? ??r r, ?' " - , , A, I. .1. I .i4- - t, 7? A' ~ CULTUE ! 'A I ., . 'ELIEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XIV NORTHERN PAIUTE. BY OMER C. STEwART A LE St.. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERK AND LOS ANGELES I- . ~k . I . A I .! . f. * , "'A; .iF VeX . . 4 - 1fs . ,,.,L . CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XIV NORTHERN PAIUTE BY OMER C. STEWART ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 4, No. 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, R. H. LowlE, R. L. OLSON, E. W. GIFFORD Volume 4, No. 3, pp. 36I-446, I map Transmitted September I939 Issued June 6, 1941 Price 75 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA a CONTENTS troduction . . . . . . . . . . . ads and informants ............ lture element distributions list. Symbols used .... .... ... Subsistence, elements 1-577. Houses, 578-770 . . . . . . . . . . Navigation, 772-783 . . . . . . . . . . Fire making, 784-808 .......... Miscellaneous implements, 809-902 . . . . Flint flaking, 903-911 ... ...... Skin dressing, 912-932 . . . . . . . . Weapons, 933-1031a . . . . . Basketry, 1032-1136 ...... Weaving (other than basketry), 1137-1180e Cordage, 1181-1194 Pottery, 1195. Burdens, 1228-1242 ........... Cradles, 1245-1270 . . . . . . . . . . Mutilations, 1271-1321 . . . . . . . . Dress and adornment, 1322-1575 ..... Games, 1577-1887 . Money, 1888-1893 . Tobacco and smoking, 1895-1943 ..... Musical instruments, 1944-2017a . . . . M larriage, 2018-2051 . . . . . . . Kinship relations, 2053-2089 Berdaches or transvestites, 2090-2110 Division of labor, 2111-2140 'Political organization, 2141-2164 . . Property, 2165-2173b . . . . . . . . . . WArfare, 2174-2177 Birth customs, 2178-2301 . . . . . . . Girl's puberty, 2304-2352 . nstruation, 2354-2378 . . . . . . . . Boy's puberty, 2379-2386 Dath customs, 2389-2453 ligion, shamanism, 2469-2613a. nces, 2614-2719b . . . . . . . . . . iscellaneous, 2720-2750 nts denied by all informants graphic notes on the element list . ences cited ............. rthern Paiute bands .......... Page 361 362 366 366 366 377 380 381 381 383 383 384 386 388 389 389 389 389 390 391 395 402 402 403 404 405 405 406 406 407 407 407 410 411 411 411 412 415 417 419 422 446 MAP 0 * & 9 0 0 0 . 0 t . 0 0 . 9 0 0 0 . * v [iii] /~~~~~~~~~~~~ IN ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II ki (10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* **o*@ WALPAPI LAND CESSION 0 020 30 4050 SCeAe f 'Miles. Map 1. Northern Paiute Bands. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XIV NORTHERN PAIUTE BY OMER C. STEWART INTRODUCTION This study is intended to show the presence or ence of certain elements of culture in repre- itative bands of the Northern Paiute.1'- Infor- ion from two neighboring peoples, the Achomawi ithe Washo, is also included for the purpose comparison. The Northern Paiute of Owens Val- rare not included because of Steward's studies them.' Although some of the groups included -notably the Hunipui, Walpapi, ada, Yahus- K, oa'agai, and Tago-have been called Snake Bannock and have had a "Plains type" of cul- 4 attributed to them, conclusive evidence is ion record to show that these bands are typi- ly Northern Paiute,.' the habitat of the Northern Paiute is uniformly *rt, being modified somewhat by streams carry- water into the area from the Sierra Nevada, ade, Teton, and Blue mountains. Their terri- i is shaped roughly like an isosceles triangle L its point at Owens Lake, California, and its mile base at Blue Mountains in Oregon, about 'miles to the north. With the exception of of the arid plateau in the north, all the lies within the Basin-Range physiographic ince; in fact, the western edge of the Great n is approximately coterminous with the hern Paiute western boundary. Even closer the coincidence of the western or northern al boundary and the edges of the desert sage- h vegetation zone. The valley flora is dom- sodby sagebrush, shadscale, and greasewood. ranges are generally placed in the "Pi!ion- r Zone,"5 but the pifion, found sporadically e Nevada ranges, is absent from Idaho and n. Antelope, deer, and mountain sheep are ly common throughout the area, although jack it, ground squirrel, and other small game certainly the chief source of meat. Contrary the typewriting and drafting for this manu- t in preparation for publication was done by flnel of Works Progress Administration, Offi- Project 665-08-3-30, Unit A-15. onetic ke.-6, "mute" e as in French je, pronounced much as the u in German kiihl or h lune; u, as in German gut; e, as in French i, as in French fini; a, as in English far; ,velar sonant g accompanied by a uvular vi- on; r, pronounced as French uvular r; ', 1 stop; v, bilabial V, as in Spanish; xj as in French. Other letters pronounced as lish. ian H. Steward, Culture Element Distribu- X-IINevada Shoshoni. AR 4: 209-359, 1941. r C. Stewart, Northern Paiute Bands. AR 2: 49, 1939. ritz, 21, and map. to what might be expected in such a desert region, fish and waterfowl were an extremely important dietary item for nearly all groups. Nevertheless, because of the inhospitable environment the avail- able food was so often inadequate that the Indians learned to eat nearly everything which could sup- port life. Seasonal migrations in search of food took Indians of nearly every band into the areas recognized as belonging to their neighbors. In the two and a half months available for this studye it was impossible to visit all the bands still represented by living Indians. Of the approximately twenty-one Northern Paiute bands, exclusive of those in Owens Valley, ele- ment lists were obtained from eleven. Since it was impossible to follow the conven- tional methods of gathering ethnographic data, that is, by indirect questions which force in- formants to take the initiative in all descrip- tions, some mention of the methods employed should be made here. At the start of the inquiry of each complex, such as deer hunting or house building, a general question would be posed and the informant was allowed to offer what informa- tion he would. As a rule, however, it was neces- sary to ask about particular details, or to in- quire whether something were done this way or that. With the first informant Northern Paiute names for various items and concepts were re- corded; subsequently, with the remaining Indians, the native name was used in questioning. To sup- plement the name, descriptions and pantomimes were freely indulged in, but the greatest assist- ance was obtained from several hundred photo- graphs of material culture and a number of actual specimens of beads, basket weaves, traps, games, and the like. Informants usually identified known types of material illustrated; consequent- ly, blind informants were certainly at a dis- advantage. The Indians seemed to appreciate seeing pictures of Indian artifacts and mani- fested particular delight upon seeing represen- tations of their own types. Thus the pictures had the double value of establishing friendly relations between the investigator and the In- dians and provided a means of exact identifica- tion of material culture. For the obvious reason that no one individual knows all about everything in any culture, I checked, whenever possible, many parts of the list with two or more informants from the same band. Often it was necessary to use more than 6June 5-August 15, 1936. [361] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS one informant in order to get information about certain aspects of culture. When one informant supplied the data or when several agreed, no in- dication is made in the list. An asterisk beside the plus or minus indicates a note when disparate information was received. The entry in the col- umn is what I considered the most correct answer when informants disagreed. Definite detailed information concerning cer- tain complexes was difficult to get. For exam- ple, even the best informants were unable to give consistent and clear answers to queries about house types, dress, property, net manufacture, and techniques in basket weaving. With respect to the first three, difficulties appeared to be due to a lack of fixed styles within a band. With respect to the last two, lack of personal expe- rience seems to be the explanation. While arranging the list for publication, I consulted the available literature dealing with Northern Paiute culture. Whenever published in- formation disagrees with that in the list, an asterisk is placed in the column to indicate a note concerning the element. Some confirmatory information from earlier sources is contained in the notes (also indicated by asterisk in list). The references to published sources are intended to serve as a guide to other, often fuller, de- scriptions of data here skeletonized, as a che on information wihich could not be checked suff ciently in the field, and as a guide to illust tions. Of special value is the comparison of this material with that contained in Kelly's e cellent monograph. Most of my data corroborati Kelly's, and disagreements occur usually in cog nection with traits for which she received con~ flicting accounts. Where published informatioR refers to a single band, the abbreviation for that band name is given in the note. Thus: 27 Ki: +, Kelly, 152, means that Kelly has report the presence among the Kidu-dokado of trait ber 2721a. Since the Northern Paiute area extends far beyond that originally assigned to the Paviotsc by Powell (who described only the Northern Pail of west-central Nevada, especially the Agai, x and Toe), since all the Indians of this area Y Blue Mountain, Oregon, to Owens Lake, Califorr now call themselves Paiute, and since the Idii Service officials and other white people in th area know these Indians as Paiute, I have con- fined myself to the term Northern Paiute rathej than Paviotso. When, however, references cite indicated the trait as common to the Paviotso, have noted that fact in the Ethnographic Notes: section. BANDS AND INFORMANTS 1, Ts,7 Tasiget-tuviwarai, "between dwellers," occupied Winnemucca and Spanish Spring valleys NE of Reno, Nevada, and small section of Truckee River E of Reno. Informant.-Nick Downington, or Tusi Nick ("Little Nick") (indicated as ND), age ca. 86, born at Doyle, California. His father was from Winnemucca Valley and his mother from Honey Lake, California, Wada territory. ND spent a consid- erable part of his life at Honey Lake, but in 1936 lived with his son-in-law, Harry Sampson, at the Indian Colony near Reno. In spite of his age, ND was extremely active physically and men- tally, had good eyesight, but defective hearing. Although he understood English fairly well and could speak it sufficiently to explain almost everything, his faulty hearing made work without an interpreter difficult. ND was one of the best- informed Indians I met all summer and seemed to know about all phases of Paiute culture. His knowledge of birds and mammals, manifested by identifying and naming them from pictures, was astonishing. Also extensive was his knowledge of band areas and former band captains, for he gave information about all bands from Owens Lake to Oregon. A tireless worker, he seemed to tell all he knew, which was probably due in part to his previous experience as informant for Dr. Willard 7The numbers indicate the order in which lists were recorded (see map). The band abbreviations, like Ts, correspond with the headings of columns in the element list. Park. I spent seven days in the Reno Indian C ony. Each morning I worked with ND as long as throat would stand the required shouting, and each evening Harry Sampson, aged 43, acted as interpreter for three or four hours. Sampson a good interpreter and interested in "old Indi ways" in spite of being the player-conductor of Jazz band. He attended Carson Indian School i898 to 1913. No one else at the Reno Colony seemed willing or able to give much informatlo although I attempted to talk with several, inc ing Harry Stevens, Ben Rae, Tom Davis, and Nel Hinckley. 2, Kl, Kuyui-dokadb, "Chamistes cujus eater lived on the shores of lower Truckee River and Pyramid and Winnemucca lakes. Much of their original territory is now included in Pyramid Lake Reservation, administrative center for wh is Nixon, Nevada. Informants. -Dave Gibson (n6 Mahwee), or Da na (DG), age ca. 75, born on Virginia Mountain during a pinon-nut season. His mother was a T get from Winnemucca Valley and his father was, Kuyui. Lived most of his life at Nixon, in so there from 1879 to 1887; spent two years, 1887 1889, at the government school at Grand Juncti' Colorado. Being a reliable and willing worker has had many positions with Reservation adminis trators and in 1936 had a contract to transporb- the mail to and from the railroad. When visitei he lived with his son at Nixon. DG's sight ant hearing were fairly good, but he was rather I I 362 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE thargic. He was less informed than ND and vol- teered little except upon direct question. Al- ough he also worked with Park, he seemed in- ined to give an answer whether or not he was hire. Because his mail route required half of ch day, I used his brother, Dick Mahwee, when (DG) was not available, thereby obtaining a iplicate list (K2 in list). 3, K2, Kuyui-dokado. Informants.-Dick Mahwee (DM), age 59, born Honey Lake; DG's younger brother. Except for sits to Virginia City and Reno, he lived at xon most of his life. Waterman,8 who took DM 1910 to San Francisco to use him in linguistic rk, said DM spent his childhood in Long Valley ar Honey Lake. WThen interviewed he was nearly ind, but was otherwise in good health. Having en a "singing doctor" for 20 years and "dance ptain" at times, DM was an excellent informant r certain phases of culture.9 For material lture his knowledge seemed reliable, but he ,fused to say anything about childbirth, puber- , and the like, professing complete ignorance. spent only four years in school, leaving in 88. He spoke fair English. I worked with both m and his brother (DG) without interpreters. n days were spent in Nixon, slightly more time th DG than with DM. Additional ethnogeographical data were obtained om Jane Holbrook, Kuyui, and Hattie Whitehead, no. There were several other informants at ton who possibly could have given valuable in- rmation. 4, Ku, Kupa-dokad6, "ground-squirrel eaters," ved on the lower Humboldt River and near Hum- ldt Sink. In 1936 several lived in the Indian lony at Lovelock, Nevada. Informants.-Gilbert Natchez (GN), age ca. 54, n at Brown's Station, 20 miles SW of Lovelock, vada. Both his parents were Kupa. GN lived ut 36 pears at Nixon, but learned of "old In- .n ways' from his mother and grandmother. He ed at Lovelock in 1936. He fell off a train xi a young man, which left him badly crippled. sight and hearing were good. He was forced remain much of the time at home, which, he a, was spent in talking old Paiute lore. I impressed by his breadth of knowledge and by ability to express himself. His lack of per- al experience with aboriginal culture limited knowledge; notwithstanding, he surpassed any- else I found at Lovelock. He was taken to Francisco and used as a linguistic informant A. L. Kroeber. He proved very apt and was t three months. He learned to write his lan- in phonetic script and he has a paper pub- d under his name.10 He also supplied the ,ture data recorded by Loud.11 I worked with four days. UC-PAAE 10:13-44, 1911. 'ada (crow) is DM's power. '0Northern Patute Verbs. UC-PAAE 20:254-259, I "1Lovelock Cave. UC-PAAE 25:1-183, 1929. Skinny Dave, or Parviano, the "Kiipa chief," proved to be an unsatisfactory informant. He had unlimited self esteem, but very meager knowledge. Annie Lowry (AL), age 69, half-breed KUp a, has lived always at Lovelock. She was one of Lowie's informants for myths and had a ready answer for most questions. I asked her particularly about traits concerning women. She had lived too much with white people to be extremely well informed, and some of her information was obviously colored by European concepts. 5, To, Toe-d6kadb, "tule eaters," possessed Carson Sink, Carson Lake, and lower Carson River; now found on Stillwater Reservation and at Fallon, Nevada, Indian Colony. Informants.-Bob Springer (BS), age ca. 70, born at Stillwater and always lived there. Par- ents were Toe. He seemed very active and his sight and hearing were unimpaired, but he was not a willing worker. Although Lowie had used him, he refused to do systematic work with me. He seemed to know sufficient English to be a good informant without an interpreter. I spent four or five hours with him. Little Pete, or Kupida (LP), age ca. 70, has always lived at Stillwater, as had his parents. LP could hear and see sufficiently, but his Eng- lish was limited. His knowledge of aboriginal conditions was certainly not the best. He was aided by his wife (a Toe), who also acted as interpreter. About twenty hours were spent with them. 6, To, Tbvusi-d6kad6, "grass-nut eaters," in Smith and Mason valleys and upper Walker River in SW Nevada. Informants.-Maggie Wright, or Tugovino (MW), age ca. 75, born at Wellington in Smith Valley. Both parents Tovusi. MW's hearing, sight, and memory were good. She had lived much of the old culture and also had heard about it, and was well informed, but needed an interpreter. Goggles Wright, or Povawotso (GW), age ca. 85, born near site of Fort Churchill; MW's husband. Father was Agai, mother was Wada of Honey Lake, but GW had lived most of his life at Smith Val- ley, where he had been a famous hunter. In spite of his age, his sight, hearing, and memory seemed good, and he was willing to tell all he knew. His knowledge supplemented MW's, and their infor- mation is combined in the element list. He also needed an interpreter. Interpreter.-John Wright, age 39, son of MW and GW. John had traveled considerably, having been two or three years in Oklahoma and more than a year at Fort Hall, Idaho. He lauded the Peyote cult as the "Indian New Deal," but, although he desired to, he could not start it at Stillwater, because he did not have a drummer and the fire. Of all the Indians I met the Wright family seemed to be the most active participants in the old Paiute culture. They had just moved their house and taken up new land because of a death on the previously occupied farm. Old Paiute supersti- tions and charms were carefully observed. The family lived at Stillwater. I spent three days with them. I I 363 ATTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 7, Pa, Pakwi-d6kadb, "chub eaters,," on the S shores of Walker Lake, in Soda Spring Valley, and at Hawthorne, Nevada. Informant.-Dan Voorhees (DV), age 66, born at Hawthorne. Father was Toe; mother half Pakwi, half Kutsavi" (Mono Lake). Until DV was 30, he had lived at Hawthorne, then he moved to Schurz, Nevada (Walker River Reservation), where he was Indian policeman until 1935. His sight, hearing, and memory were good and he reads and writes Eng- lish well. Although he seemed well informed, his information was probably equally true for the Agai (north Walker Lake) as for the Pakwi. He had acted as informant for Dr. C. Hart Merriam. He is the most Europeanized Indian I met. My at- tempts to interview other Indians at Schurz were fruitless. 8, Wa, Washo (non-Paiute). Washo territory was mostly in the Sierra Nevada Mountains sur- rounding Lake Tahoe. The valleys just at the eastern foot of the mountains-Truckee Meadows, WJasho Lake Valley, Carson Valley, and others served as winter homes. The territory extended from the southwestern shores of Honey Lake in the N to the North Fork of Walker River in the S. Gardnerville, Carson City, and Reno, in Nevada, are the present Washo centers. Informants.-Charlie Rube, age 76, born near Coleville, California, at the extreme S end of Washo territory; both parents Washo. He lived winters near Minden, Nevada, for many years, spending summers near Bijou, California, on the S end of Lake Tahoe, where I found him. Charlie's faculties seemed normal, but his knowledge of English and of Washo culture was limited. Susie Rube, age ca. 65, Charlie's wife, acted both as informant and interpreter for Charlie, although she steadfastly refused to talk openly to me. Two other old Washo women itunofficially?? participated and on many points the women reached a joint decision before giving me an answer. During the four-day interview, the three old women did not let their conversation interfere with their basketmaking. Dick Bender, 76 years old; Indian policeman at Carson City for thirty-six years (until he went blind in 1930). Dick was used especially for ethnogeographic data. He lived at Carson. 9, At, Atsa?kud6kwa-tuviwarai, "red-butte dwellers,? possessed the Quinn River drainage in northern Nevada; live now on the McDermitt Res- ervation in the same area. Informants.-Pete Snap, or Nino?o (PS), aged ca. 60, ha7l-breed, born at McDermitt. Mother an Atsa; during PS's youth she lived with her par- ents. PS lived most of his life at McDermitt, where I found him. Physically, he was sound in all respects. Although born after the establish- ment of Fort McDermitt, PS's family continued their nomadic life until he was about 14, s0 that he actually experienced much of the old culture. In fact, I consider my Atsa list one of the three best. PS was willing to tell all he knew and he had a very adequate command of English. I spent about thirty hours with him. I believe valui returns would be had from spending more tim McDermitt. Emma Crutcher and Race Horse Bob; both o McDermitt, were interviewed, but they knew less than PS. 10, Sa, Sawa'wakt6do-tuviwarai, "sagebru mountain dwellers"; lived along the middle boldt River near the present town of Winne Nevada, where they still have a rather large colony. Informants.-Sam Louie, or Tsa'kwoda (SL age ca. 70; both parents Sawa. SL has live Winnemucca since his birth. He had good ey sight and hearing. His knowledge and his u standing of English were limited, although worked with him without an interpreter. Jack Miller, or Tupinatsi (3 , age ca. born at Winnemucca; both parents Sawa. iM ceived a pension from the War Department in ognition for services rendered as a scout f Captain Wagner during the Bannock Indian Wa His hearing was very impaired, yet I could loud enough to make him understand. His Si was good. He seemed a little better inform about "old ways" than was SL; they were int viewed together and discussed doubtful trai JM spoke good English, and interpreted some SL. I consider the Sawa list one of my lea reliable; thirty hours were spent with them.' 11, Tg, Tago-toka, on Owyhee River in th corner of Idaho and the SE corner of Oregon;~ now at Duck Valley Reservation. Informants.-Dick Stanley (DS), age ca. born along Oiyhee River near Jordan Valley, far from Silver City, Idaho. He grew to ma on the Malheur Reservation, but was exiled Yakima Reservation for participating in the nock War. After five years he was allowed return to Tago territory. He married at Ya DS lived at Owyhee for fifty years. He was ly blind and was a little hard of hearing, his memory was still good. Almost any ques would start his talking at great length. U tunately he knew little English and my inte preter had difficulty getting detailed info tion when DS wanted to recall past exploits. probably knew about the old culture better appeared to me. I interviewed him about th' hours. TaviyoniIi, DS's wife, age ca. 80. Her ents belonged to the Koa'agai band of Paiut had lived along Snake River near Bruneau anl Boise, Idaho. She listened to the intervie and often made remarks about questions. Th interpreter appeared to pay little attentio her, but I could never be sure whether DS o wife supplied the information I received. Anne Winnemucca, past 90 years old, supp mented information on chiefs and areas of o bands, but was too feeble for intensive que ing. Interpreter.-Mrs. Jessie Little, age ca. half-breed. Her command of English was fai her backwardness in guiding the discussion I U i I I 364 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE the lines of inquiry of the investigation, to- gther with her inadequate translation of infor- mation volunteered by the informant in addition to that dealing with the topic under discussion, detracted from her value as an interpreter. 12, Wd, Wada-d6kad6, "wada-seed eaters," cen- ering near Malheur Lake, Oregon. The area laimed by this band extended N to the headwaters f Silver River and E to include most of Malheur ver. They formed the largest band on the old lheur Reservation, which was taken from them fter the Bannock War. At present they are lo- ated in the Indian Colony at Burns, Oregon. nfomants.-Scarface Charlie, or Tokwa'nogit tCT, age ca. 69, born near Crane, Oregon; par- ts were Wada. SC lived at Burns all his life, isiting Warm Springs Reservation from time to ime. He went blind a few years ago, but his hear- g was good, and he was alert mentally. I talked th him without an interpreter, but it was diffi- lt at times to make him understand what infor- tion I desired. He seemed better able to speak glish than to understand it. He insisted he cked information concerning much of the cul- re. Blind Jim, or T6rgio (BJ), age 76, born at derson Valley, SE of Burns; parents Wada. Ex- pt a few years spent at Fort Bidwell, BJ lived Burns all his life. Blind since the age of 5, he lacked knowledge of certain features of e culture about which even much younger Indians ew. I used an interpreter with him, checking ements not known by SC, or about which there s doubt. Two or three young women acted as terpreters at separate times; none was very od. Dissension between strongly Roman Catho- c and "heathen" Indians, and general dislike r white people, combined tQ make ethnographic rk at Burns unpleasant and difficult. When e old Indians knew about the aboriginal cul- re, such knowledge was difficult to obtain be- se of their reluctance to talk or to inter- et. About thirty hours were spent with SC and Is informant. In addition, Jack Hoodie, age 56, of the Huni- i-d6kado band; Pete Temens, about 65, a Tago dian, in 1936 "chief" at Burns; and several hers were questioned but refused to give ex- tded interviews. Miss Beatrice Blythe (Mrs. Ink Whiting), from Yale University, was in 1s laboring under these very unfavorable nditions to make a detailed ethnographic study. 13, Ki, Kidu-dokad6, "woodchuck eaters, occu- pying Surprise Valley, California, and adjacent territory in southern Oregon and northwestern Nevada, were interviewed at Fort Bidwell, Cali- fornia. Informants.-Bob Anderson (BA), age ca. 80, born near Gold Mountain; parents Kidu. BA started acting as interpreter and scout for General Crook and later worked in this capacity two years at Fort Harney, Oregon, and six years at Yainax on the Klamath Reservation. He lived at Fort Bid- well forty years. He was nearly blind. Charlie Washo (CW), age ca. 75, born in Sur- prise Valley; present "chief"; parents Kidiu. CW lived alternately in Susanville and Surprise Val- ley; was nearly deaf. Key Henderson (KH), age 66, born near Warner; parents Kidu. KH spent life in Warner and Sur- prise Valley. Joshua Brown (JB), age ca. 75, born at Surprise Valley; blind for many years; parents Kidii. The first three informants combined their re- sources to tell as much of the old life as they knew; JB, better informed than the others, supple- mented their knowledge, but he was toV2ill to work with me for long periods. Kelly used all except Key Henderson for her monograph on the Sur- prise Valley Paiute, rating JB "excellent." Al- though informants told all they knew willingly, circumstances were far from satisfactory in ob- taining completely reliable information. Twenty- eight hours were spent with informants. 14, AE, Achomawi (non-Paiute). Claiming the western slopes of Warner Range, the Achomawi were neighbors of the Kidii Paiute. Their principal area consists of the upper Pit River drainage, and there is still a rather larger colony in the vicinity of Alturas, California. Informants.-Sam Fox (SF), aged ca. 80, born and reared near Likely, California; parents both of the Likely band of Achomawi. SF's sight and hearing were still good, and in spite of extremely poor health he was mentally very alert and willing to tell of old culture. His understanding and use of English were good. Lily Chip (LC), about 60, SF's niece, born near Likely; could supplement SF's knowledge about such things as childbirth, girl's puberty, and other topics. I consider the Achomawi list among the best recorded: twenty-four hours were spent with informants. 1 2UC-PAAE 31:69, 1932. .I 365 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS USED + Element present. - Element absent. * Either question was not asked or informant did not understand. * Reference to a note in the section "Ethnographic Notes on the Element List." OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS Ts Ki K2 Kil To Tb Pa W-a At Sa Tg Wd Ki SUBSISTENCE Hunting Deer Hunting 1. Surround . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2. Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + *2a.Communal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - - + 3. Past ambushed hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + + + + *5. Into enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ 6. Into enclosure with pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - *8. Into trap, net, or snare . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - - - - *9. With fire.. ............. + - - _*+ + - _ + 10. With dogs . . ......... . ._+ _ _ + _ + +*+ 11. In relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ?? 12. Shamanism . . . . . . . . . 13. Ambush .+.... . . + + + + + + + _ + + + 14. In pit beside trail... + _ _ + + + + + 15. In pit beside spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ + + + + + 16. In pit around which brush fence . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ _ +? 17. Single hunter stalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 18. Runs down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ + + + + _ + + + + 18a.Runs down game when it is wounded . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + *19. Disguise ................. . .*+*- + + _ + + + + __ +*_ 20. Deer head ..... . ........... + - + + + + + + _+ - 21. Entire deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - - + + - + - 22. Brush carried .............. . + + - - _?????? 23. Poison arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + + - 24. Fire to signal hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *25. Formal chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 26. Informal chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - +_* *27. Magic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + - - - - - Antelope Hunting *27a. Communal hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 28. Corral ................. + + + + + - + + + + + + + 28a.Sagebrush-bark rope . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 29. Solid brush fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *29a.Brush fence around hill .+ * + ?+ _ * *30. Brush at intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + 31. Wings...... . ...... * + + + - + + -+ + + *32. Shamanism . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . a + + + + + - + - + + + + + 33. Shaman is chief of hunt . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - - - + + + + + 34. Shaman has an assistant . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - - + - _- - 35. Shaman has special enclosure . . . . . . . . . - - + + - 36. Fire .... ... ++? . . . . . . _+_ *37. Notched stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *38. Grass-stuffed hide . . . . . . . . . . . . .* 39. Hoof rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + [366] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 367 Ts Ki K2 K[i To TO Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE *40. Wand ................. .-- + -+ - + --- + - + 41. Shaman smokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -+ _ + + + + + + *42. Pipe passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + - - + + + + + + 43.-Shaman sings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + + + + + 44. Audience sings . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + - + + + + + + + 46. Antelope dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - *+ + + + + _ 47. Antelope mask . . . . . . . . . _ + 48. Round dance . + - _ + + _ + ? 49. Stumbling taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ????? + + + + _ *49a.Menstrtating women taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + _ :*49b.Sexual intercourse just before hunt taboo . . + + + - - + + + + _ 50. Loss of objects taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + _ 51. Antelope's souls caught . .+ - + _ + _ _ _ _ + + + + + 52.*Antelope charmed in 1 night . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - + + - + + + + - + + * 52a.More than 1 night to charm . . . . . . . . . . + + 53. Messengers to antelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - - - - - - + - _ 54. Scouts to antelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ + 55. Antelope driven into corral . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + *- + + + + 56. Antelope charmed into corral. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + 57. Fires to drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + 58. Shaman in corral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ++ + - + - 59. Shaman "closes gate" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - 60. Special archer ..* + + _+ + -_ + + + + + + 60a.Special runner to tire antelope before kill . . . *+ + + - _ + + + + + + *Individual stalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ;62. Run down on foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - +? -63. Run down on horseback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - - + + + - 'Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + - f 65. Past ambushed hunters . .. _ + + + + + - + + + + + + - 66. With dogs ... - . + + ? i7. With fire . . . . + ? Ambush beside spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + + + + + 71. Hunters disguised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - - - + + + + - 72. Hunters in hole ..+ + + _ + + _ + + + + + :Disguise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - _ + + + + _ 74. Antelopeskin . .. -.. . .... .....- + + + - + - + + + 75. Brush .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . - + + + Mt.-Sheep Hunting urround ..... . +? ive. .. . .. - + - - + + - + + + + - 8. Past hidden hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + _ + + + + + - VV.ith fire.t@ @ - @ @ @@ @ _ _++-_+?_ _ O9. With fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + __+___+_ 0. With dogs ....0 a+ - + +- . Into enclosure .. . . . . + . Through V-fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + talking by an individual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +.+ + + + ttracting by pounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ? ?+ + + + + + isguise . . . . + ? 8. Entire skin used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ ire to signal hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + _ gi c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ Communal Rabbit Hunting t .+ + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + lub .+ + + + + *+ + *+ + + + + + lubthrown .. e-@ @ @ e-. . . . .+1- -- +*.- W andarrow .......... + + + + + + + W + + + + + + nonlyhunt .......... _ .++ + + + + + - - + ++ + llpeople hunt.+ ?.... .?...... .. __ - - _ + - - 368 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ITs Kl K2 KU To To Pa|Wa|At Sa Tg Wd Ki 97a.Fire to summon people to starting place .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 98. Special leader ............. ...... . + + + + + + + + + + + + 98a.Dance before each drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + +? 99. Duration of drive (days): 5 . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 99a.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + _ 99b.Not fixed ........... ..... . . . __ . . + + Snares, Nets, Etc. 100. Spring-pole trap. + ? + - + + + 101. For birds ....... .. ... _+ - + + + 102. For sage hens . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + 104. Trap behind fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 107. For rodents ......... .. ..... . . . . + + -+ 109. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + - *110. For large mammals. . . . . . . . . . . . + 112. For-rabbits. . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ + _ + + + + + 112a.Noose set on rabbit trail in snow . . . . . . .+ + + + _ _ + _ + + + - 113. Noose in fence gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - 116. For birds ............. . . . . . . + _ - 117. For sage hens . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ -+ 118. Long rabbit net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 120. Bird net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . + + + + + + - + + + + + + 121. Circular, dome shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 122. Tunnel shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 123. Rabbit net used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *++ + + + + + + 124. Willow frame ..... . + + ___ + _.. . - _ _ 125. Sagebrush support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _- +?_ 126. Edge staked down ....... ..... . + - + +? 127. Placed near water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + *+ + + + + 128. Placed over creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ++ 129. Sagebrush wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - + + 132. For sage hens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ++ 133. For doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 134. For ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 136. Birds driven to netO. . + _ + _ - + + + + - 137. With antelope disguise. + + *+ + 140. Net snare for rabbits ...... .. .. .. . + + + -_ 141. Basketry traps ............. . + - 142.*Deadfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 143. Figure-4 trigger . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 144. 2-stick trigger . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + 145. Bait used.. ............ . + + +_ + _ + + + + + + + 146. For large mammals . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + - _ + 147. For small game .......... . + + + + + + + + + + + + 148. For birds generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - 149. For grouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 150. Pitfalls ...................... + + +_*+ + _ *+++.+ 151. Cover of cross bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - + + +_ 152. Bait on cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - 153. For carnivores. . . . . . . + + + 154. For rabbits and rodents . . | . . + - + + + + + Booths and Blinds *155. Brush enclosure ........ . . . . . . . . . _ +_ +__-_ 156. Domed brush house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ _ + _ - + + - 158. Conical house . . . . . . . . . . . . + 159. Pit . ........... . _ _ -_+ + + . . ____ . 160. With brush fence .... . . . . . . +?- 162. Concealment is near water . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + U i I t .1I I I t 7 I , I 1. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV- STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 369 [Ts Ki K2 Ku To Td Pa Wa lAt Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 163. Shooting birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 164. Game.+ + + + + + + - _ + + - + + 165. Bird caught from blind with bare hand.+ + + + + + + + + + + + - _ * 166. Off perch . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + 167. Inclined pole as perch . . . . + + _ - + + _ + 1473. Game killed from blind: sheep . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 175. Antelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + '176. Tule blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + _ + - _ + + _ Decoys and Disguises 78. Live birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. Stuffed birds . + +*+ + *_ _ _ _ _ 180a.Stuffed heads on sticks . . . . . . . . . . . + 181. Moved with string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 181a.Body of tule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +-+ F2.Birdskin on head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 183. Animal disguise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + *+ + + + + + 184. Head.-.. .+ - + + + + + + + + 185. Whole skin.+ + + + + + + + + + 186. Sticks as front legs . . . . . . . + + + + + + + * + 187. Paint arms . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 188. Deer + _ + + + + + + + 189. Antelope.. + + + + + + + _ 190. Mountain sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1. Grass or brush disguise . . + . . + . ? . . . . . . + Waterfowl Hunting nal drive: 192. Balsas++ + + + + + + + + 193. Chief or director of hunt . + . . . . + + + + - + _ + + + + + _ 194. Killing with club . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ _ + _ + + + + + + *194a.Killing with hands: break legs or neck . . . . . *+ + + + + - + + + + - + + + 194b.Rabbit net used . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ + _ + _ _ _ _ 195. Mud hens taken . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + - + + _ 196. Young ducks taken+ . . . . -. . . + + + + _ + + _ + + + + + 196a.Young geese taken+ . . . . . . . . . . + + t - + + + + + + + 7. Hunter uses animal disguise . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + - _ 198. For ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 200. For sage hens . o o o . . .. . . .. _ . _ + + + +*_ _ Miscellaneous 1. Rodents taken from burrow by twisting stick into skin . . * ..o ... . . . *................. + + + + + + + + + + + + 202. Cottontail taken . . . . . . . . . . . .-;q + + + + + + + + + + + + 203. Rat taken . o + ?????+ + + + + *+ + 204. Chipmunk taken . . .. . + + + + + + + .Reptile hook . . . . . . . . + .Game hung on belt by head . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7Rats poked out .... ........... + + + + + + + + + + + + .Rats burned out .. _ + + + + + + + + o Smoking out of animal . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 210. Jack rabbit. ...... ..... .+ + + + *+ + + + + + + + + 211. Cottontail ............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + 212. Other rodents . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + .Fan to blow smoke in den . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 215. Sage-hen wing .? . . _ +_ + + 216. Crow wing . .- + ? + + + + 217. Hawk wing ...?.?.......?.... . _ + + + - + + I 1? :i- I1 I 370 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ITs Kl K2 Kiu To To PaIWaIAt Sa Tg Wd 218.Brush.- + + + + + + + 219. Feather .-....... .. . . + . . . . . . . _ + + 220. Basket ........ .. .. .. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 220a.Anything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ - + + + 221. Rodents flooded out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + + + + + + 222. Flares for fowl ................ . + + + _ __+ Eagle (and Other) Catching 223. Aeries owned, individually .... . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + - + 224. Young taken from nest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 225. Frightened off nest, caught ........ . + - _ _ - + + _ + _ + - 226. Hunter climbs to the nest .-... . . . o . . + + + + + + + + + + + 227. On rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ - + + + _ + + 228. On net. . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ - + - + _ _ _ 229. Carries cage. . . . . . . + + + + + _ 230. Seizes by hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 230a.Eaglet held down with stick to pro- tect hand . . . . . . . . + ? ? . + + + 236. Feathers taken, then eagle released . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + 237. Rearing of eagle .-..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 238. Nest in tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 239. Bird tied up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 240. Caged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + -_ *241. Eagle-catching power from dream . . . . . . . .-. . _ + - _ _ + - + 242. Eagle caught for feathers . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 243. Tail feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + *244. Wing feathers. . . . . . . . + + + + + 244a.Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 245. For trade only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248. Rearing other birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 246. Chiefly dove . . . . . . . . . . . +? 249. Young taken from nest . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 250. Bird kept in cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? 251. Twined willow cage, pointed top . . . . . +? Fishing 252a.Trout caught in own territory .... . . . . . . . - + + + - - + + + + + + * 252b.Obtained in nei'ghboring area . . . . . . . . . - + + +? 252c.Kuyui caught in own territory . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? * 252d.Obtained in neighboring area . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + +? 252e.Suckers caught in own territory . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + + * 252f.Obtained in neighboring area . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + - _ _ _ _ _ 252g.Minnows caught in own territory . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - * 252h. Obtained in neighboring area .+ _ _ + + +? 252i.Salmon caught in own territory . . . . . . . . + + * 252j.Obtained in neighboring area.+ + 255. Fish nets .+ + ++ - + + - + -+ 256. Special form .+ + + + + - + + _+ 257. Rabbit net used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ *258. Wading in stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 258a.Ice pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 259. Net used through ice. . . . . . + + + + + + + 259a.Cormmunal fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? 260. Weir.+. . ......... +*+ + + + + + + + + 261. Rock dam.+--- 261 Rok am . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._______*+___' 262. Platform built over river . . . . . . + - +? 263. Basket for taking fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |+ + + + *+ + + + + + + 264. Conical carrying type . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + _ _' 265. Special elongated type . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + _ + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 266. In weir . . . . . . . . . . . 267. In dam . . . . . . . . . . . 268-. Supported by sticks. 269. Held in hand . . . . . . . . 0. Fish driven with willow bundles 271. Hand-catch in shallow water . 2. Harpoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Spear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *274. 1 prong . . . . . . . . . . . 275. 2 prongs . . . . . . . . . . 6. Fish arrow, 1 prong . . . . . . . '6a.Fish arrow, 2 prongs . . . . . . . 7.*Night fishing . . . . . . . . . . 278. Torch or fire . . . . . . . . 279. Moonlight . . . . . . . . . . 279a.Stream bottom prepared wi 10. Hook: gorget (straight, bipointed) 280a.Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . 281. Of bone . . . . . . . . . . . 281a.Of bone and wood' 282. 1 barb at angle . . . . . . . 284. Line attached . . . . . . . . 285. Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Bait: angleworm . . . . . . . . . 287. Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 288. Salmon egg . . . . . 288a.Minnow. 289. Grub . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. Bait bag, buckskin . . . . . . . . Oa.Bait basket . . . . . . . . . . . L. Fly hook . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Sinker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I, Poison (to'za used) placed in strean a.Fish poisoned by "smoking" . . . . . Stream dammed . . . . . . . . . . i Creek diverted . . . . . . . . . . i Fish killed by striking . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 . . . . . * * * * * * * ith white ro cks 0 * * * * a * * * * * * a * * * * * * * * * * a * * * * * * * a * * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * * 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . * * * * * * * 6- m . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 Animals Eaten , Dog (sorobuku) eaten . . . . . . . . . L. Mink (pai'una) eaten . b. Mole (tebdzi' kwUsiva) eaten c. Porcupine (tsa'kwuda or mUhU) eaten L. Jack rabbit (kamo) eaten B. White rabbit (tohakamo) eaten . . . . . t. Cottontail rabbit (tavIu1) eaten . . . g. Pocket gopher (ungatsiva) eaten . . . i. Kangaroo rat (kotsi) eaten . . . . . . L. Mouse (field) (poTrgatsi) eaten . . Muskrat (pamuso) eaten . . . . . . . . ?, Wood rat (t6ka'wa) eaten . . . . . . . k.Woodchuck (kidi) eaten . . . . . . . . a. Squirrel (iknU) eaten. p, Ground squirrel (kdb6 or ktpa) eaten t. Chipmunk (woda'a) eaten . . . . . . . . p. Weasel (pavisi) eaten. L. Skunk (poqI}) eaten . . . . . . . . . . #. Bat (biya'hana) eaten . . . . . . . . . i. Elk (patu'huia) eaten . . . . . . . . . .Raccoon (patakai) eaten . . . . . . . . |Ts Ki K2 Kiu To To Pa|WalAt Sa Tg Wd KiIA + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + * + + * * + + + + + + + + + - + - + - + - + - + - + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + 371 90 0 00 0* : 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0: : 90 0 . : 'O' 00 0 00 0 00 : 00 0 0 0 : 0 . . * . 0 0 0 . a 0 0 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 * : 00 00 . 9 * 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 372 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ITs Ki K2 Ku To To Pa Wa lAt Sa Tg Wa Ki 297u. Bobcat (wildcat) (tuhu) eaten . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 297v. Mt. lion (kagwiduhu) eaten.+ _ + - _ _ + + 297w. Fox (waTi'i) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 297x. Badger (huna) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 297y. Wolf (ica) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 297z. Coyote (idtsa'a) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *297aa.Buffalo (pagutsb) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 298. Grizzly bear (padua'a) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ + 298a. Beaver (kohi) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 298b. Mt. sheep (koep8) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + 298c. Antelope (tona) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 298d. Deer (mule) (tbho'iya) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 298g. Lizard, large only, eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . .- -| 298h. All lizards eaten ... . . .. . . . ._ 298m. Frog eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Birds Eaten or Used 299. Dove (ihovi) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 299b. Feathers used .+ + + + +????????- 301. Blackbird (pako'ropa) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 302. Owl, screech (paho eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302a.Owl, horned' (muhu'), eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 302b. Owl feathers used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ????? + + - + + 303. Kingfisher (tsada'nugit) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ 304. Wbodpecker (adza'vana) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + - _ - + + 305. Magpie (kuida'kakai) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306. Feathers used . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 308. Raven (ada) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 309. Crow (wiada) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 310. Meadowlark (patsidono) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + 311. Robin (sugu) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 312. Bluebird (piduyu) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 313. Hawk (saibaso'o) eaten............. . 314. Feathers used. . . + + +_ + + ++++ 315. Mocking bird (tora sagu) eaten . . . . .. . . . . . + 316. Quail, mountain (tucta), eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 317. Quail, valley (sikigi), eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 318. Helldiver (grebe) (papuku) eaten . . . . . . . . . . + 319. Loon (patsikaye) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + . + + 320. Sea gull (kunaletb) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - +4_?????? 321. Eggs used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ? ? ? ? ? ?- 322. Pelican (panosa) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + - + - + - 323. Eggs used .. ..... + + - - + 324. Duck (piuh) eaten. . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 325. Eggs used. .............. + + + + + + + + + + ++ 326. Geese (nag'uto) eaten . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + 327. Eggs used. .............. + + + + + + + + + ++ 328. Young. .............. + + + + + + + + + ++ 329. Heron (wasa) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + . + + + 330. Eggs used .. . .... . . . . . + + 331. Bittern (shite poke) (tavavoni'kadik) eaten.. . . - + _ + . + + - -_ 332. Crane (kord6dd) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 332a. Eggs used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + -+ 333. Mud hen (coot) (saiya') eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 333a. Eggs used ............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + 334. Avocet (pakurikurit) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + .....+ + . + + 335. Snipe (sahito) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ _ + - + + 336. Killdeer (padoitzirlgi) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 336A.Ruffed grouse (kahiua) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 336b.Prairie chicken (pakoko) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + _ + + + + + 336c.Sage hen (hudzi) eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + I I . 1. k CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Insect Food 37. Caterpillars (piego) eaten . . . . . . . . 338. Larvae in lake (kutsavi) eaten . . . . . . 339. Ants eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340. As food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341. As tonic . . . . . . . . 342. Ant "eggs" (larvae or chrysalids) eaten 343. Bee "eggs" (nota) eaten . . . . . . . . . l344. Cicada (locust) (kiia) eaten 345. Gathered in baskets. 346. Roasted in coals . . . . . . . . . . 347. Ground on metate . . . . . . . . . . 348. Cricket (miju or niju) eaten . . . . . . . 351a.Picked up in early morning . . . . . 852. Grasshopper (watata'a) eaten. 353. Caught by hand in early morning . 354. Gathered in baskets . . . . . . . . . 356. Roasted in pit . . . . . . . . . . . 357. Ground on metate . . . . a . a . . . 358. Stored, buckskin bags . . . . . . . . Animal-Food Taboos, etc. 360. Raw liver eaten . . . . . . . . . . . .. 361. Fetus taboo ................ 862. Deer heart taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363. To young S64. Liver taboo to young . . . . . O' 365. Deer lung taboo to young . . . . . . . . . . 8 66. Lung eaten for strength . . . . . . . . . . 67. Bird eggs taboo to young . . . . . 8368. Scavenger eggs taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . 269. First kill taboo, if shot . . . . . . . . . 369a.If trapped . . 370. To youth . . . . . . 371. To mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372. To father . . . . . . . . . 373. Mother washes boy before taboo lifted O 374. After ceremony youth eats special part |75. First kill after childbirth taboo . 376. To father . . . . . . . . . 377. To mother . . . . . . . 178. Hinoter distributes game . . . . . . . . . . 379. To all village . . . . . . . . . . . . 379a.To anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380. To relatives 381. To mother-in-law . . . . . . . . . . 82. Hunter keeps all or any part . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Concepts 8. Intercourse avoided during hunting. 389. 5 nights' continence . . . . . . 389a.1 night's continence . . 1. Smoking before hunt to aid luck . . ?Smoking during hunt without special effect 3. Bathing before hunt: cold bath . . . 394. Sweat bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395. Talking during bath . . . . QDisposal of deer bones regulated . . . . . . 397. Kept from dogs . . . . . . . . . . . 373 ITs Kl K2 Ku To Tb Pal WalAt Sa Tg Wd KiIA + + + + + + + + _ + + + *+ _ + - - +- +- go +m +- - - + + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - am - + + + + + + - +- +- + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + * + + + + - - - + + + - - +- + * + + - * + + 0- + + + + + + + + + + + _ + *+ + + + + + * + *+ + + + *+ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + * + + + + * + + + + + + + + + *+ + *+ * + + * + * + * + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + * + + + + * * r+ + + * + + + + + + + + I - - - -- ---3-- I t ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ITs K. K2 Kii To To Pa|WalAt Sa Tg Wa Ki 398. Game believed immortal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399. Game increase controlled by ceremony . . . . . . . . 401. Offering of game kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402. To "nature" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403. Tospirit.......... 403. Wto spiriter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404. With prayer.*0*,0* *00,,0,* 405. Piece of galla. ........ .... 406. Thrown in brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409. Tip of deer tail hidden under rock for luck . . Gathering 410. Acorns (wia) 411. Leaching in sage-lined pit . . . . 411a.In sand pit . . . . . . . . . 413. Grinding in mortar (puranu) . . . 414. Boiled mush . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Plants 433. "Grass" seeds . . . . . . . . . . 434. Cactus fruit eaten (navu or mutso) 435. "Stems" eaten . . . . . . . . 436. Needles burnt off . . . . . . 437. Needles brushed off. 438. Roasted in ashes . . . . . . 439. Roots 440. Berries . . . . . 443. Pinon Nuts (tuva) . . . 443a.Hooked pole (tsanu) for pi-non nuts .. . 445. End fire bent . . . . . . . . . . . 446. End separate piece . . . . . . . . 447. Climb tree to gather . . . . . . . . . . 448. Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 450. Climbing stick used . . . . . . . . 451. Storage: green, in stone-lined, circular 451a.Piled on ground, covered 452. Whole cones in cache . . . . . . . 453. Cooked seeds stored . . . . . . . . 453a.Cones opened by roasting in earth oven . 454. By burning . . . . . . . . . . . . 454a.By exposing to sun . . . . . . . . 455. Nuts struck from ripe cone . . . . . . . 456. Cache for nuts removed from cone . . . . *457. Unlined pit . . . . . . . . . . . . 458. Grass lined . . . . . . . . . . . . 459. Lined with pine-leaf soil. 460. Brush-and-stone covered. 461. Juniper-bark lined . . . . . . . . 462. Nuts ground on metate (mota) . . . . . . 462a.In mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463. *Parching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464. In "fan" (twined basket) . . *466. Conical burden basket for gathering 467.*Family owned plots . . . . . . . . . . . 467a.Band owned plots . . . . . . . *467b.Families wintered on pinon-nut range . . 468. Nuts eaten as flour, raw . . . . . . . .469. Nuts eaten as mush . . . . . . . . . . . 470. Nuts eaten chilled as mush . . . . . . . * * d * * d a * e * * a * * e * * 0 * * 0 pit . * * 0 a * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * & * * 0 * * . * * 0 * * & * * . * * e * * 0 * * * * * * 0 * * 0 * * & * * 0 * * * * * . * * 0 * * 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + p- 0- + * + * + + + +- * + + + - + + - + + + * *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 374 _ + _ _ _ + * * _ + + _ + + - 1 +- _ + + - + - + + - + * + - - + + + + + - + - + + + + * _ + + + + + + + 4+ + + + + + + VW am +- VW _+ - + _ _ _ + _ + - + _ + _+ _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + - + _+ - + - + _ + - + _+ _+ _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + - + I 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 : * 0 0 : 0. : 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 : 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 e . 0 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : & 0 * 0 0 e 0 0 . 0 0 0 a a 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE -- -r | n |Ts K1 K2 Kii TTo PalWalAtSaTgWdKiAE Miscellaneous Plant Foods 471. "Cane" or reed sugar (pihavi). 471a. Obtained from neighboring area 472. Boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473. Dried and beaten . . . . . . . . 475. Willow-sap sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 476. White pine pitch as sugar . . . . . . . 477. Piton pitch as sugar . . . . . . 478. Chewing gum. 479. From plant root. 480. Rabbit-brush root . . . . . . . . 481. Rabbit-brush bark . . . . . . . . 482. Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482a. Berries dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482b. Roots dried and stored. * Other Plants and Seeds Used 83. Yellow cress (atsa) . . . . . . . . . . 83a. Sunflower (ak6p6) . . . . . . . . . . . 83b. Sunflower (pac6) . . . . . . . . . . . 83c. Sunflower (ak6) . . . . . . . . . . . . d. Sunflower (kusiake) . . . . . . . . . . 83e. Sunflower (kusipaco) . . . . . . . . . 83f. Pickleweed (kuhava) . . . . . . . . . . 83g. Sego lily or painted cup (taparogi) . . h. Sego lily or painted cup (sanako) . 1. Saltbrush (sini) . . . . . . . . . . . j. Rabbit brush (tavisigup) . . . . . . . k. Rabbit brush (sigup) . . . . . . . . . kk.Rabbit brush (mogodohupi) . . . . . . . BC". Dogbane (milkweed) (wihowi). n. Sand grass (wai) . . . . . . . . . . . o. Blazing-star (kuha) . . . . . . . . . . p. Wild tobacco (puivamo) . . . . . . . . q. Sorrel (atsa) pawia . . . . . . . . . . r. Bulrush or tule (siavb). s8. Cattail (toe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. Spike rush (pamusivi) . . Bulrush or tule (avi) . . . . . . . . . v. Sagebrush (sawava) . . . . . . . . . . w. Saltbrush (unaka) . . . . . . . . . . . z. masai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y. commosigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z. hiwovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jointfir (tsudupi) . . . . . . . . . a. saiagava . . . . . . . . . b. Indian balsam (toza) . . . . . . Bc. wata..... .... d.a wada .. . . . . . . . e. yapo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. tsupugi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fg. tsuvsag. . . . . . . . . . . . .0 . . . g. tiovsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t6vusi * i. Indian potatoes (camas?) (suga or huga) j. Indian potatoes (aputsb) . . . . . . Gathering Implements Digging stick (por6). 486. Point one end. + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 375 * + + * + + + _ + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + a+ + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + ++ *+ + + *+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +*+ + + _ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 487. Spatulate end . . . . . . . 488a.Point both ends . . . . . . . . 489. Of mt. mahogany (tupi) . . 490. Of serviceberry tuavoi) . . . . 491. Of greasewood (tonovi). 492. Conical seed basket (tuwaywono) . . . 493. Basketry seed beater (tsiku) . 495. Stiff edged . . . . . 499. Seed knife ("sickle") . . . . . . . 500. Wooden . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501. Shin bone . . . . . . . . . . . 501a.Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agriculture Wild Seeds *505. 509. 510. Wild seeds irrigated . . . . . Burning for tobacco . . . . . . Burning for wild seeds . . . . Seed Storage 521. Storage in pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522. Bark or grass lined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523. Storage in basket .................. 525. Storage in bark bag (kwisi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526. Storage in buckskin bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527. Storage in cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528. Storage in rock cranny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food Preparation 529. Salt from: playa . . . 530. Mineral from rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 530a.Trade from south . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532. *Small mammals roasted, eaten whole . . . . . . . . . *533. Roasted, entrails removed .. 534. Roasted, entrails boiled, eaten . . . . 535. Meat: dried on coals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536. Dried on frame in sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537. Dried in trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538. Smoked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539. In house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540. Pulverized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541. Mixed with seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *542. Mixed with berries. 543. Mixed with fat. 544. Stored in sage bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545. Tripe eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546. Blood cooked in pouch, gut . . . . . . . . . . . 547. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548. Dried in shade, not sun 550. Smoked in sweat house 551a.Spawn (eggs) dried with seed . . 552. Pulverized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553. Bone: cooked bone ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553a.Only fish bones ground . . . . . . . . . . 554. Ground bone cooked . . . . . . . . . . . . 555. Vertebrae ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556. Joints ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557. Entire bones: marrow extracted . . . . . . I a KI VP Kic; To Ti Po IW IA+ QoRa To, WA 1l l I I J .L A4 LlA. s I I V Lv I vI on IL . nu al., + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + - + + - + - + + + + + + - + + + + - + - +- + + - ~+ + + b++ + + + + + + + ++ + - + - *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + ? + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. + + + - + + .+ + * + - + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + _., + +. + I + + + + + + +. + + + + + + + + + + + +1 -I + + + + + 376 I . s I I . I ., I I a m. 11 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE W8. Feet dried . . 159. Feet ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159a.Feet boiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . "0. Earth oven . . . . . . . . . 561. Hole with hot rocks, earth cover 162. Boiling: with stones in thorax . . . . 4 563. In basket . . . . . . . . . . . 565. One bent stick to pick up stones 566. Pair forked sticks. 567. Pair straight sticks . . . . 168. Boiling in pot . . . . . . . . . . . . 569. Broiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570. On forked stick . . . . . . . . . 571L On coals 672. Parching. 573. In basket . . . . . . . . . . . . 175. Seed meal 6. Husk burned from seed . 177. Cannibalism . . . . . . . . . . . HOUSES Dwellings Windbreak 78. Brush . . . . . . . . . . . 79. Withe fence of brush . . . . . 18. For temporary camp . . . . . . B1. For suimner camp Sun Shade . Brush or tree only . . . . . . B. Posts supporting roof .... 584. Posts: 6-8 . . . . . . . 584a.Any number. B5. Horizontal brush roof . M Side walls: 1 . . . . . . . . 586a.More than 1. 587. Domed Wicki lup 88. For summer use . . . . . . . . 39. For winter use. . Dome of arched willowBs. 31. "Cone" of bent willows. .Circular ground plan . . . . . XHeight (feet): 6-8 . . . . . . 594a.8-10. 35. Diameter (feet): 8-14. 595a.14-20 . . . . . . . . . . 67. Covering . . . . . . . . . . . 598. Layers of grass (waiava) 599. Tule or brush . . . . . . 600. Mat . . . . . . . . . . . 602. Earth, 1 or 2 feet up wall 603. Pole-thatch binders. 05. Doorway: 1 . . 606. On E side of house 606a.Opposite wind . . . . . . 607. Flush with wall . . . . . 607a.Entrance passage . . . . T K Or- Ts Kl K2 Kui To To Pa Wa IA-t- Sa Tg Wd Ki JAE r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * _- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + -+ _ _ _ + _ + + + + + + - _ + + + _ + + + -+ _ - + - + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + * * _ - + + - + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + -+ + + *+ + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ * + + *+ + + *+ + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * * 377 + + + + + + + + + + + + + -_ + + + + + .1 . 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : : 0 e 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * e 0 0 0 . * ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 608. Door: of twined bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608a.Of twined tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609. Of twined grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609a.Of tule bound between pairs of sticks 610. Floor covered with grass . . . . . . . . . . . . 611. Fire: indoors, center of house . . . . . . . . . 612. Outside house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613. In hollow pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614. Smoke hole in roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615. Tripod-Foundation House. 616. 617. 618. For summer use. For winter use . . . . . . . . . Foundation poles in tripod . 619. Forked poles interlock . . 620. Tied at intersection . . . *622. Cone-shaped House, Circular Ground Plan . . . . . . 623. Height, 10 feet . . . . . . . 624. Diameter, 15 feet . . . . . . 625. Exterior encircled with stones 626. Covering . . . . . . . . . . . 627. Tule . . . . . . . . . . 628. Bark . . . . . . . . . . 629. Grass: 2 layers . . . . . 629a.3 layers. 630. Twined sage-bark mats. 631. Mats 631a.Buffalo skin 632. Pole-thatch binders . . . 633. Earth (entirely) . . 635. Pine "sod". 635a.Brush. 637. Doorway 638. E side of house. 639. Flush with wall. 640. Vestibule or tunnel . 642. Height (feet): 4 . . 642a. More than 4 . . 643. Door . . . . . . . . . 644. Of mat . . . . . . . 645. Of skin. . . . . . 646. Of brush . . . 647. Of twined bark . . 648. Fireplace . . . . . 649. In center of house . 651. Pit, 3 inches deep . 652. Smoke hole in roof center *653. Gabled House 654. For winter use . . . . . . . . . . 657. Ridgepole . . . . . . . . . . . . 658. Height (feet), 10 . . . . . . 659. Width (feet) 12 . . . . . . . . . 660. Length (feet5, 15 . . . . . . . . 662. Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663. Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . 664. Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . ITs Kl K2 Ku To To Pa IWa lAt Sa Tg Wd Ki + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _- + - + + + + - + - + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + _ - + + + - + + + -+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + + * + - + + + + + + * * _ _ - + _ _ - + + + + ++ + + + + * + + ++- + + + +~ + _, + + + + + + + +J + + 378 0 . 0 . . . : : : 00 0 0 & 0 0 0 . . . . 4- 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 : *0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 * 0 : 'O' CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 379 |Ts Kl K2 Ku To T6 Pa]Wa|At Sa Tg Wd Ki|AE 665. Twined-bark mat ..... .. .. . . . . . . . + 666. Pine sod .. ........... . .+ ? . . . . _ 667. Earth .. . . . . .+ ? 668. Doorway ..... ..+. . . . . . . . . _ _ _? 669. Side .?..?.?.?.?.?.?.?. .?... . . . . . . . +? 671. Flush insiall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+? 673. Fireplace inside.+ 674. Pit . . . + 675. Smoke hole in roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + House Interior - 676. Bed of: grass or brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 677. Twined bark ................ _ + + _ _+ _ + + ++ - 678. Twined-rush mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ - + + _ - + + + + + 679. Fars ................... + + + + + __ + + + + 680. Skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . + + + + + _ - + - - + + + + 681. Woven-fur blanket .+ + + + _ + - + - + + + + + 682. Bedcovers: woven-fur blanket . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 683. Fars sewed together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 684. Tanned skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 685. Indoor storage pits ........ ... ... . . _ _ ___ - _ _ __ 686. Indoor storage bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + 587. Special storehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Sweat House (nasanovi) 688. Wickiup-Type Sweat House . . . . . . + + *+ - + + - + + *+ + + + ;89. Domed willow frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ + + + + + + + 90. Covering: mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ .. + + + + 692. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + .+ + + + 693.Brush ......... . + . . __ _ _ . . . ._.? 694. Skin .................... + - - - + _ _ + + + 695. Canvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + _ - + + + + + + 696. Earth .................... + + ._ _ _ + + _ 697. Pine "sod'" (needles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 98. Pit, 1 foot deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 00.Door: on any side ...... . ...... ... . + + * + - + - + + + + + + 700a.Of hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 701. Of twined brush . . . . ...... . . . . . . + 702. Of twined bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 703. Of twined grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . ~~~~* 704. Conical-Type Sweat House 713. Gabled-Type Sweat House. + 14. 2 interior posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 15.Ridgepole .......... . + . . . . . . _ 17a.Built against side of hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 18. Roof covering ......... ... .... .. . +. 719. Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + u 720. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 721. Earth .............. ...... . + 2.Door. ...................... + 724. Flush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Sweat-House Operation and Use 7. Heating by: fire inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728. Rocks (heated outside) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + - + _ + + + + *+ _ 729.Pitforrocks ..+............ + + + + + + + + + I I I 380 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ITs Kl K2 Ku To To PalWalAt Sa Tg Wd Ki I I~~~~~~ 730. Rocks around patient . . . . . . . . . . . + + 733. Water poured on rocks . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + - + + + + + + + + 734. Water in baskets . + + + _ + + + + + + *+ 735. Uses: for sickness .+ + + - + + + + + 736. For colds .+ + + _ + + + + + + 737. For rheumatism ................. + + + + + + + _++ 738. For general debility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 739. Shaman treats inside . + +??????+ + + + 740. For bathing (i.e., cleansing) . . . . a . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + 742. Bather removes clothing . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + 743. Attendant for bather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ?????? + - +* 744. Prayers while bathing ........ .. .. ... . + + + *+ + + + ++*+ 745. Bad dream told . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 746. Personal power addressed . + . _ + + + + + + 747. Hunting luck sought . . .+ + . . . _ + + + + + + + 748. Cold bath afterward (required) .+ + + _ + + + + + 748a.Optional ....+?? ? 748a.0ptional . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ______+ __ __* 749. Smoking while bathing .. .. ....... _ _ _+ ? ? _ ___ 750. Men used . . . . . a . . + + + - + - + - + + + + + 750a.Men and women together used . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + 751. Women used ................... . ++ + + + + + + + + 752. No. persons accommodated: up to 4 . . . . . . . .. + + + - + +| 752a.Up to 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + --_ *753 752b.10 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? 753. Use as clubhouse ....... . . . . . . . . . . . 757. Ownership by individual .+ + + - + + - + + + + + 759. Community uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ? Miscellaneous Houses 760. Dog house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 761. Small, domed willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 762. Special grinding house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 763. Menstrual house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - *+ _ _ _ _ + + + + 763b. Cave dwelling: temporary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ?*+ _ 763c.Burial in caves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + 764. Ceremonial Enclosure . . . . . . . . - + + + - + + .4 765. For general gatherings only . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + _ + +?_ 766. Circular ................... + + + + +? 767. Brush fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + +? 768. Direction of opening: N and S (2) . a . . . . . + + 768a.E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a _ +? 768b.Any direction ............ . . . . . . .+ +? 770. Fires around fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +? NAVIGATION *772. Pole or log raft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +- - 773. Balsa raft of tules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + + + + ++ 774. No. of bundles: 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + - + + + - 774a.4 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 775. Bundles side by side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 776. Bundles lashed together . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 777. Bundles pinned together . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - - + + + + + + 778. Length (ft.): 8 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - - _ + + _ _ 778a.8-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + - + + + + + 778b.12 or over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ _ + + - 779. Prow curved up . .. + - - + + + + + + + 780. No. of persons held: 2. + + + + + +? II I 1. I Ij I a I ii, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 780a.3 or 4 . . . .. ..... . 781. Propulsion: with pole (willow) . . . . . 782. With hands and feet . . . . . . . . 782a.Swimaer towed it across stream . . . 783. Rope to pull it across stream . . . FIRE MAKING 784. Simple drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785. Compound drill . . . . . . . . . . . . 786. Cane shaft . . . . . . . . . . . 786a.Willow shaft 787. Hardwood shaft 790. Foreshaft spliced. 791 Bow drill . 92. Artemisia hearth. *792a.Juniper hearth 793. Charcoal in pit. 794. Ground stone in pit. 795. Bark in pit. 796. Indefinite number of pits in 97. Artemisia-bark tinder . . . . . . . . 37a.Juniper-bark tinder . . . . . . . . . 99. 2 pieces of rock struck for fire 800. Flint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. Bark-bundle slow match . . . . . . . 35. Bark-bundle torch . . . . . . . . It .Fire preserved . . . . . . . . . . . . 807. By covering with earth . . . . . 808. By burning sage into roots . . . * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * 0 * a * O" *h*a*th * * * 0 * * * : * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * 0 he0arth * * * 0 MISCELLALNEOUS IMPLEMENTS Mortar (paha) and Pestle (poduno) 09. Stone mortar, large: portable, spheroid. 809a.Made by known Indians . . . 810. In bedrock . . . . . . . . . . . 810a.Made by known Indians . . . 811. Made by Coyote or other animals 812. Made by prehistoric, mythical Indians 813. Portable, irregular . . . . . . . 814. Portable, slab . . . . . . . . . L6. Stone mortar, small. 817. For paint, medicine, etc. . . . . 19. Wood mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820. Cavity in log end . . . . . . . . 821. Sunk in ground . . . . . . . . . 2. Basket hopper used with mortar . . . . 4. Stone pestle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825. Cylindrical: length (in.), 12-18 825a.18-24 . . . . . . . . . . . !6. Mortar and pestle used for: acorns. 828. Pifon nuts . . . . . . . . . . 828a.Any seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . *Metate (mata) and Muller (tusu) 9. Thin, oval metate 829a.Made by known Indians . . . . . . ITs Kl K2 Kik To To Pal Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + * + $ + + * *. *. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + - + + + + - ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 381 I U + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I L :I 382 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 32s Kl K2 Ku To T6 PaIWaIAt SaRTgwda[ 830. Grinding on 1 side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 830a.Both sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ++4 831. Use: for seeds .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 832. For meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + - 833. For bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ + - 834. For paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - *+ - _ - + + + - 835. Cleaning: with fingers . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? ? + - 836. With porcupine tail . . . . . . . . . . . . + 837. With sage-bark brush . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ 842. With grass-roots brush . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + _ + + 841. Scraping with stick . . . . . . . . . . . . - +?_ 835a.Did not clean metate . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + 843.*Oval-shaped muller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + *844. Back-and-forth motion .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 845. Rotary motion ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Mush Stirrer .4 847. Looped stick (patu) .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .|+ + + + + + + + - + + + +- 848. Paddle (ogo) . . . . . . + + + + - + + Spoons, Dippers, Etc. 852. Mt.-sheep-horn dipper or spoon .+ + -4 855. Basket dipper or spoon with handle (tsoko or tsiku) . + + + + - + + + + + + - 856. Basket dipper or spoon without handle . . . . + + + + + + + 858. Jackrabbit-scapula spoon . . . . . . . . - +? _ _? ? ?? _+ + + + + + 859. Wildcat-scapula spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 860. Wooden spatula for eating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + + + 863. Twined willow cup (tsida) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 863a.Coiled willow cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + + _ - *864. Stone bowl. .. ........... . . . . . . + *866. Pottery bowl.. ............ . _ . . . 867. Water container: animal-stomach bag . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ _ + + . + + + + I 868. Biconical basket (osa; cf. 1096) . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ Knives (wihi) 870. Unhafted flint blade . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + * 871. Wrapped in buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + - + + +t 872. Flint blade hafted in wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - __ ? + + + + 872a.Sinew wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + + 873. Horn handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - 874. Bone knife ........... _ +?? __? _+ + - 875. Broken cobble for CUtting . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + Scrapers (ptwananu) *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 876. Stone, broken cobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|- - - + + + ++ 877. Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + _ + _ 878. Bone.+ + ++ + + + + + + +++ + 879. Rib, various .... ..............- - - + + + - + _ +++ + 880. Horse rib .................. + + + + + + - - _+ + ++_ 881. Shin, deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |+ + + - - + + + + + +| 882. Femur, end notched. + _ _ 883a.Scapula . . . . . . . . . + + - - - Awls (witu) 884. Horn.. + + - + + + + + + + +-4+ 885. Artiodactyl bone: humerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + +?_ + I I -A I i f CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUT 383 c I ITs Kl K2 Kiu To To Pa| Wa AIt Sa Tg Wd KiIAE *885a.Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *886. Ulna... ................ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + 887. Scapula .............. . . +? . . . . _ 888. Coyote bone: ulna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -_+ ? ? ?? + 888a.Tibia. . . + + + 889. Rabbit bone: tibia .... ....... .. . . . . . - + 889a.Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 890. Cactus spine (navu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 892. Awl case: bark bundle .- + + +? ? ? ?+ - _ - 893. Buckskin .-......... ..... ..... - + + + - + + + + + + + + + Drill 94. Shaft with stone point ......... . . . . .. + + -+ + + + + + + 894a.Point attached in slot with glue ...... . + + + + 895. Shaft with bone point ... . . . . . ............ _+ - - - + + - _ - 895a.Unhafted bone point ........ . . + + + + - _ 86. Shaft with horn point .... . . . . ........... _+ + + - - + + - - 97. Stone knife for drill .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Various 9. Broken cobble for chopping .+ + + + + - + + + + + + + + . Natural cobble for hbanmer ....... a...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + FLINT FIAKING .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . Flint (tupic') flaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + * + + + + + + + + + 904. Sharp point .. .... . . . .+ + + + * + - + + + + + + + 905. Notched end ....... . . . . + 906. Of antler tip ......... . + + + + . + + + + + - + + + 907. Of mt.-sheep horn .... _ . - + + - . Flint warmed ......-.... . _ + + .? 10. Buckskin hand pad . . + - + + * + + + + + + + + + 11. Pressure flaking . . + + + + * + + + + + + + + + SKIN DRESSING 12. Skin soaked first .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13. Hair removed: inclined rubbing post .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15. Tanning: with brain .... o . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 916. With spinal cord .... . . + + + + + + + + + + + 920. Tanning agent cooked .. o . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 921. Tanning agent kept: in piece of intestine . . ???????+ - + + + + 921a.In pericardial sack . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? Graining: soak and stretch .. ... & . . . .. lb.a.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 923. Rubbing stone used . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 4.Smoking .-..... . .. . + + + + + - _ - + + + + + 925. 1 side only .-. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + + + + 926. Both sides . . _ _ . _ + + ++_ 927. Hide tiedf unnel shape _ + + + + + - _ - + + - + + 928, Hide on tripod over fire . . . . . . . .+ - - + + - 929. Juniper-bark smoke- + + - + + - - + + + - _ _ 930. Wood-chip smoke. + + + + - - + + + + + + .Done by men .+ + + + + + + + + + - .Done by women. . ........ + + + + + + + - + + + + + + I I I 384 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I Ts Kl K2 Ku To To PalWa At Sa Tg Wa iiJ WEAPONS Bow (add) 933. Self bow (soroado) . . . . . . . . . . 934. Length (ft.): 3 . . . . . . . . . 934a.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935. Middle of bow sinew wrapped . . . 936. Of willow . . . . . . . . . . . . 936a.Of juniper . . . . . . . . .. 937. Sinew-back bow (nadamwaado or atsa add) 938. Length (ft.): 3. 938a.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939. Width (in.): 1 or 2 . .. . . 939a.More than 2 . . . . . . . . *940. Double curve . . . . . . . . . . 942. Of juniper . . . . . . . . . . . 943. Of serviceberry . . . . . . . . . 944. Sinew in 1 layer 944a.2 layers . . . . . . . . . . 944b.3 layers . . . . . . . . . . 945. Glue: of horn . . . . . . . . . . 946. Of fish . . . . . . . . . . 946a.Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . *948. 947. From greasewood . . . . . . 948. Horn bow. 949. Sheep horn . . . . . . . . . . . 950. 2 horns end to end . . . . . . . 951. Sinew backed . . . . . . . . . . 952. Horn-backed wood bow . . . . . . . . . 953. Bowstring: sinew . . . . . . . . . . . 954. Vegetable fiber . . . . . . . . . 955. No. of ply: 2 . . . . . . . . . . 955a.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956. Position of bow: approx. horizontal 957. Slanting . . . . . . . . . . . . 958. Approx. vertical . . . . . . . . *959. Wristguard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960.*Bow designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960a.Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrows 961. Arrow without foreshaft . . . . . . . 961a.Length (ft.): 2 . . . . . . . . . 962. 2 . . . . . 962a.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963. Hardwood . . . . . . . . . . . . 964. Sharpened point. *965. Crossed sticks near tip (for birds *967. 966. Stone head . 967. Arrow with foreshaft . 967a.Rosewood shaft *968. Cane shaft *969. Hardwood shaft a 970. *Hardwood foreshaft . . . . . . 970a.Greasewood. *971. Plain wooden point *972. Wrapped for ducks. *973. 4 cross sticks (for birds) . . . 975. Stone point .. 976. Bone point 977. Horn point * * + + _ + * + + + + + + + + + _ + + _ + + + ++ _ _ + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 4. I f 0 0 : : 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 0 " - 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 'O' 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 : 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 : 'O' 'O' 0 0 0 : 'O' 'O' a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : , 0 0 0 : , 0 0 0 : *0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 & 9 0 0 * 0 0 0 & . 0 0 . : : 00 0 0 0 : 1? : : 0 0 0 0 0 : : 0 0 0 : 0 : 0 : . * a 0 0 0 0 : . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE L F I Ts Kl K2 Ku To Th Pal WalAt Sa Tg Wd KM AE 79. Ornamentation: 3 spiral grooves 980. Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . 981. Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feathering: 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 983. Or 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 984. Or 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 985. Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . 986. Gum or pitch adhesive . i 987. Sinew tied . . . . . . . . . 18. Arrow poison . . . . . . . . . . . 988a.Meat, decayed . . . . . . . . 989. Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . 990. Gall . . . . . . . 991. Decayed blood from heart 992. Rattlesnake poison ..... 993. Red ants . . . . . . . . . . 994. Special plant: tavisigup 95. Arrow release, primary . . . . . . 86. Arrow release, special . . . . . . Arrow Straightener 97. Flat 1-piece stone slab, unshaped . . 7a.Teeth used . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98. Oval stone slab, grooved . . . . . . 998a.1 transverse groove . . . . . . 999. 2 or more transverse grooves 999a.1 lengthwise groove . . . . . . 1000. For cane shafts only. p1. 2-piece stone (pa'avi) . . 1002. 1 groove in each . . . . . . . 1003. For hardwood only-. . . . . . . 04. Perforated horn . . . . . . . . . . . 1005. Mt.-sheep horn . . . . . . . . 1006. Antelope horn . . . 1006a.Several holes . . . . . . . . . 1008. 2 graduated holes . . . . . . . 1009. 3 graduated holes . . . . . . . O9a.Perforated stone, oblong, 1 hole 1009b.2 holes . . . . . . . . . . . Quiver (hugutna) 110. Whole skin, head down . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011. Skin obtained whole by "peeling" off 1012. Skin cut down stomach, resewed . . . . 1013. Foxskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014. Wildcatskin. 1015. Coyote, badger, etc., skin . . 1016. Fawnskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017. Young antelopeskin . . . . . . . . . . 17a.Piece of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Quiver holds also: bow . . . . . . . . . . . 1019. Fire outfit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eo. Arrow pulled over shoulder . . . . . . a B1. Arrow pulled under arm . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Weapons l2la.Atlatl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p2. Thrusting spear 023. Shield (topu) . . . . . . . . . . , 385 *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + +- +- _ + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + - + + - + + _ + + + ++ _ _ + + _ + + + + + + - + +- + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ ++ + + * + + + + _ _ + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I _ + _ + + _- _ + + _- _ - + - I I I --t-- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 a : : . 0 : . 9 0 0 * 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 : : 00 0 * 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 & 0 : : 90 e 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 a 0 a 0 : 0 0 0 0 :,?, 0 0 0 0 : . 0 & 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _Ts Kl K2 Ku To T6 Pa Wa!At Sa Tg Wd Ki G _ s _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1024. Rawhide .................. 1025. Wooden rim ................ 1026. Feathers attached . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027. Armor ................... 1028. Club, stone headed (tokuiuanu) . 1028a.Stone in buckskin on end of thong . . . . . 1029. Plain rabbit club only. . . . . . . . . 1031. Sling (takui?wu?wug6) as toy (cf. 1868a) . 1031a.For war and hunt also . BASKETRY 1032. Baskets made by women only . . . . . . . 1032a. Fish traps made by men Materials *1033. Willow for coil foundation (t6tsic'kwa). 1034. Willow for twine foundation (totwic'kwina) *1035. Coil and twine weft of willow sapwood 1035a.Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039. Inner willow bark brown . . . . . . . . 1039a.Fern roots for dark brown. *1040. Pussywillow black . . . . . . . . . . . 1040a.Material buried to dye . . . . . . . . 1041. Red feather quills 1042. Yellow feather quills . . . . . . . . . 1043. Strands scraped through hole in can . . 1044. Applied decoration: black paint . . . . 1045. Red paint . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046. Yellow paint . . . . . . . . . . Basket Weaving 1048b.Wicker . 1049. Coiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1051. 1 rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052. 2 rods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053. 3 rods . . a *1054. 2 large, 1 small rod. 1055. 4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056. Coiling (looking into basket) clockwise 1057. Counterclockwise 1057a.Split stitch . . . . . . . . . . *1058. Awl worked from outside of basket . 1059. Twined weaves: plain 2-strand . . . . . 1060. Diagonal twine . . . . . . . . . 1061. 3-strand . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062. Openwork . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063. Closework . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064.*Bead decoration, aboriginal . . . . . . 1064a.Modern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066. Feathers woven in . . . . . . . . . . . Basket Forms 1067. Twined seed beater (tsiku) 1068. Oval . . . . . . . . . 1070. Parallel warp . . . . . 1070a.Willow rim . . . . . . + + + *+ .* * + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + *+ .+ + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + * * + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * _ + + _ + + + + + 1+ + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * + + *+ + + + + + .+ + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + -+ + - + - + - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 386 + _ + + 4 + _ + .di + + - +t + + + + I 0 0 0 0 & 0 0 0 9 0 : : 00 0 * e 0 0 : : 0 6 . * 0 0 0 0 0 0 : so 00 0 0 0 0 a : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 . * 0 0 0 0 0 : GO 00 : 00 *0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 * * 0 * 0 0 0 9 0 * & e . 0 0 0 0 0 # : : : *0 : * : 0 * 0 a * 0 0 : . : 00 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 1071. Twined winnowing basket (tiwahan) 1072. Fan shaped, triangular . . . 1074. Parallel warps 1075. Open twined (yata) . . 1076. Close twined (tsamo or toma) 1077. Used also for parching . . . 1079a.Angular tray (uano) 1080. Twined . . . 1082. Conical carrying basket (kurus) 1084. Open twine 1085. Close twine . . . . . . . 1088. Buckskin-covered bottom 1089. Pointed bottom 1090. Rod-and-bundle rim. lO91.*Fishing trap (aTjakui) . 1091a.Bipointed, opening on side 1092. Plain twine ......... 1092a.Men made . ........ - L093. Twined hat (kotonanui) .. . 1094. Hemispherical . . 1095. Black design applied .... 1096. Twined water jug (osa; cf. 868) 1096a.Coiled . . . . . . . . . . 0 1099. Rounded bottom . *1100. Pointed bottom . 1101. Tapering spout ....... 1102. Pitch on outside ..... 1103. Pitch on inside . 1104. Pitch on bottom. 1105. Paint: red . . . . . . . . 1108. Handle: horsehair . . 1108a.Willow . . . . . . . . 1110, Buckskin 1111. Vegetable string 1112. Stopper: juniper bark . 1113. Grass, etc. . *114.*Food bowl (tsida). 1115. Coiled .... .. .. 1116. Twined ..... .... 1117. Pitch coated . 118. Basket for boiling (opo) 1118a.Coiled . . . . . . . . . . 1118b.Twined . 119.*Ladle (tunohanu) . 1120. Twined ........... 1121. Coiled ... . .. . 1122. With handle . 3.29. Lids modern ........... 9a,Lids aboriginal . . . . . . 30a.Mending of basketry ....... 131. Bags (maro'o) . . . . . . . . . . 1131a.Of hides .. ..... 1132. Of twined sage bark .. 1133. Of twined tule ....... 134. Mat (sono) . . . . . . . 1134a.For door .. 1135. Of twined sage bark. 1136. Of twined tule . I1 Ts Kl K2 Kl T TsK1 E [ To To Pa XWa At Sa Tg WdKiE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I 387 I :N = * 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 . 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 : O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 388 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [ Ts Kl K2 Ku To Tt5 Pal WalAt Sa Tg Wd WEAVING (other than basketry) _ Skin Blankets 1137. Animal furs used (twisted strips) . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1138. Rabbit (kamowi) fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 1139. Rat fur ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ +++ + + + + + 1140. Wildcat fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +? 1140a.Muskrat fur ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ - + + v ,1141. Squirrel fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + - - - -| 1141a.Mole fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1142. Coyote fur ..... . . . . . . . ..... + 1142a.Meadow-mouse fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ - __ 1143. Loom (wikato): 2 parallel bars . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + *1144. 2 horizontal, equidistant from ground + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1144a.2 horizontal, 1 above the other . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ _ _ 1145. 2 vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1147. Warp: 2-ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + x 1148. Single strip . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . + 1149. Plain stick for twisting . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1151. Twisting on thigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - -4 1152. Weft: of string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + -_ 1153. Of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + 1154. Twined weave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 1155. Sex of maker: male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - +4 1155a.Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++ Feather Blankets 1156. Bird skins used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ?+ . 1157. Mud-hen skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ?+ 1159. Skins sewn together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + +_+ 1160. Skins woven, like with fur blankets (nos. 1137- 1155) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + + 1162. No. of ply warp: 1 .-...... .. . .. . - + +? 1162a.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1163. Vegetable-Fiber Blankets.- - + - - - + + + - (See also 1134-1136) 1164.*Material: juniper bark .-...... . - +?? + + *1165. Sage bark ..... . . . . . ....... . _ _ + _ _ _ + _+ + - 1168a.Tule matting ..... . . . . . . .... . + _ _+ - _ + + + + + 1169. Weaving: twined .. . . . . . . . . . . . . |- - . + - - - - + + + + +1 1171. Nets. ...........+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1173a.Nets of dlogbane or Apocynum (wihavi) fiber . + + + + + + + + + + + + + * 1174. Shuttle: string lengthwise on stick .. ..... . + + + + + . + + + + 1174a.Stick carved (like Hupa net needle) + + + + + + + . + + + + 1176. String ball on stick . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1178. Knots: bowline at edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + | + + * *1179. Weaver's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1180. Overhand . ......... . . + - _ + - _ + . 1180a.Square .....- . + - . . .- | * - . * * | . 1180b.Mesh gauge: wood .-................ __+ + + _ + - _ . 1180c.iFingers .- . . . a . . . . . . . . - + _ _ + - + + + * + * + 1180d.Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . 1180e.End of shuttle ...+ + _ . _ . - A I I I II i. I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 389 iw- - 10. - . - :1 ~Ts K1 K2 Ku To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wad Kij CORDAGE (twisted) 181. Material: milkweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -+ - 1182. Net (wana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1183. Dogbane or Apocynum (wihavi) . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1184. Sinew ....... ......... . . . . + 1184a.Artemisia (sagebrush) . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + - + + + + *1185. Buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1185a.Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 186. String: 2 ply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1187.3ply .-.-............... . . + -_ - +? 1188. Clockwise twist.- + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1189. Counterclockwise twist . . . . . . . . . . . + - +? 190. No. of ply rope: 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + + + + 1190a.3 .-................... . - + - + + - + - _ _ 191. Braided rope of 3 strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + + + 192. Cordage maker: male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1192a.Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 193.Rope of withes . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 94. String rolled on thigh .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + t1195. POTTERY . . . . . . . . . . BURDENS 228. Pack strap, skin, used by both sexes . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 29. Pack strap, fiber, used by both sexes . . . . . .+ + + + - + _ + + + + + + 1230. Twisted rope: 2-ply . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + + + + 1230a. 3-ply ........... .. _ _ + + + + 1231. Braided, 3-strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + 32. Pack strap across forehead . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1233. On top of basketry hat (kdtonaqu) . . . . + - +? 1234. On top of bark head pad . . . . . . . . . . + 35. Pack strap across shoulder, chest . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1236. Hand held under strap . . . . . . . . . . . + ? + + + - + + + + + + + + 37. Carrying nets (hopinokwa wana) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + 1238. Piece of rabbit net . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + _ + + + + + + 1239. Hammockshaped, on back . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + 40. Bag (maro nokwa): deerskin . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1240a.Sagebrush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + 1241. Both sexes use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + .Conical basket (kurus) . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + CRADLES (tsa kihopo) 5. Simple temporary basketry cradle . . . . . . . . . + + * + + - + + + + + + + _ 46. Elaborate permanent basketry cradle ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1247.Ovaloutline ............... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1248. Rectangular outline . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1249. Rod rim . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1250. Twined horizontal rods;. . - + - + + _ -_ 1251. Twined vertical rods . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1252. Horizontal reinforcing rod . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1253. Vertical reinforcing rod . . . . + + + _ + - _ 1255. All buckskin covered . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 57. Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1258. Twined basketry . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1259. Pendants attached . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hood design indicates ohild's sex . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *- + + 1261. Boy: diagonal lines, parallel . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + + I I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1262. Girl: zigzag line ....... 1263. Girl: diamond chain . . . . . . 1264. Lashing for securing infant. 1265. Laced buckskin ... . . 1266. Blanket: twined sage-bark ...... 1267. Rabbitskin .......... 1268. Ground-hog skin ........ 1269. Carrying: cradle strap across breast 1270. Strap across forehead. MJTILATIONS 1271. Ear lobe bored . . . . . . . . . . . 1272. 1 hole ............ 1274a.With porcupine quill ..... 1275. With bone awl ......... 1276. With wooden awl (tavisigup) 1277. When child . . . . . . . . 1278. When youth ......... 1279. All males . . . . . . . . . 1280. Most males ......... 1281. Some males ......... 1282. All females ......... 1284. Some females ........ 1285. Men's ear ornament . . . . . . . 1285a.Anything . . . . . . . . . . 1286. Bead on string 1287. Glass beads ......... 1288. Shell pendant ........ 1289. Stone pendant ........ 1290. Wooden stick ........ 1291. Bone tube .......... 1292. Bone rings ......... 1294. Flint ............ 1295. Women's ear ornament . . . . . . . 1296. Bone tube ........... 1297. Shell pendant ........ 1299. Bone rings ......... 1300. Bead on string ....... 1301. Nasal septum bored ........ 1302. Males ............ 1303. Females ........... 1304. Men's bone nose pin. 1305. Women's bone nose pin . . . . . 1306. Tattoo (navawigi) . . . . . . . . 1306a.Done with: rabbit bone 1307. Cactus needle. 1307a.Porcupine quill . . . 1308. Pigment: wood charcoal 1310. Gray colored 1311. Done when: child ...... 1312. Youth or maiden . 1313. Any time ....... 1314. Done on: face . . . . . . . . 1315. Arms ......... 1316. Legs ......... 1317. Body ......... 1319. Head-shape correction. 1320. Done with hands at birth 1321. Nose correction at birth l I - -- -- - - - - - I T . up - -q Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa WalAt Sa Tg Wd Ki4 + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + * + + + + + + + + *+ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 390 + * 4 + + + + * * -k + + + 4. + + + 4. + 4. + + + +1 + 4. + + + 4 4 a . I I 4 I k i 1? 41 t k II t 0 0 I p I I 0 I I 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I * I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 * I . I 0 1 . 0 . 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 a 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 391 I Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pal Wal At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE DRESS AND ADORNIMENT 1322. Necklaces (torakiapo) . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1323. Shell beads (tsomi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1324. Shell disk. + + + + + + + + 1325. Olivella (tupo or bot) .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1326. Dentalium (pahoka) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1326a.Haliotis (puidowa) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 327. Glass beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 327a.Horn pendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1328. Animal claws .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + 1329. Bear .... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . - + + + + + + + + + + 1330. Wildcat .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 1331. Animal teeth . _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ _ - _ + 1332. Dewclaws (takawono or tomits) . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - + _ + _ * 333. Charred pine seeds .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?...?. . . . . . *+__ *+ 334. Bone tubes . + + ++ _ _ _ + ++ + + + + 1335. Of bird bone .'..'. .. ................... + + + + + + + + 1336. Of mammal bone .. . . . . .. + + + + - + + + _ + + 336a.Cane tubes . . . .. + + + _ _ 336b.Carved horn pendant, fish shaped.. 1337. Belts .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1338. Belts of: buckskin . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1338a.Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1339. Animal fur .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *1339a.Mouse .......... . . . . ....... . . . . _ _ + ______+ 1340. Beads ......... . ........... __ _ __ . . . . ._ 1341. Hoofs . . . o o . . . ............ __ _ +_ _ _ _ _ __ _ 1342. Bones . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1342a.Q2uills ................... ........... + _+ | ~~~~~~Paintllll 343. Dry pigment applied . o o o. .... . .... .... . ..... . - + ____+ + + + + + + + 1344. Applied over greased skin . . .... .. .. .......... _ + _ - _ + + + + + + + + 1345. Applied over saliva on skin .................... _ . . . . . . - + 36. Pigment mixed witho: marrow . .......................... . +- + + + + +_ + + + + + + 1347. Water . . . . o . ... . . . . . . . . . . . + +_ _ __ _ _ + +_ B48., Pigment applied to: face . . . .... ....... o .. ....... . + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + 1349. As rouge . . . o ...... ... . .... . ....... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1350. Body ....... . ... ... ................ + + + +__ + + + + + +_ + 1351. Hair ................... + + _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + B52. Pigment applied with: fing'ers ........................ + + + + + + + _+ + + + + + 1353. Stick .................._ _ + + + + + + + + 55. Pigment applied0af0te0r'ba'd'dr0ea'm' ................. _ + _+ _+ + + + + + + + +. B56. Pigment applied to prevent skin darkening in sum- mer. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... + + _____+ + + + + + + B57. Pigment: black mineral . ......... .... .......... + ______+ _+ __+ + 1358. Charcoal . . . o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + _+ + + _+ + + + + -+ + 1359. Soot (atuctaigan) . . . + + + + + + + + + + +___ *1360o 'White mineral (ivi) . . . ................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1361. Red mineral (pa'wina) . . . . ........... ........ . + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ *+ *1362. Blue mineral.,.............................. + _ _ + _ + + _ _ *+ 1363. Yellow milneral (oaropi) . . . . . . . . + -+ + + + + _+ + + + + + 1363a.Yellow vegetable (oha) o o o..................... . + + __+ + __+ + + + + 1364. Green mineral (puitc6taigan) . . ................... . + + - _g__- *_ +____ 1365. Speculorite (yadupi) (galena?) o................... _ + + *+ *+ + + + + + _ _ *+ I l- ;I 392 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Ts Kl K2 Ki To Td PaI Wa At Sa Tg Wd i - I 3 Hair Dressing 1366. Hairbrush: porcupine tail. .+ + + - + + _ _ + + + + + 1367. Grass bundle ... +? ? ?? - 1368. Rye-grass-root bundle (wai'ava)._ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1369. Rabbit-brush bundle ... . . . . .. ... .. _+ + _ 1370. Men's hair: length to neck ... . .+.. . . . . . + + - _ - +? ? ? ?_ 1371. Length past shoulders . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1372. Hangs loose ................ . + + + + ?+ - 1373. Coiled on head.??? + - 1374. Tied up on head + + ? ? ? ?+ - 1375. Bangs.+ - + - - - - - - - 1376. Front lock sticks up + + . _ - + *1377. Middle hair part.+ ++ + + + + + + + + + + *1378. Braid over each shoulder. .........+ + + + + + + + + + + + +1 1379. Braid is fur wrapped + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1379a.Sea-otter (pasugu) fur used . + + + + + + - + + + + + 1381. W-omen's hair: length past shoulder . . ++ + + + + + + + + + + *+ 1382. Hangs loose.+ 4- + + + + + + 1383. Tucked under basket hat .+ - _ + + + - + - 1384. Tied back of neck .+ + 1385. middle hair part.............. ++ + + ++ + + + + 1386. Braid over each shoulder.+ + + + + + + + _+ + + + 1387. l braid (behind) .+ + + + + + + *+ + + + + + 1388. Bangs. + + - + - + + - 1389. Tied on top of head .+ 1390. Hair adornment and ointment: white clay . . + _ _ _ _ + - + - 1390a.Bone tubes. . . . . . . . . .. . + + + + - + + 1391. Red paint + + -+ _ ___ + - + 1392. Red paint in part . . _ _ _ _ + _ + + + - + 1393. Marrow. + + - + + . - + + + - + 1394. Mud against lice. + + _ _ _ - + + + 1395. Braids fur wrapped .+ - + + + +++ + + + 1396. Washing: with plain water.+ - + + + + + + + + + + + 1397. With white clay . . . . . . . . .+ - - 1398. Cutting head hair': with stone .... . ......+ + + + + + + + + + + 1400. Depilation: of beard . .+ _ + + + + + + + + + 1401. Of eyebrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402. Of pubic hair +. . . . .+ . . . ___ 1403. With stone flake .-... ...- ...+ ---+ -+ 1404. With fingernails .............. + - - + + _ _ - + + + + 1405a.Bone cup or tube for hair oil .. . - + + . + - + + + + + 1405b.Pericardium for grease. .............. + + -- +? ?? Headgear 1406. Woman's basketry hat .+ + - *" + ,+ + - + - - - - 1408a.Men's bark hat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409. Men's fur cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ + + _ + + + + + 1410. Tanned buckskin .4.-.... . + - _ _ - + + + + + + 1411.Fawnskin .-.... . + ? ? ?+ + + + + 1412. Antelopeskin. + + + + + + 1413. Mt. sheep lambskin ..... . . . ....... + + + + 1415. Muskratskin ........ ... .... ... _ + - + _ + + - + + + + *1416. Beaverskin .-....... ... ... ... + _ + - + _ + + + +X 1416a.Badgerskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1417.Wildcatskin ............... . . + + + ++++ 1418.Coyoteskin .- _ + ?+ ++-+ 1420. With quail tufts .-..+ + + + -- 1421. With other feathers ..... . . .. . . . . + + + + + + + + 1422. With horns . .... . .... .. .. . . .-. + - - 1423. Hair net. ....................+ ----+ -+ I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 393 Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 1425. Fur eyeshade, held by string. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1425a.Badger fur only . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1426. Band around head . ............... . + + + +- + + + + + + + + 1427. Tanned buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1428. Cottontail fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + 1429. Other fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ + + - + + - + + + + + Robes and Capes 1432. Woven (twined) vegetable fiber .... . . . . . . - + + - + + | + 1433. Woven (twined) fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 4. Sewed hides, fur left on .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1435. Deer hide ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1436. Wildcat hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . + + - + + + + + + + + + 1437. Badger hide ...... . .. . . . .. . . . _+ + + + + _ + + + + + + 1438. Ground-hog hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + + + + + 1439. Coyote hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + _ + + + + + + 1440. Mt. -sheep hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + A41. Gloves or mittens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - *_ ? ? |- | ? ? ? + L443.Feather robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - - - - - - + _ Shirts and Dresses 44. Women usually wear nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ ++ ++ + + + 445.Women'slonggown ................ + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1445a.Of deerskins: 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1445b.3. . + + + + 1446. Of antelopeskins: 2. . + + + - + - 1446a.3 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - + + - + 1447. Of mt.-sheep skins: 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + - + + + - + + 1447a.3 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ _ + 1448. Knee length ......... .. .+ .-. . . + + + + + + - 1449. Shin length ...... ........ . . . + + _+ _+ + + + + + + + + 1450. Skins front and back . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1451. Inset on sides ..... ....... . . . . + + - ____ ?? + + + + 1452. Poncho type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + 1453. Sleeves: elbow length ... ...... . . . _ + ????? + - _ + + 1454. Fringed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - ____ ? + + + + + 1455. Flaps over upper arms ..... . + _ _ + + + + + + + + + - 1456. Sleeveless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + - _ 1457. Decoration: paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + 1458. Tubular-bone beads .. ...... . . + - - + + + + + - + + + 1459. Glass beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + 1459a.Olivella (tupo) shells . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + + + 1460. Haliotis-shell (puidwa) pendants . + + + + + + + + + + + + L461. Men wear nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - - + - + 462. Men's shirt .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + - + + + + + + 1462a.Of deerskins: 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - - + + + + - _ _ 1462b.2 ............ + + 1463. Of mt.-sheep skins: . .+ + + + _ _ + + + + - _ _ 16a2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+++________+++ i1463. Of mt.lps i s: . . . . . ............ |- . . . +||++ .| 1463a.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?????????+ + + 1464. Of antelopeskins: 1......... .. . .. . + -+ + +--- 1464a.2 ........ ...........+ + - +? ? ? + + + 1465. Skins front and back . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + 1466. 1 skin, poncho style . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + _ + - + + + - + + 1467. Shirt tied at neck . . .+ + - + + - + - + + + - + + 1468. Opening down front, thong for lacing up . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - - 1469. Sleeves: elbow length ._ + . . . . . . . + - _ + + 1471. Fringed . +. . . . . . - + _ _ + + 1471a.Flaps over upper arm, fringed ..... + - _ + + _ + _ + _ + + J _ 1472. Sleeveless ..... .... .. .o o + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 394 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I Ts Kl K2 Ku To To PalWajAt Sa Tg Wd K4Af 1473. Decoration: paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - - - - + + + + + +| 1474. Bone-bead pendants . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ - + + - + _+1 Skirts 1475. 1 skin around waist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - ++ 1476. For women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + - + + 1477. Of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - + + 1478. Of mt.-sheep skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - ++ 1479. Of mt.-lion skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + -+ + * 1480. Fringed . ..O.... ... . .. _ _ _ _ + _ + ++ + + 1481. 2 skins, sewed sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *1482. For women .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . +_ + +? 1483. Knee length .... . . . . __ . _+? 1484. Fringed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +_ + +? 1485. Of deerskin .... . . . . . . . . . . . . +_ + +? 1486. Of mt.-sheep skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1487. Of antelopeskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1488. Small front apron .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + 1489. For women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1490. For men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1491. Of skin .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + 1492. Fringed .... . . . . . . . ......... + + + - 1493. Of shredded bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 1494. Braids on cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495. Worn with back apron . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + +? 1496. Worn under dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1497. Large back apron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503. Vegetable-fiber skirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ __ 1504. For women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 1505. Of shredded bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ 1506. Twined bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1507. Grass . . . . + + + + + - __ 1508. Breechclout (G-string type) . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + - + 1509. For men ............ ........... + + - + + + + + + + + - + + 1510. For women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1511. Of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + + + -+ + 1512. Fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + - + + 1513. Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? 1514. Woven vegetable fiber . . . + + + + + _ _ 1515. Leggings + + + + + + + + + + + 1516. Leggings: for men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + 1517. For women.+ - + + _ + + - _ - + -+ 1518. Of skin, sewed. 'O OO 'O0 + + + + + + + --+ + 1519.Fur. _- + + + + + + __+ ++ 1520. Tule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ _ + + 1521. Sage, twined . -. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1522. Juniper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + - 1523. Length: hip to ankle . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + -+ + + + 1524. Hip to knee . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? 1525. Knee to ankle .+ + + + - + + _ _+-- Footga *1526. Habitually barefoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1527. Skin moccasin, 2-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 1528.Soft upper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 1529. Hard sole.+ + + + + + + + + 1530. Badgerskin sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + 1531. Sole flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - _ _ - + + + + + + - + l "II I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 395 f. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ts K i K2 Kiu To To Pa W a At Sa Tg W d K i AE 1532. Sole molded to foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? - - - 1533. Heel seam .................. + + - - - - + + + + + +_ + 1534. Ankle flaps added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + + 1535. Ankle height ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + __+ + ++ + + + *1538. Tongue added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + 1538a.Olivella-shell beading . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ - + + 1539. Skin moccasin, 1-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + - + + + *+ + 1540. Seam on outer side of foot . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + - + + + + + + 1542. Seam up heel .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- + + + + + - + + + + + + 1543. Seam up toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - _ - + 1545. Uppers added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + - + + + + + + 1546. Ankle height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + - + + + + + + 1547. Calf height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - + + ? + - 1549. Hard sole added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + + + + + + 1550. Tongue added .