ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4:1 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XII APACHE-PUEBLO BY E. W, GIFFORD L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1940 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XII APACHE-PUEBLO BY E. W. GIFFQRD ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 4, No. 1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, R. H. LoWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 4, No. I, pp I-207, 2 maps, 4 diagrams, 28 figures in text Transmitted May I8, 1938 Issued May20, I940 Price, $ 2.00 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presen- tation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page Preface ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Introduction..1 Localization of lists .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Evaluation of lists .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Informants.- ...... . 2 Culture element distributions list .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Symbols used in the element list .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Hunting, elements 1-235. 5 Fishing, 236-256 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Gathering, 257-288 .11 Food preparation and storage, 289-501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 11 Agriculture, 502-671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Pets, 672-701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Houses, 702-843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Navigation; swinming, 844-856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Grinding, 857-900 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Brushes, 901-909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Stirrers and stone lifters, 910-919 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Special receptacles, 920-934 .. . . . . . . 26 Knives; awls, needles, 935-970 .26 Drilling and smoothing, 971-980 .... . . ....... .. 27 Woodworking; hammers, mauls, and axes, 981-1002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Stone flaking, grinding, and polishing, 1003-1013 .28 Fire making, 1014-1022 .... . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Skin dressing, 1023-1053. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Weapons, 1054-1223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Beads and ornaments, 1224-1269 .33 Adhesives and pigments, 1270-1302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Hair, body mutilations, and dress, 1303-1484 . 35 Bedding, 1485-1504 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Sitting postures, greetings, etc., .1505-1525 .... . & . .... . ...... . . . . . . . . . 41 Burdens, 1526-1600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 41 Basketry; matting; cradles, 1601-1729 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 45 Cordage; woven rabbitskin blankets, 1730-1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 47, 48 Loom weaving, 1801-1860 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 *Pottery, 1861-1911 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Games; toys, 1912-2145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Pipes; tobacco, 2146-2180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Musical instruments, 2181-2243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Calendar; rock pictures; counting; message mnemonics; astronomy, etc., 2243-2323 . . . . 59, 60 Life crises, 2324-2636 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lo . . . 61 Division of labor; "slaves"; land ownership; personal property, 2637-2689 . . . . . . . 69, 70 War, 2690-2771 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Political organization; clan organization; kinship systems, 2772-2834 . 73, 74 Religion, 2835-2990 . . . . . . . .7. . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Elements denied by all informants .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Ethnographic notes on the element list .81 Characterization of blocks of tribes by unique features ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Elements common to all Athabascan groups .............................................. 191 Navaho elements. ..................................192 [iii ] iv ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Page Apache elements. .193 Western Apache elements .193 Other Apache elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 "Eastern" Apache elements .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Jicarilla Apache elements .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Southern Ute elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Pueblo elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Papago elements .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Concluding remarks .. .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Statistical analysis, by A. L. Kroeber ... . . . 198 Appendix: Absolute numbers of elements shared and not shared ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Bibliography. . . ............................. 207 MAPS 1. Groups investigated ................................ facing 1 2. Papago and Pima groups ............................... . 3 TABLES 1. Percentages of plus and minus .............................. . 198 2. Qw coefficients on 2636 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 3. W percentage coefficients on 2636 elements .199 DIAGRAMS 1. Vertical ranking of Q, coefficients, 2636 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 2. Vertical ranking of W coefficients, 2636 elements .200 3. Q2 higher coefficients, 2636 elements .201 4. W higher percentage coefficients, 2636 elements ...................... . 201 PREFACE The material for this paper was collected from July to November, 1935, during a leave of absence from regular duties granted by the Regents of the University of California. The expedition involved more than 10,000 miles of motoring. The author was accompanied and assisted by his wrife Delila and daughter Phyllis. The expedition ras financed from funds supplied by the Rockefeller Foundation to the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of California. The manuscript typing, the calculations, the text-figures, maps, and diagrams for this publication were done by Works Progress Administration employees under projects OPN65-3-577 and ATN165-03-7505. Thanks are due to many individuals for their kindly assistance. Brother Claudius Anthony, of St. Mary's College, supplied a letter to various Catholic missionaries. Father Berard Haile gave me the benefit of his criticism of my Navaho lists. Vari- ous members of the U.S. Indian Service assisted me greatly. I mention especially Mr. Pigeon at Leupp, Mr. Donner at Whiteriver, Mr. Graves at Dulce, Mr. Hutton at Keam's Canyon, and Mr. Hall at Sells. Father Vincent at San Xavier located an ex- cellent Papago informant and interpreter for me. At Sells Dr. Ruth Underhill gave me the benefit of her extensive knowledge of Papago culture. Mr. Grenville Good- win collaborated with me in recording the Southern Tonto Apache element list. Mr. Hilario Sanchez, governor of Santa Ana pueblo, kindly permitted work there and aided in getting informants and interpreters. To all of these and many others I owe gratitude for hospitality and for aid in contacting informants and inter- preters. [v] OLLtOL E 9 S~~~~~~~~~ W4LPI 'E.NAVAHOsA WE4S I I~WJP A S I I A I I~~~~~~R MESCALER \ V 0 ~~~~(T U NENE M-Guiegd Map 1. Groups investigated. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XII APACHE-PUEBLO BY E. W. GIFFORD INTRODUCTION The material presented in this paper is In each instance the attempt was made to ob- largely Athabascan, 13 out of 20 groups investi- tain a list referring to a local group and a lim- gated belonging to that linguistic family. The ited locality. The local groups or localities Yuman stock is unrepresented in the material. Of (map 1) are as follows: the Piman stock only Papago is represented; while Western Navaho, WN, Little Colorado r., up- of the numerous Pueblo only 4 were investigated, stream from Leupp, Arizona. but these 4 belong to the 4 Puebloan linguistic Eastern Navaho, EN, vicinity of Tohatchi, New stocks, viz., Shoshonean, Zunian, Keresan, Mexico. Tanoan. Northern Tonto Apache, NT, Fossil Cr. band.2 Although the Southwest is often referred to in Southern Tonto Apache, ST, 6th semiband. this paper, it should be understood to mean only San Carlos Apache, SC, Pinal band. the Southwest so far as covered by the materials Cibecue Apache, Ci, Cibecue band. herein. White Mountain Apache, WM, E White Mt. band. Western Navaho was the first group worked. Warm Springs Apache, WS, Alamosa and San Fran- Many new elements were encountered as the work cisco rs., New Mexico. List gives culture of Cho- proceeded. It was not feasible to return to the kalene and Chihene bands which lived together. groups worked earlier to inquire about these Heachuca Mountains Awhache, , in mt. range of elements, even though such a proceeding would that name in S Arizona. Native name of band Shaia- have been desirable. It is regrettable but un- hene. Chokalene, Chihene, Shaiahene, and a 4th avoidable that this fortuitous circumstance en- band (Indendai) unrepresented in element list ters into the work. Like most scientific works, constitute the Chiricahua Apache of other writers. this one is to be regarded as a report of prog- 1st, 2d, and 4th are recognized by Opler (Castet- ress rather than the final word on the subject. ter and Opler, p. 6), but not the Shaiahene. Mescalero Apache, Me, central Mescalero or Ni'- LOCALIZATION OF LISTS ahane band. Sierra Blanca, Capitan, Sacramento, and Guadalupe mts., central New Mexico and adjoin- The region dealt with in each element list is ing Texas. For discussion of WS, Hu, and Me see that with which the informant and his group were Notes on Habitats, also Castetter and Opler. familiar and regarded as home. This does not Lipan, Li, W Lipan or Tuensane ban&. Vicinity gainsay the fact that some of the habitats may of Eagle Pass, Texas, and Piedras Negras, Coa- be recent. For instance the Western Navaho are huila. living farther west than did the earlier Navaho. Llanero, Ll, Jicarilla Apache division, vicin- The Mescalero are located by Sayles' in quite ity of Cimarron, New Mexico. different habitats before and after 1750 than Ollero, 01, Jicarilla Apache division, Rio that claimed by my informant as their habitat. Chama, New Mexico. However, that does not preclude the Mescalero Southern Ute, SU, a band called Wemenuis, liv- having adjusted themselves to the environment ing in vicinity of La Sal mts., SE Utah. which the informant claimed was theirs. The habi- Walpi, Wa, Zuni, Zu, Santa Ana, SA, and San tats of 175 or more years ago have been forgotten Ildefonso, SI, are pueblos whose locations are by these unhistorically-minded people. The Lipan well known, Walpi being a Hopi pueblo in NE An- informant knew traditionally of the earlier habi- zona, Zuni a pueblo on the Zuni r. in W New tat, but her data concern that in which she and Mexico, and Santa Ana and San Ildefonso being her fellows were reared. Obviously, the more Keresan and Tanoan pueblos respectively, on the Rio Grande in N New Mexico. easterly Athabascans of the Southwest have moved Kimai Pa K a lcag from place to place of their own volition and Kizonaic through Plains Indians and Caucasian pressure. S Arizona. Thus the lists refer to the habitats known to Huhula Papago, HP, westernmost Papago group the informants, which may or may not be those of except for the Sand Papago.3 200 or 500 or 1000 years ago. The ethnographer 11935, p. 26. aims to extract from informants only that which 2For location of W Apache groups, see Goodwin, they know, not that with which they are unfamil- p. 56. ian . 3Se e maps 1 and 2 . [11 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EVALUATION OF LISTS Eastern Navaho.-John Bowman, ca. 66 yrs. Both parents Navaho: father of tohani clan, With the exception of the San Ildefonso list mother of kuduchin clan. Informant of latter all were obtained with the aid of interpreters. clan. Born 1869 near Tohatchi, New Mexico. Lived Four successive and not very satisfactory inter- in that region till 1891, when joined army. His preters were utilized in recording the Western mother died while he was a small boy. He herded Navaho list, which has no doubt suffered in con- sheep in boyhood, but sheep not nearly so numer- sequence. Two interpreters and two informants ous then as now. Interpreter, Sidney Philips, Nho were used at Zuni and at Santa Ana. The incom- also served Drs. P. E. Goddard and Gladys Reichard. plete Huhula Papago list was obtained from two Informant interviewed at Shiprock, New Mexico. informants. In some instances a single inter- Northern Tonto.-Tonto Joe; of Fossil Creek preter was used for more than one list, which band; born ca. 1856 in Strawberry v.; lived there doubtless was a desirable proceeding, since the till ca. 1y. old. D l Strawberry v.; inteper beam mor efiin .vthtescn till ca. 17 yrs. old. Data relate to Strawberry v. interpreter became more efflicent with the second semiband. Informant's wife from Bald Mt. band of and subsequent lists. Such lists are Northern and Northern Tonto. He did not want to discuss sha- l Southern Tonto Apache; Cibecue and White Mountain manism. Interpreter: Fred Casey. Informant inter- Apache; Warm Springs, Huachuca, Mescalero, and viewmed at Camp Verde, Arizona. | Lipan Apache; Llanero and Ollero Jicarilla Apache. The evaluation of the lists in grades A (ex- Southern Tonto.-Henry Irving, probably ca. 82 cellent), B (good), C (fair) by the recorder and because ca. 20 when peace made at Camp Verde the number of hours spent in their recording are (1873). Did not see stars fall" in 1833, but his as follows: Western Navaho, C, 31 hours; Eastern father did. Camp a bit N of confluence of Rye and Navaho, A, 37; Northern Tonto Apache, A, 37; Tonto crs. was his birthplace, but lived mostly Southern Tonto Apache, A, 41; San Carlos Apache, at Ligaishak, his 'parents' home, at foot of Mogol- A-, 47; Cibecue Apache, A, 32; White Mountain lom rim, where his father had farm. Data refer to Apache, B, 47; Warm Springs Apache, B, 48; Hua- Ligaishak, in territory of 6th semiband of South- chuca Mountains Apache, A, 38; Mescalero Apache, ern Tonto. Informant reticent about celestial and A, 46; Lipan, A, 25; Llanero Apache, B, 24; religious matters. Interpreter: Fred Casey. In- Ollero Apache, B, 30; Southern Ute, A, 31; Walpi, formant interviewed at Payson, Arizona. A, 31; Zuni, A, 42; Santa Ana, B, 36; San Ilde- San Carlos Apache.-Charlie Dustin, uf Pinal fonso, A, 32; Kikimai Papago, A, 57; Huhula band lik th parents. Served with Capt. Crawford Papago, B, 18 (incomplete). in capturing Geronimo. Was ca. 25 yrs. cld then. The Southern Tonto list had the benefit of the Was born at Pinal on ridge about 12 mi. SE of collaboration of Mr. Grenville Goodwin in its re- Miami. Informant's clan besun (yellow), father's cording. During the six preceding years he had clan hakaye (hump-back mt., near Roosevelt). In- spent much time studying the Western Apache. In formant apparently not conversant with shamanistic spite of this fact, use of the element list matters. All data refer to Pinal band. Interpreter: brought forth among the Southern Tonto sixty- Morgan Toprock. Informant interviewed at Rice, four elements which he had not recorded among Arizona. any Western Apache. This would seem to bespeak Cibecue Apache.-Toggie Nightjar, of Cibecue Cr. the efficacy of the element-list method of in- band. Born ca. 1861. Father of Cibecue band; mother vestigation. Mr. Goodwin also kindly entered of Carrizo Cr. band. Birthplace, Sikaideska (white 1478 White Mt. Apache elements from memory. mt. sticks out) on Cibecue cr., 3 or 4 mi. below These, however, were not localized for either store at Cibecue...His parents moved around and Eastern or Western bands and are, in consequence, livedup in hls aren ts moved ack not published here. The White Mt. Apache list beyond ed up in hillS a good deal. ilso moved back o and forth to Carrizo or. His mother had farm on was recorded by the author for the Eastern band. Carrizo cr., father on Cibecue cr. Informant mar- INFORMANTS ried at White r. after Ft. Apache founded. In- formant very poor on basketry. Interpreter: Thomas Western Navaho.-Haschinis.isu (Small Man), a Riley. Informant interviewed at Whiteriver, Arizona blind shaman, ca. 80 yrs. old. Born near Little Eastern band of White Mountain Apache.-Charlie Colorado r., 12 mi. upstream from Leupp, Arizona. Shipp, ca. 75 yrs. old. Born at Warm Springs Just before his birth his parents moved to this (tusisil) near Ash cr., ca. 25 mi. E of San Carlos. place from ca. 30 mi. N of Oraibi, because of Father from Ft. Apache, mother from Cedar cr., ca. crowded conditions there and the fact that rela- 15 mi. NW of Ft. Apache. Lived in Ash Flat region tives were already living on Little Colorado. In- fc-i a time, but normally his family moved back formant 6 or 8 yrs. old when Navaho taken to Ft. and forth from ca. 10 mi. S of Black r. to White r. Sumner in 1863. He declined to discuss death cus- near Yangokai, the modern village near Ft. Apache. toms; but information obtained from 19-year-old Went to Black r. for seed in spring. Moved back interpreter. Interpreters: Maxwell Yozzie, Reid to White r. in summer. White r. (near Ft. Apache)a Jensen, Felix Baldwin, Stephen N. Jackson. Inform- was regarded as home. Little Johnnie, another and ant interviewed near Leupp, Arizona. older informant, ditto; one of Dr. Goddard's in- _\^wsr *-<*A JPL~ sI * L5ERVATIOt LOtEAIS---| .t: s>s't -ss, s e.. ;--i rCH LLR PAPAGO VIWAc*LS SI5gTE /SS Dq hts t I '': / l. V _._,) \ | XE?ICAN SETTLEMEJ4T5 Ii>AWsI^tL~A Iv | Vt vA oS v I <4 I ei~~~~-.--. ll 0 X,~~~~~~~~~X I St449.tt't I~~~~~44*u W | | 0K?01 TI | ~~~~~~~~~~tfSY-R'ATIOt - E. 'P AOVL AqL wI )ap 2. Papago and Pima (Akimuo'2otam, Kiohatk ) groups . Based on map by J. W. Hoover, AA 37:260; group boundaries and names added. ) 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS formants. I consulted him on a few doubtful vicinity of Cimarron, New Mexico, before whites points only. He belonged to iyahaya clan, but to there. He was ca. 15 yrs. old when Llanero went same band as Charlie. He was ca. 13 yrs. old when to Mescalero reservation to live. Both parents Charlie was born. Interpreter: Thomas Riley. In- were Llanero (Gusgayi). Interpreter: Norman Te- formants interviewed at Whiteriver, Arizona. Cube. Informant interviewed at Dulce, New Mexico. Warm Springs_Apache.-Roger Toklanni, born at Ollero Apache.-Mihlse TeCube, man more than Inatahachai (Mescal mt.) NW of Ojo Caliente, New 70 yrs. old. Born 2 or 3 mi. above Chamita, on Mexico. Father of Chokalene band; mother of Rio Chama, New Mexico. Both parents Ollero (Se- Indendai band; informant of Chokalene band. tide). Until 14 lived there, then moved to Tierra Mangas Colorado, of Chokalene band, was headman Amarilla because rations and agency there. Inter- of informant's group, which made up of Chokalene preter: Norman TeCube. Informant interviewed at and Chihene bands. Both Roger and his wife are Dulce, New Mexico. of this group. (Geronimo was of different group.) His wife s band was Chihene. Her stepfather, chief Southern Ute.- Yagapue, and his wife, Ita. of Chihene, died at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma. Indendai Both ca. 80; of Wemenuis band; already married was southwesternmost band of Warm Springs Apache, when saw first white man. Would not discuss war. living in northern Mexico. Each of these 3 Warm Interpreter: Herbert Stacker. Informants inter- Springs bands had separate chief. Each had sepa- viewed at Towaoc, Colorado. rate land originally. Age of informant alleged 80. He left Warm Springs country in 1877. He was Wafr WlpHoni, a man. Born in 1863. Both par- young man then, already married. In 1880 he was ents from Wali. Interreter: Irvin Pabanale aged 26, when taken to San Carlos reservation. (standng flower), Tewa. His father'sN father was Mangas Colorado. Inter- Zuni.-(l) Zuni, aged blind man. (2) Lena preter: Percy Bigmouth. Informant interviewed at Zuni, wife of Zuni. Interpreters: Flora Zuni Mescalero, New Mexico. Romancito, Andrew Romancito. Huachuca Mts. Apache.-Jewett Chinoze, more Santa Ana.-(l) Jose Maria Loreto, age more than 70 yrs. of age. Formerly lived at Chihe in than 90. Both parents Santa Ana. Interpreter: Huachuca mts., Arizona, near Ft. Huachuca. Band Porfirio Montoya. (2) Nazario Trujillo, grand- called Shaiahene. Father of Chihene band; mother father of 1935 governor, Hilario Sanchez. In- of Shaiahene band. Father killed by Mexicans formant (1) hunted buffalo, (2) did not. Work while informant a baby. Informant ca. 25 when with (1) ceased because daughter objected. Alter- Geronimo taken in 1886. Informant's wife (1935) nate interpreter, Jose Sanchez. was Chokalene from Mangas mts. and Ojo Caliente San Ildefonso.-Ignacio Aguilar, cacique of regions. She had never been in Huachuca mts. San Ildefonso. Age 80. Both parents San Ilde- Interpreter: Percy Bigmouth. Informant inter- fonso. No interpreter. viewed at Mescalero, New Mexico. Mescalero Apache.-Piganzi, of Ni'ahane band. Kikimai Pa o-Jose Santos. Age given 58; His f r ws., ' . * looked much older. Lived at San Xavier 32 yrs. chisene (Blue mt. people) from Chihuahua Zita- Born at Akchin in Kikimai territory; both par- chisene (Bu mt. people)ifrom Chihuahua. Zia ents Akchin people. Informant and father of chisene got rations from Mexicans at Chihuahua X City. Although still Apache, they wore sombreros maamkam clan, mother of apkikam clan. Informant and trousers of white material; spoke some Span- continually wanted to relate mythical origin of ish. Informant ca. 21yrsoldvhenMeeach thing, tobacco, ax, etc. Informant an annal- ish. Informant ca. 21 yrs. old when Mescalero ist osse avdsikrcr o 9"ys rsraIo*n fonde in 185 Ineprtr PeJRrTy ist; possessed carved-stick record for "92" yrs. reservti. Infound int 187. .Inerprter: Percy (from 1935 back); published by Underhill, 1938. New Mexico. Interpreter: Frank J. Rios. Informant interviewed at San Xavier, Arizona. Lipan Apache.-Stella La Paz or Yeyu, ca. 75 yrs. old, born in Terrell co., Texas. Her mother Pam ol-Old Rman of . ^ . ~~~~~~~~maamamca moeta80vsol.Bt rns and maternal grandmother formerly lived near m m t Texas coast around Houston and Galveston; driven Huhula. Because of local interference, work with W by whites. When informant ca. 13 Lipan spent him was abandoned and Jim Anes, a Huhula man in year and a half in.klh late forties, was interviewed. He belonged to year and a half in Oklahoma, where received ra- appia cla of cooeo ht3oey ona tins Iteprte: ery igouh.Inorant apapkam clan of coyote or white moiety; born at tions. Interpreter: Percy Bigmouth. Informnant Imka bot paet rmKk . Lie.tIiatl intervewed t Mesalero,New Mxico.Imika; both parents from Kaka. Lived at Imika til interviewed at Mescalero, New Mexico.' young man. Interpreter: Louis Valdez. Informants Llanero Apache.-Paul Jones. Spent boyhood in interviewed at Gila Bend, Arizona. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS USED IN THE ELEMENT LIST In the presentation of elements the following opinion. Abbreviations for group names are as symbols are used: +, present; (+), probably given in preceding section, "Localization of present; -, absent; (-), probably absent; S, Lists." sometimes present; M, modern; I, imported; ?, The double dagger (1) has only a statistical inquired about but no satisfactory answer; blank, reference. It indicates that the element has been no inquiry made. M, modern, has been used only broken into two or more elements for purposes of where the informant so stated. When an inform- computation. Compare UC-AR 1:60. ant insisted a trait was ancient, even though I All data were recorded in the field. Nothing was certain he was wrong, I entered a +, not an whatsoever has been added from the literature. M. Thus M in the list reflects the informant's OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP HUNTING Individual (or Small-Group) Hunting 1. Stalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + +' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2. Deer-mask decoy . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + ...+ + - + + + + + 3. Antelope-mask decoy . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4. Buffalo-mask decoy + _ 5. With hide . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + S S 6. With fabric or painted mate- rial . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ - M - S - - + + - 7. Stick "legs" . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + _ + + S _ 8. Bow and arrows as "legs" . + + - + + 9. Arms painted (antelope hunt- ing). . . . . . . . + + _ 10. Stations on trail . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ + + + + _ + + + + + + 11. Game calls to decoy . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + 12. With leaf in mouth .+ + + + _ + + + 13. With tubular whistle . . . + + + + + 14. Turkey or quail . .... . + _ _ + + + + - 15. Deer .... . . . . ... . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + _ + 16. Antelope . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + S + _ + 17. Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - 18. Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - - - S + - + - + + + + Running down (wearing out): 19. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + - 20. Elk .... . . . . ... + _+ + + ? - 21. Bear.. .- + ? ? ? ?+ + - 22. Other large game ... ... + ? ? ? - - 23. Rabbits in snow . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + _ 24. Qiiail (wet) . . . . . . . . + - - _ + _ _ + + + _ + - _ _ + 25. Deadfall, for rodents, etc. . . + + + + + + + - - - + - + + - + - 26. Medium-sized game . . . . . _ + + + + + ??+ + - + + 27. Deer's legs broken by roll- ing logs . . . . . . . . . + 28. Trigger-bar trap . . . + + + + + +? 29. Baited trigger . . . . . . . + + + + + S ?+ - + + - + + 30. Stone weight . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ + _ + + - + + 31. Log .... . .. . . . + + + +? ? ? ? ? ? + 4 32. Stone side walls, collaps ible . . . .+ + + + . + + + ; 33. Cage trap ........ ............ . . . _______+ - _- +________ 3 4. Pit trap, sprung by watcher . . . + 35. Pit trap, sprung by quarry . ... . ............ + + : ~~~~~~~~~~~~~[51 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 36. Nets for game . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - - +- 37. Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 38. Bag or pocket shape..? ? ? ? ? ?? + 39. Pitfall. ...... . + ++- S - + ? - - - - + - - + + - + - 40. For deer . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - - - - - + - - + + - + - 41. Stick-covered .+ + - + - + - - - - - + - - + + - + - 42. Straddling bar . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ _ _ S + _ 43. Impaling stakes . + ??????? + 44. Depth 6-9 ft. . . . . . . . . + + - + - ? - - - _ _ + _ _ + + - + _ 45. On trails . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + - - - - - + - - + + - + - 46. In "gates" (opening) . . . . _ + _ _ + _ - - - - + - - - 47. Behind fence to j tmp . . . . S _+ - - - - - _ _ _ + - ? _ 48. In series . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ _+ + - _ Rodents, etc., in burrows and nests: 49. Smudged out . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 50. Flooded out . . . . . . + + _ _ _ + - + + + + + M + + + + + _ + 51. Holes filled with dirt to make animal dig out . . . . + 52. Stick twisted in fur . . ..+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 53. Wetted stick . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + _ 54. Saliva .+ + + + + 55. Split st-ick. + + S + + *66. Rough stick.. . . . + + + + - + + - + + + + 57. Hunter chewed end . . . . . . + 58. Notched stick . . . . . - + - + + + + + - + S - + + - + _ 59. Hooked stick . . . . . - - + + S - - + - + - 60. Prodded out of nest . .- - + + + + + + + + + S - + - + + + + + 61. Nest burned . . . . . . - - S S + S S S - - + S + + 62. Special wood-rat arrows (nos. 1110, 1111) + + _ + + Special devices for prairie dogs: 63. Broad-barbed arrow . . + + 64. Crossed arrow . . . . . + + 65. Single-hook arrow ...+ + 66. Blowing into burrow of desert rat + 67. Flares for geese . . . . . . . . . - . + 68. For quail . . . . . . . . . . - - - + + + - + ??????+ + 69. For turkeys . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + - _ 70. For various birds . . . . . . - - + - + + + - + ??????+ + Snares: 71. Self snares . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + _ + + + + - + 72. On sinking perch . . . + + 73. In circular fence . . - _ _ ???????????+ - + - 74. In water + + 75. Notched-stone sinker . . . + 76. On spring pole, sus- pending quarry . . . + 77. Stick weight to draw shut . . . . . . . . + 78. With hollow sunflower stalk for birds (EDN, p. 323). + + + + 79. Stone weight to draw shut... + 80. Bent stick to draw shut . . . + + 81. Of rope, for deer, etc. + +?_? ?_ ? ?_ ? -M -+ - _+ _+ _ 82. For eagles ...... +?_?_?__?_?_+?_?_?_+ _- _+_ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 7 WN EN|NT ST SC Ci -WMWS Hu Me Li Li Ol|SU Wa Zu SA SI1KP HP 83. For other birds ....+ ++ + + + - - + + - + _ _ 84. For small game *. . .? + _ 85. Drawn by hunter . . . . . . . . + 86. Snare on stick + + - - - - + _ 87. For fish .+ + - - + 88. Booths, blinds: of brush + + S - + _ + + + + - 89. Of rock . . . . . . .. . . . . S + S + + + + _ _ _ + _ + + ? - 90. For mt. sheep . . . . . . . . + - ?9 + _ _ _ + - + ? 91. For deer . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - - - + + 92. Others . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _+ + + + - _ 93. Covered pit . . . . . . . . . - + ?+ 94. Brush hut instead + + 95. For eagles . . . . . . - + + - + + - _ _ 96. Pulled in . . . . - + ?+ + + 97. Taken alive . . . - + + - - + + 98. Killed subse- quently . . . . - + + - + + - _ _ 99. Dead-rabbit decoy.??? + - _ _ _ 100. Dummy-rabbit decoy ..S 101. Live-rabbit decoy . +?+ 102. Other live decoys . . . . . . . . . + - + Communal Hunting 103. Hunt master (1) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - - + _ _ _ + + 104. Hunt masters (2) . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + 105. Surround by people in circle .0. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 106. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + S - -- 5 - + + + + + + + 107. Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 108. Antelope . . . . . . . . . + + + S - _ - + - _ - + - + + + + + + + 109. Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? S 110. Clubbed . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 111. Shot . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + + + + S S S + S + + + + + + + 112. Driving: into corral, etc. (see fig. in Notes) . . . . . . + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ + _ _ _ 113. Of branches . ..+ + + ? - - - - - - - + - + _ _ - _ 114. Funnel approach ..+ + + ? ? + - + _ _ - _ 115. Over cliff, bank . . . . . . _+ S - + S + S - + 116. Into dug pit . . . . . . . . _ + - 117. Lassoed . . . . . . . . . . S S S S - - M S - - - M 118. To hidden hunters .+ S + + + + + - + + - - - + + S + + + + 119. With fire . . . . . . . . . - + - + + + + + + + - + - + + - + + 120. With dogs . . . . . . . . . M - - S - - S + ? + + S - + 121. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + - _ - - + + + + + + + 122. Antelope . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ - + + + - - - + + + 123. Peccary . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 124. Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + - 125. Carnivore calls by hunters .+ + + + + 126. Dogs .......... ....|+ + |S S S S S| S - + - + + - + + + +| - + 127. Trained .5..... + + + ? + - + ____+ + + + - + 128. Used by individual hunter . ++++_+__+_++++_+ 129. Runn~ing down wounded animals + + + + + + - + __+ __+ + + - + 130. Flushing quail to trees. .~ - + - + ?| - - +?-??-?????~ ~+j - + 8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li LlO1 SU Wa Zu SA SIKPP 131. Rabbit catching ... . . + - + + + + + - + - - S - + + + + - + 132. Squirrel catching . . . - + + + ? + - + - - - + + + + - _ 133. As watch dog .-..... . _ + - + - Religious Preparations for Hunt 134. Individual sings before hunt . . + + + + + - + + + + + - _ + + + + 135. Singing rite before hunt. . . + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + 136. Musical instrument (drum) _ + _ 137. Prayer for good luck . . + + + + + 4 + + + + 138. Pray to goddess . . . . . + + +-? - _ _ 139. Pray to god . . . . . . . + + + + + ? + + + ? 140. 1 night for deer . . . ? + + + - + + + + + + + + _ - + + 141. 4 nights for deer . . . . ?? + + 142. For buffalo . . . + + - 143. Tobacco smoked . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + 144. Cigarette . + + - + + + + + 145. Fasting . . . . . . . . . + +? - _ _ + _ 146. Food restrictions .... _ _ + ?+ - _ _ _ + + _ 147. Continence for 1 night . ++?- 148. Continence for 4 nights. + 149. Menstruation taboos for Ihunter . . . . . . . . - + + - + + + 150. At home . . . . . . . . . - _ + + - + - - + + + + + + _ _ 151. In sweat house before hunt . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + ? + _ 152. In corral on way .... + + + - - + + + ? ? + + + + 153. Night singing in corral .+ + + + + 154. Masked dancers (spirits). +?- _ _ 155. Dance with deer masks (hunters) . . . . . . . + 156. Individual sings and prays on hunt . . .. . . . . . . . . + + + ++ + + 157. Prays to "gan" to be al- lowed to kill deer . . + + + + - + + - S - - - _ _ _ _ 158. Prays to "father" and "mother" of deer ask- ing for "children" .. +_ +?? -- -l | 159. Individual smokes and prays on hilltop ... + + + + + - + - - + + + + - 160. Prays to deity.. + + + + - - + _ - + ? 161. Prays to Mt. Lion when deer hunt- ing . . . . . . + + + + + - ? ? - - + - 162. Prays to Wolf when deer hunting - + + - + - --- _ _ _ _ 163. Prays to fore- fathers . . . . + _ _ _ 164. Meal, pollen, or tur- quoise offerings ... - + - _ _ + - + - - + + + - + + - _ 165. Sleep-inducing powder . . + + 166. Turquoise amulet . . . + + + + + + - _ _ _ _ _ _ 167. Bracelet of stone beads (amulet) . . . . . . . + + _ Observances after Killl lllll 167a.Hide laid on carcass. ..... + + + + + + + + + 168. Animal slain addressed ("iprayer"?) .-...... + (+ - + - |--5- + - - + + + + |- + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 9 |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WMWS Hu Me Li L1 01 Wa Zu SA S'I|KP HP 169. Deity addressed . . . }. . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 170. Deer pointed toward hunter's home t + +??- + - + + - _ 171. Deer pointed E . . . . . . . . . .+ + - S + + + + + - + - - - + 172. Nostrils plugged . . . . . + + ? _ + 173. Offering of meal, pollen, or tur- quoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ + + + _ 174. Tobacco smoked . . . . . . + + 175. Meat offering to slain- enemy spirit . . . . . . . . . . 176. Hunters purify . . . . . . . . . .+ + + _ + ?+ + - _ 177. Washing for 4 days . . . . + 178. In sweat house . . . . . . + + + - +?+? 179. Deer covered with blanket at . house . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ _ 180. Necklace on deer at house .? ? ? ? ? ? + + + - _ _ 181. On other game likewise . + + 182. Sing for 4 nights after deer killing + 183-. Deer-mask dance after killing .. + 184. Special acts for bear . . . . . . + + + ? + + + + - _ _ + + + + _ _ 185. Live bear addressed . . . + + + + + - - + - + 186. Dead bear addressed . . . . + _ + + + 187. Last antelope released .+ + S + + - _ _ 188. Other animals released (notes 97, 112). + + + + + + 189. Reincarnation-of-deer belief . . . + 190. Division of game: killer gets sinew . + + - + + - S + - + ? + + + + + + 191. Hide to killer. . + - ?- ? ? ? - ? ? ? + + + + + + + 192. Hide to killer's com- panion . . . . . . . . . + + - + ? + ? ? + + ? ? ? 193. Head (including brain) to killer's companion . . . - + - + ? + ? ? ? + ? ? ? + _ _ _ _ - 194. Head (including brain) to killer . . . . . . . . . - + - ?- ? ? ? - ? ? ? + + + + + + + 195. Spinal cord to man who gets hide . . . . . . . . - - + ? - ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + + + + + 196. Butchering customs: butchered on spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - I- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 197. Carried home whole . . . . . . . . _+ -S S 198. Skinned lying . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 199. On branches . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + 200. On cleared ground.. + - _ _ _ 201. Skinned hanging + - 202. Carried home in hide . . + - _ _ + S S -- + - S + S + + + 203. Roped into bundles . . . . . . . . S + - + + + + S + + + - + + + + + + - S 204. Blood drnk fresh by hunter ...+ + + 205. Liver, etc., eaten raw on spot. . _ - + - _ - + + + + S - + + S + + - 208. Liver, etc., eaten cooked on spot . . . . . + + S - _ _ - S - + - + - S + + 207. Milk from doe's udders drunk . . + + + - _ t208. Boy does not eat lst kill .k + - + + 209. First 4 kills . . . . . . . + + 210. Parents also do not eat lst kill .+ - _ ? + - Animals not Eaten t;211. Bear ...............|+ + |- S - - - |+ + - - + + | - - - -|+ + 212. Mt. lion ............. +_- --? S +?______+ i213.Wil2lcat .- - 0214. Wolf. .............. + + + + + + + ? + + - + + 215. Coyote . ............. + -_ + + + + + + - + + + - + 10 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM|WS Hu Me Li Ll Ol SU Wa Zu SA SI|KP HP 216. Eagle . . . . . . . . . . .. . . | + S + + + + + + + + + + + S S + + + + + 217. Hawks in general. . + S + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 218. Turkey vulture . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 219. Ducks and geese . . . . . . . . . + + + Fetuses and Eggs 220. Fetuses taboo to young only . _ _ _ +?+ + + - + + 221. Quail eggs taboo . . . . . . . . + + + - _ + _ _ _ _ + + 222. To young only . . . . . . - - + -_ + _ _ _ _ + 223. Freckles from eating . . . . . - - + - _ + _ _ _ _ _ 224. To pregnant woman only .????+ Reptiles and Insects Eaten 225. Chuckwalla .. ..... ........... + 226. Tortoise . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - - + + _ _ + + + + ??????? + + 227. Turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - + ? + + + - - - 229. Caterpillars . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - + + 230. Yellow-jqcket grubs . . . . . . . - - - - - _+ 231. Grasshoppers eaten parched . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 232. Bumble-bee honey from ground . - + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + 233. Black-bee honey from (split) sotol stalk. . + + + + + ? ??????+ + 234. White man's bee honey . . . . . . S + + S S + M (+) + - _ 235. Honeydew . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ _ Cannibalism 228. Cannibalism admitted . . . . . . (+)(+) FISHING (See no. 87) 236. Small bag net . . . . . . . . . . + 237. Scoop of willow withes. + 238. Weirs and fences (see fig. in Notes) . .+ - 239. Semicircular pen of brush . ..+ - 240. Set in weir opening ? + ? 241. Fish spear (1 point) . . . . . . - + 242. Fish driven and stranded ... . ???? + - . 243. Stranded fish taken ...+ - + + + + 244. Fish shooting . . . . . . . . . . + - + S + +? ? ?? + 245. Featherless arrow .. .. + 246. Feathered arrow .+ - + + - _ + 247. Wood only . . . . . . . . S - - + + ? + 248. Stone or bone point .. . S - 249. Angling with wire hook. - M - M M ? - - - - 250. Bait, grasshopper . . . .+ 251. Killing after catching .... ?+ + + - - - + - 252. Stone or stick ......_________________+__ 253. Stick through gills . . . _? __ _ _ __ + _ _ _ _ __ _ 254. Cutting throat. ....._________+ +_________ 255. River mussels eaten....... __________+_________ 256. Cooked in coals ... | | - + - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 11 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM|WS Hu Me Li Li 01S Wa Zu SA SI KP HP GATHERING 257. Hardwood digging-stick for bulbs, roots, etc. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 258. Pointed . . . . . . . . . . + - + - 259. Chisel-bladed + + + 260. 1l-3 ft. long, 1-2 in. thick .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 261. Driven with cobble . ... + S S - + S S S S - - 262. Chisel-bladed mescal-root cutter, cobble driven . - + + + + + + + + + - - __+ + 263. Special knife for mescal trim- ming (nos. 953-955). - + + + + + + + ? + - - _?+ - 264. Long poles: straight, for beating trees .... . . . . . . . . S - + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + 265. Fork-ended + 266. With pt. and "spoon," for impaling pitahaya (no. 348) (see fig. in Notes). - _ _ - _?? ? ? ? ? ?+ + 267. Diagonal crosspiece (for saguaro) (see fig. in Notes) . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + 268. U end (crook) . . . .. . . . . .+ + - - 269. Hooked end (acute angle). - + + + + + + ? ? ? + + - - 270. For branch shaking (or bending) . . _ + + _ _ _ _ + + _ 271. For saguaro . . . . + + - - - + 272. Same name for all .- _ + + - + - + + - - + - + + - - 273. Thrown stick, for nuts + + + 274. Cactus fruit: bent stick tongs + + + + + + + + + _ _ + _ 275. 2 sticks tied together at handle .... . . . . . . . .+ + 276. Split stick .-. . . + + S + S + - +_ 277. 2 sticks not tied together. . . . + S S????? - - 278. Fork of branches ... . . + S + - - + 279. Spines brushed off fruit - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 279a.Spines singed off ... . . + + + 280. Seed beater (no. 1625) . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - - _ - - 281. 3 sticks only .+ + ? ? _ _ _ _ + Seed receiver, carrier: 282. Blanket or rawhide to collect seeds on . . . . + + + - + - - + - _ - - 283. Burden basket ... . .. + + + + + + + + + - - - + - + - - + + 286. Woven-cloth sack to carry . ... . .. . . . . . + + - - _ M 287. Skin sack to carry .+. . . + + + + + + + + + - + + + - S - - + S 288. Rawhide "basket,' 2 U- sticks outside + FOOD PREPARATION AND STORAGE Acorns 289. Acorns roasted on coals .+.... ?...................__________+ - - _- 290. Eaten raw without grinding .................... _ + S - - - - + - - + + + 291. Boiled like beans .---..............___+?_____++_ 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU|Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 292. Parched in wooden or pot- tery bowl, or basket. . . + + _ _ _ S - + - + _ 293. Shelled on metate + + + + + + + + _ 294. Ground on metate .+ + + + + + + + ?+ -3- 295. Ground in rawhide mortar.. S S- 296. Ground in stone mortar + + - - S - 297. Acorn bread . . . . . . .. + ? - - - - - 298. Meal boiled as soup .+ + e d o p _ + + 299. Meal in meat stew . . . . . + + + + + + + - +? 300. Uncooked meal eaten with meat stew . . + - + + + + + S S 301. Stored in basket . . . . .. + + + + + - + - 302. Stored in pot . . . . . . . + + + + + + - S - - _ _ + + 303. Stored in skin bag. + + + + _ _ _ Mesquite 304. Pods pounded in stone mortar . . . + + + + + + + + + ? _ _ _ + + 305. Pods pounded in hide mortar . . . + + + + ? _ _ + - 306. Pods ground on metate . . . . . . + ?? + 307. Seeds thro-n away . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + _+ ?+ _ 308. Pod flour soaked, juice drunk . . - + + + + + + + + + ? _ _ + + 309. Pod flour boiled, juice drunk . . ???+ + + + ? _ _ + S 310. Caked for storage . . + + + + + + + + + - + + 311. Eaten as mush . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + - + - 312. Mesquite-pitch chewing gum . _ + + S - + + Screw Bean 313. Cured in pit . . . . . . . . . . . - + 314. Pounded with seeds . . . . . . . . - + - + + + 315. Seeds extracted and discarded . - + + 316. Eaten like mesquite ....... + - + + Mescal or Agave 317. Heads (butts) pit-roasted . . . . _ - +* + + + + + + + + ? ? _ _ _ _ + + 318. Marked by owners . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + - + - + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ + 319. Place in pit marked . . . . . . . - (+) + + ++ 320. Buffalo shoulder-blade shovel . - + S 321. Fire lit by summer-born person . + + _+ - + 322. Fire lit by lucky person . . . . . - + + + 323. Sex intercourse taboo during cooking . .-.......... . - + + + ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + 324. Scratching-stick used during cooking . + _ _ _ _ _ 325. Cooked heads and leaf bases pounded . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 326. Drying frames for cooked mescal . _ _ + + + + + + + + + + .+ 327. Stored in dried pads . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + ?+ + 328. Pads folded . . . . . . . . - - + + ?+ 329. Stalk (above butt) eaten .- + + + + + + + + + + + 330. "Syrup" from flowers. - + + + + + + + + +? 331. Spanish bayonet: fruit eaten . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ + + + + + + + 332. Cooked in coa's ......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -5- ~S - 333. Fruit dried and stored after seeds discarded . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 13 WN EN NT ST SC Ci W WS Hu Me Li LOl'SU Wa Zu SA SI|KP HP 334. Flower stalk eaten.. S + + + 335. Flowers eaten . . . . . . _ + 336. Root stalk for soap . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 337. Narrow-leafed: flowers eaten (boiled) ........... _+ + -+ + + + + + __+______ 338. Stalk and butt eaten roasted . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + _ _ + 339. Fruit eaten . . . . . . S S + + + + 340. Detergent . . . . . . . . + + + + - - - + + + + + + S + + + + 341. Sotol: stalk and butt eaten roasted . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + ? 342. Flower eaten . . . . . . . + 343. Seeds eaten . . . . . . . + + ?9 344. Detergent . . . . . . . . + 345. Bear grass: stalk and butt eaten roasted . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + + - + + + + - - ? ? ? - ? - - 346. Detergent . . . . . . . . ? + + ? ? ? - ? - - -9 347.Thatch. Cacti 348. Pitahaya: collected with special pole (no. 266) . . . . . . . . . . + + + 349. Eaten fresh . . . . . . . _ _ + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + 350. Dried . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - - - - - - - + + 351. Saguaro: ripe fruits eaten whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + ? _ + + 352. Juice drunk, fruits dried with seeds into brick . - _ + + + + + ? + + 353. Seeds extracted, ground . - _ + + + + + _ ?+ + 354. Tuna (prickly pear): fruit eaten fresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 355. Dried . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - + + + + + 356. Seeds used . . . . . . . . + + _ + 356a.Cholla cactus . . . . . . + - + + 357. Other cacti . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + + - + + 358. Small-barrel cactus fruit . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + + + _ _ 359. Seeds dried, roasted, ground . _ _ _ _ + + _ _ _ 360. Large-barrel cactus fruit eaten . . . . - + _ + + - _ - + + + - _ _ 361. Pulp of plant eaten . . . + - S +- + + 362. Raw . . . . . . . . - - + + + 363. Cooked. . . . . . . _ _ + + + - - + + Pihon 364. Seeds gathered from ground . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ ki365. Cones shaken or knocked off with poles . . . . . . . . . . S - - + + + + - + + - _ _ _ + 366. Picked off by hand ... . -S + - + + - + + + - + + S - S + S 367. Opened in fire .+ + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + _ 368. Seeds eaten raw, whole . + + + + + + + + + + + - + S - S + _ _ 369. Roasted (parched) . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 370. Hulled on metate, win- no-wed. ........+ + + - -+ + + S - - + + + + + + + _ _ 371. "Butter" of mashed whole seeds: - + + + - _ - + + + +_________ 372 "Btte" o mahedhuled eed . + + + + - + + S S S S - - + + - + _ _ _ 3 73. Pitch for chewing gum ............ + + - _ _ _- + + ........... + + + + + + + + + +-- 14 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 373a.Walnuts .. . . -. + + + + + +?+ - 374. Skin pounded off with stick in hole ............ . + + + + + +? 375. Washed . + + + + + 376. Pulverized walnut with mescal . + + + + + +? Wild Plums and Cherries 1377. Eaten raw (+=both) . . . . . . . C + - + P + + + - C + + C 378. Eaten boiled ..+ - - + + + + - + + + + - 379. Dried. ..... . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + _ _ 380. Whole chokecherries ground . + - + + + - _ - + - - 381. "Grass," etc., Seeds. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + (Cf. 280-288) 382. Gathered with seed beater (nos. 280, 281, 1625). + + + + + + + + 383. Gathered with wooden knife - + +? ? ? ? ?? + 384. Gathered with stone ktnife e + + + - - -? 385. Stripped off with hand . + - + - + - S + ?+ - _ + + 386. Tops broken off, dried, shaken + + + + + + ? + -+ + + + + + + - _ _ + 387. Patches burned to improve + + _ _ + + + ? + - _ _ 388. Chia .-.. . . . + + + + + + + - ? + + - ? - (+) ? 389. Gathered with seed beater .. . - + + + + + ? 390. With plain stick ........- + - + 391. Branches dried, shaken, or rubbed .... . ...... . . . + S - + + - + 392. Parched in basket .-... . . . . _ + + + + + _ _ + 393. Parched in pot. + - + + + 394. Eaten dry .-. . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + - + - - + - _ + 395. Eaten moistened .-... . . . . . - + + + - - + + _ + 396. Drunk in water.- - - + - - _ + - _ + Water Plants 397. Tule (cattail, etc.) flower heads eaten young.- + + + + - + - _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ 398. Pollen used ceremonially . _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 399. Shoot tips eaten. S + + + + 400. Stem bases eaten.- _ + + + + + + + + - + - + + + - Miscellaneous 401. Ironwood seeds: parched ... - - - + + 402. Greens: eaten raw ..+ + _ _ + - _ + - + + - + - 403. Boiled ......... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Liquids 404. Natural filter in stream bed . S + + + + + + + + + + - + S + + + _ _ 405. Snow for drinking and cooking water.+ + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + 53 406. Barrel-cactus juice, as water 407. Cooking in barrel cactus . _- _ -_+?________ 408. Fruit juices, fresh .-.... + + + + + - + + + + + + _ _ _ - + + 409. Juices boiled and fermented ... - M X - + + - - 1+ - + - MM |M - M I + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 15 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM|WS Hu Me Li L1 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 410. Saguaro . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + 411. At rain festival.. ?+ + 412. Mescal after oven cooking . _ _ _ _ _ + + +?+ - 413. Mesquite . . . . . . . . . + + + J 414. Sotol +? _ 415. Maize wine from sprouted grain, pulverized, boiled . . . . . . . M - + M M + M MM M - M - - - + Condiments 416. Mineral salt on surface . .+ + - - + ? 417. From stalactites . + + + + + + +? 418. Mined or dug out.. _+? 419. Alkali "salt" from surface + S - + + S S S ?? S - _ 420. Salt from ocean . . . . . . . . . - + + 421. Lake or spring . . . . . . - + - - + + + + + - + + + + - 422. Ritual journey to gather . - + - + + + + + + 423. Scratching-stick for head + + 424. Informally taken . + _ + + + + + S + + + + + + + _ 425. Ashes for spicing herbs . . . . . + + M + + _ 426. Yucca (Spanish bayonet) leaf ash in maize mush .S _ _ + +? 427. Juniper ashes in maize-meal mush + + + + - + + M + + _ 428. Other ashes . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?- - + + 429. Ashes in paper bread . . . . . . . + + S + 430. White mineral in paper bread ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ _ 431. Clay eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + | ?_?_?_+ + + + + 434. Rabbit manure in maize cake . . . + - + k 435. Rabbit manure eaten with tuna . . + _ Generalities Concerning Food Preparation 436. Kitchen outside house in summer . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S S S S + + 437. Brush enclosure or wind- break . . . . . . . . . S + + S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 438. In open . . . . . . . . . .SS-S -SS+(+) - 439. Meat roasted on coals .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 440. Meat broiled on sharp stick . . . + + + + + + + + + 441. Meat boiled .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 442. Meat in earth oven .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 443. Soup eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 444. Stone pot rests . .+ +? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + + + + + 445. Number of pot rests, 3 . .+ _ +? ?? + _+ + + + + + 445a.Number of pot rests, 4 . . __??+_ + _ _ 446. Basket boiling . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + 447. Pot boiling . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 448. Basket parching . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ + S + 449. Pot parching . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - - - + + + - + + - + + + + + + .450. Cooking in earth oven . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 451. Mescal . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + + + + + + 452. Maize . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + - + + + + + _ 453. Other plants + + + + + + + + + 454. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . - + - + 455. Several families S + S + S S S + + + + S S S + + > 456. Single family. ......S + S + S S + S S S S-- + + + + + + + 457. Oven cover of maize foliage. ... .....+ + _+ + + + + _ + + + + S _ 458. Grass. ... ... _+ + -+ + + + + ___S - SS + + |459. Fire on top of oven . . . .S +I- - S- ------I+S???????+ + S +S 16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li LI 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 460. Meat sliced and dried .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 461. Drying frame, Plains type (Wissler, fig. 3) . . . +? 462. Meat salted when drying . + + + + + M + + + 463. Small mammals dried . . . . . . . . - + + + + + _ + + ????? + + + + + + 464. Fish dried ....... .... _ _ + ? + 465. Small marmals pounded . . . . . . . + - + + + - + - _ + + + + + + + 466. Venison pulverized (pemmican) ...+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 467. Fat mixed with it .+ + + + + + + + + + + + _ 468. Bones broken and boiled . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + _ 469. Vertebrae pulverized and eaten . .+ + - + + _ _ _ _ +????????- 470. Marrow extraction .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 471. Blood cooked in paunch. + + + 4- + + + + + + + + _ + + + _ 472. Sausages in gut . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + _ Food Storage 473. Bird-nest storage baskets + + 474. Coiled storage baskets .+ _ + ? ? ? ?+ + 475. With cover of basketry . . . ?????? + + 476. Huge tiined basket for cave storage . . . . . . + _ _ _ 477. Huge wicker basket for house storage . + . . . . . . . . 478. Granary on platform . . . . . - - + - _ ? _ + + 479. Ramada serves . . . . + ? - - S + + 480. Notched-log ladder for access. + _ _ + - 481. Pit storage .+ + + + + + + + + _ + + + + _S S 482. Bottle-shaped pit. + + + + + 483. Juniper-bark-lined pit ...+ - _ _ _ + + + + + - S- 484. Straw-lined pit . . . . . . + + + + - + - S 485. Slab-lined pit . . + + + + + - + + + - _ _ 486. Burden basket in pit . . . . + + - 487. Pitched basket in pit ... + + 488. Skin bag for food storage .+ + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 489. Parfleche for food storage . . . . + + + + + + + _ 490. Stored in pit . . . . . . . S - + - + + - + ? ? 491. Placed on platform in cave . - - - + + + + _ +? 492. Bag hung in house or cave . - - _ + + + _ + 493. Wall niche for storage .. . .... _ _ _ + + + + - 494. "Potato" storage on cave floor . . _+ _ _ _ 495. Storage in pot .. + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 496. Buried in pit ... . . . . + + + + - - + + + ? + 497. Cached in rock shelter . .. + + + + + + + - + + + - + - + + + 498. Covered with lid . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + + S + + + + 499. Skin cover . + +? 500. Mud and grass plug . ?+ + - _ _+ + - + 501. Tree platform . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + S AGRICULTURE 502. Distribution: all families ....+ + + + + + - 503. All who could . . . . . . . + + - + + + 504. Only some who could .... - + - - + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 505. Exceptional families _ _ _ _?__?_? ?_?_ ? ?_?_ +?___ 506. None ............... ________+ _+ + +.____ 507. Without irrigation. .......+ + + + - + + +? ? ? ? ? _+ + + + + + + 508. Irrigation (native only ). ....+ + + + + -+ __+ - S _+ + +-- 509. Ditches ........... .. . - + 1+ + + ~~ 1 - +?????+| 1 + + 1- - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 17 |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU|Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 510. Dams . + + + + + + + - - 511. By hand (pots) for small gardens . . . . . . . . S S S + - + - - 512. Natural, flooding . . . . +_ S - - ? - 513. Wing fences to concen- trate rain flow - _ + + ???????? + + - + + 514. Ditches to divert excess rain .+ + + - - _____ _?? + - + - - 515. From springs ... . .. . - + + _-_ + ___ ? + - _ 516. From streams .. ..+ + + + . . + ? + + - 517. Sites and soil: sandy. + S - S - - + + + + _ + + 518. Red earth (heavy soil) _ - - S - - ????+ + + - - 519. Black earth (heavy soil) . + + + + + + _?_ ?_ ? _ + + - + - - 520. Stream bottom lands .. + - + + + + + + + ????? + + + _ _ 521. Arroyo mouths ... . . . S + + + ????? ? S S S + + i 522. Sex labor: clearing by men . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 523. Clearing by women ... + _ + + + + + ?????????? + + 524. Planting (with tool) by men .. + + + + + + _ + _ + + + + + + + + 525. Planting (with tool) by women . ..... . + - + + + _ _ _ __?+ _ + + fk 526.Seedingbymen.+ _ + 9 + + + + + + + + + 527. Seeding by women .+ + + + + ? + + ???????? + S + + 528. Cultivating (weeding) by men .. . . . . . . . + + + + + _ - + - + - _ - + + + + + + + 529. Cultivating (weeding) by women .+ - - + + + + + S + + 530. Guarding by men + + + + ? ? + ? - - ??+ + + + + + 531. Guarding by women + + - + ? ? + ? - - - + + - _ 532. Scarecrow (see fig. in Notes) . .+ + ? - + ? + _ + + + + + + 533. Irrigating by men + + + + + - + - - + - + + + _ 534. Irrigating by women . . . + + - - + 535. Harvesting by men . . . . + + + + + - + + - + - - - + - + 536. Harvesting by women . . . + - + + + + + + - + ? ? _ + + + + 537. Hired help, men . . + + + + - + +) (+ 538. Hired help, women . . . + + + + + + - + _ (+) (+) 539. Reciprocal help .+ - + + + + + i + + Tools 540. Straight stick, average length 3z ft. .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + ?+ + + + + + + 541. With foot rest .I + + - - 542. Used as planter, too . .. + + + + ?+ + + + + + + 543. Heavy, man's-length, 2-handed plunge . . . ...... . . . + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 544. Also used as planter .+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 545. Spatula weeder ("weaving-sword type ) .. . . _ + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?-_ + - - + + ? 546. Cut with side motion . . . + + + ? 547. Large, heavy weeder (end only cuts . . . . . . . + +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + v 548. Hoes (on handle at angle) e-_____ + - - - M 550. Wooden blade ... . . . . - + + - - .551. Digging-stick weeder ... ... - + - - + Maize 6552. Only 1-3 colors . . . .- ................... + - + - - + - _ - +?___ 553. 4-8 colors . ..........+ + + + - + - +?__~~ + + + + ? 18 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM|WS Hu Me Li L1l 01 SU|Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 554. Sweet maize . . . . . . . . . . . + + ???????????? + + - + 555. Popcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ - 556. Soft maize (gray) . . . . . . . + - + + + - ? 557. Planting: in winter .. . . ......_._._+ + 558. In summer . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + _ _ _ + + + + + + + 559. Hilled when growing . . - + + + _ _ + _ + ? ? ? ?+ + + + - 560. Planted in rows .+ + _ _ + _ _ + _ + - _ + + + + + + 561. Planted in helix (clock- wise) . . . . . . . . . + + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 562. Planted irregularly + - + + _ _ _ _ _+ 563. Planted during waxing or full moon . . . . . . . + + + - ? 564. Windbreak for growing plants . ........ S + 565. Storage: dried in "braids," hung up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + S + S 566. Dried spread on roof or platform . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + 567. Parched slightly to dry. S S S + 568. Stored in granary ....+ 569. Stored in back rooms . . .?+ + + + - 570. Stored in pits . . . . . . + + + + + + 571. Stored in rock shelter + + - + S S + 572. Piled in tiers . . . . + + + + + 573. Year's supply against famine . . . . . . . . . S + - + S - ?+ + S + + 574. Shelled by beating with stick . .+ + + ? ?5S---_ 575. Shelled by hand . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - _ _ + + + + + 576. "Awl" to loosen kernels . .+ + - + + + ? + 577. Shelled by men.. + - + + _ + + + + 578. Shelled by women .+ + + + + + + + - + _ _ _ - + + + + + 579. Shelled maize stored. . + + + + + + + + ? + 580. Cooking: green maize roasted, no husks . .+ _ + M + + + + + 581. Roasted whole in husks . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 582. Steamed iry earth oven in husks to hasten ripening and drying .+ + + + + + + + - _ 583. Boiled on cob . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - _ _ - + + + + + 584. Parched before grinding . + + + + + + + + - + _ _ - + + + + + 585. Eaten without further cook- ing (pinole) .. + S - + + S S S 586. Lime or ash boiled ....+ M + M - - - + + + + + + 587. Eaten at once (hominy) ....+ M + M - + + + + + 588. Dried and pulver- ized .+ M + M - - _ _ + + + - + 589. No treatment before grinding . . . . . . . . -S -S --S S -S -- + S - S + 591. Ground on metate . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - M M + + + + + 592. Maize kernels boiled with beans . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + _ + + + + + + 593. Steamed with beans in earth oven ...... . __+ ___+ ___________ 594. Maize-meal mush. .... + + + + + + + + _+ _ ___ + '+ + + + 595. Green-rnaize mush .. . .. + + + + _+???????_ _+ + + 596. Mush of saliva-sweetened meal frozen overnight . + +???????????????__ _ _ _+ - - 597. Chewed meal mixed with batter for.breadstuff . + +?______ ___ ___ _+ + - _ FR. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO i9 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 598. Stiff mush boiled in husks (tamale) . .+. . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + + + + 599. Hominy (ground) boiled in husks (tamale) . . . . . . + + + + + + 600. Dumplings, boiled . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 601. Cake in layer in earth oven .+ + _ + + +? 602. Pudding in pot in earth oven . . . . . . . . . . + + 603. Dough-filled husks in earth oven . . . . + + - + + ?????? + - _ _ 604. Dough-filled husks in domed (Spanish) oven .e..? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??+ 605. Green-maize mush baked in husks in ashes . + + + + + + -??+ ++ + 606. Green-maize mush in husks in earth oven . . . . + + +? 607. Green-maize mush in layer in earth oven . . . . + + + + + + +? 608. Maize bread on hot stones, in coals, or on pottery pan . . . . .+ + __+ + + + + S + + + 609. Ashes added to bat- ter . + + _ + +????????+ + _ 610. Maize griddle cakes be- tween two flat stones. . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+? ? ? ? ?+ - _ 611. Paper bread on thin stone slabs . . + _ _ _ + + + + - 612. Number of colors . - 4 ??????- 7 4 3 4 - Beans 613. Frijole . + M + + + + + + - + - - - - + + + M M M 614. Number of varieties ... .7 1 4 1 2 3 1 - 2 - - - - 6 6 3 2 3 615. Vines on ground . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ _ + + + + 616. Threshed on ground . . . + + + + + + + _ + - _ _ _ + + + + 617. Stored in bag . . + + + - + - + + 618. Stored in pottery vessel . . + +? ? ??+ + + + 619. Stored in basket in pit + + - 620. Stored in basket in rock shelter . .+ -+ ????????? ?S 621. Green-bean pods boiled .. . + + - _ _ _ + + + + 622. Beans (seeds) boiled whole . + + + + + + + _ + - _ _ _ + + + + 623. Ground before boiling . S S S- + + 624. Parched and pulverized with corn for mush . . . . . . + + +? 625. Tepary . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + ? + + 626. Number of varieties . .o. . _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2)- 1- 4 2 627. Vines on ground . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + - + + 628. Threshed on ground . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + - + + 629. Stored in pot .. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - _ + + 630. Boiled . . . . . . + _ + _ + + 631. Cowpea (black-eyed bean) .. .. . .+ + Pumpkins and Squashes [632. Pumpkins and squashes. ......+ + + + + + + + - + - - - - + + + + + + 633. Number of varieties ... . .8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 3 --- -__ 3 2 1 1 2 3 40 634. Green. ..........+ + + + - + + - - + ? ? ? __+ + + + + fi 635. Yellow (orange) . ....*|+ - 1- - + - + 1+ - + - ~ - M - + + + S ,, 636. Striped . ........ + + 1+ + + - + 1- - + - 1- + + + + + + 20 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WMIWS Hu Me Li Ll 1 SUWa Zu SAS KPHP 637. Plain ...... . .. . + + - - + + - + + _ _ _ - + - + + + + 638. Crook-necked . . . . . . + + + M + + - M (+- 639. Ripen in August .+ - + 640. Ripen in fall ..... . + + - + - + + + - + _ _ - + + + + + + 641. Grown in maize field .. - + - + - + - SS - - - +- 642. Grown separately . . . + + + + + - + - - S - - - - + + + + + 643. Dried in long spiral strips. . + + + - _ _ + - + _ - - _ + + + + + + 644. Stored on ground, whole . + + ?+ + + 645. Stored in pits, whole . . + + ? ? _ _ _ 646. Covered with dry weeds, etc. . + + _ + + _- - 647. Whole pumpkins hung up . + S 648. Eaten roasted . .+ + + - _ + + + - + _ _ _ - + + + + + + 649. Boiled . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + _ _ _ - + + + + + + 650. Seeds dried . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + - _ _ _ S + + + + 651. Parched . .+ + + + + + + + ? + + + + + 652. Ground . . . . . . + + + 653. Split open with fingers . . . . + + + + + _ + _ _ _ - + - + + + 654. Cosmetic grease . _ + ? + Various 655. Muskmelons . . . + M -M M - + + + M M 656. Number of vari eties. 3 3 1 1 1 657. Dried . . . . . . . + + + + + + 658. Watermelons . . . . . . . + M M - M - - - - + + + + + M 659. Number of varieties 4 - 9? 4 1 1 1 33 660. Pink-seeded type . . + - ????+ + + + + + + 661. Gourds grown . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 662. For canteens . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + _ + + + + + + 663. For dishes, spoons . + + + + + + + + + - _ + _ + + + + + + 664. Cotton grown formerly. . . - + ? _ _ _ _ + S + + + + 665. Sunflo.ers grown - - + + _ _ _ _ _?+ - 667. Aheat M + M - M - - - + + M M + 668. Sweet potato ..M - M - 669. Chili . . . . . . . . . . . . . M M - - - + + M M _ 670. Onions . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - M _ 671. Peaches .. + M + M PETS 672. Dogs kept .+ + + S + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 673. Named .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + (+) 674. Not talked to ... . . . + _ + - + ?? ? ? ?? + 675. Buried ... . _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ + + _ + S + 676. Used in hunting (nos. 126-132) . + + + + + + + + - + - - + S + + + - 677. Aversion or fear to eat . + + + + + + + + - + + + + (+) + + + + 678. Male dogs castrated ... . . . + + S + - S ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + 679. Domesticated turkeys (bred) ..? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 680. Wild turkeys caught young . . . + + + - + + + + + + - + + + - 681. Feathers used .-.... . + - + - + ? ? ?+ + + 684. Hawks killed .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 685. Hawks caged . . . - - - . . . - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + - - _ S + - - 686. Adult eagles killed .... . . . + S _- - - + + + _ _ + + _ _ + + + 687. Eagles caged .................. .._______+ - + + - - + + + + + + 688. Eagle feathers plucked .................. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 689. Eaglets taken by any hunter . . + -__ + - + - + + - _ - + +.+ - 690. Flaming arrow into eagle nest .. .. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 21 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 691. Eaglets tied to log in l ll W ~~nest .......... + + + +__ ___________ L692. Purification of eaglet S ~~catcher ........+ Wooden cage or "house" for eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + . ,Eagle kept on string . . .. + _ + _ _ _ + + - _ _ _ rPlucked eagle released . . . . . + + + + _ _ _ + + + - + Captive eagle killed and plucked when adult . . . . . . . . . . + - + Kept permanently . . . . . . . . + + + _ Aeries owned .+ - + + + ????? + + _ Mockingbirds kept . . . . . . . . - - + _+ - + ? + + + .Square bird cage . . . . . . . . - - + _ + S - + - + + Round bird cage (domed) .+ + - + + S ?????? ?+ HOUSES linz (Thatch and Earth Covered) Earth covered . . . . . . . . . + + + Not covered with earth . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + ?? + Earth banked up sides a foot or so .- + + + - + _ +?? + Round in floor plan (see fig. in .Notes) ............+ + + + + + + + + + + __+ + ___+ glliptical . . . . . . . . . . . + M No center post . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 corner posts, 8-12 in. diam. + M - - -_____ ? ? ? + Posts leaned together . . . . . . + + _ _ _ + + + + __ + _ 710. 4 foundation posts . . . . - + +? * 711. 3 foundation posts . . . . + + + _ + 712. Forked . . . . . . + + ? - - - - - + 713. From opposite walls + + _+ + + + - + Ills vertical. + M ? ? _ 715. Sloping, leaned + + _ _ _ + + + + + 716. Domed, one with roof + + + + + S S S + + + - - + + aJls of many close sticks + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + 718. Of laid logs . .M . . . . . _ M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 719. Poles with thatch ... + + - - - - - - - - + - - + Ihatched huts . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - _ + + - - - + 72 . Juniper, etc., bark . . . + S - -S + 722. Binding poles, horizontal. - - - + + + + + + - +? 723. Lashings . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + + + ?+ 724. Hides over thatch th...?M M + + 725. Pegs for hide covering . . .?+? of one with walls . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + _ + +-_ ---- 727. Poles bent to meet on top ..........__++ + S S + + + +__+ ____ .oof seWarate from walls .... + M - + i.729. Brush on roof" .+ M - + 730. Thatch . . . . . . . . . . + .731. Dirt over thatch.. + oor dug out, 5-12 in. . . . . + _ + + + - _ + + _ _ _ No special floor material adde d . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + __+ + -__+ torway rectangular, with lintel. + +?_________ 736. Top domed. _ -_+?+?+ -S--5? ~~ [;737, Faces sunrise. .....+ + + + _ +?________+ - _ - + r;738. Faces dowvn-wind . - + + + + _ + + - _ _ _ + ?__ 22 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 739. Doorway closed with mat, skin, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + - + + + + + _ _ _ + + 740. Fireplace in center . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ? _ _ _ + 741. Near door . . . . . . . . _ _ _ + _ 742. Outside door . . . . . . - - S S S S S S S - - - - + 743. Lined with stone? + ? ? _ _ 744. Smoke hole in center . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - - - + _ _ _ S 745. Covered entrance way . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 746. Curved . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 747. S-shaped . . . . . . . . - _ + + +? 748. Windbreak before door encloses area . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + + 749. Wind screen in front of door. . - + + + + _ + + + +? 750. Wind screen(s) built out from door.- S ? + Skin Tent 751. 3 foundation poles only ...+ + + + - 752. Buffalo-hide covering. ?? + + + + _ 753. Ventilator flaps . . . . . . . . + + + + -? 754.-With pole for each . . .? ? ? ? ? + + + + - _ _ _ 755. Door faces E or down-wind . . .? ? ? ? ? + - + + ? 756. Tent pegs . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 757. Stones . . . . . . . . . S 758. "Breastpins" to join front ...? ? ? ?+ + + + 759. Skin inner lining (dew cloth) .? ? ?? + +? 760. Travois with horse . . . . . . . + + + + 761. Tent painted outside . . . . . . - + S 762. Willow-stick back rest tripod .. . . . . +? 763. Temporary 1-pole tipi with ventilator flaps . . . . . . . + Masonry Houses 764. Inner walls plastered .+ + + + - 765. Masonry work by men . . . . . . + + + + - 766. By women . . . . . . . . + + + - - 767. Beams laid by men . . . . . . . + + + + - 768. Sticks, etc., laid by men .+ + + + _ 769. Mud roof (floor) laid by women. + _ _ _ 770. Plastering by women, inside and outside . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - 771. Low "bench". . . . + + + + - 772. Wall niches S + + + 773. Cornices of several courses of flat stone . . . . . . + + - _ 774. Fireplace in corner of room . .+ + + + - 775. Fireplace in side wall .3 3 S 776. Fireplace provided with hood.. + + + + 777. Chimney of bottomless pots ...+ + + + _ 778. Selenite as glass substitute ..+ + + + - 779. Ladder, rungs in holes .+ + + S - 780. Notched-log ladders . . . . . . + - + _ _ 781. Stone steps .+ S - S Lean-to, etc. 782. Lean-to, double. ......._______M - + +?________ 783. With ridgepole . ....|__|_____+ - + +? _|__ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 23 | WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 784. Lean-to, single, as camp only . . M + - _ _ - + _ _ _ + _ _ - + - _ _ + 785. Pit-"house" with roof at ground level . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 786. Unroofed windbreak as camp ... S S S S S S S -S -S S SS S - S 787. Rock shelters as winter dwellings - - S S S - - - S Assembly (Ceremonial) Places 788. Masonry kiva .. . . . .. . . . . . .+ + + + - 789. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . + + - M _ 790. Rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ (+) + + _ 791. Entered from top . . . . . . . . + + + + - 792. Mainly aboveground . . . . . . . + + + + - 793. Council house, special building . _ _ ?_?_?_?_+ 794. Any dwelling used for council . . .+ + + + + + - + S _ 795. Corral built for winter meets . . . . . . . . . + + + _ 796. Chief's dwelling serves + + S S + + + 797. Dance place (ceremonial): special structure . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ _ _ + +???????? ? + 798. Patient's house + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ 799. Ramada . . . . . . . . . . + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ 800. Plaza . . . . . . . . . . + + + - 801. Corral (duplicates no. 818) .+ + ??+ + _ +???? ? + 802. Open space (no structure). + + + + + + S + + + + + +? Shades and Enclosures 803. Windbreak of branches .+ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 804. Shade made by inserting sticks horizontally in branches of tree . . . . . . + + S S S S - S S S S S - + - S 805. Square flat-roofed shade . + + M M M M M M - + + + + _ + + + + + 806. Free standing . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + _ + + + + + 807. Earth-covered . . . .. + S -S + + S + 808. With side walls . . . S . S S - + + S + + + S 809. Sleeping arbor on top of shade . + + + _ 810. Top as storage place . . . + S S + + _ _ _ + - + 811. Man can stand under . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + 812. Shade roof in front of dwelling . . . . . . . S S + +? - - + S ? ? 813. Circular or conical shade . .. . - + + + + + + + _ _ + S 814. Circular enclosure of boughs (corral) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 815. For family in summer ... . .+ + + + - S + 816. For hunting party . . .. + + + + - + + + + - - + + + + - + 817. For maskers to dress in . + _ + + - - - (+) 818. For dances (duplicates no. 801) . . . . . . .. + + - - - _ + + - - +? ? ? ? + 819. Entrance faces E . . . . + + - - - _ + - - + + - + 820. For doctoring .- . - - - - _ + + - + 821. Circular enclosure with 4 open- ings (see nos. 2893, 2910).. _ +?_____ Sweat House 822. Conical. ............ + + ?__? __+ - - + - + - _ - 823. Domed . - . + + + + + l+ - + +?---1-~~1 24 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ___________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI K? HP 824. Bark-and-branch covering ... -+ +-- + - + + + +- - +- +- -- 825. Grass covering . . + + - + + + + + - 826. Earth covering ... . .....+ + + + - + + + -- + +---- 827. Skin covering ... . .-.-.-.-. 828. Pernmanent .. + + + + -+ + -4 -- + - +---- 829. Hot stones andstam . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + -+---- 830. Entrance faces sunrise . . + - + + + + + + + + - + 831. Used by men, daytime only + + + + + + + + + + + - +- +---- 832. Used by women also.S+ ? ?+-- +-+---- 833. Sweating for curing .. + + + + + - + + + + - + -+- -- 834. Sweating before dancing . + + + - + + + + + - - + 835. Sweating before war ..+ + + + + + + + + 836. Sing while sweating.. .. .. + + ++ ++--S 837. Sweating by doctor before treating .... . ......+ -+ --+ S -- + 838. Taboo to new father. .+ + +??????? + 839. Taboo to one associated with menstruant..... . . ... + + + 840. Taboo after intercourse . - + - + 841. Rolling in sand after sweat . + + -- - + + + - S 842. Beat selves with grass .....+ 9 843. Bathiig after sweat .. S + + + + + + + + + - + NAVIGATION; SWIMMING 844. Thle raft, towed by swimmer . ..+ 845. Log raft....... ... ... - -+ + + + + ? .? + - + -- 4- 846. Single log or pole to aid swimmer ..... . -+-+---55 + --5 847. 2 logs to carry pro- visions ..+? ? ? -+- 848. Several logs lashed together.. .. .- .-.+ + + + + ? S - S 849. Hide bullboat, towed by svvirmer ..... + 850. Ferriage in basket (infa'nt', etc.). ..- ..- ..- .S - + - - + 851. Log across stream as bridge . . ?S S S + + + -+ -+ ? + 852. Swimming: overhand. ...... + + + + - - + -+ + - - + + + -+ +- 853. Breast stroke ..... .+ - - - - + ? 854. Side stroke .... . ...------+ 855. Crawl. -- + - -+ + + + ? ? ? 5 856. On back, frog stroke with feet...... . + ?? + GRINDING 857. Metate: rectangular type (back- forth). ...........+ + + + ? + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 858. Vesicular lava .- + + + + + + + + - + + - + + + + + 859. Sandstone ... .-.. .+ - + 860. Bedrock metate . ----5? 5 S +(S) --S--- 861. For maize grinding ... + + + + + + + + - + - MM - + + ? + + 862. For beans . ....... M + + +??????+ + + + + 863. Seeds.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 9 864.- Othe (seNts) + + + ++I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 25 WN EN NT ST SC Ci VM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 869. Slopes away at angle + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 870. Grinders sing together. . .. . . . . + + + + - 871. Others sing for them . . . . . . + S + - + - 872. Muller meant for 2 hands . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 873. Rectangular (rounded) in cross section . - + + + + - + + + ?????? + + + 874. Triangular in cross sec- tion . . . . . . . . . . + 875. Vesicular lava muller . - + + + + + + + + - + + + - S S + 876. Other stone .+ + S + - + + S + + _ + + ? ? ? ? 877. Muller used with 1 hand (2 op- tional).. .. _+____+ 878. Oval or round, only base flat .+ - + _ + - + + + +???? ? + 879. Bedrock mortar . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + 880. Portable stone mortar for food .+ - + - + + + + + - + 881. Found, not made + - + - + + _ 882. Made by users . . . . . . - + - + + + + - + 883. Small portable stone mortar and pestle .. . . . . ..... . + - _ + - + - + + _ + + + + _ _ 884. Found, not made . . . . . _ + - + - + + _ 885. For tobacco and leaves mixed with tobacco + - + 886. For paint ..S . . . . . . . + _ S - + _ + + 887. Outside shaped . + . + - S + _ _ 888. Wooden mortar ...+?????????? + + 889. In end of planted-log section . . . . . . . . + + 890. Stone pestle, 12-15 in. long ... .... . . +????? + _+ + i891. Wooden pestle .. .+ + r892. Stone pestle . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 893. Found, not made .S - + + + + + + -? S + 894. Natural stone . + + S S + + + + + ?????+ ? S + 895. Shaped by users ... . . - + - + + - S ?????? + S ? + - 896. Pit mortar, rawhide lined - - + + + + +_+ + + + + + ????? + - .897. Pit mortar with stone at bottom ................... + + + + + + + - - - - _ _ 899. Used for mesquite - - + + + + + + + - - - - 900. Used for alligator juni- per berries.- _ + + + _ _ _ _ BRUSHES 901. Grass bundle tied in middle . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 902. For meal . . + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + - 903. For hair .. .... . . . + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + 904. Porcupine tail for hairbrush . . +? + 295. Yucca-fiber brush .. ....... . - - + 906. Agave-fiber brush ... ...-. . - - + + + + - + + + + 907. Swab for imbibing liquid ?????????+ + + + + + + 908. Animal-hair swab .. . + + + + 909. Juniper-bark swab pb + __+ + STIRRERS AND STONE LIFTERS 10. Paddle .................. .-__+ ______+___+___++ 911. 2 sticks for handling hot stones .................. + ? ? ? __+ S ?? 5 _S- -S _ 912. Forked stick for handling hot I stones ..... . ...... + + + + l+ + - - - - + 5 + + -(+ 26 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _____________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP' 913. Tongs to handle hot stones ... --+? ?? + - + 914. Withe looped under hot stones . + + + + + + ? ? 915. 1-stick food stirrer.......5s- - 5 -- + + + + + + 5 + - + + + 916. 2-to 7-stick foodstirrer + + + + + + + ?+ -S - - +- 917. 10- to 12-stick food stirrer + + --- 918. Tongs tolift out boiling meat. --+ + 919. Boiling meat speared with sharp stick. ...... + + + + + + + ? + + + + --+ + SPECIAL RECEPTACLES 920. Shell (natural) as container .? ? ? ? ? + +? ? ??-- 921. Turtle- or tortoise-shell cup . .+ + ?-----+ + + + + + + ? 922. For medicine container . + +??--- - + - 923. Ladle of mt.-sheep horn . - + ?+?+- + - - + - 924. Wooden bottom ....... + ?-----+?- 925. Buffalo drinking horn ......+ +?+- 926. Buffalo-horn ladle.+ + --+ - --+- 927. Horn heated (or b'oi'led) in working. ......+ - - + --+ - --+- 928. Wooden spoon or ladle ...... +?+ + ---- + + + + 929. Stone cup.. +?+?( -+) 930. Cup made from burnt-out pine wart.+?+ - - --+ 931. Husk of dead' m'escal bu'tt a's container.-+ + + --S - - +? 932. Wooden platter for meat . +?+ - + + --+ -+ - -- 933. Wooden bowls.++- + - - + + + + +? + - + - - + +, 934.Oak bole. .........+ --+ - --+ + + + + + + -+ - --- KNIVES; AWLS, NEEDLES 935. Impromptu flake (not retouched).. + + + + + + + + + + + ? ? +?-? + + 936. For wood hacking or sawing. .........+ - + + + + + - ? + + S-- 937. For skinnilng.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 938. Chipped knife (retouched). .. + - + + + + + + + + + ? ? + + + + + + 939. Double edged (see fig. in 940. Single edged....... - +?+ + +---++ 941. For butchering . + - + + + + ? + + + + + + + ? + + 942. For carving wood .- ++ . -+. -. -- + 943. Buckskin wrapped on stone.-- --+ 5 + + + - S S - 944. Handle bound wp,ith wet rawvhide + + + ---+ + - 945. Blade set in wooden handle (groove hafting).-? -+ ---+ + + - -+- -- 947. Pitched in handle ?+ + -- 948. Shoulder hafted.. - +?-- - 949. Cane knife ....... + 950. Woodenknife (see no.383) ... .-+? 950. Bone knife .. 0o--o-- o+-+ 952. Bone "chopping"f knife (shoulder blade) . .- - - ? CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 27 IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 955. Plain flake, unretouched.... _ + + + + + ? ? ? + - - -9 957. Hardwood awl . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 958. Bone awl . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - 959. Deer leg bone . . . . . . + + + + + ? + + + + + + ? + + + - 960. Penis bone of badger . . . _ _. - 9 - _ + - _ _ _ 961. Antler awl .... . . . . . . . + - + + - + + - - + + _ _ + + 962. Handled awl . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - + + + - + - - S - _ + - + S - 963. Awl scabbard of hide . . . . . . + + + + + + - 964. Awl for coiled basketry .... + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 965. Awl for skin sewing . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 966. Awl for boring wood . . . . . . + - -S - + S + S - - 967. Saguaro-rib thatch needle . . . + 968. Needle with eye (bone). M + + + 0969. Needle with eye (hardwood) + + + 970. Agave or yucca needle with at- tached fibers for thread d - - - + _ _ + + _ DRILLING AND SMOOTHING 971.With tiny flint held in fingers. + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + 972. Composite drill, stone pointed . + - + + _ + S + -+ + + + + - >973. "Vise" for holding object drilled mas hole in ground, rock, block of wood .+ +? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + + + - 975. On deer neck hide . . . . 7 - - - + __ __ S - -- 976. Pump drill . . . . . . . . . . . M M - - M + + + + :977. Smoothing slab of sandstone . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 978. Beads rolled on it . . . + _ + + + + 979. Beads revolved on grass stem or string . +?? - + + + + - 980. Beads flat-rubbed on it. .+ + - S - + _ + + + + + - WOODWORKING; HAMMERS, MAULS, AXES 981. Timber cutting by fire. + - + + -S+ 982. Girdled . . . . . . . . . + ? + 983. Hollowing with fire ... . . . + _ + - + + + + - _ + _ 984. Fire to render wood flexible . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 985. Held over fire + + + + + + + + + _ + 986. Moist hot wrapping to make wood flexible ... . .?.... . . _ + + ? ? ? ? ? ?? + _ + - 987. In hot ashes . . . . . . + + - + + + _ _ + - 988. Fire hardening of wooden points .+ _ + - + + _ + + + _ + _ _ + - 989. Filing by rubbing on stone + + + - + S + + + + + + + + + + - 990. Natural cobble for maul ... . + + + + + + + + + + + S + + + + + + + 991. Wooden maul, shaped. + + - - - - + 92. Chipped and ground hand ax . . . + - - - + 993. Grooved-stone ax ... . . . . . + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + ? + + 994. Handle a stout withe . + + - - + - _ _ - + + + + - + + + S 995. Handle a cleft stick . . + 996. Prehistoric ones used . . - + + + - - + + + + + + + S + + S 997. As tool .. ... . . . + + + + + - - - _ + + + ? + ++ + + + 98. Stone-flake improvis ed ax .? ?+ +? ?+--?? ++ ? _--? ? +S @99. Grooved-stone hammer .................. + - _ _ - + _ + + + + + -+ - + ? - + i; 1000. Found, not made . . . . - + - + + + +? + - S - S 1001. For dried vegetable foods.. ..... ....|~1 ~~~~|+S--- -5 _+ 28 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1002. For bone and dry- meat pounding .... + + + + + S - + - + _ + STONE FLAKING, GRINDING AND POLISHING 1003. Flaking with stone by blow + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1004. Retouching by percussion - + - + + + S + + + ? ? + + ? + + + 1005. Retouching by pressure - + + + + + + - + ? ? - - - - - 1006. Quartz flaker . . . . . + + 1007. Antler flaker . . . . . - + + + + + 1008. Flint flaker . . . . . + + 1009. Hand protector of buckskin . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + ? ? - - ? 1010. Cobble for roughing out (metate) . . . . + + + + + + ? + + + 1011. Pick for roughing out (metate) . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ + + + + + - + - + - ? + - _ 1012. Buckskin wrapped handle . . . . + + +? _ 1013. Grinding and polish- > ing with stone . . . + - - + _ - + + - _ _ _ + + + + + + FIRE MAKING 1014. Flint and steel (Spanish) . . . MM - - M M M M M MM- M M M MM M M 1015. Two stones struck (earlier) . . + - _ - + + + - + - - + + + _ + + + + 1016. Simple drill . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1017. Thong-driven on warpath _ + +? 1018. Pump drill . . . . . . . . . _ _ + - 1019. Dead wood for fire . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1020. Broken over a stone . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1021. Slow match of juniper bark . + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + - + - 1022. Torch . . . . . . . . + + + S - - + + + - + + - + + + - + SKIN DRESSING 1023. Cut down belly . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1024. Case skinned (from anus) . . + + + + + + + + + + ? ? ? + _ - _ 1025. Skinning whole (from head) . . - + - _ _ + - + + - + + + + + 1026. Skinning by blowing under hide . . + _ 1027. Hide scraper for flesh and fat . . .. . . . . .+ _ + + + + _ _ _ + + + + + + + _ 1028. Rough stone to remove flesh and fat +_ + -- S - S- 1029. Stone blade, curved wood handle (Wissler, fig. 21) . . + + + + _ + 1030. Bone blade, toothed (Wissler, fig. 22) . + + + _+ + + + 1031. Bone blade, not toothed . . . . + + 1034. Hide soaked in water . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1035. Dehaired with cannon- bone tool. ..... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ___+ - 1036. With rib-bone tool . .. . +M_M___MM+M--_+++_+ 1037. Scraper drawn edgewise. .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 29 WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SIJ Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1038. Leaned pole to scrape off hair ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1039. Post end to work skin soft ......... + -- + + + ----+ + + ----+ 1040. Worked soft over foot + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1041. Softened with brains and spinal marrow . + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + 1042. Twvisting and untwisting to ex- press water and soften . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + J1043. Rubbedwvith stone to soften + - - + 5 + + - + 5 + - + +- + -+- 1044. Scraped with toothed- bone-.tool ......+ 1045. Coloring of leather. .....+ + + + + + + + + + + + S M + + ? + + 1046. Smoked yellow .... ? ? 1047. Alder-bark dye +++?++ ++ 1048. White clay rubbed on . - -+ -+ + + - 1049. Other colors (see nos. 1279 ff.) .. ++++++ 1050. Rawhide used (nos. 288, 1195, 1475,1554-1559, 1750, 1766) + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + ? + + 1051. Antelope-rawhide rope (nos. 1750, 1766) . + + - + + +-- +-- + + - ? - 1052. Rope of other rawhide (nos. 1750, 1766) . + + + + + - + ? + + M 1053. Lashings .. - - - - 0 .+ ? + + + + + + - + + + + + WEAPONS Bows 1054. Each man made own . + + + + + ? + + + + + - + + + - - + 1055. Self bow.vv +++++ ++++ ++ 1056. Toy only (for'boys)' . - 1057. Of mulberry .+... + + + + + + + + + - - 9 1058. Of oak. ........+ +? ? ? ?+ + + + + ? + +- 1059. Of willow ....... --??+ 1060. Of walnut .- + ++ 1061. Of black locust. . . . - - +-- + +-- - - - - 1062. Of otherwsood . + - + + + -+ + ? + - - ? -~+ + 1063. Bow nearly straight . -+ - + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + 1064. Double-curved . + + - - S S S?