines; didn't call for a doctor [sha- 4518. AW: Sun (col) once "a big chief, when he man]." lived on earth; then a giant man helped Sun, and 4492. NF: Shaman "doesn't give any root, herb put him far up in sky when Sun was tired of people teas, because people would blame him for making bothering him. Sun has wife, who lives in sweat them sick. Common people know the roots and house; she's bright [shines], but never seen." herbs themselves, and go out and get them." 4519. NF: Sun a woman, travels in daytime. 4494. WM: Informant herself had dreamt of 4520. AW: "People never said anything much plant medicine; in dream she heard people talk- about Moon (nicoli); just talked of Sun." See ing; "these people said that if persons knew the however notes 4528, 4546. NF: Moon a man, never right plant medicines to drink they'd keep well. afraid to travel in night time. One man said to drink rattlesnake plant root, and 4523. Kl, Mo, SE: Wife of moon. MF: Husband then one would never be sick. Another person of moon. asked, 'How about water snake, green snake root?' 4527. NS: Large oak tree, from which dead ob- 'No, that's no good,' the man told them." In- tamn their food. structions how to use the rattlesnake root also 4528. Mo: Frog protects Sun, Moon (both of 236 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS these latter are male beings), so that Bear will Eclipses; star lore.-- not be able to eat either of them. At: Frog 4558. SW: Solar eclipses only; "don't know any- fought Moon, swallowed Moon; next time Moon swal- thing about lunar eclipses." lowed Frog, so Frog is now in center of Moon. 4559. NF: New sun (woman) coming out. When Moon and Frog fought, Moon was not round but 4568. Mo: Tell Frog to doctor moon. always crescent shaped. AW: "Frog swallowed Moon 4569. AW: Old women only go out and chant to first; his mouth was all busted; so Moon said, sun or moon during eclipse; "tell sun's, moon's 'I'll show you how to swallow,' and then swal- own dog not to eat him." lowed Frog." WIS: Figure in moon that of Frog, 4570. Bitches only. weaving basket. 4573. WM, WS: Cover food because sun is going 4529. NS: "Sun, Moon, Coyote, and Lizard to bleed. ("grandfathers") were chiefs. Sun, Moon, and 4574. WS, NM: So they cannot see eclipse. Lizard wanted people to die for 4 days and then 4575. SE: People afraid they are going to return to life; Coyote wanted people to have a freeze to death. NM, NS: Build fire. "big time," cry, and blacken their faces [for 4577. SE, AW, MM: Sign of war. WS: Sign of dead, who would die permanently]. Coyote had a bad weather. beautiful daughter who never did anything; people 4578. If large stars fall. Mo, SE, NF, NM, waited on her. Somebody broke a twig off a tree NS: Sign man living in direction star falls has and the twig turned into rattlesnake; Coyote's died, or will die. AW: Sign of earthquake; de- daughter went down to the spring to get water for nied for all other groups except SW, At. NF: someone, and rattlesnake bit her and she died. Falling stars (sa to) are "just like turkeys, com- Then Sun and Moon told Coyote, "Now you can have ing down from sky to spring to drink, their head your big time; we're leaving." So they went up 1 way, tail the other. Come down into ground, to the sky. When the moon wanes, it does 4 days just like sun; then they're gone. Sign of lots and then comes back; the Indians believe that if of sickness. If 2 large stars come down, sign of Coyote hadn't wished what he did, people too war starting." would have died for 4 days only, and then have 4579. If small stars fall. been reborn again." 4585. Kl, No: White river. Kl: Canes grow on 4530. NS: At each new moon, prepare small sup- both sides of river, which forks near one end. per (kaipe) and if there is any other family liv- NM: Creek. ing close by, invite them to come and eat with 4587. WS, NF, NS: If boys 6-7 look at it dur- celebrants. Important, year-round observance. ing any time of year, will give them bad luck for . 4532. INM: All go outside to view moon, to see hunting later. (from position of horns) whether or not storms 4588. NF, NS: All girls; would give them bad can be expected. luck; spirit would frighten them in night. Cf. 4533. Kl: In fall also. SW: Once yearly, in Voegelin, Tubatulabal, p. 58, people forbidden to spring, all go outside to view, address moon; count stars. say, "We're glad to see you; we'll see you again, 4589. Kl, Mo, At, AW: Sign of death of adult. the next time you come (year from that time)." SE: "When catches up to moon, sign world will 4534. Kl: Tell moon they are hungry. NF: end." SW: "Moon is listening [to star]; there- People ask moon that they be like it, and never fore someone is saying evil things about person, die. Break stick and throw it away, giving it or will make trouble for person." At: "If star to moon. to left of moon, someone near by will die; if to 4536. SE: Men, women pull up clothes, bend right, person far off. AW: If star very close to over and expose anus, sing "Maggots come out." moon, death will occur soon. WM: Sign of cold This practice denied for Kl, Mo, TNV. weather. 4538. WT, WM, WS: Du Bois, Wintu, p. 87, re- ports food offered to moon at every new moon by Rainbow.-- headman of village among WT only. This feast, to 4591. Mo, AW, AE: See note 4592. WM: Sign which near-by villages are sometimes invited, has suckers (fish) calling clouds to make it rain, to be entirely consumed. Du Bois notes that new- because girl just after she has had first men- moon ceremony is lacking "among most of Wintu." struation is walking close to river or spring 4539. SW: "Children can't look at moon; if "where she ought not to go." After clouds leave, person sees man across the moon, he will die." rainbow appears. NF, NM, NS: If end of rainbow At: Also, young babies held up on cradle each new falls near village, this is sign that girl there moon, and lighted torch waved near both sides of has recently menstruated for first time. basket; these babies will never be "mean." 4592. Mo, AW, AE: If rainbow close to where 4546. AW: Children run out toward hills, hold girl dancing at puberty dance, unlucky for men- up hands and say, "Grandmother, look at me, I'm struant. Negatives for this trait obtained from growing," when they get up into mountains; then all other groups except SW, At (not inquired into). return home, running. Mo: If menstruant dreams of rainbow, sign evil 4554. AE: Sign headman will die. spirit is trying to get her. Mo, AW, A:E: If rain- 4557. Face will become paralyzed, "crooked, bow near by when baby is born, mother will be un- like new moon." CULTURE ELE[. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 237 lucky. AW: If rainbow likes person, it allows 4610. AW: See note 4605. Formerly Thunder him to approach near it; person finds that rain- made noise all time, but in contest between Thun- bow is bad smelling. WM, WS: Evil spirit travels der and Raven, Raven finally told Thunder, "Don't in rainbow. See also note 4599. NF: Rainbow make noise all the time; the only time you can made by evil beings. make a noise is when somebody dreams about you, 4594. At: Silver Fox made rainbow. When in spring." See note 4612. WT: See note 4600. people see rainbow, sing sometimes to have good 4611. WM: Twin boys returning "to see their wild crops. own baby basket [cradle]; make noise when on 4595. Mo, SE: If run through rainbow, will be earth." See note 4604. good doctor. SW: Rainbow consists of colors 4612. AW: During contest between Thunder and with which Sun, who is shaman, paints. Raven, Thunder decreed that if any woman who is 4597. MV: Children told never to count the about to be delivered of a child in springtime colors in the rainbow. dreams that she is struck by lightning, she will 4599. Mo, WM, WS: If mother dreams of rainbow be killed. See notes 4600, 4610. Informant's after baby born, sign she will die. Mo, WS: If wife had dreamt of lightning under these circum- girl menstruant dreams of rainbow, sign she will stances; her mouth became crooked, but "a doctor die. was called; he came and kicked the cloud back; he talked to it" and patient recovered. NF: See Thunder, lightning.-- note 4600. 4600. SE: Man with long gray hair lives in E. 4613. SW: Hold up raccoon skin and tell Thun- SW: Thunder "was a man once; name, 'Loud Speak- der to go away, as there are too many rattle- er'; noise of thunder is this man's voice." At: snakes in vicinity; "go to some other place." At: Man who wears rabbitskin; goes about looking for Any sort of skin including raccoon skin held on women, whom he kills. AW: Man (not old) who stick. travels about in black cloud, and had sweat house 4614. Kl, SE: Pinch bitch's ear. where he put people he captured and made their 4615. Serviceberry stick. legs, arms, backs, faces crooked, until Raven 4616. SW, AE, WT: Thunder commanded to go (k'ak) cleared out this sweat house of its vic- away, especially when people camping out. AE: tims and abolished it. AE: Informant had no idea Tell Thunder couple, "Go that way [naming moun- what Thunder looks like--"may be an animal, tain]; that's where your grandfather and grand- even"--but stated that 2 kinds of noise heard mother went."V WM: Talk to twin boys, welcome when it thunders are man and woman talking. WT: their return. See note 4604. WS: Shaman talks Thunder "an old man in stories [myths], but when to boys, to make them stop. an Indian sees it striking tree, it is in form of 4618. At: Lightning issues from mouth of Thun- bird, with claws like a grouse. Rips up trees; der man, "like a snake." AW: Lightning issues generally catches a tree full of knots." MM: from Thunder's hand, when he raises his arm (wing) Thunder a man who lives "up above"; was "a boy on to strike. earth, but he was sent up above because he was 4625. Women, only, cover head. Kl, MF, NF, too fast and ate up everything." NE: 2 old MV: Cover head with willow basket. NM, NS: Cover people of evil disposition; loud noises made by head with deerskin. man, lesser noise by woman. Thunder couple go about looking for girl who is having first menses, Whirlwind; rain and storms.