-.-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + - + + + - - + 1551. Moccasin of: deerskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1552. Badgerskin .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- + - + + + + + - + + 1553. Ground-hog skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .+ + - - + 1554.*Fur left on skin moccasin for winter use . - + + + + + + + + + + - + 1554a.Regularly for babies' use . . . . . . . . . . - + - - + _- - 1555. Woven-bark moccasin .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + - + + + - + + 1556. Moccasin lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *++ + 1557. Shredded bark + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1558. Deer hair .... . . . . . . . ........... ._+ - - + 1559. Rabbit hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1560. Badger hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ + 1561. Woven-bark overshoe .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . ____*_++ - + + *++ - 562. Sandal .-.... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . - +_ - + ++ + + _ 1563. Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - 1564. Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + . + *1564a.Tule and rushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - +? L565. Snowshoe . . + + + - + + + + + + *+ + + 1566. Circular shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - 1567. Oval shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . + 1568. Tennis-racket shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + - - - 1569. Thongs of: leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1570. Sinew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1571. Vegetable cord . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 1572. Withes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + + 1573. Sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + 1574. Lacing: across .+ +4 + + + + + + + + + 1575. Lengthwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + GAMES * 1577. Ball Race (wutakoi) . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 78. Race: race along course. + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1579. And return . + + + + + + _ + _ _ _ + + 1580. Goal: line on ground . + + + + _ _ _ + _ _ + + 1580a.Paired posts.. + - + + + + - _ * 81. Ball ..... . . . . . .... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1582. Stuffed skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + 1582a.Wrapped sagebrush . . - +???? ? +? 1583. Approximate diameter (in.): 3 . . . . . . . .+ + + + + - + + - - + - 1583a.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - + ?? + 1583b.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - + + - - I 1583c. 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - + ? ? _ . Propulsion with foot .... . . . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + - + + + ++ + 1587. Bare foot .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - + + + ++ + 1587a.Moccasins optional .... . . . . . . ....+ + + - + - + - + + + ++ + I I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1589. To win, ball must reach goal ........ 1590. Runner must reach goal ........ 1591. No. players on side: any'no. agreed upon 1591a.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1591b.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592. No. of sides: 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593. Referee .................. 1593a.2 referees . 1594. Men players only .............. 1594a.Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594b.Roughness allowed . . . . . . . . . . . . *1595. Football (watsimwe) . . . 1595a. Field . . . . . . . . . . . 1595b. Goal . 1595c. At each end of field 1595d. Willow arch ..... 1595e. Paired posts ..... 159Sf. Ball: wrapped bark ..... 1595g. Stuffed skin ..... 1595h. Diameter (in.): 2 . . 1595i. 3....... 1595j. Position to start game: 1595k. In small hole 1595kk.Propulsion with feet .. 1595m. Roughness allowed ...... 1595n. Ball may be carried ..... 1595o. Referee in charge of bets . . 1595p. Betting ........... 1595q. No. of goals to win: 1 .. . 1595r. No. of players: 4 . . . . . . 1595s. 5 .......... 1595t. 6 .......... 1595u. Male players only ...... * * * * * s * * * * * s * * * * * * * * * * s * * * * * - * * * * * s * * * * * - * * * * * s * * * * * - in middle . * * * * * @ * * * * * * * * . . . * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * . . 1596. Shinny (natzi'tsaka) 1597. Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1598. Goal. 1599. At each end of field ....... 1600. Paired posts ........... 1603. Single post and ring ....... 1606. Line on ground (circle) 1607. Puck or ball ........ 1609. Stuffed skin, dumbbell shape .. 1610. Braided-skin cord ........ 1611. Braided-bark cord ........ 1612. Hide strip ............ 1613. Position to start game: in middle 1614. On ground ......... 1615. Thrown in air 1615a.On sticks . . . 1616. Propulsion with straight stick. 1617. Length (ft.): 5 or 6 . . . . . 1618. No. of goals to win: 1. 1618a.Any no. determined at start . 1621. Referee ................ *1622. Betting ................ 1623. Men players I Ts Ki K2 Kti To T6 Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 396 +7 +. 4 _ j. + + +d +: +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + _ + + + + + _ + _- + + + + + + _ + - + + + + _ + - + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + - - + + + + + + _____ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + - _ + _ _- + + + + + + + _ + + - + _ - + + - - _ + _- _ - + _ + _ + + + + + + _ _- + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + _ + + + + + + I I 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 9 0 . . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 1624. Women players ............... 1625. No. players on each side: any agreed upon 1625a.4 . 1625b.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1626. Hoop and Pole .... 1AP7- Rnnon (ri;no,- LvCj I . sv vp % .L1 /, . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1628. Of twigs or willows ............. 1629. Wrapped bark ................ 1630. Buckskin covered .............. 1630a.Dogbane or Apocynum (vwihavi) 1632. Diameter (in.): 3 or less . . . . . . . . . 1632a.3-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1632b.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633. Pole, plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634. Length (ft.): 6-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634a.8-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1635. Course specially prepared ............. 1636. Pile of horizontal willows as back stop 1638. At both ends ............. 1640. Play: sides cast simultaneously . . . . 1641. Sides cast successively . . . . . . . . . . . 1642. Pole through hoop wins game. 1642a.Counts 2 ............... 1643. Pole under hoop counts 1 .......... 1643a.Counts 2 1644. Pole over hoop counts 1 ........... 1644a. Counts 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645. Play for counters. 1645a.For poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646. Points to win agreed upon. 1*47 1646a.5 points win 1647. Winner by elimination . 1648. No. players: any agreed upon 1648a. 1 on each side . 1648b. 2 or 3 on each side 1649. Men players 1651. Referee held bets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '1652. Betting . 1653. Ring and Pin (nahatowatin.) 1654. 1 pin 1655. 1 string 1657. "Ring" of: pine cone . . . . . . . . 1658. Brush ball 1659a.Tule ball . . . . . . . . . . . 1661. Players: men 1662. Women. 1663. Children 1664. Old men 1664a.Betting. p.665. Playing in suimner taboo. 1665a.Loser received hit on hand or head *1666. Hand Game (naiakwi) ,1666a.Challenged had "bones" at start . 1667. "Bones": hollow bone . . . . . . . 1668. Bitapered, solid bone . 1668a.Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + - + + + + + _- -+ + + + + - + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- +- +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- +- +- + + +- +- +- +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I. + + _ + + + + .+ + I Ii q 398 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ts Kl K2 Ku TT Pa Wa At Sa Tg WdK i 1669. Wood.+ + + + + + - + + + + + *1670. With finger loops .+ + - + + 1671. String of beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1673. 4 bones (2 pairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + 1675. 1 of each pair wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1676. Unwrapped guessed for . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + - + + + + + *1677. Hiding: in bare hand .+ + + + + + + - + + + + + 1678. Guesses indicated by hand signal . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + *1680. 1679. By motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1680. Guess final only when vocalized ... . ..... . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1681. Side holding bones sings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1682. Counters: plain, straight twigs . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + *+ + 1683. 10 ..... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . + + ++ + ++ - +___+ 1683a.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + _ 1685. Divided at start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + *+ 1686. Called "cooked" (kwazup) and "raw" (sayu) . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1687. Men players ..... . . .. . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1688. Women players .... . .. . . . ...... .. . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 1689. Betting .. . + + + + + + - + + + + + 1690. Singing while playing. . .+ + + + + + + - + + + + + 1691. 4-Stick Guessing Game (wota'tzi) . . . | + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1692. Sticks of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1693. 4 sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . + - + + - + + + - - + + + 1694. 2 long or thin . . . . . . . . . . a . . + - + + _ + _ + - _ + + + 1695. 2 short or thick . . . . . . . . a . . . + - + + _ + _ + - _ + + + 1696. Same as hand-game sticks . . . . . . . . - - + + + - + - + + - - 1697. Sticks covered with: winnowing basket. . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1698. Basketry bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + 1699. Guessing for: long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ - + - 1700. Short, thin. . . . . . . . . _ + + 1700a.Either, as decided at start . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ + 1701. Thick. + _+ 1702. Unwrapped . . . . . - - . + + + - - 1703. Position guessed indicated as in hand game . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1704. Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1705. Plain twigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + *+ + 1706. 8 ... .. + _- + - + - - + + -+ + 1706a.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + 1707. In neutral pile to start . . . . . . . . . . . + ? 1708. Divided at start . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1709. Called "cooked" (kwasup) and "raw" (sayu). + - + + + + + - + + + + + 1710. Men players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + *+ + + + + + + + 1711. Women players . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . + _ + - + - + + + 1712. Any no. of players each side . . . . . ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1713. Singing while playing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1714. 4-Stick Dice (navo'koi) . . . . . . . + + - - - + + - + + + - 1715. Dice length (in.): 6 . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . + - _ + + - 1715a.8 .. . . . . . . . + . _ . 1715b.12. .. . . + _ 1716. Dice all red on 1 side .. . . . .. . ... . . . + - + - _ 1718. 2 marked in middle . . . . . . . . . . . - + - _ 1719. 2 plain . ....... . +? ? ? _ _ . _ _+ ___ 1720. 1 with cross in middle .. .. .. ..+ _ _ 1721. 1 with Varallel lines .i . . . . . . . . . + . .. . + - + _ 1722. Dice called: mother," "father" . . .. . . _ + - - 1724. Play: throwing on winnowing basket . . . . . . . . _ + - + + - 1724a.Each side2 dice to start . . . + . I I! CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 399 | Ts K1 K2 Ku To Td Pa Wa|At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 1724b.First to turn up a marked stick gets dice . . _ 1725. Striking on: rock .? . . . . . . . + - _ - 1725a.Hard earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . _ _ _ 1729. Counting: marks on ground . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + - _ _ 1729a.10 marks to win .-. . o o . _ . + .? 1730. Any no. agreed upon . . o o o . o o . .. - + + + - _ 1730a.Scoring: white up.- . - - -. o. . . _ . _ _ _ _ . _ + + _ _ _ _ 1731. Red up .:.: :.:: o o o o o o . . o o o . + + 1731a."2 marked" up together wins . . . . . . . . . .......................... + .____.___+___ 1732. Men players . o o o o o . . + _ _ _ - + . - _ _ + - _ _ 1733. Women players .-.. .. .... . o . _+ + - + + + _ _ 1734. Many Dice . + --+ + --+ + 1735. Dice of wood . .. . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + - - + * 1737a.Stick . . + - - + + _+ . 1738. 1 side redo. . . . . . . . - + _ _+ . 1739. Length (in.): 4 . . . . . . . + - - * + - - + |. 1739a.Number: 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + -- - . 1740. 10 .+ . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - ?+ 1740a.16 . . + ? ? _ _ 1741. Throwing on wvinnowing basket. . .. . . .+ - - + + - + . 1742. Scoring: all white up counts as number of sticks . - - + + _ 1743. All white up wins game ... . . . +?+? . _ _ _ _ _ 1744. 1 red up counts 1 .. o . o . o o . . o . o - + - _ _ _ . ? 1745. 2 reds up count 2 - o o o o o o o o o o o . . _ + - _ _ _ .? 1746. 3 reds up count 3 . . _ _ + _ _ _ ? . _ _ _ _ _ 1747. 7 reds up count 7 . o o o . . . _ - + ? 1748. All reds up count 8 .. o . o . . _ - + _ __ 1748a.All reds up count 0 . . . . . . . . _ _ + 1749. 1 white up counts 1. _ _ - + _ - + . ? 1750. 2 whites up count 2 . _ - _ + _ - + .? 1758. Counting: pebbles as counters . . . . . . . . . . + + . 1759. Marks on ground . o-.-. o o . . o . o . . + _ _ + + ? ? _ . 1760. Pebble pile= 5 marks ... o o o . . + _ _ +? 1761. Earth pile = 5 marks .-.. . . . _ _ _ + - - - 1762. No. to win: 24 .+ ? . . . . . . . . +_. 1762a.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + 1763.W Women players .. o . . . o o o o o . + - - + + - - + . 1765. 8-Stick Dice (wikokotasuriva) . . . + + + + + + + - + + - - + + 1766. Dice of split cane . . . o ... . + + + + + + + - + + _ + + 1767. Split hardwood.- . . o o o . . o . _ +? 1769. 1 side red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + _ _ + + 1771. No. of dice, 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + _ _ + + 1771a.Length of dice, 18 inches . o o o o . + + + + + + + - + + _ _ + + 1775. End bounced on ground .. o . . o o . . o o . + + + + + *+ + - + + _ _ + + 1777. Scorixg: all white up, 8 points. . o . o . o . o . + + + + + + + - + + - + 1778. 8 doubled if 2 or 4 players . . . . . . + + + + _ _ + _ + 1779. Each white up, 1 point ... o o o . . o o o + + + _ + _ + _ + + + 1780. Each red up, 1 point.- - . o . . o . o . _ _ _ + _ + 1785. 8 reds up, 8 points. .. . o . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + . 1786. Counting: counters moved between sticks in ground . + + + + + + + - + + + . 1787. Sticks arranged in arc .. o o o o o o o + + + + + + + - + + + . 1788. No. of spaces between sticks: 24 . . . . . + + + _ + + - + _ + 1788a.36 . . . . . . . + + ? + 1789. No. of moving counters: 4, 6, or 8 ..d-.. . + + + + + + + - + + _ + 1790. Go back when meet opponent. . .............. + + + + + + + - + + _ + . 1791. Men players- .. ...... . ... + + + + + + + - + + + 1792. Women players. . ............. + + + + + + + - + + _ _ + . 93. Betting.. ....... .+ + + + + + + - | + + - - + . . I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS *Archer2v ba.dkwotd) 1794.*Target. 1795. Arrow previously shot' *1795a.Arrow especially marked . . . . 1796. Arrow previously thrown . . 1797. Stick . . . . . . . . . . 1798. Brush bundle . . . . . . . . . . 1799. Willow shavings . . . . . . . . 1800. Approximate distance 100-300 feet 1801. Shooting of arrow . . . . . . . . . . 1802. Over tree at target . . . . . . 1803. Long arrow thrown . . . . . . . 1804. 1 or 2 shot by each player . . . 1804a.4 shot . . . . . . . . . . 1804b.Any number shot . . . . . 1805. Scoring: nearest to target, 1 point 1806. Touching target, 1 . . . . . . . 1806a.Touching target wins. 1807. No. of points to win: 1 . . . . . . . 1807a.4 . . 1807b.5 . . 1807c.Any no. agreed upon at start 1808. Men players . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809. Boy players . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810. Arrows thrown for distance . . . . . . 1810a.Betting: of arrows . . . . . . . . . . 1811. Ring and Dart . . . . . . . . . 1822. Quoits (natutavi) . . . . . . . . 1823. Target: stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1824. Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1825. Quoit: rock . . . . . . . . .. 1825a.Stick . . . . . . . . . . 1827. No. of throws each player: 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . 1827a.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1827b.3 . . . . . . . . . . . 1829. Scoring: to hit goal counts 1 1838. Juggling (matapoi) 1839. Stones juggled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841. Maximum no.: 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841a.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1842. Women players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843. Girl players .................. 1844. Juggle while walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1845. Foot Race (navidoS'kwa'kwa) 1846. Across country . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846a.Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1847. Wrestling (inakoi) . . . . . . . . 1847a.Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1848. Shot Putting (tupito'kwinai) . . . . . . 1849. Putting with rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850. Men players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JTs Kl K2 Ku To To PaialAt Sa Tg Wd KiTATi + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + * + + + - + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * & - 0 0 0 + * 0 * 0 0 0 + + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + - * + + - + + + - + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 400 I 41 41 41 41 49 49 I I ~4 4l A + +i + + 4. A I i . 0 0 0 . e 0 0 . 0 * 0 0 0 0 * * 0 . 0 0 0 * 0 0 . 0 0 9 & : 'O' 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -1*- 0 0 CULTURE EIEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE IJTs Ki K2 Kui To T65 PajlWa fAt Sa Tg Wd Ki]AE 1851.~~ Bo laes 1851. Boy players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851a. Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1852. Stilts (honomi).) 1853. Stilts used by boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1855. Jacks (nadakapi) 1856. Jacks (no.): about 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1856a.Any number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857. Stones for jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1858. Jacks used by: girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1858a.Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1858b.Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859. Tops (tuni).) 1860. Top: stick with pitch . . . . . . . 1861. Rounded rock . . . . . . . . 1862. Spinning: twirling with fingers 1863. Twirling with string . . . . 1864. Lashing with whip. 1865. Spinning on ice. 186B. Players: boys . . . . . . . . . . . 1867. Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . l1867b. Player tried to break opponent's top * * * * * * 0 * * * * * * 0 ?wi th own.. 1868. Sling (t6kwi'wuwui) .1868a.Sling as toy only (of. 1031) . . . . . . . . . . . 1869. Guessing for Clay Ball in Sand . 1870. Bull-roarer (wimo'to) . . . . . . . 1871. Whirrer: of wood . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1872. Of sheep horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873. Bull-roarer used: as toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1874. To make wind blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1875. Cat's Cradle (wiha'vitomar'aitce). 1875a.String figures to determine sex of offspring 1876. Toes used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877. Neck used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l78* Static figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879. Moving figures .................. 1880. Players: men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882. Children 1883. Dolls (nano'mo) 884. Unbaked clay effigies . . . . . . . . . . 885. Toy cradles. Water Pistol; Popgun 6;. Section of elderberry with plunger . . . . . . . . 86a.Deer bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + _ + +?__ _ +?__ _ * + +.+ + + _ + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ - + + + _ + _- * + _ + _ ** + _- + _- + _- + - + + + + *_ _ + + + + + + . + + + +1 + + + + + _ + + + + + + - + _- + + + + + -+ + + + + * + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + * + -+ + - + - + - + + + + -+ * * + -+ + + + + +- + + + + +- + - + + - + - + - + - + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 401 + *_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I + + + + - + - i !. I 1? ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa|Wa|At Sa Tg Wd KiJM 402~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1887. Popgun 1888. MONEY (komitsa) 1889. Beads: shell disk . . . . . . . . . . 1890. Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1891. Measuring: around hand . . . . . . . 1891a.With middle finger . . . . . . 1892. With thumb . . . . . . . . . . 1893. With hand to elbow . . . . . . TOBACCO AND SMOKING Pipe * 1895. Tubular bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896. Of stone . . . . . . . . . . . 1900. Convex sides . . . . . . . . . 1901. With stem . . . . . . . . . . . 1901a.Round bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902. L-shaped bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . 1903. Of stone . . . . . . . . . . . 1904. With stem . . . . . . . . . . . 1905. Monitor, of stone . . . . . . . . . . 1906. *Stem of: wood . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906a.Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907. Cane . 1908. Elderberry . . . . . . . . 1909. Rosewood . . . . . . . . . . . 1910. Pipe smoked by: men . . . . . . . . . 1911. Primarily old men . . . . . . . 1912. Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912a. "Doctor" . . . . . . . . . . . 1913. Pipe passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cigarette *1914. Cane filled with tobacco 1915. Elderberry filled with tobacco . 1916. Chewing . Miscellaneous 1921. Smoking any time . . . . . . . . . . 1922. Bedtime . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923. Occasional only .. . . . . . . 1924. At gatherings . . . . . . . 1925. By shamans . 1926. As offering . . . . . . . . . . 1927. To spirit . . . . . . . . 1928a.Sun lights pipe . . . . . . . . . . . *Tobacco (pui'pamo) 1929. Tobacco gathered wild . . .- . . . . 1929a.Plots burned to make grow . . . . . . 1930. Leaves dried and threshed . . . . . . 1931. Tobacco greased with rabbit fat . . . 1931a.Tobacco mixed with another plant . . + + _ + - _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 402 i i1 i. l + *+ + + + + + - + - _ + _- + _- + _- + _- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + *+ + + + + - + - l 'I I 3 !4 4 4 4 I + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + o 6: i 10 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 403 [ Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa[WIAt Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 1933. Leaf of kinikini (manzanita?) . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 1935. Root of tozap for colds . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1937. Other bark. +????????????? 1940. Tobacco ground on metate . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 1942. Tobacco kept in: buckskin pouch . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1943. Fur pouch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Rattles 1944. Cocoon rattle.+ 194. Ccoo ratle. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _______+______ 1945. Attached to stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1947. Used by shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1950. Split-stick rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1951. 1 split. ............... + + + + + + - - + + - _ + - 1952. Used in exhibition dance .+ + - + + + _ _ + 1953. Sheep-horn rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955.Rawhide rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1956. Used by shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - _ + - _ _ _ 1956a.Used by dancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ 1957. Rabbit's-ear rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *1960. 1958. Used by shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1960. Deer's-ear rattle (witoaviga) . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - + - _ _ _ 1960a.Skin from ear used for rawhide rattle . . . + + + + + + _ - + - _ _ _ 1963. Wood-rat-fur rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1965. Hoof rattle ............ . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1966. Antelope hoofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + - - + + + + + 1967. Mt. sheep hoofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + - _ - + + + + 1968. Deer hoofs . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + *1969. No. of hoofs indeterminate (25-50) + + + + + + + - + + + + + + *1970. Hoofs in bunch .............. . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1971. Hoofs in line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 - + + + + + _ + + + + + + 1972. Used by shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + *+ + + + + 1973. Notched stick (wuihunagi) . . . . . . . . . . .+ + - _ - + 1974. Plain, notched . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1976. Rubbed with stick. + 1978. Used by antelope shaman . . . . .+ + _ _ - _ 1979. Used in "bear dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ _ _ 1981. Buzzers (toza'suahinyu) . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + !1981a.Hoofs twirled on string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 1982. Deer patella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1982a.Wood disk . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ - + + + + + + 1983. Buckskin disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1983a.Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Bull-roarer ee Games) 1985. Drum . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + * _ _ + - + + + + 986. 2-headed drum .. + + 1987. Body of willow rings . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 188. -headed drum, or tambourine . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + _ _ + - + + + + 1989. Body of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 1990. Diameter (in.): about 18 . . - + - _ _ - + - + + + + 1990a.24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1991. Depth (in.): 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ - + - + + + + 1992. 6-12. + + 404 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ts Kl K2 Kiu To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd li 1992a.Drumstick: buckskin on end.+ + + + + + - + + + 1993. Fur on end .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 1994. Musical Bow . . . . . . . + + - - - - + + ? 1995. Archer's bow used . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . +? 1996. Bow held in teeth .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ - + 1997. Bow plucked with fingers . ..........................+ +? + 1998. Bow rubbed with stick .... . . . ....... . + + _ _ _ - +? 1999. Bow used by antelope shaman .........O.....a..a.ID..- + ? ? _ _ 2000. As toy .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + - - - - + - 2000a.For dance .... . . . + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ 2001. Whistle .-... . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + - 2002. Bone whistle: 1 hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + - - + - + 2002a.2 holes. + 2003. Willow whistle: as toy .-.-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ - + + + - 2003a.Also for special dance (food dance) . - _ + - _ +? *2004. Flute (woina) . . . . . . . . . + + + + - * - _ + + + *+ + 2005. Flute: elderberry . . .. . . . .. . . ... . . . + + + + - - - - + + + + + 2007. Bone ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . - 2008. Length (in.): about 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + +? 2008a.About 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2009. Pitch stop . .. ......... ... ...... . - + + + + + 2010. Holes: 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ _+ + - - + 2010a.6 . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2011. End blown .+. . .. + ++ + __ _ _ + + + ++ 2013. Blowing: by mouth .+ + + + _ - _+ + + + + 2013a.By nose .... . . . . . . . . ......... + + - 2014. Use: for casual music .... . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ _ _ + + + + + 2015. As toy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ - - + + + + + 2016. For courting . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ? ? ? + + + + 2017. By shaman ............. - - + + - _ _ - + + - _ + 2017a.In hunting ............. _- - + ? ? ? ? + -_ MARRIAGE *2018. Bride price 2019. As present. 2020. Reciprocal present .+........ .. .. .. . . + + + + + + * + + + + + 2022. Marriage by abduction ....... . .. . .. . . - - - - - _ - - - + + - 2023. Another's wife won by fight ..... . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - _ + _ + + 2023a.Wrestling .S . .. ... ........ . . + + + + + _ + 2024. Friends assist in fight .-.... . . . . . . _ +? 2025. Polygyny permitted .-........ .. .. .. . . - + + + + + + - + + + + + 2026. Sororal obligatory .....+ 2026a.Sororal usual.- _ - + - +? 2027. Polyandry permitted . + +?+ + + - 2029. Sororate ............... .... . + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 2030. Required .-.......... ... ... . . _ + + _ _+ _ 2030a. Customary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + _ +?????? 2031. Levirate ................ . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2032. Required. ............... - + +? 2032a.Customary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + ? 2033. Choice of mates: any blood relative taboo .+ + + + + + - + + + + + + 2034a.Mother's brother's daughter preferred . . . . _?+ 2037. Child betrothal.4 + + + I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 2038. Postmarital residence: patrilocal ....... 2039. Matrilocal 2040. Variable 2040a.Matrilocal until 1st child 2041. Adultery: wife sometimes beaten. 2042. Wife sometimes killed . 2043. Wife sometimes rubbed with blood . 2044. Paramour beaten . 2045. Paramour's horse killed. 2046. Husband sometimes divorces 2047. Divorce may be for: sterility . 2048. Infidelity. 2049. Incompatibility. 2050. Prostitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051. Premarital intercourse: with betrothed only KINSHIP RELATIONS Avoidances *2053. Mother-in-law son-in-law ........... 2054. Speech taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2056. "Respect" required . . . . . . . . . . . 2057. Passing in front of is taboo ...... 2058. Avoidance continues for life ...... 2080. Brother sister ................ 2081. Obscenity avoided ............ Joking Relations 2086. Brothers-in-law (aid each other) . . . . . . 2087. Cousins (aid each other) ........... Adoption 2088. Orphan adopted ................ 2089. Adoption when parents impoverished ...... BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES 090. Male berdache (tiivasa) . . . . . . . . . . . *2090a. Sterile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2091. Wears woman's dress . . . . . . . . . . 2092. Does woman's work . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093. Has female organs ............ 2094. Marriage to man ............. 2095. Lives with man ............. 2099. Regarded indifferently. 00. Female berdache (moroni noho or tuvasa) . .. 2100a.Sterile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2101. Wears man's dress ............ 2102. Does man's work ............. 2103. Has male organs ............. 2104. Marriage to woman ............ 2105. Lives with woman ............ 2106. Is shaman ................ 2109. Regarded indifferently ......... 10. Fire test in youth .............. I Ts Ki K2 Ku To To Pa WaJAt Sa Tg Wd Ki AE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + * + + +. + + + + - _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + - + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + _ - + - + - + - + - + _- + _ _ + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + 405 + + + + + + + + + + 406 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki DIVISION OF LABOR 2111. General seed gathering, female . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2112. Pine-nut gathering, both sexes . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - - + 2113. Knocking down, male . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - - + 2114. Picking up, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - - + 2115. Transporting, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - - + 2115a.Male . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + + + ? 2116. Preparing, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - - + 2116a.Male... . .... _ . + + + - + - -_+ 2117. Cooking, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2117a.Male ... . + _+ + 2118. Carrying water, female.+ + + + + - + _ + + + + + 2118a.Male .+ + + + + + + + + + - + + 2119. Near camp, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - + + + + + 2119a.Male .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + - + + 2120. Long distance, female . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + - - + - + + + + + 2120a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + 2121. Fire tending (gathering wood), female . . . . . . . + + + + + - - - + + + + + 2121a.Male. . . ........ + + + + + + + + _+ + + + 2122. Hanting, male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2123. Fishing, female .... . ........... - + + + _ + - + _+__- 2123a.Male .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2124. Gathering: larvae, female.- + - + + - + + + + + _ _ 2124a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - _ + + + + 2125. Grubs, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + + _ _ _ + + + - 2125a.Male. . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 2126. Grasshoppers, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + - - 2126a.Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ 2127. Rats and mice catching, female . . . . 2127a.Male . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2129. Pine nuts from mt. cache, female.+ + + + + + _ + + _ _ + 2129a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ _ + Manufactures 2130. House, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + + _ - + - + 2130a.Male............. . ........+ + + + + + + + + + - + + 2131. Baskets, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2132. Skin preparations, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + - + - + + + + + 2132a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + - + + + + - + 2133. Clothing, female ........ .. ..... . + + + + + - + - + + + + + 2133a.Male ................... + + + - - + - + + + + - - 2134. Moccasins, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - - + + + + + + 2134a.Male . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + - _ 2136. Metate, female . + - _ _ _ + + - + + + + 2136a.Male. . . . . . . + + + + + + 2137. Skin blanket, . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ + + + + + 2137a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2138. Cord, female .. . . . + _ + _ + - - + - 2138a.Male. . . ... + + + + + + + + + + +++ 2139. Weaving, female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2139a.Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - - 2140. Rabbit net, male only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Political Group 2141. Sovereign body is: localized band (named group of defined region).. .......... + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + 2142. Village ................... . - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Ts Kl K2 Ku To To Pa WaJ At Sa Tg Wd Ki I I_ 2143. Temporary large organization: for annual dance 2144. For rabbit drive .............. 2145. For antelope drive ............. 2147. For mud-hen (or duck) drive ........ 2148. For pine-nut trip ............. Chiefs (vohenavi or voinavi) 2149. Band chief (tuvizi-voinavi) (leader of named and localized group) ............... 2150. Patrilineal succession . 2151. Community approval required ....... 2152. Chief's assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153. Chief's announcer (navoinanomo) . . . . . . . . 2154. Chief's messenger ............... 2155. Special chie1: for dance (nugava voinavi) . . . 2156. For rabbit drive (kam6voinavi) ...... 2157. For antelope drive (tunavoinavi). 2158. For mud-hen (or duck) drive (saiyavoinavi) 2159. For fishing ............... 2160. For hunting generally .......... 2161. For pine-nut trip ............ 2162. Village chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROPERTY 2165. Band owned hunting territory . . . . . . . . . 2165a.Band owned valley in which lived ..... 2166. Band owned pine-nut territory ......... 2166a.Individuals owned pine-nut territory . . . 2167. Band owned fishing streams ........... 2168. Disputes settled by fight ........... 2169. Family owned seed plots 2170. Family owned fishing place. .......... 2171. Chattels all privately owned ....... .. 2172. All destroyed at death . .... ..... 2173. Eagle aeries privately owned .... ... 2173a.Cold springs public . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2173b.Hot springs public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WARFARE 2174. Raids only ................... 2174a.Protection only . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . 2175. Warfare rare. ................. K2176. War ritual ................... 2177. Captives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIRTH CUSTOMS 2178. Moleskin, stuffed, for charm (sex, gambling) . 2179. Special house for childbirth .......... 2179a.Dwelling-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2180. Domed willow house . . . . . . . . . . . o 218ua.Regular house .. ... ........ 2181. Confinement (no. of days): 22 . . . . . 2181a.30 ("month") . . . . . . . . . . . 2182. Ground warmed .............. 2183. Ground covered with grass, bark ..... 407 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + * + + + * + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * + + + *+ + + * + 408 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS | Ts Kl K2 Kiu To To Pa ]Aa|AW t Sa Tg Wd KiiiT| *2184. Hot stones for warming ground . . . . . . . . 2185. Pit warmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186. Husband gets firewood . . . . . . . . . . . . 2187. Delivery: mother kneels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2188. Mother lies flat . . . . . . . . . . . . 2190. Mother is lifted, held on knees . . . . . . . 2191. Strap tied around waist . . . . . . . . . . . 2192a.Mother is squeezed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2193. Mother drinks hot water . . . . . . . . . . . 2194. Midwife usually is: husband . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195. Person with special power . . . . . . . . . . 2196. Any woman ................. 2197. Any female relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2198. Strong man, if extra-difficult delivery . . . 2199. Grandmother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199a.Husband bathes if extra-hard delivery . . . . . . . 2199b.Gives away clothes 2200. Midwife in difficult case is: person with special power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2202. Man to squeeze or shake . . 2203. Afterbirth (noa'po): buried. 2204. Wrapped in bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2205. Thrown in brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2207. Mother bathed after birth for 5 days . . . . . . . 2208. Treatment of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209. Has nurse or attendant . . . . . . . . . . a 2210. Drinks warm water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2211. Meat and grease taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212. Salt taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213. Work taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2214. Uses scratching stick . . . . . . . . . . . . 2215. Mother, at end of confinement: bathes . . . . . . . 2216. Paints self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2217. Gives away old clothes . . . . . . . . . . . 