- - - 1065. Painted. ....... . +- ++ 1066. Blood of kill smeared on. +? ??? S -- + + + 1067. Sinew-wound bowv (self bow) ...+ + + ---+() 1068. Tips sinew-wvrapped (self bow) . + + ---+ + - + + + + + + -+ 1069. Tips notched (self bov). + + + + + + + + -+ + + 1070. "Trussed" bow with sinew cord down back ..........+ + + 1071. Sinewv-backed bow.+ +? ? ?+ + + + + + + + + - 1072. Made locally . + +? ?+ + + + + + + + + + + - 1073. Double- curved + + 1074. Ends recurved. ....- +?? ? ?? ? +--- 1075. Of oak ......... + + + ++ 1076. Of mulberry.+ - +-+ + - 30 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1083. Leg sinews T (tendons) .. . + - - S + - + 1084. Soaked .+ + ? _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + - 1085. Glued . . . . . . + + - - - - - + S + + + + + + + + - 1086. Glue of hide . + + - - - + + +???????+ - 1087. Glue of horn .. . . + + - + 1088. Pitch as adhe- sive . ?? + + + - + +? 1089. Bow string: of sinew .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + 1090. Deer back sinews . . . . + + + + + + + + + S + - + + - + + 1091. Deer leg sinews + + + + + _ _ + 1092. Rawhide .S + _ 1093. Of vegetable fiber + + + - + _ + 1094. 2-ply . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + 1095. 3-ply . . . . . . . . . . - + ? - - - 1096. 4-ly . . . . . . . . . . - + + ? - - + - 1097. 1- ply . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + _ _ 1098. Bow held horizontally. - + + _ _ + _ + + - _ _ 1099.Vertically . . . . . . . - + + + + + + - - + + -+ - + - + 1100. Obliquely . . . . . . . . + + + + - + S + + _ + _ + _ Arrows 1101. 1-piece (without head or fore- shaft) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1102. Arrowweed . . . . . . . . .+ 1103. Willow .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1104. Other materials. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1105. Multiple-pointed . . . . +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + _ 1106. With cross sticks for birds . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - 1107. Sharpened point for small game .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 1108. Feathered .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1109. Featherless, for fish ..-+ -- S + 1110. Featherless, for wood- rat (note 62) + + + 1111. 3-barbed wood-rat arrow (note 62) . . . . . . . + 1112. Head, but no foreshaft .+ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1113. For war . . . . . . . . . + - S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1114. For game . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1115. Foreshafted. + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + 1116. Cane . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + - 1117. Hardwood foreshaft, but no head . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + S + + 1119. Thick blunt end, for birds, rab- bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ? ?+ + - - (+)+ + + + + 1120. Headless arrow for practice . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + 1121. Rill on arrowshaft . . . . . . . + - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + - - 1122. Shaft painted near base .- + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + - 1123. Pyrographic design by negative patterning ......... ...______+ + + +? ? ? ? ? ? ?- _ 1124. Lightning design onshaft . ... + + - - + _- + + + + - + -+ + - 1125. Arrowheads: stone. .......+ _ + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + ++ 1126. Bone .......... ___________+?____ 1127. Tanged base ....... --+ +?~~1 1 + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 31 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1128. Stemmed base - - + + + + + + + + + + + T+ + - + 1129. Concave base (for war, hunt) + + + 1130. Base side-notched . . . + + + + + - + + + _ 1131. Convex base . . . . . . + + 1132. Serrate sides. . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? + _ + S 1133. Detachable . . . . . . _ + + + - 1134. Arrow feathering: radial . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1135. 2 feathers . . . . . . _ _ 1136. 3 feathers . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11137. Standard feathering 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1138. Tangential, double . . + + + ? - + - + + _ 1139. Adhesive, besides wrapping . . . . . . + + - + _ _ + + + + + + + S _ 1140. Eagle feathers + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + 1141. Hawk feathers . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1142. Turkey feathers . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - 1143. Crow feathers .+ + S + + + + _ + + - _ 1144. Arrow "poisoning" . . . . . . . - + + + + + - + + + _ __+ + + + 1145. For war only .- + + _ + + ? _?_?+ _ + 1146. From kidney . . . . . . _ + + + ? -?? ? 1147. From spleen . . . . . . - ?+ ?- 1148. Blood . . . . . . . . . - ? - ? ? + + 1149. From plants. + + ? + ? ? 1150. Mashed red ants . . . . + ? ? __??_(+) - ? 1151. Arrow release: primary . . . + ??S + + + + + + + + + + 1152. Secondary . . . . . . . _ + _ - - - _ 1153. Mediterranean . . + + + + + + S S +?- - _+ - _ 1154. Hide wristguard . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1155. Arrow straightening and smooth- ing: hands and teeth . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1156. For 1-piece arro . .. . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1157. For cane arrow. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + - 1158. Stone straightener with groove . . . . . . . + + + + + + + S + _ _ _ _ + + 1159. Transverse groove ... ??_ + + + + _ _ _ _ 1160. Longitudinal groove - - + + + + + _ + ? ? ? ? ??+ 1161. Pottery straightener, grooved . . . . . . . + S? 1162. Wooden wrench, per- forated . . . . . . . + + + + 1163. Horn or bone wrench, perforated .+ + + + + + ??????? + + + + + _ 1164. Of deer antler, end ground off. + 1165. Of female mt. sheep horn + + + - + + ??????? + + - + - 1166. Antelope horn + + + S + - 1167. Holes made by burning . . . ?- + + 1168. Holes bored with "flint" [r ~~pO i nt.. + + + +?_?__?_ _? __?_+ _+ _ + _ 1169. 2-piece stone polisher, grooved. ......|+ + ? ? ? ?~ ~1-~ + + + + + 1+ + + + - 32 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP Quivers; Spears; Shields; Armor; Clubs; Slings 1170. Qgiver: cased skin (wildcat, coyote, etc.) . . . . . . . . . +- + - 1171. Open-skinned, sewn . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1172. Deer skin ... . . ... - - + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + 1173. Mt. lion . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + M + + + + + 1174. Wildcat . .+ + + _ _ + - + + S + - - - + + 1175. Buckskin . . . . . . . . + + - + + + 1176. Peccary skin . . . . . . _ 1177. Separate pockets for bow and arrowe + + S - - + + + + + + _ + - + + _ 1178. Bow strapped to outside of quiver with buckskin straps . + + 1179. Quiver carried at side, under arm, in battle ... .. .. +. + __ ??S + + S S _ + + + + + 1180. Carried on back . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - (+) + 1181. Strap over both shoulders 1182. Belt to carry quiver .S.. . . . S + + + + 1183. Spears: wholly of wood . . + + - + + + ? + + +??????+ _ _ 1184. Inserted hard- wood blade - + _ + + + 1185. Feather decora- tion ........ + + + + + + + _ _ + + _ 1186. Used as flag . . ......+ - - + + + _ _ 1187. Nonflight obliga- tion .......+ - _ + + + - 1188. Stone point ... ......... ? - ? + + + _ _ _ + + - + - 1189. For war .. + + - - - + + + + + + + M _ + + + + - 1190. For big game . S - - - + + + + - +?+ S 1191. Thrusting only + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1192. Bone point ... . . . . + 1193. Iron blade . M M M - M M M M MM M MM M M 1194. Shields: circular, of mescal fiber .... . . . _ + ???????? 1195. Circular, of rawhide, made locally .+ + - M - + M + + + + + + M _ + + + + 1196. Buffalo hide . _ _ _ - ? + + + + + - + + + - 1197. Elkhide._ +_ - ? 1198. Painted (see fig. in Notes) ... . . . . . + + _ + _ + + ? + + + + + + _ + + + + 1199. Cover of buck- skin or cloth . + - + _ + + + + + _ _ + _ + - 1200. Feather decoration (see fig. in Notes) .. . + + - + _ + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + 1201. Curtain shield of buck- skin . . . . . . . . . + 1202. Armor: war cap, buckskin, feathers, etc. (nos. 1382. 2711) .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ - + + + + 1203. War bonnet, short (Plains type) . . . . .. . _+ + + + )_____ type). 1204. Armor of hide. + + + + + 1205. Broad abdominal buck- skin belt + 1206. Clubs: grooved ax or hammer as club; rawhide lashing in groove ...............?._________ 1207. Stone and stick en- cased in rawhide . . . + - 1- - + + + 1+ + + + + 5 - - + 1- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 33 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1209. Boomerang (curved throw- ing-club) . + + - (+)- - + + + + + - 1210. For rabbit kill- ing ... . . . - - - - - - _ + + - _ - + + + + + _ 1211. Flat ... . . . - - - - - - - + _ + + + 1212. Roundish in cross section .+ + _ - 5S - 1213. Impromptu ....-?+_+?5 - S- 1214. Straight throwing-stick for rabbits, etc. + + + + + - + S + + + + + S S S S + + 1214a.Potato-masher type wooden club .. . _ + 1215. Ball-ended club .- + + - - + + + _ 1216. For war .- + _ _ + + + - 1217. For killing game. - + + _ 18. Feathered crook for neck of enemy - + + - 19. Slings .. . + + + + + + + t + + + + + M + + + + + 1220. Boy's toy .+ - + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + 1221. For bird killing + + + + + + S + + - + + + + + + + + 1222. For crop protection + + + - + + + + _ + _ - + + + + + 1223. For war . + + + + - BEADS AND ORNAMhNTS 224. Shell: disk beads .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + - 1225. Made - + + + + - 1226. Imported ... . . . . . + + S S S S + _ + 1227. Found in ruins, etc. . . + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + S - - 1228. Clam. ? + ? S ? ? ? ? ? ? ? -+ + + 1229. Olivella ... . . . . . + + ? - ? + + + + + + _ _(+ + + - 1230. Necklaces ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + - _ _ - + + + + - 1231. Bracelet . . . . . . . . + + S S - + + + 1232. From ears ... . . . . . + - + + - _ + - + - _ + + - 33. Cylindrical beads . . . . . . . . + + + + ? + + 234. Shell ring. _ _ + + 35. Whole shells: Olivella. + + + + + - + + + + + - + + + (+) 1236. Conus . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + _ - - + - + - 1237. Pecten.- + + + + - + - _ _ - + + _ 1238. Chione (?) or Glycimeris. + - + + + - + M + + +(+) 1239. Haliotis pendant (see fig. in Notes) _ + M M + M M + + + + + + - + + + + - 1240. Haliotis inlay -...........+ - 1241. Red shell beads .. + ?? + + - + + - + + + + - 42. Bone: beads ........ ... - + ? + + - - + _ 43. Bone breast ornament (Plains), imported . . .................. . . . . . . . . + +_ + M_____ 44. Wood: solid nose stick . - +? 45. Feathers: on tunic (eagle feather) . . . . . . . . . . .++ 1246. In nose .?.? . . . . . . + 1247. In hair . . . . . . . . . + S + + + + S S + + 1248. On buckskin string + S S + + 1249. Eagle-quill beads _ + +? 1250. Trkey beard pendant + + + + + :1251. Seed beads .................... . + + + __+ + + __+ 252. Claws and hooves: mt.-lion claw pendant ............. .-...... + __+ _+ ___+ _ - 1253. Bear-claw necklace or W ~pendant .................... + _ - + - + + __+ + ____+ + _- 1254. Badger-claw necklace .. _ |+ + + + _ - 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1255. Eagle-claw necklace or pendant (see fig. in Notes). .. .+ +? 1256. Turkey-claw pendant .+ 1257. Dew-claw necklace, pendant, or bracelet ----- + + + + - - + + +- 1258. Wildcat-claw bracelet or pendant ... .-.. .+ + + - - + -- 1259. Bear ears (2) as pendant . . . . +? 1260. Turqaoise used ... .+... + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - 1261. Beads found ready-made + - + + + + + + + + + - -- S5- - 1262. Imported ........ + + 0 1263. Disk beads. ......+ - - + + + + + + + + - - + + + +- 1264. Pendants. .......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1.265. Mosaic inlay .-..---.+M 1266. Red stone disk beads and pendants.- + + + - + + + - - + + -- 1267.ellowton; ebeads - + +??? + - 1268. Cannel coal (jet) beads. . + + + + + + + + + + +- + - + + + +- 1269. Porcupine-quill embroidery on buckskin ..... . ..... + M + + + - + + ? ADHESIVES AND PIGMENTS 1270. Adhesives: yucc-a juice + + + - 1271. Mesquite gumn.- - - + -+ 1272. Juniper pitch + + + + - 1273. Pine or pi-non pitch (no. 1088) .+.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1274' Hide glue(no. 1086) + +?+ + + + + +- 1275. Hoof glue+ + + + + - 1276. Horn glue (no. 1087).- + + + + ? 1277,. Pigments: in skin sack (nos. 1045-1049).'"'''''4"'+ -+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1278. In small clay pot . .- + ??+ + + 1279. Red mineral (ocher?). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1280o Red from alder bark . + + + + ? + + --- ?+ ? + + - 1281. Red from other plant + + - + -- + + + + + + + + + + + 1282. Orange mineral (ci-nna- bar?) .o..... + + + + + + 1283. Orange from plant root or flowers . o. . -+? ? ? ? ?+- 1284. Blue (green) mineral . - + + + + - - + +- + + + - 1285. Blue (green) from plants . ...... - + --+ - 7-- + + + + - l286o White mineral-clay, etc. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1287o Yellow mineral . .oo - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1288. Yellow from barberry . - + + + + + + + + + + + 1289. Yellow from plant blos- soms, boiled .o.. + +- 12-90. Yellow pollen, religious use only . o..oo - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1291. Black mineral ..oo - + + + + + + - ? + + + + + + + + + 1292. Charcoal for black + +- + + + + + + + +?? ?? + 5 + 1293.)UT Walnu-sijucfo CULTURE ELER. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 35 |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1296. Marrow with paint for face and body + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1297. Paint applied to body by fingers .+.. . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1298. Applied with rag, etc.. S + + _ 1299. Applied with stick .. - _ + + + + - - - S?S S - 1299a.Negative pattern by scraping off paint . + + + + + - _ + + _ + - + + - 1300. Red paint and fat to protect from chap- ping . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1301. White paint without fat for flies or mosquitoes + + + - _ _ + ? + + + + - 1302. Face and body paint to prevent sunburn + + + + + _ - + - + + + + + + - HAIR, BODY MUTILATIONS, AND DRESS Beard and Hair 1303. Beard: plucked with finger- nails . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + +-+ + + + + + + + + 1304. With lump of warmed pitch (plaster) + + + _ - + _ 1305. With stone flake and fingernail . + ? S 1306. With tweezers . + ? _ + + + + - 1307. Eyebrows completely plucked by both sexes ............... _ _ + + + + + _ _ 1308. Hair: men banged at eyebrows . ???+ + + + _ 1309. Women banged at eye- brows ... . . .. . + + + + + ? ? ? ?+ + - 1310. Men wore full length + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + - + + _ 1311. Men wore shoulder length . . . . . . . - + S + + 1312. Loose at sides but cut halfway to shoul- der (mouth level) . . _ +? ? ? ? ?+ + + - M 1313. Women wore full length. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1314. Women cut slightly in mourning S + 1315. Shoulder length ... ____+ __-S - S - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1316. Mouth level + + - - - + S S S - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1317. Close-cropped.- _ - - S + + - S 1318. Men dock slightly in mourning . ... . . .. S + + _ - + 1319. Mouth level + - + + + S S - 1320. Singed with glowing ember ... - ? ? + + ? ? ? 1321. Cut with stone knife + + + + ? ? + ? + + + - + ? ? ? 1322. After recovery from long illness.. + - + ? ? 1323. Cut with cane knife . .? ? _ + _ _ - 1324. Parted in middle, men . _ - + + + + + + + + + + +?_____+ 1325. Parted in middle, women .-............. + + + + + + + + + + + _+ + - _ + 1326. O)ne tie at back of neck ..... - + 5 + + + + + S S?--_--S - + 36 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU WA Zu SA SI KP HP 1327. Women only + + + + _ + + 1328. Twisted, tied in bundle on back ?+ + + 1329. Part painted red, both sexes . . . . . . . . + + + -? 1330. Men "ear in 1 folded club . . . + + S + ? _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + 1331. Wrapped and hung over neck + + S - - - +? + + + + + 1332. Girls vvear in folded club, tied in middle (Navaho style) . . . . + + + - - + + + + + + - - - - + - _ 1333. Married women also .+ + S - + + ? _ _ _ + - _ 1334. Unmarried -women, in two folded clubs .+ + ? ? 1335. WNomen wear in 1 braid. . _ _ + S + + - _ - + +? 1336. In 2 braids ..+ + + + + + + + 1336. Men's braids wrapped with fur or buckskin .+ + + + ? 1337. Men's rolls wrapped with fur .+ + ? 1338. Men tie club aith yarn + + ?+ + + - 1340. Women tie club with yarn . . . . . . . . . + + + - 1341. Girls only wear in whorls over ears. ??+ _ 1342. Married women wear in long vraped rolls ??+ + + - 1344. Hair ornaments: man s headband . + + + + + + + + + - - - S - + M + + + 1345. Buckskin . . . . + - + S + + + ? + - - - S - - - S + + 1346. Fur . . . . . . + + ? - - - - - - - - - - - + - S + - 1347. WNoven-band hair (club) tie . . . . . . . . . -M ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + - + _ 1348. Buckskin hair tie . + + + _ + _ _ + + + ? _ _ _ _ + + + 1349. Pendants in hair + + + + + - + + + - _ + 1350. Figure-8 ornament for girls . . . . . _ + --M M + + _+ 1351. Floaers in hair, women . - S S S + + + + + + + 1352. Birdskin on hair . . . . - - + + + +? Various Practices 1353. Special disposal of hair comb- ings or cuttings . . . . . . . + + + + S + S S + + - - + - + + + + 1354. Hair washed with yucca suds. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1355. Hair greased with fat or marrow. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 1356. Louse killer of 5 beveled thin sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . + Body Mutilations 1357. Ear lobe bored, boys and girls . + + + + - M M + + + + + + M + + + + S 1358. Girls only . . . . . . . + 1359. Babies . . . . . . . . . + + S + + + + - + + - - + 1360. Children........ _+?______+ + - 1361. Wood or spine to bore . + - - + - - - - + + S - - - + + + ? + 1362. Bone awl. .......+ + + - + - - + - - + + +?___ 1363. Multiple earholes . .. -? ____+ + - - - - S - - - 1364. Nasal septum bored. ......__+________- - +?-S - - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XlI-GIFFORD: APACHE PUEBLO 37 [ ___________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci WIM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU W.a Zu SA SI K? HP 1365. Intentional head deformation by cradle pad. .........+ +? ? ?? ? ?? ? 1366. Nose straighten'ing .+ + - -+ + + + + + +- + - + - + + 1367. Tattoo: both sexes (forehead,.. arm., eyelidl) .+ + + + - - - - + 1368. Men only (chest) . .+? 1369. Women only (cheek, chin, arm).. ..... +??????+ 1370. Women tattooed before puberty .. .... .+ + +? 1371. After puberty .??+ +?? ?? + 1372. Cactus-spine needles . .+ + + +? ? ? ? ? - + 1373. Black pigment... ...+ + + +? ? ? ??-- -+ 1374. Red clay pigment . . . .? ? ? ? ?+ +?- Ear Ornaments 1375. Haliotis pendlant... .-. + - M+ M +M + + + + + + +- 1376. Turquoise beads.+S + -.-+ - -.+.++ + + + 1377. Turquoise pendant .+... + + + + + + + + + + - 1378. Stick of wood .. + ++SS S+S 1379. Bilrdskin ............+? 1380. Olivella (whole) +. ?+ Clothn Headgear (see also nos. 1202, 1203, 2711): 1381. Fur cap, men .+... + + + + +?+ - - 1382. Buckskiln cap with feathers (nos. 1202., 2711) .+.... + + + + + + + + - + - + - ? + 1383. "Shaman" only wore .-.. + + - + +?- Robes, shawls, and capes (over shoul- ders): 1384. Hide, hair on . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + +- 1385. Buckskin (dehaired). + - + + + + + + + + + + ?+ 1386. Painted + -+~+ +? 1387. Woven rabbitskin (tech- nique under Te'xtiles). - + + S?-- - - - - - - - - + + - - - 1388. Bedding - + + +?+ + - - - - -+ 1389. Woven vegetable fiber' (twined)....... -- - -+ --- S -- -?? 1390. Poncho (split in middle) +- - - - + +? - - + 1391. Woman's shawl of woolen material. ......+ + ?--+ ---- M - + + + +- 1392. Man's robe of woolen material .+.-..-.- .- M + + + + - 1393. Robe ofcotton cloth.+?+S Shirts and govvns: 1394. Men's shirts or tunics: buckskin, kimono short sleeve + + + - 1395. Buckskin, sleevedA . +L +L +L + M L +J + + + + + 38 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1399. Shirt painted white . . . . . . + + + - - S + + - 1400. Shirt painted red-brown ? + + _ _ _ + + + - S + + S 1401. Shirt painted orange + + _ _ _ + + - _ 1402. Painted design on shirt . ... S ? ?+ - 1404. Fringed . . . . . .+ + + - + + + S + + + + + - + + + + - 1405. Porcupine-quill embroidery . . S + S S - _ + - 1406. Cotton shirt . + 1407. Woolen shirt . + + _ 1408. Women's tunics: undershirt, sleeveless + +? 1409. Short- sleeved tunic + + - ???+ 1410. Open part way in front . . . . . . + + 1411. Poncho-like short tunic of buck- skin, not fringed, worn with skirt S +- + + + + + 1412. Ditto, fringed + + + + M + + + +? 1413. Women's gowns (from neck): poncho-like long tunic dress with neck and arm holes, of buck- skin (kimono sleeve) + + + + + + +? 1414. Dyed red- brown (alder) .+ _ 1415. Painted white . . + +? 1416. Yucca-fiber gown, sleeveless. . . . + 1417. Pueblo woven dress: open at left shoul- der . ...+ + + + - 1418. 2 tassels at right shoul- der . . . . . . . + + + + - 1419. Twill woven . . . . _?+ + + + - 1420. Wool . . . . . . . + + + + - Loin covering: 1421. Belts: buckskin .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1422. Rawhide for women s dress . . . . . . + +? 1423. Braidediyucca or agave fiber . + _ + +? 1424. Woven, for women. .....+ M?__ _ _? _ _ _ _+ + + + + 1425. Cotton . .|-? -~~~~ -~ ~ ~~~|-| 1426. Wool . . .+ M?__ _ ___ _ _ _ 1427. Cord only ..... |+ ?|+-~+ -~ - -+? - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 39 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1428. Breechclouts: buckskin, etc. + + + + + + + (+) + M + + + + _ _ + 1429. Woven juniper bark - +? 1430. Woolen cloth . . + + + + - 1431. Cotton cloth . . + + 1432. Ends form 2 aprons + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1433. Aprons and kilts for men: cotton or wool apron . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - + - 1434. 2-piece (front, back) + 1435. Woven kilt as cere- monial garment . . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + + - 1436. Tassels at corners of apron or kilt ..+ + 1437. Kilt a cloth wrapped around waist . .. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - + _ 1438. Kilt a skin wrapped around waist ? ? ? + + +? ? ? ? S --- 1439. Women's skirts: front and back aprons . + + - + _ _ ____ ??? 1440. Of buckskin, umfringed - + + - + ? - - 1441. Worn as under- skirt. + - + 1442. Breasts not covered . + - +? 1443. 1-piece skirt: of juniper bark - + - _ _? 1444. Of cottoncloth? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? + 1445. Of buckskin, not fringed + - + + + + + +? 1446. Of buokskin, fringed + + - + + + + + + +? ? ? ? ?_ 1447. With fawn dewclaws on fringe? + (+) S +? 1448. Buckskin underskirt +? ? ? ? ? 4-- 449. Mittens: fur . . . . . . . . . . + + + 450. Buckskin leggings: men only wore + + + + + + + _ + + - + - + + - 1451. Knee length . . . . . . . . + -_+ + - 1452. Hip length . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - 1453. Wrapped about leg and ti3d with cord . . . . . . . . . + + - + - _ _ _ 1454. Fringed . . . . . . . . . . - + + S + + S + + + - + - + + - 1455. Winged . . S + + + + 1456. Pueblo women's spiral buckskin calf wrapping . . M M + + + + _ 1457. Footless stockings for women (Spanish) . . . . . . + + - _ 1458. Footless stockings for men (Spanish) . . . . . + M? + + + 469. Footgear: hard-soled moccasins . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1460. 2-piece . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + 1461. 3-piece . . M M + - + + 1462. Men's moccasins, short tops. .......... + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - 1463. Women's knee length, or iw ~with high folded-down l ~tops . ......... - - 1+ + + + M l+ + - + + + - 1- - + + - 40 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1464. Men's moccasins, knee length . +- + M 1465. Buskins reaching knees worn in winter . - + - _ + - + +?+ - - - 1466. Rabbit-fur socks (or in- soles) . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ - + + - +? ? ?+ + - 1467. Juniper-bark insole in winter . . ... . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + + +? 1469. Part of old manta for in- sole . . . . . . . . . . . + 1470. Fur moccasin for winter . . + _ - - _ + - + + - 1471. Hide overshoes .+.. . . . . + + + ? ? _ + _ _ 1472. Porcupine-quill embroidery . + + _ 1473. Turned-up pointed toe, both sexes ... . . . . . . + + _ 1474. Turned-up round dollar- size toe .-. . . . . . . . - - +. S + + M + M ? ? ? ? ? ? + - 1474a.Women only .. . - + + +? ? + 1475. Deer-head or -neck skin . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + - + + + - _ + _ 1476. Moccasin sole: buffalo hide .+ + + + + - S- S _ 1477. Other hide . + + _ + - + + + + - + - _ - + + + + 1478. Yucca-fiber "shoe" .+ - + + + - _ _ _ 1479. Sandals: rawhide . . . . . . + + + + 1480. Yucca leaf, plaited . - +? _? 1481. Commonly barefoot (at home) . . . . . . . . . . . - + S + ? - S + + S + - - + + + S + + 1482. Snowvshoes: of wood with crosspieces . . . . . . . . + 1483. Of bark, pointed at ends . . . . . . . . +? 1484. Grass-wrapped old moccasin . . . . . . ? + + BEDDING 1485. Mattress: hollowed ground . . . . _ + + + + + + _ - +? 1486. Pad of vegetable material . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1487. Hides . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + - S + + + + + + + + + + - 1488. Willow mat, rawhide fwin- ing (Plains type) + + ? ? _ _ 1489. Yucca woven mat. + + + - - - - + 1490. Tule woven mat ..?...?.?. - - +___ 1491. Blankets: badger skins . . . . . . ? + + + - ? + - + - _ - + - 1492. Coyote skins . . . . . . . . - + + + + + _+ 1493. Foxskins .... ...-.. . _ + + + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - 1494. Wildcat skins . . ... . + + + ? + + + + + - + - 1495. Deerskin .. .+ + + + + + + + S + - + - 1496. Buckskin (dehaired) .. + S + + + + + + + S 1497. Antelope skin .-.+.-.... . _ + _ + - 1498. Buffalo robe .M + + + - - + + - 1499. Mountain-lion skin ... . . + + + + + + + + + S S SS-- + - 1500. Bearskin . . . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + _ - S _ _ _ _ _ 1501. Other animal skins ... . . + + + + + + +? 1502. Rabbitskin (woven) .+ + ? ? _ _ _+ + _ _ - 4 1503. Woven plan t f iber. ....+ + +?________+ - _ _ _ - 1504. Woven wool or cotton . . . .| + M 1- - - - + +?+~~~ + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 41 _________________________ IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP SITTING POSTURES, GREETINGS, ETC. t 1505. Men sat crosslegs (Turkish) . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S + 1506. Women sat with legs stretched + + + + + + + + + + + - + + S + + + + 1507. Men sat with legs stretched - S + + + + + + + + - + + S - 1508. Men sat with 1 leg out, 1 under . + + + S - + S S S S 1509. Men knelt sitting on heels . + + + + + + - _ + + + + + - - + + - - :1510. Women knelt sitting on heels . + _ - + + + + + + - + + 1511. One leg folded back, other knee up . ............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 512. Men sat on buttocks, knees up . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1513. Women sat with feet curled under .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + i514. Men squatted flat-footedly . . M + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + - + + 515. Men rest standing, 1 foot vs. knee . .+ + + + ? + + + + - - S + + _ _ + 516. Stool, block, or ledge-men + + + + + + + + - - + + + + - 517. Stool, block, or ledge-women . - S ? + + + + - - + - + + - ~518. Tear salutation . .... .... + + + + - - + + + + + -+ + - + ? + - 1519. Embrace . . . . .... + + + _ + + + + + + + + ? + + + - 1520. Hand shake 'old) .+ _+ - + + ? + + + +? 1521. Kissing . . . . . . .+ - - +? 522. Meals 2 .+ + + + + + + + + + + + S + 522a.Meals 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - 23. 1 meal (morning) only . .S S. . - - + +? - ?- 24. Avoid sleeping head to E _ _ _ _ ????????????????+ + 25. Walking stick for elderly person. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + BURDENS 26. Distance travel by running (trot) . . . . . . . . . . . . S + S S S - S S S S S + + + S + + + 27. Men carry some property when traveling . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 28. Pole for carrying load ... +S + + S 29. For disabled: stretcher of buckskin . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + S S S - + _ 1530. Litter (ladder-like). . + + - _ + + + S - S + + + + 1531. Litter with yucca-leaf cross ties ..+ + + S S Carry person on back with blanket or rope sling . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3.Load poised on shoulder ... . + S + + - - + S S S + S S S S + S S + . Head carrying by women .* + ? ? + + + + 4a.Head carrying by men. + ? + - + - 1535. Water .. + ? + + + + 6. Headring . _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + 1537. Wrapped .. + + _ 1538. Braided, of narrow- leafed yucca .+ - _ + 9. Water carrying in pottery jar .. + - + _ - S - + - S + + + + + + + 1540. In pitched basket jar . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + - - - 1541. In gourd canteen . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + 1542. In paunch, bladder, gut . - + + - + S S S S + S - - + - - S - | - 1543. In skin bag ... . . . . + + + + S - + .Pack strap .... . . . . ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1544 . Ac ro ss he ad . .......................+ + + + + + + + + - - 5 - - + - + + 1545 . Fo rehe ad p ro- tected ... . + _ _ _ - + - + +?_________+ 1546. Across shoulders, chest . + + + + + S S S S + + + + + + S + +- 1547. Over one shoulder, under u ~~other arm (bandoleer) . |+ + |+ - +- + + |+ + + + + + - 5 + 5 + 5 42 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1548. Woven pack strap -+ S S 1549. Spanish bayonet yucca- leaf pack strap ... S + -- S S ?????????+ 1550. Hide pack strap . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1551. Blanket sling (see no. 1532 for 1 use) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1552. Suspended from forehead. + + _ + - + + + ?????? + _ 1553. Across chest . . . . . . + + _ + - + S S + + + + + + + + + + 1553a.Bags and carrying frames: raw,;- hide "bags" (see no. 288) . + + + + + + + M + + - 1554. Parfleche . . .? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + + + + + - 1555. Saddle-bag type (open in mid- dle) (see fig. in Notes) .. + ? ? ?+ _ + + + M + + - 1556. "Brief-caset" shape (Wissler, fig. 25) .. .+ + ? + - 1557. Flat feather case . + + _ 1558. Cylindrical feather case (Wissler, fig. 26) - + + S S M + 1559. Rawhide bucket.? + 1560. Buckskin bags .+ + + + + + - + + + S S - + + + + + + 1561. Transport . . . + + - - + + - + - + S S - + + + + + + 1562. Storage .... + + + + - - - + + + S - - + + - + + + 1563. Saddle-bag type. + + + M _ - M + + - 1564. Fawnskin bags .+ + + + + + + + + + S S - + + + + + - 1565. Transport . . . + + - + + - + + + + S S - + + + + + - 1566. Storage .. .. + + + + - + + + + + + - - + S - + + - 1567. Saddle-bag type. + + S - M + 1568. Hide and stick carrying basket . . . . . . . . + 1569. Women's sack of woven material. + + + - - 1570. Yucca-fiber sack ....+ 1571. Carrying frame of 2 or 3 U-sticks with wrapped-weave strings. ?+ + + + _ 1572. Kioho carrying frame (women's device) . . .?+ + 1573. Hoop . . . . . . ++ 1574. 4 sticks, 2 project at bottom + + 1575. Supporting Y-top stick ....?+ + 1576. Half-hitch net. + + 1577. Net carrying bag (ham- mock type) . . . . . . M + 1578. Adjustable loop.+ 1579. Of agave fiber. _+ + 1580. Of rawhide .. .?______________ _____+ 1581. Used on horse- back. ....__________________+ + 1582. Made from one continuous s tring. .. .?______________ ___ _+ + CULTURE ETEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFCRD: APACHE-PUEBLO 43 |1VWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1583. Rawhide network for gourd or clay water jar . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ - + + + 1584. Yucca-leaf network for gourd or clay water jar . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + S + - + + 1585. Yucca, saguaro, etc., plants as "baskets" . + + + + - +?+ + + _ _ 1586. Burden baskets . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + _ + - + + + + + + + 1587. Carried by pack strap over head . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + ? + - 1588. Carried by pack strap over shoulders + + _ - - + + + + + - 1589. Of wicker . . . . . . . . + + + 1590. Twined: tightly woven + + + + + + + + + 1590a.Colored design - + + + M + S + +? 1591. Bottom rein- forced with leather - . . . _ + + + M M + + +? 1592. Waterproofed . . + + + + + - +? 1593. Diagonal twining. + _ + + + ? + ? ? ?? 1593a.Conical .+ 1594. Flat bottom, plain twine, double warp + + + + + + ? + + _ 1595. Flat bottom, plain twine, single warp . + + ? ? ? ?? + _ 1596. 4 rein- forcing vertical rods in- side - + + + + + + + ??_ 1597. Round bottom, 2 reinforcing U-rods out- side. + 1598. Buckskin decora- tions .. - + + + M M + + + ? 1599. Coiled, flat-bottomed . . _ - + + + + 1600. Burden basket (old) for storage ..- + + + + + - + _ _ _ _ S - - S - - BASKETRY Basketry Techniquesl 1601. Coiling: counterclockwise, look- ing into basket . . . . . . . . + + + + + - S + + + - + + + - S + + + + 1602. Clockwise, looking into basket . .S + S ? + 1603. Awl enters inside of basket . . . . . . + + + + + ? ? - + + _ + + + + - 1604. Awl enters outside of basket + + - S + + ? ? + _ S + 1605. Single-rod foundation . . __+ _- 1607. 3-rod foundation . . . .+ + + + + + + _+ _ + + + ___+ _- 1608. 1 rod plus bundle of fibers .. . ..... + + 5 +?-____ 1609. Multiple foundation . . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??~- 1 1~ ~-l+ + 44 ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WJM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HIP 1610. Twining............+ . + + + + + + + +?+ - + 1611. Counterclockwise, look- ing into basket... - +-- + + +?-- 1612. Clockwise, looking into basket 1613. Plain, 2strand . -+ + ++ + ?+-? 1614. Close work ... - + + + ++ ? +?( 1615. Enclosing l warp. - + + + + ? ? +?+- 1616. Enclosing 2 warp. - + + + + + ? + 1617. Openworkk.. 1618. Diagonal, 2- strand, close- work ..... - + + + + ? + ? 1619. 3-strand for reinforcing - ? + + ---+ + ?I- - - -I 1620. Wicker............. + ++ ? + ? ? ? + ++ 1621. With parallel warps . ++ + ? + ? ? ? - - - - + + - 1622. With radiating warps.. (+ ? ? ? ? ? -+ - 1623. Twilling +++ 1624. Twilled tray with wvooden-withe border .?-+ - + +- Basket Types 1625. Seed beater ..........- . + + + + + + 1626. Twined, parallel warps ---+ - - +?- 1627. Oval ..........-- ?- + +- 1628. Wicker .........+ + -+ + +- 1629. Wedge-shaped (see fig. in Notes) . . . . + + + + + +? 1630. Bent to dry (string- tiedl)......... + 1631. Winnowing, sifting, and parching trays: circular, twin eded. .() +?? ? ? ? ? 1632. Circular, twilledl. . . .?? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1633. Circular, coiled . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1634. Circular, wicker, open- work .. . . ...... . . -+- 1635. Closework .+.... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1636. Tray used for gambling . + + + ? ? 1637. Coiled basket plaque...... + 1638. Coiled basket for boiling. . -+ + + + +?- 1639. Carried by travelers . -+ + + + +?? ?? ?? ? 1640'.Coiled basket cup .. -+ + + + +?? ? ? ? 1641. Coiled basket for saguaro wine.++ 1642. Coiled basket food dish .... ++++++++ +++++ 1643. Basketry water bottles (pitched): + + + + + + + + + + + + +?--- 1644. Hourglass shape. .-+????????M? ? ?- 1645. Flat bottom. ......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ------ 1646. Concavity in bottom . + + + + + + + ? + + S -- - 14.Ciet. ........++ + + + + +M + - - - S?+ 1-48 D brush.Iv wied+ + + + + + + + ---S CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PIJEBLO 45 'WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Ru Me Li LI 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1652. Melted pitch poured into basket . + + + + + + + + + + - + + +? 1653. Hot pebbles to smooth inside pitch . ++- + + + + + - - + +? 1654. Hot pebbles to stop leaks by remelting. pitch. + + + + + + + +-- + + ? 1655. White clay rubbed on exterior ........+? 1656. Wooden lugs . oo,o + + + + + + + + +? 1656a.Lugs of other materials ... M?? ? ?? ? + + ? ? 1657. Corked with bark or foliage.+ + + + + + + + + + + + - + 1658. Trinket baskets. o oo+ + + + + + - - - + + + - M Miscellaneous l93 colors (2in pattern).0...0+ + + + +. + - + ? + + + + + + M 1660o More than 2in pattern .oo.. -++ S- '1661. Women made basketry.o.o.o.+ + + + ? + ? + + +~ + + + - + - S + 1662. Men made fine basketry . ....+ - + + - i1663oMen made rough baskets ...o. + ?-----SS .1664. Berdaches made basketry . o,o+ +?+-- - - + 1l665. Break inannular basket design .. ++ ??- -+ ? p1666o Head washing from basket ...+ + + + + + + S + - +?- Tools and Materials for Basketr 167Scraper of stone flake . + + + + + + + + + S- + + + + + + + + 1668.. 3-way splitting of stems . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +- 1669. Mulberry shoots ..o. ooo - + + + + + +?- 1670., Yucca root (red) for design . . + - + + + + M + + +???? ??? M 1671. Cottonwood . . oooo oo0- + + M+ 1672o Willow (Salix) . o . 0 + - + + --+ + + ? + -- + + + + 1673. Whole stem.o.o0 + - + - - - + - + - + + - - + - + - l674o Split stem.ooo.000 - - + + - - + + + - + + - - + - - + 16 75. Sumac.oo.o+ + + + + + - - ? + + + ? + - .1676. Martynia for design.- . o+ + + + + + + +?- -+ + 16768L.Tule.00+ + '1677. Yucca leaves.o......0.0 + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + .1678. Coloring basket material . o,o+ + + -+ + ? -+ + + -+ -S- MATT ING d1679. Checker Neave.oo oo +?--+?(+ 1680, Twilled weave.o..o o .o +?--+?- -+ 1681.Twvined veave .-o-ooo ++ ? 1682. Sewed mat of tule stems .....+? CRADLES (Lying Type) 46 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS .,__ __ _ _ __ IWN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1687. U-shaped frame cradle (see fig. in Notes) .+ 1688. U-shaped ladder cradle _ _ _ .+ 1689. Oval ladder cradle . + + + + + + + + + + _ + 1690. Cross sticks extend out; buckskin lash- ings . - + + + + + + + + - + 1691. Rawhide cross ties to form floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ - 1692. Frame buckskin-covered at sides .. . . .. . . .+ + -+ ----- Various Details 1693. At least 2 cradles before baby walked . + + +???? ? + ? 1694. Loops for lacing baby in . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + _ 1695. Through holes bored in frame . + + _ ____ ?? + + + - 1696. Cords of buckskin for tying baby in .... . . o o o . . + + _ 1697. Footrest at bottom . o . . + + ? ? ? + + + + + + _ _ 16Q8. Adjustable . . .. . + ? ? _ + + + _ _ 1699. Hood . . . . ................ + + + + + + + + + + - _ + + + + + 1700. 3 willow withes, col- lapsible (see fig. in Notes) . . . . . . _ + + + - 1701. Basketry band .+. o . _ + + + + + + + + - S _ + + 1702. Parallel twigs, sticks be- neath, fas- tened with sinew string twining + + + + + + + + - + 1703. Wicker . . . _ + 1704. Checker and twilling ..? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 1705. Hoop, fl-attened on 1 side + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 1706. Rawhide .... .....+ S?????? 1707. Hood adjustable . .. . + + ++ + + 1708. Skin drape . + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + _ 1709. Cloth drape.. S + + + + + 1711. Cradle bedding: woolen blanket. + + + + - 1712. Yucca-leaf mat + 1713. Loose vegetable mate- rial .+ + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ 1714. Animal skin + + + + + + _ + + + - 1715. Swaddling clothes: of buckskin. + - + + + + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - 1716. Of fur . . + + + + + + + + + + + - 1717. Of "cloth" . + _ _ + + - _ + + + + + + 1718. Belt (lashing) of buckskin . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1719. Of woven sash . o - S + 1720. Wound-around belt ...? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 1721. Tie string laced through loops + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1722. Hide pack strap .. o . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 1723. Carried hanging on back + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ 1724. Pack strap over head.. + + + + + + + + + --S -__+ - 1725. Pack strap over shoul- der-chest . . + + + + 5 5 5 5 5 + + + + + + + _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 47 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SUI Wa Zu SA S I KP HP 1726. Carried on top head . . . - + 1727. Carried against hip . . . - S S S S S S S S S S S - - + + + 1728. Pendants on hood of cradle . . . ? + + + + + + + + - + - - (-)+ - + - 1729. Swing or "hammock" for baby . . . + + - + + _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + CORDAGE 1730. Technique: on thigh . . . . . . . - + S S S S + S + + + + + + + + + + + 1731. With cross-stick spindle. - _ _ _ +? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 1732. With whorled spindle e+ + + + + - - - - + + + + 1733. Which rests on ground in use. + + + + _ 1734. Which revolves flat on leg in use + + + + ??+ + + + + 1735. Spindle hooked ... . . + + +? 1736. String wound on spindle as made .+ + ?? + + + + 1737. By men ... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1738. By women ... . + - + _ _ - - - S - - + _ + + + + 1740. l-"ply". . + + + + + 1741. 2- ply.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1742. 3-"ply". + + + + + + + 1743. 4-"ply" .+ + 1744. Scraper to free plant fibers . .+ + + 1745. Pounding to free planot fibers . + + + M + + + + - - - + + + + + 1746. With rope twister, used by men only .+ - + + + MM + + + + + + + + + + + 1747. Horsehair rope . + M - M M M M M M + + + + + + + + + + 1748. Buffalo-hair rope + + + + + - 1749. Agave-fiber rope . + + M - - +? ? ? ? ? ?+ + 750. Materials twisted: hide .+ + + + - + M 1751. Buckskin.+ + + + + + + + + + +- + + + + + 1752. Sinew + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1753. 1-"ply" sinew thread for skin sewing .... + + + + + + + + + + - 1754. 2-"ply" sinew thread for skin sewing + - + + + + + + + + + + ??? ? + 1755. Buckskii for skin sewing + + S + S + + + + - S _ S S + 1756. Human hair . _ + 1757. Buffalo hair + + + + + - 1758. Agave (mescal) .- + + + - - + +? ? ? ? ? ?+ 1759.Yucca .+ + - + + + - - + + + 1760. Willow bark .? + ? 1761. Wool + + + _ 1762. Cotton + + + + 63. Yucca leaves, whole or split for tying . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 164. Braiding of rop.e (for lashings, * etc.). ............+ + + + M - - + + + + + + + + + + + M 1765. Buckskin ............... + + + - - - + - + - - 5 + + + + + 1766. Rawhide.M _ -_+ ++ ++ +-t++ 1767. Plant fibers.+-_+ _ ____- 48 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 ISU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1769. Horsehair. ...... + M --M --+ - + --S - + --+ 1770. Round (square) .. . + + + - + + + + + + - + + + + 1771. Flat.... . . ... + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 1772. 3-strand .. . ....+ + + - + + + + + + + S + + + 1773. 4-strand... . . .. + + + - + + + + + + - + + + + 1774. 5-strand .. . ....+ -+ + 1775. 6-strand... . . .. + + + - + + + + + 5 - + + + + 1776. 8-strand . .M +-++++-S 1777. 12-strand... . . .. M - 1778. For lariat. . -....- -- + ++ + + -+M +M 1779. Withes ............. . +?-+ 1780. Nets.......... ... . .+?? M+ 1781. Made withiout needle or measure ... . .... ..+ + 1782. Knitting, with wooden needles + M ??? + + + - 1783. By men ....... .. +?-++ 1784. By women ...... ..+ ????+ + - WOVEN RABBITSKIN BLANKETS 1785. Rabbitskin blankets (woven). - + + 5+ +- 1786. Skin strips twisted only from Jrying.-S? 1787. Hand only to twist skin strips.- S +?+ 1788. Skin twisted'ov'er cord'or wool yarn ........ ...+ - 1789. Warp of woolen strings . ??+- 1790. Of rabbitskin twisted over string - +?+- 1791. Of yucca fiber -+? 1792. Each warp tied separately. ??+- 1792a.Wefts ofrabbitskin ...... -+?+ 1793. Of buckskin ...... - -+? 1794. Woven lying on ground . .1 1 . - - +? 1795. Woven around 4 pegs in ground to form corners.-+? 1796. Frame vertical, weaving upward . .. - ? -----+ + - 1797. Checker weave. ........- +??--- ---+ +- 1798. Twined weave .........--+?----- 1799.,Made by men ..........-+ +?-- 1800. Made by women ......... + 1801. LOOM WEAVING ... ++?++ 1802. Fibers: cotton ........ + + + 1803. Switched with bowstring to rid of seeds.?--+ 1804. Wool ........ .. + +?------ - l8O5. Spindle with wooden whorl. . + +?-- - - - - - - -+ + + + - 1806. Wound on asmade + +?-- - - - - - - -+ + + + + 1807. Wrapped inball later ++? CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 49 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA S I KP HP -1814. Women weave . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - 1815. Berdaches weave . . . . . . . . . + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - 1816. Vertical loom apparatus and manipulation: loom frame with 2 forked sticks at sides . . . + S - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - 1817. Horizontal top bar rests in forks . . . . . . . + S - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - 1818. Bottom bar lies on ground . . . . . . . . + + ?- - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - 1819. Held down with stones + _ _ _ _ _ + _ - - _ 1820. Bottom bar totally or partly imbedded . . . . S ? + + - - - 1821. Wood loops in holes in floor to attach bot- tom bar .... + + _ 1822. Bottom bar of loom serves as weight .. + + ??? + + + + - 1823. Blanket poles of rounded, smoothed sticks, 7-8 ft. long + ++ + + + + 1824. Ceiling beam to attach top bar . . . . . . . . + + + - 1825. Batten stick . . . . . . + + - - - - - - - - + + + + - 1826. Bobbin of wood . - + - - - - - - - + + ? + - 1827. Warps stretched on warp beams while lying on ground .+ + - - - - - + + + + - 1828. Wound over Karp beams in con- tinuous strand + + _ ?+ + + + - 1829. End strands twined over warps before weaving begins . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ 1830. After weaving completed ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - 1831. Warp strands cross each other at center . . . . ? ? - - - - - - - - - - - - + + +? - 1832. Warp strands held taut by spiral rope over top beam . . . . . . . + + - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + - 1833. Border strands of heavy, strong cord . . . . . . + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + - 1834. Warp frame raised to vertical position after warp threaded .+ + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - 1835. 2 heald sticks for pull- ing xarp strands for- ward and backward + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - 1836. Yarn beam lowered by spirally wound rope + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - 1837. Finished part of blanket sewed to lower loom pole during work + + ??+ + - + - 1838. Small batten sticks for use vvhen blanket nearly completed ...+ + ???__ ____+ + + + _ 1839. Batten comb of hardwood, with awl end. ....+ + ???__ ____+ + _ _- L 1840. Temple .. ....___ _____+ _ _ 1841. Rug woven from both ends, finished inmiddle . . - - + 50 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1841a.Belt-attached loom . . .. ? + + + + - 1842. Perforated reeds . . ?+ + - + - 1843. Warps carry design (see fig. in Notes). + + - 1844. Patterned belts ? + + + + - 1845. Sashes _. - _? + - + - 1846. Garters ... + + 1847. Hair cords .+ + 1848. Belt loom in V-ftork m n fr.+ +_ __ 1849. Patterned belts + + 1850. Sashes .... . . . + + 1851. Garters ... . . . + + 1852. Hair cords .-.. . . - + 1853. Horizontal loom ... . . . . . - + ? + 1854. Sand under loom . + 1855. 4 corner posts ... . . . - + 1856. Yarn beams tied to out- side of posts . - + 1857. Heald.rod of arrowweed ? + 1858. Bobbin of -vood ........... - + 1859. Batten of ironwood .... + 1860. Twined selvage edge to engage weft threads . . . ? + POTTERY 1861. Only women made (see fig. in Notes) .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1862. Temper for clay. + + + + + ? + - + + + _ _ + + + + + + 1863. Sherd.? + + + - - ? + - - + - - + 1864. Sand .-.-.. . .. . _ + ? - + - +__ 1865. Whitish mineral powder . . + 1866. Vegetable material _ _ _ + + + + _ + + +? ? ? ? ? ?_ 1867. No tempering (already in clay).- + + M 1868. Bottom molded over knee into small saucer .-. . . . . . . . + - ? + - + ?? 1869. Bottom molded over pot into small saucer . - S - _ - ? ?+ + + ? 1870. Bottom formed from ball of clay .+ + + + - ? - - I? + + + + + + 1871. Bottom started -ith small coil.---9 + . . . _ 1872. Coiling .+ + + + + + + + + ? + + _ + + + + + + 1873. Without paddle and anvil . + + + + + + + + + ? + + + _ + + + + - 1874. With fingers ... . + + + + + + + + + ? + + + - + + + + - 1875. Scraped . + - + + + + + + - ? + + + _ + + + + - 1876. Smoothed with piece of gourd, sherd, etc. .... . . . + + + + + + ? + - + + + + + _ 1877. With paddle and anvil . . _?9? ? ? ? ?+ + 1878. Anvil a cobble... _?9? ? ? ? ?+ + 1879. Polished with pebble + + p+ _+ + + + + + + 1880. Slip .+ + + + + + 1881. Slip white when applied .?+ + + + _ 1882. Burns white _+ + + 1883. Burns yellow. .. .?______________+ _- 1884. Slip red when applied; 185 burns red._________________+ + k 185.Slip yellow when applied; + - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 51 _____________________________ N EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1886. Coated with pin'on pitch after firing ............ + + 1887. Painted designs.-+ ++++++ 1888. Red before and after firing ........ + 1889. Yellow when applied; red after firing...+ 1890. Buff before and after firing.+--- 1891. Black before and after firing ......... + + 1892. Mesquite black after firing.... .. . . .. .. .+ + 1893. Indentations or incisions . . . + + - + - + + + - + + + 5 + - 1894. Molded ornaments or parts + - - - -+ + + + + + 1895. Ring design broken ... . .. . - - - + + + - 1896. Dove feather brush + - 1897. Stick brush ........... + + -9? ?? ?? ? + 1898. Yucca-leaf brush ... . .... + + + + + - 1899. Yucca-leaf or stick inciser . + ---- -+ -9?? ?? +- 1900. Firing in open fire .. . ... + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + 1901. Firing in pit.........----4-? 1902. Orifice up ..........+ + ? - + + ? 1903. On side .. + ? + ? ? ? ? ?+ + 1904. Bottom up.+ + ..-.-.- .9.-..- - + + + + + + - 1905. Fuel: wood, dry f oliage . . + + + + + + + ? + + + - + ? + 1906. Sheep manurfrengfirinfue +M---+ 1907. Smoke firing (bucchero) wvith manures .... ..9.-.-.-9?????+ ? + - 1908. Molding or modeling. ......+ - - + + ?-+ S ? + - + + + + 1909. Small objects only + - - + + ?-+ S ? + - + + + + 1910. Effigy figures . +--++ +S?+ 1911. Fired ... .-. .-.-.- - - + + + + GAMES 1912. Football or stick race, 2 sides. + ++ - - + ? + + + T913.Men play.+ + +++++ 1914. Boys play.+ +?- --555s s 1915o Along astraight course. + +?---+?????? -+ 1916. In acircuit . ++++ 1917. "Ball" to be touched only withfoott+ +?+ - + ?+-- 1918o Short stick ..-+?-- 1919. Wooden ball .. . .. .+ 1920. Stone + - -4 " 1921. Stuff ed buckskln ... +5 1922. Ball of grass + 1923.l??baallttto sidee+ +??+ + ? + + 1924. Relay each other at will .-,ooo .o. 1 - ?+ ? + +- 1925.. Sides are "summer, it ItHinter mietie . ? ?? + - 1926. Sides are local groups + ???+? 1927. Goal: stick ....+?5? 52 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1934. Mixed sexes .-.. . . . . _ _ + - - + S S - + 1935. Females play ... . . . _ - S + - + S + + +? 1936. Entire team must make home run ... . . . . _ + + + + + + + + +? 1937. Score by subtraction .. . - +? 1938. Ball of corn husk ... . -_ + 1939. Ball of buckskin ... . + - + + + + + + + 1940. Circuit clockwise .... _ + - + +? 1941. Circuit counterclockwise. - + - + - - + + + +? 1942. Batted with hand ....+ + + + + + + + + 1943. Foul line behind home base .+ + + + + ? 1944. Three-base game, 5-10 players . . ????? + - 1945. Ball batted viith straight stick ...........________________+_ 1946. Males only play + - 1947. One at time makes home run . . . .+ - 1948. Ball of buckskin, buf- falo hair . ...... + _ 1949. Run counterclockwise . . ???? + - Foot racing without stic2!: 1950. Men and boys . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1951. Women and girls .... . + + + + + + + + + 4- +? ? ? ?? + 1952. "Relay race" by teams.. - + + + + + Shihnntchedsides 1953. Men play .+ + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + - 1954. Women play .... . . . + - + + + + - - + + + 1955. Mixed . . . . . . . . _ __ + + - + + + 1956. Squash-knob ball a n.. _ + __+ 1957. Wild gourd as ball . .._+ ? 1958. 2 wooden balls tied to- gether..... + 1959. Stuffed buckskin ball. .+ M + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1960. Ball completely buried at start of game ...+ + + + - 1961. Ball in hole, not covered, at start of game ....+ 1962. Ball dropped at center of field .+ + + + + - + + - + + + _ 1963. Ball picked up and batted .+ - - + - _ + + 1964. Grappling permitted ...+ + + + + + 1965. Ball driven with curved stick . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1966. Ball driven with straight stick. + + 1967. Guard stick carried... + + S + + + 1968. Ball driven with feet also . + S S + S -- + + + + _ 1969. 2 goals (lines on ground) + + + - + - + + - - S S _ _ + + + _ 1970. 2 goals, bushes .- S - + - + + - S + + S S + - - - - + 1971. 2 goals, rocks, wvhich ball must touch ....- S + + + 1972. Sides are kivas ..+ - - 1973. Sides are local groups .?_______S - S - - S? ? ? ? ? _+ 1974. Betting .-................. + - -.. + + + + + + + - + + _+ + + + Hoop-and-pole ( "pi tching pole"?): 1975. Men only play (see figs. in Notes). ......+ + + + + + + + + + + - +? ? ? ? ?- _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 53 | WN EN|NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li L 1 OlSU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 1976. Hoop plain, not netted . . + + + + + + + + + + - +? :1977. Number of notches on hoo . 11 19 11 11 11 11 12 12- 8 1978. "Beaded (wivrapped) cord across (see figs. in Notes).. - + + + + + + + + +? 1979. 101-123 "bed" a c + + + + + + +? 1980. 21 "beads" .?+ +? 1981. Of Spanish bayonet yucca leaves .. +? 1982. Buckskin-wrapped . + - Pole: 41984. Number notches on pole .-.. . . . . - 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 - 2 1985. Buckskin decorated (see figs. in Notes) .+ + ? - - - - - - - - - 1986. Course with ridge in middle . + + + + + +? 1987. Scoring: pole through hoop scores . . . . . . . + + -_? 1988. Pole under hoop scores . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + +- + 1989. Pole over hoop scores . - + +? 1990. Notches on both pole and hoop count.- + + + + + + + + + - +? 1991. Closer wins points .+.. . . . + + + + + + + + + + - +? 1992. Cast poles as like .-.. . . . . + + - + + + +? 1993. Cast poles simul- taneously . . . . + + + + S S + S S S S - +? 1994. Score by sub- traction (1 side always zero) . . . + - + + + + + + + + + - - 1995. Number of points to win agreed on . - + + + + + + + + + + ? - 1996. Number of points to "in fixed . . . +? + 1997. Pebbles as counters, in 2 piles at start .... +? 1998. Count in head + - + + + + + + + + + - +? 1999. Number of sides, two (usually 1 player each). + + + + + + + + + + + - +? 2000. Sides are clans S + S - S 2001. Dreams about game .... ? ? + + + - + +? Related to hoop-and-pole: 2002.Nettedhoop (children's game).. ?+ + 2003. Shooting arrow at rolling hoop; + + + - 2004. Ring-and-pin game ... . . . . M - - +? 2005. Played by men.- + ? - 2006. One pin . . . . . . . . . + ? - - - 2007. Rabbit skull . . .? - _+ ? - - - 2008. Sotol s talk spears Opuntia leaf .................. _+ +?_____- 2009. Cup-and-ball game ................... _______+ ?_____ + 2010. Buckskin ball, clay or wood bowl .........._______+?______ 54 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RE CORDS _____________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2011. "Shuttle cock"t..... + + 2012. Maize cob-and-hoop (boystI game). +- 2013. Peon (ttbonett) game (tthand TT ) ~+ (+)?++ + + M + + + + 2014. "tBonest cylindrical . . . ??+ + ++ + 2015. Both bone + 2016. 1 marked with (string) .......+ + 2017. White guessed for ..+ + 2018. Wrist or finger loop .... 2019. Position of pairs guessed for .......... .+ + + + + - 2020.l1pair onside .?+ + S S + - 2021. 2pairs on side .. ++ 2022. Signal for both inside . ?+ + + + 2023. Both outside. ?? + + + + 2024. Both right. ?+ + + S + 2025. Both left..?? + + +5s++ 2026.l1pair ofplayers... S s + S S 2027. 2 pairs of players, or more ....... +?------ + + + + ? + + 2028. Single "tbone't to player (1 hand empty). ...... + +?-------+ + + +* +- 2029. Arranged behind back.+ +?-------+ + + + + + + + 2030. Hiding in hands, crossed, under arm- pits . ....... -S?----- -S SS S - + 2031. Number of counters, 102 . ++? 2031a.Number of counters, 10, 12..+ + + 2031b.Number of counters, 20 ..- + 2031c.No counters. ..... . + - 2032. Referee holds counters at start ....... + + 2033. Men only play . .+ + - + + Hidden-ball game (or moccasin gm) 2035. With 4sand.heaps .. 2036. With pile with 4 parts ..+ + + +?- 2037. Seeking ball at first (positive procedure) . ---+ ---- S? 2037a.Seeking ball at last (negative procedure) . -+ + - S + + - S+--- 2038. Number of counter sticks (14-40).. --+ + + + +?- 2038a.Numnber of counter sticks (54-104) .. -+?+ CULTUIRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHIE-PUJEBLO 55 ______________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU WVa Zu SA SI KP HP 2041. With 4 moccasins buried. + + +-- M + + + + + + M - M S -- 2042. Counter sticks, 26.+ - 2042a.Counter sticks, 40 --+-??--- 2042b.Counter sticks, 102., 104,9 106 . ++ -- + + + + + - - --- 2043. 10, 4,0 count -- -- + + + + - ---- 2044.l10, 6,4,O0count + +?? 2045.l10, 6,O count.- - + ?? 2046. 3d guess counts -+- S SS SS- 2047. Blanket con- cealment +.+.-. + + + + + - - 2048. With 4tubes.... ++ 2049. Called "ol1d man., etc..... .... .+ + 2050. 4 tubes marked at end, middle, both ends.... ......+- 2051. Guess for 3d tube .?+ -+ + 2052. Blanket concealment. ??+ - + 2053. Sticks for counters (150) ........ 2054. Maize for counters 25.(50-100).. ...+ + 25.10, 6, 4, 0 c ount (losses) .......+ -+ + 2056. 10 count (losses). + Odd-even; Drawing straws: 1-2057. Odd-even game with pebbles, etc. (Correct guess takes stakes) .......... ... + + - ?? 25.Drawing straws, boys? game (longest sought) ...... + ++ cgames: 2059. Wooden staves.+ + ? + + + + + + + + + ? + + + - ? + _2060. Three-stave game. .......+ + ? + + + + + + + + + + M + + - + - ~061. Sex of players, male . . + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + - + - 2062. Sex of players, female . + + - + + + + + + + + + ----- 2063. Throw staves on stone . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +- 2064. Circle of stones for count.-+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + --- 2065. Square of stn fo count...*. ....... + - 2066. Charcoal marks on stone slab.- - + -- - 2067. No. of spaces, 40. ....+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +- 2068. Return space ("river").. . ? + + ? + + + + + + + + + + ? + - +- 2069. Safety spaces. ......+ + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + - +- 2070. "Killed" if met .+ + + + + + + + + S s + + + + - +- 2071. No. of sides, 2. ..... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +- 2072. Keep going if overrun .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +- 2073. Count: all marked up ...5 55 55 55 5 56 555 5 10 --- T2074. All plain up . 0l10l10l101010101010101010li 10 5 - -- 2074a.10-throw entitles to another throw . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - -- 42075. One marked up scored - .22299 9122 91222 -11220 13 - 56 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2079. Four-stave game .-.... + + + +? + + + +? ? ? ? 2080. Circle of stones . ---+ ? --+ - 2081. Marked buckskin or raw- hide ...........-+ +-??? 2082. Square of holes .- . . - .?. + 2083. Spaces numberl120O . - + --9 2083a.Spaces number 41.- -- -9 --? + 2083b.Spaces number 40.-. -. .+ + ? + + + - -- 2084. Safety spaces .-.. .. + + + + + + + - - ---+ 2085. Subtraction count. .... - + - 9 2086. Stick counters. ..... -44 24 -- 2087. Lines marked on ground as count .. . . .. . . .+ 2088. Staves thrown on stone . . + + + + - - - + 2089. Color up ordown counts . . - + + ? + + + + ----+ 2090. Stave crossings count . . . - + ? ? ? + + - - - - 2091. Special staves.up count specially .........+ 2092. "Killed" if met in counting. ........ - + + + + + + + + + - - -+ 2093. Keep going if overrun . . . - + + + + + + + + + - - - + 2094. Sexes playing, both...+ + + + - - -+ 2095. No. of sides, 2. + + - - - + 2095a.No. of sides more than 2. + - ---+ 2096. Eight-stave game + 2097. Scatter sidewise + 2098. Women play ........ + 2099. Twelve-stave game. ....... - - + 2100. Men play. ........ - -+ 2101. Throw up inbasket . . . . - - + 2102. Sixteen-stave game. ...... - + - 2103. Both sexes play. ..... - + - 2104. Throw up inbasket . . .. - + - 2105. "Cubicl"? die (deer knee- cap) ..........- .+ - -+ + + +? ? ??- -+ Various games 2106. Guessing and jumping game (Pima vaputta)...... + 2107. Child's game.... .....+ 2108. Heads-and-tails with stone (wet- dry) 2109. Jackstones .-.. ..- ..+ + + + + + + +? ? ? --+ + 2110. Ntumber, five .- ... - + + + + + + +? ? ? --+ + 2111. Stones.......... S SS S S? ? ??-- -+ + 2112. Walnuts .-.. -... ..+ + + + + + + +-------- 2113. Top spinning.*......... - - + - + - - + + + + + + - + + + + + 2114. Acorn top . ........-+ + + + + + 2115. Top of pitch and stick ..-- + 2116. Wooden top .-... . -+ --S --+ + --+ + +-- 2117. Sliding arrows.00....... + + + + + + + -+ + 2118. Cat's cradle. .........+ + + + + + --+ + + + + M+ M-)-+ 2119. Played only in winter . .. + + -- ----+ + +-- 2120. Played by men.......?++--+ -- + + +-+ 2121. Played by aomen. .....+ + -S + - -+ + + + - +-- 2122. Played by children. .. + + +-- + - + + + + - + 2123. Juggling by young women .-- + + + + + + + + + + + m - + 4. ~~~~~CULTUJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACBE-PUEBLO 57 WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 29. Buzzer toy..... . .-. -. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 30. Puzzle with grass ioops ..-+? )31. Archery games(see nos. 2002, 2003) . .. .......+ + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + ? + 2132. Distance .. + + + + + + + 2133. Stationary target. + + - ? + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + 2134. Moving target . .+ - + + + - + + + + + + + + - + + 35. Warfare games for boys. . .+ + + + - + + + + + - + - + - - 36. Wrestling..... . . ....+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + TOYS 37. Popgun toy .. + + + + + + + + +- + - + + -+ 38. Pea shooter of cane (blown) (see fig. in Notes). ..... - + +??+--- 39. Pea shooter wvith spring ... - + - 40. Dolls ...... ....... - + + + + + + + + + ? M + + --+ + 2141. Toy cradle. ...... - + + + + + + + + + +--- 2142. Doll of plant material - + -- + +?+++??- - 2143. Of clay. ....... - - + + -+ + + + + + --+ + 2144. Of animaliskin + ? + + + + + - - 2144a.With imitation hair + + +*~ + S 2145. Of stone (natural pebble) .......+ + + - - PIPES 46. Tubular .-...... + - + + + + - - +--- - + - + + 2147. Stone - - + - 2148. Cane or elder . - -I - 0+ + - + - + - -+ - + 2149. Wood . o + 2150. Pottery (see 'filgs. oin' Notes) .. + + + ? + + + + + + - - + - 2151. For ceremonial- +-- S S S - - - - + - 2152. Elder or cane stem o + - 3. Obtuse-angled pi'pe (see fig. in Notes) ..o. .- - +?-- . Elbow pipe . oooo..o + - + - - + + + + + + +-- - 2155. Pottery bowl .o + + + + + + 2156. Stone bowl .. +?? ?? ?? ?? + ? 2157. Shell bowl (white) . . + -- 2158. Bone stem. . . . . . . . . .+ ? 2159. Cane or elder stem . o + - S--- + + - +) . Pipes from ruins used .o0000+ + - S + S S S + --+ -+- 1. Cigarette . o+ + + + + + + + + + + -+ -+ + + + + + 2162. Yucca-leaf wrapper o - + + + + + + +? TOBACCO 3Wild tobacco gathered .00+ + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + ? + + + + 2164. Mixed with bark for smoking.oD+? 2165., Mixed4with other 58 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2169. Kept in whole fur bag .. - + + + - + + +---- + - + - + + - 2170. Kept in buckskin bag . .+-- + S- ++??++ ++ - -++ + 2171. Kept inclay pot ... -- 5 - S?S + + S + 2172. Kept'in gourd ......+ + + - S 2173. Pipe in same container as to- bacco ..... 0. 0..+ + + + + + + --+ + 2174. Women (old only) smoked . -+? + + + + + + + - + + 2175. Young men smoked... + + + + + + S + + - + -- 2176. After first coyote killed ........ +-- ---+ 2177. Fictitious coyote cap- ture (saying). .+ + ? + + + ? + ? - + + - 9 2178. Ceremonial smoking in kiva ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ + + + - 2179. Bedtime smoking. ........+ + ? ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2180. Also daytime smoking . +. +? S + + S + + + + + + + + + ? + MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Rattles, etc. 2181. Gourd rattle. .........+ + +?M M +-- + + + ? + + 2182. With pebbles . + ?+ ---+ + + + + + 2183. With seeds ....... +4 -S 2184. Nothing put in ..... + 2185. Gourds bought.-+ + 2186. Buffalo-horn rattle .. -+ + -- 2187. Turtle-shell rattle, deer hoofs attached, on dancer's calf. . . . . . . . .4 + + + - 2188. Turtle shell on sick., in hand ........- -S- 2189. Hide or bladder rattle .+ ?? ?+????? + + -- 2190. Shape ellipsoid . + + 2191. Shape gourdlike .+?? ?? + + - 2192. Contents pebbles or seeds.+?? ? ?? ? + + - 2193. Painted and feathereT + 2194. Deer-ears rattle ........ ?+ + 2195. Deer-hoof rattle. ..... + ? ?-----+ ? + ? - - M + + 2196. Hoofs in bunch . + ??- --+ + + + - - + + 2197. At end ofhandle. ??- --+ + + - - + +- 2198. Buffalo-hoof rattle, loop hide handle ....... + - 2199. Notched rasp, ceremonially used. + +? ? ? ? ? ? ??- - - + + + + + 2200. Coiled basket scraped with stick + +?-- - - - - - - - -+ - + + + Drums 2201. Basket as drum. ........+ +?---------+ + ?+ 2202. Pottery drumrivwith skin head. + + + + + + + + + + - --m + + - +- 2203. Ring drumstick+ + + + + + + + + + - - + + --- 2204. Wooden bowl Kith skin head . . . + 2205. Tambourine-type drum, strings across bottom . .. .+ + + + M-- + +- 2206. Straightdcrumstick -?? -+ + + + --+ + 2207. Hollow-log drum, 2skinheads ++ M- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 59 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU W'a Zu SA SI KP HP' 2213.Out of sight . + +- 2214. During dance.....- . - + + + +?+ + - 2215. For curing?.......+ + + + +S 2216. To bring wind.+ - ? - - + + 2217. To stop snow ..... + 2218. As toy only. ......-+ --+ 2219. Musical Bow. ....- + + + - + - + + + +- - +--- M + 20. Hunting bow used. .......- + + + - + - + + + +- - +-- - + 21. Against teeth .. . ......- + - + - ? - + + + + ? + - 22. On inverted basket....... --+ -- -+ Whistle, Flute, Flageolet 23. Bone wvhistle (single). .....+ + - -+ ---+- 2224. For wvar......... + + - - - - 9 25. Bone tube blown over + 26. Cane -vhistle .. + ---- ++ 27. Flute, end blowvn. .......+ +?------+ + - + + -+ + + + + 2228. Cane.+ +?-- - - - - + + - + + - ? + + + + 12229. Number ofholes(stops) 4 4?------2 4 - 4 4- 3 3 6 6 3 2230. Convenience only in spacing . + +?-- - - - -+ + - + + - + + + + + 2231. For amusement only.. ++ + - + + - - - + + + 2232. Males only used. +??+ + + + + - ~2233. At dances.... .2234. Decorated ........+ S - + + - - - + S - 35. Flageolet ..... . ......-- + + + + + + - + + + 2236. Reed of wood, gum or pitch, pith..... . - + + -+ +- + + 2237. Reed of cane diaphragm - + + + ? + + - ? 9 2238. Reed of buckskin, ex- ternal ... . .. - + + + + + + - + 2239. Number of holes ( stops) (3-4). ........ - + + + + + + --+ 2239a.Number of holes (stops) (6).. . .. . . + ++ 2240. Convenience only in spacing --+ + + + + + - - + + + 2241. Even distances. -- + + + + + + - - + + + 2242. For amusement or court- ship . .- + + + + + - - + ? + 243. Pyrographic decoration . -+ + + + + ?---+ + CALENDAR 44. 4 seasonal names only + + 45. Descriptive-t-ype calendar . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2246. 6 months repeated. . . .??-+ 47. Ceremonial-type calendar . . . .+ 48. Day tally kept .......... + +? ?S+ 49. Month tally......... ... + +? + + + 50. Notched calendar stick (year count) ..............+ - +? ? ? + ROCK PICTURES 60 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ______________________________WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2257. Ends with right thumb . + - - -S S?+ 5S 2258. Ends with left thumb . - + + --55?5 2259. With sticks .+... + + - + - + ? - + +-- + + + + - 2260. With stones ....... + + +++ + 2261. With maize kernels + + + + + MESSAGE MNEMONICS 2262. Redocloth on war messenger's hair?? -+---- 2263. Knotted string .......... -- - + ?+-- 2264. Tobacco in pipe or cane + +? + + - + ASTRONOMY, ETC. 2265. Named moon phases .+ + + + + + - + + + + + + + +-- + + Constellations and single stars : 2266. Mt.-sheep or deer, Orion's Belt .....+ + - + - + 2266a.W,Joman with children, Pleiades .-. ....-.+ - -+ - -- 2267. Saguaro-fruit gathering crook, Ursa Major . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2268. "Pivoting," Ursa Minor + + + ? + + + + + + + + + 2269. Not mov'ing., Polaris.. + + ? +? + + + + - 2270. Dust (ashes) road, Milky Way ....... ++ + - 2271. Sky's back or backbone., Milky Way .-..... 2272. Scattering salt, Milky Way .-...- ... 2273. Hand, fingers ... . .. + + 2274. Falling star, a star feather ........- + - 2275. Star excrement . + - - - 9- 2276. Eclipsisdeisdeathofsun.+ + + +- +?++ 2277. Burn dog nw.nure as aid .. - + - 2278. Work taboo .. + 9.. -- 2279. Pots broken, lest become monsters + -- 2280. Singing, shout- ing, waili ng.- + + - - +---- - 2281. Must not eat during eclipse. + + + + - --+ +- 2282. Pray f or sun. + + -+?) + + - 2283. Eclipse omen of many deaths. + + + + - 9?- 2284. Moon-eclipse ob- servances . . . + + + + + - +?? ?? ?? + 2285. Must not sleep during eclipse. + + + + + - ? ? ?? ? + - 2286. Pray for moon .. + - +? ? ? ? ? ? + - f2?-P ingeu- kr.+ + + ? ? ? ? ? -a+ + +;++ - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 61 l _________________________________ |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2289. Pray to rainbow . . . . . + + + - S - - - 90. Pointing at stars causes warts . + - - + 2291. All right to point with thumb . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 92. Anthropomorphic beings make thunder and lightning .? + ? ? - + + + + ? ? ? + ? + 2293. Bird makes ? ? + ? - ? - 94. Lightning made by cloud people . ? + ? + ? + ? + + - ? ? ? ? ? 94a.Flint points are thunderbolts . + + + + 95. Male rain, with thunder .+ + + + + + + + + 96. Female rain, without thunder . . + + + + + + + + + 97. Sun male . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + + + + ? + + + - + ? - + + + + + + 98. Moon male . . . . . . . . . . . . ? + - - - 9 - - - - + ? - + + - - + ? 99. Moon female. ? - + + + ? + + + - - 9 - _ + - _9 00. Sky male . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - ?- - + + ? + + 01. Sky female._ + 02. Earth female . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + ? - - - + + + + + 03. Earth male . . . . . . . . . . . -- + 04. Earthquake: female in Nest, dig- ging . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2305. Earth stretching her- self . . . . . . . . . + - - - 2306. Water snake moving . . + 2307. Man kicking earth . . . . ga+ + ? ew moon observances and beliefs: 2308. New moon as resurrection symbol . . . . . . . . _ + + + + 2309. Children shout . . . . . - _ + + + + + - _ _ - + - - + _ _ 2310. Children run . . . . . . - - + + + + + _?+ _ _ 2311. Adults run and shout .._+ - +_ 2312. Pray for health, long life (by adults) . . - + + + + + + + _ + + _ 2313. Baby held up . . . . . . + + + + + + - - + 2314. Adults rub faces + - + + + + 2315. Horizontal means drought .+ + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2316. Vertical means rain . . . ? + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 317. Prayer to sun at rising . .+ + + + + + + + + + - + + + _ 2318. Pollen in fingers .. . . + + + S++ + _ - + 2319. Corn meal thrown. .. . . + + _ 320. Prayer to earth . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ 2321. Pollen used . . . . . . . + + + 2322. Corn meal on ground . . . + + - 323. Sign language . . . . . . . (+)+ -(+) LIFE CRISES Childbirth 324. Pregnancy regulations: woman walks E before sunrise . . . - S + + S + S S S - + - ? 2325. Prays to sun for easy birth . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + ? ? 2326. Taboos: food burned or stuck in pot ..... + + + ????? + + _ _ + + 2327. Food of 2 parts i ~~~~~stuck to- | ~~~~~gether not eaten, lest : ~~twins . . -.. + - _ - +?_?__?_??_?__?-+ ? ? + ;- ~~2328. Internal organs * not eaten ... - ? + + - + + + + ____+?_?_ ?_?_ + 62 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2329. Louver-leg meat not eaten - + + - _ _ + - _ _ - + + 2330. Eye, nose, ear, hoof not eaten. - + + - + + 2331. Fat not eaten + - + - _ + + S - - + ? ? ? ?+ 2332. Did not laugh at queer ani- mals .+ - + + + + ++ _ _ + + + 2333. Did not laugh at jokes . . . + + - _ + ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - 2334. Avoided sight of blood by violence + + + ? + - 2335. Husband the same .+ + ??+ _ _- + + 2336. Other rules for husband.. + + + 2337. Abortion admitted . . . _ + + + + + _ + + + _ _ _ + _ + _ + + 2338. By means of pressure . . . - + + + + + - ? + + - - - + - + 9 2339. Birth: parturition in dwelling house . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + _ 2340. Special hut built . . . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + - + 2341. Parturient sits at de- livery . . . . . . . . + + + + + (+)+ + + 2342. Parturient semireclining.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - + + _ 2343. Parturient stands at delivery . . . . . . . + 2344. Parturient kneels at delivery + + + + + + 2345. Parturient holds to cords or stick from roof . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + - - ? (+) -+ 2346. Parturient holds to stake. . + S - + - ? (+) + 2347. Parturient supported from rear by midwife . + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + 2348. Any female relatives and (or) neighbors help . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2349. Shaman assists diffi- cult births . .. . . + + + + + + + + + + - - - + ()+ - ? + 2350. With prayer, song, talk . . + + + + + + + + + + - - - + - + - 2351. Decoction to drink . . . + + + + - - - + _ 2352. Navel cord bitten off .. - 2353. Navel cord cut with stone knife. .+ + + + _ + + + + - + + + - ? + 2354. Navel cord cut with bear-grass blade . . . _ _ - + + + ? ? ?- - ? 2355. Navel cord cut with bone knife . . . + 2356. Plant fluff on umbilicus. + + + + - + + + ?+ + - 2357. Navel cord buried . . . + + ? ? - - _+ + + + 2358. Navel cord thrown away . - + ? ? ?+ + 2359. Navel cord put in buck- skin pouch. - . .- + S - - _ - + - _- 2360. Navel cord tied to cradle ... .-... ? + - _- + 5 - --- + - _- 2361. Taken towardE .. . . -. + 5 2362. Put in tree or bush . . .|- - |? + - + + |- 5 + + ? ? ??1 ~~ - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 63 _________________________________ WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2363. Put in cave after 2 or 3 years . . . . . . . . ?+ 2364. Placenta buried .+ + S S ? + + + - + + - 2365. Put in river .. _?+ - _ 2366. Put in tree or bush . - + + S + + + + ? + + 2367. Put under rock . _ _ - - S - - S - ? - - - - + _ _ _ _ 2368. Childbirth drink (hot).. + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + - 2369. Deer soup .... + + + + + + + + - 2370. Twins welcomed. . + ? - + - ? 2371. One killed ... --? - + + - + + ? - - ? 2372. Not liked ?+ - + + - + + ? - - 2373. Indifference + - ? - - - - + ? - ? + + ? - 2374. "Steaming," etc., of breasts, etc., to start milk flow ? - + - - + ? + -+ - + - ? 2375. Baby first washed by paternal grandmother. ? - - - S S SS S ? S ? + + ? 2376. Baby washed by cord cutter . . . . . . . . + + + ? - - - + - 2377. Baby first washed by other woman. . + + + + + + + + - + + + -+ _ + 2378. Stillborn buried . . . + - + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + 2379. Stillborn deposited in branches of tree . .. + - - + +? ther infancy practices: 2380. "Baking" of mother and baby on coals, leaves, bark, mud . . . . . . . + + S - + + 2381. Warmed stone on new mother's abdomen . . . + + - 2382. Suckling begins 1st day . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2383. Begins 2d day . . + - + - + - - + + + + + +? 2384. Begins 3d day . . + + + - - + -+ + 2385. Begins 4th cday . . . . . . + + + - - - + - 2386. Baby drinks before mother suckles . . . . + + - - + S - - + - - - + + + - + + - 2387. Maize pollen (dry) on baby s tongue .+ + - _ 2388. Held baby up to car- dinal directions . . . + + - - + (+) + - 2389. Infanticide admitted - - - - - + + - + +? ? ?? + 2390. One twin of pair .+ + - + +? 2391. Strangledl d.... - - - ? ?-? +? ? ? ? ? + -2392. Taboos for new mother: no cold water to drink .+ + + + + + + - - - - + + + + + + + + 2393. No salt . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + ? ? + _ _ + + 2394. No meat . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - - + ? + + + 2395. No fat . . . . . . . . . - + + + - + + + + 2396. Ne- father also . . . . . . + 2397. Scratching-stick ...-- + ?+ + 2398. New father also ..... _____________+?___ 2399. Father inactive ....... |+ +?+? ~1 ~-~|1- ~ | ~~~Namingl lllll ,.4X0.At birth ............ + +?________+ 64 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP 2401. Days after birth (4-20) . + + + + + 2402. Before weaning. . + + + _+ - + - + + + + + + + - + + + 2403. After weaning . . . . . . + + - + + + _ _ + - _ 2404. Nickname type . . . . . . + + S + + + + ? ? + (+)-- ? ?_ 2405. From a dead relative -S + S - S + S + - - 2406. From a living relative . - S + S S S _ 2407. On paternal side . - ? + + ? + 2408. On maternal side ..... - ? + + - +?+ ? + - 2409. Names relate to war . .. + + S + ? ? S + - ? ? ? ? - _ _ _ 2410. Names relate to sex . .. + ? S ? ? ? ? - - ? ? ? ? ? - + - _ 2411. Names relate to name- giver's clan . . . . (+) ? - - ? - ? _ _ _ _ ? - S - 2412. Name belongs "to child's clan" . + + - S - -S - 2413. Teknonymy. + + - S + + S Education; Puberty; Menstruation Children s education: 24N4. Boys instructed chiefly by father .+ S + + + + + + + S S S S + + + + 2415. By maternal grandfather + + S S + + + + + 2416. By paternal grandfather .. + + S S + + + + + + + 2417. Girls instructed chiefly by mother . . . . . . . + S + + + + + - + S S S + + + + + 2418. By maternal grandmother . . + + S + + + + + + + + 2419. By paternal grandmother . . + + S + + + + + + + 2420. Children bathed in snow or ice to harden . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + _ 2421. Owl as "bugaboob" . + + + + + + + + + + + 2422. Wound cross is "bugaboo owl" .. . .. + + ____?????_____ ???- 2423. 1st tooth to E . .+ + + - + + + + + + + + _ 2424. 1st tooth to W at any time . . . . . . . . . + Boys' puberty observances:. 2425. Play with sisters taboo . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 2426. Trained in tribal legends ... . . . . . + + + - + - - + + + - - - + + - + + + 2427. Number of days. ? - - 2 - - ? 4 4 - - - ? ? - ? ? ? 2428. New name + S - + S + S S - - - - + _ 2429. Runs up hill . . . . . . + + + - S S + - + + (+) 2430. Whipped with twig by father .+ - + + 2431. Runs E at sunrise . . . . + + + + + - - + - - S S + (+) + + (+) 2432. Old man with whip con- ducts.+ + ? . . . . . Girls' puberty observances: 2432a .Spec ial term for 1st menses. ......._+_____()()- +? ____+ 2433. Girl in dwnelling . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+ _+ _+ 2434. Girl in special hut . . . _+ ?___ 2435. Girl secluded ..... - - + + 1- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 65 |WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2436. Girl on blankets outdoors + + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12437. Number of days. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ? 4 - 30 2438. Fasts from meat, etc. - + + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + - - - - + 2439. No sleep in daytime - . _ + _ _ + ? + ? ? _ _ 2440. Girl works . . . + + + + + + + + + S + _ + _ _ - _ 2441. Grinding maize . + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ _ - _ 2442. Carries water - + + + - + + + + + + ? 2443. Carries wood . . . + + + + + + + + + + ? 2444. In morning - _ + + + + +. 14.2445. Does not wash (no. of days) .4 4 4 4 4 4 ? -4 -30 2446. Girl lies on stone during day . . . . . . . + - + 2447. Scratching-stick . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 2448. Drinking-tube .- + + + + + + + + + - + ? ? 2449. Cane . . . . . . . - _ + + + + + + + + + - + ? ? 2450. Elder . . . . . . _ _ _ + + + + - S 2451. Girl's face painted + + - + - + - + + + + - - + ? 2452. Red . + + - + - + - - - + + - - + ? 2453. White . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + _ _ _ _ 2454. Design . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ + - + + - + _ _ _ _ 2455. Haliotis pendant in front hair . . . . . . . + + + + ? ? _ _ 2456. Girl pressed and moulded + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _+ _ 2457. Pollen on girl's head - + + + + + - + ? ? _ _ 2458. Girl wears special belt - + - + _ _ - + + + + - _ + ? ? _ 2459. Girl wears eagle feather in hair . . + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2460. New name . . . + (+)? - - - 2461. Public ceremonies . . + + _ + + + + + + + + + +? + 2462. Special hut or corral (no. 821). _ _ _ _ + + +? 2463. Girl lies on "blankets" . . . . _ - + + _ + + + + 2464. Girl painted with pollen . . . . . . + + + + + + 2465. Sun victure on girl s head . . . _ _ _ + + + + *- - _ 2466. Dancing.- _ _ - + - + + + + + ? _ _- + 2467. By girl ..+ + + + + + _ _ _ + T2468. In- doors _ _ - + + + + ? ? _ 2468a .Out- doors _ _ _ _ - + + 2469. By.others + - + + + M + 2470. Dancers in two lines. - - - - - + + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 2471. Dancers in circle - - - - -S + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2472. Masked dancers (spirit im- personators) - - - - + - - + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2473. Outdoors _ - + - + + + ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 2474. Indoors .-- . - _ __+ + __________ 2475. Around fire. - _ _ - + - + + +__________ 42476. Number ofnights - _ _ _- 14 44 4?_______1 2477. Number of days, 4. _ _ _ _ _ - + +?_____ 2478. Singing ........ 0+ +-?_+ +-_+ ?+ + ++ __ ? --+ 66 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |WNUN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU|Wa Zu SA SIKP HP 2479. By shaman .... + + - + - - + + +? 2480. By men .+ + - + + - + + + + +? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 2481. By women m n...._+ ?? + 2482. People pray with pollen . - + + + + + + 2483. Girl mns at sunrise . + + + + + S + + + + + 42484. Direction (N,,S.,E, W); + = all4. E E W E + (E) + E E E E 2485. Deer-hoof rattle by singer . . . . . . . . + + + +? _ Regular-menstruation taboos: 2486. Cold water ........ ? 2487. Meat .-... . . . . . . - - + + - - - - - - - - + - + + 2488. Fat . . . .-. . . . . . . - - - + - - - - - - - - + - + 2489. Salt .?. _ _ . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + 2490. Scratching ... . . . . - - + + 2491. Riding on equine .. . . + + + - + - + + +- + 2492. Basketry work ... . . . - - _ + + 2493. Pottery . . . .-. . . . . - - - _ _ + + + 2494. Cooking .... . . . . . - - - _ + ?+ 2495. Seclusion in menstrual hut . + 2496. 4days .--.........__+ +?_____---(+)- _ - + 2497. Woman bathes at end _ + + + + + + + - + - - + + + + + + Berdaches 2498. Berdaches admitted . . . . . . . + + - + - - - - - + - - + - + + - + 2499. Males as females .. .. + + - + - - - - - + - - + - + + - + 2500. Females as males .... + - - + - - - + _- - - + Marriage 2501. Monogamy + S S S S S + + + + + + + + ? + + + 2502. Polygyny optional. + + + + + + + + + M M + 2503. Uncommon . . . . . + ?+ + - 2504. Wives in one house . . + - .+ + - S - - S - _ _ + 2505. Wives in separate houses. S + - S + S + + S - - _ _ 2506. Wives are "sisters" (sororate) . . . . . . S + + + + + + S S - - - + 2507. Child betrothal, before puberty . + + + + - (S) - S S - 2508. Couple make own choice ... . . + + + + + + S + + + + + + + + + + + - 2509. Subject to parents' approval . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2510. Marriage observances: gifts to bride's parents first .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + _ 2511. Reciprocal gifts to groom's parents.. + + + - + + + + - + - - - 2512. Gifts to groom's parents first . . . 5 . . . . _ _ S S - S S S S ? - S - - _ + 2513. Bridegroom makes gifts throughout life o+ + + + + + + + + + ? _ _ + 2514. Bridegroom and male relatives make trousseau . . . . . . . - + - + - 2515. Belt of white cotton .??? _____ ____+ _- 2516. Two robes of white cotton .??? ____ ____+ _- 2517. Bridegroom's mother pre- sents clothes to bride | + --- - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 67 WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'NM WNS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KB HP 2518. Symbolic acts at marriage. + + +? ? ? ? + + + + ? 2519. Handwashing by each . +???? ? 2520. Washing wi th yucca suds..???+- + - 2521. Prayer and feast.?? ?? + ?? 2522. Bridegroom pre- sents manta to bride. .. ..++ 2523. Comb one another's hair ..-.+.?.?.?.?-- 2524. Ringed cross of maize pollen . - +? ??? ?? * 2525. Eating together .+ +? ? ?? ?-4 --- 2526. Sit together - .?? ??+- 2527. Bride carries presents to mother-in-law .+ S + + + + - - + - + + + + + ? + 2528. Food, once only.. + - + +? ? ? ?+ + - + + - 2529. For life..- +? ? ? - -+ 2530. Sororate (post-mortem) . + + ? + - + + + + s +?+ + 2531. Parents-in-law select newv bride for widowver ? + + + + + + + + + +?+ .2532. Levirate .... . .......+ + + ? + + + + + + +?+ S 2533. Compulsory .. + + + ? + + + S 2534. Nose cut off for breach . -- - + + + + S 2535. Marrilage tomother and daughter + + ----S - + ?? *2536. Cross-cousin marriage, both forms ..............M - - + - 57.Parallel-cousin marriage . ???? - 2538. Man marries wife's brother's daughter (polygyny). .+S--SS S 2539. Mother's brother.';s widow . S + -+ S + S+ S5S+ ~2540. Postnuptial residence: Patri- local..-- + - SS- -+ + -+ + 2541. Matrilocal .. . .... + + -+ + + -+ 5 + + + - +?- 2542. Both ..........+-?? +55? i2543. Final residence: patrilocal . - S - S S - S S S S S - S - - - + 5 + 2544. Matrilocal .. S + + S + S S S 5 5 - 5 + + + S - 2545. Both .. -SS S S +S S + +S--?- 2546. Neither. ........+ + - S S- S S S S S -5s + -- + - 2547. Wherever like. .....S + - S + - + + + + ? - + S --S + - 2548. Parent-in-law avoidance: mother son-in-law.+ + + + + + + + + + - + +? 2549. Father son-in-law. . .. ++? 2550. Father daughter-in-law ? ??+ +? 2551. Head covered . +-+ +- s-555 2552. Avoidance on trail . . . + + + + + + - + +? 2553. Food handing taboo . + + + - + + + + + + - + +? 2554. Call him from distance to get food .. . -. .+ + -+ + + -+ ? 68 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2560. Brother-in-law joking allowed .. .+... + - - + + + + + + + + + + + - 2561. Sister-in-law joking allowed .. .+... + - - + + + + + + + + + + + - 2562. Brother sister-in-law joking allowed . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2563. Joking relations . . . + (++ + S + + + + + + + + + + + +- 2564. Joking cousins (all) . . + +?+S ++ 2565. Joking cousins (cross) + + S + + + S S + + + + + +- 2566. Joking cousins (same sex) + + + + + + + + + + + + +- 2567. Adulterous woman killed, beaten, or mutilated .. . ......+ 5 - + -+ + + S S?? ?? + ? ? 2568. Nose cut off ....... 5- - + --S + 2569. Lover killed . . .+ + + + S S ?+ 2570. Lover's property taken or destroyed. .+-+-S+S 2571. Divorce: sterility cause . . . . + + + - - + + S + ??- - 2572. Manttok okchirn ldren +- - +-s S S S SS --?- - -S + 2573. Woman took children ? + - + 5S S S + -+ + ? + + -5S- 2574. Divided children *. S +5?-S 5 - + --S S 2575. Man left home in wife's possession . . ....+ + + + S S + S + 5 + + + ? + + 5 - 2576. Woman left home in hus- band's possessionn- S SS S S ? - S Death 2577. Corpse removed through special opening ..... .?.. ..+ + ?? ? ?? ? + - 2578. Removed through window - ?? ? ? ? ?+ -- 2579. Carried in hands .... + + 2580. Carrreo iedonlitte ? . + + S S +????? + 2581. Carried on back. .+ -+ +????????? + + +- 2582. Carried in blanket . + + + + + --+ + + + + + -+ + - 2583. Burial.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2584 .Rock crevice . . + -+ + + + + + +?- 2585. Rock-walled grave . + + + + + + + + + + + 2586. House floor (infant only)?? ? ?? ? ?? ? + + - 2587. Cemetery ........ +?++ 2588. Bundled sitting posi- tion, facing E ...? ? ? ? ? ? ?+- 2589. Lying. .........+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + T2590. HeadtoN, S, ElW -NE W? E?? ?? E E E --E E -- 2591. Stretched. .......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + --+ + + + 2592. Lowvered in. ......+ ? + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + 2593. Cradle left at grave . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2594. Grave-digging tools left. + + + ? + --+ + + + + + - + -- + (- 2595. Corpse adeha "ndkerd"nakd".+----???? 2596. Cremation .0*00...... + ? 2597. Corpse at full length . .? 2598. Pyre +- 2599. Ashes not touched.. + ?- 2600. Property destroyed wvith corpse: personal.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2601. Buried . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + 2602. Burned + - - + +- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 69 WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu. Me Li Li 01 SU Wlva Zu SA SI KP HP 607. Soul destiny: after ..days (nights) leaves grave... ? 4 ? ?I?? 0 0 0 0 ? 0 4 4 4 8 2608. Part of soul becomes owl . . . . . . . . .+ 42609..Journeys ...da ys ?0? 9 9 2610. Goes to lower world . + + ? ? + + + + + ?- 2611. In air . . - 2612. Sky -+?? ? 2613. Sunrise place (E) .. .-..+ 2614. Young child's soul reborn .. .-.. - 2615. Ghost inwhirlwind . +?++ + + + +? 2616. Right turning only . . .. + + - 9 17. Mourning observances: property destroyed (personal, of deceased) .5..... + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + ? 2618. Supplies in house abandoned on death . -- + - +--- + + + + + --- + 2619. Supplies removed be- fore death . + + - -*- - ?+ +S ? 2620. Name taboo.? +? + + + + + + - + + + + + + (+) 2621. Namesake also . -- - + + - +- -- 2622. Purification of corpse handlers. . + + ? +- + + + + + + + + + + +- 2623. Bathe in yucca suds . ? + +- + 5 + + + - ? - +- 2624. Bathe in juniper-leaf decoction . .