-- or woman in childbirth ("bad luck women"); women 4629. AW: "Don't bother much about whirlwind; especially afraid of thunder. NS: Old man with they let children run into them for fun; there red plumes or red cap on his head. is no danger." 4601. MF: Lightning his wife. Old man lives 4631. SW: Does not contain poison, but dead in E, old woman in W; when two engaged in conver- shaman sends his dust, and later person struck sation, thunders. "Lots of people see these 2; will suffer some minor misfortune, such as turn- they tell them to go away." ing ankle. NF: But see note 5040. 4604. WM, WS: Human in form; twin boys born of 4632. SE: Also, whirlwind rising from ashes of Bear Woman and Chicken Hawk (see Du Bois and house burnt after death is dangerous; ashes will Demetracopoulou, Wintu, p. 296 ff.). Older boy make person sick. thunder, younger one lightning. 4633. WM, NF, MV: Whirlwind is spirit of dead 4605. AW: "Thunder looks like person, but has person. wings like a bat; a rain doctor saw him like this 4635. Mo, SE, AE, WT, WM, WS, NF: Bad for when on vision quest. He said that when Thunder mourners to dream of, especially. Among Mo, SE, moved his wings a little, it made noise." WT: AE, WT, WIM, WS if mourners dream thus, it means See note 4600. that whirlwind will take dreamer's spirit. See 4607. NF: Couple looking for menstruant, or also element 4646a. SE: Also it is "bad for any woman in labor, to kill her. NM: Shooting. MV: man to dream of whirlwind or of butterfly; means Woman jealous, scolding man. he will be burnt up." NF: Also bad for menstru- 4608. Mo: Noise caused by old man shaking his ants, women in labor to dream of. long gray hair. 4639. AW: Also, whirlwind may give power to run fast. 238 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4642. At: Throw water at whirlwind and tell 4677. WM: Spirits go up above, to big dance it to run away. Whirlwind is blind. NF, NM, house [Lut], where they become as wind [whirl- NS: Also wrap live coal in grass, walk 4 times wind]. "This is what Indian doctors say. But around victim who has been in whirlwind, letting if man is bad man, when he dies people up above smoke from grass envelope him. This practice won't let him step inside Lut; they tell him they denied for MV. won't have him, so he has to return to earth and 4648. WM: Never roll rocks on mountains, "be- travel about there as a whirlwind."t NF: Doctors cause dwarfs live there. When they don't like to and "common people," different destinations. see people in mountains, like hunters, they throw 4685. AE: Some spirits of dead come to person rocks at them." when he is asleep, and "charm" him; sleeper, un- 4650. See also element 5120. able to move, shouts, "Do anything." After 2, 3 4652. SE: Bitch's ear. minutes person can move; spirits gone. "Indians say you'll live long time if these [spirits] come to you; but when you wake up after a visit like Beliefs Concerning Spirits, Ghosts this, your heart is pounding." 4687. NM: Dead "bother" living in dreams. Characteristics; activities; precautions to Dreamer must be doctored; after this is no longer keep away ghosts.-- bothered. NS: If dream of dead, "go to grave of 4655. SE, SW: Informants knew little about that person and clean it up a little"; will not characteristics of ghosts, spirits. SW inform- dream further of this dead person after doing so. ant stated, "before Ghost dance, people didn't Custom is still followed among NS. MV: For any know anything about ghosts--what they looked like. "common" bad dreams, sucking shaman (yomi) doc- They did dream of dead when sleeping, however. tors dreamer; but for dreaming about the assembly But they never said anything about a person's house and the secret society dances, the secret spirit or breath leaving his body at death." society leader (yeponi) has to doctor patient. Dixon (Shasta, p. 468) states colored lights seen See also note 4100. around cemeteries are ghosts. Both SE and SW in- 4690. In general, food prepared, and family of formants stated that these reddish, white, or person visited by ghost eats this food; before green lights (SE: purowan) are made by "devils" eating, throw small amount of food in fire. MF: or witches, or are the witches themselves, sent Shaman notified; makes feather "flags" (yokoli; by down-river peoples (Hupa, chiefly), espe- 4 feathers and beads on end of stick). Relatives cially novice shamans who are "practicing" to of the person who has been dreaming bad dreams wreak ill among Shasta. Person touched by one of prepare food, set it out; shaman hangs flags in these lights becomes ill. They are seen some- tree distant from house, then talks to spirits; times near cemeteries. Down-river peoples know afterward assembled people eat food. Shaman's how to combat these "poison" manifestations, but flags are left hung in tree outside. MV: Invite few Shasta shamans do; SW informant's sister one guests to a "dinner"; merely say to person one is of these rare persons among Shasta. SW informant inviting, "I can't sleep well," and he or she narrated Orpheus myth, similar to that published realizes significance of the invitation. by Dixon (Shasta Myths) in which Woodpecker fol- 4691. At: Informant had eaten with dog when lows wife to land of dead but is not allowed to dreaming too much; chewed up little food, threw remain there until he shall have returned to it to dog, telling animal, "You'd better eat for earth and died; this story telling of life after me; take that spirit away." Also, after woman death said to have antedated Ghost dance. See has had first baby, she and her husband, when elements and notes 4667, 4668. At: Ghosts only they first eat meat again, chew up small amount visible to shamans. and put it on their toes and let dog eat it. 4656. WS: Headless, sometimes. 4695. Mo: Also, if encounter ghost, let it pass 4657. Kl: Skeleton. AE: Shadow, fog, or cloud. on right side, not on left where heart is. 4661. SE, SW: See note 4655. 4696. WM: Put small red rock in water. 4663. WS: 6-7 days. NF: 3-4. 4699. At: Dry ipos roots; this is "feeding the 4668. Kl: Spirit goes up toward E, then trav- spirit, who says, 'All right, you give me that els W; as it travels it shouts, and people hear kind of food; we eat that kind.'" Informant con- it. SW: Persons travel E after death, "toward cluded, "So I keep those roots for him [her dead sun--toward daylight," but ultimately stay in land son]; a little bit." in W, from whence comes night mockingbird, whom 4701. MF: Angelica. NF: Pitch and wormwood. no one is supposed to bother. Dead travel in sky NM: Wormwood and cedar. NS: Wormwood. from E to W, along Milky Way. 4702. WM: Pine bark burnt. AW, AE: Burn cedar 4669. WM: See note 4677. NM: Shamans only. leaves immediately after childbirth; leaves pop MV: Dead go to large rock assembly house (large as burn and child's future foretold by sounds made. mountain, shape of assembly house) at Marysville 4703. SW, AW, WS, MF, NF, NS: Rabbitskin; de- Buttes, where rock "elder" sits on top of assembly nied for other groups. At: Burn skin; also, if house. This assembly house is starting place, spirits talk to baby, burn baby's hair on middle "headquarters," for people on their way to sky; of forehead; spirit stops right away. WS, ME, NE, dead stay at assembly house 4 days, then depart. NS: Coyote skin burned. ME, NE, NS: Deer hair CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 239 also burned to keep evil shaman away. to sacred spot (sauel) to seek power. "But for 4706. At: Native tobacco hung by entrance to young boys, there's nothing in it. Some boys, living house, or put outside for spirits; also 8-15 years old, go into dance house and dance for feathers. NF: Wormwood, also white feathers. doctoring power. That's all." 4726. WM: Du Bois, Wintu, p. 80, states Coyote sauel is "1 type of sacred place used by women"; Omens informant said that Coyote sauel "is man's sauel, where men go for luck." WS: Girls may seek for 4714. SW: Although belief in bird-call omens power during puberty dance, but "never go to ay lacking, SW believe in various other omens, such kind of sauel" to obtain power. as, for example, if meet king snake squarely in 4726a. WM: Optional for individuals; obliga- front of one on trail, sign someone in family tory for group. going to die; kill king snake and burn it, to 4728. WM: Applies to group of boys; not to prevent this happening. See also notes 4539, individuals. 4589. 4729. WM: Refers to individual questing. 4717. MV: Quail calls. 4730-4734. WM: Refers to group questing. In- dividuals repeat quests. 