2219. Throws away old clothes . . . . . . . . . . . 2221. Treatment of infant: bathed when born . . . . . . . 2222. Steamed when born . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 2224. Bathed every morning . . . . . . . . . . . . 2224a.Bathed about every 5 days . . . . . . . . . . 2225. Umbilical cord: cut with stone knife . . . . . . . 2226. Cut with sharp cane . . . . . . . . . . . 2227. Tied with string . . 2228. Tied with (antelope) sinew . . . . . . . . 2229.*Umbilical cord: removed when drops off . 2229a.Placed in sack with yadupi . . . . . . . . . 2230. Placed on cradle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2231. Placed in rat hole, if boy . . . . . . . . . 2232. Placed in antelope wallow . . 2232a.Placed under a bunch of grass, if girl . 2233. Placed in red-ant nest . . . . . . . . . . . *2239. 2238. Buried shady side of sage . . . . . 2239. Cradle: 1st cradle on day of birth . . . 2239a.New cradle after each bath during confine- ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2240. 1st permanent cradle at end of confinement 2241. 2d when 1st outgrown . . . . . . . . . . . . 2242. 3d when 2d outgrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2242a.4th and 5th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2243. Cradle made by: maternal grandmother . . . 2244. Paternal grandmother . . . . . . . . . . . . 2245. Any woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + * +- - + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ * * * * + + * + *+ + + + + + + * + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -.9. + - ~ - + : + . +.S I + + *+ .+ +* + t + + + + + + *+' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 9 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + + I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 2247. Hot bath at birth . . . . . . . . . . . *2248. Cold bath at birth . . . . . . . . . . 2249. Bathed by another man . . . . . . . . . 2250. Runs after bath . . . . . . . . . . . . 2250a.Runs before bath . . . . . . . . . . . 2254. Father forbidden meat, grease 5 days . . . . 2254a.During wife's confinement . . . . 2254b.Indefinite period . . . . . . . . 2255. Salt forbidden 5 days . . . . . . . . . 2256. Smoking forbidden. 2257. Gambling forbidden 2258. Sweat bath forbidden . . . . . . . . . 2259. Father must: run daily . . . . . . . . . . . 2260. For 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . 2260a.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2260b.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2262. Run any direction . . . . . . . . . . . 2262a.Run to water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263. Run in morning . . . . . . . . . . . . 2267. Bring back firewood from run 2268. Use scratching stick . . . . . . . . . 2269. Bathe on day of birth . . . . . . . . . 2270. Do housework . . . . . . . . . . . . 2271. Father at end of observances gets new clothes 2272. Gives away old clothes . 2273. Throws away old clothes . . . . . . . . 2274. Bathes 2275. Paints self red . . . . . . . . . . . . 2276. Hunts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2277. Gives away first kill . . . . . . 2278. Father's requirements observed: at all births 2279. For 1st child only . . . . . . . . . . 2280. For 1st of each sex only . . . . . . . 2281. Parents continent: 1-3 months . . . 2281a.3-6 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2281b.6-12 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Twins 2282. Twins feared . . 2283. Twins regarded as good luck. 2284. 1 twin killed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285. Death of 1 twin brings death of other . . 2286. Mother's sister adopts 1 twin . . . . . . . . 2286a.Twins considered illegitimate . . . . . . . . Infanticide 87. Deformed infant killed . 88. Unwanted infant killed . . . . . . . . . . . 89. Illegitimate infant killed . . . . . . . . . 290. Killing: By sitting on . . . . . . . . . . . 2291. By putting 'in badger hole . . . . . . . 2292. By leaving outdoors . . . . . . . . . . 2292a.Any way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293. Abortion ................. 2294. By pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2295. By lying on rock . . . . . . . . . . . ITs Kl K2 Ki To Tb PaWaIAt Sa Tg Wd Ki + + + + + + + + + * + + + * + * + + + + * + * + * + * + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + * + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + * + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + 409 AE + + + + * + + I I - -- - -- - i I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I i ?11,11 I i11 I IV PPAA- Tri-A-fmp.-nf nf fAfhor- 'KafkaR 410 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I Ts K1 K2 Kii To To Pa lWa |At Sa Tg Wd Ki I Loss of Milk Teeth 2295a.Milk teeth thrown any direction . . . . . . . . . . + + 2296. Thrown toward west . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + 2296a.Toward north . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + - 2297. Thrown over shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . 2300. Thrown under green bush . . . . . . . . . . .++ 2300a.Child jumps over bush . . . . . . . . . ++ 2301. Teeth buried under green bush. + GIRL ' S PUBERTY 2304. First Menstruation (muhadanomani) + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2305. Observance for each girl alone .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2306. Confinement. . . .- . . . + - + + + + + + + _ 2307. 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2307a.30 days ("month") . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 2308. In family house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 2309. In special house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ 2310. Behind home. 2313. Girl attended ....... ... . ++ + +.+ + + + + +.+.++ 2314. By mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2315. By any female relative . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + ????? + + + + 2316. By any woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + ?????? + + + 2317. Attendant combs girl's hair . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 2318. Girl instructed about conduct . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2319. Girl forbidden meat or grease 5 days . + + + + + + +?? - 2319a."Month" or 4 weeks . .- . . . . . _ + + + + + + 2320. Fish forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2321. Salt forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + +* 2322. Cold water forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2323. Talking forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - 2324. Laughing forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - 2325. Being visited forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . + + _??????+ - - 2327. Scratching self with fingers forbidden . . . + + + + - - + 2328. Combing hair forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + - _ + 2329. Girl must arise early .+ + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 2330. Run daily .* . . . . . 6 . + + + + + + + +* 2330a.Run once in special ceremony .. + . _ _ _ + + - _ _ _ 2331. Carry firewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2332. Work hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + 2334. Wear basket hat outside . . . . . . . . . . . 2335. Use scratching stick, 5 days . . . . . . . . + + 2335a."Month" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2336. Use drinking tube .. . . .. .+ + 2336a.Use special cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 2337. Avoid hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + + + + + + 2337a.Avoid gamblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + 2338. Avoid sick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + 2339. Avoid all people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ - +? 2340. Bathe daily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *2342 2341a.Every 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + 2342. At end of confinement girl bathes . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2343. Hair cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *2344. Girl painted red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - + + + + -+4l 2345. Clothes destroyed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + ? 2346. Clothes kept for future menses . . . . . . . + + _ 2347. New clothes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2348. Delousing by mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + _ + + + - _ - + - 2349. Delousing by attendant . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2350. Girl wears sage leggings . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + * | - + + + - kI I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 411 ITs Kl K2 Ku To To Pa |Wa lAt Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 2351. Scratching stick of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - - - + + - + + + + 2352. Single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - - - + + - + + + + MENSTRUATION (namadrarai) 2354. Seclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + * 2355. 5 days. + + + + + 2356. Until flow stops. .. . +????????+ _ 2357. Special house ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + 2359. Attendant: grandmother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2360. Woman forbidden meat 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2360a.4 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2361. Fish forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2362. Fat forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2363. Salt forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +? 2365. Cooking forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2366. Intercourse forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + + + + 2367. Scratching self forbidden . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2368. Woman must: use scratching stick 5 days . . . . . . + + + + 2369. Bathe ..... ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2370. Avoid sick.. ........... + +- + + + + + + + + + + + 2371. Avoid dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + + + + + + - 2372. Avoid hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + _ 2372a.Avoid gamblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2373. Hasband forbidden to hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ - + + _ 2374. Fishing forbidden . . + + + + + 2375. Gambling forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ _ - + _ 2376. Sweat bath forbidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2377. Husband must build new fire in home . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + _ 2378. Husband must hunt .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? BOY'S PUBERTY (See also 369-374.) 2379. Confinement 5 days ...+ 2380. Head scratcher used .. + 2381. Lecture by father . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2382. At boy's 1st kill: covered with the viscera . . . .+ + *+ _ 2383. Father talks for hunting luck . . . . . . . . + + + 2384. Mother washes boy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2384a.Father washes boy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ 2385. Boy's kill taboo to him . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + 2386. Boy's kill taboo to parents . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + _ + _ - + + DEATH CUSTOMS .2389. Corpse removed from house at death . .. . . . . . .- + + + + +?????? ? + 2390. Removed from house next day . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2391. Corpse prepared: painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - _ + + + + - _ 2392. Face washed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ? ? ? ? ? + + + - _ 2393. Wrapped in blanket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2393a.Wrapped in own horse's skin . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ????? + + 2394. Adorned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ _ + + - + + + + + + 2395. Tracks of dead covered.. . . . .. . . .+ + + + - _ 2395a.Belief: rain soon after a death to cover tracks ......... + + + + _ + 2396. "Undertaker" a relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2397. Any man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2398. Purified by sweating .. .... . . . .+ _ + I 412 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Ts K1 1K2 Kii To To Pa [WaTAt Sa Tg Wd Ki1 in 2399. Purified by washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + 2401. Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2402. Body extended . +*+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2404. Head in any direction . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + + + + + + 2404a.West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - - + + + _ 2406. In rocks . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + 2407. Rock covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2408. In earth . ....'. ..... + + + + + + + + - + ___ 2410. In mountain + + + + + + + ++ 21.Cremation .-.......... . + + + -+ + -+ -+ -+ j 2413. All deceased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2416. Witches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2417. Cremation in house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418. In pyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + _+ _+ + 2419. On pyre . ._ + + + + + _ + 2420. Bones buried afterward . . . . . . . . . . . 2421. Funeral speech by old man . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ _ + _ + + + + - + _ _ 2422. Relatives cry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + l 2423. Gifts to deceased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + - + + + 2425. Destruction of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2425a.House torn down, moved . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2426. House burned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + +4l 2427. Other property burned . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + 2428. Other property buried . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2429. Some taken by relatives . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - - + 2431. Deceased children and adults treated alike . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + i Mourning 2432. Female relatives crop hair . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + 4 2433. Burn hair clippings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433a.Bury hair clippings anywhere . . . . . . . . + + _ + - _ 2434. Throw away hair clippings . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + 2437. Gash legs .. . . . . . . . + . . . . . . _ .+_ . 2438a.Smear faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ 2439. Abstain from washing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + +??????_. 2440. Months before remarriage: any number. .. . . . . . + + - 2440a.12 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + t + + + + + + - + + 2441. Male relatives crop hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + + + + + 2442. Burn hair clippings . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2443. Throw away hair clippings . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + - + 2444. Abstain from gambling (months): up to 3 . . - + + + - + _ - + + + 2444a. 3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2446. Abstain from washing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2447. Months before remarriage: any number . . . . _ + ? ? ? ? + + _ 2447a.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + _ + 1 2447b.24 . . + +---------_ 2448. Mourning terminated by mourner washing i . + _ - + +??????+ *2450. Taboo on name of dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - + + _ 2451. Permanent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + -+ 2452. Only in presence of kin . . . . . . . . . . . + 2453. Annual Mourning Ceremony .-| RELIGION Shamanism (poha'g'am6) l 2469. Male shamans (nana pohari) .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2470. Female shamans (moroni pohari) .......... .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +| I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 413 ITS Kl K2 Kii To T6 Pa {a [t Sa Tg Wd Ki|AR 2471. Shamanistic powers received: in childhood . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 2472. Any time .+ + + *+ + - + + + + + + + + ,2473. Power inherited from father .... . .. . . . . . + ?+ 2474. From mother..+ 2475. Before relative's death. + + 2476. After relative's death . . . . . . . . . . . + 2477. Source of power in natural dreams (unsought) . . . - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2478. Sought in mountains ....+ 2481. Shaman interprets vision .... . . _ _ _ a _ _ _ 2482. Shaman supervises sick youth ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2482a.Youth does not disclose dreams ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2483. Power may be refused .... . . . ....... . + - + + _ _ - + + + + + + 2484. One doctor has several powers ... ..... . . . + + + + _ + - + + + + + + 2485. Vision gives: songs ......... ... .. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2486. Dances ........ .......... . . . . . . . _ + + + + + 2487. Paraphernalia ..+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2488. Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2489. Methods .................. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2490. Doctor's assistant ......... ... .. . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + 2491. Equipment of various doctors: stick . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 2492. 7eathers .+..... . . . . .. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2493. Eagle down ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2494. Fire ...... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . _ + + + 2495. Clay ............. . . . . . . . 2496. Dowclaw rattle ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + 2496a.Rawhide rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - _ + _ + _ 2497. Cocoon rattle ..... . . . . . . . . . . . +? 2498. Flute ..... . . . . . . + + + + + - 2499. Loss of equipment dangerous to doctor .+ + + + + - + + + + + + + + 2500. Curing Performances . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2501. Performance in outdoor brush enclosure . . - + + - + + + + + 2502. In house ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + + 2503. Doctor sings ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2504. Audience joins song . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 505. Doctor smokes .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2506. Assistant lights his pipe ... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2507. Pipe passed to right .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - - + + + 2507a.Left (clockwise) . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ 2508. Doctor talks .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2509. Assistant interprets.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + 510.Doctor dances .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 511. Doctor walks .+ + + + + + + *+ + + + + + 2512. Doctor sucks out of patient:. ..........+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2513. Blood .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2514. Snake .... . . . . . .. _ _ *+ - + _ + - * _ 2515. Flint .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2516. Stick .... . . . . ....... . . . . . + _ + + + _ + - + + - + 2517. Worm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ..................... + + -+ + + + + + + + + _ + 2518. Other or various objects .+ _ + + + - + + + + + + - 519. Doctor sucks through: mouth only.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2519a.Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2520. Stick .... . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ _ _ - + + - _ _ 2522. Feather .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 523. Doctor goes into trance . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + |524. Doctor vomits disease object.+ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + + 525. Doctor spits out disease object ... ..... . . + + + + - _ - + + + + + + p526. Doctor exhibits disease object. .........+ + + + + + + + + + + + + * + 2526a.Rubs object on hand .... . ..... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 527. Doctor blows away disease . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + | + + + +| + 528. Doctor brushes away disease . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I i i IT 414 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ts Kl K2 Ki To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki 2529. Doctor sprinkles water on patient . . . . . . . + + _ + + _ + _ + + + + + 2530. Blows water from mouth . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + + _ + _ + + + + 2531. Doctor presses ashes on patient . . . . . . . . . + ? ? 7 -+ + -| 2532. Doctor lays hands on patient . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2533. Doctor touches patient with stick. + + + + _ + + + _ 2533a.Doctor paints patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2534. Doctor touches patient with fire drill . . . . . . 2534a.With eagle feathers . . . . . . . . . * . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2535. Doctor handles fire . . + + _ _ + _ _ _ + + + - + 2536. Places hands in fire . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + - - - + + + - + 2537. Picks up fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + _ _ _ + + + - + 2538. Standas in fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + _+ + + - + 2539. Puts coals in mouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + _ _ _ + + + - + 2540. Sleight-of-hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? _ + - + 2541. Doctor recovers lost soul .+.... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2542. Doctor's soul leaves body . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2544. Doctor exhibits and restores soul . . . . . . + Special Powers of Shaman 2545. Rattlesnake-bite-curing power . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + +' 2546. Power from dream of rattlesnake . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + + _ 2547. Dream of buzzard . . . . . . . . . . . + 2548. Power to handle snakes . . . . ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 2549. Curing by sucking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + _ + + + + - 2549a.By tying with horsehair .. + + + + - _ + _ + + - 2550. By sucking out snake . . . . . . . . . . . . + + __ 2551. Wound-curing power . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + _ + + + + + i 2552. Power from dream of closing hole. + _ _ _+ + - t 2553. Weather-control power, special dream .+ + + + + + + _ + + + + + 2553a.Jack Wilson only weather-control shaman . . + + + + + - + + 2554. Power to make rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + 2555. Make rain stop . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - 2556. Make wind to remove snow . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + + + + + 2557. Childbirth shaman: male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + _ _ 2557a.Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + -- + - - + - 2558. Bear shaman: impersonates bear. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ - + +_ 2559. Transforms self into bear . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + + - 2560. Power of rapid travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + +_ 2561. Invulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + +- 2562. Poisoners distinct from doctors . . . . . . . . . . _ + - + + + + + + - + + + 2562a.Poisoners called stukapuharai . . . . . . . . - - _ + + + + + + - + + + 2563. Power from coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - + + + + + - + + + 2564. Power from various animals . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ _ 2566. Power to foretell future . - + + - - - - + - + + Mis cellaneous 2567. Shaman may decline case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + + + + + + 2568. Killed for declining .-..... . . . . . . | - - + * - * - - -,J 2569. Unsuccessful shaman returns fee . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + 2570a.New doctor assists old ones . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - *+ _ 2571. New doctor demonstrates power . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ 2572. By free doctoring .+ - + ? + + + _ 2572a.By free doctoring 3 times or more r . . _ +? ? _ _? + _ + + 2574. Prayers to personal power (guardian spirit) (ijuna- * miTrma) . . . + + - + + + + - + + + + + 2575. To nature . . .. .. . . . . ! * . + - + - + + - + 2576. To sun . . + + + + - + + - + + + + -." 2577. Offerings to 'nature".- n ..-. .... + + + + - + + + - + 2578. To ghost (tsaavu) ....... . . . . . - + - - + ? -| -| ?- I I A I 4 i r CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 415 |Ts Kl K2 Ku To Td PaJWa At Sa Tg Wd Ki JAE 2579. To spirit (sun6p6) . . . . +? 2580. To night . .- . . . . . . . . _ +? 2581. Offerings of: food . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + - + 2581a.At spring dance . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + - _ 2582. Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - _ 2583. Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + - + 2584. Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + _ + 2585. Shell beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2586. Offerings: at meals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2589. When hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2590. When 1st seeds gathered . . . . . . . . . . . + - - +? Guardian Spirits 259l. Source: childhood dreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2592. Adult dreams . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 593. Various powers received from spirits .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nonshamanistic Curing ~2594.Special herb doctors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2595. Blood-letting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + + - 12596. Sweating....+@@ @ @@ @ e __ ____ ___ + ++ + Destiny of Soul 2597. Spirit goes above, to sky .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 1598. Spirit travels south and up.+ + + + + + + + + + - + + _ 1599. Spirit goes along Milky Way (kusipo)..+ + + + + + + - + + + + + _ Ghosts or Souls (tsaavu or mugua) 2600. Ghost leaves body: at death . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + - + + _ 2601. Shortly before death . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + + + 2602. Ghost visible: to anyone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +? 2602a.To doctor only ..... . ......... . + + + + + + + + + + B603. Ghost audible ............... ... . + + + + 6o4. Ghost feared ....t................ + + + + + + + + + + + 05. Ghost in whirlwind (pitumva) . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 606. Dreaming of dead is ill omen . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2607. Cold bath to nullify . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - 2608. Prayer to nullify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - 2609. Smoke blown to nullify . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + + - 2609a.Speculorite (yadiipi) sprinkled to nullify + + + + + + + + + - "Muipo" (possibly Jimsonweed) 0613. Properties and name known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + - + *+ - - - - DANCES 2614. Circle Dance (nugava).+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15. Brush corral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + +? 16. Performances: at fall rabbit hunt. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2617. At fall pinon-nut harvest. . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2618. In spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + 2619. In snimmer.+ + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1620. Purpose: mainly pleasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2621. To make seeds grow . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + - I 1111 I o I I I I I I 416 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ts Kl K2 Ki To T6 Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki 2622. To make pinon nuts grow . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + - + - - - 2623. To produce rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2624.To bring deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - - + _ + + + + + + 2626. Center post to dance around .... . . . . . . . . + - + + + - - - + + - - + 2627. Dry cottonwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - - - + + - - - 2628. Pinon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + - _ _ + + - - - 2629. Juniper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - _ - + + - - + 2629a. Any wood . . . . ....................... . . . - + + + - - + + - - + 2630. Music: all dancers sing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2635. Dancing: women choose partners . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2636. Men choose partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 2637. Dancing in one circle . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2639. Men and women alternate in same circle . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2640. Shuffle step . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2641. Hopping step .............. . . 2642. Clockwise direction . + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2643. Counterclockwise direction . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ 2644. Dance leader: special chief . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2645. Band chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2646. Messengers carry invitations .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2647. Occasion for courting.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 2649. Clowns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ +? 2650. Duration (days):4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2650a.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + 2650b.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - + - - - _ + _ 2651. Camp circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2652. Bear or "Back-and-forth" Dance . . . . . _ + _ + + _ 2653. Dance affirmed to be pre-white . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ 2653a.Introduction: about 1900 . . . . - +? ???? + _ 2654. Corral of brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + 2655. Musical rasp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- - + _ + + __ 2656. Resonator: washtub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + _ + + _ 2657. Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 2659. Musicians: 5 or 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - _ _ _ + + _ 2660. Dancing: women choose partners by touching with * stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - _ _ _ + + _ 2661. Men pay partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + _ _ _ _ 2662. Dancing in lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - _ _ _ + + _ 2663. Dancing in couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + + 2665. Chief urges dancers with stick . . . . . . . _- - + ? ? _ _ 2667. Dance stopped at a fall ...................... - - - + - _ _ _ + + __ 2668. Fallen person rubbed with rasp . . . . . . . - - - + ?? + _ _ _ 2669. Fallen person covered with blanket . . . . . _ _ _ 2670. Dance held same time as circle dance . . . . . . . _- - +? 2672. Same chief as circle dance . . . . . . . . .+ _ - _ 2673. Duration indefinite, usually 2 days . .| - - o + - + + - - - 2674. "South".or Exhibition Dance .... . | + - + + + + + - - + - 2675. Pre-Caucasian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + _ + + ? ? 2676. Introduction: about 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ + - _ _ + 2677. Dancers' paraphernalia: eagle-down headring . . . + - + + + + + _ + _ _ 2678. Feather crown . . . . . . . + - + + + + + _+ _ 2679. Separate feathers on head . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + _+ _ 2680. Yellowhammer band on head . . . - . . . . . . _ _ + + + + ? ? _ 2681. Yellowhaimmer band on chest . . . . . . . . - - + + + + - _ _ 2682. Feather necklace . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + _+ _ 2683. Eagle-down-rope skirt .. ....... .... ...... + - + + + + + + - _ 2684. Breecholout .... . . .................. _ _ _ + + + + + - _ 2685. Wildcat fur hung on belt .. . ....... ... + _ ___ _???- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTBERN PAIUTE 417 ________________________________________________________ Ts Ki K2 Ku To To Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd Ki AE 2686. Fox fur hung behind on belt .?.?.+.?.?.?. . . |+ 2687. Barefoot .. + - + + + + + ? 2688. Feathers carried in hand . .+ + + _+ + _ 2689. Bow and arrow carried .... . ...-... . _ +? 2690. Mock bow and arrow carried ... ...-.. . _ +? 2691. Dancers paint: face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + _ _ - _ 2692.Body. + - ++ + + + + _ _ _ 2693. Musicians: 2 ..+ - + +? 2693a.3 or 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ 2693b.5 or 6 ...+ 2694. Split-stick rattle ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ _ + -2698. Weaselskin necklace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 2699. Dancing: individuals perform separately . . . . . . + 2701. Dancers: 2 . . . . . . . . . .+ 2701a.4 or 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + _ + _ _ + _ _ _ _ 2702. Dancers: men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + _ _ + _ _ - _ 2703. Women ....... ......... . .. . + - + - + + + _ + _ _ - 2704. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + _ _ + _ _ - _ 2705. Dancers paid by hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + t + + + + - - _ _ 2706. Coins held in split stick . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + _ _ - 2707. Property spread on blanket . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + - + + _ . 2708. Dance performed: at time of circle dance . .+ - + + +? 2709. At midnight, 1 night . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? ? _ 2709a.Several nights . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + ? 2710. In afternoon, 1 day . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ + + - + _ 2710a.Several days . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + +? 2711. Crazy Dance (tononugava) .. . . . + - + + - + + + - 2711b.Special singers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + _ _ - _ 2712. Musical instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + - 2712a.2 sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + _ _ _ _ 2713. Dancers in line, men 1 end, women other . . - + _ + + + _ _ - _ 2713a.Men dressed as women . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + _ _ - _ 2714. Dancing back and forth, sideways . . . . . . + + _ + + + _ _ - _ 2715. Ghost Dance (niigava) .... . . . + + + + + + + 2716. Circle dance ..... + + + - _+ + + + 717. Shaman at centeropost ..... . ...... . . . - + -? ?? + ? 2718. Dead return to post . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?? + ? B719. Duration of dance: 1 night . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2719a.5 nights + + + + _ + 2719b.Any number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ MISCELLANEOUS Calendar 2720. Descriptive month names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2721. 12 month names.+ + + + _ + 2721a.4 season names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + * _ Astronomy 2722. Milky Way called: ghost road . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + - 2723. Dust road (kusipo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + + - 2724. Smoke from fire . .. . . . ..+ 2725. Sky path. .... .. _ +? ? _ _ _ _ _ 726. Thunder: pregnant women cover selves . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2726a.Menstruating women cover selves . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - 727. Position of new moon indicates weather . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + I I 418 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ts Kl K2 Ku To T6 Pa Wa At Sa Tg Wd KiI1 Whirlwind (pitcumava) 2728. Whirlwind is spirit or ghost . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2729. People hit whirlwind with stick.+ ? 2730. People throw water on whirlwind . . . . . . . . . . + 2730a.People throw dirt on whirlwind . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Omens 2731. Twitching back muscle: someone will die . .. .. .+ - + - - + - | 2732. You will carry a deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ - + 2732a.You will carry blanket because cold. + _ __ ?+ + + + 2731a.Twitching eye muscle: bad luck .. . + - + + - + 2733. Twitching leg muscle: someone coming . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2734. Sneezing: someone talking about you .+ _ + + + + + + + + + + 4 2735. Opposite sex talking of you .+ - + + + + + + + + + + + 2736. Omens of death: owl call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + + + + + + + + * 2737. Magpie call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - + - 2738. Crow call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 2739. Dove call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2740. Meadowlark call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2740a.Coyote call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + + + + + + Various (See also 2295a-2301) 2741. Pointing at rainbow: arm atrophies . . . . .+ + + - + + + + + + 2741a.Finger rots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2741b.Hand deforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2742. Toothache caused by: worm .... . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + - _ + _ __ 2743. Gopher ... .+ + _ Petroglyphs 2744. Petroglyphs occur in area of band . . . . + + - - + + - - + - *+ + 2745. Informants had only heard of them . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2747. Petroglyphs made by: Coyote . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 2748. "Devil".. + +? 2750. "Old-time" (non-Paiute) Indians .. ? ? ? ?+ + _ I A i ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS SUBSISTENCE Hanting Deer.-Driving over cliff; into enclosure with pit; through V into pit; into trap, net, or snare. Shamanism. Antelope.-Shaman wears grass-stuffed hide. Driving over cliff; into trap, net, or snare. Mountain sheep. -Driving into trap, net, or snare. Disguise a head of sheep. Relay or back and forth. Magic. Snares, nets, etc. -Spring-pole trap for waterfowl; in enclosure for sage hen; bird noose over hole. Running noose for deer. Noose in fence gap for deer; for rabbits. Deer net. Bird net, pull- over type; sack type; used mating season; for eagles. Bird driven to net with antelope manure; with deer disguise. B-ooths and blinds.-Stick- and-mud house. Pit with brush cover. Bird caught from blind with bare hand; with noose on stick. Bird killed by sitting on it. Decoys and ai;-ses.-Live birds. Live animals. Water- fowL.-TAnimal disguise used; mud hens taken Iiscellaneous.-Smoking out bear. Eagle (and other) ct-ch-n Eagle caught with deadfall; from pit wit-bait; seized by hand; caught from "house." Mockingbird chief other bird reared. Fishing Fish taboo as food. Fish absent. Stream dam- ming. Hook with 2 barbs. Animals Eaten Dog (sorobuku). Weasel (pavisi). Bat (biya'- :na). Coyote (idtsa'a). Snakes generally. Rattlesnakes. All lizards. Lizard eggs. Chuck- ualla lizard. Horned toad (topotso). Tortoise. Frogs. Birds Eaten or Used Bald eagle (pasia). Eagle (kwina). Buzzard (wiho). Insect Food Crickets taken by driving into trench; into pit; into fire circle. Grasshoppers eviscerated. ngleworms eaten. I Miscellaneous Concepts Talking before hunt forbidden. Game caught by spirits. Offering of game kill: heart on stick; liver. Gathering Acorns.-Cooking in hot sand. Mesquite. Mis- ella-neous plants.-Yucca. Joshua tree. CaeTiis fruit (navu or mutso) eaten. Mescal (agave). "Cane" or reed sugar dried and ground. Pinon nuts.-Natural-hook pole. Parching in circular coiled basket. Gather' s.-Digging stick horn shod. Basketry seed beater, plain; horn, wood, or rib edged. Seed knife ("sickle") of stone with wood handle; stone with horn han- dle. Agriculture Wild seeds. -Wild seeds planted. Wild seeds irrigated by elected irrigator; by dams; by ditches. Domesticated plants. Seed storage. In pot. Food Preparation Brush burned for salt. Meat smoked; in house. Fish dried on coals; frozen. Tongs for hot rocks. Boiling in pot. Parching in pot. HOUSES Dwellings Domed wickiu.-Ground plan portion of circle. House pit. Covering entirely earth. Center post. Tripod-foundation house. -Pit. Cone- shaped house, circular ground .-Covering of buckskin; of earth, partly; of stone slabs. Doorway: any side; excavated vestibule. Fire- place indoors near door. Gabled house.-For sum- mer use. Pit. Doorway: end; vestibule or tun- nel. Sweat House Conical-type sweat house. Gabled-type sweat house.-Pit. Door: tunneld; ofTWThebark; o twined grass. Sweat-house operation and use.