+- 2625. Clothes dis- carded ...+ + 5 + + 2626. Fumigation .. + ++ + ++ 2627. Purification of mourners + - + + + +- + - + + + 2628. Clothes dis- carded . . . + + 5 + 42629. Bathing (on 2630. In yucca suds. +- + - + + + + - +- - + + - 2631. Purification of be- longings . ..... + - ? + ---S - + - + - + + - - - 2632. By fumigation . + - + + ++ . Woman beats breast .-. . . .-..S - + -- +---- .Mourning commemoration ... .... + + +- 2635. Daily food offering in fire -+ (+) +- 2636. All Souls' Day . . . . + + + M DIVISION OF LABOR 7. Wood, by men. ......... + + + S- S S + + + +- + + + + + - 70 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS' Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI K? 2644. Skin dressing, by men. .....+ + + + + SS-- S S -- + + + + + 26450 Skin dressing, bywomen .SS ---+++ "'SLAVES"t 2646. Both sexes ...... + +?------- 2647. War captives . ..-+ +?-------+ - - - -+ + --- 2648. Indigents .*....... ... -+ -- 2649. Work: herding .+ +??? + + - - - 2650. Agriculture ....... + +?-++ 2651. Wood getting .... ... + + - - - 2652. Weaving ........ + +?-+- 2653. Cooking ......... + +?-++ 2654. Maize grinding ...+ - - - 2655. Slaves inherited.+ + ???+ - -- LAND OWNERSHIP 2656. Hunting and gathering areas: communal .. +- + + + S +? ?? ? + + - 2657. Agricultural land: individual owned .. - + - -?---)+ 2658. Family owned+ + + + + + + + ? ? ? +)- + - + 2659. Clan owned ...... .. -+?- 2660. Farm is husbandts prop- erty. ........+ + + + - S +- - +-- + + + + + 2661. Farm is wifets prop- erty..S -+ -S?-- + --S 2662. Fields inherited . . + + 5 + + + + - + - + + + + + 2663. Widower inherits from wife. + + - --S-- 2664. WXidow inherits from husband- + + + + - +-- +-- 2665. Brothers of de- ceased man . + + - - - -(+ 2666. Men inher4it 2667. From sister. - S-S ? -? S S 2668. From father. S + S S ? -? 2669. Daughters inherit from father. S ? + -S S ? -? - - - 2670. From mother.- + -S S ?-? -? S+ S S 2671. Inherited land divided - S +S++ 2672. Gardens fenced . + ??- - +?+ + + + 2673. With dead brush . + ?????-+ + 2674. With stakes and fences ??+ S + - 2675. With stones .-????+ - 2676. Boundary marked with stone ..S+ +?+ + - - 2677. Fields sold .............. + + + - ICULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 71 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP | 2679. Household utensils . .. 9 9 9 9 9 999 + + + + 9 9 9 999 + 9 4:2680. Woven cloth . . . . . . 9 + ? ? _ _ _ _ _ _ + 9 + + + 4:2681. Skin bedding, etc. . 9 ? + + + 9 + + + + + 9 9 + d 9 + + cr 4T2682. House . . . . . . . 9? 9 + + + 999 + 9 9 + + c 3. Undestroyed property inherited + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 2685. Widow inherits . . . . . + + + + + + S S + - + + + _ 2686. Divided equally among children . . . . . . . + + + + + S - _ _ - + + - - + + _ 2687. Horses only inherited . + +? ? ? ?M 2688. Siblings of deceased inherit . . . . . . . + S + + S 2689. Matrilineal inheritance + - WAR 90. Feuds: vendetta . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + S - + ? + _ - - + 2691. Poaching. + + S + - + + 2692. Witchcraft (poisoning) . ? + - + ? ? - - - S ? - ? ? - _ _ 2693. Family or lineage fights . . . . . . . . + + + + S + SS- - + 2694. Clan fights .S + - - - + - - - 2695. Compounding murder . . . + + + + + + S + + _ _ _ _ - + + + _ 2696. Clan and rela- tives pay .. + + + + + + + + _ _ - - - _ War by Whole Communities 697. Preparations: council .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2698. Dance of incitement . ? - + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ + _ 2699. Sham battle . . + + + + + 2700. "Counting coup". + + _ 2701. Paints . . . . . . . . . ? + + + + - + _ _ _ + + + + + + + 2702. Face only painted + + + _ + - _ + + + + + ++ + 2703. Continence . . . . . . . ? + - + 2704. Dreaming ominous .... ? + + ? ? + + + + SS-- + - + _ _ 705. Warpath: warriors with differ- ent arms . . . . . + + + + + - + _ - + 2706. War leader distinguished by. ? + + + + + + S S + + - 2707. War bonnet for bravest . + + - - - - - 2708. Head scratcher for novice . ? - + + + - + - + + - + - 2709. Drinking tube for novice . . + + + - + + + + + + - 2710. Novice's war cap . + + _ 2711. War cap worn by others (nos. 1202, 1382) S + + + + S S S - - S S - + - + + 2712. Clothes discarded before battle. + + - 5 + _ - - - 5 - 2713. Shaman accom- panies . . . . + + + + + + + + + S + - S _ + _ _ + 27l4. Women accompany. +?_?_??_?_S S - - - - _ _ _ _ 2714a.Scouts .... . .... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2715. Owl or other calls . ... + _+ _ + - _ _ + - + _ - + _ _ 72 ANTHIROPOLOGICAL RE CORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SUJ Wa Zu SA SI KP BP 2716. Wlave "buckskin".. + ? +? + + + + - - - + +- 2717. Smoke signals + - - +--- + + + +- - - +-- 2718. Omen s .. - + + + + + - + + - - + ? + ? 2719. Natural .. . .... + + + + + + ---+ --+ - + 2720. Induced .. -? + + -? 2721. Surprise attacks+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + 2722. War priests ........ 2723. Prisoners taken. .....+ + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + - ? + 2724. Men. ........ s s 2725. Women ..++ s -+ 2726. Children .. . ... + ? + + + ? + + ? + + + + + - + + 2728. Become members captor's clan + + + ?? + - +- 2729. Enslavedd + +?-3 (?S --- 23.Adopted .... + + + ? + ? + + + + + + - + - + - 273. Wmenmaried S + + + - - + + + + - + - +- 2732. Children mar- ried later . ? + ? ? + ? + + ? + + + - + - +- 2733. Trophies: hair, made into effi- gies + + 27V34. Scalps.+ - + + --+ + M S + + + + + + + S S 2735. Small. ........?-S - +?+ + ?736. Whole skin . . ....9- + ? + + + + + - + + + + + 2737. Fear of scalp...? ??+) + -'. 2738. Special custodian + ++ 2739. Special preservation.? ??+ + + + + + + + - 2740. Thrown in f ire at end of dance .- .. + +- ? ? ? ? ?? 2741. Thrown in bushes. - + + + ? + + 2742. Victory dance.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2743. At home .. + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + 2744. With scalp. .......+ -+ + --+ + + + + + + + + + + + 2745. Women participate. .+ + + + ? + + + + ? + + + + + - + 2746. Scalp on pole .. .-.. . + ? + + + + ? ? + ? + + + + + 2747. Pole set in ground -+ + + + --() .2748. Dance in circle + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + - + + 2749. Dance in lines. . - + + -+ S +--+-- 2750. Dance,l1man, 2women - + ? + ? + +----- .2751. Musical instruments used + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + 2752. Drum (pot) ...+ + + +?+ + + + 2753. Buckskin "lpillows? beaten (hands) . . .+ + - 2754. Tambourine drum... ?- 2755. Wood drum, 2 skin heads-+ -?+-- 2756. Gourd rattle . . . .- + 2757. Purification of slayers + . - + + +++ + 2758. Clothes fumigated - + 2759. Clothes discarded ..... ++ 2760. Sweat house. ....... + + - + + + ? 2761. Bathing.+ ? - + + + ? + + + --+ + + 2762. Continence++-++ 2763. Yucca wash.+ + --+ + + S + + + + + + +- 12764. Fasting (number days) .. ?? ? ? ? ?4 4 --30 2765. Away from village. + 2766. Vomiting.-- ++ - .271.7arsocieties.--- - - (+)I - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 73 WN EN NT ST SC Ci 'WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP POLITICAL ORGANIZATION .Bands, autonomous .. . 0....? + + + + + + + + + + + 3. Villages, autonomous . .-.. .+ + ?(?(+ ??() 4.Council. ..... .-(+)(+)-?)+++?? ? 2775. Family head s(elder s) + + + + + + + + - + + 2776. Local headmnen ..... . . - + ---S -+ - +- 2777. Clan heads. ..- 4()+ 2778. Life tenure..... . . .- + ? + + ? + + + + + + 9. Chiefs, etc. : designated by in- cumbent (see no. 2807) + - + - - - - + - 2780. Hereditary.... .. .. + + S S?(?)+ +-+ ? + 2781. Selective (by people)-- + + - + S + + - +-- 2782. Patrilineal..... . . .+ - 5 - (+ 5 + -+ + 2783. Matrilineal..... . . -.+ S S +?? ? - 2784. Fratrilineal ..... ..-.s 55 5- S S---- 2785. Insignia ....... . ..- --+--- -- . 2786. Special treatment ??- S?? ??+ 2787. Chief s house large .... + S S + + - + + + + - + + + 2788. Used for assembly .- S + + + - + + + + - + - 2789. Hunt master office . + + - - +?--+ + + + + + + 2790. Appointe-&by chief + +??? ??? ? 2791. Hereditary in male line . ....++ 2792. War chief office+ + - + + 5 + + + ? ? - - 2793. Appointive (prowess) ? - + S + + ? ? + - - 2794. Self appointive . - -S + --- + + 2795. Shamanistic power . .+ ()+ + i + 2796. Civil chief is war leader. . +--555555- S+ 5 2798. Head woman.... .. .. - + + + - + - - + -+ ? 2799. Not hereditary . . . + + + ? - + - - + - ++ 2800. Official messengers . . . . + ? + + + + + + ? + + + 2801. Appointed bychief ?-++ ++ ++ + ++ - 2802. Hereditary. ... ...+ CLAN ORGANIZATION 3.Matrilineal .?..... + + + +? ??? + + + - . Patrilineal . ..... + + 5.Linked clans - .Phratries.- - - ? +?? ? ? ? ? .Clan "chiefs".()+ ()+ +? ? ? ? ? ? Clan name f or all fathers. . . . ????? + + .Totemism.-+S S3S OTraditional origin plac es.. + + ? ? ???????????- 1. Exogamy. ............ + + + ? +?? ? ?? ?+ 2812. Death for breach ..... + + - 2813. Marria~e allowed in one parent s clan. ...... + + + + +?? ? ?? ?+ 2814. Kinship terms to unrelated clansmen.? + ? + +?? ? ? ? ? 2815. To all band or village members .-. .. .- .S -+ + + + + + + 2816. To all tribe members - - -+ + + ? 2817. Reciprocal clan -functions S + - +)+ ?? ? ? ? 2818. Reciprocal band] functions 4+ +4- 74 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ____________________________ WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HI' 2825. Named moieties ?+ + 2826. Not kill totem .....?+ + KINSHIP SYSTEMS 2827. Father's brother equals father .? ? ? ? ? + + - 2828. Mother's sister equals mother . ? ? ? ? ? + + - 2829. Father's elaer and younger brother distinguished. ....+ + 2830. Mother's elder and younger sister distinguished.+ ? 2831. Parallel cousins equal siblings . + + + + + + + + + + + + 2832. Cross cousins equal siblings . ? + + + + + + + 2833. Special cross-cousin terms ...+ ? + + +?-- - - 12834. Number of grandparent terms...4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 RELIGION 2835. Shamans: curing. ........+ + + + + + + + - + + + + 2836. Sucking .-..... ? - - + + + - -- + + + 2837. Brushing ........ - + + ++ -?+- 2838. Pressing .?.... ? S + ? + + + + + 2839. Blowing away disease . .? + + + + ? - + + 2840. Singing .5........+ + + + ?3 - + + + 2841. Driving out spirit ..- + ? ? S 2842. Assuaging offended animal by ceremony ......? ? - -) 2843. Shaman has ;4-aking vision re patient ......- + + - + 2844. Shaman dreams re patient - - + -59- 2845. Soul theft and recoVery + ? ?? ?(+ 2846. Effigies of animals in curing + 2847. Diagnosticians + - + + S S - + 2848. Rattlesnake speciUaist () ()+ + + + + - - + + + 2849. Sand "painting" . 2850. Payments to curers .. + + + + + + ? + + + + 2851. Property r-eturned if death . - + + 5 5 - + - + 2852. Weather shamans .+... ...+ + + + + + - - - + + 2853. Making rain.+ + + + + + + + - - - ' 2854. Stop rain + + ? - - - + 2855. Raising wind ......+ + 2856. Werewvolf tyi,e + - - - + 2857. "Poisoners, "witches," "hechizeros malos" .. . + ? + + + + + + - - - M + 2858. Diviners + + + + + + + - - + + 2859. Acquisition of power: dreams .+ + + - - ? ? ?+ + 2860. Trance (vision) .-..- .+ + + ? ? ?++ 2861. Seeking in wilderness .- - + + + - ? ?- 2863. Hereditary .5.... SS SS S- ?S 2864. Purchase from old shaman 5 - 5 + + ? S- 2865. Guardilan s-pirits . + ? _+ + + ? ? + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 75 F NN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2869. Mountains . - . - . + . . + 2870. Other ? + 2871. Mountain lion ... . . . ? ? + ? - ? ? + 2872. Bear .... . . . . . . ? ? + ? - ? ? + 2873. Consulting dead + 2874. Possession _ _ + ? . . . 2875. Training by older sha- mans + S S S + + + ? S S 2876. Jimsonweed for theft detection . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 2877. Root in water + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 878. Women shamans for curing .. . + + - - - + + + + - - + 2879. For xeather ... . . . . - - - + + S - _ _ _ 880, Shaman killed for patient's death . ..? ? ? ?? + 2881. For witchcraft - - + + ? ? ? ? _ + 882. Witchcraft admitted .. + + + + + + ? + 2883. Attributed to 'romen . . . + ? S S S S (+) 2884. Attributed to shaman . . + + + + 2885. Punishment: crucifixion . + + + + _ 2886. Burning alive . . . . . . + + 2887. Public (by council) trial (+) + + + + 2889. Animals connected with witchcraft . . . . . . ? ? + + ? (+) 2890. Rattlesnake . . + + (+) 2891. Bear + + (+) 2892. Wolf or fox . . + (+) 8893. Masked performers help shaman cure .... . . .. . . . + + + + + + - _ _ + 2894. Shaman's equipment: flute . . . + 2895. Flageolet . . . . . . . . + 2896. Rattle .... . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2897. Bull-roarer .+.. . . . . + + + + + + (+) 2898. Drum (pot) . . . . . . . + + + + SM - - - 2899. Wooden cross . . . . . . + - - + + ? 2900. Turquoise + + + - + - - + + _ 2901. Eagle feathers on cord + + + + + + + - + - s (+) 2902. Cane or wooden tube for suction .-.. .. . - + - + _ _ S 2903. Bundle of amulets (see no. 2929) + + 2904. Special costume . . . . . + S 2905. Quartz crystal + 2906. Pollen in curing . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + - + - 2907. Tobacco . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + - + + 2908. Sand painting in curing + - + - - - () + 2909. Gila monster in curing. - _ + _ +? ? _ 2910. Corral for treating or purifying sick . . . + + + 911. Shamans' public performances . .?? + - ._ _ + 2912. Legerdemain . . . ..-. . _ + - - + 2913. Swallow eagle feather . . + + - _ _ + 2914. Ventriloquism . . . . . . + 2915. Eating fire _ _ + _ _ _ _ + 916. Herbalists: men . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 2917. Women . . .+ + + + + + + + - + + 2918. Bleeding .................. . . + + ? + + + + + + + + + 919. Ligaturing .................. . .-_ + + + + + + + _ _- + 920. (Charms and amulets: eagle feather and turquoise bead worn on [ necklace.. . . . . ....... . . . ...ll+ + + 1- + + - - - 1- 76 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Ru Me Li 'Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2921. Eagle feather on shoulder. + +- - - 2922. Eagle feather in hair . .+ -(+- 2923. Beads (turquoise, shell, etc.) + + + + + 2924. Claws for warriors, hunters, shamans. . . .+ + + +-- ? +- 2925. Eagle claws . . . + + +--- 2926. Bear claws . + + -~+- 2927. Mountain-lion claws +-- 2928. Arrow point as good- luck charm + + .-. 2929. Fetish bundle (see no. 2903) .........+ 2930. Song cycles ...... .....+ + + 2931. Some ceremonies: first fruits .?? ?+- --(+ 2932. Harvest.? ? ? ??+ 2933. Ceremonies in which masks worn . 9oo....o- + + + + + M - - - + 2934. Prophylactic....... + + - - - + 2935. Clowns with maskers . - + + + + + 5 - - - + 2936. Races .......... + + - 2937. Racers painted various colors. + + - 2938. Prayers. ........ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2939. Off erings .+.... + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2940. Pollen.+ + + + + + + + + + + 2941. Incense burned for sickness . + + +--- - 2942. Corn meal .... + + 2943. Eagle ceremony + 2944. Vigita (harvest) cere- mony + 2945. Rain ceremony ...... + + 2946. Harvest ceremony (other than vigita) + 2949. Sun dance ........--M - 2950. Buffalo ceremony- + - - - 2951. Pray....... + + - - 2952. Sing .- ...+ - -- 2953. Smoke .- ...+ - -- 2954. Ritaal apparatus: sand paintings + + + +? ???+ 2955. Circular ..... + + + ?? 2956. Opening toward sunrise . + +? 2957. Color symbolism ? + + 2958. Cross in center + 2959. Persons (gods) represented .+ 29600.For curing. . .. + + 2961. Directional circuit clockwise, E, S, WN + + + + + + + + + + 9 2961a.Directional circuit contraclockwise, N, W, Sp E .....o. . 9- - +++ 2962. Color symbolism ..... + + + + + + + - - + + + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 77 WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP 2968. Painted tablets in hands - + - + + + - _ _ _ 2969. Ceremonial knives .. . - - _ + + _ 2970. Knife shaped like arrow Point+ + + - 2971. Used by shaman for lightning sickness + + _ _ _ _ 2972. Peyote used M + M 73. Taboos: to talk about lightning in summer .+ + + + _ + + 2974. To tell myths in summer + + + + _ + + + 2975. To tell myths in day- time . .+ + + + S + + + + + + + 2976. To talk about bears in. summer + +????? ? + 977. Omens: owl . . .+ + + + + + + + + + ;78. Struck by whirlwind . . .+ + + + + + + + + _ + 979. Sneezing indicates good luck . + - + + ? ? t980. Sneezing indicates opposite sex talks about . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + _ _ + + 81. Twitching ominous ..+ + + + + + + + + + 982. Animal falling dead a bad omen + + + + + + ????? + + *983. Supernatural beings still to be seen (not merely in myth) . . ? + + _ g84. Water monster . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + M + 2985. Eats people . . . . . . . + 2986. Snake body . . . . . . . - + 2987. Feathered . . . . . . . . - + I? 2988. Two horns . . . . . . . . - + _ + __ ? 2989. Buffalo-like . . . . . . - + _ 2990. Water-baby ..?. . . . . - M ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS luDting.-Trap wvith figure-4 trigger in dead- Ti4.-Camp circle.* Mats as material over fall. loose or net in pitfall. *4 Snare for poles. Mat as door.* Embroidered ornament.* wie m8* V-shaped pound of stones. Other de- pige .- n Pueblo.-Sticks laid by wiomen. * Gy-psum burned coys1*a rabbits stuffed, etc.; gourd head frwieah*Fasoefori iigro coverlsg in water as decoy. Animals other than for whitewash.* Flagstone floor in living room deer, -rabbits, antelope, and elk surrounded by and other rooms. Lower-story rooms filled in.* people in circle. Driving into nets. Deer-hoof Assembly (ceremonial) house.-Entered by rattle as musical instrument in preparation for door. * Dance place (ceremonial structure) is any hunt; incense burned. Deer head and eyes to house; house of giver of ceremony. father's sister. Killer does not eat own kill until Jouseholder; deer only. Reptiles eaten: Shades and enclosures.-Shade roof built snakes` lizards, frogs. Insects eaten: earth- around court. Circular enclosure of boughs (cor- Norm, chrysalids . ral) set up after sunset. Diamond-shaped enclo- sure. Circular enclosure with 4 openings for Fl8hing.-Harpoon (detachable point). Fire mask wearers of girls' ceremony.* Women's huts for n-iht fishing.* Poisoning. for menstruation;* for childbirth.* Gatherlng.-Weighted hardwood digging-stick Sweat house.-Direct fire. Used at night. forbulbs, roots. Cactus fruit rolled in sand with foot; shaken in sack or net. Seed receiver, Navigation.-Dugout. Ferriage in pot (infant, carrier, etc.: Pima kioho type;* Papago kioho etc. type;*.Mohave string type;* net, large mesh;* Grinding.-Metate of irregular oval type single-string net hand bag;* twined bags or (rotary). Flageolet (flute) at grinding. Portable sacks. stone mortar of supernatural .make.* Food preparation and storage.-Acorns leached; Brushes.-Swab of grass bundle.* stored hole in granary. Mesquite seeds ground on metate. Sotol fruit eaten. Bear-grass-yucca Stirrers and stone lifters.-Loop-stick food seeds eaten.* Narrow-leafed-yucca seeds eaten. stirrer. Loop-stick stirrer lifting stones out Cactus fruit dried without seeds; seeds re- of basket. eaten. Tuna (prickly pear) flowers boiled. Wild Receptacles (other than basketry, pottery).- plum and cherry seeds only eaten; seeds ground. Small ladle of antelope horn. Steatite dishes. Wild plums and cherries leached. Grass patches Awls needles knives.-Cactus spine, Shell irrigated. Alkali "salt" from burned plant. knn .e l Earth eaten with mesquite. Meat broth thrown knife. away. Pottery pot rests. Hide boiling. Cylindri- Drilling.-Bone awl for shell drilling. Bone cal storage baskets. Granary on ground. Granary awl for poftery drilling. Composite drill with on platform: in tree;* on poles.* Buckskin water bone point. Vise for drilling:held in one hand; bag. held by toes; split stick; perforated stone. Agriculture.-Tools: stone-blade hoe on han- Flint flaking.-Flaking with bone punch struck. dle; horn-ladle trowel spade. Maize hilled when Retouching by pressure with bone flaker; hafted planted; stored in underground chambers. Teparies flaker. on trellises. Pumpkins and squashes eaten raw. Chia om Grinding and polishing stone.-Hafted pick for roughing out. Pets.-Dogs for travois. Puppies nursed by F d woman. Foxes kept as pets. Fire making.-Bow drill. Dwelling houses (exclusive of tipi and Skin dressin.-Skinned hanging.* Bone knife.* pueblo).-Rectangular, sharp corners. Rectangu- Hide dehaired with scraping sticks. Worked soft p~).-Retangulr, shap cornes. Recangu- ithout 'hrains. lar corners cut. Paralleled sides, rounded ends. 2 end posts for ridgepole. Wall posts. Wall posts Bov.-Nearly straight bow, length of mn . lower than center or ridge posts.* Ridgepole. Sinew-wrapped tips recurved. Tips ornamented with Rafters slope to walls;* are parallel.* Thatched deer hoof; other. Composite bow wvith horn. Wood huts with mats. Double brush wall. Double brush from special side of tree. wall sand-filled. Roof separate from walls; gabled; sticks across rafters.* Roof thatch in Arrows. Foreshafted: arroAweed. Harpoon bundes. Matin onroo.* layflor mde hen arrow: bone pointed; for fish. Arrowheads: horn. bunlesrdu Mattin Sone roofng Clay floor mdeg when Arrow poisoning: from liver and venom;* ashes;* floordu houtl Soe paving whte; enr floor. dgot salt;* mineral.* Arrow release: tertiary; Mongo- Smk hoebhnlete;naior an; bridge-type wristguard on bow.| 4 . . . . . ~~~~~~~Arrow straightening and smoothing.-Transverse 'Asteri sk indi cate s that inquiry was made among t 4-9 groups; for all others, among 10 or more. groove with crosshatching on top, for pyrography. Scouring-rush polisher. [78] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 79 Speafi.-Double-pointed (both ends). Hurled. plaque of 2d Mesa type. Water bottles: with round Shieldsd-Mt.-sheep head skin, buckskin inner bottom; with pointed bottom; yucca-fiber loop lugs Shields.--Mt.-sheep head skin, buckskin inner on bottle; wicker weave (Navaho). Miscellaneous: xrface; elliptical, of rawshide; imported. on bote ikrwae(aao.Mselnos rface; e-lliptical, of raiihide; imported. more than 2 colors in pattern for white sale only.* Armor.-Helmet: 4-ply buckskin; entire head. Tools and materials for basketry: Epicampes rigens or of mescal plates, front and back. Cotton (bunch grass); desert willow; cattail (Typha); mor. yucca braid; brown dye from burnt mescal. Cradles: Clubs, etc.-Clubs set with flints. Atlatl. kite-shaped ladder cradle; cross sticks dowelled, ol1as. wrapped; yucca lashings for cross sticks; basketry Ornamental shell, stone, bone work, etc.- band of hood twined; belt (lashing) of vegetable flOrnamental shell, stone, bone work etc. ylindrical shell bead as'earpendant;a fiber; pack strap woven on frame; pack strap woven; wyindrical shell beads as ear pendant; as nose tick. Frog-shaped clam gorget. Columella as nose oack strap braided. tick. Bone: nose stick; hollow (bird).* Wood: Cordage.-Apocynum; nettle; milkweed; tepary ane nose stick. Feather: in ear. bean; coated:* pitch.' Adhesives and pigments.-Arrowweed gum. Red Kntt .-Crocheting. ineral (from scum of pools). Red paint and fat body for warmth. Rabbitskin blankets.-Perforated to twist skin;* Body and dress.-Hair: shell tweezers; cane split stick to twist skin.* Weaving: warp 2-ply eezers; men's side locks cut square at mouth of skin;' 2-pole horizontal frame; coiled (sewed);' evel.* Coiffure: men wear hair in 2 folded birdskin blanket made same way. hubs; hair secured with hair cords; men's hair * f long gummed rolls; white feather on youth's yucca. f ir braid.' Hair ornaments: hair net; wooden airpins; bone hairpins. Hair mud plaster to kill Pottery.-Manufactured with ashes; with shell. ermin. Mesquite gum in mud plaster to dye black- Coiling with anvil, mushroom-shaped pottery object. rdwood louse killer. Mutilations: yucca-leaf Polished with steatite; with sherd. Kiln.* eedle for piercing girls' ears; mescal spine I or piercing girls ears; enlarging of pierced Games.-Women play football or stick race;* ar hole of girl; lip piercing; nose flattening. hoop used in football or stick race;* 1 ball to attoo: horizontal or radiating on cheeks;* each participant;* if 1 ball, side wins by 1st egs tattooed;* bundle of mesquite spines;* green ball in;* kick alternately (enforced rule);* sides egetable pigment, followed by charcoal.* Shell- are clans.* Goal: hole;* red posts (bent pole).* tick ear ornament.* Clothing: basketry cap Three-base game: betting.* "Shinny": wooden ball; [technique under Basketry). Woven rabbitskin worn hoop; double ball (2-knotted cord); stuffed buck- equally much as used for bedding.* Woven bird- skin "double ball"; separate game when ball picked 'kin. Robe of netting with turkey feathers at- up and batted; driven with netted stick; driven ached. Women's gowns: buckskin dress with butch-- with basket racket; running with puck in stick or er-gown strap, of buckskin; cotton, embroidered. racket permitted; sides are clans; sides are in covering: belts of bast fibers. Breech- moieties. Hoop-and-pole ("pitching pore"): cord- louts: woven birdskin. Buckskin apron for men.* wrapped hoop; hoop of wrapped bark; short-stick [ilt of woven rabbitskin for men. One-piece hoop." Ring-and-pin game: feathers with weights of ""skirt": of Cowania bark;* of willow bark;* of pwhon gum. Peon: hollow "bones" nhite of bone, ucca fiber; dewclaws perforated with burn- black of wood, etc., for "bones';' special call gng stick, tied on buckskin skirt.* Hands and words;* game by individuals, 1 arranging all four +rms: muff. Leggings of yucca fiber. Footgear: pairs under basket. Hidden-ball game in 4 tubes ~soft soled; three-piece. Snowshoes: circular- marked at end, middle, both, none: 4 tubes called Boithe type.' Bedding (mattress): yucca-fiber young men; 4 tubes called young women.* Dice games; twined mat of Cowania bark. Bedding (blan- markings with old men, old women, young men, young ets): twined mat of Cowania bark. women; with end-middle-all-0; with end-middle-all-2 ends. 3-stave game: subtraction by erasure; knuckle i Sitting postures, greetings, etc.-Sleep with bones; score with counters. Various games and bead to (N,E,S,W). toys: pottery-disk top. Acorns for juggling. Miscellaneous personal effects.-Walking stick Pipes.-Of bone; double-bowl pottery pipe. with netted ring (for snow). i Basketry.- Burden baskets: openwork. Basketry Tobacco.-Mixed with suckling-rabbit gut con- ttechnique: coiling with 2 rods and welts. 3- tents; mixed with pine nuts for smoking; eaten trand twining for decoration. Checker weave with lime. plaques.' Basket types: seed beater of unwoven Musical instruments.4-Rattles bought; tortoise- whoop and sticks;' of spoke warps.' Winnowing, shell rattle; turtle-shell rattle painted;' ante- wsifting, and parching trays: triangular, diago- lope-hoof rattle; loop handle on deer-hoof rattle; bnally twined; oval, twined; oval, of parallel cocoon rattle on handle; cocoon rattle attached to rods; tray made for gambling. Coiled basket knees; many-stick rattle; split-stick rattle; two 80 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS sticks tapped together. Notched rasp used as toy ance with address in plural; sibling-in-law only. Hollow-log gong; foot drum (plank over pit). avoidance. Bull-roarer as summons, call. Bone whistle Dead.-Bundles with back broken; dropped in; (double); wooden whistle. Flute holes measured string leads from grave (N, E, S, W); string by knuckles. Flageolet reed of fiber;* holes trd house froung (N, E, destroyed (steps) are grouped;* for dances.* "Trumpet" or toward house for young child; slaves destroyed "horn"; with gourd bell. with corpse. Soul destiny: ocean;* lake;* Colo- rado Canyon;* clouds;* young child's soul Calendar.-Calendar sticks (year tallies); a-waits mother's death. Purification of corpse rock marked for year count. handlers by burning clothes (if not naked); Messages (mnemonic).-Beads slipped over fasting. stick, feather, bone; marked cane. Land ownership. Hunting and gathering areas Constellations.-Wildcat's road, Milky Way;* are family owned; lineage owned; clan owned. Ghosts' road, Milky Way;* falling stars, tobacco War.-Preparations by fasting; prisoners thrown by spirits; falling star as spirit excre- slain later; heads as trophies; hands as trophies; ment; electric fire ball a cannibal spirit. skull (or bones) preserved; scalp used for dec- orating belt, spear, etc. Victory dance with Eclipse. Other noise made than shouting, head. Counting coup-* No mourning for warrior waill g singing; vessels turned over. dying from wounds. Earthquake.- Person under turning over. * Political organization.'-Council annually New-moon observances.-Horizontal means rain; selected. War-chief office hereditary; brave man vertical means drought. automatically becomes war chief. Orator (crier, * s . . "~~~~~~~~ispeaker"). Camp police for hunt.* Birth.-Parturient has feet in heated pit; buckskins or blankets over hot stones; navel Clan organization.-Clan name for all females;* cord put in gopher skin; afterbirth buried in palladium spec.). house; twins feared; both twins killed; still- Kinship systems.-Cross cousins equal uncle- born cremated. Ceremony of running, first daybreak aunt, nephew-niece. after birth. Boys' puberty observances .-Nose piercing. Religion.-Shamans acquire power from creator;* Boys' puberty observances.-Nose piercing. O.. . shaman used jimsonweed; jimsonweed leaves eaten by Girls' puberty observances.-Girl covered with shaman.* Shaman's equipment has other drum thau hot sand; bone scratching-stick; bone drinking- pot.* Herbalists have medicine bundles (Plains tube; twined yucca-fiber belt. type);* sun, moon, morning-star cult;* vision seek- Regular-menstruation observances.-Fish taboo;* ing apart from shamanism.* Altars as ceremonial heated pit. apparatus; sacrificial cigarettes as ceremonial heated pit. apparatus. Pole climbing. Marriage.-Polyandry; eating of pollen and tying robes together as symbolic acts of mar- riage; bride carries presents to mother-in-law 5From here on no inquiry made among 2 Navaho until 1st child; father daughter-in-law avoid- and 4 Pueblo groups. ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST HUNTING Even hLe most sedentary agricultural groups of and blue with mineral pigments, to imitate ante- the Southwest are ardent hunters. Moreover, among lope. Ci wrists white. them, preparatory rituals for hunting are more 11-18. Calling of game. Sounds with mouth, closely guarded secrets than among the Apache or usually with aid of fingers, leaf, grass stem, or the Papago. Navaho culture, however, is overbur- bone whistle. WN not call deer for fear of super- dened with hunting ritual. There are four "reli- natural punishment if deer ran around them. Ante- gious" ways of hunting, one informant said. In- lope called, songs to charm them. Informant de- deed, when hunting one sort of animal they did not clined to give call in house. EN leaf in mouth molest another. or rabbit-bone whistle for rabbits. NT lured doe Deer, antelope, and rabbits were the most wide- by imitating, with leaf in mouth, cry of fawn spread and important game animals, with buffalo attacked by coyote. SC antelope's curiosity some- on the edge of the Great Plains. times brought it within range. Me antelope with By individual hunters the mask decoy was widely ocotillo leaves in mouth; one hunter, lying down .used for deer and antelope. However, communal calling, trampled by male. Li rabbits by blowing surrounds and drives were also attempted. through grass stem, end alternately open and Deadfalls, pitfalls, and snares were utilized pinched shut. Ll leaf in mouth to call deer,, ante- by about half the groups interviewed. Their lope, buffalo calf; calls differed. SU rabbits with feeble development is an example of the weak- whistle of rabbit leg bone; piece split off one ness of Southwvestern culture on the mechanical side of bone; sinew wragped near each end of larger side. The possibilities of the dog as an ally in remaining part, making reed"; smaller piece lashed hunting were largely neglected. back in place. Wa crow call to make fleeing deer Whether a group ate deermeat more frequently or antelone turn back. If killed quarry, called than antelope meat was a matter of environment. like wolf (no. 125), as signal to other hunters. For example, the 01 hunted deer in their own Zu turkey call by splitting cane, winding one country but antelope and buffalo to the east- split portion with sinew for "reed," lashing ward; whereas the Ll depended upon buffalo and whole together again; blowvn through, not sucked. antelope, -wvhich were the chief game animals Zu masked hunter called antelope or deer by hold- in the Cimarron region. For deer and elk they ing lips with hand, filling cheeks, expelling journeyed to mts. to west, but only occasionally, breath explosively. Fawn made to cry so doe came. because of abundance of buffalo and antelope. SA leaf with stem bent back in mouth to imitate fawn. SI leaf in mouth for squealing sound for Individual (or Small-Group) Hunting rabbits. Turkey-bone whistle for vwild turkey, quail, deer. Fleeing deer stopped by whistling 2-9. Mask decoys for hunting. In mts. for with two fingers in mouth; SA likewise. KP called deer, in open country,for antelope and buffalo. quail with arrow against lips; shot with sharp- 2. ST masked hunter sometimes killed by mt. pointed solid-wood arrow, no foreshaft or head. lion; wore no protective bone hairpins. WM no 19-24. Running down or wearing out tame. Intro- deer mask as "animals easy to take." Me mask in duction of horse facilitated. 01 did not wear out rutting season dangerous; sometimes hunted elk game by persistent pursuit, "because animals with it. Ll sometimes held grass screen, instead plentiful." In tracking abandoned one track when :mask. SI deer mask in dance, not followed by fresher one found. HP wounded animals only. "hunt. (See Nambe Deer dance, Goddard, p. 114.) WS, 19. WN ran dosun deer on horseback. Ci on foot Zu deer mask to stalk mt. sheep; WS wild cattle. in one day, if weather hot; otherwise tracked 3. Antelope mask. ST used at Mbosine, nr. deer next day. Wa late forenoon best time to be- 'Pleasant v. WM only means. Me also to stalk gin; water in gourd canteen, boomerang, bov, prairie dogs. NT hunter in white cloth crawling arrows; sought biggest track. Measured with stick; f through brush sufficed. when close crippled with boomerang, dispatched 4. SA buffalo mask long hair halfway down with arrow. SA marked deer track with stick at back. Me sometimes used antelope mask for buffalo nightfall. When animal lay down frequently hunter ,,-with rifle. Li stalked buffalo by crawling among knew near quarry. Antelope more difficult. bushes. Hu used no masks for wild cattle. 20. WM hunted elk with bow. 01, SU killed elk 5, 6. Body covering of hide or cloth. NT but did not wear out. Zu informant knew of only 2 painted buckskin. ST cloth from Hopi, painted. killed. HP hunted horseback. Hu modern painted canvas. SA preferred painted, 21. WM hunted bear with bow; wounded, it might f woollen cloth to hide, lighter weight. KP skin on be lanced by agile man. Hu addressed respectfully fsmask to wearer's shoulders only. and urged to go on way; hunter promised same. This 7, 8. "Front legs" of stalker short sticks or was Navaho attitude, except WN killed bear and mt. i;bow and arrows. NT stick in one hand, bow and lion for "medicine" purposes. Me did not track arrows in other. SA bow and arrows; if animals bear, but sometimes killed for food. SU usually vsery shy, short sticks so bow ready. shot by 3 or 4 men from different angles. If 9. EN yucca fiber fabric over ches t, arms white ferocious after wounding, left till following day. [ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[81] 82 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Zu killed bear only when deer hunting; brought Wildcats taken by trailing; if treed, brought to priests for winter dances, when head carried. down with stone or arrow; if in hole, strangled SA struck wounded bear over nose with ball-ended with bowstring made into noose on end of bow, or or straight club. If in cave, suffocated with stabbed with sharp stick when mouth opened. smoke. SI hunted bear with dog; treed, killed. 33-35. Traps for taking quarry alive. WS 22. NT hunted mt. sheep with bow in Fossil square cage of willow sticks, lashed together at Creek region. SC, WM, 01 hunted mt. sheep in corners with Spanish bayonet-leaf fibers, buck- own countries, went to lower country for antelope. skin, or rawhide; open at bottom, propped up Plains dwelling Ll went west to mts. to stalk mt. with stick, which pulled out by string by con- sheep. SI, HP sometimes shot mt. sheep from cliff cealed watcher. Part of top opened to extract or ledge overlooking rock shelter where sheep rest- quarry (rabbits, birds). Ll arranged trigger for ing. Sometimes SI built Pock blind at such vantage door of cage trap, so quarry set it off; trap 3 point. KP did not regularly hunt account difficult or 4 ft. in diameter, of chokecherry or willow, terrain. set in trail. Bait deermeat, rabbit, or ball of 23. In snow rabbits chased to burrows or hol- maize-meal mush. Animals caught: coyote, bobcat, low logs: NT, Ci, WS, 01, Zu, removed by hand bear, mt. lion. or by twisting stick. Wa, SA, SI ran down rab- 34. Pit trap for taking birds alive. Wa baited bits in snow. Wa cottontails sometimes escaped dug hole with maize meal; slab of stone propped in rock piles, but not jackrabbits. SA said if by stick, which jerked out by watcher pulling rabbit had clay on feet, then snow balled on string attached to it. them. 35. KP, HP pit trap baited, bottom set with 24. SU wet quail unable to fly, easily taken. horsehair attached to cage of sticks, open at 25-32. Deadfall traps. Stone or log released bottom, propped over pit. Quail and other birds so as to kill or maim quarry. Trigger-bar type touching strings caused cage to fall. Supporting (28), with Nhree sticks held in unstable equilib- stick in two pieces with joint in step form, one rium by string, sprung when animal stepped on resting on other, and horsehair tied to upper. bar; useful on trail of rodent or rabbit. Baited- 36-38. Nets for game. Ll of horsehair, 8 to trigger type (29) for rodents, pictured in EDN, 10 ft. deep. p. 322. For medium-sized carnivores (coyotes, 39-48. Pitfalls for game. ST, Ll, SI plain etc.) weight usually log, against which stones pit without impaling stakes or straddling bar. leaned to give additional weight, arranged to Wa knew both devices. WN employed stakes; EN, form 3 sides of rectangle, so quarry under log Ci, Zu used bar. could not jump sidewise when seized bait (usual- ST informant knew of pitfall only once; pat- ly rat or venison) tied to string running to terned after "pitfalls" of mythical (probably trigger. natural) origin near Ligaishak village. Ci placed 27. SA log trap which breaks deer legs: 2 pit in narrow part of trail between bushes or logs laid parallel and horizontally on slope, one piled brush to make trail narrow so deer could higher than other. Higher one balanced on round not avoid pitfall. Ll caught elk, deer; some- stones so slight touch dislodged; string trigger times rabbits. Pit dug with digging stick; when tripped by deer. deep a hide used to remove earth. Wa pitfall 26, 31, 32. NT, ST log deadfall with baited covered with small twigs, juniper bark, earth. trigger, for coyote. SC three types of deadfall If desired undamaged hide, used straddle bar in- traps for coyotes, all baited: (a) like rodent stead of impaling stakes. Zu pit had transverse trap, but heavily weighted; (b) log and side as well as longitudinal straddle bar. SI some- walls of stone which collapsed; also for wild- times found bear or mt. lion in pitfall. cats; (c) coyote stuck head through hole to get 44. Depth of pit in feet: WN 7; EN 8; ST, bait; stone fell and broke neck. Ci took coyotes, Wa, Zu 6; SI 9. wildcats, and mt. lions with (b). Zu used (b) 48. ST, Zu pits in zigzag series; Wa in baited with dried meat, stone substituted for straight series. log, for coyote and wildcat, whose skins for 49-66. Rodents, etc., in burrows. SC plugged dances; animals not eaten. SI took coyote for rabbit burrow short distance from mouth, so dance skins with (b), baited with woodrat. WM, easily extracted with hand. 01 took rabbits, not SA took coyote, wildcat, fox with bow; wildcats prairie dogs, wood rats, and other small rodents, usually treed, also by NT when~ snow. HP coyote since deer, antelope, buffalo readily obtainable. deadfall with stone weight and stone side walls. 01 nowadays flood out prairie dogs near maize 28. On trail of rodent or rabbit unbaited fields, but do not eat them. NT sometimes caught trigger-bar deadfall trap mostly used by NT, ST; rats or mice in water jar, not used as trap. altogether by Ci, WM. SC took tree squirrels 49. Ci killed squirrel in tree hole by smudg- (not Abert's) in Pinal mts. with it. SI took ing. WS killed smudged animal with straight- squirrels for dance skins, stick club as it emerged. Me smudging was boys ' 29. Deadfall trap with baited trigger for way of taking rodents. Ll smudged rabbits. SU rodents. Ll took rabbits, mostly jackrabbits. fanned smoke into bulrrow with sage branches. EN rode ts, rabbits, wildcats, coyotes. Zu birds, 50. WS, Me, Ll, SU took prairie dogs during wood rats. Wa doves, rats, badgers, coyotes. heavy summer rains, by digging channels to con- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 83 at water to burrows; emergence of animal indi- perching birds, old pitched basket cut up and lit ted by bubbles; pinned down with forked stick atop long pole; birds attracted from surrounding er neck or dispatched with stick. trees, struck down with brush bundle. SC, Ci, WM 51. Zu filled prairie dogs' holes with dirt flare of sticks for quail, doves, etc., which d clubbed animals as they dug out. shot or knocked down with stick. Hu flare gave 52. KP, to extract rabbit from burrow, light to shoot turkeys, quail, etc. 01 hunted sted arrow in fur. Mt. lion once extracted turkeys by day only, with bow; Ll used flare, om hole with ocotillo stick, then shot with either seizing birds by legs, or shooting them. ,HP used pointed stick for extracting rab- KP torch of ocotillo stalks tied with narrow- t. Wa sometimes tied two sticks together to leafed yucca for quail, mourning doves, white- ach rodent in burrow. winged doves, which shot with bow. HP shot geese 54. Zu rabbit in snow tracked to nest in hol- and ducks on Gila r.; used greasewood torch. WS log, removed with sharp, saliva-moistened shot silhouetted turkeys on moonlight nights. WNa ick twisted into fur. SI removed quarry from used no flares, but sometimes climbed cotton- rrow with notched or roughened stick which woods about midnight and caught crows by feet. pat upon. EN said wounded cottontail rabbit 71-87. Snares. Self-snare commoner type. Some ight run away with arrow, but not jackrabbit. snares for birds for food, others for ceremonial 59. SA sometimes used hooked stick for rabbit purposes: Navaho, Wa, Zu. No snaring of wild burrow. Wa used such for wood rat shot in pigeon as in California. WM, Hu sometimes shot le, if not extractable with arrow. pigeon with bow; no other method. 60. Me shot prodded-out wood rat with arrow. 71. EN, Wa several baited horsehair snares i wood rats in rock hole in summer, in wood- attached to stick on ground, for birds (meadow- ered nest in winter; prodded from latter and larks, Wa), which usually caught by feet. Hu ot by waiting archer. Bit of wood-rat fur and sinew snares for crow, sparrow hawk, turkey, lood sometimes put in hole to attract others. SA quail, etc. Bait (.neat for crow or sparrow hawk) tunned wood rats and birds with blunt arrow or scattered inside snare and bird usually caught ne with maize cob on end. SI shot wood rat with by foot. Zu caught jays with snares set on two one-headed arrow or struck with stick as perches beside ear of maize, also snare on ear. rged. KP, HP prodded wood rat from nest with SA horsehair snares on ground or bushes near cotillo stick; shot with sharp-pointed all-wood, spring, for robins and snow birds. HP snared atherless arrow. coyotes, using cowhide rope set near dead horse 61. NT did not burn wood-rat's nest, because and concealed with earth; hides for blankets. hers would occupy. WM sometimes burned tree- 72. Zu, SI two bars, one above another, under quirrel's nest to force animal out. shade. Upper too close to shade for birds to sit 62. Wa special featherless arrow (1110) with on; from it series of snares hung. Lower bar placed greasewood barbs tied on, for wood rats and so birds must stand in snares; their weight caused airie dogs. KP, HP for wood rats. Zu. very perch to sink, drawing nooses tightly around neck ong, feathered, 3-barbed arrow (1111), for -wood or feet. Birds for ceremonial use. ats in spring and summer when they and young 73. Zu, SI fence, 2 ft. high, around water rock hole. After shooting, immediately seized hole. One large opening for entry, smaller ones oximal end of arrow to draw out animal. Arrow with snares of horsehair. Man hidden in brush d barbed-flint head plus two flint barbs tied booth frightened turkeys after they had entered. sides below head. They rushed for nearest exits, caught in hair 63-65. Special devices for prairie dogs: WN nooses, clubbed. red by reflection from crystal (?) or mica. 74. Zu horsehair snares attached to floating imal comes out to see what it is and is sticks for whippoorwills. SI horsehair snare, t." Actual or blinding? Too many connecting anchored to notched-stone sinker, held open with rrows to smudge out. WN special arrow with two lit'le stick, for ducks and geese in baited ponds 0s5 sticks, which caught in burrow when animal or stillwater of Rio Grande. When bird submerged ded. WN, EN long arrow with hook or barb at head for maize or wheat it snared itself. for seizing by hunter. EN hunt early morn- 77. EN self-snare of horsehair, attached to t burrow facing E so emerging animal blinded. vertical stick projecting up in center of noose. suggests WN reflector was not for luring but When bluebird alighted on stick it sank, closing r blinding. (EDN, p. 476.) Hu bow for rodents, noose on victim. Bluebirds skinned by shaman for t no special-type arrows. SU special feathered own use. row with very broad barbed stone head; butt 78. WN snare with noose at top of hollowed ized by hunter. SA no special devices, prairie sunflower stalk (EDN, p. 323), for jays (prob- gs rare. SI ordinary stone-headed arrow. ably bluebirds) and yellowbirds. Wa similar 66. HP plugged all but one desert-rat burrow snare for goldfinches, of horsehair, set on top it, bored with stick, blew through hole, rat of sunflower stalk from which head removed. From elt draft, ran to exit, seized. horsehair noose, string ran down through hol- 67-70. Flares for blinding birds. EN, Me, Zu, lowed stalk and out side opening, where stick tied blinded turkeys by fire under tree roosts; as stop to prevent bird flying off with snare and 8sily shot. NT ate geese, but no flares for. For string. Also took with snares under cottonwood 84 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS trees, baited with live worms; sometimes shot hole to shoot deer; brush blind for dove shooting with arrow with maize-cob head, to avoid injury at water hole. to skin. 94. Zu, SA brush hut or blind on surface for 79. Zu wild-sunfloWrer stalk as site of snare. adult-eagle catching; no pit. SA sometimes live- 1 Noose held open .4ith stick on which bird perched, eagle decoy (102); seized eagle by leg with hooked releasing noose, which drawn tight by suspended stick. stone. 97. EN eagle catcher had shaman to make "medi- 80. SI bent twig as spring to pull snare tight, cine" with him in covered Dit, lest get boil or as shoom in EDN, p. 323. Bird, perching on stick carbuncle. If several caught, one released without which held snare open, released snare which spring plucking after putting 5 turquoise beads on one instantly drew tight. foot and 2 strings of them around neck. Others 81. EN, Me, Li snares from trees for wild killed and plucked. horses; EN sometimes deer. Inability to lasso wild horses led Me to try hanging nooses. Ll raw- hide noose in deer trail. SA deer snares for Communal Hunting feet. 82. WN, Ll eagle snare -ith meat bait at nest. 103, 104. Hunt master. Ranged from man who SI set on dead rabbit, or on partly skinned served for one occasion to hereditary official. horse or cow; vultures came too, but not wanted. NT chief appointed antelope and rabbit-hunt mas- 83. Me, Li took turkey vultures with 3-looped ter, who made medicine," which infomant de- l horsehair snare on dead animal; wing and tail clined to tell because dangerous during summer feathers plucked for arrows, bird released. Ll when thunderstorms. ST chief appointed temporary snared hawks. rabbit-hunt master. Ci men planned surround; one 84. Ll snared rabbits. clever at this suggested vvhere each of 20 or 30 85. IWa shared mt. sheep by lowering noose from take station. WM hunt master,man who knewv where cliff to where sheep at rest; pulled quarry to deer were, took party, which might stay 7 or 8 top of bluff. days; directed building of hunters' camp corral, 86. Li horsehair snare on stick as child's toy cooking therein, etc. One man, given duty of car- to catch tarantulas, scorpions, vinegarroons, ing for corral and cooking, hunted only in vicin- bees, etc. These put in little stick corral to ity. Hunt master selected 5 or 6 to sweat uvith watch fight. him and discuss hunt; they thought only of deer 87. Ll, 01, SI snared fish with horsehair and prayed for luck. WS hunt master for surround noose on pole; caught in gills; jerked out of made no medicine; no fixed office. Me, Li man who water. proposed rabbit hunt was hunt master. SU hunt 88-102. Booths, blinds, and decoys used by master for buffalo made no medicine. Wia crier an- hunters. nounced rabbit hunt night before, specifying meet- 88, 89. MW hid behind rock piles for various ing place. Two leaders started encircling pincers animals. Ci hid in stone-and-brush blind in sad- movement. Zu 2 antelope-hunt masters termed ochi- dle of two hills, while deer driven past; also yacha; called like mt. lions (125). SA hunt mas- might shoot coyote. WM circular stone blind to ters were war chief and assistant; in surround which deer driven. ST erected 2 1/2 ft. stone-b they led 2 groups in pincers movement. KP hunt wall deer blind. Me shot antelope from brush master (topitum) hereditary office from father to blind; quail from same at drinking place. Li son. Sent two hunters as heads of pincers move- brush hut near water hole to shoot game. SU ment in surround. HP dual hunt masters succeeded rock-and-brush blind in autumn where migrating by sons approved by hunters. Only one hunt master antelope passed. None for deer. For mt. sheep on hunt at time. low rock blind with trench in wvhich hunter lay; in 105-111. Surrounding of game. Element of driv- usually at overhanging rock under which sheep g involved, since animals enclosed by narrow- passed; set up rock so sheep would climb to posi- ing circle, but not to be confused with driving tion where hunter got clear shot. Deer blind, (nos. 112-124). See notes 103, 104. ST only young pit diith brush fence beside deer trail, used antelope; caught by hand, killed by pressing foot moonlight night or early morning. Zu brush blinds over heart. Ci shot all deer and rabbits surrounded where turkeys drank at sunrise; shot, also pur- WS deer in flat mesquite country around Deming sur- sued and shot as attempted to fly. Smaller birds rounded by mounted archers; antelope same. (In- shot from blind with forked arrow with one formant never heard of prehorse days.) For cotton- straight, one curved point. SA shot ducks from tail and jack rabbits, men afoot or on horseback blind; to attract birds, hunter splashed with used boomerangs. Li rabbits only, afoot or stick similar to ducks alighting. Rock-wall mounted. 01 tried to take elk by surround in mts. blinds, some with brush on top, for shooting SU bow for surrounded deer or antelope, boomerang deer, antelope, buffalo. Blind sometimes circu- for rabbits. Zu clubbed rabbits, shot deer. Wa lar, with loopholes. SI 2 or 3 brush blinds over best marksmen shot deer while others surrounded. shallow pits at salt lick or drinking place for In rabbit surround sometimes sitting rabbits shot,~ shooting antelope; stone-wall blinds in arroyos but boomerang used at height of action. SA killed for antelope. KP behind brush or rocks at water rabbits from horseback, long-handled ball-ended l CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 85 club wielded, not thrown. SI antelope surround Ll corral approach, brush or stone fences form- irith as few as 20 men; arrows or hurled knob ing funnel; for antelope driven by horsemen; not clubs to dispatch. (No corral.) Deer sometimes for buffalo. Zu funnel fences of branches 2 or 3 killed by head blow from hurled knobkerry. KP miles (sic) long; corral of same materials in .antelope surround on horseback only, using bow. small curved valley. Horsemen (sometimes 200) ,.(No corral.) Hunt master sent someone before danvn drove antelope. Two men at neck of corral called to locate antelope. like crows as antelope entered; stretched deer- 112-124. Driving game, other than surround. hide rope with blankets across entrance, weighted 112-114. Circular corral with funnel approach at bottom with stones. Hunters came to "gate and constructed so corral invisible to animals enter- slaughtered with bow. Extra high corral of logs ing funnel, achieved by building on 2 sides of and foliage for deer. SA no corral for antelope; ridge or in curved valley or canyon. Figured be- cornered in box canyon, high-walled canyon, or low: WN high circular fence of vertical posts be- arroyo. low crest of ridge, but with opening near crest; 115. Driving game over cliff or bank. NT promontory on S side Fossil Creek canyon (near place v4here modern highway starts down canyon ?o 5,t wall from Stravvberry v.), connected with main rim of canyon by narrowv isthmus. Deer on this promon- tory driven over' cliffs. Me one instance, driving large buffalo over cliff. Ll 4 adjoining funnel fences on edge of arroyo, where animals fell off and broke legs when driven through, usually by horsemen. SU drove deer and antelope to cliff / < / promontory; two men remained at isthmus, others shot quarry or drove over cliffs. Zu knew in- ; ran" stances deer forced to jump from cliffs (of Thunder mt.). 117. Lassoing game. Hu, MIe, Li, Ll, Wa, Zu L / \> sometimes lassoed antelope. Hu rawhide rope. Li 4-strand, round, rawhide braid. Wa from horse- back, modern practice. Zu lassoed corraled ante- lope or deer. HD deer with rawhide rope from horseback, if lacked bow or gun; modern. + / / \ \ 118. To cause game to pass hidden hunters most frequent purpose of driving. Ci 2 hunters on knolls between which deer trail; 3 or 4 men /kS / Xi t \ \ drove deer. WM drove elk to concealed hunters in - / \ narrow canyon. Hu, KP drove deer to huntors hid- den in pass; Hu antelope driven to concealed ivergi .hunters. Me horsemen drove antelope oer ridge to from opening two diverging brush fences. Two men l o w :. ] 1 s tl r tt . r n ^ ~line of waiting horsemen; antelope started circ- G stationed at "neck" (i.e., where funnel fences ? . ~~~~~~~~~~~ling, shot down by both rroup s. Joined corral), to prevent animals escaping. 1 F a > . 119. Fire as an aid in driving game: EN sha- Horsemen formed wings at funnel fence outer ends m s i d S . . . . ^ ~~~~~~~man specialist in deer hunting, doskati. If to prevent driven animals going outside fences deer on small hill readily ringed vwith fire, fire and so funnel entrance appeared only line of es- started with drill and deer manure placed in it. tcp.EN same, of juniper and pinon branches;.. 'cape. EN same, of juniper and pinon branches; Horseman ignited torch of juniper bark, swiftly t, funnel fences quarter-mile long. Shaman (hunt e h f -- \ . . . ~~~~~~~~encircled hill, firing bi-ush. Deer stupefied by master) stood in corral, while antelope driven s . ' r ;:; ^ . ~~.9. smoke, readily killled. 1W rabbits wvith ring of by footmen waving white cloths or skins. 12 men f w o " _ ~~~~~~~~~~fire with op ening, where men clubbed or shot ;suficed; 2 stood at neck to prevent escape. All . W . Z s . . ~~~~~~~~~~rabbits. WS fire for driving rabbits only. Zu hot, except one released for good luck. Firstantelope on horseback, but not 2 to shaman; laid in row wvith heads toward en- driving into corral. trance. Shaman told hunters to divide remainder. SA fires forced deer to certain trails where NT antelope corral 100 yards diameter, of .uiiiper branches and trunks laid flat, funnel rawhide snares, rolling-log traps, concealed Auniper branches and trunks laid flat, funnel (fences 1/8-mile long, built over ridge. Two men hunters. Men sent by war chief to locate game be- 'fences 1/8-mile long, built over ridge. Two men fore hunt began. If on mesa, all but one trail ,at neck; 6 or 8 men calling like wolves (no. ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~dow-n closed. Fires threw quarry into p anic. dro an 4 me -nwnt t r a n d Hunters, concealed at strategic points, shot shot down millilng animals, each shooting in one an imals. of four cardinal directions . One released for KPfr* nrbi rv ol;src on~t 0go lc. Anelp tae,negeo,ed v. straight sticks; no nets used. Hunters on foot ~none in Strawberry v. Mormon Lake band of NT omry opaigo ign rcddrbi also used antelope corral. ST used none. hunt. 86 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 120. Driving with dogs rare, except wounded Mescalero near present site of agency. Family had animals. WS dogs in antelope drive, not deer several vicious dogs and because of that protec- drive. Me antelope too swift for dog. Zu drove tion lived somewhat apart. Dogs badly bit some of deer with dogs, not antelope. SA dogs to drive or Comanche, aiding family to drive them away. corner deer and antelope, not buffalo. Buck turned on dog, allowing hunter to get closer. Religious Preparations for hint Sometimes dog held deer by ear or hind foot. Dogs . . . p used by groups as well as single hunter. SI dogReiou ormgclphntbsvaeswh in leash tied belt, released to pursue wounded all groups. Smoking, singing, praying were chief in l t b r sactivities. Continence and nonassociation with deer; sometimes allowed to raise unwounded deer. menstruants required of Navaho, certain Pueblo, Instance of large dog holding deer by ear. 121. N hoseme randeeron hr snow Men and Papago hunters, but not of Apache hunters 121. EN horsemen ran deer on hard snow. Men 1x at different stations took up pursuit to frighten with whom matters sexual were not believed to deer, so it might go through snow crust and break spoil the hunter's luck. Sweating before hunt leg. Young favms of deer and antelope killed with was Navaho, W Apache, and S Ute practice. Papago, stick-no special club, some Pueblo, and some Athabascans erected a 122. 01 horseman hunted antelope with bow. corral for camp while hunting. Wa and SA inform- 123. Many peccaries in Li country; shot with ants declined to discuss hunt preparations. bo'*i; killed by hitting across back with heavy Daughter of SA informant told him not to tell; stick-, then stabbing with spear. Others might did not want whites or Negroes to know secrets, come, forcing refuge in tree. HP dogs for peccary because "this is life of Indians." hunting, as peccaries stood for fight, making 135. Singing rite before hunt. EN shaman hunting, as peccaries stood for fight, makingtagtdesostohnr;vriusre, close approach by hunter possible. Me peccaries taughtfdeer son tohuers; various eies in Sarmnoms,smtmsserd .hc for pitfall, for horseback hunt, for hunting in Sacramento mts., sometimes speared. which cora etc NTcifasmldhnesa i risky as wrounded peccary sometimes "bit it off." cs 124. Me buffalo hunt on horseback groups house. Smoked ca. 9 P.M.; sang 4 deer songs. rathrthnlneh e . Li l , a t 2Shaman predicted number to be killed and when. rathorsemen pursuingtan.d s ing-no sroun or ST hunters sang in dwelling for half of eve of horsemen pursuing and shooting-no surround or hunt; no females present. 5 or 6 SC hunters at pound. 01 hunted buffalo from horseback with bhnt; no feaefscprsen hunt,ersma (hre deie fro "Sairs) nocee behest of chief discussed hunt, sweated, smoked, bow (horses ' prayed to gan spirit in charge of deer for suc- mony. SU horsemen circled buffalo herd and ., stampded nimal towrd hntershiddn incess: "May I have good luck henceforth ; and do thou let me have another deer." If no deer after washes or arroyos. No corral. Hunt master made 2 or 3 days, singing rite at initiative of hunt no medicine. SA hunted buffalo from horseback- master. In Hu prehunt singing rite, only individx no corral or surround. If possible, drove into uals who knew deer songs sang. Prayed god Nayiti narrowv gorge, wrhere lance also used. Buffalo barrone morgee shaere d with arrow than zone and chadjada (W Apache gan), guardian of bone~ ~ ~~~~~> mor eaiysatrdwt rovta deer. Me. like Hu. prehunt ceremony at home, not; cattle bones. SI hunted buffalo with fast horses. deer.aMe likeH, pent cremonyt he,nte 12.Crnvr cal by h.ter. WN hute in corral; smoked, sang, prayed. Myth related 12. Carnivore calls by hnters. wN hunter calling to another imitated mt. lion; referred how man and wide without proper ceremony killed to another hunter as mt. lion. Two or 3 Ci a man-deer. In punishment woman transformed into hunters arranged signal. liodoe, lost forever to husband, who saw tracks of hunters arranged signals by mt lion c e, big buck leading to hut. Man afraid to stay crow, etc., calls;thus crow might mean deer there, slept on hill where dreamed of happen- ap,oroaching. See also notes 11, 103p 112. ap*roachg S2ings to his wife. Zu coyote-society singing rite before hunt. SI singing before deer, antelope, Dogs or buffalo hunt was praying. HP songs in smoke- keeper's (chief's) house for deer-hunt success 126. (Cf. 120.) ST, SC, Me dogs not numerous. referred to deer, not addressed to any god; gave 127. Ci hunter trained by putting foot of power to kill deer. Shamans directed where to deer, turkey, rabbit, ever dog's nose. Zu hunt. No deity prayed to. trained dog; fed mt.-lion meat. SA, HP dogs 137. Ci with pollen in fingers prayed to Sun trained to bring in rabbit or squirrel; if not, who owns deer and can see where they are; also hunter followed to prevent dog eating. Some SI to goddess Istlenatlehe, coowner of deer. Li dogs trained to hold rabbit with pawvs until pollen in fingers, motioned toward sunrise in hunter came; others seized, shook rabbit or praying to mts. for deer-hunt success. squirrel. 139. EN prayed to Hacheski, guardian of big 129. Running down wounded game, especially bucks, and Hacheskini, guardian of does. Hacheski deer; barking led hunter to spot. appeared as tall god with crown of eagle feather 130. Me dogs treed turkeys, quail. in masked performnance witnessed on night of 131. SC dogs caught rabbits, fawns, etc. October 4, 1935, at Shiprock, New Mexico. 01 133. ST, flu dogs undesirable because barking prayed male deity Yidayesguni (Lipan Nayi'izone)j revealed to enemies. Me dogs to guard camp: very little singing. Learned nothing of equiva- 5 Comanche attacked isolated hut of Kahoane lent of W Apache gan. SI deer-hunt god was CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 87 lion, to whom maize-meal offerings when 154. WS one-night masked ceremony before deer ying. KP prayed Huootam (Maize Man) for deer; hunt, 2 maskers representing sazada (W Apache gan). necessary for antelope. Each hunter marked cross of pollen on each imper- 142. Li women too prayed 4 nights before buf- sonator's chest, back, shoulders; in brush corral lo hunt. Man or woman led song and prayer in with entrance toward E, some distance from habi- tipi. Prayers to Nayi izone, and to his tations. Old women witnessed and prayed for sons' puty Gaidjishgiye (Crow Black) who had charge success. 4 songs sung for sazada. Besides 2 buffalo and deer. Pollen in prayer, but no spirit impersonators, each hunter who owned deer ize meal or turquoise. Women accompanied men, mask danced in it to accompaniment of drum; no ecting skin tipi or brush hut for camp, cooked stick front legs used. r party. 156. KP hunter sang until deer tracks found. 144. Zu smoked maize-husk cigarettes 4 nights 157. Prayed to gan wood spirit to be allowved fore hunt. SI smoked oak-leaf or maize-husk to kill deer. Gan controlled or owned deer. garettes. NT, ST said deer were "cattle" of gan, WM 145. KP hunters started writhout breakfast. "horses." WS called gan sazada. NT also prayed 146. ST ate only mescal; no meat, no salt, to Mt. Lion and Wolf. ST to Mt. Lion also. SC en starting. Me ate no "wild onions" before informant's father saw "500 men" impersonating 4 er hunt, lest bad luck. SI ate very little gan spirits at Wheatfield; some carried live t before starting; principally maize; salt fawns. WS offered pollen to gan in 4 cardinal lowed. HP ate maize vhile hunting. directions. 149. EN hunter, to avoid taboo, slept with 159. iM smoked and prayed to gan. WS u?ed re poker between himself and menstruating wife, pipe, or cigarette of inner skin of yucca, sotol, -opposite side of hut. or oak leaf; or maize husk. Me prayed, sang in 151. ST sweated day before hunt; sang, talked hut before starting. SU smoked stone elbow pipe out deer therein. Li did not sweat for buffalo with wooden stem, tQ, cause deer to approach. t. SU sweated, prayed creator Nomaromapugat. HP smoked, but careful lest deer smell and flee. 152. Corral in hunt region. WVN camped in; 160. WS prayed god Nayitizone as well as tered clockwise. Deer hides on S side enclo- sazada who have "charge" of deer. Li invoked e; deer hearts on brush pile on W side. gods Nayi 'izone and Gaidjishgiye with prayer, oked meat not blown to cool. EN constructed song, and tobacco smoke on night before hunt. ening before hunt. Left side (as entered) Cigarette of oak leaf, maize husk, or sotol- sociated with quadrupeds and horseback hunt- stalk leaf. g; right with birds. In leaving proceeded 163. Zu only group addressing prayers for ockwise; must not pass between wood pile in hunt success to dead; information volunteered. ont of entrance and entrance. Sang in corral 164. EN strewed maize pollen, praying for suc- oh night, led by shaman. Bows, arro-ws stacked cess that day; offered turquoise on deer tracks ring preliminary singing ceremony. NT camp- if failed after 2 or 3 days. WS offered pollen re burned at night. Bows, guns on log point- of cattail, maize, or pinon in praying for hunt gE, sung over. Gun might discharge while success. Zu laid turquoise and maize meal on aia sang. After killed 3 or 4 deer returned deer track. A village. Wa sometimes built corral of branches, 165. KP sprinkled gray mineral powder where g at night to "lure" deer. deer had lain to cause return. When damp smelled Zu man who knew deer medicine prayed first for half mile. Not dampened, however, for deer. ght out, went to sacred place between 2 mts., Another powder, sleep-inducing, called gositaku, epared shrine by digging hole and sprinkling from bark of tree on Gomatiki mt., S of Poso ize meal; returned to corral. All to hunt next Verde, Sonora, sprinkled where deer lay; re- y went to shrine, deposited feathered prayer puted to put men to sleep, especially if sprinkled icks. On 4th night one man's face painted with in fire; odorless. HP obtained letter from 4- dicine of certain flowvers from Arizona: stripe branched tree growring near Sonora border. Carrier om inner corner of eye to top of ear opening. must keep moving lest fall asleep. deposited pulverized medicine as offering to 166. EN hunter wuho knew mediciiie wore tur- refathers at shrine. At 10 yards from corral quoise amulet for eeer hunting. o stopped to see or hear something; if nothing, 167. Me, Li hunter's bracelet of stone beads ved another 10 yards and paused; so on until (sometimes from Navaho, but usually found): one aerd sound like water in arroyo, or some other turquoise, one jet (hardest to find), one white ise. Good omen; returned to corral. Given to- bead, one red bead. cco to smoke wvhile relating what heard. KP, cycle of deer songs about "hunter of long o at night in corral, aressed to HuootamO 3az Man) ;iho bestowed deer-hunt success. 167a-169. Deer hide laid on carcass, animal i ze-husk cigarettes smoked. Slept part of or deity addressed. Hide laid head at tail, then ight. No s inging o r praying prior to an telope head at head (EN ); head at head , then head at nt. Deer hunt took more time than antelope tail (WS, SU); 4 times in one direction (NT); t;more deer than antelope eaten. Rabbit once (SC, Ci, WiM, Hu, Me). WIS also for antelope, aten most, because easiest to take. mt. sheep; SU also antelope. Wa covered deermeat with hide in hunt corral. 88 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Burden of prayer always for continued success. 179-181. Zu women sprinkled maize meal on dee EN, Ci, WM, Hu, 01, SA, HP: "May I kill more." or antelope meat outdoors when brought by hunt- NT asked for father, brother, etc., of slain ers. Parts reassembled in house, skin laid over, deer. ST: "May I kill a deer again." SC: "May then woman's dress, necklace of turquoise. Maize I have good luck everywhere." WS: "May I have meal sprinkled and prayer that spirit would come good luck and kill another." Me: "May I have again in another. Two ears maize laid betvieen good luck all the time." SU: "?May I always kill front legs. Cigarette smoke blown on deer's head big ones." Li prayed slain deer or buffalo not After few minutes meat might be cooked. Visitor to be angry, not to interfere with hunt success. must pray animal get another life. SA laid large Zu put maize meal, pollen, and turquoise (173) game mammals and turkey in living room with head in little hole beside slain deer and prayed deer toward fireplace, covered with blanket and neck- to come again. KP note 175. HP hunters of coyote lace. HP smoked after kill, not as offering. moiety first prayed deer for further success and 183. HP danced in deer masks in village for long life; then vulture-moiety hunters did like- one night aftei successful hunt. wise. NT denied belief in reincarnation of deer. 184-186. Special acts for bear. EN moved hunt Deities addressed: Gan (NT, ST, WM), hunting corral and put new shaman in charge, if forced gods (WS), Sun and goddess Istlenatlehe (Ci), to kill bear in self-defense. NT killed bear if god Nayitizone (Hu), god Yidayesguni thanked hunter knew medicine for killing with single (01), god Nomaromapugat thanked (SU), Mt. Lion arrow; "another might use 100 arrows and not thanked (SI). SA, before skinning deer, rubbed kill." Prayed slain bear and gan so no bad luck. bit of deer's hair over deer's body, praying to ST addressed bear as mother's father and asked protector deity of game animals (deer, antelope, it to go away. SC formerly ate bears which kille buffalo, bear, mt. lion, rabbit, turkey, etc.) with bow or knife. But informant told of follow- for success again. Hair preserved in hunter's ing 2 bears, which killed girl, to den and kill- home. ing aith gun. Carcasses taken to old San Carlos, 170, 171. Pointing deer. WN deer on pine danced over, not eaten. Ci said: "I am going to branches with head toward hunting corral. Throat shoot you. I want you to die with first arrow." not cut, lest bad luck. Deer, antelope, elk Meat eaten; skin for blanket. WM addressed bear butchered in ritual fashion. (At this point in- as mother's father before shooting. WS as father formant's daughter objected to his telling about father, asked it. to go awvay. Me, not desiring to ritual matters.) EN deer on cleared ground, head kill, said: "Please go your way and I'll go mine. toward hunter's home. Must not pass in front of Hunter who tired of urging bear in his trail to it while skinning, lest spoil luck. Care in move and shot at it with rifle. Li woman as well skinning around caruncula at eye corners, non- as man killed bear without addressing it, using breaking eyeballs and bones, lest illness. Sha- spear of sotol stalk with stone knife tied to man lectured nightly on how to kill and butcher end; bears not dangerous, easily killed. 01, deer, taught deer songs to hunters. Ci on brush. finding track, said: "Here is the one who made a Hu, Li large buck headed to E. Li did not orient track last year." Not called grandfather. Killed buffalo, nor KP deer. only in self-defense. SU discussed what to do 172. Deer's nostrils plugged. NT so other when bear encountered; neither bear nor deity deer less wild. Zu tied or held wounded deer Or addressed. antelope's muzzle to suffocate; throat not cut Zu treated dead bear like deer or antelope across because skinned from chin to vent. KP (notes 179-181). Hunter prayed bear for strength plugged with special grass before skinning "to and long life. Slayer entitled to join certain prevent flying insect called chilbatata coming medicine society. Women of society danced all from nostrils and making hunter and family night with him. 4 paws became society property, sick." Insect more like bee than fly; no bite skin presented to person who acted as sponsor or sting; apparently supposed deleterious effect if he joined society. No bear society. SA never supernatural. laughed at bear. After killing, said how neces- 173. Offerings. For Zu see note 167a. SA sary was hide to keep family warm and meat for pollen and maize meal to slain animal, not tur- food. SI war songs after killing bear. Eater of quoise. SI sprinkled maize meal on slain deer. meat marked charcoal on cheek bones to avoid Deer, antelope, buffalo also sprinkled with sickness. KP never killed bear because like maize meal at home; tobacco smoked. human being. Did not address as grandfather, 175. KP offered raw deermeat to Gopio'otam but merely told to go its way and hunter would (enemy hair spirits) at kill, in prayer for con- go his. HP killed no bear lest swelling in neck, tinued hunt success. abdomen, etc., about year after. 176. SI hunter washed hair with yucca suds, 187, 188. Me -who had opportunity to kill 4 body with water for 4 days after killing deer, deer must let 1 go. SU sometimes allowed last antelope, buffalo, of cornered antelope to escape; no corral used. 178. Purification in sweat house rare, not SA released one of several entrapped deer, ante- always religious. NT sweated to offset fatigue, lope, buffalo. Ci "just for wash." SU washed only hands after 190-195. Division of game. Difficult subject skinning deer; blood elsewhere came off w-hen for element list because definite rules rare and sweated about 5 days later; same for bear, practice varied with number of hunters. Element- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 89 ist entries based largely on assumption of twvo 196-210. Butchering customs. Generally large unters, only one of whom kills deer. WN deer game butchered where killed and on ground. See layer got inside parts only. His companion took notes 170, 171. ide; anybody sineva. Head and brains not taken, 196. HP butchered kill if knew proper method 18 goat brains for tanning-obviously modern. and songs; otherwise might develop bleeding from 9pinal cord with vertebrae divided. No special penis and ultimately die. ssignment of other parts. Distributed at home. 197. Ci might carry fawn home to skin. KP ter, killer might eat some of meat. EN killer might carry deer to village to skin, if killed t heart, lungs, kidneys, etc., ribs on one close; eviscerated to carry. ide; ribs on other side to someone else. Hide, 201. KP skinned suspended if possible, other- fat, head, horns, brain to killer's companion. wise on brush laid on ground. Skinned deer cut orns must be cut from skull carefully. Any per- longitudinally for carrying, not down middle of son received sinew. NT gave away spinal cord; re- spine but close to it; ribs broken with improvised noved with stick; used for buckskin. Carcass stone knife or ax. Good flinit knife reserved for carried home after gutting; divided among villag- skin or flesh cutting. ers. ST divided meat among companions, keeping 202. Ci hide owner carried meat home in hide; zone himself, not even viscera; when someone else others tied in bundles. killed he got share. SC sinew for asking. If 5 203. EN, ST, WS, Hu, Li, SI yucca leaves to hunters killed only one deer, ate it at once; tie deermeat in bundles. If too much meat to &id not take home. If 5 got 5 deer, divided among carry WS, Hu, Li left some on branches of tree ieighbors. Mother-in-law and father's sister got or bushes, to be returned for. Me, Li tied meat o extra. Brains cooked in ashes, packed in grass, with tendons from front legs. Li sometimes used 'for buckskin. If 2 Ci killed one deer, meat di- rawhide rope. SU carried buckskin cord around rided between two, wvho divided among neighbors. waist for tying meat. If no buckskin, used split Spinal cord split. Cut animal down middle with yucca leaves. Zu cerried hide rope. If meat car- improvised split-stone blade. WM, WS, Hu, Li ried in hide, legs tied together. recipient of hide got head for brains for buck- 204. WN informant replied concerning drinking skin. WS gave companion choice of parts. If only warm blood and eating raw liver: "Only coyotes Dne of pair of Li hunters killed deer, he gave and foxes do that, not human beings." to companion,who skinned and gave back some. 01 205. WS ate small pieces of liver and kidney unter sometimes gave animal to companion; re- raw and warm; for good health. Hu raw kidney. Me ciprocation later; no special distribution to both raw, dipping in blood. Li both, raw or relatives. SU, if 5 hunters and one deer, di- cooked. rided 4 quarters and ribs equally among compan- 206. WM ate deer liver cooked at home. ions. Killer kept hide, backbone, rump. One who 207. Zu cut off udders of doe and drank milk. got ribs got head. After cooking head and eat- KP hunter nearly dead of thirst drank amniotic ing meat therefrom, gave skull v;ith brains to fluid. iller for tanning hide. 208. EN gave first deer slain to shaman who Wa deer slayer gave sinew to companion if 2 taught him songs for deer hunt. SU youth did not unters only. If more, first comer got front eat first deer, antelope, buffalo, buts gave to and hind quarters on one side; second got same old people. Must not give to girl lest be lazy from other side; third got blood. Killer kept all his life; same penalty if ate himself. HP rest, boiled head with ear of yellow maize in youth gave first kill of each species to old outh. If brought whole deer home, hunter's wife person, often own parents. Recipient vvished took front or hind quarter to his parents. Zu success for him as hunter. With all 20 groups unters might receive one or 2 whole animals no rule against veteran hunter eating own kill. 'piece in case of corral killing. If 2 hunters 209. NT youth had to kill fifth of each spe- and one deer, killer got hide, head, backbone, cies before ate own kill; ate of fifth. KP youth ribs and legs on one side. His companion got one gave first 4 kills (deer, rabbit, etc.) to old front leg, one hind leg, and ribs on one side. hunter who breathed on him and prayed be good If 3 or 4 hunters, killer kept share as above, hunter like himself. Youth ate fifth animal t balance divided among others. If fifth man killed. No taboo against skinning kill. Alterna- he got viscera. If deer wounded by one, killed tive procedure in which youth's mother cooked by another, latter counted as killer. A woman, first deer and invited old people to partake. espying hanter with meat, might say: "Thanks. Neither youth nor family ate. If this done youth e you coming now?" Hunter compelled to give ate all subsequent kills. er some. If 5 in SA party and one deer, each of 4 (including killer) got one leg; fifth man got Anml n Ten 'nscera. Killer kept rest: head, hidle, etc. KP slayer not compelled to give companion any share. Taboo, believed poisonous, or merely avoided ;No regulations concerning division of meat . Deer were not numerous; attempt made to record in 'brains slightly cooked, mixed w~ith grass to pre- element list wrhich of these. Such discrimination 8erve for buckskin; spinal cord not used. HP found almost impossible to make from informants ' 'killer divided part of meat among companions. answers. Consequently, in the element list I have [ ~~~~~~~~~~~~entered + for not eaten, - for eaten. 90 ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS 211. Bear. EN lest stomach trouble ensue. ST 227. WS turtle for food and medicine. ate sometimes; head boiled to extract teeth. WS 229-235. Insects or insect products as food did not eat as bear might have eaten person. Hu rare, except honey. WN informant, when asked lest get rheumatic fever. Me child allowed to about insects as food, contemptuously countered, eat first time after proper prayer recited by "Why ask foolish questions?" elder. Ll killed for hides only. 01 said dis- 229. KP brown caterpillar with black stripes, tasteful, not eaten. Wa no bears formerly; now about 4 in. long, in summer after heavy rains. sometimes shot with rifle because of killing Head pinched off, entrails pulled out; bodies calves. Zu ate bear and mt. lion only if members "braided," boiled in pot, dried in sun on branch of society (name?) using bear's feet in cere- or timber to preserve for short time; or ate monies. KP did not kill or eat bear, wolf, or at once. HP black and green caterpillars. mt. lion, because respected like brave men. 230. KP children principal eaters of yellow- 212. Mt. lion. SC killed, but informant did jacket grubs. not know if eaten. Ci killed for skin for quiver; 231. Li grasshoppers on hot stone or over sometimes ate. WM killed for hide, but never fire; eaten by children especially. ate. WS ate, since mt. lion lived on "good" 232-234. Honey, aside from introduced Old meat. SA did not kill. KP hunted only after it World bees, from ground-nesting bumble-bee and killed domestic animals; never ate. from black "bee" which deposited honey in hol- 213-215. Wildcat. Hu superstitious dread of low sotol stalks. Me had all 3 in S part of killing wildcat. Zu wildcat, coyote, wolf meat their territory. bitter, hence not eaten. KP usually ate coyotes 232. When NT stepped on bumble-bee burrow in December wvhen least odor; at that time 'deer and bitten he told chief, wvho sent men and boys had bad odor." HP ate no coyote because respected with digging sticks; usually stung during this by totemites. ST ate skunks. digging. Honey eaten, not grubs. 01 smoked out 216, 217. Eagles, hawks. EN hunters sometimes bumble-bees. Zu took bumble-bee honey from hole ate eagle and certain hawks. WS, Hu ate no eagle in arroyo bank. or hawk because they ate rattlesnakes. Some SU 234. Li honey from comb on rock wall, appar- ate young eagles; rare, and person not necessarily ently introduced Old World bees. shaman. Wa ate Bald Eagle, but not Golden Eagle, 235. Honeydew, saccharine exudate on plants, because latter "regarded Walpi people as his dissolved off flowvers by Wa. Zu from willow children." leaves. Use denied by KP and HP, despite Yavapai 219. Other birds. WN ate wild turkeys and small attribution their own use from Papago example yellow bird. WM ate wild turkeys; feathers for (Gifford, 1936, 268). arrows. 01 wild turkey only bird eaten. Me took 228. Zu cannibalism legendary: When starving ducks with arrows; geese seen flying, none taken. while living W of Hawikuh long ago, children Wa took swimming ducks with sling or with bow and eaten. arrows. SI ate wild turkeys and eggs. FISHING Fetuses and Eggs Eight of the 20 groups investigated used fish 220. WN ate fetuses of mammals without restric- for food: WS, Me, Li, Ll, 01, SA, SI, HP. SA tion. Skin of deer fetus tanned for medicine bag. made the least effort to take fish, utilizing Ll ate fetuses of buffalo, antelope, deer. SU only stranded ones; informants said neighboring young person not allowed to eat fetus lest become San Felipe people were expert fishers, however. lazy. Fish were not eaten by 2 Navaho groups, 5 West- 221. WN, EN, 01 ate no birds' eggs, except ern Apache groups, Hu, SU, Wa, Zu, and KP. turkeys' (EN). NT small children ate no quail eggs WS took mt. trout," "bass," catfish with lest freckles. Ci taboo against quail eggs for spear of sotol stalk with flint point (241), or young attributed to greed of elders. arrow with stone or bone point. Fish 2 ft. long 222. KP young people eating quail or their in San Francisco r.; sometimes stranded at high egg s got eye trouble. HP young people ate quail water (243). Feathered fish arrow (246) of eggs, but must not touch eyes with fingers lest Apache plume wood; sometimes wooden barb attach sore eyes. with string and pitch. Fishing in moonlight, 223. Zu do not blow on hot chicken eggs lest daylight. Yucca fibers through gills and mouth get freckles. to carry. Me angled (249) in Rio Grande in Texas to S of Guadalupe mts.; also in shallow sloughs. Fish Reptiles and Insects Eaten; Cannibalism about 15 in. long. L.i boys sometimes shot fish with bow (244);A 225. HP seized chuckwalla with hand, struck usually caught in shallowrs with bare hands. head against rock. After gutting, stuck tail in Ll handled scoop (237) of willow-withe grill mouth, roasted in hot ashes. secured with 2-ply willow-bark string; hoop 226. HP cooked tortoise in earth oven with frame. Fish carried by stick or cord through hot stones inside tortoise, coals around outside. gills. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 91 SI constructed weirs and traps (238-240) in Ci, flu digging-sticks for all purposes (not io Grande. (Illustrated below.) mescal alone) chisel-bladed. Hu 3 ft. long. Mescal stick bigger (larger diameter than pick- axe handle). Any digging-stick driven with cobble if ground hard. WS digging-stick pointed, mescal Wi//ow covered rock waYis one chisel-bladed and cobble-driven. Hu ate bulbs and corms. Me pulled up wild "onions" by hand after rain, otherwise used digging stick. Li ate 1 // 4 species of bulbs and corms. Ll, 01 boys and men shoved juniper or oak digging-stick into /round with butt against abdomen vuhen digging camas" in spring. SU oak digging-stick for R \ _ 2'or 3' drop vv'wild "potatoes." Wa greasewood stick for bulbs /or3 drop and roots. Some modern Zu diggfing-sticks had Tied wi//ow footrest and wvere hip length; for wvild roots and 3 basket { ~.planting maize. SA footrest stick as planter only; straight stick for wild roots. KP, HP of ironvvood. (HP stated Sand Papago ate root which o walls of stones ran downstream from river made teeth black.) nks to form funnel. Stones between double 262. Mescal digging-stick 3-6 ft. long. ences of vvillow- twined around stakes driven 264-272. Long poles for food gathering, rang- to river bed. At end of funnel timber 2 or 3 ing from straight stick to pole with special t. high over which water poured. Fish passing device on distal end, seem to be adaptations in ?er this caught in large twined willow trap, part to tall, spiny,food-yielding plants of re- semicircular in floor plan; floor sloped upward gion. dO downstream side. Semicircular fence formed 264. Straight long poles used chiefly for 11 of trap and prevented escape. knocking acorns and plnon nuts from trees. EN SI brush fence at low water to divert water did not beat pifnon trees "lest bears attack to one side of river. Men and some women drove beaters," nor shake trees lest violent wind fish into shallows, striking them with 3-ft. arise; nuts collected from ground. NT, ST 'tick, also tossing out on bank vwith bare hands. knocked off 2 kinds of juniper berries. SC tick also to strike fish s,wimming near sur- straight ocotillo stalk for acorns; pinon col- ace during muddy freshet. Fish carried in man- lected from ground. Ci for acorn beating and ade, 2-handled, twined basket, of ancient shaking pinon nuts from cones on trees; vwalnuts e, by 2 men wT-hen loaded. better if fell naturally, but sometimes climbed HP not fish in Gulf of California. Fished in and branches shaken. AM for acorns; piinon nuts la r. with small bag net (236) called chuaka fell naturally. WS acorns with sotol stalk, also applied to carrying net), also with bow. sometimes from horseback. Hu, Me, Li for pinon r latter,fish driven into shallows with bundles nuts; pecans and acorns from ground. Ll, Wa for long greasewood by wading men; bow- and arrow- piion. Zu did not beat or climb oaks or pinon; ed arrow (246) with radial feathering (2 collected from ground. KP, HP beat jajoba ber- thers, sometimes 3). Bag net (236) of 2-ply, ries from thorny bushes. HP beat acorns in mts. g-twisted, mescal-fiber string woven without outside Huhula territory, but oftener from sh measure or needle on ring of cord wvhich ground. med mouth of bag; dragged by 2 men, while 265. SU fork-ended long stick for beating ers drove fish; no wooden rim or wooden han- pi:fon trees. e. 266. KP, HP for pitahaya cactus (Lemaireo- cereus thurberi) fruit, pole with pointed end and concave spoonlike stop few inches below GATHERING point. Fruit impaled on point, prevented slid- ing down pole by "spoon. (See fig., p. 92.) Burst All twenty groups visited made use of xild if fell to ground. nts for food in large measure. All ate 267. Pole with lashed-on diagonal cross- tia and Yucca baccata fruits. Sweet acorns, piece near end, primarily for fruit from on nuts, walnuts, mescal, and mesquite pods saguaro (Carnegia gigantea). Usually of dead e eaten apparently by all groups to whom saguaro ribs. Crosspiece tied so that 2 acute essible. In spite of agriculture there was angles formed with pole. With upward project- h dependence on wild plant products. Natu- ing arm of crosspiece fruit detached by upward ly the degree of dependence varied, with non- push, with downward projecting arm by down- icultural groups like Lipan at one extreme, wvard pull. (See fig., p. 92.)