4735. See elements 3218-3220, 4263, 4287, 4308. ASPECTS OF RELIGION 4736. Kl, Mo: Depends at which localized spot seeker quests. Some springs give power for doc- Vision Quest toring, others for luck in gambling, hunting, fishing, or fast running. AW: See note for 4736a. In order to avoid double entries for the same WI: Only rarely get doctoring power. See note complex, the "doctor dance" or shaman's initia- 4722. tory dance practiced by the 3 Wintu groups cov- 4736a. Hence it cannot be too strongly empha- ered in this survey has not been included in this sized, for groups affirming this element, that section on the Vision Quest. Instead, the sha- undergoing vision quest for "luck" in hunting, man's dance is entered in the section on Sha- gambling, racing, wrestling, tree climbing, fish- manism (4803-4915). The decision to omit refer- ing and acquiring shamanistic power are viewed as ences to the Wintu shaman's dance from the pres- two distinct phenomena. SW: Informant explicitly ent section was made after some hesitation, on stated that "going up into mountains for luck" the grounds that supervised training instead of entailed none of the obligations upon seeker that questing is of fundamental importance among the obtaining shamanistic power.entailed; obligations Wintu in the acquisition of supernatural power after receiving latter were&many. AW: Vision for doctoring. questing chiefly concerns obtaining power from 4722. WT: "The main way to get power for doc- guardian spirits for luck in gambling, hunting, toring is to train for it in the sweat house and such; but if one obtains 10 of these spirits (shaman's dance). They take children in, to one "is bound to be a doctor." Besides having teach them. But one could also get power while guardian spirits, however, shamans also have in a trance or faint, and by going in search of "pains" which came to them voluntarily; posses- it, to a medicine lake or spring." MM, MF, NF: sion of pain is chief prerequisite for being a Among these groups vision quest is unique, in doctor. See notes 4804-4806. WT: Power for doc- that boy or girl must first dream at home before toring only rarely obtained on quest, however. going to mountains to gain power and to train for See note 4722. WM: Refers both to individual doctoring. No questing for "luck" in hunting, questers and group of questers. No one "goes out fishing, gambling is undertaken, but in the on the mountains looking for doctoring power. The training of future shamans in mountains, M1!, MF, puisus [Achomawi] do, though." WS: See note 4725. and NF share many traits with neighboring groups 4737. At: Man or woman obtaining "luck" for among which there is questing for several varie- hunting, gambling, and such "just dreams; some- ties of power besides that for doctoring. MM: times he hears animal singing, in dream." No See note 4806. NF: Boy, girl, prepuberty, dreams. vision questing save for doctoring power. Inform- White bird with red breast comes from sun, hits ant used to dream where deer could be killed, un- dreamer on face and head; dreamer bleeds at nose. til 3 men hired shaman to take her dreams away "When he dreams like that, they (parents) send from her; now her dreams never tell her where him into the mountains to train." Older doctors deer are to be found. go out with him, teach him, then there follows 4740. WM: Refers to group of boys seeking period of training; next siummer novice dances in power; see note 4724. doctor dance (yomuse). MV: See note 4807. 4741. At, AE: Nasal septum also. 4724. WM: Group of boys sent out, but only "if 4743. Kl, Mo: See note 4736. SE: On mountain, those boys had been fighting." This seems some- but not at fixed localities. WT: At fixed locali- what aberrant procedure, but informant volun- ties, but not on mountain. teered information, which is apparently reliable. 4747. SE: 4-6 days, nights. AW: 1-2. AE: 2-3. 4725. WIS: At birth of first baby, father goes 4748. K1, Mo: That is, seekers who are quest- 240 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ing for shamanistic power. WM: Refers to group Shamanism of boys questing; see note 4724. 4749. Ki, Mo: After birth of child, death of Sucking doctors; personnel and acquisition of relative, also quest. WT, WM, WS: "Doctor dance" power.-- or shaman's initiatory dance is, among Wintu, 4801. MM, MF: Female shamans do not suck out group performance, undertaken to obtain guardian disease objects, however. spirits by would-be shamans; it is not, as among 4803. Mo: If shaman wishes son or daughter to other groups, dance which is held after guardian become shaman, feeds offspring some of his own spirits have been obtained by prospective sha- "medicine" ("pain" object). But offspring must mans. also acquire guardian spirit of his own as well. 4750. AW: 2-3 days. MM: Only under peculiar circumstances; see note 4751a. AE, WS: 2-3. NF: Eats sparingly all 4806. MV: But if person's grandfather, for ex- the time. ample, and not spirit creature, makes one a doc- 4753. At: When boy up in mountains, he takes tor (yomi), "that power fails a person sometimes, little rock, rubs it over his lips, and throws it and doesn't last long." away, as his parents have instructed him to do; 4804. Mo: See preceding Mo note. At: "If old "then he doesn't need to drink for a long time." man has power, and his power likes a young rela- 4755. WM: Refers to single questers and to tive (son or nephew) of old man's, power tells group questers. latter, 'Sometimes I'm going to play with that 4756. AE: See also note 3247. WM: Refers to boy.' The power wants to get away and go with single and group questers. the boy. So it does; then the young boy becomes 4759a. AW, AE, WS: 2-3 days. a doctor." If power comes this way, boy often 4764. Kl, SE: For luck in gambling. goes out before sundown and plays with power; 4767. SE: See note 4768. AE: In myth, ant listens to it "singing all time," and tells his bites "good" or favored man; will not bite "com- mother or father, who explain what this means. mon" or ordinary man. AW: Shaman may give his boy or girl his pain if 4768. That is, luck in gambling, hunting, and pain likes the offspring; if it does not, child such. SW: "If acquire 'luck,' all the power one cannot obtain it. AE: A person's animal "power" carries is in one's arms or shoulders. If one or his "pain" may not like its possessor, and has no luck, one's shoulder and arm are nothing; transfer to son or daughter of latter, before no power in them. If munstruant or woman tmder person's death; then parent's other powers may taboos eats meat hunter has shot she ruins his also desert to offspring. Also, "sometimes the luck; then he has to obtain more before he can do power waited until after its possessor died." anything again. That's when he goes into the NS: Boy's father, or maternal, paternal grand- little [steam] sweat house and cuts himself on father, has to be shaman, or else boy cannot be his shoulder, to get the bad blood out from the one, as knowledge concerning shamanism is passed spot where he carries his luck, and so he can get on within family; cannot be taught by outsider. more luck there. This he gets by cooking the 4805. Mo: After shaman's death, some of his blood off his phoulder, or rubbing ants into cuts "medicine" may go to one of his children if child made where he has pricked his shoulder." "is smart enough"; if not, "when shaman dies that 4769. Mo: To those seekers who obtain luck is the last of his medicine." If medicine comes only (hunting, gambling, and such); "somebody unsought to child in this manner, there is no speaks to them in a dream." Also "little" or necessity for questing for it. AW: "After doc- "common" doctors, who cure by laying hands on tor's death, pain goes up and stays there for patient, not sucking, dream their "medicine." several months, then comes down and goes into 4770. Mo: Only persons receiving shamanistic ground; in spring it comes up in red roots of rye power, bleed at mouth (not at nose). grass and goes to the person it likes. Some- 4779. Doctor dance as form of vision seeking times a pain takes a person [master] in middle of has been disregarded in this section; see note, winter, but not often." AE: See preceding AE Vision Seeking. WT, WM: Main form. WS: Only note. WM: Old woman's dead son's spirit (ghost) form for young men, girls. may ask other spirits, "Will you help me out, and 4781. WT, WM: 1-3 days. WS: 2-5. give my mother power; she feels badly [over son's 4785. AE, WS: 2-3 days. death]." Other spirits may concur, saying, "Yes; 4788. SW: Informant's father, who had "luck" maybe some day we'll go to that house, in 10-20 (not shamanistic power) from Sun, never ate be- days [years] or sooner." fore sun-up, also prayed to Sun, with special 4806. That is, if parent's pain (animate) does formula, and offered Sun paint. WT: Youth, on not wish to go to offspring, latter cannot inherit return home from quest for "luck," uses stick it. Mo, At, AW, AE: See notes 4804-4805. MM: My spatula for eating; either paternal or maternal information agrees with Loeb's (Eastern Kuksu, p. great-grandmother or grandmother, only, wait on 199) on this point; not all children of shaman, him. as Dixon states (Maidu, p. 274 ff.), or any of them become shamans if pain possessed by deceased shaman does not like any of children. Informant CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 241 and his brother are sons of shaman; neither one his doctoring pipe, feathers, and his pains up of them inherited their father's pain. "That in mountains under rocks. "Lots of doctors spirit that belonged to my father didn't like us. stopped, especially the women doctors; they didn't Once or twice we thought it might be coming to like the smell of White people. They couldn't see my brother, but it didn't. When my father died, anything any more; it [power] all left them.", I took all his doctoring things and put them away At: When extracted from patient, pain often outside; they were no good to me, just good for pleads with curing shaman to be sent back to its my father." owner, and not to be killed (chewed up, or burnt); 4807. Mo: See preceding Mo note. NV: "Never curing shaman often makes pain tell him who sent go out to try and get the power; it just comes it, and so on. AW: "Before pain [always referred to you; the spirit gets you, himself." to as "poison" among At, AW, AE] was a pain, it 4811. SW: 4-5 days. WT, WM: 1-3. MV: Novice was some kind of a weed." Cf. note 4805. Sha- is sick for little while after he dreams first man, in sending out pain, may smoke, blow smoke time; then begins to dream his training. and pain toward victim; he tells his pain, "Now 4813. SE, AW, AE: In dream after crying for go," and pain goes and finds victim. Then pain dead, often. listens to victim; "if he talks good, pain re- 4815. SE: Also, novice or full-fledged shaman turns to doctor, tells him, 'I didn't hit him, cannot smell any burnt hair or burnt skin; makes he looks good.' Doctor may say, 'All right, if her sick. SW: Guardian spirit tells novice he you want to save him.'" AE: Animal appears to will bleed while dancing during training. NF: person in dream or otherwise; gives that person Novice bleeds at nose; for all other groups, at song and tells him what to use as his pain ("poi- mouth. son"3; that pain can talk, and has a song, too. 4816. SE: 2-3 nights. 