- Heating by: fire inside. Rocks for heating in pile; covered with brush or grass. Uses: for daily bathing; for clubhouse; for gambling house; for dormitory; for meeting house. Ownership by community. Miscellaneous Houses Cave dwelling, permanent. Ceremonial Enclosure Fire in center. FIRE MAKING Compound drill with foreshaft in socket; fore- shaft in split. Cottonwood-punk tinder. StriI- ing for fire, 2 pieces of obsidian; flint and iron ore. Carrying coals in sheep horn. [419] : ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS Mortar and pestle.-Large, portable, stone mor- tar sunk in ground. Small stone mortar for grind- ing food. Pestle of wood. Used for mesquite. Metate and muller.-Metate cleaned with brush of sage fiber; of Joshua fiber; of hair. Muller used with rotary motion. Mush stirrer .-Single straight stick. Spoons, dippers, etc. Dipper of: wood; gourd; turtle shell; deer skull; pot- tery. Spoon of cottonwood bark. Dishes: of horn; rough wooden slab; steatite bowls; pottery bowls. Wooden scoop for digging. Scrapers.- Pelvis-bone scraper. Awls.-Rabbit-hip-bone awl. Cactus spine; with handle-pitch covered. Eyed awl or needle. Various.-Adz. Wedge. Stone ax. FLINT FLAKING; SKIN DRESSING Flint roasted in ground. Tanning with marrow; with liver; with wood ashes. WEAPONS Bow.-Sinew-back bow with ends recurved. Ar- rows.-Arrow with foreshaft: 2-pointed for bird; 1 cross stick for gophers. Arrow straightener. Horn straightener with 1 perforation. Miscel- laneous weapons. Atlatl. Dagger. Sling with clay balls for slingshot. BASKETRY Materials.-Devil's claw. Joshua-tree root. Root for yellow. Applied decoration: feathers (whole); white paint. Basket weaving.-Wicker. Grass-bundle coiling foundation. Bead design partially coverir.g. Basket forms.-Circular, twined seed beater. More rounded, twined winnow- ing basket. Coiled circular tray. Angular tray for parching. Conical carrying basket with coiled bottom; with wicker bottom. Twined water jug: wicker bottom; flat bottam; painted white; painted yellow; handle of human hair. Caterpil- lar basket. Bottleneck basket. Handles modern. WEAVING (other than basketry) Skin blankets.-Loom: 1 horizontal bar and pegs. Warp through hole. Feather blankets: Other than mud-hen skins used. Skins woven, twisting on string. Vegetable-fiber blankets.- Materials: willow bark; inner cottonwood bark. Plain (checker) weave. Nets.-.Material: milk- weed; ar)gawana. Shuttle:TsTring around 2 sticks; string ball, no stick. POTTERY; BURDENS; CRADLES Pottery. Coolie yoke. Cradle: oval ladder type; bottom tip buckskin covered; board buckskin covered. MUTILATIONS Ear lobe bored: several holes; with cactus needle; of most females. Men's and women's ear ornament: feather on stick. Tattooing with burned pinon shells. Head deformation. DRESS AND ADORNMENT Necklaces.-Carved horn pendant, fish shaped. Belts. -Of beads. Paint.-Applied with: fingers brush. Hair dressing.-Women's hair length to neck. Singeing hair. Depilation of eyebrows. Shaving. Headgear.-Women's basketry hat for carrying only. Men's bark hat. Man's fur cap peaked. Hair net for dancing only. Band around head: horse mane. Wooden hairpin. Robes and ea -eHand muff of fur. Shirts and dresses.- Men's shirt sleeves wrist length. Skirts.- Small front apron worn under dress. Large back apron. Footgear. -2-piece skin moccasin knee height. 1-piece skin moccasin: seam on inner side of foot; toe puckered; knee height. Snow- shoe laced radially. GAMES Ball race.-Ball: wooden stick. Carrying ball permitted. Football.--Carrying ball permitted. Shinny. -Goal: willow arch; single post and hole*; rock pile; sack. Puck or ball: stuffed-skin ball. Carrying ball permitted. Grappling per- mitted. Men players. Hoop and pole. -Hoop (ring) of tule. Course: willow piles at one end. Women players. Ring and pin.-"Ring" of: rabbit skull; barrel cactus; cane, 1 hole. Hand game. Two bones, 8 bones. Counters in neutral' p'le at start. Four-stick dice.-Two dice markd on end. Dice called'"littloes." Counters. Mny dices.-Dice of wood: square; oval. Men players. 8-stick dice.-Dice: peach stone; 1 side black. Casting: twirling in air; knocking from knee; knocking from hand; end bounced on rock. Ring and dart. Quoits.-Quoit: rounded rock. Scoring: nearest goal counts. Snow snake. Juggling.-Wild gourds juggled. Betting. Jacks. Betting. o s.-Betting. Guessing for clay ba in sand. TOBACCO AND SMOKING Pipe.-Tubular bowl: of horn or bone; of wood; of pottery. Cigarette.-Cane filled with tobacc` Chewing. Miscellaneous.-Smoking as offering to giiCiEt Tobacco.-Mixed with: leaf of buhu; Ar- temisia bark; suguwiuv; arambi. Made into balls. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Rattles.-Cocoon: attached to arm; used danci4 sweat-house singing. Sheephorn rattle on stick. I 4 I I I 11 4 I I t I 420 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Rabbit's-ear rattle used by women in hand game. Deer's-ear rattle used by women in hand game. Deer's testicle on stick. Gourd. Notched stick: ornamented; on stuffed hide "resonator"; used for amusement. Drum.-Drumstick simple stick. Flute.-Mateial: willow; bone. End cut diag- onally. MARRIAGE Bride price as present. Bride service. Fra- ternal polyandry obligatory. Choice of mates: father's sister's daughter preferred; father's sister's stepdaughter preferred; mother's broth- er's stepdaughter preferred. Betrothed girl's mother was paid for premarital intercourse with girl. KINSHIP RELATIONS Avoidances.-Mother-in-law son-in-law address in plural. Mother-in-law daughter-in-law. Brothers-in-law avoid obscenity. Father-in-law daughter-in-law. Father-in-law son-in-law. Jok- ing relations.-Brothers-in-law play jokes. BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES Men: is shaman; social restrictions; regarded disapprovingly. Women: social restrictions; re- garded disapprovingly. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION .- Sovereign body is village. Chiefs.-Secial_ chief for: fishing; hunting gen- erally. Village chief. buried under sand grass. Teeth bark wrapped, buried in mountains. GIRL'S PUBERTY First menstruation.--Confinement in isolated place. Girl lies on heated ground. Girl forbid- den to look at people. Girl must veil self when outside; bathe twice daily. Scratching stick of double wood. Menstruation.-Ground warmed in se- clusion. Woman forbidden to drink cold water. Woman must use scratching stick 4 days. DEATH CUSTOMS Dying abandoned in house before death. Corpse left in house, burned. "Undertaker" purified with clay. Burial: body flexed; head uphill; in family plots; corpse left in house; burial in caves. Cremation of those dying away from home; bones brought home. Cremation in house. Funeral speech by old man, sacrifice of relatives. Destruction of property, cultivated crops in field destroyed. Mourning. -Female relatives throw hair on grave; gash ear lobes; abstain from meat. Male relatives abstain from meat. Mourning terminated at Annual Mourning Ceremony. Annual Mourning Ceremony. RELIGION Shaman.--Source of power sought in cave; sought through jimsonweed. Shaman interprets vision. Doctor's equipment: clay. Curing performances.- Doctor sucks through pipe. Patient's soul repre- sented by stick. Miscellaneous.-Unsuccessful shaman killed for many failures. New doctor dem- onstrates power at general gathering. Offerings when traveling. "Muip6" (possibly jimsonweed).- Used. BIRTH CUSTOMS DANCES Mole or gopher foot for fertility. Delivery: mother holds to stake; mother is shaken. Mid- wife in difficult case is man to frighten out baby. Afterbirth is thrown away. Mother, at end of confinement, burns old clothes; leaves old clothes on tree. Infant: stroked with eagle feathers. Umbilical cord: placed in rock cranny; in tree; in deer trail; buried in birth house. Father confined in separate house; in birth house. Father forbidden to drink cold water. Pather must run twice daily; east in morning; tst in evening; clockwise around camp. Loss of ilk teeth.-Call own name as throw teeth over lderT Relative flips teeth at child. Teeth Circle dance.-Purpose: mourning ceremony. Music: split-stick rattle; drum; special singers. Dancing: in two concentric circles. Occasion for public mourning. Bear or "back-and-forth" dance.- Gourd rattle. Whip to-make dance. Dance hell at mourning ceremony. "South" or exhibition dance.- Skin rattle. Bundle of thin boards rapped. Two sticks struck together. Pretension of shooting spectators. MISCELLANEOUS Petroglyphs.-Made by Sai-diika; known Indians. I 421 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST (K indicates Kuyui-dbkadc band; the asterisk may occur in the list under K] or K2.) SUBSISTENCE Deer Hunting 2a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 252). 5. Paviotso: "Both deer and mt. sheep were driven between very long wings paralleling a game trail, and so into a corral" (Curtis, 15: 71). To: Affirmed by BS, but I suspect he was confusing deer hunting with methods used for an- telope. 6. Ki: +; pit constructed along trail (Kelly, 81). 8. Owens Valley: "Nets and pitfalls were denied, but some kind of trap was affirmed for deer and mt. sheep" (Steward, 252).. Wa: Running noose for deer present (Smith, notes). 9. Owens Valley: Torches used in communal hunt to ignite brush, thus obtaining a large circle of fire with which to drive (Steward, 253). To: - (LP). 10. Nearly all informants at first said Pai- ute had no "dogs," but instead had "Indian dogs with ears straight up." Even these were small and scarce, and, although their use in hunting was affirmed by some, they were certainly not of much importance. Steward, 252, said Owens Val- ley Paiute used dogs for deer hunting. Ki: - (KH). 12. To: + (BS). 13. To: - (LP). Pa: Hunter must rub self with sagebrush first. Ki: Special fence was built to force deer through gate near which hunter hid (Kelly, 82). 16. Tg: Stone fence was built around pit. 19. Paviotso: Deer head with antlers used as disguise to approach game (Lowie, 197). Owens Valley: Skin and antlers used (Steward, 252). Ts: Deer disguise used only during rutting sea- son. Hunter put on skin and head of buck and pawed ground to attract a buck. As deer charged to attack intruder he was shot with arrow. "It was dangerous." Kl: No deer disguise was used because of fear of buck. A hunter once tried it and was killed. Ki: "Antelope head with ears and horns attached" was occasionally used to hunt deer (Kelly, 81). My informant denied such use. 25. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 253). AE: There was a fomal chief for communal deer hunt who led ceremony of presenting offering of smoke and food to all things at start of hunt. The hunters were together for the ceremony and had fasted all day until after it was completed. 26. Ki: + (Kelly, 81). 27. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 253). To:- (LP). To: Hunter painted himself with a white paint (poer) osai ivi) obtained near Dayton, Nevada, which made him invisible to deer. Pa: There is a spring near W shore of Walker Lake, 3 mi. S of Schurz, where a hunter could sleep if he.wanted luck for deer. He would dream of place and cir- cumstances of hunt. Usually he learned not to kill the first deer, but to wait until the secoe a big buck, came along. The place was called p dopi ("clay rock"). Wa: Hunters painted them- selves at times to help get deer. Antelope Hunting Paviotso: The statement by Lowie, 197, that "the antelope lived in the mountains, not in the valley" is of course a slip of reversal. The herds still extant occupy the valleys. Lowie, 303, also quotes the rather full and apparently. authentic account from Hopkins, 1883, 55-57. 27a. K: Lowie, 304, tells of the Kuyui ante- lope hunt. Only where his elements differ from those here recorded is a note indicated. TN: MW did not know of communal antelope hunt, but GW said he had heard of just one such hunt in Smith Valley, home of T6vusi. Special antelope< hunting was denied for their Owens Valley neigh' bors by Steward, 253, who treats antelope and mt. sheep together. Antelope, male, watsi', fe- male, or in general, tona'. 28. Ts: Corral called kuap6. 28a. To: - (LP). Ts: A great rope, watsiDd;IM gop0, about the size of a man's wrist, was made of twisted sagebrush bark. The rope was some- times a mile long so that it could be placed on. top of sagebrush and reach around a hill. Ball8 of sagebrush hung down between bushes. A: Rope of tules used at times instead of sagebrush-bark rope. -29a. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 57): Circles of sagebrush built around mounds of brush. K: A 4 large mound of sagebrush was in the center of ? the brush circle (Lowie, 304). Ki: Mound of 7 sagebrush in center of circle (Kelly, 84). 30. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 55). 31. K: + (Lowie, 304), Ts: Converging lines1 of humans served as wings to guide antelope int corral. Wda - (BJ). 32. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 253). To: - (LP). To: The regular "captain" decided time o antelope hunt and the night before led ceremonyX which included dancing, smoking, and the like.- 34. K: + (Lowie, 304). 35. Wd: - (SC). 36. K: + (Lowie, 304). 37. K: Hopkins and Lowie mention notched stick which used in Pyramid Lake antelope dance (Lowie, 304). To: Wild-rose stick with * thorns left on was used. 38. N. Paiute: Stuffed hide made in conical shape and wrapped with rope, then rubbed with a stick (Hopkins, 56). Ki: + (Kelly, 84). 41. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). 42. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). Smoking morning and evening; pipe passed to right arouna circle 5 times. [422] q? I .4 6 4 ,--'j I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 43. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). To: Chief led singing. 44. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). 46. Ts: As shaman (pohar'om) dances he falls down in a trance. Each person throws a piece of sagebrush on him, and because of the great num- ber he is completely covered. Wa: When hunt was not successful the first day, there was a dance. 49. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). 49a. N. Paiute: Children did not join hunt (Hopkins, 55). 50. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 56). Ki: + (Kelly, 85). 52a. K: Hunt lasted 3 days (Lowie, 304). N. Paiute: 5 nights required to charm antelope (Hopkins, 56). 53. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 55). 54. N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 57). Ki: + (Kelly, 83). 55. Paviotso: "A communal antelope hunt with a pound into which the game was driven" (Lowie, 197). Sa: Sawa informants were not certain of antelope hunting methods, but their idea was that the antelope were chamed to allow a corral to be built around them. 56. Wd: - (SC). Ki: Charmed and driven in (Kelly, 86-87). N. Paiute: + (Hopkins, 57). At: Charm of shaman took effect when antelope arrived in the corral, but they had to be driven in. 57. K: + (Lowie, 304): wings of piles of sagebrush were set on fire. 60. At: The leader of the antelope would be killed by the shaman pointing his pipe, after which remaining antelopes became helpless. Last such antelope hunt took place 40 years ago. Such powerful shamans no longer exist. 60a. N. Paiute: The antelope "ran round and round inside the circle just as if there were a fence all around it" (Hopkins, 57). Ts: After runner had tired the antelope, he killed small- est one to present to shaman as his special prize. This would be signal for hunters, who were stationed around corral, to start general slaughter. K: + (Lowie, 305). 62. Paviotso: "A strOng man might run down an antelope" (Lowie, 197). 73. Paviotso: "They approached the game wear- ing deer or antelope head with antlers" (Lowie, p197). 74. Ki: + (Kelly, 82). Mt. Sheep Hunting Paiute names for mt. sheep: male, koip?, fe- male, mutsa'. Koip? also means mt. sheep in gen- eral. 78. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 253). 81. Owens Valley: Enclosures sometimes built in narrow canyons to catch sheep (Steward, 253). Pa: Stone enclosure built on top of Mount Grant, W of Walker Lake. Steward, 253, cites uir's description of a stone corral and converg- ing lines of rock he saw at the same place. 85. K2: Hunter would pound rock with mocca- sins. At: Mt. sheep could only be attracted by pounding in mating season. 86. Steward, 253, mentions a picture in Muir which shows a sheep hunter with headgear suggest- ing an antelope. Ki: Kelly, 81, said her inform- ants had never seen mt. sheep, but had heard an- telope disguise was used to hunt them at times. 91. To: Affirmed by BS, who said magic was used in all hunting. BS enjoyed telling of great powers of old shamans, and appeared to exaggerate the importance of magic. Communal Rabbit Hunting Jack rabbit called kamo. 92. To: Lowie, 197, describes rabbit hunting nr. Fallon. 93. At, To: Fire used to drive rabbits. 94. Ki: No "rabbit stick" (Kelly, 88). 96. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 254). 97. Ki: + (Kelly, 88): women and girls helped in drive. 98a. At: In old days there was only 1 dance per year. Snares, Nets, Etc. 100. Owens Valley: Although a snare was found in Hooker Cave, Steward, 255, denied its use in Owens Valley. Ku: In Lovelock Cave, Loud reported what is probably a spring-pole trap (Loud, 115). 101. Ki: Kelly, 89, said snare used only for sage hens. 112. Owens Valley: Steward, 254, said nooses in trails for catching rabbits and wildcats. 117. At: Nooses in fence gaps used for sage hens in mating season (about March in Atsa terri- tory). The sage hens are said to have a dance at this time and it is on "dance ground" that fences were built. 120. To: A rabbit net was supported on sticks about 8 feet above water or just at tops of tules, usually across an opening in the tules. Just before dawn the ducks were frightened so as to be captured as they flew up. Wa: - (Smith, notes). Ki: I was told the birds were scared when they got under net, becoming entangled as they flew up. Kelly, 89, was told a supporting stick was pulled out so that the birds caught their heads in mesh as the net fell. 123. To: - (BS). 126. Ki: One edge staked down (Kelly, 89). 127. To: Net supported over spring on sticks so that it would fall when the birds flew against it. Hunter hid in a pit near by to frighten the birds at the right time. At: PS pointed out that sage hens, rabbits, and antelope only go to water at certain times of year-when too little dew, food too dry, days too hot, etc.-so that oppor- tunities for netting over water were limited. 137. Ki: Antelope disguise worn in order to approach "dancing" sage hens at mating season 423 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS (Kelly, 89). Tg: In early times one disguised man was killed because another hunter mistook him for real antelope. Sinoe then antelope disguise considered dangerous and so little used. 143. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 254, fig. 2, which represents general Paiute "figure 4" type trigger for deadfall trap). 150. To: - (LP). At: The only pitfall used was a pit 8 or 10 inches deep dug just at the en- trance to ground-hog hole. In the spring when the young rodents first came from their burrow they fell in pit. Being young and weak they could not get out. Booths and Blinds 155. Ki: + (Kelly, 90). 156. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255): "blinds resembling wickiups or suimmer houses." 159. To: - (LP). 160. Ki: + (Kelly 89): near "dance" ground. 165. Ki: Sage hens struck with stick as they "danced"; young geese and mud hens caught by hand (Kelly, 89-90). To: Sometimes disguised head and walked with body submerged until a duck's legs could be seized from under the water. then were picked up. Even in bands where net present, it was not always used. 197. Ki: + (Kelly, 89): antelope disguise worn while hunting fowl in order to approach game. 200. Ki: + (Kelly, 89): "dancing sage hens were approached by hunter wearing antelope dis- guise. Miscellaneous 201. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255). 203. Wd: - (SC). 204. Wd: - (SC). 209. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255). 210. To: Entrance to hole was closed with brush so that the Jack rabbit could not dash out when smoked. He would try to work through the brush, but would be suffocated. 217. Ts: Hawk wing called tiiso opo. 221. To: Denied by LP, who said flooding out of rodents learned from white people. Wd: - (SC). 222. To: - (LP). Eagle and Other Catching Decoys and Disguises Decoy called tUa. 178-191. Wd: Checked with SC and BJ. 180. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255), although Steward cites Simpson's description of their use on Carson (p. 85) and Walker (p. 480) lakes. To: Lowie, 198, fig. 1, shows duck decoy from Fallon. Similar specimen obtained by me is now in U. C. Anthr. Museum. Ki: + from 1 informant, - from others (Kelly, 90). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 49, and pls. 33, 34). Tg: Informant had heard about stuffed-duck deooys ana thought that old-time Tago had used them, but he was not sure and had never seen one although he was about 80 years of age. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 181. Ki: Strings were attached to decoy (Kel- ly, 90). 183. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 183-187, 189. Ki: + (Kelly, 82). Waterfowl Hunting 192. To: Fledglings and flightless adults of certain species hunted by numerous Indians in tule balsas on Carson Lake (Curtis, 15, 73). Paviotso: Lowie, 197, describes 2 types of com- munal waterfowl hunting; both methods were sim- ilarly described by my infomants. When mud hens were too fat to fly they were driven on to the land and caught when they tried to hide. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255). 194b. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255). Ts: Rabbit net was stretched near shore to keep birds from running too far. When net was not used fowl were allowed to hide under brush and 223. Ts: Aeries owned by individual, families and descended from father to son. Usually there were plenty of eaglss. There was no idea of communal ownership. 225. At: A dry rattling hide was tied to a rope, lowered into an eagle nest, and moved around to frighten the young unprotected birds.>? The young eagles tried to fly away but were cap- tured when they fell to the ground. 229. Tg, Ki: The young eagles, as with babie were tied in a cradle. They were tied thus wherever they were moved. 240. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 257): eagles "raised in small wickiups." 242. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 257). 244. Ts: Wing feathers were taken only when old eagles, which could not fly as a result of gorging too much rabbit meat, were discovered and killed. 244a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 257). 248. Ku: A small bird called scalp bird (tsonom6) was sometimes kept in a cage. It wasv not the mockingbird (toga sugu), which the Sho- shone kept. Tg: Hawks were caught when young and tamed so that they stayed uncaged around camp. Fishing 252a. Loud (156) mentions two genera of trout for area we are considering: mountain trout (Coregonus williamsoni) and big Pyramid trout (Salmo henshawi). To, To: Trout were caught by Toe in both Walker and Pyramid lakes."; These lakes are slightly brackish from mineral springs in them as well as from evaporation. Ir 424 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Both lakes are extremely deep and have rather large rivers emptying into them, so that they are not too salty for fish. Pyramid Lake claims the honor of supplying the world's largest trout; specimens have been caught weighing more than 20 pounds. "Pyramid lake is just reaching a de- gree of salinity sufficient to prevent human con- sumption." Pyramid Lake was a third more saline than Walker Lake in 1882 (Loud, 157). Kl: The Kuyui had the best fishing area in Nevada. Trout t were designated by seasonal names: spring trout (tama arai), sunmmer trout (tatsa arai), fall trout (uva arai), winter trout (tomo arai). It is to be doubted that these represent different varieties. Arai is sometimes generic tem for fish. Ki: Trout caught only in Goose Lake and its tributaries. 252c. "Kuyui, black-skinned fish of Pyramid lake .... Chamistes cujus" (Loud, 157). Kl: The kuyui is a large sucker-like fish, often weighing more than 15 pounds, which is only caught in the spring and early summer when it enters the streams to spawn. The kuyu i (pronounced by lo- cal white people kwee-wee) occurred only in Pyra- mid and Winnemucca lakes and the streams flowing into them, especially the Truckee River. Great quantities of this fish were dried each spring. The meat was stripped from the backbone so that from each fish two almost boneless pieces were prepared. Only about 4 pounds of meat were ob- tained from a 15-pound fish. 252d. Ki: + (Kelly, 97). 252e. Sucker called awagu. "Awago, red sucker .... Catostomus tahoensis (Loud, 156). 252g. Minnows called pak'ui or hopakui. Loud, 156: "tui-pagwI, a minnow or sucker .... Siphoteles obesus or Lencidius pectinifer"; "hu-pagwI, minnow .... Richardsonius egregius." 252i. Red-side salmon called koa'arai, "cold salmon." Silverside salmon called wovi-arai, 'wood salmon." 255. Paviotso: "The dip-net and gill-net" (Curtis, 15:71). TS: Fish net unknown in pre- white times. Only conical basket used. Ku: When the Kflpa were at Nixon they employed the methods of Kuyui. In their own territory, the KUpa had different methods. 256. Ts: The Paiute fish net is similar to that of Yurok (Kroeber, Handbook, pl. 7). 257. Owens Valley: Fish net same shape as rabbit net (Steward, 257). 258. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 258a. Lovelock Cave: "Ice pick" (Loud, pl. 64,g and p. 107). KU: Informant's mother told that the old-timers tied a sharp rock onto stick to use to break the ice. He thought it similar to the one from Lovelock Cave. AL denied ever hearing of such an instrument being used. Ice was broken with any big stick. Wa: + (Smith, otes). 259. At: Minnows caught by cutting hole through ice and dipping them out with a seed eater when they come up for air. 260. To: - (LP). Ki: + (Kelly, 96): A troughed willow dam and trap. Kl: The weir described by DG was a trap as well as a barrier. Willows were stuck in the mud so as to form 2 parallel rows about 2 feet apart and extending completely across the stream. The ends of the willows above the water were bent and tied to- gether to form a trough about a foot deep. The fish trying to leap the barrier were caught in the trough. It is similar to the one described by Kelly. 261. Ki: Rock dam was only used to get suckers; trout were speared. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 262. Wd: SC denied the use of platforms for fishing for the Wada, but said the Hunipui em- ployed them. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 263. Owens Valley: Steward, 251, reports conical basket used below willow dam. To: - (LP). 264. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 269. Ki: + (Kelly, 96). 270. Ts: Willow bundle used to drive fish was called tuma'nuna. Practice was known by ND but not used by his band, the Tasiget. To: (LP). 272. To: - (LP). 272-273. Wd: Denied by BJ, who described a single-pronged spear; however, SC claimed the Wada used the harpoon and no spear. I am in- clined to think SC correct. 273. KRu Fish-spear tipped with 18-inch leg- bone of sandhill crane reported seen at Humboldt Lake (Leonard, 161). Remy and Brenchley, 42, saw 1 used on Carson River. Ki: + (Kelly, 96). 274. Ki: + (Kelly, 96). 275. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 251). Pavi- otso: "The spear, a two-pronged pole with which the fish were pinned to the bottom' (Curtis, 15:71). 276. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 276a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 251). 278. Owens Valley: Steward, 251, quotes from Chalfant's MS concerning fishing by aid of a fire on the bank. (See Note 293a.) 280. Ku: Leonard, 166, describes a bipointed hook, which was probably gorget type, seen used on Humboldt Lake. Paviotso: "Hook, made of two crossed bones" (Curtis 15:71). To: - (LP). Wd; Both BJ and SC claimed ignorance of type of hook used in old days, although both thought lines had been used. 281a. Ku: + (Loud, 41, fig. 8). University specimen 1-42988 from the Heizer-Krieger 1936 excavation of Humboldt Cave was carried and shown to informants, but none identified bone-barbed piece of greasewood as a fishhook. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pl. 51, p. 41). 286. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 251). 287. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 251). 293. All infomants who knew of drugging fish said toza (Leptotaenia. dissecta Nutt. var. multifida Jeps.) root was pounded and soaked in pools, streams, and the like. Steward, 251, re- I 425 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ports Smilacina sessilifolia Nutt. used by Owens Valley Paiute to stupefy fish. 293a. Kl, K2. Both Kuyui informants inde- pendently told of stupefying brook trout by building a smudge near the bank of a creek and fanning the smoke over the water. 294. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 251). 295. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 249): Streams diverted primarily for irrigation, but fish taken. Since the Paiute to the north diverted streams for the express purpose for fishing, it is conceivable that irrigation was an outgrowth of diverting for fishing. Animals Eaten 297. At: Dogs were eaten when the people were starving. 297c. AE: Porcupine was used as food, but it also had a special prognostic property. If a sick man ate porcupine and it caused him to vomit it was a sign he would soon die; if it did not make him vomit he would surely get well. SF, being ill, wished for some porcupine to learn his fate. 297g. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255): Gopher (mU'iya). To: Pocket gophers' holes were raided to get the store of tovusi usually found there. 297i. Ki: - (Kelly, 91). 297k. Kl: Wood-rat skin was used to charm girls. If a stone was rubbed on a skin and then thrown at a girl, she would lie down anywhere with the thrower. 297n. N. Paiute: k(Upa or k6bt is probably Citellus douglasii or C. oregonus. Commonly called ground dog, ground hog, or ground squir- rel. 297p. Ku: White weaselskin used by shamans. 297r. Ku: Dried bats were used as charm (medicine) for gambling and love. 297s. Ku: A small elk, which lived in the tules, is said to have occupied Humboldt Valley before improved methods of hunting introduced by white people caused its extinction. Kl: Elk known to have existed in California, but seldom, if ever, seen around Pyramid. 297z. KU: "We don't eat coyote because he is uncle to everyone." 297aa. Ki: BA's great-grandfather was supposed to have hunted buffalo in Warner Valley. Buffalo (pagu'tsu) hunted near Eagleville (Kelly, 81). At: A buffalo skull was found by the Indians on Disaster Peak not far from McDermitt, Nevada. This find was probable basis for belief that buf- falo once ranged in that country. 298. Bears do not occur in most of Paiute area. Owens Valley: Afraid to hunt it (Steward, 253). Ku: 'Bear not eaten because it is aunt to everyone." 298g. Wa, At: Lizards eaten when the people were extremely hungry. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 298h. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255). 298m. Leonard, 117, says frogs were eaten. Birds Eaten or Used 299. Ts: The bird list was obtained by show- ing bird pictures to ND, Tasiget informant, and recording the Paiute names for birds he recog- nized. Both English and Paiute names were used in questioning subsequent informants. "Red Book," "Blue Book," and 'Green Book of Birds of America," by Frank G. Ashbrook (1931, Whitman Publishing Co., Racine, Wisconsin), were used for these identifications. 308. Identification: Corvus corax sinuatis. 309. Identification: Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos. 313. Identification: Buteo borealis borealis, 331. tavavonikudik ("one who looks at the sunn). Insect Food 337. To: Caterpillars were obtained from Mono. Lake Indians. Owens Valley: Piiuga (Coloradia pandora Blake) were caught in trenches, baked in, earth ovens or openwork baskets (Steward, 256). Although my informants aescribed use of trenchep by the Owens Valley Indians, they denied using them themselves. 338. Steward, 256, credits Aldrich with say- ing "koo'-tsabe [Ephydra hians Say.] .... occurre in Walker lake, .... Pyramid lake, and Soda lake, near Carson, Nevada, where they served as food," as well as at Mono Lake. Kuyui and Toe inform- ants denied using these pupae, but the Pakwi in- formant said his people got them from Pyramid an Soda lakes. Leonard's statement (p. 118; also cited by Steward) that flies were collected fromf "the lakes" has been mistakenly attributed to Humboldt Lake. The Kiupa denied use of kutsavi. Leonard's account cannot be relied upon because of its inconsistencies and indefinite localiza- tion. His editors assumed it took from Sept. 4 to Oct. 10 to go from Humboldt to Carson lakes. Since Leonard mentions going directly from "thee Lakes" to the Sierras, and since the Indian traUi followed led through Walker Pass, I am convinced that Leonard described the taking of 'flies" 'n& use of pottery of the Mono and Owens Valley In--" dians. Leonard's ethnology must be accepted onl after careful study and allowance for the fact - that he wrote for popular interest largely from. memory becaupe l"part of his narrative was stolewO from him by hostile Indians" (Preface, 24). Walker's journal, to which he was supposed to have had access, has never been published nor is, it known to have existed. Kl: DG knew that kut">, savi once occurred in a little slough on the +I south edge of Pyramid Lake, but they were neverl; obtained there for food, so far as he knew. He;' knew the Mono Indians ate kutsavi. "Kuzavi (larvae) .... were taken in fair quantities at Pyramid and at certain other salt lakes of cen- tral Nevada" (Curtis, 15:75). To: Some old a- timers went from Stillwater to Mono Lake to get. I I I 4 426 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTBERN PAIUTE kutsavi. There were none in Carson Lake. The Toe did not use the larvae said to occur in Soda Lake near Fallon. It was not important to them. To: Larvae kutsavi were obtained from Mono Lake by trade or expedition. Maggie and Goggles wondered why the Toe did not use the kutsavi which occur in Soda Lake, between Fallon and Hazen, Nevada. Pa: DV said he knew that kutsavi was obtained in old days from Mono Lake primarily, but also from Soda Lake and from a small slough near Pyramid Lake. Wa: Larvae were obtained from Mono. At: In the old days kutsavi larvae were found in the sloughs of Quinn River near Sod House. In the same place a green marble-like water plant was found, called ica pui ("wolf eyes"). 342. To5: Ant "eggs" were used as medicine. 344. To: Informants said cicadas (k-da) did not occur near Stillwater. 348. At, Sa, Tg, Wd, and Ki: Informants pro- nounced the word miju, the other Paiute bands said niju. 356. AE: Grasshoppers were caught by encirc- ling with fire to drive them together and roast. 358. AE: Grasshoppers stored in woven vege- table-fiber sack. 360. Wd, Ki, and AE: Only antelope liver eaten raw. 361. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 362. To: Deer heart and kidney only of his first deer was taboo as food to a youth lest be- come lazy. At: Deer heart was taboo to women and young men. A boy would be short-winded if he ate deer heart. Tg: Heart meat made all people lazy. Wd; - (SC). 364. Tg, Ki: Young people were allowed to eat cooked liver. Wd: - (SC). 365, 368. Wd: (SC). 367. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 368. Wd: - (SC). 369. Ts: Not only the first kill, but any game shot with bow (or gun) was taboo to a youth until performance of a ceremony. Neither father inor mother were allowed his first game, but the youth's brothers and sisters would eat it. This taboo did not apply to game trapped or clubbed. ND said he never ate his own kill until he was nearly 25 years old. At that time, an old In- dian, not a shaman, suggested to ND's parents that the boy was old enough to eat his own game. ND then killed a deer which he carried to camp where it was cut up. ND was smoked over a small fire of sagebrush, and then a willow hoop, wrapped with strips of meat from the game he had just killed, was prepared and he stepped through it 5 times. Next a small piece of meat was cut from either the right or left side just behind the front legs of the deer and roasted, and then handed to ND to eat. "I was afraid. I had never eaten meat that I had killed. The old man told me to go ahead and eat; said it ouldn't hurt me. I thought I would be sick, but I took the meat inside me. It almost came up again, but I tried hard and kept it down. Next I went to the creek alone and took a bath. After the ceremony my mother and father and I ate things I killed. It didn't make us sick." The meat-wrapped hoop was hung in a tree for the birds to clean. Similar ceremony was described by Kuyui, KEipa, and Toe informants. To: Only heart of 1st deer taboo.. Pa: Youth did not eat his own game until after a special ceremony which was performed after he had killed 4 or 5 deer. To free youth from taboo,'his mother chewed some of the deer meat mixed with sage and then sucked the boy's joints." He was sup- posed never to get tired after that. AE: Game killed by youth was taboo until after a shoot- ing ceremony. A small piece of meat was hung up to serve as target for the boy to shoot at. As soon as he hit the target, but not before, was the taboo lifted. 373. Tg: Father washes boy to end taboo. 374. Ki: Kelly, 80, describes ceremony sim- ilar to one told by my informants. 378. Kl: Father must distribute a deer, or if not available, 5 small game animals. Man eats very little for 10 days. 388. Owens Valley: Continence not required (Steward, 252). Sa: - (SL). 389. Tg: Hunter avoided sexual intercourse during day if he hunted. 391. Owens Valley: Hunter returned to sweat house to smoke and tell of experiences. Deer not brought into camp until next day, when other men fetched it (Steward, 252). 394. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 396. Wa: All deer bones carefully thrown in water. Tg: Deer eyes and bladder kept from dogs. 398. War + (Smith, notes). 399. To: - (LP). 401. To: - (LP). To, To, Sa, Tg, and Wd: Had offering ceremonies similar to this one de- scribed by BS (Toe): The ceremony took place the last morning of the big 5-day spring round dance. Just before dawn a half circle was formed at the west side of the dance place by basketry cups filled with Indian food. Each cup contained but one type of food, such as seeds, small pieces of fish or meat, pi-non nuts, and so forth. Just as the sun came up the head man took each cup separately, danced around the circle of Indians, sprinkled the food in all di- rections, and prayed for a good season for all things. AE: See note 25 AE. 405. Pa: DV said, "Deer has no gall except one in the tip of his tail. That is buried." 410. Acorns, obtainable only through trade or expedition from California, not important in the Paiute diet. The groups marked + in- sisted on their pre-white use in their areas. 413. Kl: Mortar and pestle used to prepare acorns obtained in California. Kuyui did not make mortars, just found them. "Old Indians, or maybe God, made them.' 434. The use of cactus was denied only in 427 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS areas where it was said not to occur. Nowhere is it common. 443. Wd: BJ said he had heard that Kuyui brought pi-non nuts to Burns in the old days to trade. I think the distance would prohibit such a thing before the horse was introduced. AE: Pinion nuts were obtained on the Saddle Back, W of Eagle Peak. The pifnon nuts, small but good, were not important as food. 443a, 446. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 241). 451, 453a, 458, 462, 464. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 242). 466. Owens Valley: Conical baskets and buck- skin bags used to transport pinfon nuts (Steward, 242). 467. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 242). Although among several of the bands there was said to have been family ownership of plots, among none of these was it true ownership. One family might claim a plot, but anyone who wished would get nuts there. No mention was made of quarrels or stone throwing resulting from trespass, as was recorded by Steward, 241, for Owens Valley. 467a. As with family ownership, so with band ownership. Each band claimed a certain area be- cause it usually went there for pinon nuts; how- ever, it went elsewhere, often to an area claimed by another band, in event of crop failure. Owens Valley: + (Steward,241). 468-470. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 242). 470. Chilled mush is assumed to be flour made of roasted pi-non nuts mixed with cold water and eaten without additional cooking. Mush is made the same except the flour and water are heated. Miscellaneous Plant Foods 471. N. Paiute: "Cane" sugar was obtained at Carson and Humboldt sinks in s&me manner as de- scribed by Steward, 245. To: The seeds of the tWvusi were so sweet that sugar was not important. Pa: The Agai and Pakwi went to Carson Lake for cane sugar. At: The Atsa traded buckskin, moc- casins, Indian potatoes for cane sugar from Still- water (Toe). Old trail from McDermitt to Hum- boldt ran just W of Santa Rosa mts. 471a. Sa: "Cane" sugar from Lovelock. 