- WS for pinion and ert farmers like the Pueblos at other. acorns. Some groups also used pole cut to include 257-262. Digging-stick. EN of greasewood, stub of forking branch as natural hook (269). ST d cerry (not chokecherry), etc. Whittled with used both, applied single name meaning "stick de, rubbed down on sandstone. ST of manzanita. hanging down from (crosspiece) it is. 92 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS etc. Hu collected in burden basket, transported in skin sack, at camp poured into pottery and oaken vessels. KP collected in basket, carried in buckskin sack in kioho carrying frame. Ci carried in buckskin sack. WS, Me in skin saddle' bag; WiES sometimes in 2 burden baskets on sides of horse. FOOD PREPARATION AND STORAGE Acorns Every group with sweet acorns available ate them. NT rated acorns most important wvild crop. Leaching after pulverizing unknown. Reduction tannin content by boiling in case of Zu, who stated nuts bitter if not boiled sufficiently; however, no change of water. Probably other groups that boiled (291) extracted tannin ther but not cognizant thereof. Oaks producing bitt acorns avoided in collecting nuts, WS, Me test acorns to determine. According to native class fication more than one kind eaten: ST 4, Me 3 268, 269. Crook-ended and hook-ended poles Li 4, KP 2. by SA for pulling down dead branches for fire- ST oaks in order of preference: Gambel's, wood; by SI for bending wild cherry and plum Emory's, scrub, and another; 3d and 4th about branches, and nowadays apple branches. Me used equally third choice. SC avoided acorns of "bi latter for shaking down acorns. oak; ate raw (290) scrub-oak acorns (Quercus 272. Names for poles: ST ante (267); SC called arizonicus), wghich cracked with teeth like pi both straight (264) and hooked (267, 269) kapane; nuts. Me 3 kinds of edible acorns. One, from Ci straight and diagonal-crossdiece poles (264, scrub oak, grew near confluence of Pecos r. a 267) gaspane; WS, like SC, called 3 types soto. Rio Grande, and near Alamogordo, New Mexico; Hu distinguished straight (264) pole (peanang- acorns boiled. Of 4 kinds eaten by Li, one ve gaiet) from hooked (267, 269) poles (peopehe); large and globular. Ll, 01 ate no acorns beca as did KP and HP. HP pitahaya pole (266) and bitter. SA ate acorns from scrub oak. KP 2 sp saguaro pole (267) kuipas. cies in Baboquivari mts., one aith whitish tr 273. Sticks thrown to knock off nuts. WS and large brown acorns; other reddish acorns. acorns, Li pecan, SU pinon. At times climbed; Both eaten raw; for old people, slightly brok sometimes with sapling leaned against trunk (ST, on metate. Ci, Hu, Me, Zu SI). Men and women climbed (EN, 290. Me acorns raw in S part of range, whe Ci, Me, Zu, SI); men mainly (NT, ST, WS, Hu, Li, around Mescalero parched. HP ate raw, biting Ll, 01, SU, Wa, SA, HP); women mainly (SC, WM). half to extract kernel. 274. Bent-stick tongs. Me sumac, oak, willow, 291. Zu boiled in hulls, cracked with teet green sotol stalk (pounded where bent); Li willow, peeled. SA boiled after shelling, or roasted oak; Wa oak thinned at bend, string around limbs whole in coals (289). to keep from spreading; longer tongs for hot 292. Me, Li parched in wooden bowl; Me als stones. Papago reported Pima bent-stick tongs in basket. SA parched whole or shelled, in po for cactus fruits. tery bowl. 275. KP, HP tongs 2 flat sticks tied at handle 293. Shelled on metate by cracking hulls, end; called vaho. mashing kernels; winnowed. Me parched before 279. Spines brushed off fruit. NT, ST laid on shelling. Wa shelled by holding between fing grass, brushed with bundle of grass. SC grass for on anvil and striking with hamnerstone; after brush called hushbeshuwe. WS some brushing before shelling might parch slightly. picking. Hu snakeaeed best brush. Me snakeweed, 294-296. Grinding meal chiefly on metate,: sage stems, grass. Li collected fruits in raw- lowed shelling and winnowing. Me mixed meal hide bag, spread them on ground, brushed with mescal, Spanish bayonet fruit, but not meat. "weeds. SU mixed juniper bark and (or) grass with Li sometimes ground in pit lined wvith rawhid fruits to collect spines, then brushed with juni- pulverized on flat rock with natural cobble per foliage. KP palo verde stems; certain small pestle; mixed with Spanish bayonet and other cactus fruits stirred in basket with stick to dried fruits. loosen spines, winnowed. 297. Ash-roasted acorn bread, without addi 282. EN, Wa woven blanket to collect. Me, Ll of red clay. buffalo rawhide. 301. Basket storage. Burden basket (NT, Sr 283. Carrier. WN any baskset, piece of hide, Ci, WM), pitched basket bottle (SC, Ci, WJIM, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 93 ected to pitchy flavor imparted by latter. chewed latter. WN chewed gum from small shrub times stored kernels in unpitched, mud- (Chrysothamnus) used for house covering; another red basket bottle. NT stored whole in chewing gum was milky sap from low plant. SU basket covered with grass; kept 6 or 8 chewing gum from root of shrub. 1 ST, SC stored whole or shelled. WM shelled, lest get wormy. Scre_ _ Bean 1 Pot storage. ST, whole or shelled, tied c of dry grass and yucca leaves, hid in WS, Me, Li obtained along Rio Grande, HP 'evice or hole in cliff. Zu after boiling; along Gila r. WS used juice for earache medicine ar. KP stored whole, pottery lid sealed as well as food. WS, Me, Li prepared like mes- ?easewood gum, cached in cave, quite. HP cured in pit -with earth for 4 days; * Skin-bag storage. Hu shelled, in cave or pods turned brown; pulverized; whole pods stored tone-slab and grass lined). Me seldom in pots. ! then whole in rawhide bag in house. Li shelled in rawhide bag. HP did not store, Mescal or bWewormy.MecloAgv Like sweet acorns and mesquite, eaten -uherever ^ Mesquite available. Absence among certain groups in ele- ment list means not obtainable. Its use has orally at lower elevations than oaks, fur- given name to at least one group, the Mescalero, staple food highly prized for saccharine or, in their own tongue, Natohene (mescal people); and abundantly used by native groups to it was probably their most important wild vege- cessible. Mortar rather than metate was table food, with Spanish bayonet fruit in sec- izing device, and often bedrock mortars ond place. Eagerly sought in trade by many groups re pods collected. who lacked it in their habitat. Thus, Wa obtained 305. Mortars. ST bedrock mortar, or stone- theirs from Yavapai and Western Apache. Importance ined pit with crevices mortared with damp in native dietary further indicated by certain zed pods to exclude dirt. (At Gila Pueblo, taboos observed in cooking (321-324). Cooking Arizona, an ancient pit mortar of this type period 36 hours. ed in museum.) KP bedrock mortar, or pit 317. HP collected wien ne" stalk appeared; ith buckskin; stone pestle for both; pods no fire on top of earth oven wherein cooked. in large coiled baskets (474). HP some 318. Individual butts marked by owners, as produced 2 crops of pods; sometimes picked cooked in communal oven. Women inserted sticks bing men; 3 types of mortars: stone, wood, or leaves, or tied knots in projecting fibers lined pit (in emergency only; no holes worn of leaf bases, as marks. th because sticky material filled inter- 319. Sometimes place in roasting pit marked; Mortar pit line -vith rawhide SHu, HP woman surrounded her mescal butts with stones. Mortar pit lned with rawhide (WS, Hu, HP put red rag over oven to "aid right cooking." J, lined with buckskin (KP). W"MS atone or 320. Buffalo shoulder blade to shovel earth pestle; Hu, Me stone. Me gathered pods in over mescal oven, Me, Li. Latter often used basket or rawhide ba, from low trees, no hands, heaping earth on piece of ravhide to g necessary; sun-dried 2 days; after pul- carry to oven. g, meal sifted through fine openwork 321, 322. Li variant of 321: first mescal jbasket which retained seeds, on rawhide; butt cast into pit by summer-born person. ST iled in deer soup; sometimes pinon ground women usually lit fire in roasting pit. As Vi3v squite; sometimes dried pods chewed for lit fire, prayed mescal would cook properly. uice, solid parts expectorated. WS mixed WS young person lit fire. Me person not allovged e meal with black walnuts; KP with maize to light fire on second occasion, if on first oiled into mush. A .iled into mush. mescal had not cooked properly; man lit only if *WN boiled pods, ground into paste on no woman to do so; lighter marked one butt with seeds as well as pulp; ate without ex- charcoal cross. ting any parts. Ground on same metate as 323. ST mescal white and underdone if sexual intercourse during cooking. NT, ST separate seeds by winnowing. KP 324. NT women used scratching stick 2 days seeds remaining in yucca-leaf twilled while cooking mescal. tbasket; see note 305 for similar Me *vil cokn ecl basket; see note 305 for similar Me 325. Besides pounding cooked mescal to ex- press juice, KP boiled cooked peelings for Mesquite flour dried into hard cake; syrup. Other foods mixed with nescal juice: out year; ditto screw-bean flour (314). pulverized walnuts (376); WS crushed sumac thole in center for rope to carry; caked berries. aounded in pit mortar, boiled, eaten, or 327 328 Strg*fdidpas u npr Commonest chwn.u nSWpio ic fleche. Li, in large folded rawhide bag similar ommoestchewng Wn i Sl plnn ptch to parfleche but without lacings. Me pads ca. 2 mesquite pitch perhaps secon&. SC children by 3 ft. KP, HP pads round, stored in pot in cave. 94 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 329. Mescal stalk above butt eaten when neither 340. HP pounded leaves for soap (possible not too old nor too young; bitter when very young. narrow-leafed yucca). Another yucca for soap 330. After rain, mescal flowers emptied into only; no food, no basket material. basketry or pottery cup, fluid drunk. HP oco- 341-344. Sotol. Stalk eaten young. Butt roasted tillo flowers instead, in early morning. in earth oven by Me, Li; base of leaves eaten after cooking, not butt itself. Yucca 345-347. Bear grass. WS boiled flov4ers with meat and bones for soup. Fruit eaten by SC; seeds In absence of botanical identification, data parched by WM. ST ate flowers and stalk. WS roaste on various species are dependent on native de- butt in earth oven, pounded in rawhide mortar, winnowed out fibers, stored meal; fruit not eaten scription. Four types, probably embracing more because bitter.l than 4 species: (l Spanish bayonet or amole, principal species for food and detergent; 2) narrow-leafed yucca, less desirable as Cacti food, used for basketry material and detergent; (3) sotol, apparently lacking in more elevated 348-350. Pitahaya. Hu not clear whether pole regions of Pueblo, Navaho, and SU habitats; (4) for pitahaya similar to Papago (266) or to saguaro bear grass, apparently Nolina, which has flex- pole (267). Also collected fruits from horseback. ible leaves. NT called (1) ikaye, (2) kayakose, Called mitaya (Apache rendering of Mexican name?). (3) ikaptbane, (4) gokise. From region S of Huachuca mts. Eaten fresh, not 331-336. Spanish bayonet. Very ripe fruit preserved. Li described "pitahaya" as lo-w-domed peeled, split, seeded with fingers, meat eaten cactus, 4 varieties in habitat-probably not fresh, or sun dried and stored; if not very ripe Lemaireocereus thurberi. HP sometimes stored natu- roasted insashes, immersed in water, peeled, rally dried fruits. Pulp and seeds eaten like seeded, eaten, or dried and stored. Three groups figs. No pitahaya in KP habitat, but collected in did not cook fresh fruit: Zu, SI, HP. Fruit made Papago neighbors' territory in Quijatoa mts. and into cake or brick for storage. SI, with only near Imika. 2 crops a year. scant supply from mts., ate fresh, no storage; 351-353. Saguaro (Carnegia gigantea) fruit called pa a. 01 baked fruit in pot, stored to most relished; for it considerable journeys made last winter. KP carried "bananas" in kioho car- by mt. groups. Hu called nanadjaga, obtained N rying frame (1572), ripened green fruits under of habitat; ate fresh only. KP gathered in tight grass; preserved fruit boiled, sometimes with basket to prevent leakage of juice. maize meal. NN mashed fruit on metate, made into 352. Cake of saguaro fruit similar to brick brick, many perforations for air; stored in hide of figs; Ci, WM wrapped in willow bark for trans- sack buried in juniper-bark-lined pit in cave; port and cleanliness. dried fruit cooked as mush. EN stored in bas- 353. Seeds separated from dried pulp in water, kets. WM ate dried fruit after soaking. WS, Hu sank to bottom; sun dried, parched, ground into used deer shoulder blade (952) with buckskin- meal; so greasy used to fry in same as lard (HP), wrapped handle to macerate frutt before drying. a modern practice; also substitute for brains SU peeled, seeded, stored dried ripe fruit in (1042) in skin dressing (HP). HP boiled fresh for buckskin bag. Wa seeded, dried, stored in pot wine, syrup, or jelly; seeds precipitated, dried, with skin; dried fruit boiled to eat. Zu peeled, pulverized, eaten as pinole. Ci used saguaro boles seeded, boiled, dried for storage; eaten during (2 together) as containers for caked dried fruits; 4-day meat taboos in winter. SA boiled preserved also to soak dried fruit in separating seeds, fruit or chewed dry. HP allowed nearly ripe which basket parched after sun drying; sometimes fruit to ripen till skin black; split open, pulverized with maize. KP ate ground seed dry as seeded, dried with skins, stored in pot; dried pinole, sometimes mixed with maize meal. All fruit boiled, skins skimmed off. groups denied reclaiming seeds from feces; KP 334. Flower stalk eaten young. Boiled by Zu, attributed to SE Yavapai of Superstition Mt. re- SA; roasted by KP. gion; Russell (p. 71) attributes to Pima. 335. SU roasted flowers in coals, ate centers 354-356. Prickly pears or tuna (Opuntia). only; stalk not eaten. Flesh eaten; seeds discarded in all but 3 groups 336. Root stalk for soap. ST, Wa used leaves (ST, Zu, SI). Number of kinds used: 1 by Ll, 01, also. SU, Wa; 2 by NT, Zu, SA, SI; 3 by EN; 4 by SC, 337-340. Narrow-leafed yucca. Flowers boiled WS, Hu; 7 by Ci, Me, HP; 8 by WM; 9 by Li; 10 by by groups who ate, except SU roasted in ashes. KP. 338. Butt or "cabbage" cooked in earth oven 354. WN fruit of low Opuntia in Cameron-Leupp by WS, Me, Li; by others in ashes. KP said Sand region; EN to Canon de Chelly for Opuntia fruits. Papago cooked and ate. 01 ate little because indigestion. Besides one 339. Wa cooked fruit in earth oven; water species regularly eaten, SA ate sparingly of added for steaming. Foliage over fruit, then species with larger fruit which caused dizziness earth; fire on top. Cooked overnight. Eaten at and headache. SI ate yellow and red fruits; if once, or dried. fresh, seeds spat out. HP boiled fruits of some CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 95 into syrup; if overate chills and headache for used 10- or 12-stick stirrer, 917.) SI parched or 3 hours. in Spanish oven, manipulating with wooden pad- 355. WN singed spines, dried fruit. When used, dle. Li, SI on stone. ,boiled, seeds thrown away. NT made dried fruit 370. Hulled on metate after parching, to 'into round, thick cake similar to cheese. Hu crack hulls only. Winnowing followved: WN hands put dried fruit in water, drank, in winter. Zu and breath, or winnoving basket. Zu willow pulverized dried fruit with parched maize. SI Nicker winnowing basket (1634) in wind or with ground dried fruits, including seeds, on metate; breath. Ll pot or basket. SU in basket. Pilnon .meal boiled in water to mush. Of 10 species everywhere cracked individually with teeth. Li eaten by KP only one dried; if very ripe, peeled only used small hammerstone for hard-shelled before drying, seeds removed, pulp made into variety; lacked metate. .brick; to serve, dried flesh pounded to meal, 371, 372. Paste of whole nuts with thin mixed with water, drunk. HP split and dried only shells or of hulled nuts. WS mixed with Spanish- hone species, sonmevwhat hard, not many seeds. ST bayonet fruit, mescal, etc. Li alone made paste ground Opuntia seeds, mixed with acorn meal. by pounding with stone on flat rock or rawvhide; 356a. Cholla cactus. SA ate yellow fruit of others used metate. SA mixed paste with warm fleshy, branchy cholla cactus; KP, HP ate another water for gruel; given baby as milk substitute. 'species. SA roasted in hot ashes to denude of [stickers, then steamed in small pit, covered with Walnuts aadmp earth, fire on top for hour or 2; caused :fruit to swell; eaten, or dried and stored; 375. After ridding of skin by pounding, nuts later stewed with chili peppers, as sometimes ashed in basket in running stream by Ci, WMn was tuna fruit after seeding. KP picked green WS, Hu; in wooden bowl or pot by Me, Li; in fruit of small cholla in spring, cooked over- night in earth oven covered with grass and earth. large tortoise shell by Li. WM sometimes shelled in bedrock mortar-near ruin. WS on flat rock. KP Some eaten, remainder dried and stored in pots. cracedrone atartie with h Stone o ,HP ate pulp of branches when buds just opening; cracked one at a time with hammerstone. :singed stickers; boiled and ate flowers. 376. Also pulverized with Spanish-bayonet 357-363. Other cacti. Large and small "barrel" fruit, etc. (wS, Li). cacti and probably species of Mammillaria. ST incidental in dietary. Wild Plums and Cherries 358-359. WS ate fruit pulp of small "barrel" cactus, probably Mammillaria; seeds dried, 377-380. EN chokecherries and another sort; parched, pulverized, eaten with mescal syrup or flesh only of latter eaten. Me 2 chokecherries; dried Spanish-bayonet fruit. Me ate figlike one "intoxicated" if ate too many. Li 4 wild fruits of 4 species of small "barrel" cacti in plums. 01 also dried strawberries, raspberries, .S part of range; also dried for winter use. 01 another white-flowered berry. Sun-dried choke- poked off fruits with straignt stick from small cherries ground very fine. WS boiled plums and globose cactus which just protruded above ground; cherries in pot. SU chokecherry-meal cake for brushed wvith twigs; fruit very sweet, eaten rawv, storage. No mixing chokecherries with pulverized ,seeds discarded. Wa boiled, dried, stored fruit meat. 9of small "barrel" cactus; also ate fresh, consum- Not in element list: (1) wild grapes, Li 4 ing seeds. Zu dried barrel-cactus fruit; pulver- kinds fresh or dried; (2) juniper berries, Ll ized with parched maize. SA singed spines from boiled, 01 not eat, SU raw without grinding but 'small "barrel"-cactus fruit. tested trees for "sweet" berries; (3) wild 360-363. Large barrel cactus with curved gooseberries, Wa raw. spines, called much by SU. See 406, 407. Zu only boiled buds, dried, stored. SU ate pulp of "Grass," etc., Seeds 2 low cylindrical cacti, of barrel type. 381. EN 6, pulled up or broken off, dried, XPiion threshed. ST several; one 15-18 in. high, seeds Pi-non gray. Me 3: wild "sunflower," wild "spinach," 364. . 3 kinds of edible pi-non; pecansalso wild Johnson grass. Li no seeds until learned 364. Li 3 kinds of.edible pi~ion; pecans also, from Tuetenene (intermediate Mescalero-Lipan gathered from ground or with thrown stick. e t 365-366. Gathering pion by thrashing branches rou), then chialike plant called stataslae seeds boiled without parching or grinding; has with pole, climbing and striking cones wvith stick (01), shaking branches with hooked stick corms one above another, raw or cooked. Zu 3 by 8 ;lCK (1 , . shaking branchzes with h ooked sticktt ' t (Me). Me, SA roasted cones in coals to open and hand; no beater "lest scatter." Wa bunch grass, d epich XWa i *n hts nd. SU po nde pace cnes seeds brown, ground with maize; grama grass, to extract seeds. Most groups ate kernels raw Botlu (fd Alc atod,sespce and parched , bu SAcmlie .fpth at by hand, beaten with stick in folded blanket, if raw. winnowed in basket, ground lightly on metate 369. EN parched nuts in coiled basket with to rid husks. coals; W, Zu, SIin pottry dish ver fir. (Zu 383, 384. Knife for seed gathering. NT ash 96 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS wood for "sunflower" heads. ST hardwood, 6-8 in. ach boiled, dried, stored. SI plant called calichej long, single bladed, for "sunflower" heads only; also one with Spanish name "waco" boiled. Zu small by pressure, not sawing; stone knife (384) same leafed water plant ra,!; 4 others boiled with fat. purpose. Ci stone knife cut "sunflowver" stalk KP 3 boiled greens. HP 3 winter greens, 2 summer foot long, sun dried to shake out seeds (386). greens; also tree buds, roasted, peeled, vwhite cen' SU foot-long juniper knife cut seed heads on ter 'like coconut.?? wooden rim of hide carrying basket (288). Me iron knife sometimes for wild "spinach," which Liquids dried for shaking out seeds (386). 386. EN pulled up Chenopodium (fide Alice 404. Natural filter by ST when wvater muddy. KP Eastwood) plants (Navaho, toste) by roots, dried, cleared muddy water in pot by adding fine ashes threshed 'rith stick on blanket, rock, or hard hich settled vvith suspended dirt. ground; hulled tiny black seeds on metate, win- 405. Sno for drinking. HP travelers. nowed by pouring in wind; stored in deep pit 406. Water substitute from barrel cactus. Top into which one must not step lest sink and cut off, pulp pounded with stone, clean sand put smother. ST tied "sunflower stems in bundles, in, further pounding, finally clean clear fluid. dried, shook out seeds. SC only dried plant tops 408. Fruit juices fresh. Saguaro and (or) over fire. SU parched cottontail-grass seed in tuna. Beverage of crushed sumac berries (SC, pit with hot coals, stirring with stick; win- sinkoye) water added; except Li, crushing on nowed by.pouring in wind. Other seeds parched on metate. Li 7 varieties of sumac. flat rock with coals, turned with 2 forked 410. Saguaro juice boiled, fermented 2 days. sticks 6 ft. long; hulled by treading with soft- Pital , -a juice sometimes by HP, producing sweeter soled buckskin moccasins; winnowed by pouring wine than saguaro. from coiled basket bowl. KP gathered certain 412. WIS alcoholic beverage by pounding cooked seeds by-bending plant heads over basket and mescal on rawhide laid over edge of rawhide-lined beating with stick. HP red-seed plants pulled pit to receive juice, which fermented in 4 or 5 up by roots, seed heads rubbed in hands. Carried days; no special ceremony at which drunk. in coiled basket on head ring. 413. Me mesquite pods boiled and fermented in 387. ST burned dry grass and brush to drive pot. HP added saguaro juice to boiling mesquite. game ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~pt and insure saguar cropt.blln msul game and insure better crop. 414. Sotol baked 1 day, by Me, juice squeezed into pot to ferment. Chia 415. SC, VPS, HP claimed maize wrine as native. SC, WS sprouted maize in damp, stravi-lined pit, 388-396. NT called nadiskit. WeS pulled up mashed it, boiled it, placed in pot to ferment; whole plant, dried, rubbed out seeds with hands; called tulpai. WS boiled Clematis blossoms in meal mixed with mescal syrup, etc. Hu boiled decoction to increase potency. Me maize wine ground parched chia into mush. Ll broke off (tiswin) from Mexicans; wheat mixed -with maize. stalks, dried on rawhide, threshed with stick, HP put "certain white flower growing at Pisinimo," ground on flat rock. 01 only-.wild seed used; in wine of person not liked, so person got drunkio carried and stored in buckskin sack. kquickly. Maize wine introduced to EN by Apache; Ci by Water Plants Mexican captives; WM, Me by Mexicans; 01 of maize obtained from Pueblos and Mexicans; Zu of black 397-400. Ci tule flower buds raw; pollen for maize, invention attributed to Mexicans. ceremonial use collected on buckskin. Me chil- dren ate cattail flower buds. KP imported tule pollen from Sacaton Pima. HP only ate pollen Condiments from tule and (or) cattail blossoms. 400. Tule stem bases eaten by children, SC; 416. Mineral salt. Me on ground in Guadalupe boiled in soup or stew, WS; raw or cooked, Me. mts. (good qusaity), banks of Pecos r. (poor White basal cattail stem eaten, Li. Blue-flowered quality). Li from ground in rock shelters near corm raw by Ci, "camas" raw by 01. Zaragosa, Coahuila. SU powder from ground in small caves; dissolved in vvooden bovvl, impurities Miscellaneous poured off; water evaporated, salt residue. 417. Salt from stalactites. NT cave to N on 401. Ironvvood (hotit kam) seeds parched in Colorado r. ("red water"); nobody lived in region. b-sket by KP, in pottery dish by HP; no boiling ST cave on Salt r. near confluence of Cibecue or leaching. creek; salt s craped into basket . SC cave on Black 402, 403. Greens. WN wild "spinach." EN bees- r. (ca. 5 days' round trip from Pinal mts.), an- .'eed leaves, some dried for storage after boil- other 12 mi. E of San Carlos. Ci cave near con- ing. ST greens boiled in pot. Me wild "spinach" fluence of Salt r. and Carrizo creek; stalactites and another plant . 01 sun flower-like plant when shot down with arrows; als o reddish salt from yeungx, also plant with beanlike pod. WVa -ild spin- cave floor; prayed to goddess Istlanatlehe, to her CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 97 son, and-to "the one wvho made salt"; timbers in stick; pulverized, made brick. Gift to man or woman cave as of old ruin. WM same cave; men went, some- who knew "water ceremony" to pray before start. times women too; prayed before start. WS scraped Without this, water rough, might "' swallo'" wiader, "crystals" in cave wall, in basket; pulverized at etc. Ceremony also at lake. Pollen given shaman, camp, moistened, formed cake over rawhide rope for -who entered water first. Only old men, women went. carrying; many salt caves in San Francisco r. No prayer or ceremony for cave salt. Hu from lake region. Salt cakes stored in caves rYith food. Hu only after praying; wore white buckskin. "Took scraped cave wall or stalactites; salt from small without prayer and lake disappeared." No ritual lake and by trade from Mexicans. for cave salt. Me occasionally from lakes near 418. Before Zuni lake for salt, Wa cave in Tularosa, but oftener from salt pool nr. Ft. canyon of Colorado r.; man lowered with rope; Quitman, Hudspeth co., Texas, where skimmed from rock salt, some reddish, some white; at home water. Li rock salt from lake between Villa Acuna ground on metate. SA dug reddish salt from cliffs and Piedras Negras, Coahuila, not near Rio Grande. or caves where deposited by seeping water. Ll lake "far to the east." 01 from Mexicans vwho 419. WN alkali "salt" from confluence of got from salt lake "near Albuquerque." Rarely 01 Little Colorado and Colorado r. ST from Little went to Laguna del Perro, near Willard, New Mexico; Colorado r., where crystallized on damp soil removed from lake bottom with bare hands. Wa from near water's edge; men and women on expedition; Zu lake; no permission or payment to Zu. No aihite salt formed into cylindrical cake on stick, car- clothes; entered water naked. Zu men only for salt ried by yucca-fiber cords. WM salt crystallized from War Gods' lake; priest accompanied; offerings on ground near salt spring (421) on Carrizo at shrine. 2 maize ears in husk painted with black creek; cake around stick, which pulled out leav- mud from lake bottom put with stored maize so "it ing hole for rope to carry; some Indians visited will last long." SA, SI rock-salt lake bottom near WM for salt by trade. Salt on ground at Gila Willard. Crossing not Papago, but Pima; all Papago salt 425-429. Ashes as seasoning. WN ashes from from sea. juniper leaves, sagebrush, or Chrysothamnus for 420. KP, HP only groups to sea (Gulf of Cali- bread. EN sagebrush, greasewood, bean-vine ashes. fornia) for salt, yet ate no sea food. Apparently WS juniper-leaf ashes (also boiled saline plant both to same place, described as lagoon reached with meat for seasoning). SU juniper-leaf ashes only by highest tides and located opposite island attributed to modern Navaho influence. 01 juniper- (perhaps Montague); 8 days' round trip from Gila leaf ashes in maize-meal mush (maize imported). Bend, Arizona. KP 2d place for salt, in north, Wa juniper-leaf or sagebrush ashes. Zu maize-cob apparently in Cocopa (Ku'apa) country, rarely ashes; blue powder from white stone burned over- visited. night with sheep manure for seasoning greens. KP details: White cotton headbands worn, no 430. Wa white clay in paper bread. SA calcined red and white paint (Goddard, p. 138). Novice on lime rock. salt trip fasted, eating pinole thrice a day and 431. Clay eaten with red berries by EN, SU, only what could be picked up in fingers at Wa; white clay with cooked wild tubers to prevent single attempt. Others did not fast. On horse- vomiting by WN, EN, Wa, Zu (also blue clay). KP back, round trip 8 days. All used scratching ate red clay to stop bloody feces. HP pregnant stick. On return novice sung over for 1 night at women ate white silt after rain. ST goddess, chief's house, then fasted 4 days away from vil- Changing Woman,forbade eating clay or other lage. "dirt" with crops she gave mankind. HP details: Old man directed. Pinole for food; 434, 435. Rabbit manure as food. Wa tamale of 1 pinch at meal, in water. No paint on face. white cornmeal, fat, salt, dung from intestine of About 5 mi. from salt place is open flat. No rabbit. Zu with tuna to "prevent pimples on chest." turning back for anything dropped there, but HP only as medicine for baby whose sickness caused one coming behind might catch on stick. Raced by father killing jack rabbit just before birth. around lagoon and on gulf beach; if good runner Rabbit gut cooked after cleaning. there, good racer later. Must not tell what seen on trip. For 4 days after return ate only Generalities concerning Food Preparation pinole, used scratching stick, camped awray from village. After 4 days returned home. If not puri- 436-438. Kitchen outside house in sunmer. ST fied, smelled like ocean, developed cough, died. in shade; in iinter in house or enclosure outside. Salt given visitors. 421. Salt from spring only by WM14; from spring SU in shade of tree. Wa in angle of ralls outside. and lake by SA; from lake only by others. Zuni 439-442. Cooking meat. salt lakes by various peoples for salt; not re- 439. Roasted in coals: WJN deer, antelope, elk. garded as exclusive Zu property: Ci deer, coyote. WS mt. lion, wildcat. EN dressed in white; shaman not necessary; 440. Broiled on sharp stick, etc. Me on hot dipped salt with hands from under water; if not rocks leaned up around fire; also on bent green careful, bad luck ensued; salt stored in pot oak wiithes overhanging oak and juniper coals. Li with flat s tone lid, in rock shelter. WS from on leaning sticks or stone; thus deer head against i[Zu salt lake; rock salt from bottom with digging- leaning rock. 98 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 441. Boiled. WN deer, antelope, elk. ST deer, ney plug removed first; then oven cover. Cushing antelope, rodents. Zu deer's head with ear of (p. 205) diagrams and describes for Zu. SA, SI in maize in mouth. steam cooking maize in husks (582) poured water o0 442. Meat cooked in earth oven by all except hot stones. SA hole at side for introducing water Ll, 01. WN deer, antelope, elk. EN hot stones, after which plugged and maize steamed overnight; earth over stones, prairie dogs, more earth, hot dried and stored. stones, earth, fire on top; porcupine cooked with 453. Besides mescal and maize few plants cooke layers of stones and earth on top of ground. NT in earth oven. WS pumpkin and squash. SU foot-lon wildcat meat covered oiith pine needles and earth; wild root which turns from wvhite to yellow after cooked 2 hours, no fire on top. ST coyote, aolf, cutting. SI pumpkin, squash. KP small cholla cac wildcat on wet grass over hot stones, earth cov- fruit overnight; oven covering of grass and earth ering, cooked 2 hours; horse and cow heads. WNS 454. SI cooked fish in earth oven, split, sun beef sometimes. Hu beef head, not deer or ante- dried, salted, stored in hide bag, pot, or basket lope head as spoil hunter's luck. Me bear's head, suspended in house. HP fish in earth oven without mt.-lion meat, beef roasts. Li heads of bear, hot stones. buffalo. Wa rabbits, not deer. Zu deer, rabbit, 455. ST several families used single earth ov porcupine, mt. lion. SA small mammals with either jointly only for mescal. hot stones or hot ashes, fire on top; cooked 457, 458. Earth-oven cover other than standard overnight. KP mostly rabbit, also deer bones grass or maize leaves. NT pine needles. SA cotton with little meat on them. HP deer's head with foliage. SI juniper bark. HP greasewood foliage. hot stones; jack rabbits without stones. 459. Fire on top of earth oven (see note 450). 444. WN worked pot into earth, built fire Ci for green maize. KP for rabbits. HP for pumpki around it. HP sometimes pot over hole in which 460-462. Meat sliced and dried. Ll, 01 single fire. pole on forked sticks, no fire. SU drying pole on 446. Stone boiling in baskets by W Apache bushes or betwveen trees. Zu pounded sliced meat to hunters to avoid heavy pots. At home in pots. hasten drying on pole supported by forked posts 447. SU pottery scarce, poor grade which often outdoors. SA on pole or ravvhide rope, stored in broke when boiled in; not every family had; buckskin or rawvhide bag, which beaten with stick locally made, not imported. Hence, some boiling to soften meat. SI dried on bushes or on stretched in stones Nith natural cavities, apparently not 2-ply hide rope. KP dried on mescal ropes. HP mortars. on rope betwveen posts and supported in middle with 448, 449. WS, HP sometimes parch6d in large movable pole like clothesline. tortoise shell. Me sometimes in aooden bowl. 462. Salting of drying meat to preserve, dubiou In pot parching, bowl usually over fire, food aboriginal trait; but as seasoning probably bona stirred to prevent burning. SI mixed coals with fide. KP, HP maintained salt for preservation; maize in pot over fire, stirred with 2 to 4 other groups for flavoring only, not salt enough sticks together. HP parching bowl vvith "ear" to require soaking before eating. After drying handles. with salt, Ll, 01 packed meat in buckskin bag. 450-459. Earth ovens. Ranged frQm huge co6p- 01 mt.-lion meat not dried. Zu dried salt-sprin- eratively managed mescal ovens with hot stones kled meat, tied in bundles with yucca fibers, to small pits without stones. Size governed by stored. SA salted for flavor dried flesh of amount to be cooked. In Pueblos, Spanish domed domestic animals, not of wild game. ovens have largely displaced earth ovens. NT 463. Small mammals dried after skinning and mescal cooking cooperative affair of several gutting. Wa cooked before drying. EN, SI, KP families; cooking wildcat meat (442), of one sun dried rabbit, etc., meat without cooking. KP family. Earlier earth oven of SU was small pit sometimes cooked rabbits in earth oven preparatory with hot ashes; modern earth oven larger, wvith- to drying. out hot stones, Navaho type. Zu variant with 464. Ll split fish, dried on brush. WS cooked coals in bottom, heated stone slabs around sides, on coals, ate at once; no fish soup. for pot of maize pudding with saliva sveetening 465. Small mammals pounded, especially for old covered with stone slab, maize leaves, and people. SU pounded bones with some flesh attached earth; fire on top; 24 hours, still used in on rock, cooked in ashes, ate as "sausage." Deer sheep camps. SI with hot stones for meats be- fetuses pounded, bones included; adult deer bones tween two hides; layers of brush, grass, earth, not. Zu small mammals with bones. EN, SI, HP and fire on top; cooked all night. More compli- removed bones before pounding (in rock depression, cated earth oven with horizontal draft hole and SI). vertical chimney used by Wa, Zu for steaming 466. Pulverizing dried meat by pounding with maize ears in husk, mostly sweet maize, for cobble on rock or in small mortar, not by rubbing preservation. Wa moist sand over maize, no (muller and metate); Hu partial exception (pounded stones, but pit preheated all day. Pit 7 ft. lightly on metate, then rubbed). EN not pound on deep, dug near edge of bank, so tunnel about 2 metate lest break; cobble for pounder (WN, EN). ft. above floor of pit ran to face of bank. Ll women pounded dried buffalo, deer, antelope Vertical chimney at back of oven plugged with meat with pestle. 01 deer, buffalo meat on flat maize foliage and earth. In opening oven, chim- rock with cobble, oftener in rawvhide mortar. Zu CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 99 shallow, nearly rectangular basin, stone mortar soon to be used; covered with sticks and earth, about 1 ft. square, for meat pounding; pounder so usually opened from side to extract contents. Xflat, muller-like pestle, also as muller to grind 474. Coiled storage baskets. NT 3-rod founda- chili in same mortar, to mix with meat. Wa mor- tion with Martynia design, higher in proportion tar, oval basin, shallow, shaped outside and in- to diameter than Pima ones; top covered with side; to pound dried meat with fat. grass; in rock shelter. KP, HP multiple-grass 467. Fat mixed with pulverized dried meat, foundation with mesquite bark sewing (Goddard, stored in skin bag (EN, SU, SA). 01 mixed salt p. 134); KP indoors on platform on 4-forked-post and fat. Zu ate dry, moistened with vwater, or foundation 30 in. high, grain storage. .with melted deer suet. Other foods mixed; acorns 476. Ci twined storage basket so large woman (WS, Hfu), honey (Me, no acorns), chili peppers inside to make. (Zu); usually eaten dry. SC boiled with maize 477. Zu stored chiefly dried Opuntia fruit in meal-. huge wicker storage basket indoors; wicker cover. 468-470. Breaking of bones for marrow univer- 478. Granary on platform in cave Ci, HP; some- -sal, subsequent soup (468) not. NT pounded on times cave KP. HP also small brush storehouse near flat stone (not metate), boiled for soup. ST dwelling. sometimes pulverized ribs with vertebrae for 481-487. Pit storage. Of special interest be- soup. Ci boiled bones 4 or 5 times for soup; cause Basket-Maker practice. With KP, HP not stand- fpounded vertebrae and other bones with mescal ard. WM pit vwhere morning sun shone, to keep dry. juice, ate without further cooking; marrow ex- Zu indoors or outdoors. HP sometimes in house, cov- tracted first. KP cut up deer backbone, boiled ered to leave no evidence; also at farm might bury for adherent meat. pot of food. Some vwild foods stored in pits: EN 469. Pulverizing of vertebrae. See 468. WM Chenopodium, SU wild "potatoes?" after drying. Wa boiled deer backbone, pulverized on flat rock storage pits in pueblo. Cists in floor of storeroom until mush. Ll dried pounded vertebrae, ate or corner of living room; stone-slab lined, slab without cooking. Wa deer vertebrae too hard, covered. but small mammal bones ground fine for food in 488. Skin bags for food storage. WN deer-hide small mortar after cooking. sacks on ground in dry caves; in late times of 470. Extracted marrow for food by all but horse, sheep, goat hide. EN dried muskmelon some- HP. "Ka ate cooked. times stored in skin sack in pit (490). WS on 471. Blood, fat, etc., cooked in paunch. NT stick platform on rocks, or on 4 forked sticks in tied tightly and boiled. Ci boiled or roasted cave (491). Hu saddle-bag type. Ll raahide bags by fire. WS boiled after pinning edges with carried, never pit-, cave-, or tree-stored. 01 small sticks and tying all around. Li blood in buckskin sack for storage and transport of chia deer paunch, not buffalo paunch, buffalo blood seed, also parfleche; never pit- or tree-stored. cooked separately; 01 no blood for food. SU SU buckskin sack from hide of large male deer, paunch and sausages (472) in earth oven with shaped like modern burlap sack except tapered hot coals (no stones). Wla boiled blood and fat to narrow width at bottom, for seed storage and in pot; tripe cut up, cooked separately, no transport; stored on bed of juniper bark in paunch or intestine filling. Zu, SA boiled cave, covered with juniper bark, stones, clay paunch and sausage (472). SA also cooked in plastered over stones to seal. SA rawhide bag ashes. SI, besides paunch cooking, boiled deer for dried meat shaped like modern burlap sack. blood with maize meal as mush; ditto KP. 489. Parfleche. WS with encircling cords, 472. See 471. ST blood sausage with fat dried venison. boiled, eaten at once. WS only beef or horse 490. Skin bag in pit. WSV3 lined pit with brush intestines for sausage. Me buffalo intestines, to prevent contact with earth. Li stone-slab- deer too small. SI cleaned deer intestines, and grass-lined pit with slab in bottom to pre- boiled, ate, not sausage. vent touching earth; in open, not in caves, for dried meat, Spanish-bayonet fruit; pit covered Food Storage with grass, earth. 491. Cave platform. Me sotol-stalk platform Well developed in Southwest, especially by tied with yucca leaves. Li rock platform. Wello groups win usually by 492. Bag hung in cave. HP only. Zu, SA from Pueblo groups which usually had entire year' semi os opeen as Asoe l supply of maize in storage. With wild foods, both beam in house to prevent rats. SA stored all plant and animal, similar foresight displayed as food indoors. Ci sometimes piled seed on cave manifested by frequent references to food preser- floor. Me sometimes unfired "pot" of clay and vation in preceding pages. This section deals grass for seed. .With storage devices for wild foods in particu- 493. Zu closed wall niche with deer hide or Lar . s tone blo ck . 473. Bird-nest-weave storage basket of arrow- 494. WSE cached mashed boiled wild "?potatoes" weed by HP, of other material by KP, on top in layers wvith grama grass on level rock s;ur- modern-type house or ramada (479 ) for mes quite face; cave closed with s tones . KP wild "potatoes " pods. None on top old-type house (see illustra- on house floor, used daily. t ion, Goddard, p. 129). On ramada stored foods 495. EN dried wild "?potatoes," dried maize 100 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS bread, etc., in pots. Wa sealed pot with sherd by trade, gift, payment for work. Eastern Lipan and clay; if crack developed, more clay. SA huge (Chishene) farmed a little. Tuetenene (inter- pots for grain storage in pueblo, cover wood or mediate Lipan-Mescalero) farmed a little along stone slab; if long storage, sealed with clay and Rio Grande. Ll maize from Mexicans and Pueblos grass (500). for baskets, hides, porcupine-quill embroidery, 496. ST pot in grass-lined pit, stone slab and etc. 01 now farm. Canjilon, E of reservation, one earth over top. of earliest modern farming sites. In earlier time 497. Caches in rock shelters. WM pots of wild farm products from Mexicans for baskets and pot- seeds, inspected periodically. WS empty pots in tery. mts. Zu in rock shelter pending removal to Zuni. 507, 508. Farming without and Kith irrigation. SI in caves and rock holes in mesas W of San Ilde- EN land flooded if possible by digging ditch acro fonso; concealed with rocks and brush, often left with handled hoe of horse shoulder blade. ST fa all winter. KP blccked cave with stones. HP rock on little flats sometimes, without irrigation. SC shelters for pots of food if living near hills. "to irrigate," tichoninanochi. Ci planted after 498. Lids for food storage pots. WN another rain. Wa some farms got rain, so no complete fail pot. ST, NT, SU stone slab. Wa note 495. SA wood ure of maize crop; shared if necessary. Zu not or stone slab, or clay and grass plug. SI pottery irrigate hillside plantings. Irrigation particu- cover. HP seed pot with sherd sealed by clay or larly at Nutria and Ojo Caliente, springs con- greasevood gum, sometimes rag added to make verted into reservoirs by walls. Formerly complet tighter. dependence on rains for farms around Zuni. SA gar 501. Food storage on tree platform. WS, Hu den plots with peppers and wheat irrigated from cached in trees *jvhere no caves; platform of small stream; also maize patches in Jemez Creek branches in forks, sacks of food on grass and bottom lands had ditch from creek. Middle June, rawhide, covered with same, tied with yucca-leaf water gone, depended on rain thereafter. SI maize cords. SI'sometimes in summer. planted 6 in. deep when rain only, 12 in. deep where irrigation from Pojoaque r. near San Ilde- AGRICULTURE fonso, from Rio Grande for W side cultivation. HP no irrigation from Gila bend S to Kaka. 502-506. Distribution in each group. With 509, 510. Ditches and dams. ST dammed creek wi years of government aid, it is difficult to de- rocks, earth carried in burden baskets. SI Pojoaq termine the precise extent of aboriginal agricul- and Rio Grande with timbers and rocks, sometimes. ture in each group. Elements 502-506 summarize pletely across if narrow, otherwise projecting pi results of inquiry. Vv farmer, haidmas; not de- to divert water to ditch. In closing sluice, EN rived from natak, maize. SC farmer nebinix (land stood on edge of deer hide and threw earth agains ovaner), nonfarmer binia,uti (land without); keyar downstream side. (ground), nebidacher (farm land). 511. Zu, SI women watered small gardens with p 502. All families farmed. Zu family fields 3 carried on head. Zu gardens of chili and onion, b or 4 acres, chiefly maize. lieved aboriginal (669, 670). 503. All who could farmed. 2 factors prevented 513. Wing fences to concentrate rain flow. Zu certain families from farming: (1) shortage of cottonwood. SI not, because muddy water bad for suitable land; (2) shortage of seed. Shortage 'of plants. KP brush check dams in arroyos to limit land: SC. Shortage of seed: EN, NT, Ci, WM. SC water reaching field at one time. HP removed wing farm land enough for about half of population; fences if flood, so water would spread over field chiefly in Wheatfields valley, near Miami, Ari- and not wash it out. zona. Ci rich men had farms, majority none. Today 517-521. Sites and soil. No doubt topography, 3 or 4 times as many farms as formerly. WM "1 in precipitation, irrigation, exposure, etc., accoun 12" families had farms formerly, now virtually in large measure for varying statements as to bes every family. farm land. WN levelness and sandiness, together 504. Only some families xho could farm did so. with sufficient rainfall, requisites for success- This element would seem to isolate those groups ful maize grovving; well drained sandy, not soggy, among whom hunting-and-gathering life still held soil was best. Wa preferred slight sandy slope; strong appeal as against farming. ST "too much sandy soil admitted rain water to roots quickly; work.' WS "too lazy" or no seed. HP some families sometimes planted in grayish soil (not really preferred getting farm products from Pima; cut black as entered in element list); never in red wheat for Pima, paid in agricultural products soil because cracked open and allowed underground (537). moisture to evaporate. HP soil must not be too 505. Exceptional families farmed. SU without sandy on account of drying too quickly; their ide farms depended on hunting and gathering, did not was loose soft soil with some sand. Zu planted in steal from farmers; however, people with farms various soils: sandy and heavy red soils near Zai did not go far in growring season. heavy black soil at Nutria. NT, SC heavy black 506. Nonfarming groups . These 4 groups got soil best. WM, WVS no preference so long as bottom agricultural products by trade or theft. Hu land near stream. Planting to one side of arroyo maize by trade from Apache 3 or 4 days' journey mouth, rather than directly in mouth where flood to E and NE, also from Mexicans. Li from Mexicans danger, was practice. SU avoided arroyo moulths in.| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 101 or of level places where rain water soaked in. perhaps among Papago too; at least HP hired out to SA, SI planted to side of small arroyo mouth Pima farmers, perhaps modern practice. Athabascan ere silt accumulated; SI regarded as good for (especially Apache) hiring appears to be ancient ize and vvatermelons. HP arroyo mouth or base of and probably explainable on basis of division of tgood farm site on account of accumulated population into farmers and nonfarmers. However, oil and seepage from slopes; such land usually farmers as well as nonfarmers hunted, so former airly clear of natural growth. No crop rota- had no dearth of products of chase and gathering. tion. Zu thought regular and steady cultivation Nonfarmers, however, lacked agricultural products viated necessity. which they got as return for their labors on farms 522-536. Sex labor. WN also children culti- of their well-to-do fellow tribesmen. Statements ated; brush hut for person guarding maize field. of informants follov,: fence of Spanish bayonet yucca to keep out EN hired people without farms and paid in prod- coyotes. NT, Ci, WS weeded by hand, no tool. ST uce; reciprocal help among farmers on one another's rk subsequent to harvest by women; old people farms. ST paid in food, maize-meal mush, venison. arded growing crops. SC one made holes, second Hired especially for weqding. No reciprocal help opped seeds, third covered holes; squatted among farmers. SC farmers reciprocated services at hen digging; weeds pulled by hand. Ci no pests times, but mostly hired nonfarmers, whom paid in 0 frighten from growing crop. WM weeded vwith produce at harvest. If nonfarmer seized farmer's gging-stick when maize small; when taller, idle land and planted it, could not be ousted, but eeds crushed down, because ground dried out if must pay farmer half of crop; this partial usu- lied; camped near when maize maturing, to keep fruct rarely exercised. With matrilocal residence, ff rabbits, coyotes, bears; fire of 2 oak sticks at times a man worked on his parents-in-laa's other hardwood to frighten. WS soaked seed farm. Family garden plots usually together, so ize overnight before planting. Children helped siblings often had adjoining tracts and helped D farm work. Family might move away after plant- one another; if one away, another might tend his g, because scarcity of wild products; returned crops. Ci hired vomen only for harvesting, men ccasionally to inspect. Sometimes bear or other busy deer hunting. 3 poor begged maize from al raided garden, but crow worst. Me, SU farmers. Others without farms worked for farmers, eeding by hand, no tool. HP women sometimes paid in produce; e.g., nonfarmer woman helped eeded by hand. farmer's wife shell maize, received some as pay. 532. Scarecrows. EN crowskin on pole. SC Payment also in mescal and other foods, but not uman effigy of weeds and sticks about man 's baskets or buckskins. Payment at time of service, eight (see fig.). WS cross of wood with old gar- not deferred. Women only hired; naturally poorest ents. Me of wood, yucca leaves, sage hat; be- sought employment most. WS farmers helped one another, presents of maize at harvest time. In- formant insisted reciprocity, not hiring. Me non- farmers sometimes helped farmers, paid in prod- uce. Reciprocal help, not hiring, characteristic of 4 Pueblo groups. Wa farmer killed sheep, women- folk made cornbread to feast helpers. When Zu farmer needed help, his wife or other woman of household went in evening to arrange it. Some distinction apparently of rich and poor, but even rich man helped poor man wvhen called. Women of helper's family moved near field to cook, divid- ing labor as usual (one grinding, one making paper bread, etc. ). Help asked especially at planting, when 3 men vworked together, one making holes, one dropping seeds, one covering. Helpers not paid, but thanked and wished would live to old age. Farmer's wife presented food to women of helper's family. Farmer reciprocated later by becoming helper. SI relatives helped each other harvest. KP farmer paid helpers, though reciprocity rule. HP farmer fed helpers saguaro, etc. ieved aboriginal. Wa human effigy. Zu of old Tools slothes and maize husks, arrow in hand. SA cross tf wood and old clothes. KP grass on sticks, 540. Digging-stick ranged from 2 1/2 to 5 ft. 'orked for legs; wrapping of Spanish bayonet and in length. EN 4, ST 4, SU 3, Wa 5, Zu 4, SA 3-5, arrow-leafed yucca leaves. SI 3, KP 3 1/2, HP 5. ST mt. mahogany, plunged 537-539. Hired and reciprocal farm labor. In- 2-handed into earth. Ci drove wuith cobble, |bitable hiring limited to Athabascan groups, prized up. Zu sat, soil scratched, perforated; 102 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS seeds dropped, covered. SA sith footrest for placed kernels, so "would grow quicker"; 12 ker- tilling; straight for planter. SI oak planter nels if cut-worms, 7 if none. Zu depth of 4 finge with footrest, blade fire hardened. When earth widths. to be removed, WN used pottery dish. Zu planting when sun rose between 2 mountains 545. KP spatula weeder ("weaving-sword type") in May, determined by sun priest (1935) in Zuni to break doan weeds about foot high. from white stone on stone platform. Stone formerl 547. WN, EN weeder of shoulder blade of at Pescado where earlier priest resided. Moved to horse or other animal, xooden handle like Zuni in informant's time. Stone on low platform s shovel, to cut weeds at base. SA, SI, KP made priest can look over E house tops. Sun priest similar tool entirely of wood (KP, of ironwood). grays there every morning, in winter urging sun 548. HP iron hoe. hurry and warm up.?? 550. Zu piiion-wood hoe; handle at right angle In nonirrigated plantings, SA dug to moisture, to blade, in perforation in blade with pitch and 6-15 in.; in bottom lands (irrigated) depth 12 hide lashings; farming, digging wild bulbs or in. SI planted in April. corms. 560. Number of kernels in hole. WN 8; EN, WS 551. ST digging stick as weeder, someone fol- 4-5; NT, KP 3; ST, SC, SU 3-5; Ci, WM 5-6; lo.-ed to shake earth from roots. Me, HP 3-4; Wa 7-12; Zu 6-8; SA 4-7; SI 2-4; KP, HP 3. SA 4-5 white, 5-7 colored. Maize Distance apart, in feet. WN, NT, ST, SC, Ci, SU, KP, HP 3; EN, WM, SI 4; WS 2 1/2; Me 2; Wa 15; 552. 1 to 3 color varieties. SC blue tall Zu 5; SA 6-10. NT one stride apart; SA 2 strides red short. WUM blue, red, yellowv. Me white. SU (informant little man) apart for irrigated maize, white. 10 ft. for nonirrigated. 553. 4 to 7 color varieties WN 6. EN white 563. Planted during waxing or full moon. WN, 553 o 7 color variies. ran; 6spotted, striped SC, Wa moon nothing to do with planting. At full yellow, blue, black, red, roan, called trked moon by ST only in month dzi'tbe'ize' pAril). yelloav-red; spotted corn soft, called turkey SC when mesquite bloomed (June). Wa sun indicator corn because turkeys like. NT white, red, blue, of time to plant. black, yellow. ST blue, red, black or dark red, of He of st. yellow, 2d red, spotted, wvhite hard and disliked; 564. Height of stalk, in feet. WN, NT 6; ENS planted separately. Ci blue, yellow, white, gray 3-6; ST, Ci 4; SC, Zu 4-7; WM 4-6; WS, Me 5; SU, (556); no red maize which disliked. WS white, KP 3; Wa 3 1/2-8; SA 7-8; SI 5-10. Wa with goodri yellow, blue', red, mixed. Wa blue, dark red, yel- rains maize grew taller than man; if scant rain low, white, pink, spotted. Zu yellow, blue, red to 3 1/2 ft. SI stalk "dependent on soil." white, black, spotted, 2d spotted called bleagle Number of ears per stalk. WN, NT, SC, MVM 2-3; maize." SA .hite tall, blue short, purple in EN 3-4; ST, Zu 2-4; Ci 2; WS 3-5; Me, KP 1-2; dark and light shades, spotted, red and yellow SU 3; la 4; SA 4-6; SI 1-4. modern. SI black, dhite, red, blue, yellowX. KP Windbreak. Zu dry stalks for new plants. Wa white, blue, yellov, red, mixed red-white. individual, of brush, for maize in small garden, 554. SI sweet maize: gray, brown, red, yel- not for large fields. low, white. 565. Maize ears dried in "braids," hung up. 555. SI popcorn white, differed from white NT, ST draped over poles, ST between trees. Ci man's tied in pairs, stored in pit (570), usually on 556. Ci soft corn from Zuni; 4 or 5 Ci men hill slope. WM tied double bunches of 6 or 8 got for mescal. ears each, on juniper branches to dry. SU ate 557. KP, HP sometimes grew 2 crops. KP in maize green, saving 2 ears for seed. Wa bored March in sandy soil near arroyo; in July-August base of cob with awl for braiding"; seed maize in light soil, not necessarily sandy. First from other's fields in braids on walls; steamed harvested May, 2d October. HP, lower elevation, husked maize hung to dry. SA sometimes husked planted January, June. In early planting both green maize, parched on coals (567), braided, dug to moisture (4 or 5 in.), 3 grains in hole. hung; seed maize always braided, hung. KP braided KP, in March planting, first dug pit 15 in. extra large ears, hung for display. deep, 15 in. diameter, to reach moisture and 566. Maize dried on roof or platform. Top of protect from late frost; after planting, floor shade, WN, NT, WS, Wa (roasted maize temporarily),: of pit covered with inch of sand; as plants KP, HP. Me platform of willow 4 ft. high; stalks grew, pit gradually filled with earth. Soil with ears. H sometimes dried on platform as well around August maize as grew, not in pit; August as roof. Ci sometimes dried on ground. SA dried planting different place, same varieties, husked in fields, shelled in pueblo. ST ate no 558. Depti of summer plantings. Holes to dried maize till winter; in summer lived on wild moisture, in inches: WN, ST, Ci 8; EN, NT, WS, crops as ripened. Zu 4; SC 12; VI, KP 10; Me 5; SU 6; Wa 5-12; 568. KP shelled maize in basket granaries in SA 6-1S; SI 6-12; KP 2. WS planted in May, seeds caves. Only frost-bitten maize stored on cob, rvotted if too deep. After digging to moisture, ground cob as well as kernel for food; usually Wa half filled hole wvith moist earth, then eaten first. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 103 569. Me kept maize in hut, as rapidly eaten 586-588. Maize boiled with lime or ash. Eaten family, relatives, friends. As family moved, at once, it was obviously hominy as in SE culture rried in skin saddle-bag horseback or afoot. area. Almost equally often treatment :ias prelim- maize, pumpkins, melons, etc., in lo.-er-story inary to drying and subsequent grinding. Yucca- ck rooms; low wooden platforms, maize in tiers. leaf ash, S, Hu, Me, Li. Cottonwiood-bark ash, WS. 570. Maize storage in pits. WN not in sack. Oak-bark ash, Me. Juniper ash, Me, Li, Wa, Zu. shelled maize in unlined pit; covered with Sagebrush ash, Wa. Any ashes, KP, HP. Calcined ush, old blanket, etc., earth; kept all winter. lime rock, SA, SI, HP. Pot boiling with ash or t bottle shaped, bottom diameter length of man lime caused skin to peel off kernels readily; WS th arms stretched above head. WM pit in sunny washed repeatedly in cold wvater to clean off skin cation. particles. Me peeled after letting stand 1 night. 571. Maize in rock shelters. NT in baskets. SA peeled on metate with licht sliding pressure u pending removal to Zuni. of muller. SI peeled on metate with hand; mashed 574. Maize shelling by beating with stick. moist kernels on metate for tortillas. Some dried, on blanket, women, kernels remaining on cob kernels ground when used. essed off with thumb (575). Wa shelled short 589. No treatment of maize before grinding. Wa ars, difficult to hand shell. for flour. Zu white meal for ceremonial use; red 575. Hand shelling usually with maize cob, and yellow meal cooked in earth oven. KP meal or tick, stone. WM rubbed two dried ears together, flour. used a stick. SI used cob or stone. 591. Ci, WM ground pi-non nuts with maize, ate 576. Awl-like implement to start shelling dry as pinole. ize ear; shoved along suture between rows of 592. Maize kernels boiled with beans. Wa only ennels to force out kernels of first 2 rows at hominy. KP teparies. HP hominy with tenaries. least. EN, SA hardwood "awl." NT "awl" of deer '594. Maize-meal mush. SC green maize mixed with annon bone. Ci antler "awril," forced out kernels acorns. Wa unparched maize meal boiled an hour, in 3 places, then shelled with thumb or cob. WM eaten with boiled meat. ,one awl" on slightly green maize, for first 2 597. Chewed meal mixed with maize batter for ows of kernels, then shelling with stick. WS bone "sweetening" breadstuff. WN under American in- tr antler "awl"; 2 or 3 men did, passing to others fluence substitute sprouted wheat, pulverized and -to remove kernels by hand or cob. dried, to make "leavened" bread. ST regarded 580. Cooking maize. Wa husked green maize on saliva use as "dirty" practice. Wa denied practice, cob in earth oven; covered xith maize foliage and but now use "sugar" from sprouted *wheat, ground earth, fire on top; for greater part of day. and dried, for sweetening anything. Zu used saliva 581. WM, WS roasted green maize in husks, "sweetening" like Navaho; sprouted wvheat modern :peeled, ate at once. SU green maize in husks in substitute. small pit with hot coals; covered with ashes, 598. Stiff maize mush wrapped in husks and earth, fire on top. KP green maize in husks in boiled as tamale. SC green maize mush. KP whole fire; peeled, dried, stored. beans or dried pumpkin in maize batter. 582. See note 450, earth oven for steaming 600. Dumplings of maize meal. EN green maize. igreen maize in husks, especially if frost WM dry maize soaked overnight before glinding, ,threatened, preliminary to drying, storing. EN, for dumplings. WS maize-flour dumplings went to SC, steaming followed by drying, shelling, stor- pieces in boiling; wheat flour better. Wa white ing; boiled later, tasted like green maize; or blue maize flour. SA thick maize mush in teaming by one family, not cobperative affair. round balls as dumplings in stew. Y WS shelled before drying. Woman's motive often 601. EN maize batter, saliva sweetened, cooked desire to finish maize to go with others for on maize foliage in preheated stoneless pit. .corns. This occurred when I was with WM; but de- Poured over gourd cup in center to run in differ- arture premature, as few oaks had ripe acorns. ent directions. Several families combined. Head Zahung up after husking; shelled in -inter to woman made maize-meal cross, prayed for future tat; boiled and eaten like fresh maize. Zu earth crops. Then covered cake with maize foliage, damp yen, stone-slab walled, preheated 2 days, no earth, hot coals, wood chips, ashes, fire on top. tones in bottom; cooked 1 night; maize taken 602. Pudding in covered pot in earth oven. Zu ome, spread on roof; tied husks together, hung saliva sweetened, in pot lined with maize husks; ver poles to dry further. buried in earth oven. SA maize meal mixed with 584. Maize parched before grinding. EN on hot pulverized sprouted maize cooked all night in 8tone, or overnight in pit with hot ashes. Wa, earth oven; like jelly in morning. u, SA, KP in pot with hot sand. Zu in pot with- 604. SA dough of pulverized sprouted maize ut hot sand, in pit with rabbit-manure fuel. SI kernels in husks (tamales) in Spanish domed oven. Xn pot with hot coals, over fire, stirred with 2- 605. KP mashed green maize wrapped in husks, to 4-stick stirrer; now in Spanish oven, in hot ashes. 585. Parched maize ground and eaten without 608. EN unleavened bread (nes tan) baked in hot Frther cooking, as pinole. WN only pinole eaten. ashes. SI on cleaned hot floor of fireplace. Wa ate with salt; pinole also of dried boiled KP in coals, or shallow pottery dish. aize, parched, ground. KP maize pinole. 609. Ashes added to maize-bread batter. Ci 104 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS juniper foliage or yucca leaves. SA calcined siharum; white in color, planted in April, ripe 1ime. (dry) in September, while friJole (ganam) plan 610. Zu saliya sweetened batter of blue maize in July, ripe tdry) in October. SI large bean meal poured on hot stone slab, another hot slab pogon, claimed aboriginal, probably Wa hatiko added, more batter, and so on; cooked all night. ("lima" bean, note 613), for SI informant saw Cf. Cushing, p. 255, pl. llc. pogon groxing in Hopi country. SI pogon one re 611. EN juniper-foliage ash in paper-bread flowered, other white-flowered; grows 2 ft. hi (testi) batter. Wa sagebrush ash in blue paper KP teparies pauf; aboriginal bean. UP baf; whi bread (piki). Zu blue mineral ash (see note 425) tan. in blue paper bread to deepen color. 627. KP only grew teparies in maize patch 612. Colors of paper bread. EN goat's milk times. HP planted 15 days after summer maize; now used with red maize flour for red paper sooner vines too long and did not bear well; bread; "without goat's milk red maize makes planting gave better yield; dependent on summe white paper bread"; black paper bread from wild rains. seeds only. Wa blue, white, yellow, bright yel- 628. HP pulled up whole plants, kept uprig low, pink, red; white made of green maize. Zu lest pods open and scatter seeds before thres blue, red, white, yellow. SA blue, white, red; ing. for red, ground chili and red salt added. SI 629. Wa stored mozi bean in pot. KP teparie black, red, yellow, white. in pot in cave. HP in pot for long-period sto in sack for daily use. Beans 631. Black-eyed bean or cowpea. KP osipauf, varieties, believed aboriginal. HP huwatauwm 613. Frijoles. WN nakosi. EN from "Spaniards." NT pesot. SC besul; white and black spotted bean; Pumpkins and Squashes planted end of July; blooms over long period. Ci be'esus. VM besol. WS ekas ute. Me beskans ute. 633. W#N nayisa; color varieties green, gray Wa mole; also bean called hatiko, which inter- black, red, yellow, white, spotted red-white, preter called "lima bean," some spotted, some striped; I think these terms describe color yellow. Zu noe. SA ganam. SI tewatu, about 1 ft. range for 1 or possibly 2 kinds, rather than high; from Mexicans. KP mui. HP mun; 3 colors. separate varieties, for EN reported only 1 kin 614. Varieties of frijoles. WN chix, red; EN pumpkin green striped, not ribbed. NT crook disin, black; tako, white; bak, gray; chixgish, necked, striped green and white, ripened in spotted; chisto, yellow; disizhin, dark red. August as did maize. ST crook necked only type, ST yellow spotted, red spotted, black spotted. grown. SC yellow, crook necked; called bekun; Ci pink, spotted white-black-yellow. WM pink, planted same time as maize. Ci crook necked o spotted, black. Me red, spotted white-red. Zu type, from whites; ripen in Sept. WS ripened yellow, blue, red, xhite, black, spotted. SA September. Me orange smooth; green striped, pink, yellow, spotted black-white. shaped like watermelon; orange ribbed; ripene 615. WS only sticks for frijole vines. ST Sept.-Oct. Wa batna; homi batna, crook-necked grew in maize patch; SI sometimes. squash; hopi batna, "black" stripes on gray; 616. WN beans on blanket to thresh with stick. machi batna, gray pumpkin; last 2 smooth sur- ST on Navaho blanket. WS, Me on rawhide. faced. Zu green with black stripes, some smoo 617. SN, VW stored beans in hide bag after some ribbed; squash with globose "body" and threshing. Me carried in rawhide bag, not stored smaller globose "head," green with yellow in cave. Wa stored in cotton sacks made from stripes. SA varied from yellow to pale green bride's wedding robe. SA in white woollen sack, with dark green stripes, smooth to warty sur- 1569. SI in bag of soft buffalo rawhide, like faced; some double bodies like hourglass; pla burlap sack, hung from beam in house. end of April, ripened Sept. SI sligfhtly ribbe 618. Ci frijoles in pot in pit. Zu in pots orange, yellow, white, green, blotchy brown., and, if short, in pumpkin shells in wall niche. ha'a with soft-shelled seeds; yimki with hard 619. ST frijoles in burden basket or pitched shelled seeds, hard rind, thick flesh; yellow basketry bottle. SC in old basketry bottles in to green, some striped; surface smooth to rib pit. Ci said pit storage would rot beans. globose to crook neck. HP ha'a, plain pale g 621. Green bean pods eaten whole.Wa bapbii, or orange, sometimes slightly streaked with Zu tapiya (to hang up); suspended in bundles to rhitish, or whitish streaked with dark green;6 dry for winter, when boiled. SI boiled hole nyumpi, crook neck (638), almost "black," rib pods wiith meat. smooth, very thick skin; da'kas, ribbed, wide 623. Wa, Zu broke up frijoles (hatiko, see longitudinal dark green stripes on greenish note 613) to speed boiling; never parched. ground color.3 625. WMa small bean called mozi perhaps 635. Introduced pumpkins at Wa orange ribba tepary; white (hocha chacha, white small) and pink, or "black. " l black (komap chacha, black small). SA tepary 641. UP no pumpkins in maize fields lest v (iaentified by Prof. G. W. Hendry) called grow up stalks.ll CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 105 S. Pumpkin dried in long spiral strips. NT with white stripes; (d) very small "gray" melon about 2 months. ST not stored, as eaten with white stripes, pink seeds. Zu 1 kind wvith WS, Me tied in folded bundles. Wa peeled, black, brown, or pink seeds; "yellovu" flesh; d, spirally cut, hung outdoors to dry; bun- thought aboriginal. SA, SI 1 kind with black, tied with yucca-leaf fibers and hung for red, or white seeds. SI boiled flesh till consis- er drying; some small pumpkins not fully tency of molasses, for syrup on tortillas. KP 3: sliced and dried with seeds. Zu peeled, black, red, gray seeded; pit storage for water- till sticky, cut spirally, hung to dry; melons only, covered with earth; no lining to tied in bundles, dried further; unripe pit, which circular, about 5 ft. deep, vertical ins threatened by frost warmed vvith fire of walled; melons kept 2 months. HP 3 varieties on and brush to hasten ripening, then treated skin color, not seed color: white, "black," ove. SA ripening hastened as by Zu, peeled striped. t for small strips of skin, cut in long 661-663. Gourds by trade from Mexicans (Hu, ls, dried on poles; strips folded and tied 01). ST grew large ones for water bottles, too torage; bundles hung for further drying, big to carry on journey. Zu man carried gourd a any fashion. canteen to field. Ci gourd cup, not basket cup. -647. Pumpkin storage. EN whole pumpkins SA gourd spoons and dippers. imes cave stored till spring; dried pump- 664. Cotton growing. Zu got from Hopi, except trips in rock shelter with juniper-bark small quantity grown in chili patches. SA grew ing. Ci ate when ripe, no storage. Wa some- for weaving. stored unripe whole. SA whole stored on 665. Sunflowers. NT seeds from Hopi. NT, ST platform in room. KP sometimes hung up grew and ate. Parched, hulled on metate, winnowed, *necked pumpkins. HP stored on grass in kernels ground to paste, eaten. SC sunflowver no cover. seeds from Mexicans. Wa seeds to dye cotton and 8-649. Pumpkin cooking. In earth oven: W1S, wool navy blue; sometimes eaten. I, HP. Zu covered hot coals in pit with 667. Wheat. SC from Mexicans. Ci, Zu thought put pumpkins in, covered with sand, built aboriginal. Zu little used. SI planted in March. on top; also baked in Spanish oven or HP planted at Christmas; garavance at same time. ed in open fire. HP pumpkins only food for 668-t7l. Some other introduced plants. WS built fire on top of earth oven; fry pump- sweet potato, chili. Li collected wild chili, *tals when they fall. ate with meat. WOla ground chili on metate. KP ate 654. Pumpkin seeds. SI not eaten. wild chili, different from cultivated; also wild Parching. EN in old pot. Wa seeds of "onions." Wa dried peaches in pots. Zu peaches striped gray pumpkin only. Zu with juniper- from Spaniards; 2 or 3 trees to family. SI be- shes, salt, water; eaten with maize-meal lieved apricots aboriginal. if more than 1 seed eaten at time, tooth row out like tusk; shells as wvell as ker- PETS -eaten. HP in pottery basin, stirred with stick. 672-678. Dogs. EN dogs from gods (yebiche). Grinding. EN on metate into meal like Short-haired type height of fox terrier. Long- d oats. Zu bread of pumpkin seeds and maize haired type larger. ST dogs scarce; one in in- Itogether. hle yelre.S ossac;oei n -eed . . formant's village. SC, Ci scarce; Ci every family . aukln-soedkern fat.sKP nopumpkin seed did not have. Li from Mexicans after ovvn breed chapping, also deer fat. KP no pumpkin seed extinct. Wa tradition states man of Willow clan apping or as paint base. HP cleaned dirt brought first dog from N while Wa people lived Fnds, greased face as well as cleaned, at pool at foot of 2d mesa. 673. Naming of dogs. MN color names. SC word Various for dog, sicheyani; named for peculiarities, such as black nose; interpreter's dog called -657. Muskmelons. 5 stated aboriginal; 5 machize, spotted. Ci dog and coyote called ba'; exicans (see element 655). Wa 3 kinds: sample names: ba'notol, striped dog; ba'sichine, green, cantaloupe-like. Zu cantaloupe dog eating too much. NM named for mt. lion, fox, others ancient; muskmelon cut in strips, etc.; informant's dog named dinosuze, horse VVith n dead branches; stored hanging on poles stripes. WS named for color, head, tail, etc.; SA dried muskmelon on poles; boiled to e.g., black ear, striped head; also for carni- * long yellow muskmelon ancient type. vores: mt. lion, etc. Me like WS: four eyes (on 660. Watermelons. WN black, gray, white, account of spots over eyes), stubby tail (if d; seed colors pink, black, white. EN, tail cut off or naturally short), blacky; also X"Spaniards." WS seeds black, white, red; for carnivores. 01 names: white, spotted, etc. montion as to varieties. Wa 4: (a) globu- 5Wa for totems. Zu dog might be called "look"; Fite with greenish-gray stripes, red seeds; some named for color, appearance; some for carni- bonlight colored," pink seeds with black vores: mt. lion, fox, coyote; no clan names. SI hamed for girls' hair whorls; (c) green for wvild animals from rabbit to buffalo. 106 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 674. Dogs not talked to, because if replied 686-698. Eagle taking. See elements and notes speaker would sicken or die. NT, Ci not talked 93-101. to, but not dangerous. ST: "Z!ho ;iants to talk to 686. Adult eagles killed. Ci, WM sometimes kil a dog?" was informant's retort to my question; eagle gorged on fawn or rabbit and unable to rise dogs called, urged to pursue, ordered aviay. vWM quickly. Ci also shot perching eagles. SA shot dog thought to know of impending events. KP turn adults. to stone if dog replied, hence addressed no con- 687. Caged eagles seem to have been taken as versation to dog. eaglets rather than adults. Me believed sang when. 675. Burial of dogs. NT in brush clump, stones owner having hunt success. SU eaglets when trying: over so vultures not eat. Li under branches. 'Na to fly, caged at home, plucked when old enough well-liked, useful dog under stones. SI buried (688). Zu captive eagle drinking water with rab- good, threw worthless in bushes. KP well-liked bit manure; owner took some in mouth, sprayed dog under stones. Wla, KP reared puppies on soup eagle to make tame. SA no ceremonial for eagle if dam died. EN goats sometimes suckled. killing, catching, keeping. 676. Dog used in hunting. See elements, notes 688. Eagle feathers plucked. NT wing, tail, 126-132. WM informant's dog dinosuze caught rab- down feathers. Zu covered eagle's head, held feet, bits, etc., for master. plucked; feathers for dance costumes. KP sometime' 677. Difficult to determine if mere aversion ran dowvn gorged adult, plucked, released; eagles or actual fear to eat dog. Seemed to be fear: not killed. 1W:N, EN, ST, KP. WVN cease to be human if ate. SC 689. Eaglets taken by any hunter. INS tapped on because of its omnivorous diet. Wa tradition of head to render unconscious; tied, took home. Li dog eating. KP dog "human," not eat it; forbid- no chief, shaman, medicine required to take eagle den from beginning of world." Zu finder of nest marked place with tree limb on 678. Castration of male dogs. WNN, EN, Ci, rock. SA eaglets taken from nest. SI if nest in- SA, SI for' home-staying qualities. EN hanged dog accessible tied rabbit or bird to long pole, held till unconscious, operated. Nonurination about near nest, so eaglets fluttered out. Carried home, dwelling objective: NT-, ST, KP. Zu hunting dogs. built cage. KP note 2943. 679. Domestic turkeys. Wa tradition of turkeys 690. If inaccessible, HP shot flaming arrow, reared for feathers; feathers of xild turkeys into nest so eaglets fluttered down. from W Apache groups (681). Zu turkeys once re- 691. EN and 3 W Apache groups tied eaglets to duced to 5 birds belonging to 1 man, so insuffi- log at nest; parent birds fed; plucked when old cient feathers for priests' prayer sticks; im- enough, released from log, but left for parents ported feathers of wild turkeys from '3 Apache; to continue feeding. NT put white beads on tarsus 50 young wild turkeys added to tame flock, now of one eaglet; also helped feed denuded eaglets. ample feathers for monthly prayer-stick plant- 692. See note 2943. ing. SI turkey feathers for regalia; for Deer 693. Eagle cage. Me brush hut with perch. SU dance strung on sinew, hung back of dancer's framework hut, buckskin cord on foot (694). Wa head. small open-shed shelter on housetop, tied to 680. Some groups failed to xear young -wrild stick weighted with stones. Zu square cage with turkeys in cages. EN claimed success; caught rock in middle, turquoise buried beneath; old large young ones on roost at night, cut feathers clothes on top for shade; usually neair horse of one wing; old people ate pulverized quills corral. KP of ocotillo branches, tops tied to- after feather barbs removed. NT success, keeping gether, circular ground plan. in hutlike cage until large enough to kill and 694. WS tied captive to tree some distance pluck; not eat. ST young turkeys caught, reared from house. for feathers. SC hunted, took none alive. Ci 695. WN, SU filed beak with abrasive stone, yroung wild turkey for pet, not feathers or meat; SU also talons. Released after plucking; re- 'belonged to tribe like child"; when adult, ran mained around camp, fed scraps, grasshoppers; away. WS small roofed brush corral; died before fledged flew away. mature. Hu domed cage (701); died before mature. 696. Wa buried slain eagles in special place. Me small turkeys went mad, starved when caged. KP no eagle sacrifice. Li tied string to foot, no cage; unsuccessful. 698. Ownership of aeries. WN family. NT clan 01 young died in captivity. Yakohikain; no other clan could take. ST communit 684. Hawks killed. SC for arrow feathers; all chief received feathers. SU discoverer entitled birds killed except eagle. Ci killed for feather. to eaglets for 4 years; relatives in council then KP hawk killer fasted 4 days away from village; decided owner for next 4 years. Wa clans; special feathers presented to elders, as in eagle cere- men took eaglets. KP "eagles unlikely to lay in mony (691). same nest again," but if did, another community 685. Hawks caged. Ci afraid to keep lest might decide to take eaglets; no vested right owner s icken . Me sparrow-hawk only; when tame,? in aerie . came and went at will. Li sparrowhawks and 699. Mockingbirds kept. NT, SC, WS for song; others. Wa sparrowhawk on string, no use of young birds reared, released, returned regularly feathers. Zu red-tailed hawk and another caged, to cage; fed sunflower seeds, grasshoppers, worms, plucked periodically. etc. Zu caged, plucked periodically. CULTIRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 107 Other tirds. Mourning dove (Hu, Li, Wa), white- port brush or bark and earth covering. EN juniper ged dove (NT, SC, KP), quail caged (WM). EN bark, WN Chrysothamnus shrub if no juniper bark. ed, reared, ate "snowbirds" (apparently Junco), Tightness of earth covering varied with season; ing young about ready to fly. White-winged in hot weather brush hogan with little or no e (Melopelia asiatica) for song by NT, SC; earth covering. Smoke hole just forward from peak ter called it kidustete. Ci reared Band-tailed of hogan, but about centrally located, as slope eon squabs (Columba fasciata) on acorns and toward door longer than back slope on account of ds; kept around house, not caged. Young quail poles leaning against horizontals that form sides cage by WM for few days. Wa sometimes kept of entrance-cover roof. (See Gordon B. Page, rning dove (Zenaidura carolinensis) squab on Navajo House Types.) ing; freedom of house when tame, returning to Three other types of WN, EN houses declared ot. (At Hopi village of Moenkopi I saw tame modern by some informants: aw, 15 years in family.) Zu jays caged for (1) 4-posted, flat-roofed hut (called midjasi ther plucking. One KP family had pet crow. hogan, 4-legged hogan), with sloping poles lean- Ianmals, snakes. Me no success with wildcat ing against 4 horizontal stringers resting on tens as pets, too pugnacious; bear-cub pet forked corner posts, partly earth covered; best eased when too big for safety. Li did not tie described as resembling Pima type (cf. Goddard, cage bear cubs, but encouraged to stay around p. 129). Elliptical or oval ground plan with p by feeding; killed, eaten when grovn. Wa diameter 15 by 30 ft. to 10 by 20 ft. times tamed baby jack rabbit, kept in house. (2) Octagonal house of horizontal logs, crib KP family had pet coyote. Wa only group cap- construction, cribbed-log roof, earth chinked. ing snakes, for snake dance. Smoke hole increased in size in hot weather, re- 700. Square bird cages. Li of yucca leaves. duced in cold. House called dizike. For ancient of saguaro ribs. cribbed-log roof, see Kidder, SvV Archaeology, 701. Round bird cages. EN domed willow cage. pl. 28. of bear grass. KP round cage or hut for (3) Stone-walled7house, mud chinked, ellipti- let only; see note 693. cal or oval ground plan, with domed roof of log cribbing, or sometimes horizontal log roof. Diam- HOUSES eter 10 by 20 ft. to 15 by 30 ft. House called tenakte (stone circle). .Dwellings ranged from lean-to and brush hut NT hut domed, inner thatch of juniper bark or *one extreme to storied, plastered rectangular, grass, outer thatch bear grass. Thatch loose, not ,one pelstuteathotrextreme. in bundles, tied in place with yucca leaves al pueblo structure at the other Pla (ikaye). Floor not dug out, because rain water ,rusive at E edge of area is tipi of Plains ol orgin Ony 2grops(Ll, 01) used tipi would enter. In summer, fire outside entrance, ian origin. Only 2 groups (l 1 sdtp which S-shaped covered way leading into hut. In exclusion of conical or domed brush hut. Two winter,-shapedterveredut.yWinadingeentoa.ut. I er groups, using tipi (Me, Li), used brush winter, in center of hut. Wind screen ca. "f0" .Some hybrid strctures in .vhich skins par- ft. in front of entrance, ca. 5 ft. high. Somecoverid strushhurs lmnt 724).h skins parST domed, 4 foundation poles bent over and l1y covered brush huts (element 724). tops tied for start. Red grass, big grass for inner thatch, singly or mixed. Bear-grass outer Dwellings (Thatch and Earth Covered) thatch. Entrance passage ca. 10 ft. long, 4 ft. high, S curved to exclude draft. Chiefly winter The relationship of conical and domed brush used.(See fig.) Entered stooped. 5-ft. high, wide a is not clear to me, especially among wind screen in front of S entrance, ca. 5 ft. ps which use both. They may represent noth- from entrance; sometimes sat there. more than variant uses of available mate- is. The conical hut required heavier poles the domed structure, which took advantage C the elasticity of slenderer poles, and sup- ted a heavier weight of thatch if bent con- ly than if laid straight. Moreover, the domed cture because of convex external curvature o slightly more head room than a conical one, obviously this was not a determining factor .omed huts would have completely displaced ical. Both lacked center posts. Is same structural elements occur in different a of houses, I here describe the types found SC domed hut of branches, thatch of bear grass each group, apart from tipi, pueblo, lean- or tule; latter from Wheatfields valley near shade, corral, and sweat house. Miami. Horizontals bound on bent branches of 11,EN typical dwelling was conical, more or frame with yucca-leaf ties; same for binding earth-covered, hogan. 3 forked posts for thatch. Might live in caves in winter. adation placed at N, W, 5; never on E, wNhich Ci huts, domed and conical, called kowa. Frame- rance faced. Many smaller posts added to sup- 108 ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RE CORDS work of branches avith bear-grass thatch bound on forked foundation posts, many small poles, juni- i-ith Spanish-bayonet leaf lashings. Juniper bark per-bark thatch, earth covering. not used account fire risk. Encircling hut was KP house like Pima pictured by Goddard (p. 129) little trench to conduct away rain water. Single- Wattled house (i.e., vertical stick walls plas- curved, covered entrance passage to exclude aind, tered with clay) modern. Walls and roof of old low at mouth, higher at junction with hut. type of mesquite branches with saguaro-rib hori- Curved brush screen in front of entrance. In sum- zontal pieces. Inner thatch of greasewood, outer mer, fire in area between this screen and mouth of loose grass, lashed on with split yucca leaves. of covered entrance way. Additional thatch in middle of roof to give slight WM domed and conical thatched huts; former for run-off for water. Earth on more or less flat roo, summer, latter for winter belied by preponderance and banked ca. 1 foot around base of house. Door- of conical huts in August, 1935. Conical of cot- wav with curved "lintel," no built-out porch. tonwood or juniper poles, 4 foundation poles tied Saguaro-rib thatch needle, one worker inside, othe at top with yucca leaves, bases buried ca. 1 outside. KP denied adobe structures like Casa foot, no orientation of entrance. Yucca leaves Grande ruin. for binding poles together and lashing on bear- 705. Diameter, in feet, of houses with circular grass thatch; for thatch, bindings passed under ground plan. EN 10; NT, ST, Mv`, WS, Me 15; SC 15-2 some poles and over thatch. Small smoke hole in Ci, KP 12; Hu, Li, 12-15; SU 8; HP 16. conical house at peak junction of poles, made 708. Diameter of corner posts of dwelling house smaller in winter to conserve heat. Domed house WN, EN (8 in.); KP (12 in.). lacked definite smoke hole. In summer fire out- 709. Height of interior of houses, other than side doorway. Crescentic windbreak of piled brush tipi and pueblo rooms, in feet. WN, ST, SU, Wia, in front of doorway. KP 7; EN 8; NT 10; SC, Ci, WS 10-15; WM 7-14; WS domed and conical thatched huts. Domed ones Hu 8-9; Me 7-11. like SC; conical like WM, except 3 foundation 733. House floor dug out, depths in inches: poles, lashed together at top with rawhide; tied WN, Wa, 12; ST, SC, `M 8; Ci, Hu, 5. on ground, then set up. Bear-grass thatch for 735. Doorway heights in feet, in houses other both types; rawhide from wild cattle over por- than tipi and pueblo rooms. WN 6; EN, NT, ST, -W, tion of exterior above beds. Domed-hut framework Me, KP 4; SC, WS 4-5; Ci 4-6; Hu 5-6; Su 3. EN of ocotillo where available. Doorway merely open- to support entrance cover, posts rise from periph ing in side, framed with stick at top and sides. of house proper. Hu only domed thatched hut with earth heaped 737. Doorvay E: WN, EN, Ci, Wa, KP; NE: NT, ST; around base. Bear-grass thatch. In modern times N: SC. thatch only on lower part in some cases, upper 739. Doorway closed with woven mat of juniper covered with rawhide from wild cattle. Framework bark or Spanish-bayonet fiber (EN), with skin (SC of oak branches or willow, ditto horizontal WS, Hu, Me, Li), wvith pendent grass (SC, WM, KP), binding poles which tied on with yucca-leaf with blanket (WN, SC, Wa, KP sometimes). lashings, as also thatch. Floor covered with 750. SU 2 fences of brush built out a few feet sagebrush, bear grass, etc. Smoke hole merely from each side of doorwray; curved to help exclude-, parted branches. Fireplace sllghtly excavated, wind. enclosed with stone slabs to shut off wind (743). Me had 3 types of houses. Domed brush hut Skin Tent (kowa didjule, ball house) with smoke hole, thatched with bear grass, over wrhich covering of 751. Diameter, in feet. Me 15; Li, Ll, 01 12-1 7 or 8 dehaired buffalo hides, pegged to ground; Total number poles. Me 14, Li 12-16, 01 12-15, Li. doorway closed with skin hanging. For other Me 15. Materials for poles. Me tipi called kowa house types see 751, 782. kodeti, tall house; of sotol stalks in plains; Li had 4 types of houses. Domed hut framework yellow pine, Douglas fir, spruce, quaking aspen like SC (Goddard, p. 149), thatch of bear grass, in mts. Li Douglas fir, spruce, quaking aspen. tule, or cabbage-palm-leaf sheath, in which fi- Ll fir saplings from mts., no suitable timber bers cross "like warp and aeft of cloth." Some- along river. 01 fir. times ca. 8 buffalo hides over thatch. Conical 752. Number of buffalo hides for cover. Me, Li hut ca. 11 ft. high, bear-grass or tule thatch, 12; 01 5-6 (sic); Ll 10-15. Me had rawhide thongs sometimes covering of 7 or 8 buffalo hides. on tipi cover edge. Occasionally old hide saddle blanket hung in 755. Tipi entrance faced downwind (Me), E (Li,' doorway. For other Li house types see 751, 782. 01). 01 faced sunrise which usually downwind. SU domed hut without center post. Frame of 757. Li stones for temporary tipi fastenings. juniper branches; thatch of juniper bark, thick- Loose grass or sagebrush on floor. est on top; no hides. No earth covering or bank- 760. Me tipi cover carried with travois, a fevi ing.- poles only taken, new ones cut. Ll cover on Wa conical hut like Navaho hogan for shelter horse 's back, poles dragged, owner wzalked or rode from rain when working in fields; hut called another horse. 01 divided poles equally on tra- umnuki; "old Hopi type, not recently from Navaho." vois; horse dragged to next camp site. All details of Navaho hogan; no center. post, 3 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 109 761.-Li painted realistic designs on tipi Lean-to, etc. ver: buffalo, sun, etc. Said to be old, not ost dance.. 782. Me, Li double lean-to thatched with tule, 762. Li back rest on tripod; of willow sticks also with bear grass by Me; called kowa chiskane, ed with rawvhide; served also as part of mat- lean-to house, by Me. ess. Used in skin tipi and brush hut. Rolled 784. Single lean-to against limb or horizontal carried when moving camp. Always horse, so pole from tree (WN, EN, Li), tree trunk (`TX), ing easy. rock (WN, EN). Li as dwelling sometimes; covered 763. Me temporary shelter of 1 pole support- with hide. WN covered with brush and earth, EN g skin cover which pegged down. Two additional with pinon bark and earth if in mts. TM branches les as ventilator adjusters. against tree trunk for temporary shelter. Wa 2 long posts in front, 2 short behind, roof and Masonry Houses back brush-covered, sides covered halfway w-ith brush; slept in at fields; called puhuki (leaning 765. Masonry wrork. Wa sometimes filled old over). KP used as shade near regular dwelling; ructure to make better foundation for new, usually 3 leaning pos ts to support brush. tno filling of lower-story rooms otherwise. 