4838. SE, SW; In head, heel, shoulder. WT, 4820. AW: If refuse power from animal, not WM: In head. WS: In head or heart. "Doctor has dangerous, as shaman can blow sickness, caused to have a clean heart; his heart is the pain's by refusal, off victim; if person refuses to ac- home, and pain has to stay there as long as the cept "pain" that comes to one, he will die. man lives; he can't put pain away or get rid of 4822. AW: Can refuse animal's offer to become it, if he wants to stop doctoring." supernatural guardian; cannot refuse offer of 4839. Kl, Mo, AE: Although shamans also acquire "pain"; if refuse latter, will inevitably die. "pains" (see elements 4833 ff.), emphasis among MV: Can refuse power by burning beads at spot these 3 groups is chiefly upon guardian-spirit where dream came, or by telling about one's dream. helpers they acquire. SE, SW, At, AW: Emphasis 4823. WT, WM, MM: Animal or vegetable. shifts from guardian-spirit helpers to the "pains" 4824. Mo: This makes one unclean. If fail to themselves, which are always animate and can talk. put ashes on, death will ensue. AW: "If person acquires 10 kinds of powers [guar- 4826. WT: Rarely. See note 4722. dian-spirit helpers], he will be a doctor. [But 4829. NS: Among this group, instruction by must have "pain" to doctor.] Whenever doctor older shamans (who are related to boy in train- cries at funeral, he gets more power" (through ing) is apparently only method followed. Boys, dreams). 8-10 years old, taken into woods, to secret place, 4846. SW: "Any animal people eat is nothing by 2 male shaman relatives, and there taught how at all for giving one power for doctoring. Grizzly to handle hot stones, other things. Stay there Bear, Timber Wolf help doctors; Coyote too; they 4 days, fasting; no meat, liquids; instructed con- all look like animals, but they call themselves cerning food taboos to be followed after train- after a mountain (Wolf) or a bush (Grizzly Bear) ing over (not to eat hot foods, and such). Gen- or some rocks (Coyote), when they announce them- erally keep fact they have been trained and de- selves to doctors; they don't go by their ordinary tails of such training secret, even from parents. names. Panther, deer, raccoon, badger, ground Boy taken out thus might refuse to engage in squirrel are nothing at all, because people eat training; not reprimanded by relative if he de- them." WT: Power comes from small animals and cides not to go on with it. flies, other insects. 4830. MV: Very little; in main, his guardian 4853. SW: "Rattlesnake can give power [but only spirit teaches him. in ancillary fashion]; but he doesn't talk to a 4834. Described as obsidian flakes by Kl, Mo; doctor, or sing. You can see rattlesnake, though as "looking like a hair" by At, AW, WT, WM, WS, [during trance or faint], and get some power that MM, MF; "like a bug" by At; "like a little sharp way; but the only way a doctor uses rattlesnake bone" by WS. Kl: Pain not animate. Mo: Either is to use the skin for her pipe stem [decoration], animate or inanimate. SE: Animate; moves but or to wear the rattles. She never calls on rattle- does not speak. Shaman never speaks to own pains, snake to help her." MV: "Rattlesnake is main doc- or those she sucks out. SW: "Shaman carries her tor." 'pains' inside her all the time; that makes her 4856. AE: "Frog--that's the boss of the doc- the same as her guardian spirit, who also carries tors." the pains (his arrows) inside him all the time." 4870. Mo: Shaman has pole outside house, with When SW informant stopped doctoring, he buried bald eagle feathers, skunk skin and other skins 242 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS strung on it. He never kills bird or animal of at sun; Sun "shoots" shaman, who is "killed" and same species as his guardian spirit(s), but some- falls down, and another shaman has to shake him one else kills these for him, gives feathers, by feet and awaken him; stricken shaman has blood skins to him. SE: See note 4946. SW: Novice ac- streaming from nose. Clowns function at this quires pole, with 10 different objects (feathers, dance. skins) on it; this sacred, kept outside house 4878a. SE, SW: Refers to dance novice performs when not being used during shamanistic perform- alone. WT, WTI, WS: Held immediately before and ance; at latter, shaman brings pole, plants it during time vision obtained. in ground outside patient's house. See note 4879. SE, SW: Refers to dance novice performs 4992. At: After man begins to doctor patients alone. he acquires eagle down, woodpecker feathers, yel- 4880. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. lowhammer band. Ties these feathers inside his 4881. SW: Refers to public winter dance. AW: whistle. Also acquires bunch supernatural feath- See note 4805 AW. ers (kaku) which he keeps tied up on willow 4881a. WS: Held once year, in spring only; branch, near creek; when shaman dies, blood drips "not in winter--too cold; not in summer--too from these kaku feathers. When shaman first dis- warm." covers these feathers they are singing; he walks 4885. SE, SW: Refers to novice's dance by self, up to them and picks them up. WM: Shamans pass not to public winter dance. At: "After man gets on their feathers, when old and near death, to his power [from vision quest] he dances, while another shaman; "keep passing them on from 1 to sweating, 1 day and night after returning home. another. Sometimes the feathers tell doctor to He dances by himself; children must keep away put them in the water ['bury' them]; or feathers from the sweat house, and keep quiet. The next may say, 'No, I want to be alive, give me to day his family prepares food, and he eats alone. another doctor.'" If, on receiving the feathers But he doesn't doctor for a long time after this." a shaman does not know how to handle them, he 4886. Kl: 3-4 shamans attend. One midwinter tells them he cannot keep them and is going to dance,only, given for all 4 local groups of Kl put them in the water. (see also note 4437 Kl). SW: Refers to public 4871. At: See preceding At note. Shaman never winter dance. brings these feathers inside house, or uses them 4890. Kl: 2 groups, 6 men each, dance on 1 in curing performance; there may be children play- side of fire inside house. ing around who might make too much noise; feath- 4894. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. ers might become disturbed, poison people. 4896. Kl: Women sit in circle around house, 4872. At: See note 4870 At. next to wall, singing for male dancers. SE, SW: 4873. At: Also, if man dreams "good" (acquires Refers to public winter dance. luck) after birth of child, "he never tells about 4897-4900. SE, SW: Refers to public winter his dream; if he does, he won't have any luck." dance. 4901. Mo: Any time shaman becomes excited, his Sucking doctors: doctor-making rites.-- spirit causes him to bleed at mouth; therefore 4874. SE, SW: 2 dances entered for each of shaman always keeps quiet around his house. At: these groups: (1) dance which novice performs This does not happen during any public doctor- alone in sweat house immediately after obtaining making dance (of which At have none), but if nov- vision; (2) public winter dance in sweat house, ice attends curing performance by older shaman, following which a novice shaman may start curing. he may fall down in faint and blood comes from If SE, SW entries for elements 4875-4924 relate his mouth. Older shaman then sings for him and, to one type dance only, note explains to which; when boy revives, tells him he had better help if entries relate to both types dance, no note. him cure patient. See note 4924. 4874a. Kl: Spier, Klamath, p. 113, says rites 4902-4904. SE: Refers to public winter dance. last 5 nights and days; my informant, who had 4905. Kl: "Sometimes the old doctors are danced at these performances, said 1, but prob- jealous because there's a new doctor, so they ably he was referring to more recent curtailed poison him, right there. The 'mean' doctor's performances. WT: 1-4. medicine [perhaps weasel, or bear] meets that 4875. SE: Novice dances 3 nights, alone; pub- new doctor's medicine [guardian spirit] up in the lic winter dance lasts 2 nights. WM: 4-5 nights. mountains somewhere; the old doctor's medicine 4877. NF: Doctor dance (yomuse) starts in hides and catches the new doctor's medicine, and morning; at noon eat dinner; in afternoon dance 'poisons' the new doctor thus. When the new doc- again, then eat supper; then dance all night tor becomes sick from this [very soon after the around fire. By daylight dance is over. Men, dance], he says, 'Some doctor gave me poison; I'm women shamans dance; women hold fox hides, wild- sick.' One old man will ask him, 'What's the mat- cat hides on sticks, while dancing; men dance ter, what's the matter; what did they do to you?' inside circle of women dancers, and wear yellow- The new doctor tells the old man that the mean hammer bands on their heads. Novice doctors join doctor's medicine has grabbed his own medicine; in dance. During daytime dancing, shamans, in that's why he has taken sick. So he lies down turn, hold cocoon rattle on stick, gaze straight all the time and sings; he sings his medicine. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORT9EAST CALIFORNIA 243 He lies there, eating all right, but he's sick. object; on second he finds it (can see it); on After awhile he says, 'Well, he grabbed my medi- third he removes it. Some shamans "work on pa- cine, just like a chicken hawk [clutches its tient only up to midnight, some until daylight. prey].' That's the last words he may say; he The Paiute work until daylight, too; the Diggers dies right there. The mean doctor has killed [Maidu] only 2-3 hours." WS: 1-4 nights. If him." SE: Refers to public winter dance. WM: shaman cannot locate pain first night of doctor- When shaman first doctoring (1 month to year ing, doctor's dance held next night beside pa- after he obtained his power in doctor dance),he tient and thereafter for 2-3 nights; must locate may have his "spirit!' (guardian spirit) stolen pain. MM: 1-5. NF: 3-4. from him. "A relative of a dead shaman may do 4927. NS: Shaman has to be alone with patient; this [because the young doctor is singing de- "other people aren't supposed to watch him, when ceased shaman's song]; the new doctor may have he is doctoring." the dead doctor's spirit." 4928. At: Also "everyone comes to help a doc- 4908. Kl: Novice swallows 2 flint rock "pains" tor when he's treating; everyone smokes, helps which assistant gives him; men dance; he then him out." vomits 1 piece flint rock; more singing; vomits 4929. Mo: "Interpreter" tells what doctor is second piece; both found in basket of water. saying during curing performance. Shaman uses Novice also puts his 2 flint rock pains in an- same interpreter every time; may be either man or other man's mouth, on tongue; they vanish; women woman. SW: Interpreter or "regular assistant" sing; then pains appear in basket of water. interprets for shaman, who repeats what guardian 4909. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. animal has to say. Only assistant can answer 4910. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. guardian animal (shaman cannot; but only shaman MV: This does not happen during any doctor- can hear what guardian says). The guardian ani- making dance (of which MV have none), but dance mal must come to shaman's post (see element, note manager (yumbasi) of other types of dances eats 4870), which has 10 different objects on it, be- fire; doctors (yomi) do not. fore it will speak to shaman. AW: Services of 4911. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. interpreter not always necessary (cf. note 5008). WM: "Samson Grant, a puisus [Achomawi] doctor, 4930. Mo: "Outside speaker" (man or woman) eats blazing pine splinters [correct]; WM doctors stands outside house, shouts to shaman's spirits, don't." "Come on; your servant wants you to come, help 4912. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. him." Spirits say, "Listen, they're calling us." 4913. WM: After obtaining his power during Same outside speaker or "caller" functions for doctor dance, novice usually does not doctor for shaman for life; must "obey the doctor's medicine, from 1 month to 1 year, until older shaman tells just as doctor does, or else the medicine will be him to doctor someone. WS: Informant had cousin, angry, and hurt both of them." SW: Calls guardian small boy who doctored when he was young (9-10 animal for shaman, outside; "whoops loud." This years old3; later became powerful shaman. NF: only done if curing in summer; whoop wakes the Only when novice is middle-aged does he start guardian spirit (who sleeps all summer); he "reach- doctoring. es round and gets his pipe, dusts it, and smokes; 4924. SE, SW: Refers to public winter dance. then talks to doctor, finally puts on his mocca- At: If novice attends curing performance by older sins and goes to the doctor to help cure patient. shaman, sometimes latter invites him to help cure In winter doctors don't have to call their spirits patient (see note 4901). Novice demurs, but by having an assistant go and shout for them; older shaman urges him; former sings 4 songs, and they're all outside anyway. It's handier for a novice then pulls out "pain" from patient. "The doctor to cure in winter." AW: Informant scorn- boy [novice] is pretty nearly dead, because he's fully characterized "speakers" for shamans as holding the poison; he puts it in a little bas- "half-breed [new] way"; said some of AE now use ket, and the older shaman sings and sings for them. See notes 4929, 5008. AE: Shaman's inter- him; finally he gets him up. The novice then preter also serves as outside speaker to call tells who has poisoned the patient." shaman's "power" for him. 4933. NF: See note 5079. Dreamer, not doctor, Sucking doctors: curing techniques.-- goes into trance. 4925. Mo, SE: 1-2 nights. SW: 2-3. If, when 4934. NF: Clown calls spirits for dreamer, diagnosing patient, shaman sees that "pain" (in- however. See note 5079. trusive disease object) has already left him 4935. Kl: Doctor's spirit talks to shaman from (pains always leave victim night before he dies) far off; no one else hears conversation. Shaman she knows there is no hope, and makes no attempt "interprets" what his spirit has told him to to cure, although patient may actually live until people present. next morning. At: 2-3. AW: 1-2. "Doctoring 4936. SW: Shaman has to tell assistant every takes 2-3 nights. The people who sing for a doc- song he sings, and from which guardian spirit it tor must stay throughout period, or doctor loses comes. his power." AE: 2-3 nights; usually 3. On first 4937. Mo: Many women sing for shaman; "the night, shaman generally cannot locate intrusive more the better." AW: See note 4925. 244 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4942. SW: Shaman lights own pipe if curing 4980. SW: If shaman wishes to kill the rival patient; but if she is witching victim, someone shaman who has caused patient to sicken, former waits on her. dances immediately after she has sucked out dis- 4946. SE: Bunch of feathers that drip blood; ease object, and her guardian animal goes over to held in hands when doctoring. At: Shaman posses- rival shaman, quickly, and shoots his pain [which ses them, but does not use them in curing (see is identical with practicing shaman's] into of- notes 4870-4871 At). fender. Guardian animal then returns home; prac- 4947. WT: See note 5206a. ticing shaman must keep on dancing until animal 4950. AW: Shaman cures in place where there reaches its home. At: Shot back to children of is no fire; true also for deer charming rite. the evil shaman who sent it; evil shaman cannot "A big [powerful] doctor puts the fire out in a cure his own child [because disease object making few minutes if he knows anything." child sick is his own "pain"], therefore child 4951. SW: Not very small fire used for light dies. AE: If pain sent back to owner, latter be- as "everyone looking on at curing performance comes sick, and has to send for shaman who sent has to show his face in light"; person is sus- pain back. The latter cures sufferer, and [after pect of evil if he stays in dark. At: Shaman he has sucked out pain] returns pain to him; tells handles fire as well as using it for light. MV: him not to send it out again, because he's not Old shaman (yomi), if he thinks he is getting strong enough. 'And here's your song,' visiting weak, asks after he has sucked out pain for doctor tells sick doctor, and sings it, to prove someone to hold him over fire so he can draw his statement; this makes the other doctor pain out of his body. Otherwise small fire used ashamed." for light only, when curing. 4981. NF: Disease object buried, "and it dis- 4952. Kl, Mo: Clay and ashes. SW: No clay or appears like wind; sh, sh, sh! and then it's gone, ashes; ashes inimical to shaman, who cannot use like wind." them. At: Clay only. Patient faces east during curing performance. Sucking doctors: payment; powers other than 4954. SW: "A sick person seems covered 2-3 ft. curing.-- deep, with a dark stuff, or sometimes a grayish 4983a. At: Set fee paid; 3 strings (double arm stuff, like fog; doctor has to clear all this span) of clamshell-disk beads. away before she can see through the patient's 4987. AW, AE: Persons calling on doctor "show body and find out where the 'pain' is, who put him what they will pay in beads; doctor smells it there and when." beads to learn how sick the patient is." 4956. MV: Member secret society, when doctor- 4988. WS: Shaman blows off sickness or "poison" ing person who has dreamt about the dances, blows on fee, before curing and when paid. MM: Shaman water on patient. paid 1-6 months after patient has certainly re- 4957. WT: Shaman tells what roots to drink, covered; relatives pay shaman, later patient re- especially when predicting epidemics. WM: When pays relatives. evil spirits (numyo; see note 5195a) are causing 4989. AW: Hang up payment near patient, so sickness, shaman tells people to smoke house with shaman's "pain" will search diligently for disease sunflower roots, buckeye flowers. MM, MF, MV: object in patient. Pain says, "Ha! let's work Shaman prescribes what roots to drink, especially good; we're going to get that," when it sees pay. for tuberculosis. NS: Shaman often prescribes At present [1936] pains like silver coin (in which herb medicines. payment is rendered), but do not like greenbacks. 4958. NS: Doctor uses deer-hoof rattle. 