478-479. Wa: + (Smith, notes). Other Plants and Seeds Used Specimens of about 60 plants, most of which were used by the Indians, were pressed in the field and were presented to the U. C. Herbarium. I am in- debted to Dr. Herbert L. Mason for identifications, unless otherwise noted. 483. Identification: Radicula curvisiliqua Hook., Cruciferae family (Steward, 242). Sisym- brium sophia, S. incisum Engelm., or S. pinnatum Green (Kelly, 98). Mason identified specimen from Reno as a Crucifera. This suggests that differ- ent genera of Cruciferae may have been designated by the same native term. 483a. Identification: Wyethia mollis Gray. 483b. Identification: Helianthus annuus L. 483c. Identification: Wyethia ovata T. and G. (Steward, 242). ako seeds used. 483f. Identification: Allenrolfea occiden- talis Roem. kuhava seeds used. Habitat, ex- tremely alkaline or salty places. 483g. Identification: Castilleia confusa Greene. taparogi bulb used. Habitat, protected dry spots of canyons or mountain sides. 483h. Identification: Eriogonum baileyi Wats. sanak6 chewed as gum. Habitat, desert. 483i. Identification: Atriplex. Siinu- seeds eaten; were probably an important source of salt, although only one informant, PS, men- tioned this fact. Habitat, sandy spots near salt or alkali-encrusted deserts; near playa. 483j. Identification: Tetradymia glabrata Gray. Kl: DG said this plant furnished an arrow poison from its bark. Habitat, dry des- ert. 483k. Identification: Chrysothamnus nauseo- sus Britton. At the top of the roots of sigup, Indian girls and women found small lumps of some secretion. These were collected and chewed as we chew gum. Habitat, favored desert areas. 483kk. Identification: Parosela polyadenia Heller. mogodoshupi used as medicine. Habitat, favored desert spots. 483m. Identification: Apocynum cannabinum L. wihowi bark made into excellent fibers for rope, string, etc. Habitat, moist rich soil of river bottoms. 483n. Identification: Oryzopsis hymenoides Ricker. wai seeds used. Habitat, dry sandy hills. 483o. Identification: Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. kuha seeds used. Habitat, sand hills. 483p. Identification: Nicotiana attenuata Torr. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 319). 483q. Identification: Rumex crispus L. pawit was considered native to Stillwater by LP, who said its seeds were eaten; PS said roots were used for medicine. Tidestrom, of U.S. Herbariua, in Flora of Utah and Nevada, said it (Rumex crispus L.) was introduced from Europe. Habitat,; moist stream banks. 483r. Identification: Scirpus acutus Mulhl. siavo; furnished food in the form of seeds and root stock, also material for houses, cordage, footgear, and weaving. It was one of the most useful plants of the Northern Paiute. 483s. Identification: Typha latifolia L. to roots eaten. The Indians around Stillwater were called Toe-dokado ("cattail or tule eaters") be- cause they had little else to eat at certain seasons. When other food was abundant, toe wasi not eaten. 483t. Identification: Eleocharis palustris Roem. pamusivd used for weaving, bags, etc. 483u. Identification: Scirpus americanus P_ avi, same uses as 483r. 483v. Identification: Artemisia tridentata I. I I 428 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Nutt. sawava leaves used as tea for colds, etc. My informants insisted this was in pre-white days. 483w. Identification: Atriplex argentea Nutt. unaka seeds used. Habitat, favored desert con- ditions, good soil needed. DV, a Pakwi, called the same plant sur)u. 483x. Identification: Chaetadelpha wheeleri Gray. masai, an Indian lettuce, green vegetable food. Habitat, only favored spots where soil is good. 483y. Identification: Glypotpleura marginata Eat. commosigi eaten as greens. Specimen fur- nished by Miss Beyers, Indian Service teacher, from a collection made by her Indian students at Schurz. 483z. Identification: Hernmidium alipes Wats. hiwovi used as medicine. Specimen from Miss Beyers; see note 483y. 484. Identification: Ephedra torreyana Wats. tsudupi tea for medicine; powder to use as salve. 484a. Identification: Psathyrotes annua Gray. saiagava, emetic and physic. DV: "If one doesn't vomit he dies." Habitat, desert. 484b. Identification: Leptotaenia multifida Nutt. toza used for fish poison; smoked and chewed by Indians to cure a cold. Habitat, shady places on hillsides. Wa: The same word, toza, in both Paiute and Washo languages desig- nates the root of Indian balsam. At: PS was first to mention use of toza as fish poison. He also mentioned rye grass (Elymus condensatus Preal.), watca wotav6, for house building. 484c. Identification: Chenopodium album L., from Steward, 1933, and Kelly, 1932. 484d. Identification: Suaeda depressa var. erecta Wats., from Kelly, 98. wada seeds eaten. Wa, At: wada absent from Washo and Atsa areas. 484h. tbvusi, nut grass. Habitat, meadows or stream banks. Steward, 245: "probably Brodiaea capitata Benth!'; Mark Kerr of Independ- ence, California, had "Taboose" identified at the University as Cyperus rotundus L., according to Frank Essene, Ms. 485. AE: A crosspiece was placed on end of digging stick to serve as handle. Paiute name of digging stick is poro. 505. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 247). 509. Owens Valley: Tobacco yield was in- creased by burning, pruning, and irrigating (Steward, 319). Tg: The Tago knew that tobacco grew better in burnt-over places, but they did not set the fires. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 527. Wd: BJ said there were no caves near Burns, Oregon, but there were many of them on Juniper Mountain. These caves were thought to have been inhabited during winter months, also used for burials. BJ had seen the caves, had never seen anyone living in them, yet remembered "old-timers" telling of the caves as habitations. 529. Seven bands absolutely denied aboriginal use of any salt. Only PS of McDermitt even men- tioned any salt from plants. To: The Tovusi went to Alkali Lake near Topaz, California, to get salt. They did not claim this lake, but obtained salt there without payment. No one seems to have owned the lake, although it might have been Washo, MW said. Pa: Salt obtained at Rhodes Salt Marsh south of Mina (Steward, 325). DV said Osavi- dokado ("salt eaters") have been considered a separate band only since the building of the rail,road through that country; before the rail- road the country was used only as a place to get salt. At: Free salt not known before white peopl-e. Salt-brush, Atriplex, and suanul seeds were salty and that is all they used. 530. Sa: + (SL). 533, 534. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255). 538. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255). 539. Tg, Wd: "To dry meat faster a sort of sweat house was built and a fire was made in- side" (DS). This was primarily only to dry faster; the smoking was incidental. 540. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 542, 543. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 255). 546. To: - (LP). Wd: - (SC). 558. Sa, Pa, At: Feet dried with cords and skin were used in case of famine. 561. At: Earth oven used only for crickets. 562. Cooking in the thorax filled with water which was brought to a boil by means of hot stones is described by Kelly, 92. 568. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 255). 577. K2: Once during a hard winter a Kuyui- dokado killed his daughter-in-law and ate her. The rest of the tribe disapproved and chased him away. KU: "Not so many years ago, just be-. fore the white people came, a family lived high in the mountains during a hard winter. The mother couldn't get enough food, so one day the eldest son killed her, cooked her, and offered some of the meat to his younger brother. The younger one refused and the elder brother threatened to eat him next. The boy escaped, ran to Lovelock (saituka tuwiwarai), told his story. The Indians tried to kill the elder brother but he hid, then ran away" (GN). At: "In hard winters when food was gone those In- dians who appeared weak, like they would die, were killed and eaten by the stronger ones" (PS). HOUSES Speaking of a Walker Lake lodge pictured in Mooney, Lowie (p. 221) says, "while round in ground plan was not very regular in shape, being neither distinctly conical nor beehive-like." Informants were unable to give accurate descrip- tions of houses. When I showed them pictures of dome-shaped houses of the Pomo tule type, in- formants said that type had been used formerly, but upon seeing plate 3,c, Steward, a conical house, most of them said that type was also used. It is impossible to ascertain if house I 7 f I I 429 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS constructions changed from domed to conical, as Kelly, 104, suggests, or whether both kinds were built at the same time. I believe house forms were not stable but depended upon the available materials and whim of the builder. Inasmuch as the framework was chiefly willow, dome-shaped houses were probably more common. 580-581. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 582. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 265): Domed willow shade. At: In old days all Paiutes had was willow half dome or willow half circle with end leaning toward center. There were no flat roofs. 583. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 265). Ki: + (Kelly, 105, pl. 18,c); however, my informants said only brush enclosure was known formerly. 587. "Paviotso lodges were nearly hemi- spherical." "A very thick thatch of dry pin-on needles was applied, and this sometimes covered with earth" (Curtis, 15:70, also pl. 78). 589. K: Picture of Pyramid Lake Paviotso dwelling (Lowie, 204, fig. 6). At: In old days some people would, at times, build no permanent winter camp. PS remembers his family wandering all winter much as they usually did only in sum- mer. He did not remember why, yet thought it was to hunt. Although clothing was scant and often wet, PS did not remember being cold. Nights were spent huddled around a fire with only the shel- ter afforded by a few sagebrush piled as wind- break. Ki: Dome-shaped winter houses were said to have formerly existea (Kelly, 104). 600. KU, To, To, Sa, Pa, Tg: House was built of tule "mats" which were made by binding masses of tules between 2 or 3 pairs of sticks. The Tag6 made also woven mats. 606. Wd: (SC). 607a. To: (LP). 613. At: A ring of willows was sometimes placed around fire to keep grass used to sleep on from catching on fire. 615. At: Paiutea used only tripod-type house after white people came. Wd: Tripod-type house used to be covered with buffalo skins. After buffalo left, grass and tules were used. 622. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 264). Ki: Conical houses borrowed from north (Kelly, 104, pl. 18,b). Some denied any shelter besides the shade or windbreak for aboriginal times (Kelly, 106). 628. To: - (LP). 629. Ki: + (Kelly, 104). 631. Wa: - (BJ). Informant saia buffalo had been seen near Saddle Butte, but Wada never hunted them. Ki: Tule mat sewed and twined (Kelly, 104, pl. 19,c). 633. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 264). 638. Wd:- (SC). 640. To: + (BS). 643. Wa: Door was of woven willows, that is, of basketry. 653. Owens Valley: + (Steward): Mountain house used in fall and winter had 2 upright poles and ridgepole. 678. Tg: Although no special storehouse was built, an elevated cache was prepared and covered with a woven sagebrush-bark mat. 686. KEt: + (AL). Wd:` (SC). Sweat House Sweat house: nasanovi (Atsa); navaduva (KUpa); navagia novi (TagU). 688. K2: Sweat house is a recent acquisition from northern tribes. Kit: + (AL). GN said old- time Paiutes took hot baths in warm mineral springs, but sweat-house baths were not known. AL denied this and insisted that her grandmother took steam baths and maintained that it was a Paiute institution. GN and AL both were used for some parts of list. Unless their ideas dis- agree no mention will be made; the reader may assume that all data are from GN or that AL substantiated data, unless a note explains the contrary. To: BS and LP both said that sweat bathing was a recent acquisition but it is now firmly instituted. + (Lowie, 308): 'The Fallon Paviotso call the sudatory 'naBarinana.' Pa: - (Curtis, 70). 'At Walker lake sudatories were unknown" (Curtis, 169). Tg: Although the sweat house is almost universally used by the Paiute on Owyhee Reservation, DS said the TagS never had it in old days. The Tago Paiute learned it from the Warm Springs Indians, the Araitsi, a non-Paiute band. Sweat house first used by Paiute about 60 years ago. 689. Ki: + (Kelly, 202, pl. 19,b). 704. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 265, fig. 4). A conical earth-covered semisubterranean sweat house was denied by my informants. 713. Ts: ND had seen a gabled, grass- and earth-covered sweat house at Honey Lake, built against a hillsiae. Wa: 'The sweat house was an earth-covered, conical hut over a shallow excavation. Three forked posts, set respective in the center and near the rear of the pit, sup- ported a two-piece ridgepole, against which wil- low poles and slabs of bark were leaned. Heat was generated directly by fire. The sweat bath, instead of being a reglarly recurring event, was employed only to relieve actual physical ills" (Curtis, 94). 727. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 266). 728. Ki: + (Kelly, 203). 733. To: + (Lowie, 308). 735. Ki: + (Kelly, 203). 744. Ki: Bather prays to sun (Kelly, 203). 745. To: - (LP). 747, 748a. Ki: + (Kelly, 203). 750, 751. Ki: "Women never used sweat house? (CW). "Women bathe alone sometimes" (KH). 'Women and men sweat together' (BA). A 753-759. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 266). 4 763. Kit: GN insisted that KUpa menstrual hut existed in pre-white days. He knew that Kuyui had no menstrual hut. 763,b,c. To: - (LP). Wd: - (SC). 764. Paviotso: "The dance house a brush en- *1 430 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE closure roofed with green boughs" (Curtis, 169). Ki: + (Kelly, 106): Used for shamanistic per- formances. NAVIGATION 772. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 773. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 258). To: + (Lowie, 250, fig. 32). 774. Owens Valley: One bundle of tules with gunwales served as balsa (Steward, 258). Ki: Two bundles of tules used to make balsa (Kelly, 150). 775. AE: Gunwales were made on balsas by binding small bundles around top. 776. Paviotso: Tale rope used to lash balsa (Lowie, 233). 783. Sa: A rabbit net was used as rope and stretched across stream during floods or high water. FIRE MAKING 784. KU: + (Loud, 96, pl. 49,a,b). Owens Valley: + (Steward, 276). Wa: + (Smith, notes). 785. Ki: Foreshaft of sagebrush. + (Kelly, 142). 786. To: Charcoal put inside cane to aid start of fire. 790. Tb: Horn sometimes used on drill. 791. Sa: Bow drill now used by Sawa, and although time of introduction is not known, it was probably after time of white people. 792. Kii: Willow hearths were most abundant in Lovelock Cave (Loud, 96). 792a. Ki: + (Kelly, 142). 793. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 276). To: - (LP). 794. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 276). Ki:+ (Kelly, 142). 797. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 276). 799. Wd: SC had heard that the TagS, to E of the Wada on a Snake River tributary, could start a fire by striking two stones. MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS Mortar and Pestle 809. Owens Valley: Not used in Owens Valley, but occurs in Death Valley (Steward, 241). To, KS: + (LP). The Saidoka, people who lived around Humboldt and Carson sinks before the Paiute, made all mortars; Paiute used them when found, however (GN). AL said that Paiute at Lovelock made mortars. y mother made a mor- tar about 40 years ago, and she saw others made." To: 'All mortars were made on Jolis Peak when animals were people. Deer made them. The Indians just find them some place. Pestles made by Indians." Metate and Muller Owens Valley: + (Steward, 239). 830a. Ki: - (Kelly, 138). 834. To: Paint was ground to a fine powder, mixed with water, shaped into a small brick and dried. Powder was scraped from the brick as the paint was needed. 835. AE: Mortars and metates were left out so that the rain would clean them. 844. Paviotso: Seeds ground on metate with a forward and backward motion (Lowie, 203, 204, fig. 2), but "a forward and sidewise motion" was also used (p. 215). 845. Most informants demonstrated a back-and- forth motion using both hands on the mano. How- ever, the shape of some of the metates and the condition of their worn surfaces suggest that a rather indefinite rotary motion was used. Some manos were too small to be held in two hands, which would also indicate an irregular movement with one hand, probably rotary. I did not in- quire whether one or two hands were habitually employed. Mush Stirrer 847. Owpns Valley: + (Steward, 246). Tg: Spoon of mt.-sheep horn and basketry ladle were used to stir mush. The looped stick used only to "fish meat from hot water." Wd: - (BJ). Spoons, Dippers, Etc. 852. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 42, pl. 15,b). KU: + (Loud, 42, pl. 15,b, g, i). 863a. To: "The old-timers never knew coil- ing. This just started with younger genera- tion." It is possible that this is true for all Northern Paiute. 864. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 169). 866. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 266). Stew- ard, 269, cites Leonard's reference to pottery on Humboldt Lake which I criticized in note 338. Leonard visited Humboldt, Carson, Walker, and Mono lakes and refers to them collectively as "these lakes." Since he visited Mono Lake, and since we know they had pottery there, it would be safer to assume that is where he saw it. 867. Animal-stomach bag only used when other container lacking. Sometimes hunter will have no basket jug and then will use stomach of game. 868. Owens Valley: Steward, 273, translates osa, "water olla." Ki: Kelly, 124 (pl. 21,c), calls o'sa', 'water jar." KU: Loud, 65, (pl. 67), "basket water bottle." Same as 1096. Knives 870. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 277). 871. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 431 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 872. Owens Valley: + (Steward 227, and fig. 3,j). 873. Wa: + (Smith, notes). Scrapers 876. Ki: Broken cobble used to scrape inside of hide, especially elk. 883a. Ku: Scapula scraper from Humboldt Cave (U.C. Mus. cat. no.: 1-42991) was shown to in- formants. GN recognized scapula scraper and said it was used in old days to remove hair from hides. Specimen similar to Loud, 40, pl. 13,j. Awls 885a-888a. Lovelock Cave: Awls from all these bones found in cave (Loud, 36). 890. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 271). Drill 894. Owens Valley: T-shaped stone drills found archaeologically, but were not recognized by informant (Steward, 271). KS: - (GN). Wa: + (Smith, notes). 894a. Wa: + (Smith, notes). Flint Flaking 903. To: Neither BS, LP, nor LP's wife had ever seen any flint flaking, nor had they heard how it was done. More surprising, LP and his wife were ignorant of skin dressing. 906. Tg: DS insisted that the Tagb chipped flint by means of a second piece of flint. The flaker was said to have been white flint held between two sticks tied together or in the split end of one stick, or it was a large piece of flint that was partly wrapped with buckskin. Except that flint replaced the antler tip, the technique was the usual pressure flaking. 909. Ki: + (Kelly, 141). Skin Dressing 912. of skin sented. 924. Paiutes To: LP and wife professed no knowledge dressing. BS furnished facts here pre- Pa: "Only during last thirty smoked skins." years have WEAPONS Bow 933. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 259). Wd: Self-bow only for children. Ki: Boys' bow (Kelly, 143). 935. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 259). Ki: (KH). 937. Owens Valley: + (Steward). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 97, pl. 47, m). AE: Sinew-backed bow obtained by trade from "down below" in Cali- fornia. The Achomawi traded sinew for the fin- ished bows, which informant called "hickory.' Sinew glued on with fish glue. 940. Owens Valley: Steward, 259, cites Chalfant's account of (mountain) "mahogany bows with reverse curves at ends.' 942, 945. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 259). 946. KlU: Sinew was wrapped not glued (AL). 948. Paviotso: "....the powerful recurved bow of mountain-sheep horn was not uncommon" (Curtis, 15:71). 953. To: - (LP). 954. To: - (BS). 960. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 259). Ki: Un- decorated (Kelly, 142). 960a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 259). Arrows 961, 966. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 262). 967. Paviotso: Arrows without foreshafts (Curtis, 15:71). Ts: Shaft usually made of chokecherry; some cane. 968. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 259). Love- lock Cave: + (Loud, 97, pl. 47, k,l). 969. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 97, pl. 47, b,o).'! 970, 970a. Owens Valley: + (Stewarad, 260). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 97, pl. 47,a). 971. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 260, fig. 3,a). 972. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 260, fig. 3,d). Sa: Arrows for ducks not wrapped, as in Owens Valley, but a feather was tied near point to keep arrow from sinking. 973. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 260, fig. 3,o). 975. None of my informants made arrow points. For the most part their knowledge of types was gained from arrow points they picked up. In private and public collections in the area sev- eral types occur. The 2-notch type seems to have been the most usual. 976. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 262). 985. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 988. Owens Valley: Used a yellow mineral (Steward, 263). Ki: + (Kelly, 145): spleen, wild parsnip, and rattlesnake poison. 990. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263). 991. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263). K2: Decayed blood was mixed with a yellow berry which gets ripe in September. 992. Wa: + (Curtis, 92; Smith, notes). 995. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263). 996. Ts, Pa: Have secondary release, arrow held to string with thumb and index finger but middle and fourth fingers are used to help pull on the bowstring. Wa: Infomant recognized that the Washo have same arrow release as Ishi had (University negative 15-5957). Arrow Straightener 998. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 260, pl. 4, fig. 1, shows oval straighteners as described by other Paiute). Wa: + (Smith, notes). I I I 'I .0, i II V I I I 4 . w .1 I i I 432 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 1004. 1005. 1005, 1006. 1009a. sity neg. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 42, pl. 15,j,k). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pl. 15, ,k). 1006. KU: + (Loud, 42, pl. 15,k). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pl. 15,j,k). Arrow straightener similar to Univer- 15-4801, of a Klamath specimen. Qjiver 1012. Ki: + (Kelly, 145). 1013. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263): for hunting. 1017. Ki: - (BA). 1017a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263): for war. Ki:- (KH). 1020. Wa: + (Snith, notes). 1021. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 263). AE: Pulled under am during war. Wa: - (Smith, notes). Miscellaneous Weapons 1021a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 100, fig. 16). 1023. Owens Valley:- (Steward, 259). Pa: Tule padding was worn to protect arm from being chafed. Wa: Washo did not have shields but said Paiute did. AE: Elkhide shields were known, but were not common. 1028. K2, KU: GN knew of a stone-headed club that was found near Nixon, but he never heard of KUpa using them. IM described the tokuivanu as if it were well known and insisted that it had been used in pre-white times by Kuyui. He called it a tomahawk. Tg, Wd: These northern inform- ants described a stone-headed club similar to the tomahawk of DM except that the stone was covered with buckskin. The hafted stone was sewed into wet buckskin which tightened and hardened as it dried. 1028a. Kti: GN had heard of Bannock's use of stone on thong, but doubted that the Paiute ever had such an instrument. BASKETRY Materials 1033. Paviotso: Coiled and twined baskets made by Paviotso, but coiling less frequent and for few types (Lowie, 233). Curtis states that Paviotso made only twined baskets, yet on his published photograph of "Paviotso Basketry" oppo- site page 74, 5 of the 12 baskets are made by coiled technique. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 65). Ts, To: Coiled baskets rare in old days, but they were copied from Washo at times. Twining was the fundamental technique. Th: MW denied coiling as old method (see note 863). 1034. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 69). Pavi- otso: "All Paviotso baskets are made by the twining process" (Curtis, 70). 1035a. Lovelock Cave: Twined tule mats, bas- kets, trays, and carrying cases were found (Loud, pls. 10, 17, 31, and p. 69). Tale baskets were made for temporary use, especially to transport fish, and were often hurriedly made for an un- expected use, then thrown away once the food had arrived safely to camp. Sa: - (JM). Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1039a. K2: IN did not know where "old-timers" got basketry material. Wa: Dark brown and black obtained from bracken-fern roots. These are buried before use. 1040a. Paviotso: "Shoots dyed black by burial in mud" (Curtis, 70). KU: AL said willow was dyed brown or black just by burying in any ground near Fallon. Color depended on time ma- terial was left in ground. Sa, Tg: Informants said willow dyed black by leaving in hot mud. Basket Weaving It is interesting that the relative abundance of modern Northern Paiute weaves is just oppo- site to that of the basketry found in Lovelock Cave, near the center of the Paiute area. Wicker, denied being known by infomants, was the most common type in the cave; coiled ware, considered a recent innovation by the Paiute and less made than twined ware, was second in total number of pieces found in the cave; twined ware, consid- ered by informants as the only true Paiute ware and still much more frequently seen in Northern Paiute basketry collections, was anciently only about a third as common as coiled ware and a tenth as common as wicker. 1048b. Lovelock Cave: 1115 pieces of wicker work were found (Loud, pls. 27-28, and p. 60). A small piece of wicker basketry which I ob- tained from Humboldt Cave was shown to all but one informant. All denied Paiute use of the technique. 1049. Paviotso: "All Paviotso baskets are made by the twining process,. " (Curtis, 15:70). Ki: BA said, when the technique was discussed, that coil technique was used but he denied that any specific basket was coiled when questioned concerning the several types. The younger men thought coiling a Paiute practice. Coiling recent introduction (Kelly, 120). 1051-1055. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 65). 1052. KU: - (AL). 1053. KU: - (AL). 1056. Paviotso: "I observed a Paviotso woman proceeding from left to right, i.e., clock- wise, in sewing a small, semiglobular coiled basket" (Lowie, 233). 1056-1057. Most of my informants were men and so probably did not know the intricacies of basketmaking; however, I tried to supplement their statements by asking the women. Ordi- narily, all were unconscious of a fixed proce- dure and said individuals differed. 1057. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 66). 1057a. Kl: A small piece of split-stitch coiling from the 1936 University excavation of Humboldt Cave near Lovelock was shown to infom- ant, and the method of its manufacture was dem- 433 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS onstrated. DG insisted the method was formerly employed at Pyramid Lake; however, I think it doubtful. His brother, K2, denied it. 1059-1063. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 69). 1064. Bead work only in recent times. 1064a. Paviotso: Curtis shows 9 modern beaded baskets on copy of photograph opposite page 76. 1066. Wa: Feather baskets made for Indian doctor; fewr made. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 68). Basket Forms 1075. Paviotso: "Trays (tsamdn'6, ya'ta')" open and closed twine (Lowie, 234, and fig. 19,a). 1082. Carrying baskets had different names according to size and use. Some were: tsata, kurus, idiwa, kawono. 1091a. Paviotso: Curtis shows a bipointed "Nixon" type fish basket on photograph opposite page 74. Kl: Jane Holbrook, 75, Paiute at Nixon, was commissioned by someone to make an old-time fish trap. It was still in her pos- session. Made of slightly whittled willows, it had a coarse open-twined weave. As it was closed at both ends, it had an oblong shape, 3 feet long with a diameter of 1l feet. Min- nows wiere supposed to enter the trap by way of a hole, 2 inches square on one side. (See fig.) 1093. Paviotso: Twined hats (Lowie, 233, 237, fig. 17). Used small basketry hat (Curtis, 70). Owens Valley: Used basketry hat for pro- tection against pitch and tumpline (Steward, 241). K2: "Indians near Pyramid Lake had no hats. The ones near Susanville did" (EM). See note 1406, for use. 1096. (Same items as 868.) Paviotso: "Jugs or bottles are twined and pitched, and are coni- cal in .... lower half, and bulging to a hemis- pherical shape truncated by the neck in the upper portion"; bases are pointed, rounded, flat, and in some cases dented in the center (Lowie, 233-237, fig. 20,a). Wd: - (SC). Stew- ard, 273, calls this "water olla." 1099. To, Tt: In old days Paiute made only pointed bottoms, round bottoms since white peo- ple's advent. 1101. Baskets of Reid collection; photo by Robert H. Heizer. 1103. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 273). Wd: - (BJ). 1114. Paviotso: Mush bowl (Lowie, 233-234, fig. 13,b). 1115. When baskets of one type were made by both coiled and twined technique the generic name was used for both, except when they were distinguished by adding adjectival words "tot- sic'kwa," meaning coiled, or 'towic'kwina,n meaning twined. 1117. Ki, 2: Field Museum has two pitch- coated coiled food bowls from Pyramid Lake (Stew- ard, 271). 1118. Tg, Wd: Boiling basket pitched on out- side then placed in hole so it would not fall over. 1119. Ki: + (Kelly, 123). 1120. See note 1115. 1121. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 271). WEAVING Skin Blankets 1140a, 1141a, 1142a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 50, 51). 1144. Paviotso: + (Lowie, 228). Steward, 270, describes this type for Death Valley Sho- shoni. 1144a. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 270). 1145. Ki: Kelly, 137, confims use of verti- cal loom. Feather Blankets 1156, 1160. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 50). 1157. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 270). Ki: - (Kelly, 136). Vegetable-Fiber Blankets 1165. Paviotso: "For babies, blankets of sage- brush were made" (Lowie, 217). Ki: + (Kelly, 137). 1168a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 56). Nets 1180, 1180a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 85). Cordage 1184a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pls. 36,h, 73). 1185a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 73, pls. 35, 73). Ki: + (Kelly, 137). 1186-1190. Paviotso: "Used the twisted stalk of the flat tule (toibi) to make rope." "My in- terpreter and I, each weighing 185 pounds, were unable to tear such a rope apart when pulling at opposite ends" (Lowie, 233). 1189. Lovelock Cave: Rope (tule bark) found in cave had a right or clockwise twist, whereas 434 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE string (twine) had a left or counterclockwise twist (Loud, 73). 1190. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 73): only .6 per cent of rope made by clockwise twist. Pottery 1195. The account in Leonard concerning pot- [tery at Humboldt Sink must be disregarded because there is nothing in the story which would locate [-the pottery at Humboldt except an editor's note. 'All logic and internal evidence point toward Mono iLake as the area where Leonard saw pottery in use. tSteward, 1932, 269, admits Leonard's reference to Lpottery in a note: "the pottery described here and 'that seen by Leonard at Humboldt Lake may ulti- ,mately connect that on the Columbia river with the Southwest." (See note 338.) CRADLES 1245a. The first cradle used is a simple, twined basket, which is replaced when soiled, usually about once a week, until the child is iabout a month old when it is bound in the elab- orate, rigid carrying cradle (Kelly, 132, pl. 28). 1246. Wa, Pa: Cradle as in Owens Valley (Steward, pl. 9). This is different from most lNorthern Paiute cradles; see excellent examples in Kelly, pls. 30, 31. 1259. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1260. Paviotso: "Cradle baskets have adjust- able hoods on which appear in color phallic de- signs proclaiming the sex of the child" (Curtis, '71). Wd: Both BJ and SC,my two principal in- formants of Wada, were blind, which might ex- plain why they denied that hood designs revealed sex of child. The cradles now have the different aesigns, and my women interpreters said they had heard it was an ancient custom. Ki: BA, blind in- formant, did not know hood designs were distinct for babies of different sex. Informants with good vision said it was a Paiute practice since "the world was made." 1266. Wa: + (Smith, notes). MUTILATIONS 1301. Wa: Shaman only. (See note 1334.) 1306. Owens Valley: -, yet Owens Valley In- ian said Walker River and Yerington Paiute tat- tooed (Steward, 275). KE: Tattooing not known o old-time Indians (GN). To: LP thought it was ld custom of Toe, but knew no details. BS was ertain the old Toe did not tattoo. 1307a. Ki: + (Kelly, 116). 1308. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1319. Pa: Child forced to lie in one posi- ion "until head set." No violent movement for ome weeks after birth. DRESS AND ADORNMENT Necklaces 1324. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1325, 1326. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 105). 1326. K2: DM got his dentalia at Susanville about 30 years ago; 25 shells cost seven dollars. 1327a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 42). 1332. Ki: + (Kelly, 117). 1333. To: Bought from California. AE: Only women used pine-seed beads. Were used as beads on dress. Obtained from California Indians W of Achomawi. 1334. Paviotso: "Some who paid much attention to appearance had a bone cylinder in the nasal septum" (Curtis, 69). Wd: Fish vertebrae strung to wear were the only bone beads. 1335. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1336b. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 42, also,pl. 12,c and University neg. 15-5931). Belts 1337. Tg: Belts were made of wihavi (dogbane). 1340. Beaded belts made only since white con- tact. 1348. Paviotso: Men and women painted face daily with red or white material (Curtis, 69). 1361. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 109). Ki: 'Red paint is yellow rock which is burned and ground." 1362. AE: Blue paint in hole near Tittle Hill, SE of Alturas. 1363. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 109). 1364. At: One Paiute word designates green and blue. 1365. KU, To: Yadupi was obtained in abun- dance from a site in White Cloud Canyon, SE of Lovelock. The property now belongs to Mr. John T. Reid, mining engineer, who called the shiny powder "hematite.' Mr. Otto F. Heizer, another mining engineer of Lovelock, identified the mate- rial as Fe30, "speculorite." I suspect it is the same as that listed by Steward as "galena,' which it resembles. It was used to ward off evil spirits, especially bad dreams. Ki: Yadupi got from Nixon Indians. AE: Yadupi was obtained from the Paiute even in early days before white people. Hair Dressing 1375. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1378. Paviotso: "Men arranged the hair in 2 braids, with the ends wrapped with strips of otter fur" (Curtis, 61). 1382. Ki: - (Kelly, 115, but she cites De Angulo's statement that the hair was worn loose). 1386. Tg: Tago women learned braiding of hair from Araitsi of Warm Springs, Oregon. Before that they just let hair hang loose. Borrowed braiding style before white people arrived. 1387. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 1390a. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 38). 1396. Th: Pitch in the hair or on the hands 435 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS was removed by washing in water to which has been added ground pinion nuts. 1401. Ki: +, for youths and girls (Kelly, 115). Headgear 1406. Paviotso: "They had basketry hats" (Lowie, 217). To: Only a few of the women wore basketry hats, and those womein only wore them from time to time, especially when gathering pifion nuts. 1408a. T6: The twined sagebrush-bark hat was used after the arrival of the white people. (Figured here is s John T. Reid specimen, probably made by a Kiipa Indian; Robert H. Heizer photograph.) 1416a. Paviotso: Badgerskin caps occasionally worn (Lowie, 217). 1423. Ki: + (Kelly, 114). 1425. Tg: Fur eyeshade sewed on cap. Ki: - (Kelly, 114, said eyeshades were only on caps). 1426. To: 'No headband in old days" (GW). MW -said she had heard of use for games even be- fore the white contact. Robes and Capes 1432. Paviotso: Bf made (Lowie, 217). K. 1436, 1440. Wa: + 1441. AE: Whole wt out, served as warm m: contact. To: + (LP). aby blankets of sagebrush i: + (Kelly, 135). (Smith, notes). ood-rat fur turned inside ittens even before white Shirts and Dresses 1444. Owens Valley: Women wore nothing above their waist, skirts from there down (Steward, 274). K2: Men seldom killed deer enough to sup- ply skin clothes. 'KU: Only the best hunters were able to furnish their families with skin clothes. Most people wore nothing. Td: The Tovusi were good hunters, consequently women had plenty of buckskins to make clothes. The Toe were less active hunters so that their women had to wear grass skirts. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 1445. Ki: Gown is shown by Kelly (pl. 20, a,b). 1461. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 1462. K: Pyramid Lake Paiute buckskin shirt in Field Museum (Steward, 274). Ki: Picture of men's shirt and pants (Kelly, pl. 20,c,d). Wa: + (Smith, notes). Skirts 1475. Paviotso: "Men of the better class belted two deerskins about the waist" (Curtis, 69). 1481-1483. Paviotso: "The more prosperous wore skirts reaching to the knees" (Curtis, 69). 1488-1497. Paviotso: "Women of the poorer families had only a small apron in front and an- other behind" (Curtis, 69). 1493. AE: A shredded-bark apron was part of shinny costume, its only use. 1503. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 53). Ki: + (Kelly, 106): fiber skirt used by poor people. 1508. Wa: - (Smith, notes). Leggings 1516-1517. Paviotso: Men wore fringed buck- skin leggings; women wore no leggings (Lowie, 217). 1517. Ki: + (Kelly, 109). Footgear 1527. "Two-piece" signifies the basic part of moccasin, sole and short upper; additional top or tongue might be added to either type (Loud, pl. 21). Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 47). 1538a. Lovelock Cave: Moccasins beaded with Olivella were found in Lovelock Cave (Loud, p. 47, pl. 21). 1539. "One-piece" signifies the basic part of moccasin, sole and short upper; tongue, top, or sole may be added. Wd: + (BJ). Ki: Kelly, 110, figures a moccasin in construction, and remarks it is like Wissler's pattern 8. 1540. Wd: - (SC). 1549. Wd: - (SC). 1554a. Small moccasins with hair on found in Lovelock Cave (Loud, p. 47, pl. 22,e). 1555. Ki: Kelly, 109 (pl. 27), describes and pictures bark moccasin. (Figured are John T. Reid specimens.) 1556. Wd: - (BJ). 1560. K: + (AL); she said badger hide toughest material for soles, and that hair left inside to keep feet warnm. 1561. To: + (BS). Wd: - (SC). 1562. Sandal a sole with strings or straps to hold it on the foot. KU: + (AL). Although many sandals were found in Lovelock Cave (Loud, pls. 22, 23), GN insisted that "the Paiute didn't wear shoes like Jesus wore. I've seen pictures of Jesus." Paiutes mostly went bare- foot in old days and traveled at night to avoid hot ground, GN said. AL said she saw old In- dians wearing sandals of tule, grass, and rush. I N i a i 436 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE 1564a. Lovelock Cave: About 80 tule-and-rush sandals were found (Loud, pls. 22, 23, and p. 55). Paviotso: Sandals worn (Lowie, 218; 207, fig. 5). 1565. wa: - (SC). GAMES Ball Race 1577. Paviotso: Called wu4to'goin (Lowie, 262). Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). 1580a. AE: Willow arch. 1587a. Pa: Footgear detemined by rac.ers, but all wore the same. 1591. Pa: Runners raced in relays; in most bands all runners together. 1593. Sa: - (jM). Football 1595. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). Pavi- otso: "Men played a football game (watci'muin)" (Lowie, 262). Shinny 1596. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). Pavi- otso: + (Lowie, 262): nazi 'tsaka. 1621. AE: Referee has to see that sticks are carried properly. While running, sticks must be held vertical. 1623. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). Hoop and Pole 1626. Culin describes the Pyramid Lake and Bannock hoop-and-pole games. At Pyramid the pole was- 19 inches long, but the Bannock pole was much longer. At Pyramid the hoop was 2 3/4 inches in diameter (Culin, 495, 499). Hoop and pole called paci (DG) or baici (Ei) in southern part of area, and nowikonoi (PS) in the north- ern. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). Paviotso: Called ipai'ciin. "If the hoop, which was only several inches in diameter, rested on the dart, the player scored" (Lowie, 262). Wa, AE: Old- time Washo and Achomawi thought to have played hoop-and-pole game, although none of the Indians of these bands interviewed could tell any de- tails of game. 1635. Owens Valley: Course 50 feet long (Steward, 287). 1642. Ts: Pole through hoop wins bets and sometimes gets double pay. Sa, Tg, At, Wd, Ki: After one person has his pole through hoop, others get a throw. Those who do not get poles through hoop forfeit their poles and so cannot play until they get new ones. No bets. 1647. When a player threw his pole through hoop, the others were eliminated if they did not also throw their poles through. Ki: Kelly, 171, reports the hoop-and-pole game as it was described to me, and says, 'each one who missed forfeited his pole." Ring and Pin 1665a. GN (Ktipa) described the game which was common in southern part of area. Boys and men bet a certain number of finger thumps on the head between the eyes.. If player did not catch the ring on the pin in a given number of trials he submitted to thumping, which was at times re- peated until a large bump raisea. Girls bet gum, pins, and other things. Men bet cigarettes or "ipuffs on a pipe." Game was played at gatherings so that everyone joined in fun. Hand Game 1666. PS said the hand game became the gamb- ling game par excellence of native western America. He said Charlie Monday, a Paiute of Owyhee, earned his living and traveled all over the country for years as a professional hand-game player. 1667. To: MW said wood, bone, and horn "sticks" have been used only since about 1850; old-time Paiutes played with strings of beads. 1670. PS explained that finger loops were re- cent innovations which were supposed to make cheating impossible. Any number of ingenious devices were employed to cheat. 1671. Most informants thought strings of beads were used before "sticks" of bone or wood; however, they thought these materials were also played with before time of white people. 1678, 1679. Guesses were indicated as follows: thumb and little finger extended, other fingers folded, and then hand thrust out meant that wrapped "bone" is in outer hand of each opponent; all fingers extended and together, palm vertical and movement up and down meant wrapped "bone" is in inner hand of each opponent; all fingers ex- tended and together, palm horizontal and sweeping motion to the right meant the wrapped "bone" is in the left hand of opponents; the same hand posi- tion with sweeping motion in the opposite direc- tion meant the wrapped "bones" are in the right hand of opponents. 1680. By observing the reaction of opponents to trial motions or hand signals, the player might get a clue to the position of the "bones." Only when the hand signal or motion is accom- panied by a vocalized signal is the guess com- plete. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 286). 1683. At: In old days there were 14 counters, then 12, and a few years ago the number was re- duced to 10. Wd: SC said 20 sticks were used in old days, now 10 are used so that bets will be won (or lost) faster. 1685. Ki: Kelly, 173, confirms division of counters at start, but does not mention their being called "cooked" and "raw." Informants expressed surprised approval when I mentioned the native terms for "cooked" and "raw." 437 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1686. When the counters are equally divided between the two sides they are called "raw" (sayu); counters which are won are considered "cooked" (kwazup). After one side has lost all its "raw" counters it is given the "raw" ones of the opponents. To win the bet, one must have all the "cooked" counters. 4-Stick Guessing Game 1691. Kl: Played by Pit River Indians; old Paiute at Pyramid Lake did not play it. 1693. Sa: The game wotatzi is played at Win- nemucca as it is played elsewhere, except 2 instead of 4 sticks are used. 1706. Wd: 8 or 12 sticks are used. 1710. To: Spectators can place a bet on either side they wish. 4-Stick Dice 1714. Paviotso: + (Lowie, 262): called na- Boyo 'in. 1725. Sa: The 4-dice game in which dice are struck on ground is similar to navokoi, yet is a separate game. Many Dice 1734. KU: - (GN). 8-Stick Dice 1765. Paviotso: + (Lowie, 262): called wo4- gukoratsa'iien; 6 cane dice used. Wd: BJ knew this game from Kupa and thought it was known by Wada in old days. SC had never heard of it. 1777. KU, To: When counting points, white was counted everywhere except with Kupa and To- vusi; with these exceptions scoring was about the same. 1778. When only 2 are playing each is al- lowed 2 moving counters. In such a case, if all red or all white are thrown both counters move 8 places, the same is true if 7 of one color come up. For throws less than 7, only one counter is moved. These rules also hold if 2 partners oppose 2 others. If more than 4 play- ers, each gets the indicated number of moves for only 1 counter (PS). 1788. To: Some games believed to have had 18 spaces. To: 20 spaces. At: Some games had 32 spaces. Archery Owens Valley: + (Steward, 287). 1795, 1796. Paviotso: Lowie, 265, learned of arrows being shot and thrown at target, usually an arrow previously thrown. 1810. KU: "Bannocks threw long arrows but not these Paiutes" (GN). Ring and Dart 1811. Wa: CR said he had heard of ring-and- dart game among his tribe, although he knew no particulars. Tg: DS had heard of game among other tribes. The Tago did not have it. Ki: + (Kelly, 171, describes this as a ring-and-arrow game, in which one person holds the ring through which another tries to throw arrows). I con- ceived of ring and dart as the game where ring is held in the hand and darts are thrown at it. Quoits, Juggling 1822. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 288). 1838. Tb: Juggling only introduced since time of white contact. Sa: JM thought juggling strictly post-contact. SL said it was aborigin Foot Race, Stilts 1845. Wd: Women used to race. 1853. Tg: Girls also used stilts. Jacks, Tops, Sling, Bull-roarer 1855. To, Wd, Ki: Playing jacks introduced by white people. Ki: + (Kelly, 171). 1859. Ki: Top spinning learned from white people. 1868a. AE: Sling also used for hunting ana fighting. 1869. Lovelock Cave: Baked clay balls were found which Gilbert Natchez (KUpa) thought were usea in a guessing game (Loud, 109). Natchez denied such a game when I asked him. 1870. Tb: Bull-roarer known only since 1850. An especially feathered arrow made a similar noise. At: Bull-roarer used only to melt snow. Whirrer of juniper had to be painted red. 1873. KU: + (AL). Cat's Cradle, Dolls, Water Pistol 1875. Tb: Cat's cradle denied as an aborigi- nal trait. GW insisted that no Paiute ever made string figures and when told that ND made them he said, "Old Nick learned that from the Sai- d5ka; his mother belonged with them on the Pit River. She taught him.' Ki: - (Kelly, 177, unaerstood cat's cradles ao a recent innovation from white people). 1875a. Ki: AL knew of string figure to "de- termine sex of chila," but that was all. GN denied any such games. 1883. To: - (LP). Tc5: "All Paiutes learned to play with dolls from white children" (MW). 1886a. To: - (LP). MONEY 1888. Kl, K2: Although DG said bead money is a recent Washo acquisition, his brother, 1N, 438 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE insisted that bead money was very old among Pai- ute. KU: Shell beads obtained from California to use as money even before white man arrived. Wa: (Smith, notes). Tobacco and Smoking 1895. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 319): Field Museum has specimen from Smith Valley. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pl. 52). Wa: Stone for pipes ob- tained in mountains near Topaz. 1902. Ki: + (Kelly, 139): Kelly was told by some informants that the elbow pipe was aborigi- nal, others denied it. She shows an elbow pipe on her plate 32,b. 1905. -The monitor pipe was known to be a re- cent introduction. 1906a. Lovelock Cave: Loud (pl. 52,a). 1910. Wa: Only "doctors" and a few old men smoked much in old days. 1914. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 319). 1915. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 278). 1916. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 320). 1926. Tg: "One old Paiute from Steen Moun- tain offered smoke to spirits" (DS). He was Tot- sikwokwa, or Tsi Rida Jim, a relative to Lee and Old Winnemucca. 1928a. To, To: Shaman did not make offering of smoke to spirits. He did, however, hold the pipe toward the east and the sun would light it. Tobacco Paviotso: + (Lowie, 215): called pu'iBacPu. 1931a. AE: Skunk fat also rubbed on tobacco. 1933. Ki: + (Kelly, 181): said manzanita, Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray, was mixed with Nicotiana. MUSICAL INSTRJMENTS Rattles 1944. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 278). 1950, Pa: It was used only by Mono Inaians when they came to Walker Lake to dance. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 1953. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, pl. 14, p. 44) 1960. "The Paviotso rattle was employed only by shamans, and consisted of the two ears of a deer sewn together" (Curtis, 71). Owens Valley: + (Steward, 278). 1965. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 44). 1970, 1971. Hoofs are first tied in line along a buckskin string; the string is wound about the ena of a short stick to form a bunch. 1973. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 278): his informants thought "musical rasp' usea at Pyra- mid Lake. K: + (Lowie, 304): notched stick on skin resonator used in antelope dance. Sa: Notched rasp was introduced to Sawa with the Bear dance about 20 years ago. Previous to that time the antelope shaman was only one to use it. Tg: Notched stick borrowed from north about 30 years ago. Buzzers 1981. TU: Plaything brought in by white folks. Drum; Musical Bow 1985. Owens Valley: - (Steward, 278): yet Owens Valley Indians said Walker Lake Paiute used drum. To: - (LP). To: Before white people, drum was unknown to Paiute. Wd: - (BJ). Single- headed drum obtained from Hanipui before white people arrived (SC). Ki: - (Kelly, 147): says drum was recently acquired, but my informants insisted it was always known. Paviotso: Drum not found (Curtis, 71). 1994. Mono Lake: + (Steward, 278). Wa: - (Smith, notes). Whistle; Flute 2002. Paviotso: "The medicine men used also bird-bone whistles" (Curtis, 71). Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2003. TS: Whistles also used by Indian doc- tor. Wa: Whistle was double type; usea only by Indian doctor. 2004. To: Flute known since white contact. Wd: - (SC). Owens Valley: + (Steward, fig. 9, p. 277). 2005. Paviotso: - (Curtis, 71). 2007. Lovelock Cave: + (Loud, 39). MARRIAGE 2018. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 295). 2019. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 80). 2020. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2023. To: If a husband learns that his wife has been with another man, a fight always fol- lows, after which both men leave the woman and will have no more to do with her. 2027. At: A polyandrous marriage in Mc- Dermitt now with woman married to two men who are not brothers. "In old days people would not allow a woman two husbands at once." (See Stewart, 1937.) 2037. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2039. Ki: Kelly, 166, reports "initial matrilocal residence was the rule." 2040. To: Residence variable; however, usually it is matrilocal. 2041. KU: AL said women were stoned to death for infidelity in old days. Tc: Wife is beaten if caught in the act by husband. 2041, 2042. To: - (LP). 2045, 2046. To: - (LP). 2047. To: No divorce (LP). 2050. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 80). I i I 439 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS KINSHIP RELATIONS 2053. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 81). BERDACHES OR TRANSVESTITES 2090. Thvasa designated any sterile person ,as well as the sexually abnormal usually consid- ered transvestites. Kl: "Charlie Lowry is tuivasa. He can't make babies. His wife has four children and Charlie supports them because he loves babies, but someone else made them" (DG). To: No tuivasa "because our Indians were good and taught their children right" (MN). MN once saw a Kuyui man at Virginia City who wore dresses, did washing, and so on. Ki: JB knew of a Paiute man who wore dresses, did bead work, and so on, but he did not live in Fort Bidwell. 2091. K2: See note 2090. 2091, 2092. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 80). 2100. GN: Women tfvasa "never menstruate or have babies" (Ku). 2110. Kl: To test a boy to see if he is really ttivasa, place him on a piece of paper or on some dry grass. On one side put a bow and some arrowrs, on the other put buckskin, awl, basketry (cloth, scissors, and thread), then set on fire paper or grass. Frightened child will pick up objects from one side as he saves him- self. If he takes the bow and arrows, he is normal; if he takes the objects associated with women, he is tflvasa and will be funny and never make babies. The young man at Nixon who is said to be a berdache was submitted to the test and took the women's things. He isn't married (DG). DIVISION OF LABOR 2136. Ts: Most of the metates used were found already made. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 2141. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 304). Wa: CR thought there had been one "captain" for all Washo. Dick Bender named a separate "captain" for each of the three bands or divisions of the Washo. 2142. Wa: "There were a considerable num- ber of Washo villages, which were politically and socially independent of one another. Each community had its headman" (Curtis, 95). 2150. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2155. K2: DM is dance captain because he is interested in dancing. He engineered a big dance a few years ago and since then the other Indians have called him nuigava voinavi and let him have charge of dances. Bull Tom, pusiava, and Harry ---, toraviwoya, were old-time dance captains at Pyramid Lake. Even in the old days, men became dance captain merely by taking an iu- terest in occurrence of dances. 2158. To: Band chief acted as captain of muda; hen drive. 2159. K + (Lowie, 306): "The Pyramid Lake Paviotso celebrated the kuyu'ii-nVcga (kuyui dance), for which there was also a special master. of ceremonies." 2160. Wa: Hunt-chief had considerable author-? ity, and conducted harvest dance just before pinfon-nut gathering (Curtis, 95). 2162. Wa: + (see note 2142; Curtis, 95). PROPERTY 2165. Ts: Indians claimed pinfon-nut areas and other places because their parents went there. It was not private ownership. It is like saying "my home town," or "my favorite fishing stream" (ND). Kl, K2: All bands claimed certain areas, streams, mountains, valleys, and so on; still any Paiute could get food any place without fear of payment or trouble if he would ask permission. Even "Dig- ger, Washo, and Shoshone would come to Pyramid Lake for kuyui fish." Wa: - (Smith, notes). 2166, 2166a. K2: The pifnon-nut area was owned by the band, yet it was subdivided among the individuals who claimed certain spots; not- withstanding this, everyone got pi-non nuts where he wanted without payment or permission, unless "owner" was on the spot. 2166a. Pa: DV said his father paid a horse for a certain piinon-nut range. 2168. To: The Thvusi protected their pinon nuts and intruders' baskets were broken when they were chased away. Each family had several "claims" which could be used if crop failed in one place. These "claims" inherited from both parents. 2173b. At: The hot spring was paid with bone beads and other things, which were thrown into it whenever one took a bath in it. WARFARE 2174. Ts: Individual encounters between Washo and Paiute resulted in some deaths; no war. Only real war was between Paiute and Sai (Pit River Inaians). Kl: The last war, with the Pit River Indians, was fought near Sutt- cliff, on W edge of Pyramid Lake. K2: Discover-! ers of eagle aeries owned them and had exclusive' right to them. Trespass might result in fight. Aeries descended from father to son. K&i: The only Paiute war was against the Sai, the origi- nal owners of Hamboldt River and Humboldt Sink. At that time Paiute all lived at Stillwater. * As a result of the Sai's killing several Paiute who came to Humboldt Lake to hunt, the Paiute I :;z Al I I I i II j I 440 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE raided them and drove them out of the country (GN). To: Paiute killed Sai in Lovelock Cave (LP). LP said his grandmother was Sai. BS and MW agreed that LP had Sai blood in him which ac- counted for his meanness. To: The Tovusi joined Toe when they chased Sai from Humboldt Valley. This explains why so many arrow and spear points have been found around the now dry lake. Pa: The war against Sai is only one about which DV knew. "The Sai were from around Klamath River and raided Paiute, who finally struck back so hard that the Sai never recovered. All Paiute bands aided in battle. This happened three generations ago." Wa: Only one war between Washo and "Digger" was remembered by LR. One person was killed. Washo and Paiute did not fight. The Paiute was a big tribe, but they did not like to fight. The Washo was a small tribe of good fighters. Neither wanted to start anything." At: The real Sai lived in Oregon and they were the ones killed near Lovelock. The Pit River Indians (igigawe) only called Sai because it came to signify any- one bad or warlike. The Atsa joined Kuyui in war against Pit River Indians (PS). Sa: The In- dians in American army really won the World War. The Indians showed generals how it could be done. They formed a circle around German trenches (JM). Tg: The Pendleton Indians are the real Sai. The Tago had trouble in old days with Araitsi (Wam Springs, Oregon), Sai, and Shoshone. Ki: Charlie Washo's father went to Pyramid Lake to fight against Pit River Indians. He got scared, how- ever, and ran away (JB). AE: Two wars with Pai- ute are recounted by Pit River Indians. One was generations ago, the other was in historic time and occurred in Achomawi territory. 2177. Ts: In the last great war with the Pit River Indians, ND's grandfather went around and killed all the girls who had been taken captive to prevent their escape and to prevent trouble at home. There were many people killed, "maybe 4000." BIRTH CUSTOMS 2178. Ts: Mole flesh was dried, powdered, mixed with ocher and replaced in the moleskin, the whole to be used as a sex and gambling charm. It is dangerous to possess such a charm because it might enter one's body through a sore or something and kill owner. It causes sickness like blood poisoning. To: A mole charm is dan- gerous medicine. One made an Indian boy sick a little while ago, and he would have died if the Indian doctor had not treated him. The boy was painted and father was forced to throw away his mole charm. Wd: Deniea by SC and saia by BJ to be very dangerous. 2179. K2: IN had never been a father and denied any knowledge about childbirth customs. 2181, 2207. Kl: During 22-day confinement 5 baths are taken. First bath 5 days after birth; 4 days separate first, second, third, and fourth bath; the last bath is taken 5 days after the fourth. 2181. Ku: GN said 60 days; AL, 22. TF: 15 days or until well (MW). Pa: 10 days (DV). Wa: About 10 days (CR). AE: 2-7 days (SF). 2182. KU: - (GN). Ki: + (Kelly, 159). 2184. Wa: + (Smith; notes). 2185. Owens Valley: + (Steward, 289). Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2187. Ki: + (Kelly, 158): "parturient kneeled" and "the midwife supported her from behind," which seems contradictory to me. 2188. To: + (Lowie, 269). 2190. Tg: Held in case of difficult delivery. 2191. Wa: - (Smith, notes). Tg: Belt of weasel fur helps delivery: fast animal, fast de- livery. 2199b. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2202. KU: + (GN). 2203. The Hunipui near Canyon City, Oregon, bury the afterbirth with the cord up as though it were growing. Ki: + (Kelly, 158). AE: After- birth is buried in delivery house or burned. 2205. Tg: Afterbirth is placed on a bush. If it were buried the child would die. 2207, 2249. Paviotso: "After parturition the mother and the child were bathed every 5 days by an elderly woman, and the father received similar treatment from a man" (Curtis, 79). Kl: See note 2181. 2215. Ku: As with Kuyui, KUpa mother bathes 5,4,4,4,5 days apart during 22-day confinement. 2216. KU: - (GN). 2217. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 79). Wa: - (Smith, notes). 2219. KU: - (GN). 2221. KU: + (GN). AL said baby bathed at same time as mother, 5 times in 22 days. 2222. AE: Baby is steamed if something is wrong with it. 2224a. KU: See notes 2221 and 2215. 2225. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2226. To: - (LP). Wa: - (Smith, notes). 2228. KU: + (GN). 2229. See note 1365. 2229a, 2230, 2231. KU: - (AL). 2230. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2239. The first cradle and those used during the confinement were crude and simply made. (See Kelly, pl. 28.) Paviotso: "Every five days his child's basket is changed for a new one, and the five are all carefully wrapped up, and all put into a tree" (Hopkins, 49). 2241. There was no agreement, even within the same band, as to the correct number of per- manent cradles (i.e., cradles used longer than 5 days) for a child. Some mothers made 5 different cradles after the ones used during confinement, other women used but 3. The same cradle is used for different children. 2448. Kl: Father bathes after 10 days if girl, after 6 days if boy. 441 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2249. To: A good hunter bathed the father and sprinkled him with feathers. Paviotso: see note 2207. 2250. To: Father takes baby and runs with it. 2254. Ki: 6-10 days. Sa: 10 days. Wd: About 30. AE: Abstinence until umbilical cord falls off. 2256. To: Father refrains from smoking until umbilical cord arops off. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 2257. At, Wd: Gambling refrained from for 30 days. 2267. Wd: Father even brings wood for other camps. 2271. 2273. KU: - (GN). Ki: + (Kelly, 160). KU: - (GN). Twins 2284. Pa: "I know a woman in Fallon who let one of her twins die because she didn't feed it enough" (DV). Pakwi did not do this. 2284, 2285. Tg: DS was told he was a twin and that his twin sister was killed. He was hidden during the killing so that the two spir- its would not leave together. Nowadays when one twin is not killed people think both will die if one does. Infanticide 2287. Pa: A deformed child is allowed to die. At: If pregnant woman eats anything which has been bitten into by a gopher her child will be deformed. A deformed child called nayla dokopb ('gopher ate some off"). 2293. K2, KUi: Il and GN both said modern Indian girls are bad. If someone gives them a little whiskey, they lie down any place, so that they often get pregnant before they are married. The girls have an abortion or kill the baby. Old-time Indians did not do this. They never chased around before they got married. GIRL'S PUBERTY 2304. muhadanomani, "moon runner." Paviotso: "When the first menses appeared, two elderly women led the girl out from camp, and the three made 6 or 7 piles of brush, after which they returned. This was done each morning and even- ing..." as sign of nobility and to make her industrious. Women constantly watched over her (Curtis, 79). AE: At first menses girl dances 5 nights, second, 4 nights, third, 3 nights. At these ceremonies, people gather from all around to enjoy singing and dancing. After dancing all night, at dawn the girl follows a special sequence of dances, then runs. After the run she sleeps. Her attendant combs her hair, cleans her. "If the girl has been good, hasn't been monkeying around with boys, the dance is easy. If she has been lying with boys already, her legs will get terribly tired and she will have hard time to dance 5 nights." These dances are still held by Achomawi. 2306. Ki: + (Kelly, 162). 2307. Wa: Confined 4 days. 2309. KU: Annie Lowry told me a special men- strual hut was always known by Paiute, but she told Lowie "that even in her mother's day seclu- sion was known only as a Shoshoni custom among her people" (Lowie, 273). Tg: Even today, nearly all houses on Owyhee Reservation have special 'moon house" in rear. 2321. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2322. Wa: + (Curtis, 96). 2328, 2330. KU: - (GN). 2330a. K2: At first menstruation girl is called "moon runner," because she has to run in a large circle, stopping 5 times to make a bed of young sagebrush. She lies on each a moment, then runs and makes new bed. '"Moon runner" is accompanied by other adult girls and is followed by an old woman who carries a basket jug of water with which she bathes the girl at the end of the course. At the finish place a fire has been built by anyone. Here the old woman bathes girl and steams her as she stands over a smudge from green sagebrush. Hot rocks are mixed among the smoking sage so that steam rises when water is poured on. The girl standing straaale of the smudge and rock is bathed in steam. This cere- mony takes place at ausk of first day of men- strual flow. At: Girl pulls 6 sagebrush and puts them on other brush before she takes wood home. Wa: Special dance held at first and sec- ond menses. Everyone dances all night the last day of flow. At dawn the girl is bathed by her mother who pours water over her head. Previous to this she has run twice to the mountain and made fires. During 4-day confinement girl eats nothing. AE: See note 2304. 2331. Paviotso: Girl secluded 25 days, but had to pile 5 piles of wood daily (Hopkins, 48). 2332, 2339. KUi: - (AL). 2340. KlU: - (GN). 2341a. Paviotso: Girl took bath at end of each 5 days of her first menstrual seclusion of 25 days (Hopkins, 48). 2342. Paviotso: Sweatbath taken to cleanse self after 5 days (Lowie, 273). 2345. Ki: + (Kelly, 162): or clothes were traded. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 80). 2348, 2351. KUl: - (GN). 2354. Ki: + (Kelly, 163): but on page 164 she reports that woman did not have to retire to special hut if red ring was painted on wrist A or circle of red paint made in house; she also mentioned that this practice of seclusion has fallen into disuse. , 2366. AE: If intercourse indulged in during menses, man will become impotent at early age. 2371, 2377, 2378. KtU: - (GN). 2372a. K2: If a woman and her husband wish to gamble during her menstruation, they paint a red circle around each wrist. Some think it a luck time. j 442 CULTURE ELEA. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE BOY'S PUBERTY 2382. Ki: Deer intestines wrapped on hoop which is passed over youth. DEATH CUSTOMS 2402. K: Miss Bowler, Indian agent of Nevada, told of a burial that was unearthed near Nixon during the construction of a road. The body was flexed. Indian went on strike until skeleton properly reburied. 2412. Paviotso: "The bodies of warriors were cremated, others were buried" (Curtis, 81). Wa: + (Curtis, 97). AE: Body is carried to moun- tains where a grave is dug. The fire is built over the hole so that the ashes and remains fall into it and are covered with rocks and dirt. 2416. Ki: Witches cremated or thrown to coy- otes. 2417. Wa: + (Curtis, 97). 2421. Kl: Speech by old man or brother of deceased tells spirit to remain in land of dead so that living will not be bothered. 2425a. Ki: + (Kelly, 168): said house torn down and transferred more frequently than de- stroyea. 2429. Paviotso: "Usually a man's entire property was distributed among his relatives" (Curtis, 82). 2433. KU: "It is bad luck to ever burn hair clippings, old clothes, and the like. Just throw them away." Paviotso: Hair buried with deaa (Hopkins, quoted by Lowie, 283). 2450. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 82). 2453. Wa: + (Curtis, 97). RELIGION Shaman 2471. Kl: Not only must the boy act in ac- cordance with the dream he receives, but his parents also must follow the instruction the boy receives for them. If dream tells parents to paint their faces before breakfast and they do not, the boy will become sick, will die, be- cause parents do not believe. An old shaman tells parents of conditions. If a boy's dream forbids playing with a gun, its barrel will be- come soft, droop, and curve down. 2473. KE: "Shaman's powers are sometimes inherited from father to son" (Lowie, 294). 2477. At: In addition to power through areams a boy wishing to be a shaman could learn the "doctoring" from an old shaman while acting as his assistant. Even if boy dreamea power he was taught some by old aoctors. 2478. Paviotso: "Annie says in the Walker River district there was a mountain where people went in quest of a vision" (Lowie, 294). Ki: + (Kelly, 190): but rarely. AE; Each boy was taken once to a special deep lake where he was given a series of tests, and so on. An espe- cially capable man was tutor. Boy was tested in swimming and hiking and was given a special method of drinking. All boys prayed and fasted for special powers desired. 2481. Kl: If a boy is sick, an old shaman decides if the sickness is a result of non- acceptance of power. The boy is given a willow to hold; if it shakes he is supposed to be a doc- tor, if it is steady, illness is due to other causes. 2483. Kl: If boy does not want to be a doc- tor, the old shaman sucks "power" from boy's forehead in the form of a stone, bullet, and the like. As the shaman exhibits the power, he asks the boy again if he does not want to keep it; if not, it is thrown away. 2491. Wa: Indian doctor has pipe and special, small, feathered basket. 2492. Pa: Used eagle-wing whistle also. 2495. KU: White clay sprinkled on parapher- nalia (Lowie, 294). Tb: Jack Wilson used sand as ammunition to shoot rabbits. He also had power to melt the lead of enemy bullets or to make guns miss fire. 2498. KU: Paiute doctors never whistled. If someone in room where shaman was doctoring were to whistle, shaman would drop dead. Curing Performances 2505. TM: Cigarettes have replaced pipe in doctoring; areams tell how many cigarettes to use. 2511. Wa: Shaman makes a fire and walks around it 4 times. 2514. KU: Objects, such as snakes, flints, worms, were sucked out of patient after they had been shot into him by evil shaman. Ki: + (Kelly, 192). 2526. AE: Big shaman places new medicine in disease objects and aispatches them into bad shaman who sent them into patient. 2540. Kl: One shaman rolled aust in ciga- rette paper and it turned to tobacco. Another put snow in his pipe and it changed to tobacco. 2541. Wa: CR never saw "doctor" return soul of dying; he just heard about it being done by Washo. Special Powers of Shhman 2545, 2546. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2549. To: - (LP). T6: Rain water used to cure snake bite and the shaman caused rain. 2549a. To: - (LP). 2551. At: Old Chief Winnemucca was attrib- uted magical as well as political power by the Paiute in Idaho, Oregon, northern Nevada, and California. PS said he could suck shot from a wound and stop bleeding. 443 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2552. AE: Power for wound curing came from dream of frog. 2553. AE: Charlie Turner was last great In- dian "doctor" who could make it rain at will. Just before he died, "maybe twenty years ago," he brought a bad storm when a rancher would not sell him a ton of good alfalfa hay but told him to take free some wild hay. 2553a. Wa: The Washo had heard of Jack Wil- son's power to control weather, but no Washo shaman possessed the art. Legends concerning the special powers possessed by Jack Wilson were extremely widespread. Some informants spoke of him as soon as I mentioned control of weather, others remembered hearing of him when I mentioned his name. Wd: Old Winnemucca said to have had power to control weather. 2554. To: See note 2549. 2558. Wa: + (Smith, notes). 2562. Kl: Poisoners became doctors as did other people, yet they used power for evil in- stead of for good. A good shaman could detect a poison doctor and upon his accusation the poi- soner was killed and cremated. To: Death is caused by foreign object sent into victim by poison doctor. A good doctor can suck this out and save patient. Wa: CR and Susie said that Old Captain Pete's wife is a poisoner. They said she caused the death of Susie's son just a few months before I interviewed them on July 19, 1936. Miscellaneous 2569. K2, To, Sa: In old days shaman's fee was returned if person died. Nowadays shamans do as white doctors and so keep fee regardless of state of patient. AE: Payment is not made until patient is well. 2570a. At: See note 2477. 2574. Kl: In addition to the usual phenom- ena-mountains, trees, crows, snakes, clouds, which functioned as personal powers of shaman- the Northern Paiute had water babies (paoha). A mean water baby lived in Winnemucca Lake; it would cause the death of anyone who saw it. The one in Pyramid Lake was not so bad if placated by saying, "This water in lake is for both of us. Don't hurt me; we're both the same.' A great green snake in Winnemucca Lake was also dangerous. 2577. To: Offering made to spirits by sprinkling seeds during the spring dances and by sprinkling on grave. (Also see note 401, To.) 2578. Kl: Dead were given food, beads, and other things, sprinkled on the ground while old man said, 'Don't come back, stay away, we don't want you." 2581-2590. Wa: - (Smith, notes). 2581a. Ceremony described under note 401, To. Nonshamanistic Curing 2595. TU: John Wright, 38 years old, has been bled twice: once from the arms when they became stiff and sore because a menstruating woman ate a rabbit he had killed, once from the head to relieve headache. The latter bleeding was done by a Bannock woman at Fort Hall; the former was done at Stillwater. Destiny of Soul 2599. KU: Jack Wilson got a song that said the Milky Way is a trail to heaven. 2613. K2: Steward, 318, mentions muipo dis- tinct from jimsonweed in Owens Valley. The bands I visited denied use or knowledge of jimsonweed, but several recognized muipo as the name of a powerful medicine "from Bishop." IDM said it could be seen at night, its roots grew in 5 di- rections, it was good luck in gambling, it would strengthen horse and man if rubbed on or chewed, and he knew prayer was offered before and after digging it. DM knew that Tom Williams in Carson City used muipo. Sa: JW and SL said it was pow- erful magic, but dangerous, and would kill its possessor if kept too long. Pa: DV described muipU by saying, "It is like Spanish fly." DANCES Circle Dance 2618. Kl: Circle dance at any time. At Nixon it was held especially during Kuyui fish time, when Indians from all around came to fish. Bear or "Back-and-forth" Dance 2652. KE: Bear Dance: Called "Back-and-forth Dance" (natotcakwi naga) and "Rasp Dance" (wUhU nagi naga). Introduced about 20 years ago, from Shoshone. AE: Achomawi had a Back-and-forth dance which was held in connection with girl's first-menstruation ceremony, but it was not the Bear dance. 2660. KU: If the dance is free, any man touched is supposed to dance; if it is a "pay dance," the man could refuse if he wished. 2670. At: In old days each dance was held separately; nowadays all, or any, dances held at the same time. "South" or Exhibition Dance 2674. Kl: DG saw this at Yerington but never at Nixon. 2677. KU: Dance costume as in Steward, plates 7 and 8. Crazy Dance 2711. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 85): tuanaa-nfugu was a clown dance. 2713. Paviotso: + (Curtis, 85). I 444 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XIV-STEWART: NORTHERN PAIUTE Ghost Dance 2715. K2:. Jack Wilson revived and stimulated the old dance but did not teach any new ones. At: The last Ghost dance at McDermitt was about 1893. The shaman prophesied a hard winter which would kill all the horses so that the dead would have them on which to ride back after the resur- rection, to occur the following 4th of July. The people danced, the hard winter came, the horses *died, and so the Indians congregated at McDermitt for the arrival of the dead. The old people did not return and so there has been little mention of the Ghost dance since. However, this is not strange because they were told to discuss the secrets and promises of the movements only while still on the dance ground following a dance. Ki: Kelly, 179, after saying "evidence on Ghost Dance is both meager and garbled," gives quota- tions which indicate that the Kidf were exposed to it, but never adopted the dance seriously. MISCELLLNEOUS Calendar 2720. At: August, "rye-grass-ripe month" (yaia mbhl); September, "pifnon-nut month" (tuva mUhU); October, "jack-rabbit-digging-roots- month" (tuhiwi mahu); November, "deer-breeding- month" (na mohu); December, "buck-deer-stands- for-week-on-south-side-of-canyon-month" (roa mohu); January, "tracks-threw-out-on-one-side- month" (tamtUnida'a mohu); February, "earliest- plants-push-aside-last-year's-stalks-month" (tokwinai mohu); March, "green-grass-growing- fast-month" (puiwaya mohu). The other 4 months' names could not be remembered. Seasonal names used for one or two. Sa: January, "jack-rabbit- urine-on-snow-month" (roa mdha); February, "first- young-jack-rabbit-month" (sftwa'a m6ha); March, "everything-green-month" (puimdha); April, "buck- berry-leaves-out-month" (kwasino moha); May, "flower-month" (totsi moha); June, "Indian-potato- month" (yaba moha); July, "summer-month" (tatsa moha); August, nrye-grass-month" (yaia moha); September, "pifnon-nut-month" (ttva moha); Octo- ber, "autumn-month" (uva moha); November, "deer- breeding-month" (na moha); December, "winter- month" (tomomcsha). (SL.) Wd: "First-green- shoots-through-snow-month" (poimaya mtiha); "grass- grows-high-monthn (tokwinai mffha); "Indian-potato- month" (tsoga miiha); "salmon-month" (arai milha); "big month" (pava mtha); "sprin,-month" or "ground- hog-shadow-month" (tama milha); cold month" (ts3s6'- add mflha). (SC.) Neither the exact sequence, nor white man's equivalent, nor the remaining names could be given. 2721. Wa. 7 month tames (Smith, notes). 2721a. Kl: Spring (March-May), tama muc; summer (June-August), tatsa muc; autumn (Septem- ber-November), uva muc; winter (December-February), tomo muc. Ki: + (Kelly, 152): mentioned 4 sea- sons, but also recorded 6 month names. Astronomy 2726. Wd: - (SC). Thunder is driven away by throwing a knife outside (BJ). As I was ques- tioning BJ an electric storm came up. With the first distant roll of thunder the interpreter, a cigarette-smoking, whiskey-drinking, tap-dancing Indian girl with pemanent-waved hair, became visibly nervous. After the second or third thunderclap, although there was no rain, she asked us to move so that she could sit in the tent. 2726a. Wd: - (SC). Whirlwind 2730a. To: Speculorite (yadupi), sprinkled around house or rubbed on body, protects from whirlwinds. Omens 2736. At: The old-timers could talk to owls and could ask where misfortune or death occurred; now the owl's cry means a death, but no one can understand what place (PS). Individual tribes understand different birds; for example, the Pit River Indians understand meadowlark; the Oregon Indians understand the coyote. Bad news comes from the same direction as the bark. Petroglyphs 2744. Paviotso: Phallic rock painting at Walker Lake (Curtis, 89, photograph). Wd: Petroglyphs are found in Happy Valley near Crane, Oregon. 445 REFERENCES CITED Abbreviations: AA American Anthropologist. AMNH-AP American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers. UC-AR University of California, Anthropologi- cal Records. -PAAE Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Curtis, Edward S. 1926. The North American Indian, vol. 15. Norwood, Mass. Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca 1883. Life among the Paiutes: Their Wrongs and Claims. New York. Kelly, Isabel T. 1932. Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute. UC-PAAE 32:67-210. Loud, L. L., and Harrington, M. R. 1929. Lovelock Cave. UC-PAAE 29:1-183 +. (Cited as Loud.) Leonard, Zenas 1839. Narrative of Adventures of .... Lakesida Press, Chicago. (1934 ed.) Lowie, Robert H. 1924. Notes on Shoshonean Ethnography. AD- AP 20:193-294. Remy, J., and Brenchley, J. 1861. A Journey to Great Salt Lake. 2 vols. London. Shantz,-H. L., and Zon, Raphael 1924. Grassland and Desert Shrub Forests. Atlas of American Agriculture. Part I, Section E. U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington. Smith, Martin Field notes: Washo ethnography. Steward, Julian H. 1933. Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. UC-PAAE 33: 233-350. Stewart, Omer C. 1937. Northern Paiute Polyandry. AA 39:368- 369. 1938. Tribal Distribution: Northern Paiute. AA 40:405-407. 1939. Northern Paiute Bands. UC-AR 2:127-149.. Ie