785. Dug pits as temporary dwtellings. Wa lower part of walls (foundation) of stone, applied term chuokachi to square pit with stairway per of adobe bricks; round and angular stones, cutink earth ond ton side; broofed soith heavywt om around pu eblo, used; men and women worked sticks from side to sid e, brush, soft grass, with gether on masonry. SI adobe, "because too far mixture of clay, water, sand on top. Used as rain gy from proper stone." Lower-story rooms for shelter; no fireplace. KP pit "house" similar, od and miscellaneous storage (Wa, Zu, SA, SI). steps down one side; ca. 6 ft. deep; roof raised 767. SI roof of large timbers, smaller tim- slightly above ground level, thatched, earth cov- rs7. at righ al llow bra, s,agr ered. Timbers for roof from side to side no sup- srs at right angle, willlovv branches, grass, *9 v stly mud and earth. porting posts. Square ground plan, just big 768. Zu men assembled willow branches for enough for 2 people to sleep in in winter. Neither se before beginning construction. Wa nor KP pit shelters comparable with pit houses use ~~~~~~~~~~of Basket Maker 3 and Pueblo 1 periods. 769. Wa special gray clay for floor surface. 76 sU family onm uually ledud polished adobe floors with pebbles. 786. SU family on move usually lived under 770. Wa "pink" plaster on inner wvalls and trees. ite clay (not gypsum) for whitewash. Zu white 787. Rock shelters as winter dwellings by Hu aster from place ca. 12 mi. from Blackrock, when hiding, by SU from preference. Me lost reservation, on road Blackrock to Gallup. hunters took refuge in cave. other mine for white plaster near Zuni; very 11 entrance, roomlike cave within; material Assembly (Ceremonial) Places t burned, merely dissolved in water. Applied th hands wvrapped in rabbitskin. Outside plas- Ranged from masonry kiva of Pueblo villages or of adobe and -heat straw applied t-ith bare through corral or fence to mere open space. nds. SA burning gypsum for whitewash modern. 788-792. Masonry kiva. At time of visit num- fawn-colored clay for inside plaster, from ber of kivas reported: WNa (5), Zu (6), SA (2), it 300 yards S of San Ildefonso; sifted (632) SI (2). rough twilled yucca basket (1624), mixed with Wa built on cliff ledges, so one wall formed ter, applied with bare hand. by cliff. Hatchway in roof covered with grama- 771. Low "bench." Wa stone. Zu flattened log; grass bundles in cold weather, made by men; so rolled blanket to sit on. SA cottonwood ditto Zu. Zu kiva not separate structure but ock, SI adobe; all ages and sexes sat on it. room in pueblo. 6 kivas associated with 6 car- 773. At Wa I saw cornices of clay with slabs dinal directions. Tradition says kivas at Ha.Ji- fstone on top, clay resting on projecting roof kuh, prehistoric Zu village, were round, vhereas mbers and sticks. square rooms now utilized at Zuni. Zu societies 779. Wa burned holes to receive ladder rungs; did not meet in kivas, but in family rooms. SI dders tied top and bottom to prevent sides 2 kivas, summer and winter; former S of latter; reading. Zu prevented spreading with pegs in- floors ca. 1 ft. below outside ground level. rted in projecting ends of top rung and by Maize dance in summer kiva. rying bottom in earth. SI only sometimes tied 793-796. Council house. WS, Hu outdoors, in ladder rungs instead of inserting. Zu covered winter within corral with central fire, no spe- tchxay openings in cold weather with bundles cial orientation of entrance. ST large dvelling tgrama grass made by men. for discussions by men; plenty of tobacco in Q780. Zu notched-log ladder to connect roofs of possession of owner prerequisite. Me chief's sightly different height. SI notched-log ladder tipi or specially large domed hut (family dwell- tside, sometimes inside. ing, not special council house). Li council of t ~~~~~~~~~~~elders met in house of chief (naneta'), in corral 110 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS in winter, in open in summer. Wa head chief's hunter's camp corral open to S for sunshine. KP f house was place he met with priests of different ceremonies, for treating sick. societies. SI governor's house as meeting place. KP chief's house larger than others, used for Sweat House. council meetings, which also outdoors sometimes; chief's family remained or retired to smaller Lacking the sweat house were 2 Jicarilla Apache house. groups, Pueblo groups (except Zuni), 2 Papago 797-802. Dance place. More frequently open groups. Presence among Zu would seem due to Navaho space than structure. example, though denied by informants. 797. EN special hut sometimes for sand paint- 822. Conical sweat house. WN ka'che. EN covered ing and other religious activities; for squaw with juniper bark and earth. Hu rawhide over bark dance, square shade (799). and grass, rawhide removed after each use. Zu 801. Corrals for dances. WN called ixnache. outdoors for men, indoors for women, closed with EN constructed for bear and fire dances. KP woven blanket. Nowadays indoor of canvas, tempo- circular corral for vigita ceremony; torn down rary; outdoor of Navaho type, permanent. after use. WS sometimes danced in open, but in 823. Domed sweat house. Ci kachi'. WM covered winter especially erected brush corral; corral with Navaho blanket, dried after each use; struc- always for deer ceremony (155) and curing cere- ture sometimes with earth up sides, balance blan- mony (2893). ket covered. WS closed with rawhide; whole not covered with rawhide, "because steam would spoil Shades and Enclosures it." Me no buffalo hides over sweat house "because: steam would shrink them." Li covered frame with 803. Windbreak of branches. WM for shelter buffalo robes. In spite difference, Me claim sweat when huntirtg, etc. Hu sometimes curved windbreak house from Li. for temporary dwelling when moving. Li as tempo- 829. Me, Li stones in fire in center; after rary dwelling. Wa of cottonwood branches. fire died out sweaters entered. Li put skin cover 805. Number of posts supporting shade roof. on after fire died out. Others heated stones out- Dependent on size; small 4, larger 6 or 9. WN side, then placed in center (Zu), to right of door j EN, Me, Li, 01, Ll, Wa, Zu, SI, 4; NT, ST, SC, as entered (WN,EN, NT, ST, SC, Ci, SU), to left Ci, WM, KP 4-9; SA 4-6. Only shades with 2 or as entered (WS, Hu), left or right (WM). SC basket more posts in median line could have center of water in sweat house for sprinkling hot stones, higher than sides; ST and sometimes SA; others each 10-15 lbs. weight. WM vesicular lava; hot denied. WN shade called nedasuka'; cottonwood quartz broke when sprinkled. Zu put pulverized branches best for roof. NT any kind of foliage sagebrush on stones, then sprinkled water. for roof. ST shade; thatched with maize foliage 830. ST entrance only faced NE; EN only faced N. Li bear-grass thatch. Ll for summer shade, also 831. Seldom fixed number of individuals took used ceremonially at annual relay race. Wa, SA sweat bath. SU limit 3, Zu 1. Other estimates: WN SI shade on farm away from puebjo; Wa called ' (6-10), NT (6-8), ST (10-12), Ci (6 or 7), WS 4-post shade takachki, top for drying maize and (about 10; all helped construct; after completion muskmelons. others might snbeat too), Ru (10). 807. Square flat-roofed shade sometimes at- 832. Daily sweating of men WM only. Only sick tached to house by WN, EN only; to tree by , women used among Me, Zu. Me sick woman with men; EN, NT, ST, WM. never all women; treatments on different days. 808. Zu shade with brush side walls, timbers SU woman sweats with husband. and earth on top to exclude rain. 833. Number of treatments to cure. WN, Ru 4; 809. Zu half-cone willow "arbor" sleeping WS, Li 1; Me,EN, SU several; Zu 4-5. WN used for apartment on top of shade, reached by notched broken bones and wounds; denied by others. WN, ladder; if too many ants on ground. SI sleeping EN, Me for all sickness; others some only. arbor on top of shade a half-dome of bent Rheumatism: EN, ST, SC (not for fever), Hu (4 branches. times in 1 day, once a week), Zu. Fatigue: EN, 813. Circular, domed, or conical shade. Li SC. EN for venereal disease; badly injured or conical with 3 foundation posts, no center post, very sick not allowed. NT for fevers, aches; once brush covered. 01 domed, brush covered, no for headache; if 4 times headache worse. ST not center post. Zu conical. for broken limb bone as would swell. WS not for 814-820. Circular enclosure of boughs (cor- broken bone, wound, boil, or carbuncle lest poison ral). WN ixna, for hunters' encampment. Ci nan- penetrate and kill; owner warned sick person that destil, for su3mer camp of family. WS made most used at own risk. Li for sickness only, not for extensive use, see elements 815-820; for hunt or war. SU for various pains. Zu for cramps. (820) see note 2893; for hunting (816) curing HP lacked sweat house, placed sick person on 154; for less serious purposes, orientation of greasewood foliage over hot stones in pit; covered entrance not required. SU of juniper boughs for patient with cotton blanket; done where no wind. family in summer; for curing 820) no special 834, 835. Sweating before dance or war. WN men orientation; for puberty use see note 2434. Wa to impersonate deities in masked yebichai dances. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 111 T 2 sweat houses built for incitement war dance. tom, 2 on sides; square ended, front end narrowed; WS, Hu might sweat before dance or war, not man- paddled and poled; informants thought aboriginal. datory. 849. Li bullboat for children; informant towed 836. WS old man erected, owned sweat house, with rawhide rope in mouth; 3 others swam beside led singing by sveaters; anyone might use. Hu to steady. 4 songs during svveating. Me shaman leader of 850. WM baskets only to ferry seeds, etc. Me sweaters sat at rear, sang. Li shaman erected, sometimes ferried food in basket on log. led singing therein. 851. Bridge sometimes log. Zu made 2-log bridge 838. WS politeness, congeniality among for maskers to cross Zuni river. SI logs resting sweaters; poking fun, mean remarks forbidden. on crossed posts to cross high Rio Grande; pier 840. WM man just had sex intercourse must of rock enclosed in willow fencing at each end. wash before entering. Informant thought ancient, but no doubt Spanish. 841-843. "Bathing" after sweating. WM, WS 852. Zu, KP no swimming. Overhand stroke was rolled in or rubbed on sand when first coming both hands forward simultaneously, then dravvn in out, reentered, sweated more, came out and bathed. toward chest; at same time feet kicked up and SU, WN, EN used sand if no water. Me sweaters down. WN learned to swim in exile at Ft. Sumner, 'beat selves with grass bundles while sweating. New Mexico. In WN region no swimming. ST inform- [Zu bathed with water from jug. ant claimed he could swim under water ca. 60 ft. 01 said "women never swam." Wa swam in deep NAVIGATION; SWIMMTING water holes after rain. 853. Me, Li breast stroke women only. SU held Aside from hide bullboat of Lipan, no craft nose when head under water. Groups that swam dived .,hich floated by displacement. Bullboat was tub head first; ST also feet first. of skin, not paddled, but towed and pushed by swimmers. Lipan also enjoy unique distinction of GRINDING tule raft. Considering scarcity of navigable waters in Southwest, virtual absence of boats 857-878. Metate and muller. Except Li, all 'not surprising. Equally expectable is greater, groups used. Movement always back-forth, not rotary. but still feeble, use of water craft among Lipan Highest development among Pueblo groups with dif- on Rio Grande than among other tribes visited, ferent metates for coarse and fine reduction of who had no stream of equal size. Only on lower food stuffs, i.e., meal and flour. Colorado would comparable development be found. 857. Metate with raised side rims reported Ll used no floating device whatever, but crossed and observed only among SU. ST wear sometimes rivers on horseback; 01 took children across made troughlike. Metates found, not made, Zu. rivers on horseback. Both found and made, NT. Makeshift of any flat 845-848. When necessity required water trans- stone ST, WS, Hu, Me. port, logs principal reliance. Cottonwood logs 858. Preferred metate stone for general grind- EM, WS, Me, Li, SU; sometimes Ci, Hu, 01, SI. ing (not fine) purposes was vesicular lava, ex- SC log raft to cross high waters on war party, cept WN, EN, SU. SU hard gray stone (not vesicu- e.g., when returning from Mexico with booty. Ci lar lava, not sandstone); pecked intokshape with log raft shimaeti (sticks floating on water), pick (1011). Me first choice vesicular lava from made of 4 parallel sticks with 4 more across; beds W of Three Rivers, 2d reddish stone, 3d gray to cross Black r. in high water; not needed on granite from Sierra Blanca. Zu, SI vesicular lava Cibecue creek; used only for goods (food, bedding, for coarse grinding; SI muller of same material etc.). WM lashed cottonwood or deadwood logs to- (875). KP metates: One seen 130 lbs. weight, sides gether sith yucca leaves, towed by 2 or 3 swim- slightly higher than middle, of stone (not vesicu- mers, who held yucca cords in teeth over shoul- lar lava, not sandstone) from little hill just S ders; for ferrying goods such as mescal and of San Xavier mission. Another, of vesicular lava. seeds. Two others flat all way across like Pueblo type. WS raft of crossed logs to ferry goods; about All four for same purpose. 5 swimmers to tow and push across river. Person 859. Sandstone metates rare. NT disliked ac- learning to swim used single log. Hu raft tied count grit in food. with yucca leaves or rawhide; swimmer towed with 860. Bedrock metates used, apparently all rawhide rope in mouth. Me square of 4 logs with ancient manufacture. Ci near Cibecue. WM used rawhide stretched across, to ferry children over camping. KP had none, but 3 in one boulder just Rio Grande or Pecos r.; cottonwood raft to ferry E of Sells, Arizona. Li sometimes ground on flat goods; leading swimmer had rope in mouth, 3 be- rock by rubbing, not real metate. hind shoved. Li ferried goods on single, double, 861-864. Notes on some materials ground. See multiple logs, or square raft of tules; last also food preparation, pottery. WN yucca detergent least useful; propulsion entirely by swimmers. crushed on metate. ST fawnskin under metate to Informant (woman) towed with line in mouth. SI catch meal; sumac berries ground. SU seeds, sumac 2-log raft paddled with hands or poled. SA modern berries, pinion nuts. WM nowadays coffee. Me pinon flat-bottomed skiff (canoa) with 2 boards on bot- nuts. KP wheat ground, beans (625) roughly broken. 112 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 865. Metate movable. NT, ST imbedded slightly 879. Bedrock mortar characteristic of mesquite to make steady. Ll, 01 carried when shifting belt; often near ruins and apparently used also camp. by former natives. WM sometimes used for walnuts. 867. Pueblo metates imbedded in hardened clay Li sometimes used bedrock depressions in mts., in bin. EN had 4 stone slabs on edge around to be regarded as incipient bedrock mortars. SU metate, not actually against; hardened clay on pounded meat in rock depression with cobble. SI floor inside slabs to keep food clean; buckskin bedrock mortars near ruins never used. at lower edge of metate to receive food. 880-882. Portable stone mortar for food. Me 868. Several metates, graded for coarse and had some, believed of natural origin. Apparently fine, characteristic of 4 Pueblo groups only. natural pestle used. Meat pounded, not medicine At Wla I saw 3: 1st of vesicular lava, 2d of gray or tobacco. Li large and small for meat, dried rock, 3d of smooth gray hard rock. At SA I saw mescal, mesquite beans. Pestle found, not made, 2: one for coarse grinding, other for medium natural or ancient pestle. SA mortar for meat; or fine; formerly 5 grades so 5 women worked si- I saw shallow one with cobble pestle; mortar multaneously. WM ground thrice on one metate made by informant with steel tools. SI mortar when fine flour desired. KP only 1 metate, but pecked out, exterior unworked; not know if different mullers for coarse and fine. pestle (892) natural or worked; pounded meat, 869. Said to be ancient, but Mexican, were juniper berries (latter as preliminary to single legs and double legs at one end of metate grinding on metate). HP for mesquite beans; in- to give slope. Two legs: WS, Hu, Me. Single leg: side chipped out with iron bar, outside not SA, SI. Slope estimated 20-30 degrees among 4 worked. Pueblo groups, 10-15 degrees among others. 883-887. Small portable stone mortar and pestle 871. EN man might sing wnhile woman ground. Wa 883. NT made, working only interior; made small men sometimes sang for party of women grinding. cylindrical pestle (895). At Wa I saw small mor- Resting Zu women might sing with grinders. tar with concavity oval and shallow; shaped in- 872. Muller length in inches. WN, EN 15; NT, side, outside; for pounding dried meat. At Zu I SC, Ci, WS 8; ST 5-7; WM 8-10; Hu, Me 6-9; Ll, saw shallow rectangular stone mortar for meat 01, Zu, SI 12; SU 10; WNa 12-15; SA 10-15; KP pounding (see note 466). Small cylindrical pestle 8-12. Wa muller equalled width of metate. NT used by NT, Wa, SI. of Strawberry valley made own mullers. 885. WS pulverized tobacco, and leaves mixed 873. Muller shapes varied in transverse cross with tobacco, in small portable stone mortar. section from rounded rectangle to flattened NT pulverized leaves only. WS only, shaman some- ellipse. Between these extremes probably com- times used small mortar for his preparations. plete intergradation. Intermediate form oval in 886. Hu pounded paint on any flat rock-no transverse cross section: Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, mortar necessary. SI small triple mortar holes in SU, Zu. Flattened ellipse form: WN, EN, SU, SA. single stone for pottery paint. On occasion any conveniently round stone for 888-890. Wooden mortar. Hu of maple, cotton- muller: ST, Ci, WS, Hu, Me, Li. WN muller seen wood, oak; for mesquite; shaped with flint tools, 15 in. long, thin, elliptical .in cross section, not fire. KP mortar in mesquite stump with stone of close-grained granitic stone (876). NT muller ax, no burning; mesquite pods pounded; denied used on one side only, that flat; other side cottonwood mortar. HP portable, used for mes- rounded, entered in element list as "rectangular quite; hollowed with tool, not fire. (rounded) in cross section." Ci mullers from 890. Stone pestle for wooden mortar (length, ruins or made; rounded rectangle to oval in inches): Hu 12; KP, HP 15. transverse cross section, one surface usually 891. KP wooden pestle ca. 4 ft. long; used flatter on account use; when too smooth, both in pit mortar (897) for cooked mescal. muller and metate pecked to roughen. Hu muller 896. Pit mortar lined with hide. Me pounded flattened on grinding surface. Zu muller top and 3 kinds juniper berries, mixed with water in bottom alike as both used for grinding. Of SA wooden bowl, boiled in pot. 01 for dried meat. mullers, I saw one oval in cross section, used KP only lined pit mortar with buckskin, not on 2 sides, 15 in. long, of vesicular lava; 2 or rawhide. 3 ca. 10-12 in. long, flattened ellipses, used 897. Pit mortar with stone at bottom. NT one side only. KP only one surface for grinding. where no bedrock mortar handy. KP slab lined. 874. Wa muller triangular in transverse cross 900. Ci pounded alligator-bark juniper berries section. Flat basal surface for grip, one of two in pit mortar; caked for storage; soaked and sloping sides for grinding surface. See Bartlett, drunk later. Me note 896. p. 16. 875-876. Quartz for mullers, WM, Me, SU; WM used -with vesicular lava metate. Ru sometimes BUqHES sandstone muller. Me preferred vesicular lava 9193 rs-tmbnl idi ide for metate and muller; granite used considerably preistrictyp brusshse busedlbyal t except i.de because more readily obtainable. Wa vesicularprhsoityebuhsdbyalxctL. lava muller for lava metate; close-grained hard One end even, other irregular; Ci, WM, SU even stone mullers for other metates. Mani.pulated end for hair, uneven for meal. Ci tied with with one hand if other brushing up meal. buckskin strip. SU made also of sagebrush stems. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 113 brush 1 1/2 ft. long, of tall stiff grass which 6-stick EN, Wla; 7-stick WN, EN, Wa. Ci not tie oVYs in sandy places in autumn; used for hair 2 together. SI 2 to 4 to stir parching maize. hven end) and general sweeping (uneven end); for 917. Wa 10- to 12-stick stirrer for maize. al another brush. Third grass "brush" as strain- Zu similar device of peeled willow sticks, tied r when adding ashy water to maize meal. SA sepa- together at one end. te brushes for hair and meal, former of finer ass. SI 8-inch grass brush for ha-ir, long grass SPECIAL RECEPTACLES rush for house sweeping, brush of branches for laza sweeping. KP grass brush for hair only, es- cially lice; no meal brush, used hand for meal. 920. Mollusk shell as container. ST aversion 904. Porcupine tail for hairbrush. EN, SU only. because shell lived in water. Me, Li river- le sometimes pine cone. SA modern oak comb. mussel-valve paint dishes. Me from Pecos r. 906. Agave-fiber brush for meal, NT, ST, Hu, Li large marine-shell cups, by trade from Gulf . For hair Ci, Me, Li. Ci, Hu separated fibers of Mexico. 01 no mollusk shells, cups and ladles Fom green leaf by "combing' lengthwise with of pottery. SI marine bivalves or limpets (?) oughly serrated natural stone. Fibers doubled for paint; river mussels too small. hd tied when green, making brush 5 or 6 in. 921, 922. Turtle- or tortoise-shell cups. dong. Hu tied buckskin over folded end for handle. Turtle shells WN, EN, 01, SU. Tortoise shells 907-909. Swab for imbibing liquid. EN juniper- Hu, Me, Li, Ll. WS ate both reptiles, presumably ark swab (909) for deer soup and now for goat's used both shells for containers. Me tortoise- iilk. Ci for bear soup, especially floating shell cup; Li small shell for mixing paint, ease; remainder of soup, i.e., water, thrown large for hide soaking (1034). Ll cup or food way. WM for bear soup, which not drunk from bas- bowl. et or other cur. . 923-927. Horn spoons and ladles. 908. WN deer s tail. Me deer's forefoot. KP, 923. EN shaman's ladle of mt.-sheep horn as rabbit's foot for rabbit soup. Me stick handle grease container.7Wa mt.-sheep horn from Hava- 'to deer-foot swab. supai. 925. Me buffalo drinking horn had hole in con- cave side so access to lips easier; buckskin STIRRERS AND STONE LIFTERS thong to tip to hang on saddle. 926. Li buffalo-horn ladle (Wissler, fig. 31). 910. Paddle. NT ash wood, for stirring and 927. Li buffalo-horn cup by heating horn, t asting mush. Me oak, for stirring. SU juniper, stuffing with rawhide to force into shape; point 15 in. long, for stirring. SI pihon vood or yel- cut off; buckskin thong attached for carrying. low pine, for stirring maize meal while parch- SU mt.-sheep horn, buffalo horn in hot, damp ing after 1st grinding and preliminary to 2d sand in making ladles; horn opened and spread; grinding; sometimes hot stones moved with it. narrow part for handle. SI boiled horn. [P saguaro wood, only slightly broadened blade. Items not in element list: SI spoon from deer 911-914. Devices for handling hot stones. Not horn where branches, boiled in working. EN ladle in element list is handling stones and pots xith or spoon of deer's chin skin, no hand4e, for soup -rawhide or buckskin, Ll, 01. drinking. 912. Ci, WM forked sticks for placing, remov- 928. Wooden spoon or ladle. WN cottonwood, for ing hot stones in cooking basket. WM picked up mush, etc. Me mt. mahogany or oak, for stirring; with 2 forked sticks. SU forked stick, on to mt.-mahogany spoon made by breaking branch at which shoved hot stones with straight stick. KP fork, working down by filing (989) with abrasive forked stick for lifting maize ears off fire, stone. Li oak and pecan wood; small ones for drink- not for hot stones. ing soup,large for stirring and dipping up; cut out 913. NT ash-wood tongs for hot stones in bas- with flint hatchet (998), fround down with sand- Aket boiling or earth-oven cooking. Li denied stone. Zu oak, red "cedar, also a yellow wood; lifting hot stones; mescal-oven stones and oak spoons for mush eating; ladle of wood some- sweat-house stones heated in place. KP handled thing like cottonwood, for dipping up. SA oak small hot stones with cactus tongs; larger ladles to stir and dip; also pottery spoons and shoved into place with stick. ladles. SI long-handled ladle of cottonwood or 914. Withe looped under hot stone. Not looped- pine, for dipping up meat. KP ladle of palo stick food stirrer of California. NT, Ci for verde wood; green Spanish bayonet leaf makeshift sweat-house stones. 915-917. Stickfood stirrers.spoon. 1 915-917. Stick food stirrers. 929. Stone cups and dishes in KP creation 915. Single stick for boiling meat or soup. story, not now. au pointed stick (919) with which meat also 931. Husk of dead mescal butt as container. s peared. Wa meat stirrer. SI for soup. Pitch container by NT, ST, SC, WS. ST as bowl for 916. Two-stick food stirrer EN, NT, ST, SC, soup mixing; no stone boiling in it. WS sometimes Ci, WMB, 01, W1a, SI; 3-stick WN, EN, 01, Wa, SI; coated interior with pitch, used as water vessel. t4-stick EN, 01, Wa, SI; 5-stick'llN EN, 01, Wa; SC old baskets as pitch containers. 114 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 932. Wooden platter for meat. WN only bark 940. Single-edged, retouched stone knife. NT slab sometimes. Li of oak and pecan wood; chipped of quartz, without wrapped or hafted handle. WM out, smoothed with sandstone. Zu oak platter. of black flint apparently. SU held by blunt back 933, 934. Wooden boals. Oak (934) favorite when used. SI squirrel-skin scabbard for obsidian a;ood. WN shaman's oak bowl. EN of mt. tree, knife. KP larger and heavier than 939; held by probably quaking aspen. ST of "vart" from blue- back, as for sawing bone; not used for wood. oak bole. Ci none made, but concave piece of 941. Chipped knife for butchering. Ci both wood found. Hu of oak, maple, cottonwood, shaped white and black stone. SU carried in quiver. inside and out with flint; mixing bowl for wal- 942. Chipped knife for carving wood. Me whit- nut and mescal. Me of oak and quaking aspen; tled wood for bow, arrow, etc. KP wooden figures hollowed by burning and scraping with sharp of animals (2846) whittled. stone. Li of oak and pecan wood. Ll of oak and 943. Wrapped handle of stone knife. Me wet tulip tree. Zu bowls and cups. KP of mesquite sinew from front leg of deer wrapped around flint, wood, platter shape, for dough mixing; wood then covered with buckskin. Li no wooden handle; shaped with chipped-stone chisel driven with rawhide wrapping on stone, then buckskin over it. maul of palo verde or palo fierro wood. HP of 945. Stone blade set in grooved wooden handle. mesquite wood. WS tied with sinew. Wa tied with 2-ply string of narrow-leafed yucca fiber. 949. Wa cane knife for hair cutting; hair laid KNIVES; AWLS, NEEDLES on wood to cut. Knives.-Iron knives so early and thoroughly 950. Wooden knife. SI oak knife; cut meat, replaced stone, bone, cane, and wooden knives green maize from cob. that it is difficult to learn about latter. 951. Bone knife. Me horse rib for meat cutting; 935-937. Impromptu flake of stone widely used horses from "beginning of world." Ll of deer bone, and example of eolith. Sometimes carried beyond antler handle; double edged; meat cut. eolithic stage by slight percussion retouching 952. WS, Hu deer shoulder-blade chopping knife (Ci, Hu, Li). Me used eolithic flake to hack to cut and mash Spanish-bayonet fruit. off branch for bow; also to chop neck vertebrae 953-955. Mescal knives. NT unretouched stone of deer laid on rock. ST sharp unretouched quartz flake, 8 in. long; no hafting. ST unretouched and to butcher deer, hack mescal leaves, cut sun- retouched flakes, latter serrate for sawing; no flower stalks. hafting; of quartz, blue stone, white chert; now- 938-948. Chipped knife, retouched. WN received adays butcher knife. SC kept several unretouched iron knives in trade from Mexicans before Ameri- stone knives in readiness tvhen preparing mescal; cans came. Wa made no stone knives; found, be- also retouched knife of chopping-knife shape lieved left by lightning,like arrowheads (1125). (953) with projection on back as handle (left 938. Length (in inches) of cutting blades of fig. below); unretouched blades for deer flaying. chipped-stone knives: NT, WS, Me 4; ST, WM 3 1/2; SC, Ci, Zu 6; Hu 5; Li, SU 6-8; Wa 3-5; SI 10; KP 3-6. { 939. Double-edged, retouched stone knife. ST of obsidian, white chert, or quartz; handle 5 or 6 in. long, of wood; carried in buckskin sheath on belt. Blade had side-notched base for lashing ;, I- 79Ci unretouched flake of dull black stone for leaves of mescal. WS informant knew only iron mescal knife-a hoe blade in median position in wooden handle (see right f ig. above), somewhat like SC (Goddard, p. 154). Hu iron "hatchet," sharpened on sandstone; set in middle of wooden handle like SC (Goddard, p. 154); formerly stone. Me iron hatchet from Mexicans, or steel butcher SDE= 3 VIEW ______________________ knife. KP elliptical retouched stone knife (fig.) to hafting with sinew or buckskin; shoulder haft- ing-handle not split to receive base of blade./ Black stone (obsidian?) from Fossil creek. Me obsidian from near Albuquerque. Wa knives of yel-( low and green flint. Zu see figure. KP for skin-\/ ning; one seen, of yellowish brown flint, ca..33 in. long, no hafting. CaX//,, t'fC i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 115 th single cutting edge; held by back, no haft- 972. Composite drill, i.e., stone point set g. HP ordinary iron butcher knife. in wooden shaft. EN length of shaft varied; Awls needles - cracked pot drilled and tied together with string. 957 ST shaft 10 in. long; shell and turquoise drilled. 957 Hardwood awl. WN of wood called tuwishdjl, Ll drilled Haliotis shell obtained from Pueblos r ear piercing (1359). Zu for perforating soft * d. KP of greasewood, knob handle; for coiled and Mexicans; in reservation days clam also, skets. for pendants (1238). SU shaft 14 in. long; edge 958. Hu steel awls and needles used; bone of turtle-shell cup (921) drilled for loop of lier. buckskin; cup set in ground for vise (974 while l 959r. Bone awl, of deer leg bone. 'VN front or drilling; river-mussel shell drilled for pendar.t, d 959. ST awl, of deer leg b boe. WN front or edge rubbed down on sandstone (977). SA hard md~ ~ leg STtbaviua annbn,o white stone made best drill point. SI turquoise dger hind leg bone; splintered, rubbed down on drilled with obsidian point. tone. SC lower front leg. Me front leg bone 974. with or point. ctured diagonally for awl. SU cannon bone. 974. "Vise" for holding object drilled. Hole 960. Bone awl of badger penis bone or wildcat in ground: WN, EN, Ll. SU, Wa, Zu, SA, SI. releg bone by WKa, no deer leg bone. Grooved rock: Ll. Hole in block of w-iood: WN, 962. Awl handle buckskin wrapped: EN, NT, SC, EN, Zu, SA, SI. Held by another person, WS; Hu, Ll, SA (also rawhide put on green), S placed on foot at base of toes, ST; held between 1 handle gum or pitch covered: NT (buckskin knees, Wa. ST drilled till wall thin, punched pped after pitching), Ci, *M, Hu. Awl handle hole through. SA held bead with fingers if using fottonwood root: Wa. PUMP drill (976). cottonwoohideroo vvl a a 975. Zu sometimes bead on hide vwhile drilling. 963. Rahiewlscbbr, . B976. Pump drill for shell beads, WN, Wa, Zu, in awl scabbard: EN, SU, Zu, SA, SI. Wa carried SA, SI; for turquoise beads, AN, EN, Wa, Zu, SA, 11 buckskin bag for awls, sinews, etc. SI. WN pump drill from Hopi. SC declared modern; 964-965. WN bone awl, for coiled-basket manu- g eture, moccasin sewing; antler avl for making ; . E inter overshoes (1470). EN long awl for basket aboriginal. ing., short for moccasin making. Wa badger 977. Smoothing slab of sandstone. Chiefly nisbong, sho for moccasin making. for beads and pendants. Me modern Haliotis pen- snis-bone awl for moccasin sewing. 966. Awl for boring wood. ES bored cane dia- dants. Hu bow and arrow shaft. agmbyh gawl between soles of feet and 979. Strung beads rolled on slab to smooth agm by holding ~~~~~round surface. WMN on string. Wa, SI on sinew evolving cane reed vertically on it. SU bored ring. Zuron grVss stem. Sao coton sing. oft .o wit boea*l string. Zu on grdss stem. SA on cotton string. oft -ood with bone awl. ^ . 967. KP 15-inch saguaro-rib "needle" (no eye) 980. Ci sometimes rubbed on any stone,tur- . . .~~~~~ye quoise,or shell from ruin. or thatch sewing. One man inside house, other t; needle through thatch which 6 in. thick, oca-fiber binding through hole. WOODWORKING; HAMERS, MAULS, AND AXES 968. Bone needle with eye. Li imitation of exican steel needles. Wa of wildcat front-leg Woodworking.- one, for embroidering manta, sashes, etc. Zu to 981. Timber cutting by fire. WN not done, e cloth sacks (286) made from rectangular loom- fallen trees for firewood. Ci, WS, KP for fire- oven pieces. wood sometimes. For Ci hut construction dead 969. Hardwood needle with eye. EN for blanket wood; manzanita wood, very hard, not used for ewing. KP of greasewood, for sewing cotton cloth anything. Hu no need to burn trees as plenty d buckskin. of small wood for huts and dead wood for fires. 970. Agave spine by SC, narrow-leafed yucca Zu house timbers from fallen trees. pine by Wa, SA; sometimes for skin sewing. Wa 983. Hollowing wood with fire. 01 wooden cca spine with fibers attached to sew sheep- bowls, finished with sandstone (989). SI cotton- kin buskins; to sew maize ears together in wood stump for drum (2207). braid" after hole bored with bone awl. SA 984-987. Fire to make wood flexible. WN, e.g., needle and thread" if no sinew. green wood for shinny stick put under fire 2 minutes, then bent. EN heated to bend, also DRILLING AND SMOOTHING without heat by inserting betvveen two rocks, bending, tying. NT note 1055. Hu, Me, Zu, SA, Except for Pueblo groups, working of shell and SI bow greased with fat before heating over fire tone for ornament was scant and drills rare. to bend. Zu bent stick into ring form by same ny groups reamed out hole with tiny flint held method. SU no heat for bending; bow bent with an fingers. tied cord; shinny stick from curved branch. 971. Drilling with tiny flint held in fingers. 986. Moist hot wrapping to render wood flex- {to bore socket in hearth of fire drill (1016). ible. See note 1073. NT green leaves and mud. 1 drilled Haliotis shell for pendants. SU EN, Zu in moist, hot sand. dilled soft stone. KP shell-bead drilling with 987. Heatinf wood in hot ashes to bend. SC tiny flint held in fingers, bead held by fingers wood for child s bow. 11M bark on in heating bow ,b othler hland. wood. 116 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 988. EN hardened wooden points by hammering with or without hafting. Li river cobble, with stone. grooved, oak-withe handle, for stake driving, berry crushing, etc. 01 used plain cobble with- Hammers, mauls, and axes.- out grooving or hafting; no hafted grooved Prehistoric grooved stone axes (993) and hammer. SU grooved-stone hammer without hafting hammers (999) used by most groups. Universal to crack very hard seeds. Zu for pounding dried, tool was natural cobble (990) without hafting. Spanish-bayonet yucca fruit. Wa white or black cobble for breaking bone, chipping metate, etc. STONE FLAKING, GRINDING, AND POLISHING 991. Shaped wooden maul. WN pounded skins. SU oak maul with horizontal foot-long handle, Flaking stone by percussion known to all in- for pounding dry meat on rock. formants except WN, who claimed to know nothing 992. Chipped and ground hand ax. SU made with about stone working. Retouching had narrower cutting edge slightly ground; no hafting; black distribution than flaking of stone to secure stone (not obsidian) found in creek bed. KP made suitable fragment for use. for use around house; also made chipped-stone EN no retouching of points, knives, or chisel for ;rood carving. drills; all found. Informant had collection of 993-997. Grooved-stone ax. EN equipped more than 50. EN explain as thunderbolts grooved-stone ax with oak-withe handle; re- (2294a), or made by former inhabitants. Only placed by iron ax from Mexicans. NT did not haft shamans use (2970). Corroborating nonretouching prehistoric grooved ax, used as bone breaker. is fear to use deer-antler tool (1007). ST ST cut dead wood only with prehistoric ax with- antler-retouching tool lacked wooden handle. out hafting; cut one side, then turned and SC mescal knife (953) retouched by percussion. broke. SQ made grooved polished ax from hard WM knife also (940). WS quartz, not antler, for. "blue" stone. Ci grooved axes (993) and hammers pressure as well as percussion retouching. Hu, (999) from ruins not used; no ground-stone Me, SU percussion retouching with flint tool. knife; except for grinding devices no polished- SU flint, not obsidian, arrow points; flakes or ground-stone tools. WM no grooved-stone ax carried home in skin sack. Rested on stone slab made like those from ruins; one from ruin to chip. As arrow points made tied on buckskin Kinishba, near Ft. Apache, in informant's pos- string around neck. Also one on buckskin shirt session. WS, Hu grooved axes and hammers found, as amulet. Wa flaked stone ax (note 1010). SI used without hafting, for breaking bones, white, red, and black "obsidian"; retouching by pounding dried meat, mesquite pods (Hu), etc. percussion with small lump of obsidian. WS cut bow wood with Mexican iron hatchet. Initial process of shaping was pecking with Me, Li fitted prehistoric ax or hammer (999) natural cobble or pick; Li disclaimed manu- with oak-withe handle; Me cut branches. Li facture of metates and mortars. pounded meat and bones; regular Plains stone- 1010. Cobble for roughly shaping metate or headed pounders Lacking, but prehistoric axes other object. NT, ST, WM after shaping metate, and hammers made to resemble-them by rawhide no grinding into shape other than by use. SC binding on handle and partly on stone. 01 illustrate wide practice of roughening old equipped grooved prehistoric ax (Goddard, p. 50) metate by pecking with cobble when too smooth. with oak-withe handle, for wood cutting. Ditto SU cobble for pecking footholds in steep ascent Wa, -who warmed withe to bend, used ax to cut Wa gray stone, of which metates made, to per- timbers for house construction. See note 1010 cussion-flake stone ax before grinding. SI smali for 4a grinding of stone ax. Zu shalako gods round lump of obsidian for "pick" to batter who purify new rooms have stone axes. SA infor- stone for metate. KP stone ax roughed out with mant knew only iron axes and hammers. SI stone cobble of ax material; heated to aid chipping. axes to hew house timbers. Informant's grandmother put hot coals on metate 995. KP stone ax only 3/4 grooved, hafted in chipped with steel ax. forked stick, tied above and below with deer 1011. Pick for roughing out metate or other rawhide; to cut wood, including house posts. object. EN pick of white quartz or petrified All-round withe hafting not feasible on account wood; no grinding of metate surface except by 3/4 grooving. Informant had fine 3/4-grooved use; metate stone prized up from layers of stone ax-hammer like University of California rock 3 or 4 in. thick. WS quartz pick for Museum of Anthropology axes fror Sonora and S roughing out metate, "over a month" to completer Arizona. Entered in element list as ax (993) and Hu metate and muller pecked into shape at same hammer (999) though all 1 implement. Sometimes time. Me pick of red rock, from near Tularosa, used to pound rawhide for sandal. New Mexico, for pecking out metate and muller; 998. NT cut small trees for shade posts with iron tool now. improvised, unretouched stone ax, made by 1013. Grinding and polishing with stone. breaking lump of hard blue stone. No handle. With sandstone, EN, SC, WS, Hu. EN turquoise 999-1002. Grooved-stone hammer. See notes and jet ground and polished on hard stone. Sr 993, 998. EN found but not used. Me found, used rough stone for grinding stone ax, sandstone foi CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 117 shing. WS sandstone to grind and polish edges fire. ST coal of fire between 2 sticks as tongs. ller to be held in hand. Hu muller or sand- WM 2 1/2 ft. long, of juniper bark wrapped tight- * to smooth metate after roughing out. Wa de- ly sith yucca-leaf fibers; sometimes carried ahen sions in bedrock on top of Walpi mesa "used moving. 01 lasted only 2 or 3 hours. Zu also of .grinding metates into shape." After chipping horse manure and dirt. SA denied slow match, e ax to shape, ground on hard rock, under flint and steel instead. SI wrapped with yucca- r. SI stone ax polished on hard gray stone leaf fibers. d for close-grained metates. KP ground and 1022. Torch of juniper bark. WN, EN, NT, ST, ished ax with ax material, not sandstone. WM, WS, Hu, Li, SU, Wa, Zu. Of other materials: VVN, Ll, SU, W';a, Zu, SI, KP. WN cottonwood bark. NT slow match waved in air broke into flame; not FIRE MAKING for hunting. Ll for night turkey catching. SI 1014. Wa sunflo~ter pith or rotten-wood tinder, pitch-pine wood, used indoors and out. KP bundle 1014. Wa sunflover pith or rotten-wood tinder. of ocotillo stalks 1015. Spanish flint and steel apparently suc- 4ded in some groups an earlier percussion method SKIN DRESSING loying two stones. Matter elusive, as no spe- ns or d'emonstrations available. Following in- 1023-1026. Flaying. ted stones alike and white, some specifying 1023. Cut down belly. SU chin to vent and inner rtz: WN. SC vwhite quartz; punk wood for tinder. side each leg; horned animal, from nose to horn .WM tinder finely shredded juniper bark. WM and around each horn. Skinned head first, cut off, te quartz and finely shredded juniper bark in laid aside; then skinned body; god Nomaromapugat 11 buckskin pouch to protect from moisture; thanked. SA deer do-n belly and legs, but carried rtz from mt. near Black r. Ll, 01 white out around to outside of legs; freed of fat and int" stones in rainy weather when drill damp; flesh with fingers. se-manure tinder. SU very hard white stone; 1024. Case skiined (from vent). Small incision, low fungus from oak for tinder, put in shredded skin peeled off in bag form. Ci fawn, pine squir- iper bark and blown after spark caught. SA rel, ground squirrel. WVM "yellow birds," for man's der cotton boiled in water with maize-cob regular hair ornament, not for dance; skin not es; spark transferred to shredded juniper stuffed. Zu fawn and wildcat skins for carrying k. KP stones always alike, yellowish brown, maize meal in ceremonies. 1, white; spark caught on cotton tinder; in- 1025. Skinning whole (from head), i.e., peeling nt had used. Carried instead of slow match; down from head, the opposite of 1024. 01 small oner than fire drill. Zu flint and some mammals for tobacco bags (2169), etc. Wa tobacco er hard stone. Shulawichi, fire god. SI white bags: pine squirrel, flying squirrel, skunk; ck and black "obsidian"; tinder wool mashed chipmunk and flying-squirrel skins for "dolls" th green caliche plant. (2144). '1016. Simple fire drill. NT drill bear-grass 1026. Skinning by blowing under hide. SI meth- alk, hearth sotol stalk, tinder juniper bark. od for small mammals only; not feasible with deer. 'WS drill and hearth sotol stalk or narrow- 1027-1031. Hide scraper for flesh and fat. afed yucca stalk; foot on hearth when operated. 1027. To remove flesh and fat from,.freshly arill any shrub, hearth ocotillo; sockets in flayed hide ST and Ll sometimes used skinning arth drilled as needed, with aid of sand. Ci knife. WS, Hu did not scrape hide after removal ly one socket at time, when worn out made an- from animal, as skinned clean. her. WM in buckskin cover to keep dry. Me, Li 1029. Hide scraper with stone blade, curved tol stalk for both. 01 both Spanish-bayonet wooden handle. Me stone or bone blade, for thin- lca stalk. SU both narrow-leafed yucca stalk. ning thick hide, as from neck. Ll curve-handled juniper heart wood; tinder juniper bark mixed and straight-handled (1030) hide scrapers for th plant fluff, also manure. Zu juniper-bark same purpose; buffalo, deer, antelope hides. 01 der. SI rabbit-manure tinder. KP drill grease- straight-handled scraper (1030) on fresh hide d, hearth saguaro. to clear of fat and flesh; curve-handled (1029) 1017. Me, Li on war party sometimes operated on dry hide; both on buffalo hide only. ill with thong if poor wood. "2 men each worked 1030. Straight-handled scraper with toothed arate thong, so one pulling against other kept bone blade. NT, SC of cannon bone, for fat and 111 vertical." flesh. Me of cannon bone of deer or buffalo, 1018. SI pump drill for fire making regarded buckskin wrapping on handle, skin loop for carry- ancient. ing. 1019. Dead wood for fire. 01 carried pitch- 1031. SU fleshing tool from bone of animal, Od chips for kindling in wet weather. Wa sage- hide of which to be cleaned; rubbed down on rock sh best fuel, burned longest, for proper edge; of buffalo, deer, antelope bone. 1020. Stone ax for cutting firewood on occa- SI ground deer shoulder blade to edge as hide on: ST, Wa (juniper branches), Zu, SI, K?. scraper. 1groups broke dead wood over or with stone. 1034-1044. Dehairing and softening hides. No 1021. Slow match of juniper bark. WN or cotton- buckskin from antelope hide by SC. EN order of o d bark. NT often burning stick from neighbor's events in buckskin making: soaking hide in d,ater, 118 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS dehairing, wringing, braining, drying, soaking, SI, KP; orange EN, SC, WS, Hu, Li, SA; red and wringing; no one must approach worker closely, reddish brown WN, EN, NT, ST, Ci, WS, Hu, Me, lest hide harden. Li, Ll, 01, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, KP; white WS, Ll, 1034. Days soaked: ST 4 or 5, SC 3, Ci 1, Zu, SI. WM 1 if fresh, 2 or 3 if old, Me 1, SU 2, Wa 2, 1046. Coloring dressed hide by smoking it. SI 3 or 4. WS soaked before and after dehairing. Me, Li by suspending buckskin inside tripod so as Me, SU sometimes placed hide as lining in dug to enclose hot coals in little pit. Me buffalo pit, hair side up, filled hide with water. Port- chips on coals smoked buckskin yellow, water- able vessel to soak hide: Li large tortoise proofed it so not hard after wetting. Li snake- shell. Li, SA, SI large pottery bowl. weed, sage bark, or third plant on coals to smoke 1035. 01 dehaired buffalo hide with scraper yellow; protracted smoking made brown. (1029), deer hide with cannon bone (1035). SU 1047. Red dye from alder bark. WN alder kUish; cannon bone for dehairing sharpened on stone. from San Francisco peaks; boiled decoction daube& 1036. Dehairing 4ith rib-bone tool. Horse rib on buckskin with maize cob. NT, Ci soaked buck- EN, ST, WS, Hu, Li, Wa, SA. Deer rib Zu, KP. SA skin in basket of alder-bark decoction 1 hour; said cattle ribs too soft. WS denied deer rib. for moccasins (1460), which remained soft. SI Li horse or mule rib, but cannon bone (1035) alder bark from Rito de los Frijoles, boiled wit best; Li horse "present from creation." SA horse mt.-mahogany bark, applied with maize cob to rib for deer hide; iron tool for buffalo hide. moccasin uppers (1459). 1038. Hide on leaned pole to scrape off hair, 1048. White clay rubbed on buckskin. Zu plast universal, especially deer hides. Li suspended mineral. buffalo and elk hides from horizontal beam sup- 1049. Other colors for dressed hide. EN red ported by 2 forked posts. from plants. Pinion pitch and yellow clay burned 1040. Zu dehaired, treated with brains, dried in pot, added to boiled sumac-leaf decoction for 2 days, s6aked in water 2d time, wrung out; sat black, applied to buckskin. ST colored moccasins before fire to work skin soft over foot; rubbed (1460) with yellow earth. SC yellow earth, mois- with maize meal. tened and rubbed on; orange dye from root of 1041. Hide softened with brains and spinal small shrub or from bark of tree; whole buckskin, marrow. ST sometimes jajoba berries (Simmondsia dipped. Ci rubbed yellow clay on neck of buckski californica) as substitute. HP sometimes mashed shirt (1398); boiled decoction of barberry root saguaro-seed substitute. WS pegged hide on grass to dye buckskin (also Me, Li, SI). WS yellow, plot to rub on brains. Me boiled marrow and white, orange, bluish clays, charcoal, to color brains to apply; after drying, soaked in water buckskin garments; no plant dyes. Hu dipped buck again. SU soaked in water after brain treatment. skin for clothing in tan decoction from oak bark Wa washed hide in pot of water after dehairing, done before brain treatment. Yellow and orange soaked overnight in brains and water, sun dried clays rubbed on; no white clay. "White" buckskin 2 days; soaked again, wrung. on salt expedition (422) uncolored. Me, Li reddi 1042. Twisting and untwisting hide to expel brown decoction of mt. mahogany; Me rubbed on re water and to soften. See ante. NT after braining, and yellox earth pigments. Li walnut juice black exposed hide to sun 6 days, soaked in water 1 dye; red, orange, blue clays. Ll white, red, day. To wring, hide tied by hind legs to tree', yellow clays; yellow was ocher; on dehaired hide hide twisted with stick run through eye holes. 01 red, yellow clays on buckskin; yellow ocher, WM after wringing dehaired skin to rid of water, turned red in fire, from Tierra Amarilla, New let hang 1 hour; stretched and worked with hands Mexico. Zu dyed buckskin with decoction from beginning on each leg and working inward. Li yellow flowers of small bush boiled with white buffalo hide too heavy to wring. SU wrung on tree mineral ash. SA applied only reddish-brown dye to express water. SI wringing primarily to ex- from shrub to buckskin with maize cob. SI whiten press water. women's spiral buckskin calf wrapping (1456) wit 1043. Hide rubbed with stone to soften. SC clay. Black by boiling Martynia. Brick-red mine only deer neck skin rubbed. Hu edge of hide stone- from Hopi country on moccasins (1459), unsatis- rubbed to soften. Me rubbed with stone only if factory as soon off. KP got reddish-brown dye lacked "elbow" knob of front leg bone for pur- from root. pose. Li buffalo hide rubbed soft with caliche 1050-1053. Rawhide. ST deer; fawn for aoman rock. to sit on. WS deer, elk; latterly horse, cattle; 1045-1049. Coloring of dressed hide. EN juni- antelope hide too tender except for rope (1051). per ashes as mordant; after applying dye and wet Rawhide with or without hair; for moccasin soles ashes to buckskin, rolled up, dried; resoftened bags, mats, covering for stored food, rope. Hu later. Wa sagebrush ashes as mordant with alder deer; latterly horse, cattle; rope cut spirally and mt.-mahogany dyes, which produced reddish- from hide. Me deer- neck, buffalo, horse, cat- brown color, only color applied to buckskin. SA tle; for shield, tipi cover, moccasin sole, rope alkali mordant if salt not available, lashings, club binding, pit-mortar lining, sadd, 1045. Following colors applied to dressed hide. girth. Li deer's neck, buffalo, donkey, horse, Blue WS, Li; black EN, WS, Li, Zu, SA, SI; yellow mule. 01 buffalo only; latterly cattle. Zu storv ST, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Ru, Me, Li, Ll, 01, Zu, SA, dehaired rawhide for future dressing: deer, ant CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 119 pe, wildcat, coyote. SI, making rawhide, pound- Heated in fire, bent in tree crotch till straight; with stone, rubbed in heated pinon pitch and pitched, put in fire, bent in tree crotch for ase, pounded further with wood or stone; when double curve. ft put on wet ground or in water, if moccasin 1065. WS painted bow on inside, any color. le, etc., to be cut from it with obsidian SA painted whole with white clay, red marks of life. KP deer's neck. mineral pigment. SI painted self and .sinew-backed 1051. Antelope-rawhide rope. SC 2 plies, stick bows black outside, red or yellow inside. KP bow serted as made, to prevent twisting too far at red all over. time; tied to tree as twisted; stretched when 1066. SA smeared blood of each kill on bow. nished. Ll 6-strand braid. 1067. WS, Hu, Li, Wa, Zu (?) wound some self 1052. Deer-rawhide rope (WS, Li). Buffalo-hide bows with sinew, especially limbs where apt to 'pe (Li). Rawhide rope (1750) learned from Mexi- snap. ns (KP). 1069. 01 2 notches at 1 end, 1 at other; 2- notch end had permanent fastening of bowstring. WEAPONS 1070. "Trussed" bow with sinew cord along back. Hu sometimes black walnut. Two-ply sinew Bows cord ran along back. Windings of sinew (deer, cattle, horse, mule) every few inches held cord 1054. Length of bow: to lower ribs (NT), to tightly against back; windings set in pifion gum pit (ST), to upper chest (Ci), to base of or horse-hide glue. WM 2 extra bowstrings attached ernum (SC, WM, Wa), to chest (Me, Li, Ll, 01 to back of bow, in case regular bowstring broke. if bow, SI self bow), to waist (WS, Hu self 1072. Sinew-backed bow made locally. Me, Li Zu self and sinew backed, SI sinew backed). sinew backing on weak bow, as of sumac. Man who self bows various lengths. EN, SA, KP measured wish1ed to shoot far put antelope or buffalo older bows; tall man used longer than short sinews (1081) on batk of his bow, attached with ; average bow ca. 5 ft. pinon pitch (1088), or with glue of calfskin, 01 only claimed bows made by specialists, sold pulverized antler, and hoof boiled 2 days and w and 20 arrows for half buckskin. SC some men applied with yucca- or mescal-fiber brush (1085). e bows, sold bow and 4 arrows for 1 buckskin. Li applied deer and buffalo sinews to mulberry making used chipped knife and sharp flakes, or black-locust wood worked very thin. Me stringy so rubbed down bow on sandstone. Crossbow bark juniper wood (1077) best for sinew-backed ys' toy WN (modern), 01 ("Spaniards"). bow. SU sinew-backed bow 4 ft. long, not measured 1055-1069. Self bow. NT peeled and seasoned on body. Sinews chewed and attached with deer- od, trimmed to shape with stone knife, filed antler glue (1087), made by heating antler tips ith stone. To bend, wrapped in green yucca by fire 2 days, placing in water, glue "came out" aves, damp mud; placed in hot ashes for hour, of horn. Iexible as withe. 1073. Double-curved sinew-backed bow. Zu, SA In order of preference Me self bow mulberry, single- and double-curved bows. SI only latter: llow wood from Rio Grande, screw bean, black bow wood wrapped with Spanish-bayonet yucca oust, walnut, sotol stalk, oak, sumac (for leaves, put in hot ashes; when pliant bent and y's bow). tied with Spanish-bayonet yucca cord. Besides 1057. Self bow of mulberry wood. EN wood from tying tips, cord tied across central reverse Apache region, Arizona. SC mulberry tree and bend to preserve double curvature. Sinew applied w both esti. after wood hardened in double-curve form. 1058. Self bow of oak. Wa of 2 kinds of oak 1074. EN, Zu sinew-backed bow with recurved one "brown"). tips of folded sinew, forming knob or hook. Wa 1059. Self bow of willow. ST, SC boy's bow. sometimes ornamented tips of bow. 1 said willow worthless. 1079. Sinew-backed bow of wood other than 1062. Self bow of other wood. WN pine worth- listed. SA Osage orange. SI wild cherry. Zu bQw ss. EN pointed-top mountain tree. SC "any kind" carried with part down which was lower part c? wood, especially willow, for small bows, as wood on tree. or boys. Ci red-flowered shrub by river. Hu 1080. EN, Ll, 01, SA wrapped center and ends tol stalk for toy bow. Li boys' bows of sotol of sinew-backed bow with sinew. SU vwrapped tips talk, sumac. Ll juniper, chokecherry. SA hunting With sinew. w of oak and Osage orange, boys' of juniper. 1081-1083. Sinews for sinew-backed bow. WN wild-cherry wood; for boys' willow, cottonwood. horse sinews replaced deer sined4s. WS deer, "blackberry" wood only for men's; any kind of horse, mule, cattle sinews. 01 deer, antelope, bod for boys'. buffalo sinews. Wa horse sinews, also wrappings h 1063. Self bow nearly straight. SC pitch on of sinew. SA cattle sinews. SI deer-, buffalo- nw to help keep shape. Ci painted all over with back sinews; leg sinewis for arrow winding. NS from creosote (?) bushes growing near San buckskin wfrapping at grip. Wrlos, to strengthen. WM coated concave side of 1084. Li soaked, heated s inev s to apply . ow with mescal Juice to strengthen. 1085-1088. Gluing sinew on back of bow. See 1064. Double-curved self bow. ST self bow with note 1072. Horsehide glue (VIN, EN, Hu). EN oble curve stronger than single curve (1063). earlier boiled deer's neck hide, later horse, 120 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS cattle hide. 01 juniper pitch or pine pitch, buf- 1116. Ci cane from 10 mi. S of Black r., falo-hoof glue. harder and better quality than on Cibacue creek. 1089-1092. Sinew bonstring. NT sinews from 1117. Arrow with hardwood foreshaft, no head. lower hind leg of deer; pounded, soaked in water EN cane shaft, hardwood foreshaft, 3 feathers; before twisting on thigh; stretched between for boys only; useless for deer. Ci for rats, shrubs to dry. ST, SC stick inserted between rabbits, birds. SU cane arrow, greasewood fore- plies when twisting to prevent twist going too shaft, no head, for practice; no cane arrow for far. Me also antelope, buffalo sinews. Li also deer. SA cane arrow with pointed hardwood fore- buffalo-back sinews. Wa also back sinews of ante- shaft, for practice, small game, antelope, deer; lope and other mammals; bowstring taken off if buffalo killed with stone-headed arrow. HP some-m rain threatening; deer, antelope, or cattle raw- times yucca stalk with mesquite foreshaft. hide bowstring sometimes. Zu one "ply." 1119. Arrow with thick blunt end for birds, 1093. Vegetable-fiber bowstring. WS, Hu agave rabbits, etc. Of solid wood, no foreshaft (WN, fiber for boy's bow. Zu yucca fiber for wet SU, Wa, SA, SI). Wa, SA, SI maize cob on end for vweather, because sinew stretched when damp. KP stunning birds. SI no maize cob on cane arrow. yucca fiber for boy's bow. KP only blunt-ended, greasewood-foreshafted 1100. Bow held obliquely. Me on horseback. Li arrow for rabbits (cottontail, jack), not birds. 45-degree angle for bon "because arrow in posi- 1120. Foreshafted headless arrow for practice. tion most readily." EN, SC, SU, SA, SI. ST boys only. Wa toy cane arrows for boys; no foreshaft or head. Arrows 1121. Rills on arrowshaft. Ci certain men grooved distal half; purpose (?). WS 3 rills. 1101-1111. One-piece (without head or fore- Ll rill and grooved zigzag (1124) made by drawin shaft). arrow over sharp point of rock, nowadays metal. 1101a1104. 1107. Materials, length, etc. EN SU zigzag (1124) groove for ornament and bleedi 1101-1104, 1107. Materials, length, et by man who understood, although each made own hardwood, not barbed, 3 spans long. NT plant arrows otherwise. Wa straight groove near tip, along creeks. ST batimota wood, also another wood, becoming zigzag (1124) lovwer down; made with SC arm's length. WS Apache plume wood. Hu Apache sharp fragment of flint set between 2 bits of plume, dogwood (?), 3d hardwood; sharpened point wood over which arrow drawn; for shooting strai circular or square in transverse cross section. not increasing bleeding. SA grooved lightning s Me gooseberry, chokecherry, Apache plume; for (1124) design on self arrow, not cane arrow; fish; sometimes for nar; sharpened point triangu- painted red; made with sharp stone or tooth. lar or square in cross section. Li 3 kinds of 1122. Arrowshaft painted on feathered part. wood; sharpened point circular, triangular, or NT blue and red applied with string dipped inar square in cross section. Ll chokecherry wood; pigment and looped around arrow which revolved willow also, but too soft. 01 chokecherry wood. on knee. ST black and red encircling bands on SU hard-iood shrub, not greasewood. Wa sumac, yellow ground color. Ci red and black. WM black sinew wrapped near tip to prement splitting or band on cane arrow at base, red band adjoining; pulling from 7Tound; also plant resembling cat's- red clay with pifion gum. Wa arrow base yellow claw bush; for deer and smaller animals. Zu same withi oak-bark juice, followed by red band of wood (wimatam'a) as bow. SA wood from mts., re- p.ifon-bark juice, blue band of indigo (from Rio sembles willow. SI -wild plum, wild cherry, and 3d Grande Pueblos); toasted to make colors fast. species. 1105. Multiple-pointed arrow. WN (4), Zu (2). SI one-piece and cane arrows. 1106. Arrows-winthr sti. ck for bi rd 1123. Pyrographic design on arrow by negative 1106. Arrows with cross sticks for birds patterning. WS, Hu, Li reservecl portions from listed under 1106 were one-piece arrows. 4 cross p sticks (EN, NT, ST, SC., Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li, burning by wrapping with green yucca-leaf strips Ll, SU), 2 (EN), 3 (WXa), 1 (SI). Also on fore- WS burned diamond design. Hu zigzag lightning shafted arrows (1117): 4 (EN, NT, ST, SC, Ci, WM, 1124. Lightning design on arrowshaft. See not WS 12Hu, Me, Li), 1 ,(SI). 1121, 1123. On 1-piece arrow only (EN, SI). EN 1112. Arrow with head, no foreshaft. Ci, VlllX lightning and rainbow incised on 2 sides, as hardwood arrow, stone head, for nar more than "poison." SI incised with obsidian. Me foreshaf cane arrow; Ci ash rrood. Li deer arrow sometimes arrow. mescal stalk with stone head; to compress and harden mescal stalk forced through perforations Arrowheads.- in juniper-wood arrow wrench (1162). 1125. Stone arrowheads. Found, not made by 1115-1117. Foreshafted arrows. NT foreshaft Wa, Zu. WN shamans used for cutting medicine; i shrub, fastened in cane shaft w ith shrub gum or arrowheads on arrow in informant ' s time . NT, ST pinlon pitch, sinew wrapping. WS cattail foreshaft white quartz, white chert (?), black obsidian. for boy's arrow. Me cane, cattail, or mescal-like flint. SA hammered out barrel-hoop iron arrowhei stalk fores3haft for boy's arrow. KP hardwood fore- in late times; buffalo formerly killed with whitj shaft set in young Spanish-bayonet yucca flower "flint." KP I sawN one of schistose stone. HP for stalk; no cane in desert or near water holes, big game. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORDJ : APACHE-PUEBLO 121 1126. Li flint points scarce, "so used bone 1148. KP, HP jack-rabbit blood, HP deer blood. arrowheads," from any animal of satisfactory KP jack-rabbit blood "prevented wounded deer size; ground to shape on stone. going far. 1127. SC only claimed arrowhead with tanged 1150. Zu red ant (?) abayanisa tonye (Navaho's ase, hunt and war. Me not used because split partner); crushed on arrowhead to give success 'oreshaf t. in killing deer. 1128. Stemmed-base arrowheads for war and Arrow release.- wit, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li, LlI 01, KP; 1153. Mediterranean release. Me boys only. SA arWa, SA. 01 base roughened to hold better. most effective release, used in war, sometimes for 1130. Arrowheads with side-notched base for ame ar and hunt, ST, WS, Hu, Me, Li, Zu, SI; war 1154. Hide wristguard. ST deer rawhide. Ci pro- ST informant one black obsidian. jection of recurved hard leather on wristguard to 1131. Arrowhead with convex base for war and catch bowstring. SA rawhide. KP buckskin. t, WM; hunt SA. 1132. Serrate-sided arrowhead for war and Arrow straightening and smoothi.- unt, ST, Zu, SI, KP. NT hunt only, especially 1155-1157. Straightening with hands and teeth. eer, bear; "lacerates animal inside and brings ST one-piece arrow, foreshaft of cane arrows, but eedy end." not cane shaft, with teeth. Me one-piece arrow 1133. Arrowhead detachable for wrar and hunt, warmed over fire for teeth straightening. SU, SI T, WM; hunt SA; war SI. cane arrow heated in ashes, bent by hand. KP Arrow f eatheringarrowweed arrow warmed, straightened aith teeth. 1136rr KPo4whalf feathers. sometimes; only group 1158-1160. Stone arrow straightener with 1136. KP 4 half feathers sometimes; only group groove. EN cane arrow bent on warmed ungrooved etimes to place feathers spirally on arrow. stcne. ST steatite, flat base. WM only stone 1138. Tangential, double feathering. ST owl straightener with 2 transverse grooves, used eathers on boy's arrows. Me sparrow and sparrow- when portion to beTbent short, when long used k feathers on boy's. Li boy's. Wa eagle-down longitudinally grooved straightener; pottery eathers tangentially on first arrows only given straightener (1161) with one transverse groove. y boy. SI toy arrows; sometimes twisted rabbit Hu greased at point to be bent before placing r instead. in heated straightener. Me found, not made; 1139. Adhesive, besides sinew wrapping, for usually flat pebble or potsherd warmed and cane ttaohing feathers to arrow. Pihon pitch (WN, Ci, arrow bent over it. Li steatite. ); pitch, species not designated (Hu, Li); 1162. Wooden arrow wrench perforated. Li nt (EN); cactus juice (Hu); Spanish bayonet drilled with small flint held in fingers (971). ea-leaf sap (SA); hide glue, sometimes (SI); KP mesquite wood, for compressing wood of yucca- wound proximal end of feather first, then stalk arrow after straightening. istened so would not buckle, then lashed distal 1163-1168. Horn or bone arrow wrench, perfor- 1do ated. Of deer shoulder blade or horn (EN, Zu); 3 1140-1143. Feathers used on arrows. See note all other groups horn only. W-N holes in mt.-sheep 3. EN turkey, crow, owl on boy's cane arrows, horn bored ivith iron tool. EN purpose to compress dove, quail, crow on boy's. Hu also road and harden wood, so impervious to moislture. ST wer; owl not used, as bad dream or bad luck antelope-horn wrench bored with flint point held owl feathers on hunting arrows. Zu feathers in fingers; to hold cane shaft while fitting any large bird, even owl; boy's arrows radially foreshaft; cane in wrench so upper edge slightly athered. KP red-tailed hawk. Rarer arrow feath- below edge of tool, which slightly heated so as : owl (WN, EN, ST, Wa, Zu), turkey vulture (Me, not to chill pitch; pitch poured in, foreshaft X, Zu, HP). forced into place. Ci mt.-sheep horn for wrench Arrow 'poisoning."- obtained by trade. Wa willow stick to bore horn, 1144. EN poisons blue and red. Ci prepared burning through by friction; holes of different retly. Hu antidote for red-ant arrow poison sizes. Zu tip of old-deer horn ground down till ups marked plus in 1144 and minus in 1145 also opening appeared. SI to make wood hard, not to 8ed "poisoned" arrows for hunting. straighten. 1146-1150. Composition of arrow "poison." NT 1169. Two-piece grooved-stone arrow polisher. er kidney into which introduced stingers of Hu lacked, but smoothed arrow with bits of sand- low jackecs and other hymenoptera, scorpion stone held in hand. Li women sometimes helped ison. Buried at fireside 4 or 5 days. For use, smooth arrows. Zu one grooved polisher instead bbed down on stone and applied as paste. ST of two. troduced juice of mashed shrub and spruce ayes into deer kidney, hung in tree 2 days to Quivers bt; rubbed down on stone. SC mixed in basket;-10 ae knqie.S ooe ~ an er, kidney, stingers of yellow jackets, any 1171-176 Opsedkn skinned,sen S N "oy tiger,"awn itter plant, mescal Juice, etc.; kept as dried 17-16 pnsind en w ie, );arrowhead rubbed in it. WM spleen and nashdusio, skin, yellowish, not spotted. EN tt substances. ~~~~~beaver. NT, ST mt.-lion tail left on quiver. ST 122 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS cut tail open, painted skin side yellow. ST quiv- close to enemy used spear; no spear-kicking race er from rectangular piece of hide, hair on; fold- for practice. Hu sotol-stalk spear with inserted ed, edges sewed together with buckskin; piece of hardwood point. Me barberry-wood blade in walnut- hide left over used for bottom; stick seaed along or locust-vood handle. one side for rigidity; quiver slightly greater 1185. Feather-decorated spears. Hu feathers diameter at top. WS horse, burro, antelope, mt. had protective power. sheep. Me calf, colt, young buffalo, fawvn, de- 1187. Me war leaders with feathered spears haired deerskin. Li buffalo, buffalo calf, horse. clashed first with enemy if fight in open; only Ll 20 arrows carried in quiver, which sometimes brave man used, who had to stay in lead either of buffalo hide. SU fawn. Wa beaver, from Little afoot or horseback. 01 man with feathered spear Colorado r. near Winslow. SA calf. led in battle. 1177. Separate compartment in quiver for bow. 1188. Stone-pointed spear. Zu spear of same NT, ST buckskin partition sewed in mt.-lion-skin wood as bow, head of black obsidian which ground quiver. Me bow compartment extended above and be- on hard rock after roughly flaking. SI obsidian low adjoining arrow compartment. WA stick sewed spearhead sharp on both edges, foot long. in quiver at junction of bow and arrow compart- 1190. WS spear to dispatch wounded animal ments; fringe on side of bowv compartment. sometimes; no animal hunted with spear alone. 1179. Quiver at side, under arm, in battle. WN 1193. Iron-bladed spear. ST "no spear former- on horseback in warfare. Hu swung do-n to hip for ly, because no iron"; painted tip of sotol stalk easy arrow seizure, or hoisted higher on back to black to imitate iron-pointed spears of neigh- pull arrows over shoulder. Me lowered to hip so bors, but only as toy; later iron from Navaho and arrows easily seized; 2 or 3 arrows held in bow made spears. 01 no spear till iron for blade. hand. Ll at side on horseback. Wa quiver so ar- rows available at side; also small quiver of ar- Shields rows only for attachment to belt (1182). SI bando- leer strap over right shoulder; in action swung 1194. SC circular pad of mescal fiber, 20 in. so arro:is pulled out at oraist level, quiver then diameter. being in nearly horizontal position. 1195 -1200. Circular shield, rawhide, made lo- 1180. Quiver on back instead of side during cally. WN horse, cattle; crow or other large battle: EN, NT, ST, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu (some- feather decorations. EN elk neck skin staked out times), Ll (sometimes), 01 (sometimes), SU. EN to dry, permanent buckskin cover on front, red pulled arrows over shoulder from quiver in hunt and black, but no realistic design; eagle and and war. Ci in war, quiver higher on back by "yellow-tailed" hawk feather attached, helped to tightening carrying strap, to get arrowis quick- conceal shield bearer. ST only after cattle raids; er. WM, WS hoisted high on back so arrows readily handle of buckskin; crow feathers around edge; pulled over shoulder; WM special belt around snake and Big Dipper star design (see fig.) paint- waist to hold quiver up in position. Ll on foot ed in white, supposed to make bullet proof. Ci in wiarfare pulled arrow over shoulder. SU quiver shield bearer led in battle, must not run away. swung down so arrows pulled out along side upper arm instead of over shoulder. SA in action fast- ened to belt at side like SI (1182); otherwise on back. 1182. Belt to carry quiver. ST from belt tem- -0 porarily. KP special belt around waist, no ban- 0 doleer; bow always in hand. C J Spears 1183. Spear w,holly of wrood. NT one-piece, so- WM cattle hide after whites came. WS bull neck tol stalk sharpened to point, war only; tied to hide. Hu cattle hide; design of eagle or mammal, wrist with cord. SC one-piece, ash wood, 8 ft. sun or star, in charcoal, yellow clay, white clay; long. SA one-piece, oak, tip ground down on rock sometimes 4 long feathers and some white downy like pencil point, war only; second one-piece feathers attached. Me plain buckskin cover, re- type with flat, pointed head ground to two knife moved in battle; mt. lion, bear, or eagle painted edges, for horseman to stab buffalo in shoulder on permanent covering of buckskin to edges of or back where sinew, to cripple, dispatched with which feathers attached. Li star, moon, sun, arrows later. lightning painted on shield; bear-fur decoration. 1184. All-wood spear with inserted hardwood Ll buffalo hide hardened over fire; cover of an- blade. EN flat, 2-edged blade; deer in pitfall telope buckskin, feathers attached, painted de- killed. Ci spear of sotol stalk with inserted signs at four "corners" representing buffalo, buf- hardwood, 2-edged blade lashed in place with sin- falo head, sun, half moon; "Ydecorative only, no ew; for bear killing and war; warriors brandished supernatural efficacy." 01 ra-whide hardened by in assent to war plan at council; in battle war- drying; eagle feathers on 4 "corners" of shield; nior kicked spear along wahile using bow; wihen sometimes mammal or bird picture painted; neither CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 123 I athers nor painting dictated by dream or sha- Clubs, etc. 0 SU buffalo-hide shields late, when fighting ains tribes and Navaho; painted black, red, 1206. Grooved ax or hammer as club, rawhide |ellow. Zu double cowhide, buffalo hide by trade; lashing in groove. Me, SI prehistoric grooved- ii design encircled by various colors. SA buf- stone ax as weapon sometimes; Me also encased plo head painted on shield. SI human figure with grooved-stone ax and wooden handle in skin from rms outspread, representing enemy, in black or buffalo tail. Wa not true ax, but stone pointed ed. KP 3 layers of deer rawhide, wooden handle; at both ends; grooved for rawhide hafting. ainted design of spread eagle; hawk and eagle 1207. Club of stone and stick encased in raw- eathers; shield bearers usually lead in battle. hide. WN ancient-type club. SC, WS carried by 1198. Painted shields of uncertain design: buckskin wrist loop. WM typical Plains club with PN, Ci, SU. flail hafting, carried in belt for dispatching 1199. Shield cover cloth only, ST, Zu; all wounded enemy or deer; ordinarily fought with others hide only. arrows. Me encased in hide from buffalo's tail; 1200. Eagle feathers, most popular for shield see 1206. decoration: EN, Ci, WM (see fig.), WS, Hu, Me, 1209-1213. Boomerang (curved throwing club). , Li, 01, Zu, SA, SI, KP. Nonflight obligations Oak: SU, Wa, SA, SI. SU ground down on rock; of shield bearer affirmed by Ci, doubtfully by thrown so legs of dog or rabbit cut off; occa- ;01, KP; others doubtful or denied. sionally used vs. man. Thrown by foot hunter usually; throxn from horseback, describes curve, skims along ground; horses rare in old times. Wa threw at distant rabbit, close up plain stick (1214). In war at enemy's anm or head. Zu prob- ably barberry and oak; sometimes killed mourning doves. SA cottonwood sometimes; oak preferred, because not apt to break if struck rock; several carried in belt. 1214. Straight throwing stick for rabbits, etc. VM occasional stick, more frequently stone. KP for rabbits and other small mammals, and hurl- ing into bird flock; not for deer. 1215-1217. Ball-ended club. EN from root knob. NT 3 f t. long, not thrown. SA, SI threw at small game &nd dispatched wounded large game. SA also for rabbit hunt from horseback, leaning over and striking as with polo club. 1218. Feathered crook for neck of enemy. Li Armor hooked by neck, drew close to club; also crook served as flag. 1202. War cap of buckskin and feathers. See 1219-1223. Slings. WN for foxes, rkbbits, etc. 1382, 2711. Not armor, strictly speaking. EN NT of yucca-leaf fiber. WS boys killed rabbits, buckskin war cap with owl feathers; any wvarrior small birds, etc. SU acquired in late wars with wore. ST eagle feathers on war cap; another type, Navaho and Plains tribes. KP slung stones in oomamental, had turkey-feather bunch on top, guarding crop. from which projected two white eagle-tail feath- ers. Hu buckskin skull cap with eagle down on BEADS AND ORNAMENTS Iop. L buckskin or buffalo-skin skull cap com- Four Pueblo groups were principal manufacturers Pletely covered with feathers or rabbit fur; not of beads; they alone made shell-disk beads. The helmet; not war bonnet. Zu owl feathers on it; nonmanufacture of shell beads by all groups ex- erved to hold bangs back. KP completely covered cept Pueblo again bespeaks the Southwestern lack ith eagle and hawk feathers. of technical skill. Thus 15 of 19 groups were de- 1203. Short war bonnet, Plains type. 01 tail pendent for their shell beads upon the handiwork piece modern. of either ancient or modern Pueblo dwellers. WN 1204. Armor of hide. SC hide tunic, open at said beads in 4 colors: white shell, blue tur- leck. WM painted buckskin shirt for bullet pro- quoise, red stone, black stone (jet, cannel coal); tection, made by shaman; none for arrows earlier; denied directional associations. could not learn if Ghost Dance manifestation. WS 1224-1232. Shell-disk beads. WN shamans had similar coat made and prayed over by shaman, for most,from Zuni. EN from Pueblos already drilled; bullet protection; said to be ancient, not Ghost 1 buckskin or blanket for 3 18-inch strings of ~Dnce; wearer used only spear and shield. Me six- Olivella beads. ST shaman gave 1 buckskin for 2 ply buckskin, record for Me only; painted medicine or 3 clam-disk beads from ruins on account super- war shirt worn by some. SA 1 thickness buckskin, natural potency; after rain ST searched for them SI heavy buckskin or buffalo hide, in ruins, kept for good luck or traded to shaman. 1205. K? broad belt of buckskin wound two or VIM shell objects from ruins except Haliotis tree times around belly for arrow protection. (1239); some white shell beads from Navaho, who 124 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS came to WM country; WM gave 1 slab of dried mes- Li, Zu, SA, SI). By trade from Pueblo (EN, Zu). cal for 6-inch string of beads. Shell, turquoise, By trade from W (Zu, SI). EN Olivella and Conu8 and jet beads from ruins, used for necklace but from ruins; clamshells from Pueblo sewed on not ear ornament; piece found without drill hole shoulders of woman's tunic. ST white shell ear left that way as WM had no means of boring. Hu pendants for women; white clamshells with purpl beads from old sites ("ruins") Huachuca mts. near hinge, probably Chione, and clamshell bea after rains; strung on huckskin strip and worn and pendants, found in ruins; ST rarely made. S as bracelet; informant heard of Indendai man who war parties sometimes brought shells "from Gulf went to Gulf of California and brought back of California": Conus, Pecten, Chione, etc., bu shells long before informant's birth. Me few especially Haliotis; clamshell pendant worth 1 people had and all found at ancient sites; so buckskin. Li whole Olivella as ear pendant. SA rare that one only might be worn on necklace. Ll necklace of whole Olivella, also other small no beads of any sort from ruins; shell beads from univalves; small clam valves bored in 2 places Navaho only since Ll on present reservation; Taos for necklace pendants; shells from traders in and Picuris, closest Pueblo neighbors, said not Santa Fe. SI Olivella with tip of spire ground- to have had shell-disk beads formerly. 01 never off, for necklaces and buckskin-shirt fringe. used beads from ruins on account of dead; all 1239. Haliotis-shell pendants. WS shell from from Navaho and Pueblo in exchange for buckskins, Mexicans, Spaniards, and tribes to W. Pendants moccasins, etc., but not horses as too valuable. ground on sandstone slab for ears, necklace, SU no shell beads or pendants before Caucasian hair; use ancient. Hu shell from Spaniards firs contact. Wa rough disk shell beads already from Navaho after Hu to San Carlos reservation; drilled, from Havasupai; Wa ground to finish; Hu made pendants. Me girl's ear pendant (1242) string length standard, around neck down to um- of bone tube with triangular piece of Haliotis bilicus; 4 blanket or 1 blue woolen shirt traded suspended (see fig.). Li from Mexicans, ground for string of rough disk beads. Zu Olivella- or on sandstone for necklace pendant, clamshell-bead string from chest center to thumb drilled with flint in fingers. 01 sh and index finger of outstretched arm was standard from San Juan and SI pueblos for bu measure for necklace; worth 1 Hopi manta for dress skins; worked like Li; ear, pendants if beads well made; or traded such measure to fore Navaho silver earrings. Wa who] Navaho for 10 head of sheep or 1 buckskin. Clam- shell from Havasupai for 1 blue wool shell beads common formerly; now more Olivella; breechclout or 1 pair of black knitted woolen both from W. Strung on woolen thread. SA Olivella- socks. bead-string measure virtually same as Wa; SA 1240. Haliotis inlay. Wa turquoise ear orna- doubled string reached from shoulder blade over ments for girls in ceremonies; pitch-pine (1273 shoulder to umbilicus; 4 such worth 1 horse or adhesive. Animal clamshell gorget sometimes mad cow; Olivella beads with turquoise sometimes worn by Zu. as ear pendant (1232). SI necklace of Olivella 1241. Red shell beads imported by Me, Ll, 01 disks traded Navaho for 4 x 6-foot rug, necklace W"a. Me buckskins for red shell beads brought by of turquoise-disk beads for 1-horse. Measure from Pueblo traders from Santo Domingo and Isleta shoulder to sternum tip to other shoulder. KP (del Norte), who visited Me with donkey caravan, shell ornaments beach-worn shells, often already Ll from Pueblo who got from Navaho. Wa imported perforated by predatory mollusks. Occasionally, coral-red shell beads. Zu, SI red shell beads a piece beach-worn to proper shape perforated from outer portion of Haliotis shells. with flint drill held in fingers. Rarely, shell 1242. Bone beads. NT necklace of triangular picked up at some old site in Papago country. No beads of tortoise shell, worn by old woman; disk beads or cylinders (1233) made or found. If strung flat with apices alternately up and down enough shells accumulated, strung on mescal-fiber A-7L 7Az. NT inch-long beads from wildcat string, or buckskin strip, for woman only to fibulae, for woman's necklace. Zu beads from wear. deer bones, from cattle and horse bones latterl 123-3. Cylindrical shell beads in necklaces 1243. Bone breast ornament of Plains type, (NT, Zu, SI), in bracelets (EN, Zu). EN sometimes ported. Li from Tonkawa, Comanche (often enemie found in ruins; 2 or 3 strung to form bracelet. Mexicans; men vore; no buffalo-horn headdresses NT about 1 in. long. SI cylinder vith transverse 1244. NT wooden stick in septum perforation perforation at one end, worn as pendant on neck- for month, to prevent hole healing over. lace. 1245-1250. Feathers as ornaments. EN turkey 1234. WM sometimes found shell-ring bracelet beard pendant (1250) by shaman. SC eagle-quill in ruins, did not wear. Zu made, girls wore. One beads with Mexican glass beads. WIM eagle-feath WNM man making silver bracelets in 1935; let none (1 or 2) charm (2921) or ornament on tunic (no watch him; children crying near him wrould spoil days hat, too ). Sometimes 1 or 2 turquoise bead work, with them. Me, Li soft long eagle feather in ma 1235-1239. Whole shells found in ruins , etc ., hair. Li ado lescent girl 2 in hair. Ll eagle not used (Ci, Hu, Me, Li) . Found in ruins and feather on 1 of man 's hair braids, either side; used (SC, Zu, KP). By trade from Mexicans (EN, women not. 01 eagle feather only hair pendant CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 125 9); no shell or turquoise. SU sometimes man ent Santa Fe and Albuquerque highway; no one gle feather in hair; no vvar bonnet or feather pueblo owned, SA, SI, Cochiti, San Felipe, etc., ddress formerly. No feather on string on neck; mined there. y rabbit-bone whistle or arrow point so worn. 1261, 1262. Turquoise ornaments found ready- young boy had white feather tied to hair. Zu made, or imported. See 1260. EN disk beads from ther in bored nasal septum (1364) by certain Pueblo; only pendants made. ST all stone beads est. SA eagle-down, wing, or tail feather in found, not made; except occasional drilling of r at fiestas. KP eagle or hawk-down feather on turquoise disk. WM found or imported from Navaho skkin cord around neck, or on each 9arist for disk beads and pendants; if found unperforated rm; see 2920-2922. turquoise did not know how to drill, so notched 1251. Seed beads. Mountain-laurel-seed bando- and tied vith sinew for pendant. or (Li), bracelet (Me), earring (Me, Li). 1263. Turquoise-disk beads for bracelets (EN, iper-seed necklace (EN, SU, Wa), boys only Me, SA, SI). 1. Maize grains worn in dance (Zu). EN juniper- 1264. Turquoise pendants from nose by NT only; ed beads only kind made in early times; ground from ears by WN, EN, 01, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, and at one end till opening appeared, other end probably others. 01, before silver earrings from th natural opening; threaded with sinew (SU). Navaho in exchange for beaded moccasins, used juniper-seed necklace ceremonially. Li man's turquoise and Haliotis ear pendants from Pueblo doleer ornament of mt.-laurel seeds on buck- and Mexicans. >m string. KP woman's necklace of green seeds 1265. SA mosaic turquoise inlay wvith yucca gum summer rainy season; fell to pieces in ten on Pecten shell; also on jet. 0 1266. Red stone disk beads and pendants found, .1252. Mt.-lion-claw pendant. Zu claws as neck- not made, by NT, SC, WS, Me, Li. Me also imported. ce pendants in society ritual. Zu red stone from outcrop near Ojo Caliente. SA 1253. Bear-claw necklace ('WN, ST, Me, Li, Zu). went to Galisteo for it; also made disk beads from gle-claw pendant (Ci, WM, Me, Li, Zu, SA). SA white stone. WM fould beads of white stone; red orted. ST bear's canine-teeth and claw neck- glass beads from Mexicans, but no red stone beads. e. Li 2 or 4 claws pendent on necklace; no com- 1267. Ci yellow stone beads in ruins. Zu used ete necklace. Zu bear's claws for necklace and any pleasing stone. dants in society ritual. SA bear claws on shirts 1268. Ancient jet beads found and used by EN, ained from Comanche and other Plains tribes. NT, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li, Wa, Zu. Sometimes 1254. 01 men or women badger-claw necklace. Wa from other tribes by EN, Zu. 01 got from Pueblo ske priests badger-paw necklace. and Navaho. Made by Zu, SA, SI. Disk beads of other 1255. Eagle-claw necklace (Me); 2-claw pendant stones (SC, Ci, WAM, Li, Zu, SA, SI). SA jet beads (see fig.). for bracelets, earrings, necklaces; mined in deposit called Kihane by Navaho, W of SA, E of Zu. SI from mine near Acoma; informant declared not coal. 1269. Porcupine-quill embroidery on buckskin. EN quills not dyed. Wa men's dance moccasins; undyed quills sewed with horsehair. SI dyed red, yellow, green, black. KP never killed lest killer sicken. 1257. Antelope-dewclaw necklace for boys (Wa), ADHESIVES AND PIGMENTS r-dewclaw necklace (WM), deer-dewclaw pendant , Hu, Li, SU), man's deer-dewclaw bracelet Adhesives. ). Ci pendant for girls and women. WM pendant 1270-1273. From vegetable sources. 4 for baby; perforated with burning stick. Hu 1270. Yucca Juice. Me Spanish bayonet yucca r 3 tied to woman's dress; no full fringe; juice as adhesive, but poor. Zu yucca fruit heated, forated with spine. Li on children's moccasins juice as adhesive; also waheat-flour paste. SA adhe- dess; perforated with awl. SU girls' before- sive from leaf, not fruit, of Spanish bayonet yucca. erty buckskin dress with 2 to 6 dewclaws 1271. Mesquite gum. Me on arrows. arately placed. 1272, 1273. Conifer pitch. SA used, not as good 1258. Wildcat-claw bracelet (Ci, Zu), pendant as yucca sap. Zu). Ci men wore. Zu bracelet for society 1273. Other pitch or gum, from shrub branches ual; necklace for boys. (NT, Ci, Ru, Me, KP, HP). NT fastened arrow fore- 1260. Turquoise. WN objects found, not made; shaft. Hu cactus juice. KP greasewood gum and gum imported from Zuni; far more used nox than in from branches of another shrub; greasewood gum to ormant's boyhood. Ci found in ruins. Hu after seal pottery lid on storage pot of acorns. HP ted to San Carlos reservation got from Navaho. greasewood gum, also clay, for sealing food stor- tornaments ready-made from Pueblo and Navaho. age pots. zone used. Zu from E; never allowed to dig 1274-1276. Adhesives from animal sources. WN, melves, but rawu or worked from San Felipe EN, 01 horsehide boiled. Li hide, hoofs, horns bblo for woven mantas. SA, SI from Los Cer- boiled together. Ll forehead skin of buffalo boiled, los turquoise mine at Bonanza, clove to pres- also hoofs separately. 01 buffalo-hoof glue. SU 126 ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS deer-horn glue. Wa horse-hoof glue; not buffalo. paint for ceremonial dances. Wa prayer offerings Zu honey, not wax, as adhesive. SI buffalo hide only, not pigment. Zu various pollens used. heated, then boiled for day, producing brown 1291. Black mineral pigments. Probably galena, glue. NT; shining iron pyrites, WM, Ll, 01, KP; probably Pigments.- manganese oxide, NT, ST, SC, WM; haematite, ST, 1279. Red mineral pivment. Yellow clay, red SC, Ci, WS., Wa, SA. Haematite called lesgi' by ST, 1279. Red mineral pigment. Yellow clay, red SC; latter used for black and red pigments. Li when fired: Me, SA, SI as ottery pigment). SI mixed black mineral pigment with yucca juice. SU, red paint from Black r. Wa from Havasupai. SI Wa black mineral pigment by boiling red and yellow brick-red face paint from "?Hopi country??; also earth pigments together, no ashes added. Wa mineralst red face paint made from close-grained mineral from just above coal deposit boiled with pinon ground on rock. pitch, sunflower seeds, gum from certain bushes, as 1277, 1278. Containers for pigments. ST Abert's black dye for wool. Zu black and brownish mineral squirrelskin sack. SC buckskin sack. WM sack of pigments for pottery. KP mineral brown as well as fawnskin or Abert's squirrel skin. Me, Li also black. paint in river mussel shells. Ll pigments wrapped 1292. Charcoal for black, sometimes by charring in buckskin, secured by bringing corners together greasewood gum (WN, EN, SC). and tying. 01 buckskin sack tied-at top. Wa, SA 1293. WS soaked walnutskins in wooden bowl for sack of thin buckskin for body paint; small pot stain for notched calendar stick (2250). for pottery pigments. 1294. Black from boiled plant. Wa note 1291. 1280. Red from boiled alder bark. WN applied SA for buckskin. KP mesquite bark. to moccasin with maize cob. ST applied to mocca- 1295. Fat mixed with paint for face and body. sins. NT face red, yellow horizontal stripes and white 1281. Red from plant other than alder. WN dots over red. ST face red, white dots applied grease on face, then red pigment from shrub root; with stick. SC face greasy enough for paint to for baby face and adult. EN from oak balls for adhere without fat, except red which mixed with face paint, also from root. WS tuna-juice face fat for face and hair. Ci painted face for dance, I paint by young people. Hu, Me, Li from oak bark. not war; also when happy, as when wife's family Me from oak bark or Spanish bayonet yucca for calling. Ll body paint for relay race only. 01 staining rawhide bag; red from berries for arrow fat or marrow on face, then pigment. All groups paint. Li carmine from cochineal on Opuntia painted face, but only following body: WN, EN, ST, leaf. 01 mt. mahogany boiled for dye for bas- WM, Me, Li, Ll, SU, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, KP (HP not ketry materials. SU dye from plant root for bas- inquired about). 