4990. SW: Also at midnight, after guardian ani- 4959. AW: "Little doctors" (singing shamans), mal has arrived at scene of cure he must be fed; only, use cocoon rattle; "big doctor" does not shaman sets out puppy for him, and when spirit ar- use rattle of any sort. MV: Secret society doc- rives, spirit shoots puppy with his own "pain" tor only, not ordinary sucking shaman (yomi). [which is identical with shaman's]; puppy falls 4966. MM: "Some pains a doctor can't suck over dead. Then everyone present eats. out--not when he's young, anyway; later on he can 4992. SE, SW: Shaman takes objects paid guardian do it, when he's older and stronger." spirit, adds them to pole objects (see note 4870) 4970. AW: "Sometimes a person is just natu- she has collected at spirit's bidding. rally sick [not poisoned by shaman]. A sucking 4999. MV: Some doubt concerning entry. doctor [in this event] sucks out only the bad 5001. Mo: 2 assistants not paid by patient's feelings [pus]." MV: Sucked out day following relatives, unless latter desire to do so. Mainly extraction of disease object. "they are paid by doctor's spirits keeping them 4973. Described variously as looking like bone, well and healthy all the time." flint (Kl, Mo), icicle (SE, SW), "white thing" 5003. Mo: Doctor always goes if able to; never (At, AE), hair (AW), bone, blood, snake, flint heard of doctor declining case. (WT, WM, WS), inanimate or animate object such as 5008. Shaman must be very powerful doctor to lizard (NM, MF, NF), angleworm (MV). do this. SE: Doctor "pretty near takes a fit" 4q78. MV:- Shaman chews disease object, and when attempting to do this. At: "When another rubs it on his head, or puts it in ashes and tribe wished to make At persons sick, they had throws it away. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 245 one of their doctors put his poison in a bush by Sucking doctors: malevolent practices; competi- the [At] village; then At doctor treats one of tions.-- the victims of this attack in the sweat house 5014. WM: "Long time ago, doctors could [and and finds out what is wrong. He then has every- did] poison other people if they wanted to [as one in the village stand outside, with their well as cure people], but they didn't do it much. faces painted with chalk and black and red paint. A doctor would always go up on mountain [if he He doctors all night long, trying to capture the wanted to kill someone]; he had his feathers, poison. Finally the poison comes out of the and his 'boy' [pain]; he'd talk to boy, tell it bush, the doctor sees it, and grabs it; after he he would hire him to kill a man or woman; he'd has recovered [his labor at this point is so in- send that poison out to kill someone--another tense he almost falls down], he asks poison whom doctor, or just an ordinary man or woman." MV: it belongs to; poison pleads to be allowed to re- Informant commented, "As long as I've been liv- turn to owner (see note 4834 At), but doctor ing here, I've never heard of it [sickening by first finds out whom it belongs to, then 'shoots' shaman] here; up in the mountains they have poi- poison back to its owner, wishing the same bad soners (yompati)." NV: Sickness caused chiefly luck on the tribe that sent it [that his own by dreaming bad dreams. group has suffered]." Informant recalled 1 case 5017. At: "If person has nice clothes, evil where 4 men in her village had died; a woman sha- shaman may come around and tell that person he man had sent poison to informant's village in a wants them. But person--perhaps young boy--may dress she sent by another woman to give to in- say, 'Those are the only clothes I have; I can't formant. AW: Shaman walks all around outside; let you have them.' Then a bad shaman would put finally catches the pain that is sickening in- his poison down on trail, or by door of boy's mates of village. "When he catches it, he puts house; the boy steps on it; he's sick, next day his hand in basket of water quickly, and then he dies, before sun-up. The doctor never gets faints. The pain is weakened, and when doctor the clothes; he's just angry [and does this for comes out of faint he talks to pain, which says revenge]. to him, 'I didn't know you were here, that you 5018. See elements 5008-5010. were going to get me. Turn me loose, my father 5020. NS: Shaman puts scorpion tail under his [possessor] is no good; turn me loose and let me long fingernail on index finger and sticks vic- go home [to his "father"].' [There is no inter- tim with this tail; victim dies. "A doctor (yo- preter for doctor; he talks to pain himself.] musi) tried to stick my grandmother that way; in- The doctor asks the people what they wish to do. stead he stuck one of my mother's brothers, who The people may advise sending the pain back to was baby then; that baby died before morning. My its owner [instead of destroying it]; doctor grandmother's relatives were angry and tracked dances and people over there [at village where the doctor to Indian Diggings and killed him." pain belongs] die. The pain that stays outside No formula spoken to tail. Also, shaman uses a village and sickens people is a stronger pain liver with rattlesnake poison in it, sticks his than the one that goes into a person, but both arrowheads in this liver, then shoots at person. kinds talk to a doctor." "A doctor shot an old woman who wouldn't marry 5009. SE, WT: Chief of village in which of- him with one of these poison arrows, here." Also, fending shaman resides made to pay wergild shaman sticks his scorpion tail into spot where should any deaths have occurred in the village victim has urinated; latter cannot urinate after against which shamanistic activities were di- this, and dies. Children warned to urinate over rected. bush for this reason. 5011. AE: "Special doctors have special powers; 5021. At: Disease object put on end of willow doctor has to have power from dog t- locate lost stick, and stick pointed at person. Then doctor's things." Also there are special doctors to cure "power" takes poison over and puts it in the vic- sickness caused by breach of taboo, especially tim. Shaman "smokes, smokes, and sings all night; those sicknesses caused by breaches of menstrual he eats no meat, acorn soup, anything (but can taboos, or breaches of taboos boy must follow drink water) for 1 night and day." when on vision quest. 5025. AW: See note 4834 AW. 5013. SW: Shaman can foretell deaths; "dances, 5029. Kl: Spirit sent to person to give latter gazes about, and finds out from her guardian bad dreams; victim sickens from them. spirit what will happen, for example, next spring. 5030. At: Shaman's animal also sometimes attacks Someone talks for the shaman to her spirit; no person, actually chews him. one except shaman can hear what spirit says, but 5034. AE, WT, WM, WS, MF, NF: Less serious than shaman herself cannot reply to her spirit [relies if shaman steals soul. on her interpreter for this]. NF: Shamans (yomim 5040. At: If shaman's animal has actually at- maidul) may also be dreamers (nedi); such dream of tacked victim (see note 5030), "long time after- evil spirits (for furtber details see note 5079). ward the victim will find out [who sent animal Also, "if doctor dreams where deer are, he tells out]; people will caution him not to mention his someone to tell common people where to hunt"; knowledge, saying 'Maybe his friend [animal] will they go hunting and sight deer quickly. hear, listening around here, and tell him [shaman].' 246 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS So victim says little, but consults with chief, also sucking shaman; used to "sing, sitting down, and after getting his consent, he sneaks around all night to people in round house. The house to evil shaman and kills him; he's even then. would be [entirely] dark; it seemed as though 'How do you feel?' he asks him, after he's shot there was a person up above talking. Near day- him with bow and arrow; 'That's how I felt."' light shaman would sit on top of round house, NF: Shoot evil shaman, then "mash him up, like a naked, talking to people; he told the men to hunt, sausage, and burn him." At burning, whirlwind the women to make acorn soup." This not a pre- goes up. Evil shaman's relatives "never say liminary to any dance or curing performance. This anything" when shaman killed. information volunteered by informant in connec- 5041. Often at curing performance evil sha- tion with making acorn soup; that part of element manes pain is sent back to owner to kill him. list pertaining to shamanism not covered with in- At: Evil shaman's pain sent back to kill one of formant. his children (see note 4980). 5042. MF, NF: Hold meeting to decide upon Soul-loss doctors; weather shamans.-- course of action. 5081. AE: Soul-loss shamans still practicing; 5047. Kl, Mo: Midwinter shamanistic exhibi- Sickert Frank, living at Nixon, one of these. tions are not here considered as competitions. 5088. At: More often shaman's "power" catches WS: For competitions between weather shamans, sick person's soul, and puts it back in patient. see element 5119. If patient's soul (shadow) stays at distance, 5068. Mo: If contest held in earnest. "Doc- patient will die. Shaman may doctor 2-3 nights, tors try to poison each other with their medi- talk to soul, but latter says, "No, he [patient] cine; a big Kl doctor's medicine, Chicken Hawk, doesn't want me," and refuses to return; this is hid once and caught a [rival] Mo doctor's medi- fatal. Victim of soul loss sleeps a lot and cine, Bald Eagle. But the Mo doctor's medicine dreams "all the time; that's how they know he has caught Chicken Hawk; then the Kl doctor died." lost his soul." 5090. WT: Spirit of sick person very delicate; Singing shamans.