ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 6:4 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XVIII UTE-SOUTHERN PAIUTE BY OMER C. STEWART UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1942 ; CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XVIII UTE-SOUTHERN PAIUTE BY OMER C. STEWART ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 6, No. 4 I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W GIFFORD, R. H. LoWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 6, No. 4, pp. 23 I-360, 2 maps, 4 plates Submitted by the Editors March 26, I940 Issued January 30, I942 Price, $I.25 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in I903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page etion ........................................ . 231 bands .235 mants .237 ography .239 element distributions list .240 ols used in the element list .240 kistence, elements 1-915 .240 e8, 916-1170 .256 gation, 1171-1187 .261 8, utensils, technological processes, 1188-1433 .261 pns, 1434-1616.. 266 etry, 1617-1735 .269 ng, 1736-1779 .271 ge, 1780-1803 .272 ry, 1804-1828 .273 ens, 1829-1876 .273 es, 1877-1942 .274 and dress, 1943-2367 .275 2368-287c .283 co and smoking, 2878-2952 .293 l instruments, 2953-3037 .294 ge, 3038-3101 .296 p, 3102-3153 .297 hes, 3154-3171 298 on of labor, 3172-3242 .298 tical organization, 3243-3414 .299 Cy, 3415-3456 .303 3457-3730 .303 puberty rites, 3731-3860 .309 tion, 3861-3879. 311 puberty rites, 3880-3904 .311 customs, 3905-4054 .312 ism, 4055-4260 .315 n spirits, 4261-4271 .318 ..272-4311 319 4312-4333 .319 4334-4338 .320 utic practices, 4339-4366 .320 aphs, petroglyphs, 4367-4376 .321 4377-4529 .321 4530-4533 .324 mical beliefs, 4534-4571. 324 logical beliefs, 4572-4591 .325 4592-4616 .325 aneous practices and beliefs, 4617-4662 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 denied by all informants .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 ic notes on the element list .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Comparative kinship terrs .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Comparative vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 cited .354 ations. .355 MAPS a of tribes and bands according to Spanish explorers ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 of tribes and bands according to informants .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 PLATES ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .35 t8a.357 rawhide bag, informants, brush house .358 ts . 359 Ueyote tipi, water bottle .360 [iii] CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XVIII UTE-SOUTHERN PAIUTE BY OMER C. STEWART INTRODUCTION information contained in the following ks obtained in the field from September 29, January 29, 1938.' The study was made he auspices of the University of Califor- artment of Anthropology with funds pro- by the University's Institute of Social . Because the Indians have been collected rvations, in many instances away from boriginal homes, they have been forced to hite man's manner of living; consequently, the customs and beliefs here recorded lly in the memories of the oldest Indians. ,even these aged persons learned of the :s" secondhand, through the accounts of lders. Nevertheless, my aim was to as- the cultures of various groups of Goshute, ithern Paiute, and Navaho Indians as they fore the advent of European culture; gen- this meant as the cultures existed until 50, when the Mormons started extensive tion in Utah. The Ute of Colorado and o contacted Spanish culture during the ars of the eighteenth century and, al- til 1786 these tribes were enemies of iards,2 traits were probably introduced e Indians now consider aboriginal. oolutely accurate reconstruction of the of any of the groups represented is im- at this time. The wonder is that the groups appear as distinct as they do, long a time of intermingling and living , and also living approximately as white people. Whenever possible, I have in the section Ethnographic Notes on ent List data from earlier literature on ,but published ethnographic information ed and scattered. Agreements between ly published data and my field data pre- ere are numerous enough however to in- fidence in the general correctness of a in the list. Especially impressive aspondences between this study and the graphic data given by Dominguez and ,who visited in 1776 six of the groups presented. The route followed by Es- d his party, as well as the names and of Indians about which he learned, are tance in the preparation of these ma- a furnished by the personnel of Work ;kdministration Official Project No. -30, Unit A-15. indicated with bold-face capitals on map 1.3 In- asmuch as Escalante's diary has not been easily available to anthropologists, I have given it special consideration. The only adequate trans- lation known to me is an unpublished Naster's Thesis in the University of California Library.' I did not discover it until after returning from the field. Escalante found a half-dozen "Timpanogitzis" Indians from Utah Lake visiting with the Indians living on Gunnison River in western Colorado more than two hundred and fifty miles from their homes. When it is realized that these Indians were visi- tors only and in no sense immigrants, we gain new insight into the possibilities for the trans- mission of culture. It partly explains the pres- ence of definitely Plains traits among the cen- tral Utah Indians who possess so many charac- teristically Great Basin features of culture. Of the Indians on Utah Lake, Escalante wrote that besides fish--their principal food--"they also hunt hares, rabbits, and wild fowl of wihich there is a great abundance here. There are buffaloes also not far to the north-northwest, but fear of the Comanches prevents them from hunting them. Their dwellings are huts or little wigwams of willow from which they make curious baskets and other necessary utensils. They dress poorly, their most respectable wearing apparel is a jacket of buckskin and high boots of the same. In cold weather they have blankets of hare and rabbit skins. They use the Yuta language, but with a noticeable variation in accent and even in some words."5 The information I obtained from descendants of these Indians conforms to this picture, even to the slight difference in speech between the eastern and western Ute, which my un- trained ear detected and which informant S as- sured me was formerly much greater. It is of course doubtful whether Escalante's "Comanches" 3In lower case are the tribes as located by the Spaniards during explorations from 1696 to 1727 (Thomas, 260). 4Jessie Hazel Power, The Dominguez-Escalante Expedition into the Great Basin, 1776-1777 (M.A. Thesis, Univ. of Calif., 1920). H. E. Bolton used Miss Power's translation for his study on part of the trip (Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip, New Mex. Hist. Rev. 3:41-72, 1928). Power and Bolton consider W. R. Harris' translation (in The Catholic Church in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1909) very incorrect. 5Power, 131. 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