'Wa, SA painted body for dance ketry material, juniper-foliage ashes for mor- ceremony only. KP no daily face paint for looks. dant. Wa whole plant boiled for wool dye. Zu 1296. Marrow mixed with paint for face and from mt.-mahogany (?) bark for dyeing moccasins body. NT, Ll, 01, Wa coated face with ravv marrow and basketry material. SA purple dye by boiling to prevent chapping. WM marrow from deer lower- purplish maize husks, used on buckskin; pink front legs on hair; if hind legs, leg ailment. from boiled shrub for coloring dance regalia. Ll after marrow on face for chapping, paint Oak balls not used by WVa, Zu, SA,-SI, KP. applied if desired; marrow not mixed with paint. 1283. Wa orange dye by boiling dried flowers. SA marrow hair dressing and foundation for face 1284. SC mineral green only; Hu, Zu, SA green paint. and blue. EN shaman had blue mineral pigment for 1298. Pigment applied to face with rag, etc. sand painting. ST blue mineral from spring at Zu sometimes rabbit fur. SA, SI sometimes buck- Indian Garden, Arizona; for arrowshaft sometimes. skin, wool, or feather. SA blue mineral pigment for pottery or face, green 1299. Me painted with stick when 3 colors in mineral from Jemez region. lines on face. Painted when feeling happy, as well 1285. Blue or green pigment from plants. Blue as for dance. from sunflower seeds or imported indigo, Wa; 1299a. Negative patterning by scraping off l from small plant leaves, EN (shaman used), SA. paint. Scraped off with plain stick, Me, Ll, 01, Bluish green from leaves of tree high in moun- SI; with notched stick, Ci, WS, SI; with notched tains, SC. Green from leaves of small plant, Me, bone, ST, WM; with 4 lower incisors of fawn, Ci, SU, SA. Me green on rawhide bag or arrow; SU for WS; with bone, WM; with fingernails, Ci, Hu, l moccasins. Wa, SA. ST straight or zigzag parallel lines. Ci 1286. Wa, SA used clay and a second white parallel lines usually zigzag. WIM horizontal mineral. SA alkaline mineral for yhitening wool, parallel zigzag lines in red paint with notchedal white lime rock calcined for plaster. bone. 1288. Yellow from barberry bark. EN, Wa yellow 1300. Red paint, fat, etc., to prevent chap- from leaves of unidentified plant which boiled ping. WlM mixed paint with marrow. KP cooked mes- with salt or other alkali; not for wool dyeing. cal syrup on face. WN pine pitch to cure pimples. WS besides yellow from barberry, 3 shades from 1301, 1302. Besides paint to prevent sunburn, oak bark. 01 barberry bark boiled, white paint on body in hot weather: EN, ST, Li, 1290. Yellow pollen, religious use only. EN SU, Zu, SA, SI; denied by Ll, 01, Wa, KP. NT T maize and tule pollens ceremonially.-.WM, KP face white face paint against flies; no fat. If red CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 127 int, Which applied with fat, used, fat attracted club wrapped in middle only, WN, EN, Wa, SA; (2) ies. ST white paint on body for small flies. Li Pueblo style in which club nearly completely n sometimes only leggings and breechclout on covered, Zu, SI, KP, and according to SA inform- t day, painted body white. SU body decoration ant, pueblos of Jemez, Isleta, and Sandia. Pre- n only. Zu for mosquitoes. SA white clay on cise style club of NT, WS not recorded. WS on ace and body for certain sickness. SI red as hunt or warpath only. Wa, SA like Navaho men, eli as white paint in summer. but tied middle with red woven hair tie. KP folded club wrapped with buckskin; for late style see HAIR, BODY MUJTILATIONS., AND DRESS nt 32 1332. Girl's hair in folded club, tied in mid- Beard and Hair dle (Navaho style). WM until marriage only. Me strip of antelope fawnskin. Li buckskin or favmn- 1303-1307. Depilation of beard and eyebrows. skin strips. only beards sometimes allowed to grow; inch- 1333. Women's hair club like man's, WN, EN, SA. ide metal tweezers now for beard plucking. EN 1335. Girl's hair in 1 braid: NT, SC, Ci, Me, itch on boy's face to remove hair, so not many Li, no others. Adult women likewise sometimes: hen adult. Me moustache worn. ST, SC; regularly among Ci, Me, Li, but no others. 1306. Tweezers of split materials: bract from SU braid nowadays, not formerly. inion cone (SI), pumpkin seed (SA), bone (Me), 1336. Hair in 2 braids, women. Hu girls' braids willow wood (Zu). of side hair to prevent hanging over eyes; com- 1307. Eyebrows plucked by both sexes. SA re- bined with club arrangement on back of head (1332). torted Taos practice. Me began 18 or 19 years Ll, 01 both sexes, all ages wore 2 braids, but old. only men wrapped. KP married and unmarried vvomen. 1308. Men's bangs to eyebrows. Wa threw away 1337. Men s hair braids wrapped wvith fur or ngs trimmings; longer hair stored in house for buckskin. Me, Li sometimes men w;ore 3d braid, rtificial bangs for girls in ceremonies. scalp lock. Li wrap'ped with otter or beaver fur; 1310. Men's hair full length. Me tied on top feather on scalp-lock braid, either top or bottom. eadwhen sweating. Ll, 01 wrapped with buckskin strips. 1311. Men's hair shoulder length. SI women 1338. Men's hair rolls wrapped vwith fur or ometimes; denied for xomen elsewhere. buckskin. Me, Li men wore 2 r'olls of hair, Me 1312. Men's hair loose at sides but cut mouth women 1. Me men's roll wrapped w-ith beaver, Li evel. ST some deer hunters cut mouth level all with otter or beaver fur. Sometimes rolled for wound, so not apt to get in eyes. SA women also, short distance from head and loose below. ometimes; men -wore loose in dances only. KP 1339. Men tie hair club with yarn. SA women urmned at mouth level, thought to be Spanish also. J.fluence. 1342. Married women's hair in long wrapped 1314-1319. Hair cut in mourning. WS old wvomen roll. One at Zu, SI; 2 at Wa. out hair shorter than young. Hu young women 1344-1346. Men's headbands. WN of wildcat or oulder length, middle-aged mouth level, old "tiger" fur. EN bear or wildcat fur. ST, SC cropped close, for near relative; young men cut yucca leaf, not wioven; ST said buckskik unsatis- little, older men to mouth level. Me young factory, because "too hot" wvhen perspiring; SC Women cut off 2 or 3 in., middle-aged to middle in hot weather, passed headband under back hair d back, aged to mouth level; old men only cut, to lift off neck and give ventilation. Ci silk- oung men dispensed with braid and beaver-fur handkerchief headband in informant's boyhood. WS apping for few days, keeping only hair tie at only calico or other commercial-cloth headband. back of neck. Li women like Me. SU both sexes 01 porcupine-quill embroidered headbands by both docked slightly. sexes on festive occasions. Wa of wildcat, mt. 1320-1323. Cutting hair. EN sometimes cut lion, fox, beaver fur. SA woolen, fur, or buck- short after long illness. NT someone cut mourner's skin headband by men for dancing only, but now bair with stone knife, holding taut and sawing. daily; sometimes of wildcat fur. SI of pine fu informant knew only iron implements. Me tied squirrelskin with tail hanging on one side. KP ir to cut with flint. Zu hair singed with maize of buckskin or white cotton cloth; worn with club cob. KP informant knewv only metal scissors. coiffure. 1324-1342. Coiffure. 1347. Woven-band hair (club) tie by men only, 1325, 1328. Zu married and unmarried women. Wa. 1326. One tie at back of neck. ST sometimes 1348. Me also antelope fawnskin hair ties. both sexes. Ci buckskin strip when going to Jar. Buckskin hair tie by men only, SA, KP. Zu no 1328. Hair twisted, tied in bundle on back. buckskin hair tie lest lose owvn hair. oemen only tZu, -SI ), both sexes (SA) . NT men some- 1349. Pendants in hair. EN turquoise or other times twisted turban-like on top of head, tying stone pendant in hair when shaman so directed. rith buckskin (1348). KP women likewise sometimes, WVS, Me Haliotis pendant in adolescent girl's ithout buckskin tie. forehead hair (2455). Me Haliotis pendants (6 or 1330, 1331. Men's hair in folded club, wrapped 7) on young man's hair where side braids tied to and hung over neck. (1) Navaho style in wrhich back braid, if shaman put them on him; feathers also wrorn pendent in men's hair. KP men only, wore. 128 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1350. Figure-8 ornament for girls. Of rawhide Body Mutilations or buckskin, attached to Navaho-type hair club (1332). NT of buckskin from deer's neck; worn by 1357-1363. Boring of ear lobes. little girl. WM became style only after whites 1357-1360. Sex and age. NT baby's ears pierced came; red wool and brass buttons on face of orna- at fortnight; small sticks to keep open. SC only ment. WS silver buttons on face of ornament; modern ear boring of males for turquoise pendant.l ornament ancient. Li girls and married women. Ci after whites. WM none anciently, because 1351. NT women flowers in hair in spring, Itnothing to wear." Me bored any age. Wa bored at when sometimes many people assembled for dance 4 or 5 days. Zn professional male ear piercers called kotetasishgis, "many people dance." SC operated on all babies; pollen (not maize) "anti- yellow flowers, in dances. Ci in spring and sum- septic" against sore developing. SI at 5 years; mer. WM girls in spring "to look pretty." WS, Hu in winter; ear lobe numbed with ice, pierced with wreath worn by young woman. Me individual flowers smooth splinter from pine knot. KP occasional per and woven wreaths by girls; to keep rattlesnakes son ears bored; neither informant nor interpreter away both sexes put sage leaves in hair. KP women 1361, 1362. Instruments for ear boring. Hard- wore wreaths in spring. wood needle (WN, ST, Zu, SI), snakeweed stem (Me) 1352. Birdskin tied on hair. WM on hair for- mesquite spine (Hu, Li), cactus spine (Hu, Wa, SA merly, nowadays on shirt. Hu hummingbird, other KP). Me warmed lobe with green sage leaves before small bird on young man's hair. Me hummingbird piercing; snakeveed left in hole, turned daily. and small yellow bird on men's hair. EN denied SA stick in ear while wound healing. KP barrel- use, but men wore bunch of turkey feathers on cactus spine for boring. back of head. 1363. Multiple ear holes. Me male informant 5 holes in each ear, lowest in lobe, 4 in outer Various Practices edge about 1/4-inch apart; men only had multiple holes; women one, in lobe. Li female informant 4 1353. Special disposal of hair combings or holes in outer edge of each ear, lowest in lobe; cuttings. Thrown in river, SA; buried, KP; burned, she said Comanche same. Zu some men multiple ear EN, Ci (sometimes), Hu (sometimes), WM, Zu, SA, holes. SI; put in brush, NT, ST, WS (sometimes), Hu 1364. Nasal septum bored. Zu priest of Sumawi (sometimes), Me, Li, SU; put under rock, SC, WS society had septum bored, wore feather on certain (sometimes), Hu (sometimes). EN burned outdoors; occasions. Bored with bone awl at society gather- after bad dream pulled out and burned a few hairs ing. Woman made loud banging noise at instant lest illness and death. NT, ST hid in bushes, operator made perforation. bundled so birds could not make nest. Ci afraid 1365. Intentional head deformation. ST occipi- to put in bushes, for if birds or rats made nest, tal deformation accidental. SC recognized as due person went crazy. Ru combings, not cuttings, to cradle, not intentional. sometimes burned. Zu person recovered from ill- 1366. Nose straightening. Manipulation of nose ness singed off hair with maize cob to rid dis- and often in addition thumb pressure on baby's ease, spat on it, burned it; all combings and palate beneath nose. First might be daily, but cuttings burned lest owner crazed by sorcerer second only once few days after birth. Zu, KP putting on top of post and dancing. denied pressure on palate, but nose squeezed fre- 1354. Yucca suds to kill head lice: WN, EN, quently if too broad, to make high, narrow. ST, Wa, SA. Other methods: scouring with sand 1367-1374. Tattoo. WS, Ru, Me, Li, KP claimed and water (SI), plastering hair against scalp ancient; SU modern. with mountain-laurel foliage and marrow for 2 1367. Forehead tattoo: WS, Hu, Me. Arm tattoo: days (Me, Li). EN washed hair with yucca, rubbed WS, Ru, Me, Li. Eyelid: KP tattooed line along| in grease or marrow, shook out lice on hot stones lower lid to edge of orbit. Hu forehead tattoo in sweat house. NT after yucca hair wash brushed deeply waved line across forehead, on both boys out lice (still living) with grass brush. Li and girls. yucca and bear-grass roots for detergent. Zu de- 1368. WS male informant had two 4-pointed coction of soaked willow bark for lice. SA de- stars (one inside other) on chest; dots between coction from brown weed growing along river for them; also cross of dots inside inner one. Re lice, was taking nap one day, when youths seized him 1355. Rair greased with fat or marrow. ST as they came out of sweat house, and said: "We | marrow to keep out lice. Ru shampooed with yucca are going to put a star on you." Re struggled, before applying marrow. Me, 01, Wa marrow, not hence star uneven; ca. 4 in. in longest dimen- fat. si on. 1356. Zu 5 thin beveled willow sticks shoved 1369. KP women only tattooed on arms, and through hair so they spread; squeezed together double zigzags down each side of chin from mouth to kill lice. WN, EN denied, though recorded in corners; none in middle. Me women only tattooed EDN, p~.170. WN killed with fingernails. EN say- cheeks. ing: If you have lice the day is short." K? 1370. Age at which males tattooed. WS any; Ru, grass brush only for lice. Li, KP 12 years; Me 12-20. Age at which girls l CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 129 tattooed. Hu (before or after puberty), Me (12 to shawl improvised by tying legs of skin together. 0 ;ears old), Li (before puberty, ca. 12 years WS antelope skin. 14). 1387-1388. ST wove rabbitskin for baby's 1372-1374. Needles and pigments for tattooing. blanket only. Except Wa, woven rabbitskin for single barrel-cactus or prickly-pear spine; bedding only. ther groups bundle of spines. 1389. Robes, shawls, capes of woven twined 1373. Black pigment. Me only black mineral vegetable fiber. SC, SU juniper bark. Me once pignent, others charcoal; WS juniper charcoal. only as per following story: Captive Mescalero woman from San Andres mts. taken to Comanche Ear Ornaments country. Escaped with aid of Comanche woman who felt sorry to see her cleaning buffalo hides con- 1375-1380. (See 1232.) WN Olivella and tur- tinually. Hid her under rawhide bag. Prepared uoise-bead ear pendants. EN woman's ear pendant everything for her. Next day Comanche searched of turquoise beads. WS women only wore Haliotis for her on horseback, while still under rawhide ar pendants. Ha glass ear pendants from Mexicans. bag. When they returned, she started. Traveled 3 ewhole Olivella from ruins and turquoise as ear or 4 nights, hid in day. Cold close to mts., so endants by both sexes; red mt.-laurel-seed ear wove self blanket of grass leaves nr. Pecos r. endant for men. Li ear pendant of bone tube with Li cabbage-palm sheath with fibers crossing riangular Haliotis suspended by apex; silver one another. for robe; no weaving necessary. SU earrings from Mexicans. Wa wood in bored ear lobe blanket of strips of juniper bark with twined nly to keep hole open. buckskin or Spanish bayonet yucca-fiber weft. 1390. Poncho (split in middle). WM woolen Clothing poncho, both sexes. Hu, Me buckskin poncho, both sexes. SA woven poncho for men, easily trans- 1381-1383. Headgear. (See 1202, 1203, 2711.) formed into kimono-sleeved tunic by sewing up 1381. Fur cap, men. Wildcat (WN, EN, Me, Li); sides. beaver (EN, Li); badger, for cold weather (NT, 1391. Woman's shawl of woolen material. EN in T); fox (Me, no coyote skins used); sheep (SA); olden days of mt.-sheep wool. WS, 01 imported. 'sually bareheaded (Li). Wa women never wvore skins. SA sometimes black 1382. Buckskin cap with feathers. (See 1202, manta as shawl; shawl over head like Zu, SI. 711.) WN eagle feathers on, not necessarily war 1392. Maan's robe of woolen material. WS, 01 cap. WS for dance and war. Hu by man who knew imported; WS gave Navaho, Hopi, or Zuni horse, or medicine" for it. buckskin, or rifle for 1 blanket. Wa hung to knees. 1384-1393. Robes, shawls, capes (over shoul- 1393. Robe of cotton cloth. WS imported. Wa, KP ers). worn by women. Wa fine white "sand" for -whitening 1384. Of hide with hair on. WN sheep, goat. woman s cotton wedding robe. Zu raw cotton from in cold weather both sexes fox neckpiece and Hopi for weaving light cape (now replaced by hand- obe of 5 foxskins sewed with buckskin. ST gray- kerchief worn on back with band from 2 corners ox neckpiece men only; robes and bedding of mt.- passing over shoulders and tied in front). SA ion skin, sewed coyote and gray-fox skins. SC women wore cotton cape. k enIs robes of coyote, mt.-lion skins. Ci deer- 1394-1420. Shirts and gowns. Garments worn from kin cape, hair side in, both sexes; in sumner shoulders, other than robes, shawls, and capes cov- ingle skin; in vwinter 2 tied at shoulder, also ered in preceding (notes 1384-93). Southwesterners ther furs. 'WM both sexes cape of 2 fawnskins, relatively well clothed compared with Califor- air in, shifted according to wind; afraid of nian tribes. Even children seem to have been more t.-lion and bear skins for clothing, but for bed fully clothed in most groups. As children grew, lankets. Hu deerskin, mt.-lion capes, but no the frugal SU ripped out stitching and made clothes ear, badger, wolf, coyote, wildcat. Me both over. exes deer or buffalo calfskin robes, sometimes Age up to which children went naked. Children t. lion or bear, none painted. Me, Li clothed clothed from babyhood: Me, Li, Ll, 01, SU. Others 11 children. Li robes of wvildcat, mt. lion, let them run naked, weather permitting, till fol- guar, bear, deer, buffalo. Ll mt.-lion cape; lowing ages attained: WN, WS, Hu 2-3 years; EN, SI N had. 01 capes and robes of buffalo skin. SU 3-5; NT, Zu 3; ST, WM, SA 5; SC 6-8; Ci 3-4; Wa 11; ole rabbitskins woven with twined weft of buck- KP 4-5. At age of 3 NT child began wearing fawn- in. Wa hide capes men only; women woven mate- skin shirt. als; wildcat-skin robe and comforter. SA buffalo 1394. SU hung almost to knees, of single buck- obe; none of small skins sewed. SI soft tanned skin. Zu sleeves of buckskin shirts either of ffalo robe or deerskin by men, women sometimes. kimono or sewed-on (1395) type. yven blanket (1391) by women chiefly. Wildcat or 1395. Men's buckskin shirts, sleeved. For EN, ox (not coyote) sewed for robe. SU, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, KP inquired if sleeve was 1385. Cape of buckskin (dehaired). NT dyed red kimono type or sewed-on tailored sleeve; others Fith alder bark. ST whole buckskin sometimes as not asked, so entries in element list may refer to ap in cold dry weather. SC shawl for w\omen. Ci either except WN, Ci, Ll notes imply sewed-on 130 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS sleeve: WN sleeve reached to wrist. Ci, Li seam decorations. ST tunic of large female buckskin on under side of sleeve. painted yellow; poncho-like neck opening; sewn NT shirt of 2 antelope buckskins. ST of ante- down sides; no sleeves, fringes on shoulders and lope or deer buckskin, flesh side out, sewn down side seams. Fringes tipped with rolled tin from sides, open in front to sternum, made by "rich" Navaho; no earlier use of flints. Me also claimed men. Fur shirts of 15 or 16 Abert squirrelskins, with some hesitation full-length dress with sewed worn fur in. Ci no shirt before whites, merely sleeves; all other groups denied. Li full-length skin or two tied across body, as in 1384, 1385. dress of 2 1/2 buckskins; informant selected Me shirt over top of leggings. Ll seam down sides, Wissler, fig. 12, as Li type; neck opening trans-, fringed along top of sleeve; buckskin clothing verse. SU reached below knees; seams at sides; hardened by moisture worked soft with hands. 2 buckskins. 1396. Opening of shirt fastened together. NT 1415. Woman's buckskin dress painted white. LI open to below sternum. SC string ties through also yellow ocher. slits in buckskin. WS only sometimes pinned neck 1416. EN woven dress of finely spun Spanish opening with stick. Li some front opening, some bayonet yucca fiber when buckskin scarce, com- transverse neck opening, i.e., across shoulders posed of 2 rectangular pieces, front and back, (Wissler, fig. 12). 01 transverse neck opening sewn down sides. Men wove horizontally on 4 tied at ends, no vertical front opening; no stakes. undershirt. 1417. Pueblo woven dress or manta imported by 1398. Buckskin shirt painted yellow. Ci, WM SA from Hopi, as no longer made at SA. yellow clay rubbed in with water; whole shirt, 1421-1448. Loin covering. Ci, WM; neck region, WM. Me yellow clay. Ll yel- 1421. Buckskin belt. TIN girdle to hold breech- low ocher. clout, which men only wore. NT woman's belt on 1399. Buckskin shirt painted white. Me, Ll outside of dress (1413). SC man's belt 2 in. wide white clay. 01 man's belt against skin; women's (1422) on 1400. Buckskin shirt dyed or painted red-brown. outside of dress. SU women wore no belt. Zu poor Alder bark NT, Ci, SA, and probably SI. NT dyed man wore buckskin-string belt (1427) and woolen antelope buckskin shirt -Nith alder to prevent shirt; well-to-do man wore buckskin shirt, skin drying hard after rain. Me, Li red clay for color- knee breeches (sic), woolen stockings, buckskin ing shirt. moccasins. SI men sometimes soft rawhide-rope 1401. Buckskin shirt painted orange. SC from belt to support breecholout and leggings. Vla, root of shrub. Li orange clay; some uncolored. Zu, SI, KP men only buckskin belts. Wa, SA men 1402. Painted design on buckskin shirt. SA also rawhide belts. deer, antelope, buffalo. 1423. Braided yucca or agave fiber belt. ST 1404. Fringed buckskin shirt. Ci at bottom, new mother's belt of buckskin (1421) or agave at side seams, at sleeve seams. Me gala shirts fiber; no work during month worn. SC girdle of fringed, daily not. Li cocoon fringe on shoulders 3-strand yucca braid men only. Zu no yucca on of children's clothes; not rattles. SI man's body lest cramps. gala shirt only fringed. 1424-1426. Woven belt for woman. WN red wool. 1405. Porcupine-quill embroidery on man's Wa cotton only for trousseau. KP cotton belt buckskin shirt. Li some with undyed porcupine outside dress, 3 to 4 in. wide (see 1444). Draw- quills. Ll some at shoulders. SI fancy shirts strings for men's trousers and women's skirts sometimes. (1444), cotton-cloth strips inch wide. 1406. Cotton shirt. KP sometimes; tucked in- 1427. Cord of agave fiber for girdle, NT, side loose cotton trousers with drawstring as in SC, Hu. Cord girdle by men only, Zu, SA. NT pajamas. Trousers of Mexican type, but thought man's girdle diameter of middle finger, wound aboriginal. 4 times around waist. SA rawhide rope or wool 1407. Woolen shirt. Wa usually blue dyed; some- rope. times undyed. 1428-1432. Breecholouts. EN formerly woven 1408. Wa no underwear. Zu no undershirt. juniper bark or grass, or sometimes shredded 1409. Short-sleeved tunic. EN woven of red bark without weaving; also woven rabbitskin. yarn from Mexican blankets; earlier of buckskin EN only woman sometimes wore breecholout, if no (1412). Zu no skin clothing for women except skirt. NT undyed antelope buckskin. ST yearling- leggings, moccasins. KP cotton tunic, short fawn buckskin, head end in front, tail behind; sleeves sewed on. hung about foot fore and aft. Hu sometimes mt.- 1411, 1412. Tunic of buckskin. WN fringed lion fur. Wa imported buffalo skin. SA soolen or short sleeves, not reaching elbows. SC unfringed cotton fabric. SI black woolen fabric. KP men daily wear; fringes foot long on gala attire. Ci wore only breechclout in hot weather. In modern wife or daughter of poor hunter not much buckskin times cloth replaces buckskin: EN, WS, Hu, Me, clothing. TWM no fringes till after whites. Li, Ll, 01. 1413.-Long dress of buckskin. NT made by man 1433. Zu woolen and cotton front and back of 2 deer buckskins; from neck to below knees, aprons. fringe around ankles and long seams; ends of 1437. Kilt a cloth wrapped around waist. Wa buckskin sewing cords formed fringes; no dewolaw of cotton or wool, daily over breecholout. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII- -GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 131 1438. Kilt a skin wrapped around waist. WS, Hu, served among WN, EN, Wa, o" attaching whitened ,Me buckskin. Zu sometimes mt. lion or wildcat. Hu buckskin calf wrapping to moccasin, making 3- kilt less than knee length. Me kilt of earlier piece moccasins; attached around heel and half- times replaced by breecholout; tied kilt in place way forward on moccasin. WN women observed wearing with cord. for squaw dance. Wa upper in 2 parts; 1 from toe 1439-1442. Front and back aprons. EN juniper to instep, second from instep back and with high bark, knee length; shredded and tied to girdle top for wrapping around calf; part of trousseau. cord; only when dearth of better materials. NT No-women's leggings formerly; calf wrapping mod- woman's 2-piece underskirt of antelope buckskin, ern. SA hind part of upper long and high for open on sides; both skirts same size. Worn under wrapping around calf; tied with wrapped-around buckskin dress; reached to below knees slightly, cord. SI ceremonial; when wearing this women do so when woman sat in regular buckskin dress, not wear high boots, but ankle-high moccasins with front apron fell between legs for concealment. toe ornament (1474). 1443-1448. 1-piece skirt. EN shredded juniper- Footgear. bark tubular skirt, knee length, when dearth of 1459-1477. Hard-soled moccasins. V*N informant better materials; bark tied to or over cord. ST knew only present-day type. skirt of 2 buckskins (male and female). These 1460. 2-piece moccasins, i.e., sole and upper. laid on ground, cut in half. Front formed of male 01 single-piece upper of man's moccasins included ,and female, back of male and female. Side seams heel fringe and folded-down tongue. fringed. Reached halfway between knee and ankle. 1461. 3-piece moccasins. (See note 1456.) SA, Opening at upper part of 2 side seams with buck- SI upper 2 pieces: toe-instep-tongue in one; from skin thongs for tying. Painted yellow around instep back 2d piece wide enough to tie around waist. WM skirt of 2 buckskins laced together at ankle; sometimes SI sufficient to cover lower "sides; knee length; no underskirt, hence woman calf. sat carefully without spreading legs. Li turkey- 1462. Men's moccasins, short tops. NT, ST claw fringe on woman's skirt sometimes. KP cot- above ankles. WM women's old-style moccasins low ton cloth with drawstring at waist, not fringed, like men's; women bare-legged between skirt bot- ankle length; tunic tucked inside skirt waist- tom and moccasins. SU women's like men's. Wa men's 'band. uppers in 2 pieces, came little above ankle. Zu Fur mittens.- poor people goat-hide moccasins crudely sewn with 1449. WN wildcat. NT, ST Abert squirrel. ST yucca fiber; better moccasins of deerskin; both case skinned, head end at f ingera tips. WN, NT sexes alike. SI uppers of deer and antelope buck- mittens with cord to hang around neck; ST with- skin, mt.-sheep skin. mout. WN separate thub; others withoutn . All hair 1463. Women's knee-length boots (moccasins), Iside in. or with high folded-down tops. ST to knees, some- times folded-down tops. EW folded-down tops mod- Buckskin leggings. ern. WS antelope-skin uppers. WS tops of both 1450-1455. EN tied at bottom with cord passing sexes folded down in hot -weather. Li top folded under foot. NT short buckskin leggin, covering dor.n from knee to ankle; long enough to pull up .bottom of long legging and top of moccasin; to hivs, which not done, worn knee height. SI buckskin lacing, not wound around leg; for long women s everyday boots of buckskin with high leggings 1 antelope buckskin each. ST antelope double folded-down tops, tied around with buck- buckskin. WS no leggings, probably because high- skin cord just below knees; upper all one piece. topped moccasins (boots). Hu long leggings with 1464. Men's moccasins knee length. Ci women's low-topped moccasins formerly; latterly, short like men's, high tops pulled up to knee. Man's leggings (hips to knees) with high-topped mocca- legging worn over moccasin. WS men's like women's, ains. Me men's and women's leggings both hip tops up to knees in winter; winter moccasin lacked length; sometimes tucked into woman's high-topped turned-up toe. moccasins or boots, sometimes worn outside boots. 1465, 1466. Buskins reaching knees worn in Li men only wore winged and fringed leggings. winter. NT men wore buskin with rabbit fur sock Ll, 01 men only wore fringed-buckskin leggings; for snow travel. Wa sheep- or dog-skin foot and double leggings in winter hunting, outer a leg wrapping-no moccasin under it-entered in trapping of buckskin tied on with buckskin cord element list as "buskins reaching knees." Zu (1453). SU man's hip-length leggings; uoman's knee-length buskins of sheepskin. SA men wore ee-length and tied around at top with buckskin rabbit-fur sock or insole; women sheepskin in- itring. Zu man's buckskin leggings like knee sole. breeches. Zu claimed ancient, Hu modern. Zu also 1467. Plant-material insole worn in vinter. had actual knee breeches, formed by cutting Juniper bark (EN, Ci, WS, Hu, SU), juniper bark buckskin to cover loins and sewing it to leg- nlot used (Me, Li, Ll, 01, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, K(P); ;gings. SA leggings of sheepskin with viool for oak-leaf insole (Ll; 01), oak leaf not used Winter . ( SU, Wa , Zu , SA, SI , KP); gra.mma-grass inso le 1456. Pueblo woman' s spiral buckskin calf (WS) ; yucca-leaf insole (NT); cottonwood-leaf 'rapping. Related to this was modern device, ob- insole (Ll). 132 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1470. Fur moccasins for winter. WN sheepskin, BEDDING wool-side in. Wa dog or sheep skin for both sexes; also improvised "snowshoe" of sheepskin Mattress.- tied on with yucca fiber. SI men's of wildcat 1486. Pad of vegetable material for mattress. fur., uppers same cut as regular moccasin, reach- Juniper foliage, Ll, SI; juniper bark, EN, SU, ing above ankles; leggings on outside of men's SI; grass, EN, NT, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li, moccasins at all times. In summer fastened at SI; pine needles, Ll, 01, SI; yucca fiber, WN. instep, in winter at sides in addition, to ex- EN earliest mattress merely grass pile; "when clude snow. Mexicans brought firearms, Navaho got hides for 1471. Hide overshoes. WS deer, beef, horse mattress." NT grass-pad mattress ca. 8 in. thick, hide; over moccasins in winter, reaching just no hides over it. ST cliff-rose bark. SC brush, above ankles. Iu hide overshoes to ankles. Me mt. covered with soft grass, mammal skins on top. sheep, elk, buffalo hide; laced under foot. Li Me ground hollowed for winter bed; filled with buffalo-hide overshoes in winter, over moccasins. willow and juniper bark, and grass. SI in camp, SA winter overshoe of sheepskin, men only, reached brush and juniper bark. to knees. Sewed up to ankle, piece for wrapper 1487. Hides for mattress. WN sheepskins. WM above ankle, tied around with woolen string. Since hides over grass mattress. STJ doe hide on juniperw worn over regular moccasins I have called over- bark mattress. Wa sewed coyote and wood-rat hides, shoe instead of buskin. buffalo hides by trade for well-to-do people. Zu 1472. Porcupine-quill embroidery. Wa men's sheep, bear, deer, antelope hides; woven rabbit- ceremonial moccasins. skin blankets; woven woolen blankets. SA lower 1474. Moccasins with turned-up, round, dollar- part buffalo or cattle hide, upper sheepskin; no size toe. EN ball-like projection on toe for pro- deer or antelope hides. SI in pueblo, buffalo, tection of foot. ST rare because not enough buck- bear, deer, mt. sheep, coyote, antelope. skin. SC sometimes boys' had turned-up toes. WM 1488. Willow mat with rawhide twining (Plains turned-up toes on women's from "Chiricahua" type). In summer, Me used on bedstead supported Apache. SI turned-up toe on women's for dance by 4 forked posts, 2 ft. aboveground. On willow only. mat, skins, etc., laid. 1475-1477. Rawhide for moccasin sole. Horse, 1489. Woven-yucca-mat mattress. WN yucca-fiber- WN, WS, Hu, Li (also donkey, mule), Wa. Cattle mat weave uncertain. Me yucca-fiber mat for child' hide, WN (also for rope, bridle, saddle), EN, WS, mattress, skin on top. Li mat of split yucca Hu, Wa, Zu, SA. Bear's face, Ci. Buffalo neck, leaves, checker weave, grass and hides over. KP SU. Anteiope, Wa. Deer neck always buck, Wa. Buf- mat of split yucca leaves. falo rawhide from any part of body including face, Blankets.- SI. Badger, EN, Wa. Elk, WN, Li, Zu, SI. NT men 1491.- made moccasins, attaching soles with pi-non pitch 1491. Badger skins. ST 6 skins sewed 3 in each besides sewing. row; for bedding or robe. Me not used "because 1478. Yucca-fiber "shoe." WN had heard of, but eat snakes could not describe. SC traditiolal in informant's 1492. Coyote skins. NT, ST 6 skins sewed with father's day. Wa moccasin of yucca-fiber string sinew thread; bedding only. SC blanket of coyote in checker weave, even sole of string. skins, grass on top. Ci 4 coyote skins sewed. 01 1479, 1480. Sandals. EN sandals of badger hide coyotes not killed. or plaited yucca leaves, or slipper of cattail 1493. Foxskins. SI sewed together for bed- leaves, worn before moccasins adopted. NT deer's covers; also used in dances. neck rawhide sandal in camp; 2 vertical side 1494. Wildcat skins. SC 4 for blanket. Ll 6 straps; 2 cords in front, one between great and bobcat skins for bed blanket. 2d toe, other over little toe; encircling cord 1497. Antelope skins. Li antelope and white- around ankle. Cords of buckskin. Men and women tailed deer fawn for saddle blankets, not bedding. wore, not children. SC deer's neck hide doubled 1498. Buffalo. SU very few had for bed blankets for sandal. KP rawhide sandals seen, like Cocopa 1499. Mountain lion. Li also jaguar blankets. in manner of attachment (Gifford, 1933, fig. 3); Wa from Havasupai; woolen blanket or man's blue sometimes toe turned up for protection. sleeveless shirt for 1 mt.-lion hide. 1481. Commonly barefoot (at home). EN women 1500. Bear. 01 not killed. barefoot much. Me, Li barefoot about camp, es- 1501. Other skin blankets. WVN sheepskin. SC pecially in heavy rain. Wa women wore moccasins sewed rabbitskins for baby. Ci pine squirrel skins only in ceremonies. SA barefoot around house in sewed with sinew thread. Hu calfskin. Li peccary- summer. skin blankets and mats. Wa wildcat skin. 1482-1484. Snowshoes. SC old moccasins, grass 1503. Woven-plant-fiber blanket. EN, SC, SU any or bark wrapped, worn in mud and snow. SI Juniper soft bark. EN grass. WM yucca fiber. Other groups branch bent to shape of moccasin, cross sticks; none of these. EN men wove blanket of untwisted tied with stays of buckskin from edge of snowshoe Cow,ania or Apache plume bark, using yucca weft. to ankle. SC juniper-barak woven blanket traditional in CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 133 |formant's father's time. SU juniper-bark blan- with load in middle. Zu, NT, Hu, Li, SI single it. EN, Me, SU sometimes shredded fibers for load pole (over shoulder); Hu hunter or traveler overing. carried light load; Zu hunter, or farmer with 1504. Woolen- or cotton-blanket bedcover. WM, seed. ifrom Navaho. Wa woolen and cotton comforters, 1529. Stretcher of buckskin for disabled per- ispecially latter. KP cotton bed blanket. son. NT 6 bearers. Ci 4 or 5 men as bearers. 1530. KP saguaro ribs as crosspieces on ladder- SITTING POSTURES, GREETINGS, ETC. like litter. 1531. Hu litter of 2 poles connected with yucca- 1505. Men sat crosslegged (Turkish style). leaf ties and sometimes with skin laid on these. oen too (NT, ST); denied elsewhere for women. 1532. 'Carrying of person on back with blanket ross-legged habitual Li men's style. SI infor- or rope sling. SC rope only. Others blanket, with cant described cross-legged sitting as Apache rope makeshift; WS, SU, Zu, KP denied rope alto- style. gether. Wa, SA, SI rope across chest, not over 1508. SU women also sat with one leg out, one head. Ci children only with blanket or rope over Mnder. head or chest of bearer. WM children only in 1509. Me sat on heels sometimes when shooting buckskin blanket so child astride bearer's hips. t enemy; also one knee back and one up (1511) Hu blanket sling sometimes for child, not for then using bow or gun. goods. Me instance of wounded man carried with 1511. One leg folded back, other knee up. rope. Li children only in blanket. SU sick people Women only (NT, SC), men only (Ci, WS, Hu, Me, not moved around. Zu wounded on back; dead also if Li, Ll, 01, SU, Wa, SA, KP), both sexes (WN, EN, no donkey. SA rawhide strap for carrying person. Wm, WM, Zu, SI). Ci men in case of alarm, so could SI wounded sometimes on back with rope. ise quickly. 1533. Load poised on shoulder. NT, Li, KP men 1512. Hu informant only said women sat on but- only. ST wood. WS, SI short distance. Wa cotton tocks with knees up. Wa men hands around knees sack. SI sometimes in rawhide or buckskin double- when so sitting. ended bag. 1513. Hu, Me, Li men also sat with feet curled. .1534. Head carrying by women. KP more prevalent 1515. Wa when hoeing rested standing with foot than formerly because kioho carrying frame (1572) gainst knee. now rare. Formerly pairs of water jugs in kioho 1518. Tear salutation limited to women WN, WS; if distance great; each had grass stopper. If tto men WM. short haul, jug on head with yucca headring 1520. Hand shake. Part of embrace (EN, Wa, Zu, (1538). SA, SI), one hand around shoulder, other gripping 1535. KP women only carried water on head. hand. 1536. SA women only used headring. SI men only, 1521. Li kissed on cheek only. SA lovers only for wood carrying. kissed. 1537. Wrapped headring. SA willow-bark wrapping. 1522. Meals 2. SC ate between meals. Zu break- SI juniper-bark wrapping over split yucca leaves. fast ca. 10, not at sunrise as with other groups. 1539. Water carrying in pottery jar. (See note SI 2 meals in camp. 1534.) ST carried but seldom kept in it; if heavy, 1522a. Meals 3. Li ate between meals. SI 3 pack strap over forehead; if light across chest. eals in pueblo. Me, Li clay pot for storing water at camp, not 1524. KP avoided sleeping with head E, as carrying. HP kioho carrying frame (1572) chiefly souls of dead went E. for pots of water. 1525. Walking-stick for elderly person. NT 1541. Water carried in gourd canteen. NT gourd ash wood with crook handle bent in fire, tied with constricted neck. SC also pumpkin shells. with yucca leaves 2 or 3 days until hard; both 1542. Water carried in paunch, bladder, gut. 8exes used. ST of cane or ash wood, 3 1/2 ft. Only in emergency, as on hunt, for not over 2 days, long. as rotted. SU exception used paunch 4 or 5 days for water, then ate. Paunch: EN, SC, Ci, WM, WS, BURDENS Hu, Me, Li, SU, SA. Bladder: NT, WS. Gut: WS, Hu, Me, Li, SA. 1526. Distance travel by running (trot). EN, 1543. Water carried in skin bag. Peccary skin, *a messengers walked only to rest. Li; fawnskin, EN, Zu; deer neck skin, Me; deer 1527. Men carry some property when traveling. hindquarter skin, Me, Li; buffalo rawhide,Li, N only denied, said men hunted. Men of all other SI; goat or sheepskin, not deerskin, WN; horse groups helped carry food, household effects, small skin, Li. Me bag edges fastened with wooden pins; children. Men carried the heavier loads: SC, Wa, then smoked; watertight by swelling of hide after tSi. Zu man carried most loads in farming; no water in it. change of residence save t'emporarily near farm. 1544. Pack strap over head by both sexes in all SC men carried maize ears tied together. groups, except women only: NT, Ci, KP. SC head 1528. Zu yoke pole with load on both ends by position for man rare; usually over shoulder or in 'en to carry water. Ll pole between two bearers hand. Me said head position for pack strap was WY 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~s tyle, no t Me . 134 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1545. Forehead protected from chafing of pack ported, but stored in old basket. WS antelope- strap. WN extra thickness of buckskin. Ci pad of skin bags. Li special saddle bag for little grass or leaves. WS buckskin wrapping on pack girl. SU sack tied at both ends, carried like strap. Hu buckskin wrapping or pad. KP plaited- blanket roll with strap over shoulders and chest; yucca-leaf pack strap (1549) broad in center. men carried in buckskin sack, not burden basket. 1546. Pack strap across shoulders and chest Wa soft elkhide buckskin from Havasupai; made men only: NT, SC. into sacks when cotton lacking; for clothes storagt 1547. Pack strap a bandoleer over one shoulder, and to carry maize from fields. No food stored in under other arm. With exceptions (1181, 1182), skin sacks, except fawnskin (1564) temporary usual means of carrying quiver. Other loads some- storage to keep out dust. KP bag with longitudinal times similarly carried. Men only: EN, NT, SC, Ci, slit, for clothes storage. WS, Hu, Me, Li, Ll, 01, Zu, SI. WN light load, as 1564-1567. Fawnskin bags. NT men's small fawn- in fawnskin bag; EN tobacco bag. Wa quiver only. skin bags for storing sinew, etc. Hu sometimes for SI sack of food. KP roll of bedding. acorns or pinon. 1548. Woven pack strap. ST pack strap twined 1568. Hide-and-stick carrying basket. Me flat from green mescal-fiber string; movable weft; bottomed; for carrying walnuts, pinon, cactus band narrowed at ends where warps knotted to- fruit, yucca fruit, etc. gether; also 4- and 6-strand braided tumplines, 1569. Woman's sack of woven material. WN wool, ca. 4 in. wide. made by women for carrying maize. Zu also small 1549. Spanish bayonet yucca-leaf pack strap. wool bags checker woven with fingers. WM for pitched water basket. KP braided pack 1571. Carrying frame of 2 or 3 U-sticks with strap for kioho carrying frame; broad in center wrapped-weave strings. Resembled Mohave carrying for head protection; mescal-fiber ropes to ends frame. WS 3 U-shaped sticks with courses of yuccaX of central portion; women made. leaves wound around closer than Mohave; temporary 1550. Hide pack strap plain except ST braided. for carrying yucca fruit, etc; thrown away. Hu, KP women only used. Wa buffalo-hide pack strap, Me, Li temporary, 2 U-shaped sticks wound with "as buckskin stretched"; no deer hide. split yucca leaves; both sexes to carry yucca or 1553a. Rawhide "bags." Hu on back, pack strap other fruit; thrown away. over head or shoulders. 1577-1582. Net carrying bag (hammock type). 1554. Parfleche. WS deer rawhide, later of KP, HP agave-fiber net sometimes for transporting cattle hide; unpainted; tied around with cords cactus fruit, sacks of grain, jugs of water on instead of laced. Hu rawhide carried on back with horseback. For cactus fruit, net lined with grass pack strap over head or shoulders; also buckskin to prevent cords cutting fruits. Apparently edges wrapping as container for so-ne materials other laced together.. HP also of rawhide. than food. Li peccary-skin parfleche. Li side 1583, 1584. Network for gourd or clay water flaps folded on outside and laced. SA, SI for jug. WS, Hu of rawhide for gourd canteen: 2 disks meat storage. of rawhide, one on bottom; other, perforated for 1555. "Saddle bag" (open in middle). (See neck of canteen, encircled top; 2 laced together fig.) EN buckskin, not rawhide; before horse; with rawhide; 2 loops for carrying strap. Wa cotton-string ties on gourd; pottery water jars 'needed no network as lugs for pack strap. Zu of woolen strings; maize-cob cork for gourd canteen. 1585. Yucca, saguaro, etc., plants as "bas- kets." NT improvised yucca plant for saguaro fruit by removing center leaves and tying ends of outside leaves over load, which thus encased, Zu yucca plant as cage to carry nest and young blue jays or sparrow hawks home to rear for feathers for ceremonial; fed on grasshoppers, carried over shoulder. WS fringe at each end; on etc. SA yucca plant as emergency basket for horse to carry seed. Me elkhide for saddle bags prickly pears, etc.; withe and yucca fiber to sometimes. Li pot in rawhide bag when moving. SA weave into basket. Wa no yucca plant, but some- rawhide, buckskin, woven material; on horse or times sumac bush with many shoots. SC only over shoulder. SI for storage and carrying; saguaro skeleton as improvised basket. Ci 2 usually fringed. saguaro boles together to hold caked fruits; 1556. Brief-case-shaped rawhide bag. SI for wrapped with Spanish bayonet yucca leaf; also clothes storage. to soak dried fruit. 1558. Cylindrical feather case. SU for carry- 1586. Burden baskets, in general. ST little ing tools; informant's wife had one she made. SI girl's toy burden basket. SC men no burden bas- storage of various articles, not food. ket. EN, WS, Ru, Me, Zu men same type as women. 1559. Rawhide bucket. Li shaped like metal WS woman of house made burden basket for each; bucket, for burdens. men for deermneat after lining with leaves; lined 1560-1563. Buckskin bags. EN also of sheep, with snakeZzeed for fruit likely to be bruised. goat, horse, and cattle skins. SC food trans- Me flat bottomed. SA men only used Apache flat- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 135 ttomed burden basket for packing provisions Apache except for SI and WN; however, 3 Apache trip; preferred because light. groups lacked it: Li, Li, 01. Wicker recorded 1589. Wicker burden basket. EN both sexes made for certainty among EN, NT, ST, WM, WVa, Zu; SA at-bottomed wicker basket of willow or sumac men made certain willow baskets, but not ascer- r emergency carrying of yucca fruit. Wa men made, tained if twining or wicker, though suspect lat- edwicker burden baskets; sometimes used by old ter. Twilling recorded only for Wa, SA, SI, KP; men too. Two bent U-sticks outside formed corner denied elsewhere except HP (not inquired); rps; eight smaller warps; weft of sumac (?) twilling obviously not Athabascan. ems; lugs of narrow-leafed yucca fiber; for Basketry importations. WN from Paiute, coiled aches, maize, watermelons, etc. Zu made by "wedding" baskets. EN from Paiute and Ute, coiled en, of willow, flat-bottomed, W Apache twined baskets for food and ceremonial uses. Via from 'rden baskets as models; Zu woven cotton and Hopi of Second and Third Mesas, coiled and wicker colen goods to Apache for baskets; 2 groups vis- plaques respectively, for ceremonial purposes. Zu ted equally; both sexes used burden baskets. from Navaho and WV Apache, pitched water baskets 1590. SI men made twined, flat-bottomed, willow and ceremonial baskets. SA from Navaho and Jica- Wrden baskets, 2 handles for strap attachment for rilla Apache, twined burden baskets and coiled ok; no design; both sexes used; smaller than pitched water baskets. SI from Jicarilla Apache, Lsh basket (note 242). coiled food baskets. Ci sold baskets to Zuni and 1590a. Colored designs in tightly woven burden Navaho when they came to Cibecue country; also skets. Red and black, ST, SC, Ci (modern), WS Cibecue visited them. ometimes), Hu (yucca root for red; Martynia for 1601. 01, Ll, Su made only coiled baskets. 01 ack), denied by others except WM doubtful. Green 3 forms: plaques (1637), cylindrical, pitched dbrown, WS (sometimes), Me. Black (Martynia) water bottle. First 2 made to trade to Pueblos ly, NT, ST (sometimes), SC (sometimes), Ci (mod. for farm products. Only 3d type (1647) regularly ), WM, WS (sometimes), Hu (sometimes). used by 01 themselves; cylindrical baskets some- 1591. Bottom of burden basket reinforced with times for trinket containers (1658). ather when made (NT, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me); 1602. Coiling clockwise, looking into basket. or repair only (ST). EN left-handed worker only. 1592. Twined burden basket, waterproofed. NT 1603. Awl thrust into inside of basket when erized saguaro petals mixed with water. NT, sewing. Whether open basket, or bottle-necked, SC, WM cooked mescal juice. Ci sap rubbed in or small cylindrical one, was largely determinant close interstices, for seed carrying. Hu cactus whether awl entered inside or outside. At least lice to coat. so with NT, WS, KP; with small opening awl within 1593. ST diagonal twined weave only in old days, impossible. Ci awl entered inside of basket dish, t now plain twining. Temporary burden basket: 2 ends of sewing material trimmed on outside; cook- gs of sumac wood, larger for top edge, smaller ing basket reverse. ,r bottom; connected by vertical yucca-strip 1605. Single-rod coiling, Zu only, willow rps; 3 or 4 encircling twinings of yucca strips. foundation; sewing willow split 3 ways. 1593a. WN only conical twined burden basket 1606. Following data best obtained by basket ke Yavapai. NT knew as Yavapai only. examination. Few positive responses from inform- 1594. Flat-bottomed, plain-twine, double-warp ants: Sewing stitches pass through bundle of rden baskets. WS flat bottom had concavity. Hu splints, NT, ST, SC, WM, HP. Stitches do not lberry. Me mulberry and sumac, weft sometimes interlock, NT, SC, WM, 01, SU, SI, KP, HP. Split rrow-leafed-yucca strips. SA (note 1586). stitch, NT, SC, WM (sometimes), 01, SU, SA, SI, 1596. Four reinforcing vertical rods inside KP. Double coiling, SC (sometimes). SU inform- den basket. Me wove 2 bent oak withes into ant displayed 2-rod burden basket of sumac sket. Pack strap sewed to piece of rawhide (foundation and sewing material). ometimes inside and outside of basket). 1607. 3-rod-foundation coiled basketry. Li, 1598. Me burden baskets with buckskin decora- 01 whole peeled willow rods, of equal size; on festive. informant denied 5 (Goddard, p. 159). 01 traded 1599. Coiled, flat-bottomed burden basket. Ll plaques to San Juan and Santa Clara pueblos es- e and used by women; men packed on horseback. pecially. SI like Li, 01; 3 rods, willov or Spanish bayonet yucca sewing over sumac-stick sumac; split sumac for sewing material. se, no design. HP burden basket for saguaro 1608. Coiled basket foundation one rod and it, etc.; poised on headring; no pack strap, bundle of fibers. WS fibers or strips of leaves t suspended. of narrow-leafed yucca (1677). Me sumac, willow, BASKETRY or mulberry rod with 2 to 4 strips froin leaves of narrow-leafed yucca (1677). Basketry Techniques 1609. Multiple-foundation coiled basket. KP tule skin for edge from Sacaton Pima; formerly Coiling commonest method; Wa only group who sharp-bladed grass for edge; no dyeing. HP d none, but obtained coiled baskets from Hopi foundation split stems of water plant, called Second Mesa for wedding and other ceremonies. tule by interpreter, but seems too stiff; no ining, 2d commonest technique, essentially split stitches in example examined. 136 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1620-1622. Wicker basketry. Wa got ornamental 1631-1635. Winnowing, sifting, parching trays. Oraibi plaques for wedding and other ceremonies; 1631. Me twined sifter actually shallow burden purchased -;ith cloth dresses and belts, pottery. basket; see note 305. Wa made square flat plaques of scraped cotton- 1633. EN parched pinion in coiled basket. Me wood shoots as dishes for freshly cooked paper for winnowing (Goddard, 161). Zu coiled basket bread. Zu winnowing basket examined had radiating bowls from W Apache and Navaho for shalako cere- warps which became parallel on sides. SA willow mony. baskets by men (wicker or twined?) had rim wrap- 1634. Zu wicker sifting basket which let dirt ping tightened with bone or wooden awl. through interstices; very little throwing up and 1623, 1624. Twilling. SA men made yucca win- winnowing in process. nower-sifter (1632). KP made deep basket (God- 1637. Coiled basket plaque. WS dish. KP not dard, 136) for straining saguaro juice; some- formerly; now for whites. times lids for twilled baskets. 1638-1642. Boiling baskets, etc. 1638. Ci coiled baskets, not coated, water- Basket Types tight through swelling of material. WM only coated coiled basket for liquid with application 1625-1630. Seed beater. Varied from oval to of cooked mescal syrup; no basketry water bottles wedge shape, twined in some groups, wicker in so coated. others (see fig.). NT of sumac stems. 1640. ST same basket for food dish and drink- ing cup. 1641. HP tightly woven, uncoated coiled basket for saguaro-wine container and for watering horses. 1642. EN coiled basket bowl for winnowed seed. 1643. Basketry water bottles general. Ci old ones for seed storage. WS grapevine as material. Zu by trade from V/ Apache, Navaho. SA from Navaho and Ll, 01; 4 or 5 "loaves" of bread or small quantity of maize meal, bread, paper bread in ex- change for 1 basket. 1647. Coiled basketry water bottle. NT design in black Martynia. SU 2 seen 2-rod, 3-rod re- spectively; pitched inside only. 1649. Exterior of basket water bottle coated with red clay, etc., before pitch. NT filled interstices and reddened with mashed juniper leaves and alder bark. ST, SC, Ci, WM, Hu with juniper leaves and red clay. EN, Ci, ViM, Me rubbed in pulverized red clay and rabbit dung. VWM, Me horse dung instead jack-rabbit dung nowadays. Me sometimes rubbed red clay into warm pitch after coating. SU sometimes rubbed in deer dung and red earth before pitching; only one of 4 examples seen so treated, 3 had whitened, unpitched ex- teriors. 1650. Basketry water bottle coated with pinion pitch. Ci pitch boiled on calm clear day as less danger of catching afire; "if worker bothered by children, boiling pitch might explode." ViM pitch t7k%lP|7; 1& collected in slab of pine bark, another tied over as cover. Me bottle of sumac, not too tightly woven; so pitch applied inside first could fill interstices; had 'lucky" boy put first handful of pitch in pot for melting. 01 juniper pitch also; 01, Ll like SU, rarely with pitch on exterior (note 1649). 1651. Pitch applied to exterior of basket with "brush." Macerated ends of Spanish bayonet yucca 9W5 SIDE VIEW i\\\l/ leaves as brush (EN, Ci, WvNi, VWS, Hu, SU). NT CX /f, ~~~~~~~brush of bear-grass leaves tied with yucca leaf. /////// ~~~1655. White clay on exterior of basket. EN /g?S// ~~~"go blind" if used. Possibly Ll, 01 used; I did W1 mW ~~~~~~~not inquire, as unacquainted with practice till CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 137 1656. Wooden lugs on basketry water bottles. 1675. Sumac as basketry material. Me white wood, ed to exterior of basket. ST, SC of scrub oak, brown outer bark, green inner bark. SA both founda- ither naturally formed /\_ or bent to tion and sewing material; for latter young stems pe V WM only angular type as illus- hammered with cobble to make flat and limber after rated. removing bark. 1656a. EN, SU horsehair lugs modern; SU for- 1676. Martynia for design. IMe only in coiled rly basketry material. Ll horsehair. 01 buck- basket. SI most baskets with pattern. n pack strap sewed on with basketry material 1677. Yucca leaves for basketry materials. le basket being made. Probably mostly narrow-leafed yucca, sometimes 1657. Corked basket water bottle with bark. Spanish bayonet yucca. EN for crude baskets, not plug of sagebrush bark. SU ball of washed coiled. WS for coiled baskets sewing material of ebrush bark. narrow-leafed yucca faded to yellow or white; 1658. Trinket baskets. Coiled, SC, WS (some- green by keeping in shade; also smoked, then es globular), 01, SU, KP (modern). Twined, washed, for yellow. Hu green yucca useless for Ci, WM, Hu. Wicker, Zu. ST, Me skin bag for burden baskets as rotted quickly. Hu, Me impro- 11 objects. Hu burden basket as trinket con- vised yucca-leaf basket by man. Ll narrow-leafed ner. KP make to sell to whites; none formerly. yucca leaves sewing material for coiled baskets, left green, but faded in time; usually as single Miscellaneous color element, especially for coiled plaque. SA used narrow-leafed yucca. KP Spanish bayonet 1659. Three colors (2 in pattern). SC black yucca leaves for storage baskets (Goddard, 134). red, black alone commoner. WM figures of men HP narrow-leafed yucca. animals modern; "began decorating in 1870"; 1678. Staining or painting basketry materials. ormant said ornate baskets in Roberts' paper Red from boiled mt.-mahogany bark, EN, 01, Zu San Carlos basketry not old type, also no (doubtful). Red mineral, SC, Ci, Ll, SI (not ttlenecked baskets anciently, except pitched durable). Yellow from boiled barberry bark, 01. er bottle. Me if not alternate colors in bas- Yellow mineral, EN, Ll. Black from charcoal, WN; design go blind. Wa no basket had colored denied by others. WS denied coloring; materials en-in pattern. Basket maker avoided by family in following natural colors: white, green, black, ied by all except NT, WM, SA (doubtful), SI yellow, dark red. SU black and red patterns in ubtful). baskets anciently; black mineral dye (note 1291), 1662, 1663. SA men made all baskets: twilled- red plant-root dye. Juniper-foliage ashes as ca winnowing, sifting, and straining baskets; mordant for red dye. Zu red and black dyes from led bowls; willow baskets either twined or shrubs; also for wool and buckskin. ker, probably latter. Basket maker preferred ork alone. Informant made 2-rod coiled bas- MATTING B without pattern. Only one male basketmaker 1935. SI women sometimes made fine coiled 1679. Checker-weave matting denied except as kets as well as men. Informant's father made follows: Of tule stems, Li; of sotol lqaves, Li; Led baskets like those of Jicarilla Apache. of split-yucca leaves, EN, Li, KP; of juniper 1664. ST berdaches did not make baskets as bark, EN. lazy. B . . 1680. Twilled-weave matting denied except as 1665. Breaker inwaularloe bket mndeSig Ed dif follows: Of tule stems, Li; of sotol leaves, Li; of yucca leaves, EN, Li, KP. Li twilled mats with ' 66. Head washing from basket, etc. Me wooden alternating double warps; thus, in one row warps 16 Had washing fo basket,etc Mewod. together are 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6; in next I o h a S grow warps 1, 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 6 and 7. 1681. Twined-weave matting denied except as Tools and Materials for Basketry follows: Of tule or cattail stems, NT; of juniper 667. Scraper of stone flake. Hu also finger- bark, SU. NT mats to sleep on (1490). 6. 1682. Sewed mat of tule stems. Mie for floor, 669. Mulberry for baskets. Hu burden baskets. or cover for double lean-to. EN no tule or cat- L669. Mulberry f orbak s.gu.uren tail because of taboo against things from water. 670U. Yucca root (red) for design. Me in Led basketry only. 1671. Cottonwood better than willow for bas- CRADLES (LYING TYPE) SC. 672. Willow (Salix). ST coiled and twined 1683. Soft juniper-bark cradle, replaced a. Zu 3 kinds of willow. KP willow from Pima monthly. SU twined buckskin wefts. ixchange for yucca-leaf mats. "Baskets all 1685. Rawhide cradle. Li with movable bc,ied wk (of Martynia) if no willow available." footrest, no wooden frame, no hood. Rawhide L674. Split stems for basketry material. ST turned up at sides, holes for lacings; buffalo- lplit stems scraped with flint flake, calf and fawnskin bedding. 01 had perforations 138 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS along 2 edges for buckskin lacings (1721); hood vertical position account weak neck. Zu borrowed of rawhide or of parallel sticks forming basketry cradle in which healthy person had lain, for and (1701). health for new baby. 1686. Wood cradle. Zu pin-on wood. SA pine wood 1694, 1695. Loops for lacing baby in cradle. rubbed down with sandstone. SI like Zu. EN of buckskin, attached to cradle frame. Zu 1687. Wa U-shaped frame but no ladder cross- buckskin loops through holes bored in edge of pieces; sumac verticals wound from top to bottom board. SA 2 loops of buckskin on each side for in figure-8 style like warps on loom. Four buck- lacing in baby. skin loops and buckskin lashings. Buffalo-hide 1696. SI only 1 pair of buckskin cords (1 on ack strap, detachable. Frame of juniper, also each side) to tie in baby, since cradle not car- orosspiece at top. Rarely cross sticks put in, ried on back and always in horizontal position. aking wicker weave. Hole in middle for baby's 1697. Footrest at bottom of cradle. EN of aste. (See fig.). yucca fiber. Hu of rawhide or Apache plume wood, bowed; adjustable, moved as baby grew. 1700. Zu, SI 3 arched willow withes hinged to- gether at ends, and collapsible, formed frame of hood; tied together with buckskin thong at middles to prevent spreading and to pull up to support removable woven wool cover; could be folded back out of way somewhat like baby-buggy hood. (See fig.) 1689. Oval ladder cradle. EN frame of oak. ST rame of ash or sycamore, bound :iith buckskin here ends met. Buckskin strand across to hold hape. Crosspieces of split smoothed sotol stalk, nds bored to lash on to frame with buckskin. ive buckskin loops of finger idth on each side w e1701. Hood a basketry band. EN of parallel oak or lacing. Hood of cradle of peeled whole Wright s wlthes. ST outer surface of hood painted red or illow twigs, laid parallel to form 8-in band, yel w; o s s ol . withes of wild our crosspieces on under and upper sides of hood ro ashed (clamped) together with sinew running be- 1704. Hood a basketry band in checker or twill- een long rods. Hood lined with Abert squirrel ing. Of yucca leaves. ur to protect forehead. Upper end of hood closed 1705. Hood a ring of basketry material, flat- ur t prot forehed . Upper tened on one side. KP wove it as ring; one side ith 2 Abert squilrrel-skns to cover top of baby s flattened in attaching; to cradle floor; covered ead. SC ocotillo cross sticks. Me sotol stalks with bedding material of cradle. or cradle bottom. Male sotol stalks for boy 1706. Hood of Ll cradle 2 arched sticks sup- aby, female for girl baby. Distinguished by flow- por6n hod o r 2 cks sup- rs. Stalks s lit in half, flat side up. Footrest porting rawhide or buckskin cover.. f wood (1697 . 1708, 1709. Skin or cloth draped over baby's 1690. Cross sticks extend out; buckskin lash- face. EN buckskin preferably, or checker-weave 1690. Hu ospli sotolksetalks. KPt crosu ckskn l - fabric of Spanish bayonet fiber. NT antelope skin. ngs. Hu split sotol stalks. KP cross sticks of ST fawnskin, or 5 Abert squirrel skins sewed. SC, aguaro ribs did not extend beyond edge of frame; WS, Hu, Me fawnskin. Hu also thin deer or ante- 1692. Frame buckskin-covered at sides. Hu some lope buckskin. Me beaver skin. KP of cotton cloth; radles had buckskinsripsenedveno buckskin because woman handling would spoil Rradles had buckskin strip seN1ed over frame; hunter 's luck. trip perforated for lacings. Some had loops 1711. Zu put dry juniper foliage and sheepskin 1694) of buckskin on frame instead of buckskin under woolen blanket. overing. Me, Ll buckskin covering perforatedunewolnbakt or La M L 1712. KP yucca-leaf-mat bedding, also head pad. or lacing. 1713. Cradle bedding of loose vegetable mate- rial: Cliff-rose bark, EN, NT, ST, Ci, WM; juni- Various Details per bark, WN, SU; grass, ST, SC, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li. EN baby wet bark, dried in sun, used again. 1693. At least 2 cradles before baby walked. Baby wrapped in shredded bark, laced in cradle; inus means 1 only. NT after year cradle dis- see 1716 for other swaddling clothes. ST mashed ?ensed with and baby carried in buckskin sling on grass to make soft. SC any soft bark or grass. WlM other's back. ST 1st cradle by maternal aunt of grass below, cliff-rose bark above. lew mother; 2d and last by new mother when baby 1714. Cradle bedding of animal skin. Deerskin, ;months old. SC large to allow for growth. WlM Hu, Me, Li, Ll, SI; wildcat skin, WS, Me, Li, SI; Lst cradle made after baby born; new one for each mt. sheep skin, 01, SI; sheepskin, SA; buffalo aby. Hu for 2 or 3 weeks baby not carried in skin, Me, Ll. Ru deerskin over cushion of grass. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 139 ibuffal7o-calf or fawnskin over cushion of without board cradle. SI ropes, or 2 parallel aby" grass from stream. SA woolen blanket over sticks suspended with ropes; skin or woven eepskin. ST sometimes folded rabbitskin as pil- blanket folded over, cradle or baby laid in; one seen had ropes only tied to ceiling beams and 1715. Buckskin swaddling clothes. NT antelope woven blanket folded over, cradle inside. KP 2 okskin. ropes and cotton blanket; baby without cradle. 1716. Fur swaddling clothes. Wildcat skin, Me, fawnskin, ST, Ci, WM, W1VS, Hu, Me, Li, SI; yen rabbitskin blanket, EN; sewed woodrat skin CORDAGE Laket, EN; buffalo calfskin, Li, Ll. 01. anket, EN; buffalo calfskin, Li, Ll,01. - String, cord, rope, whether merely twisted or 1717. "Cloth" swaddling clothes. SIJ juniper-'.. 17 1. "clth" swain bclotes SU juniper also braided after twisting, used as cordage and Irk fabric twlined with buckskin (1503) Wa, Zu, ntfrwaig ,SI woolen cloth. KP cotton cloth. 1730174 . 1720. Wound-around belt for lashing baby in Spinning Tefrequen aae KP cotton strip 2 in. wide. Spinning most frequently on bare thigh; less 1adl. KPectong strpd in. wi. * frequently with spindle. Rope twister of wood with 121. Tiestring laced through lOOpSr. u some- swinging arm (1746), although probably Spanish, mes agave-f iber string. 1722. Hide pack strap of buckskin, except Wa was thought aboriginal by all except Ci, WM, who falo hide. ST 2 in. wide, attached near lower said modern. .9 >1730. Rolled on thigh. EN sinew, buckskin, es of hood. Me extra pack strap to pass over yucca fiber; sinew by men for bowstrings or sew- ther's shoulder when on horseback. SU fastened ing hide. ST for bowstring (1089) deer leg and o cradle through 2 of side 1oops (1694). KP no back sinews pounded flat; fibers of 2 pieces ok strap; cradle carried on kioho frame, separated and twisted, making ca. 20 ft. of "one- 1724. Ll suspended baby in cradle from head ply" cord. Then twisted 2-ply with 1 man holding ,casionally; no thing else. ocasionally; nothing else, cross stick, other twisting on thigh, but holding 1725. NT cradle 2d strap, around mother's finger between plies so twist did not go too far. 1728. to Pendaw Ci one-"ply" for sewing, 2-ply for bowstring. Li 1728 Pendantson cradle hood. Dewclw sinew and buckskin twisted on thigh; sinew 1 to u, Me, SI ; 2 wildcat claws, WS, Me; prairie 4 plies, 2-4 for bowstring, 1 ply for sewing; buck- og's paws, Ru, Me; small turtle shells, WS, Ru, skin 2 plies. Ll buffalo hair, sinew, yucca fiber, ;molluscan shells, NT, ST, SC, WS, Ru, Me, willow bark. Zu, SA sinew thread only made without I; small gourds, Ci, WS, Hu, Me, SI; beads, WS, spindle and by men. KP sinew by men and mescal ,L, SI. ST clam or Conus pendants from edge fiber by women (also HP) spun on thigh with bare f hood. WS bases of 2 wildcat claws drilled, hand; cotton string spun on leg with spindle. Wind- astened together to form crescent; bases wrapped ing of string on spindle .as made done by hand, not ith buckskin, bead attached. Me also tiny basket by twirling spindle- on ground. Men spun all cotton, n girl'Is cradle, tiny bow and arrows on boy's. for string or for -weaving. KP, HP women spun badger claws, pebble, bone, bead. Wa whan mescal string for kioho. aby ca. 2 yrs. old Spanish "brass bell" on 1731. HP men cross-stick spindle only for cot- radle hood to play with; in former times "any- ton thread for weaving. ing to make noise. Zu ball of yarn to keep 1732. Spindle with wooden whorl for making lies from baby's face; mother now and then set string. SA also stone or pottery whorl. NT t in motion. whorl had 3 perforations through which fibers 1729. Swving or "hammock" for baby. Usually 2 passed. SC 1 perforation for fibers. Wa whorl arallel ropes with ends attached so hung in of pi-non wood; rolled spindle on thigh when rc; over the ropes skin robe or woven blanket ,, *, ~~spinning; string wound on it with spindle up- olded so edges overlapped inside "hammock" thus right on ground; men only. SA whorl of wood, rmed; not sewed. Weight of baby and friction of disk potsherd, or of thin stone a little f material prevented slipping. EN buckskin on harder than sandstone. Cotton and Nool string ropes; cradle with baby laid in it. ST 2 poles spun with spindle by both sexes. Spindle-made etween bushes or trees; over these Navaho blanket cord either 1 or 2 ply. After spinning 1 ply, olded; baby placed in it without cradle. SC, Ru, took off spindle, fastened 2 ends to spindle, l hammock of buckskin in tree, folded over 2 rolled in opposite direction for 2 ply. Rolled opes; Hu put baby in with or without cradle. Li up leg for 1 ply, down for 2. buckskin or buffalo robe. 01 with or without 1733, 1734. Zu spindle on leg, on ground, ,oradle. SU fawnskin hammock on 2 ropes between alternative methods. trees or bushes. Wa cottonwood board with holes | > ,, ,, . ~~~~~~~~1735. ST spindle short stick with hook on in 4 corners for "hammock" bottom, on which end, used for doubled and redoubled spinning. *cadle laid; suspended by 4 woolen ropes. Zu Mescal-leaf fiber from dead plant macerated cradle on 2 rope loops hung from house beam with with stone, soaked for day to get out tissue. cross sticks connecting. SA "hammock" of rawhide Fibers piled on blanket. 2 men worked. 1 fed thongs laced across oval willow frame; 2d type fibers for spinning, other rolled spindle on ith similar frame with solid rawhide bottom; leg. Fibers tied to hook. Spinner backed off as [these fairly deep so baby not fall out; with or he worked. Doubled, and man at blanket held 140 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS loose ends while other man twi'sted. 3d man held 01. EN Spanish bayonet yucca leaves tied together middle while end men brought ends together, and in emergency for packing load. Wa spine of narrow- spun again making 4-ply rope, ca. 25 ft. long. leafed yucca burned off, leaf split. Soaked again. Stretched tightly between trees to 1764-1778. Braiding. dry. About diameter of middle finger. In modern 1764. Zu braided rope for lashing wood bundles. times of horsehair. 1765. Braided buckskin. Me for bridle reins. 1744. Scraper to free plant fibers. Wa finger- SU hunter wore 3-strand rope around waist, for nails to remove tissue from narrow-leafed yucca packing deer. Wa 4-, 5-, or 6-strand, after soak- fibers; sharp-edged stone flakes also. SI Spanish ing in water; 2 forked posts supported crosspiece bayonet yucca leaves, folded, boiled, pounded, to which attached to keep taut as braided. scraped for rope fiber. KP for rope, mescal 1766. Braided rawhide,. Me, SA rope and quirt; leaves cooked overnight in earth oven; scraped elkhide sometimes. Wa "rawhide too stiff to braid.' free of tissue with deer shoulder blade, brought 1767. Plant fibers braided. Ci sometimes yucca home. leaves in play. 1745. Pounding to free plant fibers. EN dried 1768. Buffalo hair braided. Me bridle reins. yucca leaves pounded, worked in hands to free 1772-1777. Number of strands braided. WN 3, fibers from tissue. WS, Hu same for mescal leaves. 5, 7, 9, 11 for use on horses. Ll 3 of own hair 1746. Rope twister of wood, with swinging arm, on head; no other materials. 01 3, 4 commonest. used by men only. WN buckskin. Ci, WM, Me, Ll, Hu 4, 6, 8 for rawhide quirts. KP, HP horsehair. Me buffalo hair, rawhide, no 1779. Withes. WN oak. SA willow or grapevine plant fibers. Li rawhide; also 3-ply buffalo-hair for tying shade, or temporary. rope, used for tying horse, better than rawhide 1781. Nets. KP held string in bundle and passed which stretched and sometimes broke -on rainy day. through loops to tie square knots. Mesh gauged by Ll buffalo hair. Zu wool. SA 2 men to work rope eye. HP finger knot. twister: 1 to swing twister, other to feed hair; 1782-1784. Knitting. Thought aboriginal by all rawhide also twisted with heavy rope twister but EN. WN 4 needles. Wa greasewood needles. Zu which turned by hand, not by swinging. SI 2-ply knitted stockings "ancient." antelope-, deer-, or buffalo-hide rope; after twisting, pounded with stone to soften. HP mescal WOVEN RABBITSKIN BLANKETS fibers. 1749. Ropes of agave (mescal) fiber. 2-ply, SC, (1785-1800) KP; 3-ply, NT, SC; 4-ply, ST. See also notes 1744- EN warps of yucca-fiber string on 4 stakes few 1746. NT fiber beaten, soaked, wrung out, prepara- inches above ground. ST rare, for baby only; weft tory to rope making. Hu string, but not rope, as of cliff-rose bark. Wa rabbit hides moistened in latter too much work. sand, torn with fingers by women; twisted over 1750-1762. Materials twisted. black and white wool yarn. Warps separate pieces 1750. Wa twisted hide rope on leg without aid tied to top and bottom loom beams. Wefts same ma- Of spindle or rope twister.. . 1753. .. WS rone- tsiewi terial, in balls inserted by hand, 4 women worked 1753. WS "one-plyt sinew threadsi s isted on seated, passing ball. Zu rabbitskin blanket on thigh bd both sexes for moccasin sewing. no one- regular loom, without batten sticks, shuttle, etc. ply deer back sinews only for sewing; no vegetable fibers twisted for thread or string. Wa, SA spun sinew on thigh. LOOM WEAVING 1754. Hu sewed moccasins with 2-ply sinew. Ll also 3-ply-sinew thread. KP sewed buckskin shirt (See notes 1785-1800 for use of vertical loom or sack with sinew or buckskin (1755). for rabbitskin blanket.) 1755. Wa sewed cotton bags with buckskin. 1802-1803. Cotton fibers. Wa, Zu, SA, SI 1756. KP human-hair rope to tie kioho net to picked out seeds. Wa carded fibers with stick. hoop framework; mescal fiber if no hair, hair KP seeded with bowstring, snapped to hit cotton preferred because softer. pile. 1759. Yucca fiber. Ll Spanish bayonet yucca 1804. Wool fibers. EN mt. sheep before domes- leaves wilted over fire to extract fibers whioh tic sheep; note 1853. twisted into 2-ply cord. Wa 2-ply cord, rolled on 1805. EN informant thought spindle Mexican. thigh without spindle; when used for sewing, 1810. Women spun. WN carding first operation fibers not spun. KP yucca fibers not strong learned by girl. SI both sexes spun cotton enough for string. thread with spindle rolled on leg. 1760. SC sheets of inner willow bark for wrap- 1811, 1812. According to "historically" ping packages. minded EN informant, weaving from Pueblos who 1761, 1762. Wool and cotton spun with spindle got from Spaniards who used horizontal loom. by Zu women. Then Navaho got idea of vertical loom. In grand- 1763. Yucca leaves for tying. Pounded whole mother's time wove on vertical loom. leaves (not twisted), EN (sometimes), NT, ST, SC, 1813. Men weave. Wa some did not learn till Ci, WM, Wa, SA, KR; wilted over fire to make married. SA informant wove blankets- and twilled pliable, EN, Ll, SA; split leaves, all except Li, mantas.I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 141 1814. Women weave. EN men wove first; after POTTERY 'Mexicans" came, women. Miscellanea concerning weaving: Age begun, WN 6, EN 11, Wa 12, Zu adult, 1861. Only women made pottery. SU made no pots, SA 9, SI puberty; teacher, Wa, SA, SI, KP man, none by trade, but pots from ruins for water and who might be novice's father, grandfather, etc. boiling. 01 pots to Mexicans for agricultural (Wa). products and salt, going to Mexican villages to 1817. Sometimes side posts of loom frame forked trade; bowls, handled cups, ladles, cooking pots, at bottom too, EN. etc. Informants in all groups which made pottery 1818-1820. 3 poles-at bottom of Wa loom: 1 im- had seen it made. Li, Zu informants (women) had "bedded, 1 lying on floor with perforations for made it. buckskin lashings to attach lower blanket pole ST pottery black. Women got red or buff clay (1823). Weaving in kiva, rarely in dwelling. Zu from bank. Dried 2 days in sun. Ground on metate. buried beam with braided horsehair loops for Winnowed in basket to rid of coarse material. attaching bottom blanket pole. Mescal-leaf juice, prickly-pear-root juice, boiled a 1821. SA loom attached to jluniper-withe loops salmon-globed mallow root mixed with clay, water set in floor. If loom on 2d floor, loops passed added to make paste. Basket of paste kept covered through floor and around ceiling beam of room to prevent drying out. Knee-moulded base set on below. SI oak loops. grass. Coils rolled and added. Potsherd for scrap- 1827. Sometimes each warp separate piece, SI ing. 2 sherds, inside and out, for smoothing, dipped only. in boiled decoction of mallow root. Pot dried 2 1829. Zu end strands twined with fingers. days. Firing with any wood piled to top, more added, 1840. Wa temple with greasewood "pin" at each until pot cherry-red, then cooled. Potter worked end attached to blanket edges with string. alone lest crack and break; no man, woman, or 1841. SA when weaving too high reversed ends child might come near. If pot cracked prima facie of blanket. evidence someone had watched. ST only group which 1841a-1847. Wa belt-attached loom for belts bound rim witE fibers to strengthen. 3 shapes of only; hair cords, garters, sashes on blanket ST vessels figured. Cup had recurved rim by which loom. SA belt-attached loom for belts for women, held. Bowl 2 ft. diam. Cooking pots 1-3 ft. high. garters for men; vertical blanket loom for sashes for male dancers. Zu sometimes used big toe as fastening for one end of sash loom. KP belts and sashes on regular horizontal loom. 1843. Warps carry design. SA warps for belt weaving (see fig.), to form part of pattern. After laying out around stakes, attached to wall stake and to weaver's waist. 1853-1857. Horizontal loom. EN men wove mt.- sheep wool blanket on horizontal frame like rab- Clay broken on stone by pounding or rubbing bitskin blanket. Men spun wool with spindle, with another stone. Following only said done on whorl of pine bark. No weaving swords, etc. KP metate: WN, EN, NT, ST, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, loom warps secured with loop tie at each round of Ll (doubtful), 01 (doubtful). SI informant had yarn beam, of wood other than saguaro. (Cf. Rus- seen it ground on metate at Acoma. KP beat clay sell, p. 151.) Loom 3 or 4 in. above ground. Bat- with stick on hard ground. HP pounded on rock, ten. stick turned sidewise to separate sheds. shook in basket to separate fine from coarse, Needle 1 ft. long. After weaving, loops over tested in mouth to make sure fine enough. WM yarn beams cut and tied together. Sometimes 2 men potter's clay from Kus-htishto (clay water), ca. worked together. Informant had seen only 1 loom 10 mi. S of Black r. Hu women sampled clay with worked, when 7 or 8 years old. Weavers specialists, fingers wherever they went. Li mixed clay with When person wanted cloth woven, he supplied cot- warm water. 01 yellowish clay. ton for it. 2 bushels of wheat or maize payment 1863. Sherd tempering. Wa cooking pots. Zu for 1 cotton blanket. No color weaving, ground on metate. 142 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1864. Sand tempering. Wa cooking pots. SA ciily pot painting. SA red, buff (yellow), and black metate-pulverized pumice, if no satisfactory sand for design colors; black mineral burned black. available. KP mineral red, boiled mesquite sap black, 1865. Whitish mineral powder for tempering. SI applied after firing; fixed by toasting near dug on hill ca. 2 mi. from village, on E side fire. Also golden-yellow mineral pigment applied Rio Grande. after firing remained yellow. HP mesquite juice 1866. Vegetable material for tempering. ST (not boiled), toasted on by refiring. Soft stic note 1861: from roots of 3 species of prickly to apply design (1897). pear. SC sticky flesh of Mamnmilaria (?) cactus. 1893. Indentations or incisions. With thumb Ci, WM, Hu, Me flesh of low cactus, not Opuntia. and (or) fingernails, ST, Ci, Ll, 01. EN indente Li leaves of shrub ca. 3 ft. high. dots with end of stick. 1867. Wa no tempering in Sikyatki-type ware; 1894. Molded ornaments or parts. EN thin ro gray clay burns yellow. of clay for raised wavy design on neck. KP han 1872. Coiling. SC spiral. WM concentric. 01 on cooking pot. HP ears or lugs for handles. only rolling of clay for trimming edge of vessel, 1895. Ring design broken. Wa lest prevent otherwise pot formed from single ball of clay. childbirth. 1875. Pot scraped. WS gourd or sherd. SA 1898. Yucca-leaf brush. EN Spanish bayonet scraped with wood, then gourd; set in large open yucca for applying red and black geometric de- bowl to protect and make easy to turn. sign. Zu narrow-leafed yucca. 1876. Pottery smoothed. Gourd, WM, WS, Hu, Wa, 1899. WS stick to incise marks near top of Zu, SA, SI; sherd, NT, ST, WM, WS; other mate- pot. rial, EN, ST, SC, WM, Li, 01, Wa, SA. EN pebble; 1900. Firing in open fire. EN let pot cool if no pebble, charred maize cob; if too thick, for 2 or 3 days before removing. HP fired in rubbed down with moistened pebble; not scraped. slight depression. NT vegetable wash on exterior to make smooth and 1901. KP fired in pit to guard against wind, hard, applied with sherd before firing. ST note vessel on stones. 1861. SC smooth stick, also small stones. WM 1902. Hu made only cooking pots, not placed tapped lightly with small gourd on inside, while vessels on side to fire lest collapse. hand supported outside. WS after drying, rubbed 1904. Pot fired bottom up. SA on stones. SI inside and out with macerated Opuntia leaf. Hu now on iron grating. sometimes hand held inside while exterior patted 1905. Wood or dry foliage for pottery firing: gently with flat stick; no scraping, but smooth- juniper wood, SI; juniper foliage, EN; oak wood, ing with hands dipped in water. Li bit of wood WS; Hu; any wood, SC, WM, Hu, Li, Ll, 01, HP. and fingers. 01 maize cob and pebble. Wa slightly Hu preferred oak. NT put small sticks inside abrasive pebble after gourd smoothing; then wet when firing. Li deer hair and grass inside. KP and polished with smooth pebble. Zu red clay, sun palo verde wood preferred, dead cholla cactus. dried, concave base for pot to rest on while HP cattle dung and wood. working. Piece of gourd to smooth new coil at- 1906. Sheep manure firing fuel.. Wa start fire, tachment, inside and out. 2 da,ys to dry, then with wood chips, then sheep manure. SA cattle polished with pebble. manure only. KP now also cattle dung. 1879. Polished with pebble. See note 1876. 1907. Smoke firing (bucchero) with manures. Wa before and after slip applied. SI after drying. Sheep, Zu, SI; cow, SA, SI; horse, SA, SI. Black HP pebble or smooth shell dipped in water; care ware among Apache accidental: NT, ST, WM, Me not to let wind strike drying vessel. (some black, some reddish). Ll ware reddish 1880. Wa applied slip with fingers. Zu with brown with black blotches. Wa knew bucchero yucca fiber. SA, SI, KP, HP with rag or wool (SA). method but not used. Zu sheep manure over red- Zu white slip from Laguna; white before and after hot pot to make black cooking vessel. SA vessel firing, applied with narrow-leafed-yucca brush. red hot with cattle-manure fire, then smothered Polished all day with pebble before applying de- with horse manure. SI earlier firing with junip sign. Separate brushes for pigments. SA white wood, then dried manure added, and, when red hot slip burned white; from place between Santa Ana damp manure for smudge. and Sia. HP red slip material from Imika. 1908-1911. Moulding or modeling. WN small 1886. WN only polished after firing; seems bird figures. ST unfired figurines of baby in doubtful. EN coated inside and out with pinon cradle or of horseman made by potter for chil- pitch after firing. ST boiled wood rat or other dren. SC birds and mammals. WS unfired dolls, meat with much salt in new pot to insure against animal figurines. Hu small unfired figures made cracking. Zu coated exterior of plain cooking by children. Wa modeling on spoon handles only. pots with pitch, then rubbed with "barrel-cactus" Zu owl jug to carry water to fields. HP small pulp. Li pots unslipped; red, so-retimes black. figures: doll , man, tortoise . Ru, 01 brown. 1887-1892. Painted designs. EN mixed mineral GAMES pigments with decoction of boiled yucca leaf. WJhite used by Wa burned Nhite. Zu syrup from Football or stick race, 2 sides.--Not in ele- boiled narrow;-leafed-yucca fruit and stalks for ment list: Wa game in which players lay on back. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 143 e cob wrapped in ball of yarn with foot-long 1939. Ball of buckskin. NT filled with chewed jecting knotted string, caught by string be- mescal fiber. SC, Ci mescal. WM juniper bark. Hu en toes. Start and finish on kiva floor. First grass or mescal fiber, ball 5-6 in. diameter. w attempt to hurl ball out of kiva hatchway. Me hair. led over prescribed course back to kiva. Inter- 1943. Foul line behind home base. WM foul to contest. bat ball backward over shoulder; if struck at i912. Number of runners on side: 3-4, Zu; 2-6, ball and missed, and it hit body, team out and ~4-6, EN; 8, WN; 10, Ll; any number, Wa, SA, other team took base. Hu if batter made foul, ;WN learned from Hopi. his team lost base and other team took bases and 915. Stick race along straight course and re- batting. Li men on bases to home base on foul. WN, KP. Along straight course without re- :EN, Ll. EN course any distance. KP ball Three-base game.-Too American in style to be- ked around marker, e.g., horseman, back to lieve with SI informant that it is aboriginal. t. Distance run: 3 mi. WN, EN; 6 mi. SA, SI; SI name, punambihe; Mexican name, "ilesia." Field Vi. Wa, Zu, KP; 200 ft. Ll. triangular, bases at corners. Wooden bat, buck- 1917. "Ball" touched only with foot. EN leader skin ball stuffed with buffalo hair. All of one ked stick; if missed, player behind kicked. Wa team behind base line. One man tossed ball, an- turning back to kick stone; if missed,next man other hit with bat, then ran. Opposing team scat- ked. KP ball removed from bush or cactus with tered over field to catch ball and tag runner. If a. reached base, safe and another of his team batted 1918. Short stick kicked. EN 2 1/2 in. long, ball and ran. If runner tagged with ball caught ide red, 1 black; other team yellow and white. and thrown by opposite team, his entire team out. stick with median red mark; other red marks Played until tired. No betting. No winter-summer ile and ends. opposition. 1919. Wooden ball kicked. KP palo verde; rgency ball carried; tradition of stone balls. Foot racing without "stick kicking." ed toward goal; opponent tried to stop with 1950-1951. Racing by individuals, not in aight stick; if failed, kicking side had an- teams. ST on flat 100- to 500-yard course, re- er kick. 4 on side. Goals 100 yards apart. No turning to starting point; spectators wagered moiety, or village alignment. buckskinp, etc. SC besides races, kicking-tag 1925. Sides "summer-winter" moieties. Some- game by boys. Me racers might sweat. KP racers' es Tewa of Hano contest between winter and faces painted. er kivas. 1952. "Relay race" by teams. Quiestioned Ll, 1926. Sides are local groups. WN sides repre- 01 about relay race described by Goddard (p. 180). ted places, not clans. Wa runners from various Both seemed reticent. Formerly held near Chamita as, not evenly matched. in 01 territory; Ll went there for occasion. Li, 1927-1930. Goal. Ll stick, stone, or bunch of 01 camped apart, usually 6 days before race. Race 55. track below hill on left side of Rio Chama facing upstream. Flat-topped shade as booth at each end Four-base game.-Distinctively Apache, but not of 350-ft. race track. Log drum with skin head 01. Suggests baseball, but only hand to strike at each. No flag on pole in old days, but 2 ears 1. Fullest account of game from ST. 4 bases of maize (any color) on each pole. Nowadays red ut 60 ft. apart. One was "home." 2 teams. Big (Ll) and white (01) flags; no direction associa- cle enclosed bases; both teams stood within. tions with red and white. Informants did not osing pitcher threw. Anyone hit. All ran to know about sand painting in booth; had never base. Ball of maize husk. Pitcher threw been in booth or been runners. Only racers and in and they ran to 2d base if ball hit. Ditto officiants admitted to booths. No pole climbing. and home. Opposing team tried to get ball and No clowns. No saint's image. Race 1 day only ow to hit player. If done teams interchanged about Sept. 15. Preliminary run on day before. itions. Entire team must make home run. Any Old man in charge of each team and preparations, ber girls (not women), boys and men played. not chief; different one each year. No betting on SC called naziakwe. Each base a ring drawn on race. Losers pelted winners with food. Purpose: m, on which entire team stood. If one struck "just a fiesta for good time and reunion of rela- ball, team went into field and opposing team tives." Tradition that Ll and 01 once together, ed to run bases. WM drew rings on ground for then separated, but annually reunited at relay es, home base largest. Me wet one side of ball race. Even number men on each side. Each team tossed it to determine which team to have in 2 groups, one group at each end of course. The s first. Me allowed 4 strikes at ball thrown instant one racer reached end of course a partner one pitcher. at that end started back to opposite goal. Bronco 1931. Approximate number in team: NT, ST 8; busting, horse racing, etc., but main event relay ?9; Ci 5-6; WM 5-9; WS 3-10; Ru 2-12; Me 4 up; race. any. Number of home runs to win: NT 10; ST, KP relay race with movable sticks to mark cross- 5; SC 4; Ci 3-4; WM 3-5; WS, Ru, Li not fixed. ing place of winning and losing runners. Markers 144 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS moved from both ends of field. When these crossed marks on pole counted 5 points. Counting on hoop one another the game was won by the side whose only when proximal portion of pole rested on h3o lead had caused moving of markers. notches: 1 point for each. No. of "beads" on string in contact with proximal part of pole Watcher Watcher Goal marker marker marker Goal marker Goal6 Watcher Watcher l "Shinny," evenly matched sides .-Number in 6 each team: WN ?; EN, WS, Me, Li, Ll, 01, Wa, Zu, SA, SI, KP any; NT 6; ST 4-10; SC 10-50; Ci 6-7; WM 5-6; Hu 6 up; SU 8. SC called game nabekale; 4 field about 150 yards long; each side chose rough J or smooth side of ball, then tossed it to determine Id? which to have first strike to start game. SA boys also played. KP not true shinny; squash-knob ball, vs / - &1s/yS 17 P,/l straight stick, boys only; no goal; aim to touch o/ opponent with it; if successful, each player picked it up and threw it at victim. counted as many points. If string of "beads" lay 1955. Sometimes men played shinny against women. lengthwise along pole, 101 points scored. 