-- "if there is a straw in its way, it will say, 'I 5060a. Mo: "Common" or "little" doctors recog- can't get across that big log'; or it will call a nized; "only way these doctor is by laying hands little gulch a big canyon. Doctor has to coax on patient--they don't suck, as a big doctor and coax it, and give it anything it demands." does." Possibly these might be classed as sing- Patient, during doctoring, has basket over face, ing shamans (?). SW: Connected with recent Ghost with string tied onto basket and onto patient's dance only. WT: Referred to as "raw doctors." toe; when patient is recovering he shakes vio- MM, MF, NF: Referred to as "dreamers." MM: lently. WM: If soul has not been gone from pa- "Dreamers" (nedim maidull) tell people what is go- tient too long, shaman can recover it; "he has to ing to happen, and what dead want them to do. work hard, looking for it, for 4-5 nights some- "Lots of people don't believe them." Have no times." pains, cannot cure sick; "not very important." 5093. WS: 1-3 assistants. NM: See note 5079. NS: Shamans who use outfit 5099. One or two flat bones, tied on elder bundle found at Auburn, among another Nisenan stick; stick swung around, bones make whirring group, but not at Placerville. MV: Children al- sound. ways taught to tell what they dream, so if dream 5100a. WT: Shamans "cannot make rain; if they evil dreams, can be treated. But MV have no say it will rain, it is always dry." Possibly "dreamers" (oye) as MM, MF, NF have; "Dr. Charley this expression of recent scepticism on part of at Cherokee (MF) was such. When he didn't feel informant. good, he notified the people, and told them to 5103. SW: Rain made, especially, with herb make a fire in assembly house, because the spir- medicine; plant burned usually, at certain place its wanted to tell them something." in mountains, while rainmaker recites what he 5070. AW: If bundle discarded, never obtains wishes to accomplish. Slight amount rain made another one. "to settle dust over highly respected person's 5079. NF: Dreamer dreams of spirits; sings in grave"; same plant also used. "But they hardly round house; "all the old people go in and listen ever wanted to make rain; they had their regular when those devils [spirits] come and sing. They storms." don't allow young people in there. Dreamer uses 5104. SW: If shaman has Hail for guardian cocoon rattle [4 cocoons]; rattle goes up to spirit, she can bring on hailstorms by calling on smoke hole; dreamer sings and calls that devil, Hail; "whenever Hail moves, there is hailstorm." who comes in under the [foot] drum, takes the But shaman cannot make rain. rattle and goes up center pole to top of house 5115. WM: If continuous rains for 10-20 days, and sings; when devil is through singing he drops old man (shaman) blackens face, puts grapevine rattle down on ground and leaves." Clown (pepe) withe around head, during night dances and sings stays in round house during performance; "~he for several hours on end; rain slackens and stops. doesn't act funny, but just calls those devils During dancing shaman talks to clouds and sky. for dreamer." NM: Informant's father dreamer and After rain stops, dances again. Informant opined CUL[URE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 247 such shaman probably had power from clouds, or But if he knows how, she will waste away within rain; could also cause rain. 5-6 years. If he knows nothing of way to do it, 5117. SW: "Down-river they [Karuk] pay a per- he himself will die, too. This has to be done son for making rain; Shasta don't.' by suitor himself [can't hire anyone to do it for 5119. WS: First doctor may make rain, second him], secretly." make it snow, in summertime. 5185. SW: "There was a song which anyone who 5122. Kl, Mo: Also when shaman is cremated. knew, could use" [to make girl fall in love with Mo: Also, once in awhile, at spot where shaman person]. Flute not used. AE: Use the man's or has been cremated, person may see fire; whoever girl's name in song, to charm desired person; sees this will die. then man or girl will come to singer. WT: When such song sung, it will make girl "marry her Rattlesnake shamans; grizzly bear shamans; uncle, even." Also sing songs to be rid of mem- money finders.-- ber of opposite sex one does not love. Either 5123. SW: Recognized, but with qualifications man, woman uses love songs. MF: Sing with flute (see note 4853). NF: "When snake sees a doctor (ya-lulu). (yomim maidu) it lies down and dies; it never 5187. SE: Poisoner (k'ephoaki) "not real doc- chases him. Once in awhile snake bites common tor, who dances, but anyone, man or woman, who man." knows how to witch with victim's hair or excre- 5134. AE: "Have to have power from Buzzard to ment." WS: No special term for poisoners. All cure rattlesnake bites; Buzzard eats rattlesnake." these poisoners could do is to take their own 5135. SE: Ordinary person can protect self poison off victim; could not cure persons other- against snake bites by putting crushed haliotis wise. NF: Persons who "dope" victims (yompa) rub inside moccasin. At: Ordinary persons wear turtle "some sort of dope on their hands," and lay their shell suspended from belt, to protect themselves hands on victim's body; victim then dies. against being bitten by snakes. 5191. SE: Pound lizard scalp and frog together, 5146. SW: Woman goes about to houses in vil- mix them in person's food, to poison person. lage, doctors small children's moccasins by sing- 5192. Recite formula, generally, over hair, ing these songs, so children will not be bitten clothes, spittle, footprints, or excrement of in- by rattlesnakes. Denied for SE. tended victim. SE: Hair or excrement. WT, WM, 5149. WS: Large snake emerges first, when WS: Hair only. At, MM, MF, NS: Poisoners who songs sung; "he's the boss snake"; after snakes practice contagious magic are also sucking shamans. are talked to, this large snake is first to re- At, MM, MF, NF, NS: Poisoners who administer turn to hole. Shaman not paid to do this. "dope" are not sucking shamans. NM: If want to 5151a. Among all groups, bear shamans always spoil hunter's luck, burn deer bone taken from impersonate grizzly bear (Ursus horribilus), deer he has killed. NS: To make boy lucky in never black or brown bear (Ursus americanus). hunting, his grandfather, if a shaman, doctors 5160. MM: If man bitten by grizzly, shaman boy's bow and arrow; moves it (no formula, song); suimmoned; latter takes patient short distance or straightens and rubs boy's arms. Refer to away from camp and builds small fire; then shaman this latter as na-k (same term as that used for sings and digs up acorns, roots, ant eggs and straightening an arrow). For several other ex- puts them in small piles--these disappear at amples of contagious magic see note 5020. once. Shaman then sucks out blood and bear teeth 5193. If girl refuses to marry man, or father from patient. refuses to sell daughter in marriage to certain 5163. WT, NS: Belief strong that shaman really man, poisoner hired. turns into bear, does not merely simulate bear. 5194. SE: Poisoner picks up victim's hair or 5170. AW: Spirit from yellow jacket, fly, excrement with stick, talks to it, wishes victim coyote. AE: Spirit from (Indian dog. bad luck. Girl victim "goes crazy"; apt to go to edge of cliffs, singing, and to run around from one man to another. Girl has to be taken to cur- Witchcraft ing shaman, who tells victim name of poisoner; victim then confronts poisoner, and makes latter Black magic.-- take his or her poison off; this is done by poi- 5183. NS: Love medicine lacking, but have be- soner blowing on victim, and singing. SW: Poison- lief that, if person carries seeds of a certain er makes girl crazy, so she will never amount to plant which grows in old graveyard, this person anything. Sucking doctor can take medicine off will have good luck. Must be careful when carry- the girl, and cure her. At: If girl made crazy ing these seeds not to go in front of people, thus, her father goes to shaman, perhaps same one children especially; seeds will make child, or who witched her, and asks him to cure girl. Sha- even adult, faint. man looks girl over, says he can do nothing for 5184. WS: For revenge, jilted suitor gets her; father then goes to another doctor, who pulls piece of girl's hair, talks to it and puts it in out "pain" evil shaman has put in girl, and talks an evil sacred spot (sauel); "if he doesn't know to it; pain tattles on its possessor, evil shaman, how to do this right, girl will die in 2 days. and tells curing shaman all that has been said be- 248 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS tween evil shaman and person who hired him. NF: 2-3 miles wide]. In summer the people camped in Shaman merely has to look at girl to make her go the hills around West Valley, to dig ipos roots, crazy or die. NS: Kill girl outright. and such. By the end of September they returned 5195. SE, SW: See note 4655. WT: "Some sorts to the winter living house; maybe later, if the of sickness [as an epidemic] camp in certain weather was good. When they were going to move spots, and cause many people to die; this sick- into the winter house, they put up a big dinner ness is like a person, and comes out some time. (lamedi'i). All the people gathered inside the A doctor can control this at times, but some- house, to listen to 1 man (not chief, but more times it is so strong it can kill a doctor, even. like a 'preacher') who wore a basket hopper This sickness is not caused by bad doctor, but (k'alua) on his head, and who circled the fire by this evil spirit." WT: Hupa (Willow Creek In- in the house, praying so the inmates would have dians) can turn into animals; invade WT area and a good winter in there. Then they'd have a big poison people; WT afraid of them. "Those Willow dinner, to which all people contributed, putting Creek people never went to war; they were just the food all in 1 pile; a man then distributed common people, but powerful. Wherever they hid, it. People from other villages came to this you would see their power blazing [cp. note 4655, celebration; they weren't notified or invited, SE, SW]. They could turn into all kinds of ani- they just heard this was going to happen. They mals, frog, coyote, fox, anything." did this every year, at the time they moved into 5195a. WT: See preceding WT note. WM: Evil the winter house. After the dinner, some of the spirits (numyo) "that look like an Indian, but people gambled in the house until daylight; there have 1 human foot, 1 foot like a deer or bear, was no dance. When they built a new winter house may come into house at night, feel persons sleep- there was no ceremony though." Informant thought ing there and make them sick with his 'pain' same sort of "house warming" given by AW at Fall (poison). Then the next night the numyo would River also. NS: In evening, informant's grand- go to another house, and the next night to an- mother used always to raise arms and pray, "Be other, making inmates of each house sick. Per- good to me, father"; prayed thus "for good luck haps this numyo was sent to do this by the coast for next day or next week." people--the Hupa, perhaps. When a numyo makes 5197. Kl: Pray before eating and throw small people sick in this way, a doctor is called in; portion of food about to be eaten on ground (not he tells people not to sleep on ground, or out- in fire) in each direction, thus "giving it to side, but instead, to make a pole scaffold in- the ground." Will sicken if fail to do this. side the house, and sleep on top of it. So SE: Offerings of food made to frogs, when croak- people do this; but they stay awake, after numyo ing. SW: Offerings made to Sun, howener; the has been around. At midnight they may hear num- circles [perhelion] around the sun are his paint, yo feeling all around house and near fire; but that the Indians give him." MM: Small amount of he doesn't find anyone, so he goes to another food put in fire once a month or once a year; house in search of victims. Doctors also tell "give it to the night," either in winter or sum- people to burn buckeye or sunflower roots in mer. "Do this yet." house to keep numyo away; all evil spirits are 5198. Questions concerning ownership of eagles, afraid of sunflower roots. Hunters, 4-5 years and such, were asked of informants for all groups; ago, S of Baird, were tracking big buck; finally specific inquiry was not made concerning the thay saw man's track on 1 side, then bear's eagle ceremony noted above, except among groups track on 1 side. Before they got over a little indicated, but I believe the distribution of this hill they saw a man running; concluded that man ceremony would be found lacking among all groups was already hunting there and they had best go except NS. WT: Absence of eagle ceremony in- home. But when they examined [paired human and ferred from informant's statement that "didn't deer, bear tracks] second time, they concluded have much to do with eagles; one would die with it was numyo they'd seen." worms if one did." Never use eagle feathers. 5199. NS: Man lowered over crag where eagles Prayer, Offerings; Eagle Ceremony nest with vegetable-fiber-cord rope. In 1 in- stance, as man lowered thus, sharp rock cut rope; 5196. SW: However, informant in another con- accident ascribed to fact man had not invited text stated, "People talk to the sun for good others to be present at capture of eagles from luck, and to keep sickness down; he seems to have nest (see below). everything to do with us." See element 4518. 5200. NS: Man going to capture eagles should AE: In connection with matter of praying, inform- have wife, daughters go to spot and make big bas- ant related following concerning "house warming" ket of acorn mush, for invited guests to partake celebration. "There were 40-60 people living at of on spot, after birds have been captured. Also paculomi'ci; they owned the whole of West's Val- should have young man to assist him in capturing ley. The winter living house (astui) was on a eaglets. little side hill, quite a way from the river [S 5206a. WT: See note 5198. WM: "Afraid of Fork of Pit River, which runs through the middle eagle feathers; only doctors use, keep them." of West's Valley; latter is about 6 miles long, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 249 Kuksu 5236. NF: See preceding NF note. 5237. If any boys or women hit by cocoon rat- 5212. MV: Only after Hesi, Duck, Bear dances. tle used by dancers, yomi cures them. 5213. NF: 3-4 months. MV: 4-5. 5238. MF: Danced it winter. Dancers wear yel- 5220. MF: Big Head dance precedes social lowhammer-band headdress and hair net. dances at "big time." NM: Section on Kuksu not 5240. MF Danced in winter in dance house. covered with informant, but, in another connec- Two men dance, facing each other; wear feathers tion, informant remarked that Chicago Park group on both sides of head; these feathers tremble. of NM danced kuksu, and she readily recognized Carry stick in hands. Informant may have been pictures of Big Head costume. confusing this with Hesi dance. 5229. MV: Special dance, not danced with 5241. MF: Commences at suppertime, ends in others listed above. morning. Given in spring. 5252. NF: "Main man; watches to see whether 5253. NF, MV: "Common or Dream dance," not anyone stumbles." part of Kuksu cycle. 5233. MF: Leader, who "is supposed to know 5256. Distribution of sweat dance among Maidu everything," referred to as hucen, not kuksu. extends to MM, beyond limits of Kuksu cult (see Kuksu, a dance, given every year in winter. MV: elements 2570-2578). Kuksu is leader of dancers; also referred to as 5257. MV: In Aki dance; "very dangerous"; done "big yombasi." morning and evening. 5235. NF: Doorkeeper, fire tender, clown com- 5258. MM, MF: Done for bravado. bined in 1 personage. APPENDIX ABSOLUTE NUMBERS OF ELEMENTS SHARED AND NOT SHARED By each pair of tribes, in the order: a, b, c, d (a = ++; b = +-; c = -+; d = --. This count includes only elements on which there are list entries from seven or more tribal groups. Kl-Mo 1320 297 683 2172 At-AW 1305 621 514 1673 Kl-SE 942 621 862 1956 At-AE 1226 678 645 1515 Kl-SW 780 730 863 1702 At-WT 923 1013 596 1597 Kl-At 885 607 982 1575 At-WM 944 990 623 1577 Ki-AW 903 626 999 1665 At-WS 947 983 534 1659 Kl-AE 995 544 994 1691 At-NMI 952 972 550 1621 Kl-WT 837 740 884 1908 At-MF 897 947 659 1439 Kl-WM 813 775 907 1963 At-NF 715 1171 559 1562 Kl-WS 840 758 866 1994 At-NM 594 932 445 1334 Kl-MM 784 808 812 2061 At-NS 586 1188 433 1628 Kl-ME 718 832 996 1776 At-MV 685 1119 515 1559 Ki-NF 586 958 818 2001 AW-AE 1369 572 602 1707 Kl-NM 479 780 656 1667 AW-WT 968 1008 619 1715 Kl-NS 490 987 603 2142 AW-WM 994 976 594 1743 Kl-MV 550 923 776 1993 AW-WS 1050 906 562 1775 Mo-SE 1182 777 628 1778 AW-MM 978 947 579 1738 Mo-SW 968 904 675 1543 AW-MF 912 956 702 1530 Mo-At 1089 764 795 1412 AW-NF 763 1120 594 1665 Mo-AW 1028 890 787 1508 AW-NM 610 938 515 1363 Mo-AE 1161 768 780 1522 AW-NS 593 1199 453 1722 Mo-WT 924 1060 767 1618 AW-MV 672 1151 597 1595 Mo-WM 959 1042 735 1710 AE-WT 1012 991 592 1756 Mo-WS 1006 997 707 1736 AE-WM 1003 987 602 1755 Mo-MM 947 1052 684 1764 AE-WS 1046 934 543 1801 Mo-MF 905 1044 778 1572 AE-MM 1011 931 542 1780 Mo-NE 714 1238 704 1700 AE-MF 911 969 688 1556 Mo-NM 614 1018 553 1408 AE-NE 774 1132 580 1704 Mo-NS 615 1254 478 1833 AE-NM 641 923 468 1429 Mo-MV 656 1209 649 1684 AE-NS 584 1230 463 1715 SE-SW 1109 547 514 1872 AE-MV 675 1154 586 1626 SE-At 1049 590 797 1562 WT-WM 1117 611 516 2289 SE-AW 1048 648 846 1607 WT-WS 1120 602 488 2205 SE-AE 1065 630 894 1572 WT-NMD 891 794 728 2025 SE-WT 943 822 709 1857 WT-MF 894 762 795 1851 SE-WM 1079 721 679 1937 WT-NF 712 954 697 1985 SE-WS 1032 773 673 1938 WT-NM 583 724 564 1696 SE-MM 906 925 688 1891 WT-NS 577 1002 499 2092 SE-MF 914 872 836 1678 WT-MV 657 929 645 1941 SE-NF 863 959 699 1835 WM-WS 1286 480 482 2366 SE-NM 592 861 560 1552 W1M_MM 895 838 743 2067 SE-NS 577 1132 511 1948 WM-MF 858 839 850 1846 SE-MV 641 1058 642 1835 WM-NF 705 1000 723 2019 SW-At 993 649 849 1541 WM-NM 567 759 656 1682 SW-AW 972 599 840 1579 WI-NS 590 1042 540 2099 SW-AE 942 706 942 1467 WM-MV 616 992 716 1961 SW_1-T 923 775 703 1754 WS-MM 961 806 683 2106 SW-WM 954 744 698 1766 WS-MF 911 807 759 1929 SW-WS 912 788 684 1764 WS-NF 744 978 707 2030 SW-MM 788 895 729 1699 WS-NM 614 731 661 1781 SW-MF 760 870 807 1549 WS-NS 598 1038 566 2080 SW-NF 626 1010 717 1671 WS-MV 675 962 660 2057 SW-NM 497 846 600 1367 MM-MF 1050 574 654 2145 SW-NS 495 1082 539 1753 MM-NF 887 754 575 2261 SW-MV 566 1008 655 1657 NM-NM 688 596 505 1861 [250] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XX--VOEGELIN: NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA 251 MM-NS 874 706 421 2330 NF-NM 749 386 445 2062 MM-MV 724 848 624 2075 NF-NS 682 684 431 2472 MF-NF 941 759 473 2177 NF-MV 742 637 309 2312 MF-NM 747 616 415 1778 NM-NS 629 474 358 1993 MF-NS 683 917 404 2182 NM-MV 665 493 481 2004 MF-MV 761 887 530 2028 NS-MV 512 399 559 2702 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations: Drucker, Philip AA American Anthropologist. 1936. A Karuk World-Renewal Ceremony at Pana- A NN-AP American Museum of Natural History, Du Bois, CoraUC-PAAE 35:23-28. -B Anthropological Papers. *1935. Wintu Ethnography. UC-PAAE 36:1-148. BAE-B Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin. Du Bois, Cora, and Demetracopoulou, Dorothy JAFL Journal of American Folk-Lore. 1931. Wintu Myths. UC-PAAE 28:279-403. SI-MC Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Faye, Paul-Louis Collections. *1923. Notes on the Southern Maidu. UC-PAAE UC-AR University of California Anthropologi- 20:35-53. cal Records. Gayton, A. 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