112 WS, Li, SU.I maximum score for 1 throw. Play to 50 to 150 1958. Shinny with 2 wooden balls tied together. points agreed upon in advance. Score by subtrac- KP women; sides villages. tion. Only 2 men played at time. Informant de- 1959. Stuffed buckskin ball. Me deer hair. 01 clined to talk about dreams in connection with stuffed ball of rawhide. Wa, SA wool. SI deer or game, or any medicine or ceremonies. buffalo hair. 1976. Hoop plain, not netted. Me hoop lashed 1965. Driven with curved stick. ST any slightly together with sinew, with overwrapping of buck- curved stick. skin. Sometimes each ring notch counted 4 in- 1967. Guard stick carried, to prevent opponent stead of 1 in scoring. hitting ball while player drove it. EN curved. 1978. "Beaded" (wrapped) cord across hoop. WS, Hu straight. Me cord red. 1968. Ball driven with feet also. ST against 1979. 101-123 "beads" (wrappings) on cord rules, also dangerous lest hit with shinny stick. across hoop. NT, ST 101; Ci 101 or 121; WS 121; WS, Hu rule against kicking sometimes waived. SA WM, Hu 102 or 122; SC 123. SC 61 wrappings on player well ahead with ball might use feet more each side of big center "bead." Ci 50 or 60 than stick. "beads" on cross string plus big "bead" in 1970. EN, Li covered bush goals with skin blan- middle; pole about 12 ft. long. kets. ST 10 goals to win game; i.e., 10 to 0 sub- 1980. 21 "beads." Me 10 "beads" or wrappings tract score, not 10 to 6, etc. Ci drove ball on each half of cord plus large one in middle around bush. WiM bush at each end of field; ball which counted 100, making total 120. driven against one bush, then back to other to 1981. Hoop of Spanish bayonet yucca leaves. make goal. EN "supposed to be bull snake inside wrapping 1971. Rocks as goals. Wa rock piles into which of hoop." 1 lump on hoop for counting. In cast- ball driven. ing pole, might try to knock opponent's aside. 1972. Sides members of 2 kivas. SI no "winter" 1984. Pole spliced in 2 to 4 pieces. 2 EN. and "summer" kiva teams. 3 NT, ST, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li. 4 01. WN 1974. Betting. WM sometimes bow and arrows. WS juniper wood. Me parts lashed together with various things. sinew; notches on proximal part; each notch on pole and hoop either uncolored, red, or black. Hoop-and-pole ("pitching Pole"). -ST account 01 spliced with sinew; 2 notches in proximal of equipment and game fullest (see fig.): 9 en- segment. circling grooves in proximal third of pole colored 1985. Pole buckskin decorated. (See fig.) red; in opponent's pole uncolored. To count, hoop EN scored game if hoop lay on all six center must contact proximal third. 10 notches each counted 1 point each, binding made 11th. Buckskin z - strand across diameter of hoop had 50 thin buck- AXR/ skin wrappings on each side of center, called "beads ." Knot in center called "big bead." 101 g= _ "beads" altogether. Umpire judged position ofl hoop and pole. Diameter of hoop just sufficientI to include pole marks 1-9. If hoop enelosed 5 D X CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 145 kskin cords; 2 if over either of terminal pairs; Ring sometimes of grass. Each played for himself. if over joint of pole; 1 if over 1 string. No scoring with counters, remembered score. No 1986. Course with ridge in middle. Ci 2 double betting. Boys in row; each threw as hoop rolled rses each with 2 side ridges, 1 center ridge. by. rses about 50 ft. apart. Poles thrown before 2013-2033. Peon or hand-game.-Lacking among ng fell flat (also WM). W Apache and apparently intrusive among Apache 1991. Sometimes poles cast in turn. Ci, WS, groups which had it. Navaho regarded it as vari- ,Me, Li only. ant of hidden-ball (moccasin) game. 1995. Number of points to win agreed on. EN if WN "peon" game with one pebble hidden in hand wagered buckskin; if 10, horse or "chief blank- behind back. 2 players on side. 102 count as in ." SC 50 or 61. Ci 50, 60, 70. WM, e.g., 71; moccasin game. EN pebble hidden and guessed for. omerly bet arrows, buckskins, etc.; latterly Boys and girls. 2 bids on each side. Count as in rses. moccasin game. Regarded as children's variant of 1996. Number of points to win fixed. WN 8 moccasin game of which 3 forms: hand, sand, moc- ints: each successful throw scored 2; 4 in suc- casin. ssion won game. 01 counted on fingers, total Me thumb signal for both left or both right; rried in head; 20 was game. hand vertical for inside 2; spread thumb and 1999. Sometimes 2 players on side. SC, WM. index for outside 2. Both hidden pieces alike: etimes 3, WM. rings, pieces of wood, bone, etc. If missed 2001. Dreams about hoop-and-pole game. SC both, lost 2 counters; if missed 1, lost 1 parently not of sexual nature. Ci about lucky counter. Total counters 12. rson portended success; bad dream failure, Li mixed sexes played. Bones of type on bone eamer declined to play; dream about animals breastplate. Only one bone used by 1 player. water-being were bad. WS dreams about women Signal same as Me form of game. 4 points won dicated good or bad luck; also direct dreams game. No stick counters. out game; tNitching indicated success or fail- Ll, 01 played as winter pastime. 1 to 12 men e. Hu dreams about game good or bad; if bad, on side; 1 bone marked, 1 unmarked. 12 counting t play. sticks: 4 short ones on each side, 4 long ones which held first by side which began guessing. Related to hoop-and-pole. 4 long sticks worth one short one and could be 2002. Netted hoop (children's game). Me boys so exchanged in case guessing side lost all 4. ot arrows at hoop. Li boys and girls, 2 1/2-ft. To win, team must have 4 long and 8 short; long ick through center hole counted 10 and ,,on must be won first. Guessing side supposed to gered objects; through other part counted 4. have long sticks to pay for misses. If miss one, nner tapped each opponent 4 times on forehead pay 1; if miss 2 white bones pay 2 long sticks. th fingers. 8, 4, or 1 in team. Thrown sticks Payment always in long sticks. If guess both rked for ownership. Yucca-fiber "net" on hoop. white correctly, got the bones and other side 2003. Shooting arrow at rolling hoop. WN, Me did guessing. No sex names for marked and un- ys' game. SI yucca-leaf hoop; men and boys; marked "bones." Ll sometimes arranged under gers laid; no summer-winter kiva competition. blanket. 2004-2007. Ring-and-pin game. Li who went to Zu regarded hand-game as variant of moccasin scalero reservation in 1904 had ring-and-pin game. Only 2 played. Hid any-thing in hand, some- e from Mexicans. SU jack-rabbit or cottontail- times piece of bone. If guessed correctly, bbit skull; no score, no betting. guesser kept object, e.g., knife. SA men only 2008. WS boys' game of throwing up Opuntia played; 2 sides. Each player had 1 short stick baf and catching on sharpened sotol stalk. with 4 burnt marks on each side. Guessed right 2009-2010. Hu cup-and-ball by children only, or left. 10 stone counters in middle at start. scoring; one ball only; 1 cup only. SA shinny Ten arrows bet which winners got. SI with only ick to keep wool-filled buckskin ball in air; 1 bone. Opponents guessed right or left, then o sides. KP arrow vith maize cob on point thrown holders exposed hands called for. Any kind of rthand; man with stick split in 3 parts caught bone. Might indicate guess by pointing right 4 arrows for each player; game kuiyuwitan. or left. Sometimes women. Number of counters 2011. "Shuttlecock. Zu boys' and men's game agreed upon by contestants, not fixed (SI fthrowing maize cob, sharp stick and feathers only). ttached, at grass ball; first to pin grass ball KP 4 players on side, each with stick. Count- n; no scoring circuit. SA maize cob with ers in middle at start. Pointed to right or left athers on one end, sharp stick on nther; thrown in calling hands. Changed sides only when all 4 n air; not game with sides. guessed right. "2 right 2 left," "1 left 3 right,," 2012. Maize cob and hoop (boys' game). Wa etc. Loop on each stick over middle finger to Wize cob with sharp-pointed stick at one end, 2 pre-vent cheating. eathers at other, cast at rolling ring 12 to 15 L,diameter, wrapped with pieces of old blanket, Hidden-ball game.- o point would stick. Must hit while rolling. 2035-2040. With sand heaps. "Ball": pebble or 146 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS stick, EN, SC, Li, Zu; head of deer femur, Hu; yucca-leaf counters 1 point each; 2 large ones wooden ball, Li; yucca-root ball, EN, NT, ST, 10 each, last to be won. Played in winter. SC, Ci, WM. Sometimes only single guess allowed: EN in winter, account snakes and bears in s EN, SC, Hu. NT only set up stick for each game mer. Which team hid ball first settled by cast won. Counters: EN 102; NT, Ci 40; ST 25; SC 14; die representing sun, 1 side black, 1 white. WM 26; Hu 104; Ll 54. taught by giant son of Sun. 102 yucca-leaf count Methods of playing, negative and positive. In ers stand for 102 sky roads sun travels. With negative seek to eliminate empty piles. In posi- moccasins used stick to strike with instead of tive seek ball on first attempt. bare hand of sand-pile method. Either positive EN negative method: hit ball first, lost 10; or negative. If hiders forgot where hid, oppo- on 2d trial lost 6, on 3d trial lost 6. If elim- nents entitled to pebble. Variant 3 moccasins inated 3 successfully took ball. In positive with 6 and 4 count only, no 10. seeking, with ball at B, if player hit A he lost NT missed 3d guess lost 3 sticks, if right 6, C 6, D 10. got ball and no stick. Counters, 40. A B C D Ci from "Chiricahua" Apache after Geronimo captured. WM first, then Ci, who played slightly If ball in end position (A or D) and player WM claimed game as ancient. guessed wrong end, he lost 4. WM guessed in which hand grass held; correct ST 4 mounds of earth. Ball of yucca (Spanish guesser started game. "Ball" top of deer femur. bayonet or narrow-leafed) stalk, ca. as big as 5 long sticks 10 each, 56 smaller sticks of fist. Teams from different camps. Visitors yucca leaf 1 each. Buckskin to hide behind. started guessing, hosts hiding. 7-10 men in - Started with 2 moccasins as in sand-pile game, team. Fire in center, where umpire sat. Hiding -not counted. Then 4, counted. Moccasins corked behind blanket. If ball kept going back and forth with juniper bark. Hit moccasin with short curve no countert given. Umpire passed counters; one ended stick. Lost 10 if missed ball by two moc- side must get all 25 twice in succession to win. casins, 6 if missed by one (positive method). Game took all night. Men and women mixed played If won, got ball. When one team reduced to few, in winter. Wagered quiver, moccasins, buckskins, say 18, counters, then negative method. Wrong on later horses. first lost nothing, on 2d 6; on 3d 10. Counters, SC played with pyramid, 4 Riles (in row or 106. square), or played in "valley with 2 ridges. WS ball top of beef femiD . 5 notched sticks One stick lost in 1st or 2d wrong guess, 2 in 3d. 10 each; 54 plain 1 each. Positive striking moc- WM counters pieces of Spanish bayonet yucca casin 2 removed from ball cost 10 counters, 1 or leaf. Tossed yucca-root "ball," to 1 side marked, 3 removed 4 counters. Negative ball obtained at to decide who began. Guessers consulted as to 1st lost 10; 2d or 3d lost 4. Sometimes with location of ball, then sent man over to guess. holes instead of moccasins. WS, Hu, Me, Li use First two hidings in 2 piles by each team, no 104 counters. counters passed. Then 4 piles; negative method. Me 1st struck to determine which side to be- Played at night, central fire. gin hiding pebble. When plenty of counters, HIJ femur-head of horse, etc-. Boys only. struck once, then rehid if missed, which counted llitoflC' as in WS moccasin game. Pointing sticwk 10. When counters low, negative "not here," "not held horizontally if ball sought at first (posi- here"; if hit first time,lost 10. But if elimi- tive); vertically if last (negative). Positive nated 2 blanks then guessed wrongly as to 3d, losses 10 and 4 depending on position of ball; nothing lost. 5 notched sticks 10 each, 54 plain if missed twice, ball rehidden. Negative loss sticks 1 each. 10 only once, namely if hit ball before last pile. Li count identical with Me; piece of bone as Negative option losers might avail selves of in "ball." both sand-pile and moccasin games. Li lost 1 narrow-leafed-yucca counter each Ll lost 4 counters each wrong guess. 15 count- time missed; 10 counters and ball for right ers and ball for right guess. Each side 27 count- guess. Only positive guessing. No blanlket con- ers. cealment. Guessers went away while arranged. Zu stone, black on 1 side, red on other, 1st, 2d, or 3d guess got ball. Counters dis- thrown up to determine which side started hiding. tributed at start; 26 in all. Sometimes game lasted 6 days. 2 keepers of count- SU from Navaho; not played in informant's ers called "rats." Squealed when got counters. youth. Played with sand piles in camp, with wooden tubes 2048-2056. With 4 tubes. SI used 50 or 100 in pueblo. If with moccasins, counted same way. maize-grain counters; KP 80. Wa cottonwood Positive loss 4 counters each miss. Negative loss tubes; white stone hidden. Men only, usually 10 if hit ball at 1st, 6 2d, 4 3d. interkiva. Bit of maize husk, blackened on one 2041 -2047. With 4 moccasins buried. Ball hid- side, tossed to determine who hid. first. Posi- den in one. WN, NT only set up stick in ground tive guessing with right hand, negative with for each game won. left. Former "ball" at 1st guess, latter at 3d. WN hid piece of wood called "man." 100 small Only 1 point against player for wrong guess. Right guess took "ball." Counting registered CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 147 losses, not gains . Counting "board" 10 parallel ST 4 (2 men, 2 women), or 3, or 2 played. Players lines on floor or ground, in 2 groups of 5. For sat around flat stone on which staves thro-vn. Scored team to wvin game, opponents must lose 10, so in opposite directions. 4 played as 2 pairs of part- their counting stick had been moved through 10 ners, so only 2 counting sticks. 3 10-inch wooden spaces on counting "board." Right guess on their staves, flat on one side, round on other. Flat part moved stick back to start. Each side's painted red. Players sat around flat stone on vvhich counter stick placed between lines in recording staves thrown. losses; 2 watchers moved sticks. SC 2 sides, 1-3 persons on side. Zu 4 tubes of cottonwood root with black ring Ci staves 1 ft. long; flat side black mark around top, all alike. Grass stems, as ih meal (sometimes red). 2 pairs of partners played. In- brush, for counters. tervals of 4 and 6 "safe" (2069). SI stick hidden in tube. Tubes called "old WM flat side of staves marked alike, round un- man" (zigzag burned line), "2 men" (# at both marked. 2 pairs of partners on opposite sides of ends), "swollen man" (Xx in middle), "man" (# at stone counting circuit counted opposite directions. one end). Negative, if got stick 1st time lost Player could take less than scored to stop on safe 10; 2d 6; if failed to get stick 3d lost 4. Might spot not reachable by opponent's next throw. 4 cir- wager blankets. cuits to win game. Count 1 or 2 for one marked KP cane tube "old man" black checker pattern; stave up agreed upon at beginning. Bold woman" zigzag. 3d tube encircling central Hu "rivers" oriented. line, no name. 4th marked around bottom end. Hard Me -1 for one marked stave up, player moved back red seed hidden. Negative guessing. Positive also counting stick 1 space; only throw by which single allowed: correct 1st took ball. 10, 6, 4 order of player sent opponent back to start; also if this losses in wrong guesses. Men only. put own counter into "river," must go back to start. If playing partners, 6 or 10 throw, land- Drawing straws.- ing counter with opponent's, sent latter's back to start, but if playlng singly did not. Each 10 2058. Drawing straws, boys' game (longest throw gave another turn. Sometimes threw 4 tens sought). Me men, women also; winner took objects and won game at once. Option of counting less wagered. SU modern; absent in informant's youth. than throw to avoid falling in "river," except Another game, not listed as element, SI 3-5 boys for -1 throw. on each side hunted hidden object. Hiders said: SU not present in informant's youth. "Your arm is burning," or "Your foot is burning," Wa 1 side of staves black, all alike. 4 main when seeker close to object. spaces called "gaps," not "river;" Did not go back if counter landed in one. Dice games.-Played with 3, 4, 8, 12, and 16 Zu counted right or left. Round side of staves wooden staves or dice among Apache. Perhaps elab- red, flat plain. Counting stick called "horse." orated by Apache, since only 3-stave game wide- Even if in river, "horse" sent back to start if spread in Southwest and even it lacking among opponent's landed in same place. Papago who played only 4-stave game. 3-stave game Si if landed in river "dead" and must return only form among Navaho, Pueblo. to start. Stick marker called "horse." If landed 2059. With wooden staves. SA informant knew on same place as opponent's "horse," latter nothing about, but interpreter (Jose Sanchez) "killed" and returned to -start. Each player played 3-stave game as boy about 8. Mrs. Sanchez, counted right or left as wished. Flat sides plain, SI woman, had never seen game. Jose never saw old counted nothing. Round sides notched, counted ac- people play, thought intrusive. Split-willow cording to 10, 6, 4 notches. sticks, not marked, as staves. All flat up 10, 2079-2095a. 4-stave game. Contact of staves all bark side up one. 2 bark up 2, 1 bark up 20. counted also. Scoring circuit of 40 stones, with gap every 10 NT 3 red staves "women," 1 black "man," painted called river. Played partners, 2 on side. Scoring on flat side only. 120 charcoal marks on buckskin stick back to start if stopped in place occupied "board" for count. Staves thrown on stone. 3 red by opponent's. Landing in "river" did not force up (5 each), black up (20), not touching, counted scoring stick back. 35. 3 red down, black up and touching one red 2060-2078. 3-stave game. Sometimts more than counted 30 (20 for black up, 10 for contact). 6 2 sides: Me, Li, Wa, Zu. Safety spaces (2069) contacts (3 reds touching one another and black automatically determined by count scale. across all 3) with 3 red down counted 80 (60 for WN dice of cottonwood root. Flat side black. contacts, 20 for black up). Round side natural. No design. No sex name. 4 ST 4-stave game counted on marked buckskin or persons played. Navaho blanket with 40 red hematite marks in NT painted flat side, 2 red "wom'en," 1 black ciruit, with "rivers." Staves, 18 in. long, "man. ! 2 players only. Counted opposite direc- with flat and round sides, thrown on stone slab . tions. Intervals of 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 "safe" 3 red "women," 1 black "man." Many people sat (2069). "River" across scoring circuit. If scor- around, betting, shouting when good play. Players, ing brought counter into river, it returned to 10 independent, not partners. Player took fewer start as though "killed" by opponent. points than scored if saved him being put back 148 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS by opponent's next throw. All 4 alike counted 10; each set had to do with count. Played with shallow 3 red up, black down 12; 3 red down, black up 12; basket. Smooth ground covered with buckskin. Dice 2 red up, 1 red down, black up 2; 2 red down, thrown up in basket. All must land in basket. If 1 red up, black up 3; 2 red up, 1 red down, black 1 fell out, play spoiled and player lost turn. Re- down 2. All painted up, black lying across 2 reds membered 2 of combinations, but not scoring: all 22; all painted up, black lying across 3 reds 30. red up, all black up. Others forgotten. Each man's scoring stick marked by thumbnail to 2102. 16-dice game. SC dichenkas. Dice 1 1/2 in, recognize. long. Black, blue, yellow, white on flat side. Men SC dice not called "man" and "women." usually, women sometimes. Bet on different colors WM counted on marked buckskin. Long staves, 3 at each throw. Scoring in head. Score agreed to red and 1 black on flat sides. Not called "man" play to. Scored by subtraction. Color making score and "women." Black across 1-3 red counted 20; 3 first won. Black "chief" 10, blue 9, yellow 8, red up, black down 13; all marked up 5; all blank white 7. All black up, all others down, counted up 10, crossed or not. 10; all black up, all yellow up, red down, counted WS rawhide "board." Staves, no longer than 8; other counts not remembered. those of 3-stick game; black, yellow, white, 2105. "Cubical" die (deer kneecap). WS, Hu 2 blue; counted, respectively, 50, 30, 20, 40. 10 played. Aimed to land on edge. 1 player selected added for crossings. curved edge, other straight edge, like "heads and Me 1 marked, 3 plain. 3 plain flat up, marked tails" in flipping coin. 6 stick counters held by round up 7; 3 round up, marked flat up 6; 3 round each player; each laid out counter before throw. up, marked flat across 6; all round up 10; all Lucky player took both. Me on edge to count. flat up 6. 2 sides only. Sometimes partners. Scored with 10 or 20 sticks, maize kernels, etc. Li 1 stick with X on round side, black on flat Success gave player another throw. If missed, side; 3 otpers red on flat side. All alike opponent threw. End up counted 5, concave edge counted 10. 3 red all flat or all round up, but up 2. differently from X stave, counted 7. Played partners sometimes. Sometimes played with Co- Various games. manche who had same form. 2106. In game vaputta KP children in 2 lines KP 2 games: one women's, gomai; other men's, with leaders; anything hidden in hand. kis. Women's dice marked on round side, men's on 2108. Zu flipped stone for heads and tails to flat side. Women's all red, or all black. Women's determine start of any game, but not as game it- count: all round up, 10; all flat up, 5. Counted self. by drawing line on ground for every 5 points; 10 2109. Jackstones. ST men. WM children. SI some- lines to win. If no scoring throw, passed dice times 10 jackstones instead 5. Acorns sometimes; to opponent. If 5 or 10 got 2d throw. walnuts,WS, Hu, Me. KP men's 4-stave game counted with square of 2113-2116. Top spinning. Me with string from 41 small holes in ground. 2 or more players used Mexicans. Ll, 01 with string thought ancient; boys stick markers. All counted to right, beginning formed teams; aimed to work wooden ball toward with 5 holes at 1 corner of square. 1st to make goal by throwing top to strike ball. Zu pi-non wood round then counted to left. "Killed" any he met. top with string. SI pinion wood, double pointed; 82 points (2 rounds) made game. This for indi- with string. vidual players only. If 2 village teams, 5 addi- Finger spun without string: WS sometimes oak or tional holes on opposite corner making 46 in all. mesquite wood. Me, Li acorn. Li yucca-root top witb See Culin, figure 167. Only 1 marker for each stick through spun by rolling with palms of hands. team. Staves described precisely as pictured in Zu like small spindle. SA pine wood. KP stick in Culin, figure 165. His "a" called kis (value 15), morning-glory seed. "b" gi'K (value 4), "c" du (value 6), "d" siko 2117. Sliding arrows. WS on smooth ground; if (value 14). All round up counted 10; all flat up feathers of 2d thrower's arrow touched opponent's, 5; 2 round up, 2 flat up 2; 1 round up, 3 flat he took both; if not, first thrower cast another up 3; siko flat up, 3 round up 14; gi'K flat up, arrow. SI arrows on ground near line shot at with 3 round up 4; kis flat up, 3 round up 15; du maize-cob-ended arrow; those knocked over line be- flat up, 3 round up 6. When met opponent's marker came property of shooter; also shot ordinary arrow spoke of "killing,' not of putting "in river." shooter claiming his opponent's if feathers touche KP variant of men's game called ahati; likened 2118-2122. Cat's cradle. WN, EN in winter only to "checker" game on ground. No dice thrown. 41 when spiders not about lest bite. ST one form holes as in dice game. Man said: "I'm at 15 "making hut." Zu girls mostly. SA informant denied (10,2) hole," as he wished. The idea was to move game; interpreter played it, but did not remember marker so opponent could not touch, i.e., by where learned. Li besides cat's cradle, puzzle taking advantage of automatically safe positions. game with 1oops or rings of grass, played by adult Could move only the 8 counts mentioned above and children. (2,3,4,5,6,10,14,15). 2123. Juggling by young women. ST also by men, 2099. 12-stave game. ST staves 18 in. long, 4 stones. Me walking. Li walking to goal and re- painted only on flat side; 6 red "women," 6 turn; adults and children. 01 2 balls of leaves. black 'men." 1-6 little marks on round side of SU 2 clay balls by women young and old, walking;| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 149 score. KP finale of jackstone game (2109), ing. KP tried to shoot arrow so lay across first ted 10 if successfully done. Juggling by archer's, thus winning first. ldren also, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me. 2134. Moving target. WN something soft Ahich 2128. Quoits, in hole. Throwing stone at stake arrow might penetrate. ST ball of willow leaves tead of hole modern innovation at Wa. Zu women tossed in air by boys. All arrows pooled before- y. SA, SI men only. ST played it with con- hand. Each shot all arrows. Those that hit ball ient natural stones, 4 men with 2 stones each, kept. Those that missed went back into pool. SC n a side. Hole at each end of "field." 2 men ball of weeds rolled on ground. WM ball of willow od at each hole and pitched stones. Both in bark. WS ball of yucca leaves. Hu ball of leaves e counted 10; both hanging over edge 6; 1 in thrown up; cactus fruit rolled. Me, Li trimmed 1 hanging over edge 8. On side 2. 1 in and 1 disk of Opuntia leaf rolled. Me yucca-root ball; side 6. 1 half in, 1 on side 4. Scored by sub- winner claimed arrows of those who missed. Also ction till score 20 to 0. No counters. SC 2 yucca-leaf ball thrown in air. Ll disk of Spanish tners at each end of field. WS holes at each bayonet yucca leaves rolled. 01 rolld ball of of field marked by stakes. Both stones in yucca-root stalk. SU rolled ball of shredded e counted 4, stone on edge counted 1; score Spanish bayonet yucca leaves. SI willow-leaf ball subtraction. Me subtraction score, on edge of rolled or thrown in air. KP shot at thrown-up e counted 2, in hole 4. Twelve points to win. target, winner got losers' arrows. etimes played partners. Wa quoits at maize 2135. Warfare games for boys. Often involved set up; knocked over with stone. Derived human target who dodged missiles. Shooting with Zuni 30-40 yrs. ago. Old way threw one bow and arrow: EN at mark. ST, WS Johnson grass ne, tried hit with others. Zu man bet he could stalk shot at boy target carrying shield. Hu around village before woman got stones in blunt arrow. SA arrow dodging by boys and men; e. KP with flat stones. after 4 shots, archers and targets changed Li attempted in vain to describe 4-hole game places. With sling: NT, ST game. Zu boys slung h pebble in each; holes in row, 2 outer ones mud at each other from end of stick. Wa stone liunts of reach. Player swept hands toward dodging as war practice by boys; Wa versus Tewa ter and brought pebbles together. Game of boys; parents watched. With blunt spears, hurled: 11? 10 sticks as counters on side which did Hu. have stones at start. 2136. Wrestling. WN whole body down was loss, 2129. Buzzer toy. Of flat material; two per- no matter whether back, side, or belly. Grip ations through which cord passed. Operated by around waist. st swinging so doubled cords intertwined, then led from both ends to set "disk" in motion. TOYS entum of whirling disk twined cords in oppo- e direction; pull on the cords then spun disk 2 . . . ~~~~~~~~~2137. Popgun toy. ST informant suggested pos- opposite direction and rewound cords, and so sible origin of popgun and of pea shooter (2138) Materials for "disk": Deer "wrist" bone, from knowledge gained in cleaning tubular sticks t nearly circular bone in which holes bored for flageolets. If inventions arose in this way ST boys' toy). Deer's kneecap (WM, buzzing would constitute examples of free mutation (Har- a made by toy supposed to sound like Apache rison, 113). s for "deer here, deer here, deer here ; WS; Ll denied kneecap). Leather (ST modern). Hide Popgun of elder 'wood, etc. NT, ST popgun L Rdenied (suna) ca. 15 in. long. Chewed mescal fiber )ro ride. (ume,ki, Llnd 01). Woodh (01;w KP, shoved in with stick a few inches from distal aro rib). Pumpkin rind (Ci with sinew cord, end. Then another plug fitted tiCghtly ih end. ). Gourd (SA; SI with buckskin thong). Pot- From proximal end stick shoved in, forcing out (SA). Selenite (SA). mescal wads, and making noise. MI, WS, Li young 31-2134. Archery games. (See also 2002, men and boys, wads of cheNed mescal. Li elder, or 2132. Distance contest. SU cane arrow with of pine sapling burnt through; grass wad popped ood foreshaft, no head. Wa older men, from out. Zu, SA sunflower stalk. SA cane, KP cane tood oreshaft, no head. Wa older men, from with saguaro-rib plunger. top; also height Shooting. 2138. Pea shooter. Of 2 types: (1) operated 33. stationary target WN an originall;y with breath, (2) operated with spring. Type 1: tarrow; closest won original arrow. Ci, WS, NT maize kernels blown, but never darts. ST *untia leaf. WM ball of willow bark in tree, maize kernels blown;.als plain sticwTh ffl chi at 60 yad.W*agtsotn maize kernels blown; also plain stick without ffalo chp at 60 yards. Wa target shooting broad butt, which did not go far; toy. Zu pebbles, ngafter planting party, farmer inviting men maize kernels, beans from 10-in. cane tube; no bring bows and arrows. Man with hoe set up sticks. Type 2: Recorded for SA only. With bent bon stick. Each shot, then hoe-man set up_____ ther on; so on till home. Also such shooting there by 2 teams with 2 targets. SA ball of' -f- sa leaves; those who hit target got arrows of willow twig fastened in cane to form spring for ewho missed. SI maize stalk lying or stand- discharging wooden "bullets." End of spring goes 150 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS through lower side of cane. Bullets lie in open jection below bowl. This pipe ceremonial; obtuse 2-in. channel. When end of spring pushed up it and tubular pipes not; all ca. 5 in. long. If clay released, snapped forward and threw out bullet. stem broke, cane substitute. Hu clay stem and bowl, 2140-2145. Dolls. EN none, lest child sicken. Wa none other than kachinas; cradle on which little girl put chipmunk, rat, squirrel, etc., skin. Zu pine-wood images of gods given children. 2142. Dolls carved from cottonwood, NT, Hu, Zu; from juniper wood, NT; from willow wood, WM; from other wood, Hu, Me, Li, Zu; from yucca root and leaves, Ci, WS, Hu, Me. Of yucca leaves, Hu, Me pottery bowl, cane or elder stem. Also deer leg Li; of grass, Li. None of yucca root or cotton- bone "elbow" pipe with opening on top for bowl. Li wood, Li. pottery. Wa clay including stem, made by men; some 2143. Dolls of clay. SC, KP unfired. Li with cane or willow stem. Me elder substitute for children made clay figures, sun-dried; bigger cane stem of pipe. SU no cane, probably elder. girls made dolls for smaller. Zu soot on clay 2156, 2157. EN described turquoise and white dolls for eyes, hair. shell elbow pipes with cane stems. 2144. Dolls of animal skin. Of buckskin, WS, 2161, 2162. Cigarettes. Maize-husk wrapper Hu, Me, Li, Ll, 01. Zu animal figures of stuffed (WN, NT, ST stored husks for winter, WM, WS, Me, buckskin. SI stuffed squirrelskin with grass, red Li, 01, Wa, SA, SI, KP, HP). Oak-leaf wrapper yarn for eyes; no human dolls or cradles. Ll doll (EN, WS, Hu, Me, Li, SI). Sotol-leaf wrapper of scraps of buckskin, stuffed with grass. (Hu; Me and Li from leaves of sotol stalk). 2144a. Imitation hair for doll made of buffalo Opuntia-leaf skin (Me). hair. Me, Wi, L1, 01; of agave fiber, WS, Hu. Li used buffalo-beard hair. TOBACCO PIPES Me only asserted that chewed as well as smoked in aboriginal times. 2148. Elder as substitute for cane, SC, Li, 2163. Wild tobacco gathered. SC called natasoti KP (doubtful). SC maize stalk and wood also. Zu WM few men had, others visited such and sometimes for ceremonies, priest smoked cane tube, yellow- waited as long as hour and half before owner offer lily flowers mixed with tobacco; blew smoke on smoke. 01 none gathered, tobacco from Mexicans. Wa maskers. KP cane or hollowed plant stem. brought home, dried in sun. 2150. Tubular pottery pipes. Men made, ST, Ci, 2165. Tobacco smoked mixed with other plants. VMM, Ll. Women potters made, 01. EN not very sat- ST 2 plants: chuchupata or ocha and another shrub. isfactory. ST dried for day, fired; grass or SC 3 plants: bidaichi; bishnatol; haichide, root of water plant of Umbelliferae. V'M root of water vZZIiZz~ ~plant haikiye, and smaller plant "like celery." twig inserted for stem hole, p'ulled out when dry WS several kinds of leaves and roots including or burned out. Ci fired; smoked when men assem- haichide of SC; pi-non needles, juniper foliage. bled; man with tobacco had pipe, not every man. Hu chuchupati root, juice of another plant, leaves WM fired; men gathered at house of man who had of third. Me 3 roots, 3 kinds of leaves, including tobacco; he filled pipe, passed it; each man took chutapati root, sage leaves; when praying tobacco 4 puffs. Hu few men who owned pipes visited by only smoked, cigarette usually. Li 4 or 5 kinds of others to smoke; not for prayer. Ll, 01 stem of roots and leaves. 01 one root. Zu note 2148. SA clay also. SI pipe of stone or clay, latter with leaves of ya'a (Spanish lemi), leaves of another protruding ornament (see fig.); cane or elder bush. SI,no plant, but deer or buffalo fat. stem. 2166. Tobacco cultivated. EN wild-tobacco seed planted where found. SC, Ci, WM wild-tobacco seed after burning brush where it grew, not on farm. SC tried growing Mexican tobacco in vvheatfield 2154-2159. Elbow pipe. ST of pottery, smoked valley near Miami, failure. Wa wild-tobacco seed only by owner in daytime. At night others might scattered in fall. KP wild tobacco not planted; fox tobacco, did not grow wild; planted in rich soil on farm. Fox got this tobacco from its self- ish owners in "beginning of world" for use of smoke at gathering. Reason others could not humanity. Preferred to wild tobacco. smoke in daytime was because sun-given pipe and 2168. Mt.-sheep-skin bag. ST only scrotum of only owner knew use in day. Took one puff, blew mt. sheep, buokskin sewed on to form upper part; smoke toward sun, saying: "Good luok, sun." drawstrings; worn around neok. In late times bull another elbow pipe in form of oross (see fig.). sorotum. In making, interior smoothed with twig to reaoh 2169. Whole fur bag. EN oased skin of ground stem opening. Thrquoise or jet pendant on pro- or tree squirrel. NT Abert's or ground squirrel CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 151 skin for tobacco and sinew containers. Ci ground in turtle shell not plugged. SA leg only, deer or squirrel. WM Abert's squirrel or fawnskin, car- antelope hoofs attached to turtle shell. SI deer ried at belt. SI small river mammal, black and or antelope dewclaws or hoofs attached outside. gray, whole skinned. Tied on calf, less often in hand. Dewelaws removed 2170. Buckskin bag. SC adult deer or fawn by boiling, perforated with knife while soft. Holes buckskin; bag called notose. Li also rawhide. bored through top and bottom of turtle shell, dew- 01 not embroidered with porcupine quills. SA claws attached to top of shell with buckskin strings; antelope or deer buckskin. loop on bottom for holding with hand or tying to leg. 2171. Clay pot, etc. Ci sometimes stored in 4 dewclaws on boy's example seen. Man's as many as small cracked pot in cave; carried in cane tube 10. *by warrior. Hu sometimes in trinket basket (1658). 2189-2193. Hide or bladder rattle. Hide rattle WM in small stone-covered pot in cave or rock for curing, WN only; for dance accompaniment, Me, shelter. SA only; Me for social dance only. WN buffalo-hide 2172. Gourd. Wa with skin lid sewed on it; rattle formerly, from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico; now- hung on wall. adays cattle hide; shape ellipsoid; pebbles within. 2174. Wa old women members of certain reli- Me buffalo hide; only group using seeds inside. Zu gious societies smoked. only bladder rattle; from cattle, for boys; no 2175-2177. Young men smoked. EN only married hide rattles. SA painted cattle-hide rattle yel- men; saying that young man must first have cap- low; none of buffalo or deer hide. tured a coyote refers to marriage, woman being 2195-2197. Deer-hoof rattle. WS, Hu wooden "coyote." NT began smoking at 15; theoretically handle with buckskin thongs on end, each with should have killed 4 coyotes. ST not allowed to mule-deer-fawn hoof attached. Me one seen had smoke till 20 or 21; made short of breath and hoofs of male deer on end of short buckskin- heart pound too hard. Said jokingly to boy, "If wrapped stick; mt. sheep or calf hoofs some- you run a coyote down and catch it by tail and times. SU now used by some shamans; innovation then release it, you can smoke." SC, Ci young from Navaho. Wa see-note 2187. SA sheep and man might smoke "after he had caught first coyote goat hoofs for children's rattle. SI hoofs on by hand and brought home alive." WIS boys and girls end of stick. smoked in praying against sickness. Young people 2199. Notched rasp. WN in "feather dance." 01 cigarette; old people clay pipe. Hu did not be- informant claimed Pueblo introduction. Zu notched cause shortened breath; if young man smoked, it stick scraped with deer cannon bone; stick laid was said he had already "caught a coyote." Li over pumpkin shell for sounding board. KP notched boy must "catch coyote and slap him under tail" rasp accompaniment to singing in purifying salt before being allowed to smoke. Zu besides fic- gatherers. Not for dances. titious "coyote capture," young man allowed to 2200. Coiled basket scraped with stick. Zu smoke after killed a Navaho. certain societies scraped with notched stick. 2178. Ceremonial smoking. ST pipe passed HP shaman scraped with plain stick. clockwise, each man taking 2 puffs. KP council meeting time for general smoking. Drums 2180. Daytime smoking. Wa on return from fields, before eating. SU drums modern, pottery drum latest. Impro- vised drum by stretching rawhide over pit; other groups lacked practice. KP drums innovation from MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Spaniards. Rattles, etc. 2201. Basket as drum. WN beat with rattle. EN beat only with plaited yucca-leaf drumstick. Ll, 2181-2185. Gourd rattles. By shamans in cur- 01 beat with girl's moccasins at puberty cere- ing: WN, EN, NT, Wa, Zu, SI, KP; for dance mony. accompaniment, WN, EN, Me, Li, Wa, Zu, SA, SI; 2206. Straight drumstick. Li used for wooden- in peyote ceremony, Li (modern). EN, NT shamans bowl drum, tambourine drum. SI used for all types only used. Li gourd rattle (gourds from "Span- of drums. iards") modern substitute for buffalo-horn rat- 2207. Hollow-log drumn. SI hollowed cottonorood tle. Ll gourds from Mexicans. Wa gourd rattle log with fire. for baby's toy, swreet maize kernels within; for other purposes pebbles. Zu, SI shiny white stones Bull-roarer from ant hills; Zu other white pebbles too. NT, Me seeds from tree; Me also cherry pits. Dimensions. Length in inches, 6-12 (Zu), 8 2186. Buffalo-horn rattle. Li when eating (WN, EN, SU), 9 (Ci), 10 (NT, ST, SC, `.Ja, SI, peyote; latterly gourd rattle. K(P), 12 (WM}), 15 (Li), 18 (Hu). W;,idth in inches, 2187-2188 . Thrtle-shell rattle . Wa leg rattle 1 1/4 (EN ), 1 1/2 (WiN, SC, SU), 2 (NT, ST, Via, with deer hoofs attached counted also as deer- K(P), 2 1/E (Ci), 3 (WM, Hu, Ll, SI), 1-5 (Zu). hoof rattle (2195). Zu leg rattle wlith deer Length of cord in feet, 2 (VuN, SU), 2 1/2 (Hu), hoofs inside and (or) outside; also turtle- 3 (NT, SC, Ci, lMl, Ll, SI), 3 1/2 (ST), 4 (EN?, shell hand rattle with deer hoofs inside; holes Zu, K(P), 5 (N~a). 152 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Special wood for bull-roarer: pine (NT, SI); shaman used. Li, 01 called flute and fla eolet pi'non (Zu); juniper (SU); ash, gaspome (WM); shesonz; flute earlier, flageolet after Span- sotol-stalk base (Hu); saguaro (KP). WN only i'ards" came. 01, Wa pointed flute downward when claimed edges of bull-roarer notched. playing. SU flute or flageolet (?) modern. Length 2209. Small stick on cord for grip. WN loop- in inches: 12 (Hu), 15 (Zu, SA, KP), 18 (SI), 24 ended cord instead. (Me, 01, Wa), 30 (Ll). 2211. Design on bull-roarer. SU one side black 2228. WN sunflower stalk only for flute. Ll (charcoal), other red (mineral pigment). Wa light- sometimes as substitute for cane. Me wood as well ning design both sides. KP red dots both sides. as cane; sometimes elder. 2213. Used out of sight. WN not sound if used 2229. EN 4 or 6 holes. Holes i-n cut-out spaces in public. SI in kiva; women not see. by Hu, sometimes by 01. Others denied cut spaces. 2214. Used during dance. ST, SC, WM clown 2230. Spacing of flute holes governed by con- whirled bull-roarer to announce masked gan im- venience in fingering. Only Ll in pairs (specmen personators, after that whirled during dance. In seen): holes ca. 3 in. apart, spaced so both SC curing performance witnessed, bull-roarer came hands required to play. Holes 1 and 2, 3 and 4 off string twice, retrieved by spectators. closer than 2 and 3. Me holes 3 finger widths 2215. Used for curing. EN if bull-roarer came apart; cut or burned. off cord or did not sound, sick person doomed. 2231. KP only in courtship. WN only by chil- NT shaman swung toward 4 cardinal points before dren only. entering patient's house. ST shaman carried in 2233. At dances. Wa flute for ceremonies only. little pouch under belt; when much sickness, Zu only priests; cane imported from E; flutes now shaman went in order toward E,S,W,N and whirled in use are old. bull-roarer to drive away. KP sick from lack of 2234. Decoration of flutes. Painted, Hu, SA, SI purification after Vigita ceremony (2944) cured carved, Hu, Me, Ll, 01, SI; pyrographic, Ll, 01. by someone (not shaman) swinging bull-roarer Hu geometric design in black and red. SA yellow. over him or her. 2235-2243. Flageolet. W Apache, WS, Li flageo- 2217. SU stopped excessive snow by causing let instead of flute; Hu, Me, flute instead of wind." Man took snow bath, climbed hill or tree, flageolet. Fullest description, from ST: of cane swung bull-roarer. When finished hung on tree. or elder, ca. 15 in long 3 burned holes ca. 2218. Bull-roarer as toy. ST also as boy's or ele*ca i. log 3*- nahoe a 2218. Bull-roarer as toy. ST also as boy's 1 1/2 in. apart. At joint in cane near mouth end, toy; cord wound up on leg, then instrument holes burned on either side of diaphragm, con- whirled. Ll men and boss as toy; women might see nected by groove. If elder wood, some pith left it used. to serve as inside reed. Over proximal portion of grooved hole finger might be held as reed, or strip of buckskin tied. End blown. Between mouth Musical Bow end and reed pyrographic pattern of 2 diamonds 2219-2222. Musical bow, ST boys only; end connected by zigzag line; same on underside. 2Mwi. ST mout ol end Elongate diamond pattern of dots burned between against teeth; tapped T ti m TT holes, also on underside; transverse, not length- and shut to vary tone. Ci, SI boys only. Hu wise. Elder tube cleared of pith with stick and tapped with arrow or picked with fingers. SU wie. E tappd wih arow;mout as esoancechamer' breath. tapped with arrow; mouth as resonance chamber; WM elder formerly; "bamboo from Mexico" nowa- amusement only. KP for purifying sick person; days. Li flageolet played by men only; no play- string rubbed; not put against resonator. Me also ing with nose. p fiddle with 3 sinew strings on hollowed mescal ing with ose. , | . Z ~~~2236. Reed of wood, gum or pitch, or pith. Ci, stalk with 4 openings beneath strings; bow WM when elder used, pitch for reed. NT, ST some equipped with horsehair on which rosin used; pith left in if elder used. Ll, 01 wooden reed aboriginal (sic). tied on outside of flageolet with buckskin string. Whistle, Flute, Flageolet 2238. External reed of buckskin. Ci wrapping on cane and elder flageolets. WS wrapping ad- 2223. Single-bone whistle, Me, Li eagle wing- justed for sound. bone whistle on buckskin string in battle to sum- 2240. Convenience only in spacing holes of mon spirit aid. SU for decoy-ing rabbits; note 13 flageolet. WVM for 3 middle fingers; ca 1 1/4 2225. Bone tube blown over. KP to purify sick in. apart. person, not by shaman, but someone else who knew 2242. Courtship use of flageolet, Ci, WM, WS, songs. Wildcat leg bone, no side hole. End blown Li. Before hunt (WS), before prayer (WS, Li), over. by shaman (Li). WS played to Nayitizone or other 2226. Cane whistle. EN for turkey hunting. Me god before prayer for war or hunt. Sick person for battle. Wa for ceremonies only. Zu for turkey might ask owner to play and pray for him. decoy. SA cane-whistle toy on Christmas morning; 2243. Pyrographic decoration. WM butterfly end stuck in water and blown, making sound like decoration, nowadays with hot wire. WS wavy bird. Thought to be aboriginal. Made by men, longitudinal lines, but not sure if painted, 2227-2234. Flute, end blown. EN flute, only carved, or burned. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 153 CALENDAR year begins; July. Half cold, half hot (one's body when sleeping by fire); August. Fall (all turns With apparently all groups new moon in W Withked apparentlyST all groups vuntewo i yellow and red); September. Fire to edging up; marked new month. ST, Me, Zu volunteered month eeec opro;Ocoe.So osig .,, ~reference to pers-on; October. Snow roasting; comprised 30 days. EN associated stars with i mots .., ceti str ros du'n eti November. H-awk babies (hawks call then); snows -months, i.e., certain stars rose during certain about middle of this month; December. Owls call; months. Planting and ripening marked by risings. New Year began September (maize harvest), W; February. Leaves cooked (greens cooked in this Octobert(winter) EN;uDecember, Wa; Janu, Me month); March. Mt. shady on one side (sunny on (doubtful), Li (doubul Sa, esI sPr ng, S other); April. Hawk angry (about his young); May. NT, Ll, 01; June saguaro harvest KP; July, S His face meat rots; "his face" is sun's face. His 2244. 4 seasonal names only. Ll, O1 (1) tax, 2244. 4 sesnlae ol.Ll 1face red (world with ripe fruits); June. Informant spring (everything new); new year began with said: "We counted only 30 days in a month in old sprouting of vegetation in spring. (2) chi, sum- times, not 31 like white." Maize planted in 10th mer (warm). (3) taxye, fall (everything ripe). month. July 19, 1935, in month 1. (4.) hayi, winter (snow,I cold). SC. Informant knew only minintan, in which Seasonal names from other groups, who had August 4, 1935. Meaning: 'everything ripe." Evi- month nam t, dently equivalent of NT month 5 and ST month 1. SU. Fall, yuwanit (leaves turning yellow), CI. Informant knew only biniziche: maize weinter, duma (heavy snow), spring, tamanlit (snow nearly ripe; Aug. 22, 1935, in this month; binina- melting), summer, tachat (leaves coming out). 3 sancho: maize ripe; the following month. Former spring months only (March, April, May) had sepa- evidently NT month 4 and ST month 13; latter NT rate names, in order: tamadowich (warm days be- . \ . , . month 5 and ST month 1. ginning); tamagum (green grass appearing); tamabi WM. binistanchu, maize ripe; begins about ("mother" of 2 preceding months). No other month be September 1. ladji, sleeping under one blanket, names obtained, but additional seasonal designa- head to feet (because "not much blanket yet"). tions, apparently synonymous with above: suimmer, kopanaskat, cold around the fire. zatisted, cook- bachamato (much warmer for growing things); fall, . Ituanmatuhut (leaves yellow and falling); winter, i s ,("har times month"; people inloors). calling. danachin, grass sprouting. danatso, No newmymatuhut erved. grass getting big. shashke, bear rutting season. No new year,observed. inichididchik, meat rotting in one day. binidiche, SI. Spring , tohandi (FUebruary-March)J, siim-mer, Si. Sparin, tohandl (February-March ),i s e rd , cactus blooming. binitanchese, maize silk hanging payogedi (warm), fall, hoyedi (litle cold), down; August 19, 1935, in this month. winter, hawengepo (to put everything together). WS. Informant knewla few month names, but not Special names for 3 winter months: hawengepo (see order or time. About same meanings as Me names: above), November; odjipo, ice month, December; young eagles, evil face (a winter month), blan- payachondi, new year, January. kets on around fire, etc. 2245. Descriptive-type calendar. EN. hadji, half (some green vegetation, some snow); October bfl thrownawayz(bece hands too cd). i . . . ~~~buffalo ) thrown away (because hands too cold) . 13, 1935, in this month. 8chiskosi, little wind Alternative name shinakache: going tow.rd suimmer .and cold. sassen' t 'e, fcook the snow" (very colad,. a cds et "o t sw ( yo (in reference to sun coming northward); January. but sun glazes snow). atsayaz, eagle laying. woschin, deer shedding horns. kanchil, plants grabuds, sprouting; Marc . itanat,ig appearing above ground, or pin feathers on eag- grss bus potn;Mrh tnto i leaves; April. nitakudenya, soft ground appear- let. kanso, plants getting big, or eaglet fea- ing as snow melts; May. ikae'ka, narrow-leafed -thers gett'ing big. yaschaschideI, wild seedts tgetting big. yaschaschie wl sees, yucca flowerlng; June. nesanchile, little fruit; 'getting ripe (Pleiades not visible). yaschascho, July. chunadii, plenty of rain; August. takhehaye, wild seeds all ripe. minitanstozi, maize getting . . . ........... . like spring weather, but cold; September 13, silk. minitatso, maize getting ripe. mininas'at, 1935, in this month. nigunchile, fruit spoiling; go deer hunting (more or less synonym of handji, October. binyenchide, cold snaps occurring; ometimes intercalary). November. bizankon, fire on top of mt.; December. NT. dizkise', sun shining 6n one side of mt., Li. Informant knew no native names, gave fol- shady on other. istahasket, hawks angry. binyisi- lowng meanings: January, cold month (around desket, so hot that meat rots. binniniche, paint fire); February, young eagles; March, grass 'face red. binniinchan, everything gets ripe. ak6sa', deer getting fat. lIzi, cold on one side, sprutwinAri le. n ew ya ot n oter July29, 935 at bein ng of .hi began at winter solstice. New moons marked on -hot ooh Jl2 13 atebuckskin by old men and women; no pictures. month). kombanatka, cold around the fire. zasentez, SU. (Cf. note 2244.) snow cooking. istabiza-, young hawks. b8ische, owl S . A notl mesid i singig ist nasl plnt sprutng Ioran but informant could not remember all. January, doubtfully ~ ~ idniidmnh1wt ac;hwvr yu'mitsitstawa, arm-cut-off month (in reference monh 7coresond wih S mnth2 (ug st) to everything frozen); March, kanohtawa, juniper which would make NT month 1 February. pole mot;ArlJn,huiaaaa az ST. His face ripe ("his" referring to world); stalk months. 154 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS SI. (Cf. note 2244.) member of shalako kept 40-day count with knotted KP. Month called mahe. Year began with ripen- string after planting of prayer sticks at springs. ing of saguaro fruit in late June or early July. Untied 1 knot a day. At end of 40 days. a cere- 12 months, of which informant remembered only mony. 10: asenipahi, ripening of saguaro; yutkemti, 2249. Month tally. EN notched sticks and rain time; sopiuiusta, short planting; vihaini, knotted cords for month count. SC, Ci, WS, Me beginning of cold; kusiispihi, somewhat cold; knotted cord. Li only (marks on buckskin). SC, gsijtspihi, very cold; gomachimale, gray month; WS, tied knot at beginning of each month; WS kyutekimahe, green month; kwammakta, yellow buckskin cord. month (flowers); kok-mahe, something hurting 2250. Notched calendar stick (year count). WS (provisions low). notched calendar sticks sometimes by woman to 2246. Six months repeated. Zu only employed mark age of child. Informant's mother kept one 6 month names twice in year. New year began at for him, hence able to tell him he was 26 years winter solstice, determined by sun priest. old when taken to San Carlos, Arizona. Also as Months in order: tayamcho', tree leaves frozen marker for other events, such as big assemblage and breaking off with ureight of snow; onanulak- of people. Notches marked with clay, red, yel- yalkamme, getting warm so snoiw dried quickly; low, black, blue. Me Plains tribes and Mexicans sowana "!no meaning"; kwashitamme, "no name"; warred so much on Me that calendar records lost, ssistekwatkeklana, big wind (October 19, 1935, memory of details gone. KP calendar stick seen in this month); ssistekratitsana, small wind. was saguaro rib 6 ft. long. Record of 92 years Repeated for 2d series of 6 months. from 1935 back. Record covered 1 side and ca. a Besides Zu with only 6 month names, solstices foot on other side. Grooves colored with mineral apparently of calendrical value to Li, Wa. KP red cut completely across to mark years. Space informant said: "Everybody knowrs about solstices betwieen grooves carved with mnemonic symbols, and talks about sun coming back." EN shamans charcoal rubbed in; some wereX,0,*,N,H. Meaning kept track of solstices. At sunrise of summer of symbols known only to annalist. solstice placed basket of maize pollen iihere rising sun's rays touched it. The instant they ROCK PICTURES did it -,as snatched away; purpose? Solstices recognized in month count on knotted string: six 2251, 2252. Made by men. ST said "wicked to knots for one half of year, six in another series make rock pictures and all in their territory for second half of year; knot tied with appear- made by ancients. ance of each nen moon. SU pictographs made with ashes, no red pig- 2247. Ceremonial-type calendar. Recorded only ment, deer only represented; for amusement only. for Wa: chamuya, month of not pounding because SU petroglyphs by scratching with sharp-edged of ceremonial singing (stayed home at night); stone; no pecking or chopping. bamuya, month of social dances and games; buwa- WM petroglyphs by pecking, "just pastime." muya, month of quiet (no social dances; remained Gan (spirit) represented as standing; deer, at home minding own business);?Ustimuya, cactus bear, etc., in cave to S of Black r. Those on (usu) clan ceremony month; wiyamuya, month of White r. near Ft. Apache made by ancients. Wa setting up windbreaks for watermelons; hasitun- informant thought ancient Wa people made rock muya, month of waiting anxiously to plant maize; pictures in Grand Canyon. Zu petroglyphs of memahusmuya, month of early maize planting ("tep- masked dancers in cave in Thunder mt. by early aries" also planted this month); usmuya, real Zunii. KP petroglyphs pecked. Pictures of clowns, planting month (end of June); imanmuya, home people. By men in idle moments. "No meaning." dance month (solstice month, "July"); bamuya, Nothing to do with ceremonies or purification. month of social dances and games (second month "For fun only." named bamuya); natanmuya (month of everything ripe); tuholmuya (month of carrying home the COUNTING harvest); chelumuya, month of initiating little boys (November 8, 1935, in this month). New year 2254-2258. Counting on fingers. KP no rule as began with -winter solstice, in month chamuya. to finger to begin. 2248. Day tally kept. EN, NT day tally marked 2259-2260. Counting with sticks or stones. WN on rocks. NT informant knew old man (not captive no sticks or stones with special values, such as Pima) who kept day tallN of each month on rock, 10 or 100. SC big stick laid aside for 100. WM white stroke for each day. Me kept two 180-day sticks of different sizes and values only in counts on notched stick or marked buckskin. One games. Li apart from games. SA special stick count began with month 9 (takhehaye), other with laid aside for each 10 counted. month 3 (itanachila), apparently from equinoxes, not solstices. Also 30-day-month count with knots in buckskin. Old men quarreled over month desig- MESSAGE MNEMONICS nations. ST no day tally, but counted 30 days of month in head. Hu charcoal marks on hut pole to Minuses for 2262-2264 mean no mnemonic of any keep. track of expected return of relative. Zu sort. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 155 2264. Tobacco in pipe or cane. Me in clay ST called mescal-butts-roasting. In SE of sky in elbow pipe. NT, SC in cane tube. ST, Ci, WM in A.M. in July. 6 stars drawn by informant: cross of cane. ST 2 cane sticks crossed, eagle-down feather * tied on, as invitation to dance (including war * * dance). Canes contained tobacco plugged in with * deer hair. SC notokede, cane tube with tobacco, * plugged with chewed mescal, delivered to chief of invited people. Messenger laid cane of chief's SC called ikezarikeze, mescal-butt; also mt. sheep foot at base of toes, an act called bedegadachi'. at which hunter shot arrow; red star beyond angry Chief smoked it. Ci messenger carried cross of because nearly hit. Me, Li called biyuka, deer- cane containing tobacco, plugged with shredded going; hunter shooting at it. SU called nagau, mt. bark. Sent for war and other occasions, e.g., sheep. Zu ipilasha, keeping-close-together, 3 harvest feast. Laid on chief's right foot. Invi- stars, apparently Orion s Belt. NT call Orion's tation "never" refused. WM cane cross, contain- Sword Hilt hunter's arrow. ing tobacco plugged with deer tail hair, laid on 2266a. Women with children, Pleiades. Woman chief's foot. Then message delivered inviting to with children WM, SU only. Names: WN dilyche, war dance and telling war plans. If not inter- told time of night by position; rising after ested sent back cross. WS informant sent nothing. Pleiades was ache'akosi, apparently constella- le messenger carried elbow pipe. Invited chief tion. EN disyehe, "taking away something"; not assembled men. All who wished to go on warpath seen "in month of July." NT tasat'ata'a, coming smoked it. close together. ST called together heaped; 7 ASTRONOMY, ETC. stars rising in morning in July. SC tadaschaye, clo'se together. Ci isaescha, 7 in bunch. WM 2265. Named moon phases. WN 2: ta'heta, new isatesta, bunched together. WS soschade, bunched moon; haniba, full moon. EN 5: abiiska, dark of together; no story about Pleiades. Hu sonszsada, moon, no moon; djahikal, new moon; atslibeke, stars bunched. Me sonsyade, stars bunched to- half moon, "halfway" in sky at sundown; hanipan, gether. Li soschade, bunched together. 01 chu- full moon; chasinasla, waning moon, nearly gone. site, 7 clustered stars. SU seneu, woman and NT 3: taita, new moon; hatban, full moon; pikize, children according to myth. Wa tubandaka, all waning moon. ST 3: new moon; full moon, literally together. Zu kupawe, twinkling. SA Utache, small "'round"; on wane, literally "moon coming up mid- stars. SI kigiin, stars together. night it rises." SC 4: yaiaschise, half moon; 2267. Saguaro-fruit gathering crook, Ursa hanbas, full moon; sichinchaye, quarter moon, Major. KP only, huspakuiba. Wa called Ursa Major waning; tatsose, moon nearly gone. Ci 2: tax'hixa, "wagon," evidently from European designation of new moon; hanbas, full moon. WS 3: shakuse, new Charles's wain. Zu kwilelikyawe, 7 stars (also |moon; hanoban, full moon; chansheyehoye, half American name). SI chesbeti, ladle (dipper). WS moon, waning. Hu 3: new, full, half waned. Me 4:. sospi (stars). shatsuse, new moon; bidjuye nena hayi, half waxed; 2268. Little Dipper, Ursa Minor, called "piv- hananopas, full moon; hintezi', dark of moon, no oting" by all Athabascan groups: WN naiokas. EN moon. Li 3: shatuse, new moon; ishli naskle, half nohokon; spoken of as a "man"; another constella- waxed; hananoba', "roll out full." Ll 2: chakaske, tion or star called "woman" said to revolve with new moon; chanonpa, full moon. 01 2: kanaske, new it. NT nahokuse. SC nokuse. Ci nakuse. WM nankuse. moon; kanannipa, full moon. SU 3: matuhut kadun, WS nahokose. Hu nahakuse; also sonszpene (sonsz, new moon; matuhut piitukwak, full moon, literally star; pene ?). Me sousbi. Li sospene. Ll nakuzi. "round moon"; matuhut yaai, dark of moon, liter- 01 nyahakuse. ally "moon dead." Wa 5: muyakachip, new moon; 2269. Not moving, Polaris. NT bisua, center changuinakachip, first quarter; nachapsit, full around which something revolves. SC isote tosa- moon; changaishanapti, 7 nights beyond full moon; naza, star not moving. WM isonse solai inada, shilapti, dark of moon, "moon gone." SA 1 name star not move. WS sostunagada, star not moving. for moon in all phases. SI 5: pocham, new moon; Hu soszhungada, star not walking. Me sonssonada, popindehe, half moon; potali, full moon; pokano, star not walking. Li sostunagada, star not walk- waning moon; poha,dark of moon, literally "no ing. SA chukoye. KP hius, arrowhead. moon. KP 2: sa.iva, new moon; gotshilte, full Morning and evening stars. WN so'to, big star; moon, both, also any big star. EN sonso, morning star; 2266-2273. Constellations and single stars. sonsoeaho, evening star. NT isotechu, evening 2266. Orion's Belt. NT called ikizarstesa, star. ST called both big chief. SC isoset6, big mescal-butts-in-oven; also tibechu, mt. sheep. star, morning star. Ci chissonsecho, big star, Rises ca. 4 A.M. in latter July. both. WM isonsecho, both; isonse, star. WS sochu' * (Red star, angry because nearly yigogas, big star traveling in day; both. Ru ** hit by hunter's arrow.) sonszhu, big star, both. Me sonssu, big star, ** morning star; sonssubiadi, female star, evening **(utrsotnga t he. star. Li sostu, big star, both. Ll sonso, big * (Hntershooing t mt shep.)star, morning star; sonso nieyi, big star even- 156 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ing. 01 sonso, big star, morning star; sonso ried where falling star struck. KP boys watched taiyi, big star evening. SU chuiapotsi, morning falling stars to become good marksmen. star; tawashpotsi, evening star. Wa talchu, both. 2276-2286. Eclipses. WN squaw dance, during my Zu moyachunslana, big star, real morning star; stay at Leupp, Arizona, abruptly ended on account preceding it is star mokwanosena, "he is a liar," moon eclipse. EN eclipse ominous of death through because false morning star; bilashiwani, "guard enemy tribe; all awakened at moon eclipse; proper of the sun," evening star; however, Kroeber in- songs sung. NT shaman sang at sun eclipse; people forms me name means "bow-priest." SA taistimu, prayed for sun, pollen in fingers of right hand morning star; chiapiu, evening star. SI agonachi- held toward sun. First to see moon eclipse shouted kowabuwi, bright star, morning star; agoyasoyu, and awakened everyone; shaman sang; people prayed evening star. KP mahuhu, bright star, both. for moon, holding pollen in fingers. ST eclipse 2270-2272. Milky Way. WN, SU no name. EN believed death of orb, which revived through desanshodi, carrying maize bread with ashes people singing Changing Woman's good luck song. falling from it; myth says Coyote stole bread Ci eclipse caused by orb "going into sky"; most from fire. NT ipai, colored like buckskin; also people indifferent, few frightened. WM people called "ashes" of constellation ila (2273). feared moon eclipse; made fire of bear grass and SC ipai, white trail. Ci hipa', buckskin colored sang for moon to come out; done for July, 1935, strip. WS yatogokai, white in sky; not ghost eclipse. WS, Hu sun eclipse, sanuzhe (Hu), merely road, sky backbone, or bear's road. Hu yasakohe, sun going behind something; moon eclipse kenahei heavens white. Me vachakukee, white heaven; god mizhe (Hu); no observances. Li eclipse meant Nayi'izone went there from earth. His partner nothing; no idea of death of orb. Wa informant (Nayeyane) got sick. Nayeyane killed by enemy plainly reticent, but admitted moon eclipse was (Comanche) who ground him on metate. Nayeyane death of orb. Zu only shouted and wailed at sun came back Xo life, then called Kekaste (ground eclipse; others sang only; sun eclipse death of on metate) at his wNish. For many years he lived. sun; sun priest burned dog manure and prayed. Before dying he instructed people to cover his Pots in house might become monsters, so smashad body well with stones and he would come back in at eclipse. Moon eclipse no cause for worry; Zu 4 days. People could not see him on earth, but in scolded moon. SI omen of famine, death, etc. sky saw "smoke" (Milky Way), sign he was living Feathers, pollen, and maize meal thrown in air in sky. He said in time he would return to earth by chief. Prayed orb to get well and not to bring and start a new "generation." Li "old woman with bad luck. Pollen in fingers praying at eclipse. donkey scattering salt." Ll tospayi. 01 chospai. KP eclipse death of orb, no observances; men- VFa cht?uka. Zu yupiyachane, hanging across. SA tioned in old stories, so nothing to fear. wakanchawi. SI obachuku, sky backbone. KP tomuk. 2287-2289. Rainbows. WN pointed only with 2273. Constellation "hand" or fingers. NT, thumb; index finger would get sore; rainbow not SC ila, hand; may be part of Scorpio. Large red ominous. NT rainbow stopped rain. Ci prayed, "Be star (probably Antares) below arc of 5; rise in that way all my life. Let me see you every time early morning in winter. it rains." WS rainbow, house of Istlenachleche; Other constellations. ST called ear pendant prayed for blessing. Me some prayed rainbow. Wa 3 big stars in line, seer, in February and March, child pointing would get lump on wrist or knee. right in Milky Way, almost overhead, but to Zu did not pray because rainbow "stops rain" ; south; big wind, constellation in spring to SE pointer would be stupid; if 2d time got sore which looks like 6 stars of Scorpio. SC istoze finger. SI not point lest finger or thumb crooked. shititize, 2 stars together twinkling, said to KP no beliefs. be copulating. Li istanene sekuwisti, "old 2290, 2291. Pointing at stars. 01 caused warts. women playing 3-stave game"; circle of 4 stars Wa did not lest die prematurely. Wa, Zu not counted in middle of Milky Way, 5th star in middle. Zu as must count all or die. okhalisho, "crazy woman," star which "appears 2292-2294a. Thunder and lightning caused by in various places." SI kwidii, line of stars, cloud people, EN, WS, Hu, Me, Li: EN young chil- 3 in vertical row; November 1, rise about 2 A.M., dren shooting promiscuously. Hu distant light- followed by Pleiades. kowidisipu, middle of ning by old man; striking tree by bad boy shoot- sling, diamond-shaped constellation of 4, in ing arrow. Me lightning is fire. Li also by middle of sky about 8 P.M., Nov. 1. kentabi, great bird, lightning when opens wings, thun- maize milk drying up, constellation in form of der when closes. Zu dead cause thunder. KP rain- 3/4-circle, in N ca. 10 P.M., Nov. 1. Name re- man makes thunder. SC male thunder with light- fers to drying green maize in open pot. ning, female without. Wa children pulled hair when, 2274, 2275. Falling stars. EN falling star thundered, so grow long. Wa and KP lightning omen of bad weather or other ill event. SC fall- strikes with flint points, which "dug up where it ing star thrown away by one who made it. Me in- strikes." formant once saw ball lightning ini Guadalupe 2295, 2296. Male and female rain. SC female mts., New Mexico. Me, Li falling stars are fall- best for crop. SI baby lifted up, exposed. to ing stars, nothing more. Wa falling star is star first rain; lifted up at first thunder. going to wedding. Zu boys said going to get mar- 2297-2303. Sex of sun, moon, sky, earth. EN i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 157 sun man wears shining turquoise pectoral; earth, any direction. Zu urinated below roof drain so sky are wife, husband. Li moon, sun cousins. No baby would come easily. Must not let sunrays strike beliefs about praying mantis. Wa sun youth, moon back lest unborn baby injured. HP avoided going old man. out door backward, lest baby born feet first; did 2304-2307. Earthquake. NT god who made earth not apply to husband. kicks it to see if sound. SC by god who made 2326-2336. Pregnancy taboos. .WN not laugh at earth. Zu earthquake presages flood. queer animals lest infant born crippled; not eat 2308-2316. New moon observances and beliefs. rabbit killed by eagle. EN avoided sight of blood 2308. EN unconscious person who revives is in killing of wild animals, not domestic animals. like new moon. Children must not look at new Li ate internal organs except intestine; not ear moon, as not run fast. lest earache. Ll avoided hard food. SU ate head New moon observances. NT boys ran E, girls W. parts of deer, but not lower leg. Wa husband must Adults (also ST, SC) said: "I'm becoming like not kill anything in unusual way, such as strang- you, young again." ST, Ci children and adults ling or smothering. Zu avoided touching bow and ran toward new moon; Ci said: "Make me run fast; arrows, lest twins; avoided 2 kinds of meat at help me to live long." WM first to see new moon one meal; husband killed no coyote, lest baby shouted. Children ran 100 yards toward new moon, crippled or stillborn. KP young girls must not praying to live long. Ci, WM, WS, Hu, Me, Li eat double things lest twins when married; preg- baby held up to new moon by parent, who prayed nant woman ate no rabbit with lump in neck or for long life for baby. Ll no prayer. 01 adults elsewhere. HP food stuck in pot might cause death prayed for long life, health, etc., pollen in in childbirth; neither pregnant woman nor husband fingers and motioning toward moon. SU new moon ate anything rolled in tortilla lest difficult thought to come to life again, but no application birth; woman ate no meat for month before child- to human beings; at spring new moon all rubbed bixrth; did not eat heartily lest she and fetus faces and bodies, stretched. Wa children ran too fat. Woman or husband must not look at hare- around, wished joy and happiness at new moon in lipped person lesf baby same. Ditto snakes. Hus- both bamuya months (note 2247). Children danced band killed nothing for month before baby born. those months. SI all rubbed hair and prayed moon Seeing death movements of jack rabbit might cause to give them long hair (down to waist) to look baby to have same some time after birth. Shaman nice for dancing. would diagnose cause and get husband to confess. 2317-2319. Prayer to sun at rising. EN also Cured by singing rabbit songs. prayed to midday sun. NT: "My father, let me 2337, 2338. Abortion. ST miscarriage sometimes live long on earth and have good luck in all this by heavy load carried: elbow against side. Abortion life." Pollen between right thumb and index fin- by leaning over timber or hard surface to kill ger, hand elevated (also WM); not daily, but fetus. Might be done by married woman pregnant to whenever felt like it. SC: "New sun, you see over another man. Hu abortion for girl by woman who the world. There shall be good luck everywhere. understood, by pressure. Me abortion by another Human beings shall be stronger and better living." woman. Pregnant one lay belly up on flat rock. Right hand raised with pollen between thumb and Other woman pressed with thumb and fist. middle finger. WM prayed for long life; inform- 2339-2348. Parturition. Outdoors iX weather ant habitually on porch of modern shack. Zu sun hot: ST, Ci, WS, Hu, Me, Li. VlN girls, not boys, priest and others prayed, then scattered maize allowed at parturition. NT parturient sat on 2 meal and turquoise toward sunrise; some also stones, dry grass below to i;eceive baby; no fixed offered maize meal at noon or other times. SI number of attendants, usually 4 or 6; parturient's daily, cast maize meal and maize pollen toward sister laid baby on antelope buckskin, tied umbili- sunrise. Prayed for prosperity, amity, good cal cord. ST sat on stone about 4 in. high, grass weather. No turquoise thrown. below; held to rope from roof; pressure on abdo- 2320-2322. Prayer to earth. EN also sky. 01 men by person behind. If difficult, parturient especially if ill. Zu also scattered maize meal lay on side, someone stepped on side to aid deliv- on ground as offering, telling earth to eat as ery. Helped to stand to get rid of placenta. Par- best she could. turient's mother, mother's sister, father's sis- *2323. Sign language. Me some once known from ter, and husband helped; sometimes husband went Plains tribes. 01 slight use with tribes of alien for additional help. Ci any women who wanted to speech; not much because Plains tribes enemies, assist did so; ditto men. Husband there. Near especially Comanche and Kiowa. relatives helped, neighbors if relatives lacking. WM 2 or 3 helped, related or not. Husband got LIFE CRISES them to come. WS any woman helped. Hu sat on low stone, grass on ground; held cross bar attached Childbirth to roof. Me any women relatives attended, no men. Li held to nothing; 2 experienced women helped; 2324, 2325. Pregnancy regulations. ST also any female relatives who wished present, no men; threw ashes E before sunrise; pra7red Changing herb decoction if birth difficult. U1, 01 3 or 4 Woman: "May my baby come easily, without hurting female relatives or neighbors; no men. SU any mle." Ci, WS, Me, Li walked every morning early, women helped; husband present. Wa any female rela- 158 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS tives and friends; parturient stood, leaning placenta, then lay on side and someone pressed over kneeling attendant; husband called only if gently with foot to further expel it; placenta difficult. Zu held hands on top of head; any in fawnskin, put in bush or tree about 3 mi. relatives. SA, SI 3 or 4 women; no special rela- from camp. ST wrapped in grass, put in branches tives mandatory. SI man not allowed; held chair, of tree ca. mile away. WM wrapped in grass, put perhaps successor of rope or stake. KP small in tree to E. SI buried in maize field for good round brush shelter built by women for parturient; crop. KP wrapped in cotton cloth, put in cholla fire therein; parturient held cord from roof; cactus. husband helped if no woman. 2 women, sometimes 3, 2368. Hot childbirth drinks besides deer soup. usually parturient's mother and maternal grand- Warm water, EN, NT, SC, Ci, SU, SI. Decoction of mother. juniper leaves, EN, Wa, Zu, SA, SI; EN, Zu to 2349-2351. Shaman assisted difficult births. aid passing placenta. Maize gruel, EN, ST, Ci, WN palm-reader shaman told what was wrong. EN WM, WS, 01. Mescal juice, ST, Ci, WS. Unidenti- shaman always present. NT made cross on ground; fied plant decoctions, WN, EN (boiled roots to woman sat over center. 4 lines of pollen from aid passing placenta). NT only hot drink limited woman's shoulders down front, back, sides. Then to first childbirth. Me unheated juice of low shaman put right hand with pollen on top of cactus (Mammillaria?), also chewed pulp of body woman's head and shook. Then woman shook, called of this cactus, which bears edible fruit. someone to hold her, baby delivered. WS prayed, 2369. Deer soup. To new mother whose milk sang, also pressed. Hu prayed, sang, gave decoc- Nithheld, NT, WM, Wa (another woman suckles tion to drink. Me gave parturient something to child meanwhile), SI (also antelope soup). 01 chew as well as drink; drunk from turtle shell. hot maize gruel to bring milk. Li much deer Wa called birth specialist-not shaman. Zu sha- soup to drink for 2 days before suckling; "never man from one of medicine societies. KP shaman case of no milk." tried to manipulate baby into proper position 2370-2373. Twins. WN if more than twins bad if trouble due to not coming head first. Shaman omen; triplets after return from Fort Sumner, smoked. people did not like but allowed to live. EN if 2352-2363. Navel cord. WN cut with any kind one twin died, other died; no special heaven. of knife which thrown away; cord buried in sheep ST not liked because .too much work for mother. corral, so child good herder. EN fine yucca fiber Ci one killed, mother made choice. Me one killed on umbilicus after cord cut; girl's buried in on account of roving life of Me. Li, SU "never sheep corral or under loom; boy's in sheep corral, heard of twins." Wa pregnant woman suspecting in farm, or in horse track; if cQrd lost, child twins wore cord to make into one fetus. HP if imbecile. NT quartz flake to cut cord; Perezia twin wished something for twin sibling it would wrighti root fluff on umbilicus. ST chert knife; come to pass. fibers from Navaho blanket or fluff from Perezia 2374. "Steaming," etc., of breasts to start wrighti root on umbilicus, bound in place by milk flow. NT warmed green leaves applied. WS belly band; cord off in 4 days, tied with string hot medicine on breasts, no actual steaming. to cradle hood; cradle with cord tied in tree Me warmed sage leaves on breasts. SU bathed and when discarded. SC Perezia wrighti fluff on salt rubbed on before suckling; if no milk or umbilicus only when inflamed. Hu cord in buck- breasts sore, shaman touched with his head. KP skin pouch attached to cradle, or in bush in massaged to help milk flow. sunrise direction. Me any woman cut cord and 2375-2377. Bathing of mother and infant. WN washed baby using "baby grass" (thunder weed); water only, no yucca suds; baby's face painted cord tied with buckskin or, if none, yucca red after some days. EN baby's first excreta fiber; placed in young tree. Li only impaled put on its face to prevent wrinkles. ST sister, cord on cactus spine. SU cord in buckskin pouch mother, or maternal grandmother of new mother on cradle; after 2 or 3 years put in cave or first to bathe baby. SC baby washed by woman rock hole. Wa sagebrush ashes on umbilicus; who aided parturition. WM no particular rela- little stick tied in navel cord; deposited in tive to first wash baby. WS old woman, usually house ceiling, boy's tied to small arrow. Zu grandmother, first washed baby. Hu no rule as cord tied with wool fibers and plastered with to who first washed baby. Wa if paternal grand- dough; boy's buried in maize field, girl's at mother of baby not present, paternal aunt washed metates in house. SA iron knife; cotton on um- baby in water from paternal grandmother's home. bilicus; boy's buried in maize field, girl's in SA baby's paternal aunt washed it. KP newborn house. SI cut with fingernails; buried in ant baby wiped with cloth, not washed. hill so ants would not bite child; or boy's 2378, 2379. Disposal of stillborn. EN in buried in maize field so good farmer, girl's branches of tree with head to N; male in juni- buried near metates so good miller. KP cord per, female in pi-non. Wa in small children's buried anywhere. burial place, not with adults. SA, SI under 2364-2367. Disposal of placenta. WN buried floor in corner of back room. KR covered with in ash pile. EN in badger hole, so child strong stones. like badger. NT parturient stood to get rid of CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 159 Other infancy practices.-Lying-in period. WN, mother ate no meat because it gave aching feeling. NT, Li 2 days; EN, 01 any number required; ST 6 SU meat and fat taboo to mother and father for or 7; SC, WM 5; Ci 4; Hu 2 or 3; Me 10; SU 30; month; father remained in childbirth hut 5 days, Wa, SA, KP 8; Zu 8-10; SI 4; WS, Li uncertain. did not hunt for month; both used scratching WM, Li mother walked in hut; Li worked a little. stick for month. Wa baby no cold water to drink 2380. "Baking" of new mother and infant in till 8 days old. Zu mother drank through gourd brush-lined pit, Hu, SU. Days "baked": NT 1, Hu tube; only hot water for half month. Sh mother 3, SU 5, Zu 10. EN on warmed ground till bleeding drank warm water for 4 months. KP 4 days in bed, ceased. NT mother and baby "steamed" in pit lined after which might. wash herself. Might sit up then, with hot stones and green brush for 1 hour; cov- washed again at end of next 4 days. Then returned ered with blanket. NT, SC, Hu buckskin belt worn home. No purifying. Refrained from drinking cold by new mother; or wrapped rope, Hu. Hu mother in water 4 days only. heated pit only in cold weather; in warm weather on ordinary bed of brush, grass, etc. Me new Naming mother kept warm with bedding for 2 days; walked once in a while. SU juniper-bark covering for 2401. Naming 4-20 days after birth. Ll 7, 01 4, lying-in pit. Zu father's mother of baby prepared Wa 20, SA 4, SI 4. warm earth or sand for new mother and baby. Hot 2409. Male children only received war names, stones to heat. Blanket over earth or sand. Wa, NT, SC. WN might name at birth or much later. EN SA 4 days in bed, 4 days in house; after that warrior named baby, both sexes getting war names, regular duties. SI lay in 4 days, then washed all but differing for sex. See note 2518. NT inform- over with warm wrater; indoors 15 days longer. ant Nacheye, breeze blowing. ST child not named 2381. Warmed stone on new mother's abdomen. for clan or clan animal; no 2 living persons with Wa until felt better. SA 4 days. SI juniper sag4e name. To name child after great dead man, foliage burned in pot to vrarm parturient. KP must be dead about 15 years, must be of child's greasewood branches warmed on coals pressed clan. Father said to one of elders or head man of against new mother's body to aid recovery. clan: "I'm going to speak about your dead rela- 2382-2385. Suckling begun. Zu suckled as soon tive. I want to name my boy for this dead chief. as cried. SI first suckled by mother on 4th day, I shall name him (chief)." If chief consented meanwhile milk from another woman. father proceeded. SC small children named for 2386. Drinks for infant before mother suckled. fruit trees, plants, winds, rocks, birds, moun- Juice from under juniper bark, WN, EN only; boiled tains, water. Usually changed at 15 to 20 years. juniper leaf, SA; water, SC, Hu, 01, SU, Wa; milk Boy's name changed to Haske (brave man) name. from another wrioman, Wa, SI. EN juniper juice to Girl's not always changed. Examples: Ischi, make baby vomit. Ci cooked mescal juice in case quail, boy's name; Kuskan, Spanish bayonet yucca milk delayed. fruit, baby boy's name; Nachekai, white people 2387. Maize pollen on baby's tongue. EN for 4 passing through gate, grown girl's name. Men's days. KP baby taking meal from metate on ground names: Haskedesla, brave fighting man. Haske- sign of long life. panenchel, brave fighting men crashing together, 2388. Infant held to 4 cardinal directions, Me, name of Apache Kid, notorious outlaw. Li named Li; to 6 directions, Zu, SA, SI. Me any woman held by parent of grandparent. If for relative "dead up infant; cradle maker prayed for long life and about 40 years," it was in mother's clan. Inform- success for infant: great hunter or warrior, in- ant's name Naitdja, picking up all sorts of dustrious woman, etc. Wa after 4 days baby held things, of nickname type. WM not named for weather up to sun at sunrise. Zu father's mother held up because of fear of lightning and clouds. Sample baby to 4 cardinal directions at birth and prayed names: Round Foot, Baldy; woman who died in 1935 for long life. SA baby not actually held up, but named for goddess Istenatlehe. Sometimes names 6 cardinal deities addressed. changed at puberty. WS boys and girls names re- 2389-2391. Infanticide. Hu if mother did not ferred to war; informant's name Toklanni, much want, or if none to rear after death of mother. water, referred to white settlement where much Me strangled with yucca leaf, buried. whiskey taken by Apache. Hu names usually re- 2392-2399. Taboos for mother. Number of days: ferred to war events; relative angry if baby 2 (WM), 3-6 (EN), 4 (NT, SC, Ci, Wa), 6 or 7 named for him or her. Me named at crawling stage (ST), 7 (Ll), 8 (KP), 10 (SI), 15 (Zu), 30 (SU), by cradlemaker (man or woman); for personal pe- 120 (SA). SU father also inactive 30 days. MWN culiarities, natural phenomena, animals, etc. father must not kill or see anything caught by E.g.: Water Boy, Star Child. Informant Piganzi's predatory animal for some days before and after name is non-Apache; received when joined U.S. birth. EN husband with new mother, tended fire, Army. His Apache warpath name Sistanihe, "wounded etc. She ate nothing sweet, cold,or excessively enemy lifting his head," bestowed on him on 7th hot. ST mother did not bathe for 10 days, lest war party by comrade who gave him blanket and internal cold, which "made blood bad"; no salt, said: "From now on your name will be Sistanihe." meat, fat. Husband ate anything, also hunted. Previously called Little Boy. Li immediately lting-in mother ate maize gruel and cooked mes- after birth or several years later; boy's name cal juice. MEN mother ate fat after 2 days. Ll changed only when warrior. Ll permanent name ca. 160 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS week after birth; "meaningless." 01 3 or 4 days 2423, 2424. Disposal of first deciduous tooth. after birth. SU mother named baby when commenced Thrown to E at sunrise, except: 01 no special di- to walk; informant named Yagapue, "crying all rection. Zu, at sunset. SA any time. EN child told the time"; meanings of informant's wife's name to throw toward sunrise with eyes closed. NT by Ita and of interpreter's Chodos not known. Wa either parent, no prayer. Ci child threw toward when 20 days old; see 2460. Zu named for long- sunrise. WS relative who threw tooth toward sun- lived grandparent, when child began to talk. SA rise prayed for new tooth to masticate tough food. by father's sister; boys' names differed from Hu put in base of gramma-grass stem and slung girls'; children sometimes named after animals; toward sunrise by child or parent: "I hope new informant's name Owaskiwa, meaning unknown. SI tooth will grow quickly, so as to chew tough baby named for animal or plant, on 4th day before meat." SU put in center of grass clump. Wa threw dawn; washed with yucca lather, then covered with toward sunrise: "Go and get some salt for me." Zu blankets. Named by navel-cord cutter, who went at sunset child threw toward E saying: "Father's outdoors, threw maize meal and pollen toward sun- mother, here is the tooth; give me a new tooth." rise and prayed; then to N, W, S, E, up, down. SI prayed sun for new tooth. KP child threw W at All directional gods informed of baby's advent. any time of day, requested bear to supply new Indoors, father and mother given medicine water one. to drink and to spray on baby from mouths. Woman offered medicine water to parents, saying, "You Boys' puberty observances.- drink medicine water for-" naming child. 2425. Play with sisters taboo. ST before boy Informant's name Tetse, goldfinch; wife Kweka, reached puberty (voice change), i.e., when "big oak leaf. Clanship did not determine name of boy." WS if alone with sister; play permitted if child. KP baby when crawling, by maternal grand- in group. Li also female cousins. 01 "liable to father who named it in song; names referred to fall in fire if play with sister." KP boy usually activities, directions, clouds, trees, plants, with father, did not play much with sister. flowers, but not animals. Names often referred 2426, 2427. Trained in tribal legends. WN boys to activities of men or women. instructed by father and grandfather. EN boys 2413. Teknonymy. EN after first child mother told myths from early childhood on. Hu boys taught referred to as so-and-so's mother. SA to show myths and songs at night by grandparent. Me 4 respect called person father or mother of so-and- nights at time in training in tribal legends; so. both sexes. SU boys went to certain old men to hear myths; told on winter nights only. Zu began Education; Puberty; Menstruation learning myths when 21 or 22 years old. KP boys trained in tribal legends nightly; also modes of Children's education.-WS, Li grandparents life, behavior, etc. instructed children most because "knew more than 2428. New name. Notes 2400-2413. ST new name parents." Hu parents principal instructors; if for boy at age 21. Ditto girls. Discarded earlier father away or dead, paternal grandfather prin- name, though sometimes called by it. New name of cipal instructor of boy; if mother dead, paternal serious type. Word meaning "fierce" prefixed to grandmother, of girl. Ll besides fath-r, older name used for males. At name change put charcoal men, related or not, instructed boy. Wa some- in.mouth, took out, cast to E, addressed Sun: times boy instructed chiefly by mother's brother. "May I have a long life." Ci boy's name changed Zu grandparents and parents; if child help up at puberty, if earlier name not suitable for fingers in sunlight shining into room, told to young man. Wa new name for youth only at initia- stop as would be lazy. tion. 2420. Children bathed in snow or ice to 2429. Running. Hu ran uphill as training harden. SC to make healthy. WS in ice water also. rather than initiation. SU boy ran any direction Me began snow bathing at ca. 10 years old. Li at puberty any time of day; boy's father urged very little snow in Li habitat, so bathed in him to run. SA boy ran any direction. SI father cold water or with icicles from trees. made adolescent boy run every morning. Father 2421. Bugaboos. ST crying child admonished to or other old man (if several boys) accompanied see big owl (moon): "Owl is going to get you if on first morning. KP boys and girls aroused early you do not stop crying." Ci white man as bugaboo to run. No supervisor. No special direction. nowadays. WS owl, wolf, coyote. Hu owl and wild 2430. Whipped with twig by father. NT gently mammals. Me owl not bugaboo because "wicked" on 4 mornings, to make good hunter, warrior, bird, but some large-mouthed bird or mammal. Li runner. Ci switched by father one morning only, wild animals such as coyote, whippoorwill: though might be switched at other times if dis- "There comes whippoorwill with a big basket to obedient, but only lightly. put you in." 1Aa 'owl will come and tear your 2431. Ran E at sunrise. Boy on 4 days: NT, SC, belly open if you do not stop crying." SA also Ci. ST at puberty, father told boy to run to E hawk. SI owl one of several bugaboos. clockwise and back. Father sang while boy ran. 2422. WJound cross is "bugaboo owl." EN of Done 4 times, different song each time, all from sumac. WS some object, e.g., old piece of buck- eclipse series. Before dawn father regularly skin, hung in hut as "bugaboo owl." awakened him, told him to get ups, urged him to CULTURE ELEIvI. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 161 practice running, so when challenged to race 1st 3 days, not on 4th. Stayed in father's sis- aould acquit himself properly. Ci boy ran E at ter's house for the 4 days, did not go outdoors. sunrise on more than 4 mornings sometimes. Me Ground all day except meal times. Wore white robe boy ran at sunrise, to E, uphill, or any direc- with red and black border in going to aunt's tion. Bathed in cold water. Boys and girls from house. Discarded beads, etc., and worked in plain 10up ran together but bathed in separate places. clothes. Hair washed by aunt on 4th day, when got Old man with rawhide whip conducted them. If new name; also old name continued to be used mother did not want child to go, she sent child (2460). KP usual work, no special work to make outside hut, struck once with whip and exempt industrious. No crescentic stone used, no lec- for morning. Li old man with switch or rawhide ture, except mother admonished and instructed. whip had boys and girls run in morning. Also 2447. Scratching stick. WS go bald if scratched bathed in early morning. 01 boys ran, any direc- with fingers. tion, man in charge without whip. Boy not sent 2451-2454. Girl painted. Except for SU, face to woods for vision. Wa father admonished son: painting was for public ceremony. SU girl painted "Never be lying down at sunrise. Run, bathe, etc., face and hair red on leaving menstrual hut. Left in early morning." Zu boy bathed in river, ran on till following morning. Wore special buckskin in any direction. No set number of davs. Boy's belt (2458), which gave to next lst-menstruant. father got him up early to do this. No singing or dancing. 2456. Girl pressed and moulded. NT girl pressed Girls' puberty observances.- with feet and hands of strong woman, so strong. 2432a. Special term for 1st menses. EN kenasta, Notes 2461-2485. lst menses; bigagiswu', subsequent menses. WM 2458. Girl wore special belt. Notes 2461-2485. -ohelyigut 1st and subsequent. WS, Hu "so-and-so WS buckskin belt. Li ordinary belt. went out," euphemism for 1st menses; kutikle, 2461-2485. Public ceremonies. WIN relatives, menses, Hu. Me chedjente, menses. SU 1st nagadu- friends came. Girl up at 3 A.M., ran, accompanied womi; subsequent, sonagaduwomi. SA maachi, menses; by girls and boys. Returned racing. Done 1st night lst called by same term vjith modifier. KP 1st only. Women sat one side of hut, men other. Men menses, duwa; subsequent, chulka. sang. Girl opposite door, no special attire. Spe- 2433. Girl in dwVelling. ST only girl in heated cial maize cake baked in earth oven for occasion pit in dwelling. Ll no girl's ceremony; lectured (no stones, just hot earth). Girl on belly on by mother or grandmother on caring for self, how round stone during day, except when grinding to live, etc. During 4 days girl worked or not as maize. No presents to guest. she liked. Zu, SI no 1st-menses observances; girl EN neighbors invited. Girl sat in hut. Shaman might not even tell her mother. SA juniper-leaf sang 20 songs. Men called on to sing by relative decoction drunk. of girl. 4th morning, oven-baked maize cake cut, 2434. Girl in special structure. SU at 1st presented to singers. Yucca hair wash for girl. menses little corral made; or in winter little Then ran before sunrise, adults with her; called bark hut. Allowed no meat. Mother fed her on sideskla. Bad luck to run ahead of girl. Return- 'barrel-cactus" pulp, grass seed, hot water. ing, girl leaped from hut entrance to her place 2436. Girl on blanket outdoors. SC if weather in rear. Truthful woman pressed girl lyT-ng on clement. blanket, sometimes mother or aunt, outdoors if 2438. Girl fasted. EN from salt and sweets. warm day; 4th night her face painted red, no NTmight eat salt; all food eaten cool lest hair special design; prevented early wrinkles. Girl come out. SC girl did as she pleased about food, in best with special belt, beads, etc. Shaman sl1eeping, etc. KP fasted from meat, fat, salt sprinkled her with pollen, prayed over her. ifor month; did not have to drink warm water. ST at sunrise shaman sang 4 eclipse songs as 2440-2444. Girl worked. EN customary work, she lay on pile of 4 deer hides, face down, head did not carry to other huts. Ground maize, other to E. Healthy, lucky old woman pressed her (nose, girls helping. After 3 days her family made earth cheeks, arms, legs, body, etc.) meanwhile. Girl oven for cooking maize cake. Girl made bed of ran E and back, followed by children, sometimes maize foliage in 4 cardinal directions, then adults too. Girl threw deerskins in order E,S,W,N. poured maize batter on it. Other women did re- That night pit with hot coals, wet grass, damp mainder of work. NT, ST carried wood and water earth, and 4 blankets for her to lie on again. for every family in camp; rested rest of day. 2 more over her. Old woman molded her again; no Aone might talk with her. Ci wood and water singing. Next 3 days girl ground maize, carried or 4 days to all huts in camp. VWM admonished water and wood on advice of mother, so not lazy daily by parents to be industrious. WS carried later. Scratching stick of cat's claw wood, wood and water only to parerzts' hut. Ru on 1st drinking tube of 6-in. cane for 4 days tied on day girl quiet, no work; on subsequent days string around neck; not drink much water. After helped mother as usual; no carrying to other 4 days, ceased use of these, washed, dressed in huts . Me worked or not as wvishel. Li no special good clothes (old clothes hitherto ), painted work; wvent about as usual and played with other face red. Wore Zu or Hopi cotton sash around girls. Wa ground maize for father's relatives for waist, red, black, white stripes. 162 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS SC family of girl invited and fed guests in Singer shaman walked backward into hut, shaking summer, not winter. 12 songs by man, asking for deer-hoof rattle, holding bunch of feathers in health, etc., for girl. At 1st of last 4 songs one hand. Girl held other end of feathers and girl ran toward sunrise, 2d to S, 3d to W, 4th thus led into special hut. to N. 3-ft. cane planted at each cardinal point 1st morning girl ran 4 times toward sunrise in turn for girl to run around. Women and chil- passing 4 times around basket of pollen which dren ran with her. Then she carried wood from 4 woman attendant set on ground. Girl ran shuttle cardinal directions, ground maize, acorns, wheat, fashion to E and back to WT, making call with etc. Other girls helped her grind and distribute fingers on lips. Before this all who wished put food to huts. Through by 10 A. M. pollen on her cheeks and head. She did same to Ci girl's face painted red by mother (some- them. times girl) for 4 days; zigzag horizontal nega- Women did not sing, but made noise represent- tive design with 4 deer lower incisors. Ran at ing thunder with fingers over mouth, also by sunrise and other times for exercise; not manda- woman who pressed girl. This woman dressed girl tory. Pollen on her head by all present on 1st for ceremony. She knew all details, was lucky day. People prayed to girl for long life for and long lived. She was paid horse, buckskin, or selves and children, just as prayed goddess Istle- buffalo robe, and 2 other things by girl's par- nachlehe, whom girl represented. ents. Singer similarly paid. Girl led horse to WM ceremony often months after 1st menses. him as pay on 5th day. He then gave her 1 yucca Thus 2 girls had joint ceremony in September, fruit sprinkled with pollen to eat, mentioning 1935; 1st menses 10 months earlier. People danced every kind of fruit as he did, and praying that clockwise in circle till dawn. she live long on these fruits, etc. He made sun WS 4-day ceremony began when girl started picture on palm of-his hand and imprinted on top flowing. On 5th day Haliotis pendant in her hair of her head (also Li), praying she live to be (2455). Slept in family hut, danced in specially gray haired. erected hut, while shaman shook deer-hoof rattle Girl wore special costume and fringed belt of and sang. Conical hut for ceremony had 12 big buckskin. In her hair 2 black eagle tail feathers. poles, brush 'over lower part, rawhide and tanned On 5th morning her face painted white, red, blue, skins upper part. Pollen on 1st day in line across yellow; nothing to do with cardinal points. Cere- face. White on face only on last day. Brush fence mony ancient, antedating masked deity cult. God- led out from door of hut. Male singers sat at end dess Istlanatlehe and son Nayiizone, originators. of fence, accompanied shaman. Girl danced on raw- Li family not prepared for ceremony at 1st hide; up all 4th night. For every song, 1 stick menses, held at second. Girl danced behind fire thrust in ground by singers. 80-100 different in parents' tipi, while shaman shook deer-hoof songs on 4th night. Last morning girl ran E, after rattle. No special hut. Girl ran toward sunrise singer printed sun picture with pollen on her 1st morning, while woman who dressed her made forehead, by making ring and rays on his hand, call with hand over mouth; also pressed girl then imprinting (Hu also). first morning as she lay on robe outdoors; paid Hu ceremony started 1st day of-bleeding (nowa- with horse or buffalo robe for services. On last days ceremony on 4th of July). Girl's face near morning shaman-singer painted girl's face red mouth streaked with white on 5th morning. Girl and white: stripes vertical on face, 2 red with ran toward sunrise and back on 1st and 5th morn- white between. People put pollen on girl's head ings. People came for blessing from ceremony. Sha- and on face under eyes, prayed for long happy man and assistant marked males with white and red life for themselves and girl. She put pollen on clay on left, females on right cheek. Shaman them. Girl wore black or black-tipped eagle blessed wild food to be eaten. Girl wore 2 eagle feather, buckskin belt, fancy buckskin costume. feathers in hair and fancy buckskin belt. She Girl "like" goddess Istlenachleche. danced with masked spirit (gan) impersonators Ll informant denied ceremony with girl repre- outside 1st, then alone in special hut, pulled senting Esdzanadlehi and boy Nayenezgani (God- down on 5th morning. Girl up all 4th night. dard, p. 177). However, SI informant who had Me ceremony 2 or 3 days after bleeding started, seen, verified Goddard's statement. or 4 days of menses might be succeeded by 4 days 01 old man prayed on 1st and 4th days for of ceremony. Sometimes only 1-day feast, ceremony long life for girl; did not sing. No dancing. at 2d menses. Father announced time to move to Girl's parents feasted any visitors, though not certain open space, erect big hut, and hold 4- public ceremony. Girl wore regular belt and day feast. Singer directed erection of conical dress, no gala attire. Informant denied Goddard's brush hut. At pole cutting (women went too) he statement (p. 177) about boy in menses observ- sang 1 song for each of 4 main poles cut. (Regu- ances. lar Me hut had 3 poles.) He led si,ngers through- KP men and women mixed in 2 lines of dancers. Out ceremony. Mescal stalks tied together for No fire. Usually danced till dawn, any night of poles. Hut ca. 20 ft. across. Brush fences ran girl's first period. Purpose purification of out from doorway ca. 25-30 ft. People sometimes girl. Papago in Sonora used gourd rattle, but danced (modern) in front of entrance passageway. not KP. Special hut denied by KP, but see Under- Only girl danced in early times, indoors and out. hill, 31. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 163 2483, 2484. Girl ran at sunrise. Notes 2461- 2508, 2509. Parental approval necessary for 2485. NT girl ran alone 4 times on 1st day, 1/8- marriage. SC parents urged girl to marry indus- iimi. to W and back 4 times. Must keep mouth shut, trious young man. Hu girl growing up and not lik- not pant. ing grown man selected for her, declined to marry. 2486-2497. Regular-menstruation taboos.-EN If he had given much to parents, they might force rode horse if painted its legs red; for concep- her. Me boy's parents might select wife for him; tion, intercourse right after menses most effec- presents to her parents: horse, buffalo robe, etc. tive; no intercourse for 3 months after child- No immediate reciprocal gift, but later small birth. NT woman in period fetched water; NT only gifts. SA after marriage boy's father gave land, husband also bathed at end of wife's period. WS horses, etc., girl same from her parents. KP par- menstruant on horse or mule would ruin animal. Hu ents of girl took 1st steps (2512). Young people menstruant not dress another woman's hair, as exercised some influence. Girl who left husband harmful to that woman. 01 did not ride horse be- might be forced by her parents to return. cause harmful to her, not horse; all taboos for 2510. Gifts to bride's parents first. WN by her welfare. Zu, SI women never horseback. SI not bridegroom's father or brothers: silver objects, make pottery because clay "too cold." horses, cattle, beads, buckskin. No sheep, but nowadays money. After marriage, groom, dressed in Berdaches best, took 3 or 4 horses to parents-in-law. EN 12 horses or 1 good turquoise; formerly ax, arrows, 2498-2500. WN female berdaches hunted and bows, buckskin, mt.-lion hide. Bridegroom must warred. EN shaman in 1935 donned women's clothes, possess 2 stone axes to get married, one to use wove. ST lazy men and women who wanted to cohabit himself, one to pay for girl. At presentation, with own sex. Ci dressing of boy like girl in girl poured water on hands of guests to wash, dance, not continued. SU male berdaches made bas- dipped from pitched water basket with gourd. NT kets and pots, did not cohabit with men; one fe- buckskins, arrows,,moccasins, hides (blankets), male berdache dressed like man, made baskets and seed for pinole, dress for girl. ST bridegroom's pots, never married. Zu male berdaches dressed family made buckskin dress for girl; also buck- like women, women's work, sometimes "married" skins, baskets, acorns, etc. SC horse, saddle, man; parents might bring up boy as girl if no buckskin, 2 or 3 head of cattle, moccasins, buck- girl in family. SA male berdaches did women's skin dress, etc. Ci young man hunted with father; work. KP male berdaches did women's work, did not several deer taken to girl's parents. If accepted, cohabit with men; female berdache cowboy at Sells bargain sealed. Buckskins, etc., followed. WM in 1935; female berdaches hunted, warred, never young man's father took deer, seeds, mescal, married. buckskin to girl's mother. WS deer, horse, gun, buckskin, Navaho blanket, etc. Hu horse, buck- Marriage skins, gun. Li buffalo robe, buckskin, horse. 01 young man deer to girl's parents after consent. 2502-2506. Polygyny. NT 2 wives limit. ST good 2511. Reciprocal gifts to bridegroom's parents. hunter, wealthy man, 2 or 3 wives, well treated. EN basket of maize mush, the basket for them to Poor man one, not treated so well. Wife beater keep, lest bad luck for newlyweds. NT'pitched would not get 2d. Cowives usually sisters, also water baskets, cooking baskets for seeds, arrows, wife's sister's daughter. If 3 wives, man slept seeds, buckskins. ST girl's family gave food. between two, 3d slept at their feet. If 1st wife Presents exchanged 3 or 4 times il month, then many children, special hut for her 150 ft. away. ceased. SC nothing, since "hard time raising SC chief more wives because strong fighting man, girl," and girl to work anyhow. Ci food, bas- many horses and cattle. Ci 2 or 3 wives. WM 1st kets; no exact balancing of gifts. WM same sort wife's permission to take 2d. WS sometimes 4 or 5 and amount received. WS like gifts. "2 families wives. Rich men polygynists; they brave fighters as one," made frequent gifts. Hu anything. Li and much property. Hu 2 or 3 wives, wealthy man or rifle, bows, arrows, etc., to bridegroom's par- noted warrior. Me polygyny modern, not old. Li ents, or to him. Bride presents to parents-in-law some Comanche married, resided with Li. SU polyg- throughout life. yny after Mormon example; monogamy earlier. KP Gifts to bridegroom's parents equal in value: cowives usually sisters. NT, Ci (sometimes), WM, Li (sometimes), KP. Of 2507. Child betrothal, before puberty. Child less value: ST, Ci (sometimes), WS, Hu, Li (some- to child, WN, EN, NT, ST, Ci (sometimes), WS times). (sometimes), Hu (sometimes); others denied. To 2512. Gifts to bridegroom's parents first. KP adult man: EN, ST; sometimes (WN, NT, WM, Hu); grain, provisions, etc. Reciprocated similar others denied. EN as early as 7 years; parents gifts, including deermeat (not whole deer). exchanged presents. ST sometimes girl married if 2514. Bridegroom and male relatives made -no parents. If 12-year-old boy, diligent, obedient, trousseau. Wa bride at bridegroom's house till promising, couple with daughter might arrange be- finished. SA if could not make, must -buy: woolen trothal. Ci child to child only in fun; when grown manta, moccasins, leggings. SI dress, beads, probably married others. blankets, etc. 164 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2517. SU groom's mother made buckskin dress, EN levirate customary, but widow married whom moccasins, etc., for bride. she wished. NT if no brother, dead man's mother's 2518-2526. Symbolic acts at marriage. 8 groups brother married widow. ST widow waited 1-3 years performed various symbolic acts at marriage, yet for levirate, man's family watching her; married general idea seems to underlie all. "Bride brother or sister's son of deceased. Ci, WM breach scratches groom" by NT; 'sometimes" before mar- of levirate resulted in fight with man who took riage (doubtful) by Ci; others denied. widow and cutting off of widow's nose by dead hus- WN couple fed each other mush with fingers band's kin. WrM levirate in 1 year. WS sometimes from 4 sides of bowl; poured water in each other's death to woman for levirate breach. Hu compulsory. hands for washing. EN new names; maize-pollen Woman who evaded had nose cut off, or she and new cross by girl's father, grandfather, or uncle in husband paid horses and other property. Note 2530. front of seated couple, circle enclosing cross Me no rule as to length widowhood. Remarriage soon drawn either direction. Li person with power for if dead husband's relatives willing; no levirate lucky marriage prayed; bridegroom paid bow and if brothers already married. SI levirate optional. arrows or buffalo robe; or if woman, something 2535. Marriage to mother and daughter. Mother woman could use. Mlarriage feast followed. SU ate first, EN, WX, Hu, KP; at same time, WN, KP. EN grass seed or berries from same dish at groom's mother first account mother-in-law taboo. parents' home. Wa clothes smoked writh juniper 2536, 2537. Cousin marriage. Positive answers foliage; groom's mother washed girl's hair at her without genealogies dubious. NT cousin marriage, house, girl's mother groom's hair at her house. but not close. ST cousin marriage, but not re- Zu groom presented manta to bride. SA bride washed lated closer than 4 or 5 generations back. SI groom's hair; bride's washed by her mother, both cacique informant said parallel and cross-cousin in same bowl of yucca suds. Robes not tied to- marriage! gether lest twins. 2539. Man marries mother's brother's widow. Li 2527-2529. Bride carried presents to mother- if widow desirable to keep in family and he single. in-law. SC food as long as in same camp. SUJ 2540-2547. Postnuptial and final residence of cooked grass seed. Wa hunter's wife always took married couple. EN marriage and postnuptial resi- front or hind quarter of deer. Zu bride ground dence at bride's home. SC with bride's family, and took maize meal. then bridegroom's; after 2 or 3 children, lived 2530, 2531. Sororate (post-mortem). Among most wherever liked. Ci matrilocal residence brought Athabascans post-mortem sororate largely compul- man under control of wife's clan chief, nearest sive for man if parents-in-law ordained. Length Ci approach to village chief. WM with bride's of widowhood or v1idowerhood period in years. Ex- parents for 2 or 3 years, then with man's. After cept Li 6 months, year or more. SU 5 to 6. 1-3 that back and forth or wherever wished. Final ST; 2-3 SC, MJM; 1 NT, WS, Ll, SI; 2 Ci, SA; 1-2 residence depended on which possessed good farm, Hu, EN, Wa, Zu, KP; 1 up 01. Shorter periods horses, etc. WS no rule. Hu matrilocal proper, usual minima before remarriage approved. Some- though not always. Me if parents of newlyweds in times briefer intervals: Ci, WM 1 year; Hu 3-6 same settlement, patrilocal residence. If parents months; Ll 2 months; SI 2 or 3 mofiths. Instances far apart, either patrilocal or matrilocal. SA beyond. as couple wished. SI matrilocal first. Later, with EN widower whom parents-in-lavr liked told to aid of relatives, built new room, near his or her come in 6 months and marry dead woman's sister. parents or away from both. ST, Li parents of dead woman selected wife if 2548-2557. Parents-in-law taboos. Ci woman call- widower good man; ST watched him closely during ing son-in-law from distance for food, shouted: widowerhood. Ci unmarried sister of dead woman "Food is ready," then left house. WYM woman meet- took brother-in-law by hand and pulled him away ing son-in-law on trail made circuit to avoid if with another wioman. "He belongs to me." If him. WS father-in-law and son-in-law avoidance, divorce preceded death, no sororate. WVI widower's no conversation. Ll mother-in-law by 3d person parents-in-law consulted over new bride, mother- informed son-in-law food ready. in-lavw's relative, Vwhom she asked to marry wid- 2559-2562. Sibling-in-law joking. WN obscene owrer. SrS for breach of post-mortem sororate between brothers-in-law, decent between siblings- widovwer might have to pay horse. Hu widowed per- in-law of unlike sex. EN jokes, obscene or other- son might remarry in few months vith permission wise, with any sibling-in-law. ST relatives-in- of dead spouse's relatives. If no close rela- law joked distant, not close; could joke distant tives, widowed person did as pleased. Me sororate cross-cousin's wife, or mother's brother's wife if man not "mean" and wife beater: gave him if mother's brother present. Ci, WS, Hu, Me, Li, either daughter or niece before he espoused un- Ll, 01, Zu, SA between siblings-in-law of unlike related woman. HIe must accept. Zu penalty for sex not obscene. WS, Me, Li, Ll, 01, Zu, SA be- premature remarriage w!as swelling up and dying. tween siblings-in-law of like sex not obscene. SI post-mortem sororate if man liked his wife's 2563-2566. Joking relatives. EN mother's sister. brother principally. Mother 's brother' s son 2532-2534. Levirate. Levirate compulsive among might maul you but you must not get angry. ST some Apache groups, wToman evading punished by wrestled and joked obscenely with cousins of nose cut off as for adultery. same sex. Ci man joked male cross cousins, not CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 165 female. WS, Hu cousins, but not obscenely. Me fulness ground for divorce. Man took boys, woman man joked mother's brother, obscenely or other- girls. Woman kept house, as man could make another wise; woman joked mother's father; cousins of easily. 01 woman's parents might take her if hus- like sex only joked. Li grandparents, mother's band mistreated. SU "never adultery; never divorce." brothers, man's male cousins. 01 cross cousins Wa adulterous woman divorced, but kept children. of like sex. No joking siblings, parallel cousins, Woman always remained in house. SA "no divorce! or cross co-usins of opposite sex. Practical jokes, Governor's rule!" as pulling off moccasins and throwing in mud, al- loved; victim mzust not get angry. SU cross cousins Death of like sex only; man did not joke mother's broth- er. Wa grandparent joking relative. Zu, SA, SI 2577-2636. Burial. Broke digging tools at grave: joked all relatives; SA grandparents and grand- EN (sometimes), Ci, 01, SI. children particularly. SI relatives who would not WN corpse decorated with jewelry. EN in rock get angry. crevice covered with stones and brush. Corpse 2567-2570. Adultery. EN nose of wife bitten taken out door. Hut deserted, hole made in N side off or cut off, but husband must pay her or to show death there, according to last word of family. ST woman might have nose cut off, then goddess Istlanata to whom belonged. Burned if dismissed; "You have a good thing now. So you wished. can go along." Ci poor man killed rich adulterer NT buckskin under corpse for several men to quicker than poor on account his property. WM carry out of house. Buried 5 mi. from village in woman and lover killed; might lead to feud. WS foot-deep grave, lined with grass and buckskin. wife killed; or nose cut off, hair shorn, and Rock wall built around, poles over top, stones turned over to lover; sometimes compounded. Hu heaped over poles, brush over all. Not in cave injured husband supposed to get father-in-law's because living might use. ST only cave as well approval through 3d personi before punishing. as r'ock crevice. Deceased in good buckskin Might tell parents of guilty man to wiarn their clothes, wrapped in-blankets. Carried by strong son. They might beg he take payment instead of man 5 or 6 mi. away. Ground cleared, blankets killing; or might promise to warn son; or had and grass on which corpse placed full length. warned him and he used harsh words, therefore he Leaned sticks against rocks over corpse, so as must take punishment. Me husband might warn to make wall. Then flat rocks against base of guilty man's parents who remonstrated with him. sticks. More rocks so completely hidden. SC spe- If persisted and was killed, no vendetta. Li hus- cial opening on E side hut for removal. Strong band demanded property of wife's lover if did not man carried to burial place. Man buried head to kill. Ll, 01 injured husband notified wife's E, woman to W. Grave covered with timbers, stomes, parents he would leave her; got another woman. to keep out coyotes. Mourners not look back on SA husband whipped wife and lover for 1st of- way home. Ci 4 men carried on litter. Rock-crev- fense. 2d offense informed governor, who imposed ice burial with sticks across, covered with whipping or jail. An assistant whipped with gov- stones (also WM). Must carry one stone at time; ernor's quirt, indoors in governor's presence. if 2, another would die. WM last look at corpse SI woman reported by husband to governor, who in grave; husband or wife cried. Each mourner publicly wrhipped guilty pair. Man might divorce left grave in separate direction; iook 6ff moc- wife, retain children and house. If husband casins, clothes, and shook for fear dirt from guilty, wife might report to governor. She would grave carried home, which caused dream about de- retain house. KP beating by husband and divorce ceased. often followed adultery. WS on horseback. Women washed, dressed female 2571-2576. Divorce. (Cf. also notes 2567- corpse, men male. Baby buried in cradle. Hu 2570.) WN man took children, if wife got new either sex dressed; carried out by 4 people in husband. Woman kept if husband left her. EN in- skin blanket; then on horse by man or woman efficient wife divorced, especially if not cook; holding it upright. If no horse 4 persons car- woman left lazy husband. Left unfaithful wife in ried in skin blanket. Me carried out in blanket possession of hut and children. ST if woman not by 2 or 4 people. Buried on slope of hill. Sides good to look after children, man kept them; of grave with stone lining. Earth on corpse. usually woman kept. SC man wanted divorce, left Rocks over grave to prevent rains washing out. home. Ci if woman took children, man went on Sometimes relatives "hired" someone to carry and feeding them, but not ex-wife. WM spouse with bury; buckskin or horse to "hired' person. Only most relatives kept children, for better care. parents removed clothes in approaching corpse. WS in adultery guilty spouse deprived of house. 01 men carried corpse. Sterile woman might apply to shaman for aid to Wa slab-lined grave, 7 or 8 ft. deep, in clan conception, to keep husband from divorcing her, cemetery. Wl-a, Zu cradle with baby. Zu grave Divorced woman remarrying might let 1st husband tools washed in river, left on roof several days. have children back. Hu sterile woman might plead SA swathed in blanket to neck for transport. SI for another year's trial. Man left hut in wif.e's swathed. One man carried on shoulders up ladder possession, because easy to make another. Me mis- from room; sometimes second helped. Cradle not behaving spouse forced to leave. Li also unfaith- buried, broken and left at grave, or burned. 166 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Only stillborn buried in house. KP rock-walled 2622-2627. Purification of corpse handlers. grave on hillside; no digging. Sticks on top, EN 2 corpse handlers sat apart in hut; water more stones. brought for them to wash; fumigated with burned 2596-2599. SU corpse wrapped, carried by 4 men, cactus. SC buckskin clothes washed in yucca suds; placed on top funeral pyre, not within. Hu bundled up clothes, left at grave; or if re- 2600-2606. Property destroyed. Note 2577 EN. turned to camp with them, laid away in brush; WNT favorite horse killed, saddle on grave. NT fumigated self with sage or juniper. Me relatives personal property buried vwith deceased. ST dwell- who buried corpse left some clothes near by "be- ing and property therein destroyed; horses killed. cause sad"; fumigated with shrub branches. Li SC if death in cave, things burned some distance fumigated with everlasting flowers. Ll buried away; property of others in cave not destroyed. clothes. 01 fumigated with any kind of shrub. Zu All clothing of deceased in grave; only his per- fumigation by burning hair or clothes of deceased; sonal property destroyed; horse or dog slain at moccasins of corpse handlers cleaned at river, home. In l935 I saw automobile burned by brother lest grave mud in house. SA washed in river day of deceased. Ci bow and arrovws in grave. Buck- of funeral. SI washed all over with yucca suds on skins and good baskets not destroyed. Old bas- 5th day after funeral. KP washed hands in plain kets in grave; dog killed at camp. WM horse, not water. dog killed. Gun, bow and arrow broken before in 2627-2630. Purification of mourners. Disrobed grave. Clothes not torn before burial. WS per- before approaching corpse: EN, Hu (sometimes), sonal clothing buried or burned. House sometimes Me (sometimes). WN mourners fasted 4 days; others for storage 3 or 4 years after death. Hu horse denied. EN no food between death and burial; at killed at grave. Me killed horse that carried end of 4 days went near grave, asked dead not to corpse. Li tipi taken down, burned. Wa old think about them. SC persons who lived in hut clothes of deceased burned; beads, etc., buried; purified selves and buckskin clothing with yucca horse, not dog, sometimes killed over grave. KP suds. WS close relatives nearly naked at funeral; 1 horse killed for deceased to ride, no dogs. parents discarded clothes, in brush or under 2607-2616. Soul destiny. EN: E, S, W, N, then stones. Me shaman prayed for bereaved so not to underworld, in one day. SC whirlwind turning dream about dead. If dreamed, went to shaman. right embodied good ghost; turning left bad. WM Li mourners discarded clothes in bushes. Wa denied ghost in whirlwind, but prayed whirlwind washed in juniper-leaf decoction. Zu not eat on not to come close. WS to skyworld. Hu returned day of death; fumigation by burning hair or whence came, viz., underwiorld. Me, Li left grave clothes of deceased. Cleaned shoes of grave mud on day of burial, to underworld. Wa left body at at river. SA male mourners washed in river, fe- death. Zu whirlwind in calm, clear weather con- male with yucca suds, 4 days after funeral. SI tained ghost. KP 1 soul left at death; 2d in washed all over with yucca suds day after fu- corpse till 8 days after burial, became owl. neral. Only 1 name for soul. 2631, 2632. Purification of belongings. Hu 2617-2636. Additional mourning observances. fumigated with sage or juniper. Zu if death from (See notes 2600-2606.) Wailing before death not accident or wounds, room fumigated with pinon formalized affair of Yuman tribes of lower Colo- pitch. SI plaster scored or scratched in room, rado river: WS, Hu, Li, Zu. replastered. Notes 2622-2630 for clothes purifi- 2617-2619. Hut, property, food. Supplies in cation. house at death partially abandoned by Ci, WM, 2633. Wa women scratched face. Others deiaied. Me, Li, KP. SU abandoned all in dwelling cave if 2634-2636. Mourning commemoration. Zu, SI at death there. ST, Ll, 01, SU abandoned supplies meals maize meal in fire for dead; Zu basket of near death house. ST maize and seed scattered food in fireplace on All Souls' Day and dead ad- broadcast. SC only things deceased used destroyed dressed; informant said she, not husband, ad- writh house. Ci blankets of deceased only burned. dressed dead, probably matrilineal and matrilocal Ci, WM half of food in hut burned with it, re- matter. SA daily food offerings in fire to fire, mainder removed. VWM buckskins not burned, too not dead; All Souls' Day food scattered outside scarce. Hu if deceased possessed 6 buckskins, 4 pueblo. SI All Souls' Day food in river or in hid- in grave, family retained 2. Zu after 4 days ing places in mts. for dead. horse or 3 to 8 sheep killed; not at grave, cre- mated for deceased. SA food in room to grave, also his clothing; other things left. SI on 4th DIVISION OF lABOR day food deposited at grave. Food and other sup- plies removed from room before death, not de- 2637, 2638. Wood getting. NT, ST, WM men stroyed. KP abandoned supplies in brush for soul. helped, or got in snowy weather. Zu men got, 2620, 2621. Name taboo . C i no payment to rela- children carried into house. tives before danlce. Me might mention in respect- 2639, 2640. House building. NT, Li men some- ful way. Li, SU no namesake. Zu name tabioo 4 times helped. years. KP weak. Family might mention. Outsider 2641, 2642. Water carrying. NT, SC men some- hesitant in hearing of relatives, times helped, if far. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 167 2643. Cooking. Hu man cooked in absence of ing and gathering areas. SA no boundary between wife. wild lands of SA and San Felipe; hunted on each 2644, 2645. Skin dressing. SC old women rarely. other's lands. SI Black Mesa (Touyu, mottled) WM man rarely; both sexes cut and sewed clothing. boundary between Santa Clara and SI lands. KP no Me, Li man rarely, not regarded as capable as rigid boundaries between Papago groups. Any Papago woman; Li both sexes made saddles. SI man made all hunted anywhere. moccasins and own buckskin clothing. 2657-2677. Agricultural land. Priority of con- sanguineal over marriage ties in inheritance of "SLAVES" farm land outstanding; from standpoint of family rarely merging of wife's and husband's property, except in so far as offspring heirs to both. Dubious to apply term to war prisoners forced Family, rather than individual, ownership pre- to work for captors, though done by Father Berard vailed. In cases title vested in individual, (EDN, p. 259). WN, EN denied sacrifice at funer- really only usufruct title and land in trust for als. Obviously no groups organized to fully ex- forthcoming generations of family. Clan control, ploit slave labor. Furthermore "slaves" adopted but family ownership, reported only by ST, Wa. or married women of captor group. WN inherited by SA only group asserting assignment of unoccupied brother or son. EN none early, only later '"when arable land to applicants by village council or wars." Those liked adopted. Did herding, agricul- war chief. ture. If misbehaved, sold for 1 to 10 plus horses; WN members of household family all planted in otherwise treated like own child. Apparently not same garden. At death of man, family planted just 1 clear-cut institution. Children of slaves, "1/2~" the same. EN when man died, his farm became prop- slave (?); belonged to master. Children of slave erty of siblings, preferably brothers, if his and free man free. Wa denied, but in war small children minors. Even his sister had prior right children too young to find home kept. Hano inter- over his widow, though latter engaged in rearing preter said Hano had Paiute and Apache slaves. his children. Widow might protest husband's sib- Paiute slave in own family, whom uncle purchased lings' taking land and threaten not to carry out when Paiute starving, died unmarried; treated as levirate. Grown sons and dauPhters inherited from one of f amily. father. Upon marriage, woman s inheritance re- Zu treated Navaho and Hopi prisoners well if no mained distinct from husband's, his from hers. attempt to escape. Got wood. Son of Navaho pris- NT widow held husband's farm until death, when oner by Zu woman at Zuni in 1935. Marriage to passed to dead husband's brothers. However, farm Zuni woman freed "slave,' made Zuni citizen. Cap- often abandoned after death of owner. Farms small tor owner, but might loan to work for others. (ca. acre) and easily duplicated elsewhere. Dwell- :2649-2654. Sex of "slaves" for certain duties. ing at farm. ST with matrilocal residence, husband For herding and farm work, Wa, Zu used males; for worked wife's hereditary farm, which with his own wood gathering, Wa males; for weaving, Zu women; was transmitted to their children. Man might in- for cooking, Wa, Zu women; for milling, Wa women. herit childless sister's land, as well as inherit from parents. Daughters inherited from parents. LAND OWNERSHIP SC at man's death, family destroyed huZt and moved away, but continued to work farm as family prop- 2656. Hunting and gathering areas. Band owned, erty; no special inheritance or division of land ST, SC. Boundaries natural features, SC, SI. WN took place. Informant regarded this as tantamount paint too abundant for private ownership of quar- to saying widow and children inherited. Ci inheri- ries. EN deer blind privately owned. ST friendly tance by spouse occurred, but spouse's claim villages hunted and gathered on uncultivated yielded before sibling's and before tendency to land; however, at Spring creek, semiband 2, large keep farm intact. If woman lacked children to in- herit her farm she transmitted to brother. Thus patch of plant producing edible seed. Owners al- dead woman's brother and her children were heirs lowed only 4 women (of 4 families) from ligaishak rather than her husband, though her husband might to gather; quarreled if poached. SC crest of Pinal hold in trust for children. Informant affi^rmed mts. Yavapai boundary; no boundaries within Pinal transmission to surviving spouse, from parent to area. Ci boundaries between band-hunting areas child, from sister to brother, but failed to af- only if war. Carrizo and Canyon Creek bands firm transmission from brother to brother. WM hunted in Ci territory, vice versa. WM E Vfhite fimtassiofrmbthrobohe.W Mt.peoplehunted in Ci territory, vice versa. WEgenerally speaking, surviving blood relatives in- Mt. people hunted in Ci territory, vice versa; heid;btmncrscuetsoihrtae SC enemies. Hu friendly bands hunted over each heritedl; but many cross currents of inheritance other' hbi. s. i, MTnkw welcome incL with both men and women owning farms: parents to otherts habitats. Li. Me Tonkawa welcome in Li . territo()PXry; Kickapoo and Comnche enemi sto offspring of either sex, sister to brother, | ,. | t 1 *brother to SiS ter if former without children. hre. SU Pot Ut an uaciUt utdi Brother and sister might own farm jointly. If Wemnui Ut ertr , vcves . Wa hunin brother died, his share to sister, not widow. If areas not village owned; no boundary between Fr lst sister died, her share to brother, and at his and Second Mesa lands. Zu formerly owned from Ojo daht e hlrn o i hlrn ubn Caliente to Salt Lakes; no clan ownership Of hunt- mih inei fro wif if sh ha sbi 168 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS and hold in trust for children of union; if man transmitted to his heirs. In other words, arable remarried new wrife had no claim to farm, which in- land not cultivated assigned to those who needed herited by man's children by dead wife. Brothers it. SI at death, man's land to (1) his children, with separate households had separate farms owned (2) his siblings. Widow did not inherit, unless individually. If crop of one good, other poor, small children; then held in trust for them; if they shared. Farms vested in man, family, or remarried, she must transfer land to children. household that made them. New husband could not take it. Each child got WS farms planted year after year, regarded as separate tract; no joint farming. If married woma home. If left idle, anyone might plant. Apparently owned farm in own right, it went at death to her no definite inheritance rules. Me lone widow children or, if none, to her siblings, but not to sometimes did not wiant to farm and gave up farm husband. to dead husband's relatives. However, if there KP father owned farm; sons inherited. Father were grown children they farmed tract together. had no right to sell. Brothers lived together and SU no ownership of farm land, only of maize worked land jointly, hence little occasion for planted. Reason, seldom planted twnice in same division. Dying man might designate someone to place. 2 families never planted adjoining tracts. look after his family and farms (incidentally), Wa Sichomovi, 2d Hopi pueblo on First Mesa, usually his brother, with whom had been working really expansion of Wa, not separate entity, jointly; or his eldest son, who became trustee hence no question about land. It wrfas all mixed. for younger children. If new land needed, no re- Tewa land, however, separate, to N of First Mesa. quest to council, but another tract sought. Some- WrTa farm land in continuous clan tracts, not scat- times farm shifted from side of arroyo to other, tered. Traditionally Bear clan owned all; as if physical changes in land. As daughters married others came to Wa they gave them land. If family and moved away, they rarely inherited. In excep- grew too large, additional fields obtained from tional cases, when no one else to look after farm relatives, not from clan as such. In case man did daughter and son-in-law did so. not designate heir to farm, it reverted to his 2672. Boundaries of farms. EN adjoining farms clan. If man left widow and no children, his might have stick or stone; fields planted year hereditary field reverted to his clan. If he had after year. Ci stone markers for farms, no fences been vworking his wife's field, it still remained Wa rock piles at corners which not moved under hers and her clan's. Oldest "uncle" in clan as- supernatural penalty of illness; no punishment signed land. Sometimes woman who held tract might by fellow citizens. Zu gardens fenced with crosse designate daughter's husband as person to work sticks, with horizontal bars resting in crossing, land for her daughter. Assignation of tracts to SA adobe walls for garden fences; also stones and individuals when family assembled, so no argument stakes as markers; or strip of weeds left. Rock after death. Seems to have been transmission in buried in ground at each end of field. SI fence o all directions. Man worked both own and wife's stakes and brush, or sometimes just brush. KP land. Sometimes boys inherited from father, girls space of 10-12 ft. between tracts with different from mother. Wioman might assign land to brother owners. for temporary use. 2677. Sale of fields. Zu acre for pair of leg- Zu farms family owrned, tracts within assigned gings; 2 acres for blanket; sometimes for beads. to individual brothers. At death, their sons and SI acre for cow or horse. daughters inherited. If man had only daughters wrhen old, they inherited and sons-in-law worked farm. Widow without children did not inherit hus- PERSONAL PROPERTY band's farm. It went to his family. If small children, vwidovw might hold in trust for them. 2678-2682. Ownership. Wa only woven goods VidowTer vithout children did not inherit wife's actually given to wife by weaver belonged to her; field; it reverted to her family. He might then farm products in fields were man's, in house make new field for himself where hitherto no woman's. SA men made yucca baskets, women owned. planting. If no heir, land to man's clan, as 2683-2689. Inheritance. NT apparently only constituting nearest relatives. Clan reassigned personal belongings of deceased destroyed. If 3 (?). or 4 buckskins, widow saved for children. If SA childless widow or widower did not inherit children grown, divided equally. ST man's unde- spouse's hereditary land; it reverted to family. stroyed property held in trust by widow for chil- If children, however, widow custodian as long as dren, equally divided among them when old enough, lived. VWith matrilocal residence, son's portion SC man leaving 10 or 12 buckskins, half buried became his own when he married, as he moved to with him, rest divided equally among sons, another house and his farm produce went there. daughters, widow. Siblings inherited from bache- Inherited land divided into equal strips between lor. Ci buckskins most valuable movable property, childrenl. As long as family together, farm oper- Never destroyed. Inherited by man' s children and ated as unit. If person wished to increase size widow, rather than his siblings. WML widow or of farm he asked council or wvar chief for addi- widower inherited personal property not destroyed tional plot. That which he already wrorked was If no spouse, grown children received, smaller CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 169 s got nothing. Hu widow kept buckskins not de- word to murderer's people to pay to "be even." oyed to make moccasins for self and children. Definite compounding ceremony: 2 groups met on undestroyed property held by widow in trust appointed day. Both armed. Payees put "spear" children. Bows and arrows of man put in in ground. Payers piled up goods to cover spear e. Buffalo robe, skin blankets, buckskins, (buckskins, clothing, moccasins, mescal, metates, i in part kept for family. Li widow retained etc.). Each group had young woman behind it. If e property for children. Ll, 01 horses only payers could not cover spear, their woman took erited. All else destroyed. If children small, off her clothes, walked through her line of men, ses held in trust by widow. Daughters inher- put clothes on pile, walked back and forth in d equally with sons. Siblings did not inherit front of payees, then back to her place. This deceased had children. If childless man sur- constituted completing payment; otherwise fight. ed by widow and brothers, horses divided Payees satisfied; all "shook hands," said they ally. SU bows, arrows, buckskins burned vwith would be friends, ate together, etc. If woman died, wooden dishes and baskets WS chief arranged compounding; no ceremony. ed and used by whole family, not divided. Sent messenger to arrange. Hu compounding murder en cups and bowls made by men. Horses in- with or without chief's aid; no ceremony; 1 or 2 ited. Some food saved, not all destroyed. Wa horses, blankets, etc., paid. Wa informant told of Is sister's sons inherited his personal prop- near interclan fight. Dancer in kiva accidentally . Only with their permission or their parents' shot and killed man looking in from kiva opening. ission (brother and sister of deceased) might Fellow clansmen of slain man got weapons for re- sown children inherit. Modern tendency for venge, but uncle of informant who was of their dren to inherit, rather than nephews, after clan stood at ladder top and prevented reprisal. tes. Zu sheep and horses divided among dead Zu accidental killing paid for by killer and s6 children. SA if man wealthy, all blood family; clan not responsible. SA no fighting. If tives and widow received shares; if poor, hurt another, jailed without food for 2 days, w kept all for children. SI widow held until fed on third. SI indemnity for accidental kill- death, when divided among dead husband's ing or wounding. KP no vendetta following killing dren. KP man's personal property destroyed of adulterer. Sometimes villages involved in feud eath. In old days no horses to inherit, later from unwarranted killing. ses held jointly by widow and children. Sib- 2691. Poaching. Little or no poaching or steal- s of deceased might get 1 each, but widow and ing within groups. Such procedure against other dren came first. groups, however; Apache and Navaho notorious. EN interpreter's uncle stole horses from "Sioux." SC informant's father with war party of Pinal WAR band which killed members of one camp of Navaho in revenge for killing. Place raided called Cho- 690-2696. Feuds. kadjantan, within present Navaho reservation. SC 690. Vendetta sometimes followed adultery took all Navaho sheep and horses to Pinal mts. ing: EN, Ci, VIM, Hu. WS adultery killing VIM fist fight but no killing over poaching. WS ified. if another tribe tried to steal WS horges there no intra-Navaho wars; killings compounded would be fighting. Hu poaching supplies by an- clan of slayer helped pay. NT buckskins, other Hu family settled by fist fight, or club, ses, moccasins, baskets, red paint, feathers, or stone, or spear, or bow and arrows. Old people s paid in compounding, through chief as go- or chief intervened, as killirrg might follow, een. ST if relative died from witchcraft of then feud. origin, justified to kill witch. Public Me stealing settled by restitution or payment ion approved. Compounding for slain person of equivalent. Fighting among Me rare, until ugh chief of killer's group. Maize, mocca- liquor came. Trouble starter usually killed. caps, dresses, baskets, buckskins, etc., Raid for horses by 1 to 20 men. VWhen Navaho nbereaved group. All men of each group as- agency at Ft. Sumner, one winter Navaho stole led. Relatives of murderer "did not want to Me horses. Me saw Navaho encamped vvith themm, Flled," so helped pay indemnity. SC compound- prepared to fight on foot and horseback. Inform- desirable to avoid further bloodshed. Ci mur- ant's father Me war chief, on horseback killed man's family and clan would fight to avenge 12 Navaho with spear. "Only about 6 Navaho out proceeding against family and clan of killer, of 200 escaped." Navaho had killed informant's atened to kill young men and girls, unless father's brother, so revenge also motive for re- unded. Payment in buckskins, moccasins, ar- prisal. Mexican shepherd also killed by Navaho bows, baskets, pots, food, etc. Clansmen of who ran off with sheep he was herding for an *r urged chief to arrange, lest some of them American. Me recovered American's sheep and own killed. No ceremony. horses. lvendetta not continuous; one killing to Ll most war parties for horses, also to avenge e first sometimes. This avoided by killer's killing. Informant never on war party,. 01 "raids tives compounding. Murdered person's rela- to recover horses, not to take them. ' V7a quarrels asought indemnity through chief, sending over land among Wa people, but no killing. Poacher 170 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS confronted with witness and restitution demanded; shot dogs, speared huts; to make brave. Then set no bodily injury. No killing of Navaho and Apache out to war. poachers unless they killed Wa. Once Hopi ran off Me men who danced supposed to go on warpath. Navaho sheep as reprisal. Navaho pursued. Hopi Men and women singers on one side of open space, got Wa reinforcements, drove off Navaho, escaped Fire in middle. Warriors on opposite side. Women with sheep. Hopi messenger for reinforcements on other 2 sides. Each warrior boasted of someon wore red cloth (2262) on hair, signifying war. already killed, thrust lance into ground. Not Navaho started this "war" while agency at Ft. real coup counting. Li men and women in inciteme Defiance. 10 Hopi returning with rations, etc., dance around fire, outdoors, night. Boasted abou attacked when camped. 3 killed, 7 escaped. Uncle horses taken and enemies slain. Next day went on' of 1 slain man made war to avenge. Another whose warpath. SU fought Navaho when informant about brother had been killed at home by Navaho joined 19 yrs. old (married). Also Plains tribes attack as coleader. Ute when Ute hunting buffalo. Informant not dis- Zu Navaho attackers approached in arroyos out cuss war, chief's orders. of sight in attacking Zunii. Sometimes threw Wa war leader at 1st council instructed men t flaming torches on roofs. SI killing poacher make bows and arrows. At 2d arranged details of permitted, no feud followed. KP no intra-Papago campaign. SI dance of incitement in plaza, just wars for poaching. War only against Apache. men; painted; old scalps on pole. Carried weapo. Danced one night only. Next day went. KP at war War by Whole Communities council encouraged young men to go to war. 2701. War paints. Red, black, white (EN, ST); WN fought Ute, Walapai, Spaniards, Mexicans. black, red, yellow, white (SC); red, white (SI); Ute aggressors. ST raided Pima before ST had red, yellow (Li); red (WM, Ll, Wa, Zu, SA, KP). horses. SC enemies: Pima, Papago, Yaqui, Mexicans. EN face and trunk painted; trunk black. As ente Pima, Papago interfered with SC bringing home battle hair tied in wild tuft on top of head to cattle taken from Mexicans; horses from Mexican "look like devil." ST face white, red, black for raids traded to Navaho who came to SC country. Me war dance. WM face painted for war dance; not on no war party against Comanche, but against Mexi- march or in battle. Me black, orange, red on fac cans. Comanche raided Me in mt. habitat, but at incitement dance. Wa red clay on face, nega- always driven off. Wa Paiute, Apache, Mexicans, tive design with 3 fingernails. Navaho, Oraibi. Traditional account of trouble 2703. Continence. ST, WM man slept with wife betwreen Wa and Oraibi dated trouble from time as might never have chance again. 01 woman not Hopi lived at Sikyatki. Long-haired young Wa girl look in direction her husband went on warpath. beheaded by other Hopi. Sikyatki and Oraibi then Zu for 4 nights. SA no continence or fasting, as made war on Wa. Oraibi people reputed from Awa- war call to repulse raiders. SI 1 or 2 nights. tobi. 2704. Dreaming ominous. If warrior bad dream SA 2 war chiefs assembled men if Navaho attack of death, did not go (NT, WM, Hu, Me [sometimes threatened. Navaho stole horses. Scouts (2714a) Li, Wa, SI). For shaman's bad dreams see 2713. in woods to watch. Killed Navaho and took their NT chief's dreams not heeded; i.e., if dreamed supplies of meat and fat in bags. KP no wars some killed, party went nevertheless. SC war against Yuma, Cocopa, Pima, or Maricopa. dreams denied. Hu chief bad dream, urged party 2697-2700. War council and dance of incitement. not to go. Me dream ominous, might not be heeded, ST chief who planned war sent messenger to other by warrior, who later became frightened and re- villages, invited to come at once. When allies turned. Li required no vision or dream. SA man, arrived sham battle, dogs killed, houses pulled bad dream on 1st night, remained at camp to care apart. Before arrival, chief had weapons put for food, with war chief's permission. If war under guard of 4 men to prevent any angry host chief bad dream, he selected substitute and re- shooting visitor. Danced 2 Hays and nights. After mained. KP only shaman's ominous. war dance, all polite, no ar8uments, not make fun 2705. Arms. ST all carried bow and arrows, of anyone, so all harmonious. On day of departure, some spear and shield also; mescal-fiber rope civil chief told war chief to address people: around waist for horses. WM some young men un- "This day we're going to war. I want all of you armed, carried food. WS some with spear and shie to behave well, take good care that you don't if medicine power. Hu some without weapons, espe get killed, because we are going to war against cially younger men, tried to seize enemy. Some the (Mexicans) today." Departing warriors never warriors bow and arrow, some spear; but no organ told time of return, because might be killed. SC ized groups of archers, spear bearers, etc., as chief's speech concerning war against Pima, etc., on lower Colorado r. Ll some only lance or spear because killed SC or took horses, cattle, etc. some bow and arrow. Wa bow and arrow, boomerang, In sham battle, dogs killed, houses not wrecked, stone ax, double-edged flint knife, spear. Knife Arms of home people not under guard. W[restling in club (ax), spear for close quarters. Men assem- sham battle by SC only. Ci sham battle with smash- bled for leader to see if prepared. SA all bow ing of household utensils, dog killing, by allies and spear; some also shield or club. KP only who danced in long line from hut to hut. WM those with club carried shield; archers no danced night before start; at dawn wrecked camp, shields. War club (1214a~) had buckskin cord for wrist carrying. Club users bravest men. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 171 2'U)6. War leader wore distinctive attire. Buck- ing, no vision. Predicted outcome by feeling in- in skull cap with feathers, EN, NT, ST (cap side body. Might say, "Go ahead. Don't be afraid nted), SC, Ci (6 to 8 eagle feathers on top), of enemy. They are already down." In wind heard (also on festive occasions), WS, Hu (medicine guns, meant no harm to party. Sometimes 2 shamans. er to wear), SI (also anyone else might wear), One could see black powder in breath of others, War bonnet with horn (Me). Buckskin bando- good omen. Li chief business of shaman (dinzi) or with eagle feathers and turquoise, bullet was telling about enemy through prayer and song; of (ST). (Cf. notes 2710, 2711.) smoked cigarette when praying; showed party right 2707. War bonnet for bravest. Me nonflight road; predicted outcome by dream, not waking Ligation; after return transferred to rarrior vision. Sometimes leg twitching revealed. No outdid original owner in bravery. 01 not worn weather control. 01 prayed for warriors; could cause in way; war bonnet from enemy property of not produce rain. KP only dreams of shaman omi- er. nous; had assembled warriors sing; stood in mid- 2708-2710. Novices on warpath. EN sat like dle, did not sing, but saw far and into immediate en, feet folded under. ST on first trip, head future. If saw "man" fall dead, good sign. If saw ratcher and drinking tube of grass, tied on one reddish color in mass of dark, bad omen, but ing. SC head scratcher and drinking tube for pushed on against enemy. No ceremony of divina- days; practiced running before warpath; mescal tion. incipal food of all on warpath. Li novice buck- 2714. Women accompanied war party. EN 1 or 2 n cap with horsehair ornament each side. Ll armed with bow and arrows. WS woman shaman might falo-fur cap. go; young men did cooking. Hu woman to induce men 9 2711. War cap worn by others than leader. (Cf. to get horses for her; did not enter battle to tes 2706, 2710.) EN war leader buckskin cap scalp, waited behind with water for men. th owl feathers; others also. SC cap with tur- 2714a-2717. Scouts. 2 at least, so if one r feathers. Chief's only had 2 eagle feathers killed, other had chance to warn. EN scouts ut- center. WM buckskin cap different from lead- tered owl, coyote, or whippoorwill calls. NT 2 's, which had eagle feathers. Some string under preceded war party; scouts and main party made in to hold. WVS buckskin feathered cap by shaman, fire with conical pile of wood, so no smoke vis- so war leader and wrarrior if knew medicine. Hu ible! SC, Ci scout signaled with buckskin; no who had proper medicine, from clown or from smoke for fear enemy see. Ci no owl calls. Smoke spirit (chadjada) at rock cliff. Sometimes on distant mt. to inform of return from acorn came to seeker in waking vision. 01 narrow gathering or war. WM buckskin thrown in air as hide cap held by chin string; top with porcu- signal to wait. No smoke signals lest enemy see. ne hair and 1 erect eagle feather. WS smoke signa.l on hilltop meant "enemy too 2712. Clothes discarded before battle. EN naked strong to be attacked." On hillside, easy to at- cept paint. Hu moccasins, breecholout, war cap tack. Hu sometimes more than 2, in different di- tained. SI in summer. rections. Smoke signals behind ridge so enemy 2713. Shaman on war party. NT shaman's dreams not see, to indicate approach of enemy. Me smoke d, party did not start; on warpath predicted signal danger head. Hand along eyebrows if scout sses of party and enemy, by singing; if war- close meant enemy at hand. Signal withkshield or ors discouraged turned back. Caused rain to buckskin to go back if enemy close. Li scouts literate tracks. ST war chief was shaman, made ahead and behind. Wolf and "fool quail" calls. in, wind, hail to cover tracks, or storm to Ll one returned to inform. 01 sometimes owl call; toh horses easily. SC prayed, etc., for suc- oftener turkey call with deer-bone tube, by as. Ci dreamed of best route, told in song. sucking in breath, meant enemy close. Wa usually de rain to obliterate tracks, wind blow sand at night; reported to main force; no heliograph enemy's eyes. WM led singing 2d night out, signals. Zu in pairs at night looking for enemy rm of prayer to Nayitizone, grandson of god- campfire; returned before daybreak. SA special ss Istenatlehe. Prayed for rain to cover tracks. whoop of warning; if enemy within hearing, waved water sprinkling to induce rain. If bad dream white cloth or buckskin. SI sometimes heliographed ght induce party to return, wait month. WS with shiny stone. KP reported back, no signals. ayed, sang, made rain to hide tracks; sang to 2718-2720. Omens. Note 2713. EN if coyote termine outcome, predicted who killed if fought. crossed trail, warriors turned back. Shaman told dreams ominous; closed eyes and "saw with his by stars if party to be successful. NT, ST animal nd"; might say on morrow battle and success; falling dead, blood on ground, warriors returned. ght see something dark over warrior whom ad- ST to ascertain sort of animals party would take, sed remain in rear lest killed; knew what im- war leader (shaman) drew on ground tracks of nding in all directions; prayed and sang to god deer, mt. lion, cattle, horse, and sang over yiizone for rain to hide tracks, or stop excess these. If cattle and horses indicated, success in. Smoked cigarette, prayed, sang; others against enem;y; if deer and mt. lion, no success syed too. Interpreted dreams of others and and only wild animals. SC returned if rattlesnake glit delay for few days if bad; might later get in trail or anything fallen in front of them. rorable dream and proceed. Me prayed, no sing- Shaman 12 songs at night, accom?panied by warriors, 172 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS then foretold success or failure. Ci rabbit fall- 2733. Hair made into effigies. KP, HP kept ing dead, bad sign. Finding dead rabbit nothing. hair of slain enemies, especially Apache. KP when Hawk or eagle-catching prey nothing. WS no induced enemy killed, messenger hastened to inform slay- omens other than shaman's singing. He heard voice er's people. Hair inherited by slayer's son. above, could tell good or bad luck. Hu no omens Little effigies made of it, kept in baskets; from animal dropping dead, etc., since shaman seer soul of slain enemy supposed to reside therein. saw all that impended. Zu animal falling dead in Made by men who attended warriors under taboo front of warriors bad omen, but kept on; oracle for enemy slaying, 4 days after victory dance by decoction of toloache root to sound young man (2742). KP took Apache ears for bounty. HP basket before warpath; he told what he saw. SI something with hair effigies in pot; old woman caretaker. falling dead bad sign, priest might order return. At her death buried, but not with her. Bear or deer crossing in front of warriors equally 2734-2741. Scalps. NT Pima, but not Mexican as bad, caused return. KP coyote howling near camp, short haired. ST only one after battle, whole close approach of enemy. Feather omen of Yavapai hairy portion with ears, sometimes; carried home type (Gifford, 1936, p. 303) not found. on pole. SC took heads only when serving in U.S. 2721. Also line-up battle in open, Me, Ll, 01; Army, at order of commanding officer. Ci scalping close-in mass fighting, Me, Li, Ll, 01, Wa, KP; only after whites came; booty, including clothes contest by champions, Me, Li, Ll, 01. ST ambush of slain, formerly taken. Hu learned scalping frm favorite; if wagon train, or Mexicans driving Mexicans. Me Mexicans and Americans not scalped; cattle, warriors lined up behind bushes till vic- only Comanche, in retaliation for their scalping; tims abreast, attempted to kill all; war chief whole taken, then small round piece cut out, rest shot first. Never attacked soldiers' camp. SC war thrown away. Selected best-haired Comanche. Expe- leader urged men to stand and fight, even when rienced warrior prayed 4 times over it. Then cut U.S. soldiers getting best. Hu surprise attack 4 times clockwise. Washed free of blood, combed, before dawn. Li champions fought with spears. Ll fastened on stick. Fear of scalp (?). Kept and also fighting in open, usually horseback. 01 sur- used by singer of war songs. Sometimes warriors prise attack if possible; if enemy lookouts dis- kept pieces in little skin bags. Rest thrown covered, 01 turned back. Wa pincers movement on away. Li no scalps till Comanche and Kickapoo camp to be surprised. War whoop by leader signal started practice. Only 1 or 2 after battle; washed for attack, usually sunrise. smoked, combed, put on 5-foot stick. Story of Lip 2722. Wrar priest. Apparently Pueblo war priest young man scalped by Kickapoo, where lay in bottom similar to Apache shaman on warpath. Zu war priest of arroyo, feigning death. He held skin together, or priests accompanied party. 1935 only 3 war tied it, lived to be 70. Ll scalp embroidered and priests, formerly many. War priest was war leader, kept by scalper many years, stored with clothes in also witch executioner. Slayer of Navaho thanked rawhide bag. Only 1 scalp, always of first enemy by war priest. Later might be made a war priest. killed. War bonnet and clothes of slain enemies Scalp takers made priests at victory celebration. taken. 01 all slain scalped, scalps kept by scalp. SI war priest made medicine. ers; dried, not ornamented; buried with owner at 2723-2732. Prisoners. Notes 2646-2655. NT cap- death. Wa scalped Apache, not Navaho, because tured Pima girls, killed men, women, and boys. All Apache brave, Navaho not. Scalped only best enemy adult Mexicans slain, but boys taken, reared, 'al- fighter. Washed with yucca suds at pueblo, to lowed to marry. Pima girl captives married. ST preserve "forever." War leaders in charge of "slaves" were Mexican or Pima boys, girls, women, scalps. People in general feared to touch. Spe- Treated like members of family, adopted. They got cial place for scalps among rocks at foot of point wood and water. When married, ceased to be of Walpi mesa. Scalper might say, "I'm taking "slaves." Wife and children inherited "slave" scalp for So-and-so," mentioning name of member from deceased man. SC some adopted Pima and their of warrior society. If member not there, given descendants now among SC and Ci. Ci adults 3lain; him on return home. If no such declaration, scalper only children prisoners, married into tribe when automatically became member of society, forced to adult. Captive called esn'un. Me women captives assume bravery responsibility. Zu scalped only cer- forced to work if not willing to marry. Ll pris- tain Navaho. Scalper carried scalp in hand; made oners "made into Apaches." 01 story of Jicarilla a war priest. If war party returned in morning, captive woman who escaped from Kiowa on horse waited outside pueblo till evening. Scalps on furnished by Kiowa woman. Reached her people en- poles. Scalpers did not enter pueblo. Wives vis- camped near El Vado, New Mexico. Wa children ited them during day. After ceremony, scalps in prisoners kept and worked, not adopted. "It pot covered with flat coiled basket (woven counter- would not look right to take an enemy into fam- clockwise after victory dance ceremony, 1601, ily." When adult, free to return to own people. 1602), then stone, in hole near present Zuni day Zu some Hopi men and women came to ZuiL long ago school. Ants ate them. SA all slain scalped, lest when starving; became Zuni. SA no prisoners taken; bad luck; spread to dry. After dance, kept by spe. enemy women and children too far away to bring cial custodian in one room. No offerings to scalps. home. SI after 2 or 3 years captive woman might SI rubbed dry with pottery tempering material. Kept mar.KP sold to Mexicans, especially Apache in special room in pueblo, in charge of old man mailrry. o esaedo dotd (not war chief). He only touched, others afraid. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 173 man who touched could not sleep with wife for with scalp, not circling. About midnight circle nights. KP only one after battle, but from dance as in daytime. 2 days after dances de- ers slain hair taken (2733); scalp not washed scribed might have partner dance, 1 man and 2 r dance; others than scalper feared to touch. women in each group. Scalp already disposed of. 2742-2756. Victory dance. Maximum duration in Li warriors shouted when ca. mile away to ys (nights): 1 (EN, WM, WS, Li, Ll, 01, KP); infor-m home people. If any dead, no shout, no (NT, ST, SC, WS, Me, SA); 4 (Hu, Wa, SI); 8 dance. Women carried scalp on pole in dance. Zu) . After 4 dances threw into brush. 01 in dance WN modern squaw dance a "victory dance." NT scalp carried on stick by scalper, not woman. man carried scalp on pole. ST at home with scalp Wa 4 nights of dancing in plaza. Younger n long pole, sometimes sotol stalk. Old men and people at sundown, older people about midnight. men danced 1 or 2 nights around fire writh it. Danced in circle, sexes alternating, contra- rned. No fear of scalp. Face and body paints clockwise. Songs referred to recent war. Mention ith clan designs. Various ways of dancing: At of battle place followed by war whoop. Zu war ight 4 to 10 men danced first in moccasins and priest went ahead, shouted from distance to vil- reecholout only. Carried rifles, bow, arrovws, lage, telling men to come and meet returning war- hields. Threatened spectators. Man with gun shot riors. Victory dance in plaza. Navaho scalps on oider (no bullets). Rawhide mat on ground on 1 post, danced around. Danced in 3 rings; girls hich each danced in turn. After midnight social and women in inside circle, men in middle and ance with women, in circle facing fire; also outside circles. SA red face paint on all male ack and forth, 2 lines facing, women in 1, men dancers. Line of men with line of women behind. in other. Also 2 girls and 1 man danced together, Same on opposite side. Lines danced sidewise in an facing 1 way, girls opposite. Woman with daytime. Men carried scalps on separate poles. scalp danced in front of man who had taken many SI in victory dance different men carried pole orses, saying she was dancing for horse. He had with scalps. Danced clockwise around fire. to give one to her. Ditto for blankets, etc., Scalps kept for later use in war incitement taken from enemy. When woman received it she sang dance. No women in incitement or victory dances. song: "Thanks. Thanks. This for me now.?? KP danced 1 night only, near village, not in SC messenger in advance of returning war party. it. Slayers took no part, as under taboo. Older omen went to meet armed with spears and bows. women carried scalp on pole, then set pole back Speared one of horses brought by most distinguished in ground again. Victory dance without scalp as fighter, danced around war party, saying,"You are long as some enemy killed. the best fighter. I will take this horse and some 2757. No real purification of slayer. EN if cattle, too.?" Sweat bath; victory dance 2 days defeated, returned singly; no sweating followed. later. Chief announced how many enemy killed, Ci only sweating and bathing for cleanliness; no etc. Ci dance of 2 women and 1 man between; man fear of slain enemy. Li only customary washing. 'faced opposite way, but faced about whenever he 2762. Continence. Zu (4 days), SI (12), KP liked, then women had to reverse. After dance, (30). 'allies went home. WM old woman danced around fire 2764-2766. Wa scalper secluded 4 days, no part with scalp. WS dance began outside camp; then in victory dance, no meat or salt. Onkmorning of into camp by home people, while warriors rested. 4th day, scalper and scalp washed in yucca suds Danced at night, too. Woman, thinking of brave (2d washing of scalp). Scalper's whole body washed relative, seized yucca-stalk pole with scalp and by father's sister; special pottery bowl used. Up danced. Hu circle dance first; then lines facing, to this time not bathed. Threw clothes over cliff, women in 1, men in other. Scalp on 3-ft. pole, making 4 passes around his head with each garment. inserted through 2 holes in scalp. Zu slayer no meat or salt 4 days (lst 4 days of Me women rode to meet returning warriors. Wj'hen victory dance); scalper's clothes left in bushes. near camp men stopped to paint black, red, white His hair washed in plaza before dancing, by wife, for victory dance; no paint for battle. Victory sister, or mother. There put on clean clothes. SA dance 1 or 2 nights or longer. Also day dance. slayer vomited after return. SI washing and vomit- Women danced, made cry with fingers over mouth. ing by slayer after 4-day dance. Slayer in kiva in Scalp carried on 10-ft. pole by men only. No daytime; not near women or children. scalp taken if any losses. No individual coup KP war leader purified slayer. Shaman with war counting at victory dance; only statement of how party to divine, not purify. Siachokam, title of many whole party killed. Comanche hung Me scalp old enemy slayer who helped to cure another ill on bridle. Me did not. In day, singer in center from improper care after slaying enemy. Siachokam of ring of dancing warriors, outside them was no shaman (makai) in true sense. He also treated ring of dancing women; all contraclockwise. To W person ill because relative killed an enemy and Of dancing people sat group rf warriors singing did not properly care for himself. Purification and beating rolls of buckskin with hands. N and for scalper no different from other killers. Fasted S of circling dancers were 2 groups of dancing from meat and salt 30 days in corral. WVounded man women, who did not c ircle . In night dance pottery remained mile away f rom village where cared f or by drum for accompaniment . 2 rings of wvomen encircled men. Did not go home because "?dangerous .?" fire in opposite direction. At 1 side danced men 2771. War societies. Wa note 2734. K? none, but 174 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS young men exhorted to defense in regular speeches 2773. Villages, autonomous. NT, ST villages,` of Keeper of Smoke. case of ST at least, were units within semiband Parenthetical plus for KP in element list casts doubt on existence of villages, but on existeno POLITICAL ORGANIZATION of absolute autonomy. During planting season KP villages broke up into family groups which live All Apache except perhaps NT seem to have had near cultivation. NT of Fossil Creek band had 3 autonomous bands. W Apache, except perhaps SC, villages in Strawberry valley, high, fertile, had apparently autonomous villages within bands, with perennial stream, all under one chief. Fr or at least villages land owning. ST examples in- E to W villages Buchan, Tankekedoke, Ma'nalches dicate villages smaller units than Goodwin's E and W villages 2 mi. apart. Yakohikain clan semibands (AA 37:56). This matter definitely con- (2803) preponderated in all. Ci no real villag nected with chieftainship, number of people under as farms scattered and owners lived near culti- chief's control, and territory belonging to group. vation. Farm constituted home place. However, Among W Apache, problem of relation of band and much moving for wild crops. SC no real villages clan, discussed under chiefs (notes 2779-2802) and nor WM, who "camped around hidden in brush for- under clan organization (notes 2803-2820). merly." Present village of Yangokai (wide flat) 2772. Bands, autonomous. Bands apparently near Ft. Apache, modern. Other groups without v loose aggregations of local groups bearing band lages: WN families lived scattered. Hu, Li, Li, name: WS, Hu, Me, Li, Ll, 01, SU, KP, HP. Lacking 01 no villages, constant shifting. Li shifting band name among W Apache. To local groups refer- largely due to following buffalo. ence made by locality in which dwelt. Thus, Hu of 2774-2778. Council. ST chief called in sub- Shaiahene band recognized no subdivisions of chiefs and family heads to discuss serious ques Shaiahene, but referred to places where lived or tions concerning hunt, crops, gathering, war, from which individuals came. This approaches W etc. SC chief called to his house important men Apache concept of clans, but is not clanship. with "good words" to discuss planting, gather- Shaiahene more frequently made reference to ing, war, etc. Heads of families invited. Ci wealthy man (headman) of each group; thus, person chief called people together at acorn time to said to belong to particular headman's group. No discuss gathering. He said those who wished group practiced band exogamy; blood relationship should go, others stay; council, if any, very sole deterrent to marriage. WS bands Chokalene informal and comprised family heads. WM family and Chihene; with them mingled a few people of headmen called by chief to discuss going for Indendai band from below international border, acorns, etc. Dissenters could wait and go later some also with Shaiahene, as were also some Choka- WS council informal meeting of male elders; wo lene and Chihene. Evidently these 4 bands (Choka- might attend but did not speak. Chokalene and lene, Chihene, Shaiahene, Indendai) constitute so- Chihene lived in same region, but each had own called Chiricahua Apache. See Notes on Habitats; chief and council. Hu merely family heads. Chie also chiefs (notes 2779-2802) for political situa- discussed with them any proposed move. Li counc tion. Cf. Castetter and Opler, 6. comprised local headmen, selected by constituent Me bands Kahoane, Ni'ahane' Huskaane. All because kind-hearted, good fighter, etc. Meetin friends. See Notes on Habitats. From the govern- about buffalo, antelope, deer hunt; feast and ment they got rations at El Paso, Texas; later at dances with friendly tribes; local-group chief Ft. Stanton, New Mexico. For political relations consulted with family heads about local affairs., see chiefs (2779-2802). Li comprised E or wood- Ll council discussed all things connected with land band called Chishene (timber people) and W band. No witchcraft admitted. Council met at or desert band called Tuensane (big water people). call of chief (nanta),where chief lived. All With Caucasian pressure E band moved W and merged males attended who had become of "age" (15 yrs.) with W. Old men did talking. 01 council comprised sub- Ll called themselves Gusgayi (plains people), chiefs and adult men, no women. KP council call 01 called themselves Setide (sand people). These chiyanix (literally meeting). All men attended bands included unnamed semibands, each under head- and smoked; only men over 50 and head of family man, who seem not to have claimed definite tracts. spoke. No emblem carried by councilor. Discusse 01 estimated 200 as average of each of 5 01 sub- hunting, gathering, enemies, ceremonies. No groups, probably overestimate. Children of mixed judicial functions. parentage (01 and Ll) belonged to band where re- 2778. Where family heads constituted council, sided. No exogamy rule. life tenure implied, hence pluses in element SU data refer to band Wemenuis (shaking all list. Note 2779 for further references to coun- the time, in reference to quickness of action), cil. so named by neighboring Pota band. Ute band to 2779-2802. Chiefs, etc.: NW was Muwatchi (houses covered with Juniper 2779-2784. Transmission of office. See also bark). Pota band named for Pota, a rocky peak, note 2803. NT Chiquito, of Yakohikain clan, viz., Chama peak, Colorado. All 3 used term not chief of 3 villages in Strawberry valley, suc- (person; plural, nochi) for Ute or Paiute. ceeded father as village and clan chief; latter f CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 175 of special interest, since, with matrilineal de- Li chief, succeeded father's father. Li, 01, about scent, his father of different clan from himself; equal in numbers, had separate chiefs. No head chief tantamount to saying only village chief. SC patri- of 2 together. 01 chief (nanta) replaced by people lineal or fratrilineal, only matrilineal if above when too old. He might suggest this, or people succession impossible. Civil chief, nandun. At take initiative. No named subdivisions of 01, but war council warned people to be careful. "If want 5 contemporary local chiefs. These not territorial, to go and fight, all right. If not, stay at home." but leaders of roaming semibands, selected by Ci chief called people together; wras both clan and people. Gwedemoto (tongue tied), head chief of 01 local chief. Many constituents married-in men of when informant boy, informant's mother's maternal other clans. No 2 clan chiefs in 1 community. No uncle. Subchiefs Valarde, Camillo, Vicente, Jose band chief over all c-lan chiefs. Sometimes new Martin, Montaleon. Montaleon, subchief (nanta) chief son of old, hence of different clan. Sub- for informant, "grandfather" through informant's ject to approval of people. Thus "chief of clan" mother. Vicente and Jose Martin, maternal uncles really local chief, not always member of clan to informant. Camillo, informant's maternal over which chief. WM no village chiefs formerly, "grandfather." These 5 had no successors; were but clan chiefs (2807); called nandufn. WS chief chiefs when Jicarilla at Mescalero, from which (nantun) from father to son or near relative, moved in 1887. No successors because government selected by people. Chokalene last head chief was put 2 men in charge, Guerito and Augustine, who Mangas Colorado. After him, Victorio and Apache had been to Washington and negotiated for present Loco, 2 Chihene men, were appointed chiefs simul- reservation. Old chiefs ceased to function. taneously by a joint council of Chihene and Apparently chiefs selected for 5 semibands, Chokalene. Victorio was sister's husband of the sometimes relative of preceding chief: Guerito, preceding Chihene chief (who was mother's father son of Gwedemoto, and brother of Valarde. SA in- of Mrs. Roger Toklanny, WS informant's wife), and formant volunteered statement governorship Span- had his seat in Ojo Caliente region of central ish. New Mexico. Prospective heir might decline. KP head chief ("king") of all Papago resided Local groups or camps had local chiefs, also in A'asatse region. This statement an exaggera- called nantun. On occasion assembled to confer tion, as HP and Sand Papago not included. Djuya- with head chief. Geronimo, a Chokalene man, was chfkchin (smoke keeper), title of civil chief of no chief; he lived in SE Arizona. Hu nant'a, each village and of head civil chief. Presided chief. Several camps under band chief. Each camp over council meetings. Office hereditary in male had headman (wisest man) called nant'a too. Dying line, to oldest son. People had no choice as to chief designated successor. If brothers and sons successor. Smoke keeper might belong to any clan. declined, people selected another. Cochise, No moiety chiefs. Smoke keeper as magistrate Shaiahene chief, was of Chokalene band; succeeded (Spanish?) if wrongdoing. Fixed indemnity to be by oldest son, Staze, who was followed by his paid injured party. In murder cases, death in- younger brother Christian Nayischi, whose mother flicted after his consent. Relatives of murdered was an Indendai woman. Me nanta, chief, worked man were executioners, sometimes without con- | like anyone else. Anciently chiefship to brother sultation with smoke keeper. Killing on basis or son; later, people selected wealthy, good- that murderer might kill someone else.,Joint hearted man with riany friends. Heads of families responsibility of brothers of murderer not recog- informal council for selection, or discussion of nized; only murderer's death sought. If possible, other matters. Chiefs of 3 Me bands before 1872. smoke keeper induced relatives to waive punish- Kahoane chief, Chianacha (he came back to his ment. Smoke keeper tried to prevent killings by name) or Caneta (Mexican name). Ni'ahane chief, admonition at nightly meetings in which he or Neschu (yellowish); succeeded by Donso, a rela- councilmen admonished people on proper ways of tive, before reservation founded. Huskaane chief, living. No women present. Chief ruler at Santa Nikale' (brave man); succeeded by no one, as Rosa. Limited autonomy of villages. Some matters people dispersed, some to Mexico, some to mts. not settled locally taken there. On occasion of Ni'ahane people, on account Comanche raids and local chiefs assembled at Santa Rosa to confer whites. With 3 Me bands assembled through pres- with head smoke keeper. Sapukamhimkyutam (man sure of whites, Chianacha regarded as chief of who leads in right way of living) had charge of 3. Killed near La Luz, on way back from Las ceremonies such as rain and vigita. (Other titles Cruces where called by Mexicans for conference; for this functionary were imatethabuwa or ima- his Mexican interpreter killed near White Sands tetsumasim [the one who knows procedure].) Life National Monument. Li formerly 2 Chishene chiefs, office, transmitted to oldest son. Duties wholly 1 Tuensane chief. As Chishene diminished 1 chief religious. Lived at Kuitak. Assistant with same only; as coalesced with Tuensane, 1 chief for title in each village. Consulted with head civil both. Chief, also headman of each camp, naneta'. chief at Santa Rosa when ceremony of general im- Chief of Thensane selected by headmen. Good- port, such as quadrennial vigita at Santa Rosa. hearted, brave, personality were requisite Goddard's "village crier" (p. 138) was "keeper qualities. Ll oldest son succeeded; no headm-en of the smoke" himself. for separate groups scattered around. Pablo, last HP djandjilki (keeper of smoke), chief of 176 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS village, succeeded by oldest son. No supreme ization of "lieutenant"; sometimes several who. chief over all villages. headed separate parties which might unite. Hada 2785-2788. Chief's insignia, duties, house, some medicine power. Ci chief or any man could etc. Notes 796, 2779. NT farmed and hunted for initiate war party. WM any brave man could ini- chief. Women told to gather seeds, mescal for tiate war party, called nandfun, like civil chie chief. Chief's wife gathered also. Chief fed poor Formerly head chief Bichaschizi of whole E WM people; "that was why he had big house." Chief's was also war leader, led people to Mexico to house was place family heads discussed matters fight. He was Bistaha clan man. Clan chiefs fol with him; not place of assembly for all people. lowed him to war. Ba'as, incumbent, 1935, no re ST chief always traveled wiith 4 attendants. WTorked tive, succeeded him after he was killed; band on farm, but not allowred to carry loads. Replaced chief selected for war prowvess. WS war party se- when too old. Duties: care of people; harangue lected leader approved by civil chief, called n before sunrise about deer hunting, seed gather- tiun temporarily. Sometimes civil chief might le ing, etc. Urged people not to quarrel, to live Hu war leader, nagatyoyen nant'a (war chief or right, etc. Ditto evening. Talked from knoll; leader), was shaman. Sometimes civil chief on wa called out twrrice before speaking. SC chief path might try to deter warriors if he had bad dressed like others; farmed; hunted; no insig- dream. Me naguntenya nanta', war chief, at one e nia. Directed when to hunt, plant, to save maize of line of warriors, civil chief at other. Foot for vinter, etc. When not hunt, got share of warriors fought between lines of mounted warrior meat like others. Might have 6 wives and 6 huts. Civil chief sometimes leader in battle, if famo Ci sometimes constituent worked on chief's farm; warrior. Man who distinguished self in battle no formal pay even in produce. However, chief made war chief by his warriors, not by civil noted for liberality, so volunteer had been or chief. War chief had medicine power. Li war was later paid. In selecting chief, generosity chief, nagusteyenaneta', not leader for buffalo and willingness of himself and wife to feed people and antelope hunts, but civil chief was. No counted. Chief harangued before sunrise from police for buffalo hunt. Man located animals, elevation, every 4 or 5 days. WM buckskin cap reported to chief, before hunters set out. Ll with 2 eagle feathers, chief's insignium. Hunted man who initiated war party was leader; no dream and farmed like others; addressed people daily necessary. Chief sent messengers for war-council from small hill before sunrise. Had bigger house gathering. 01 subchiefs as war chiefs; '-o sepa- because entertained people from afar, who slept rate war chief. No specially brave warrior se- there. Feasted people; generous, helpful. WS lected to lead in warfare. 01 and Ll allies. KP chief talked from small eminence near camp, warn- chiyihim, war leader. Not appointed by anyone, ing to beware enemies, be good to one another, took responsibility himself. Expedition dis- not fight among themselves, be industrious in cussed in council, other villages visited to food gathering, etc.; told women to gather, men enlist aid. to hunt. Hu chief addressed Shaiahene by terms 2798, 2799. Head woman. ST head woman called of relationship, as my brothers and sisters, woman chief (honorific), industrious, hospi- etc. Chokalene, Chihene, or Indendai in same table, with plentiful supplies, ideal of what camp addressed by relationship term. Chief's woman should be. Addressed people like chief, house slightly larger, for gathering of elders. suggesting women get seeds in hills. Admitted Li local chief advised constituents, etc. Often to council, but did not talk. Ordinary women orated in early morning and evening, warning if not admitted. SC woman chief (ist'un nandfin) enemy seen in vicinity, admonishing about be- urged women to gather wild foods. Was one who havior to one another, food gathering, etc. Ll had taught her children to gather industriously. some men hunted game for chief. SU chief harangued Other women admired and appointed her chief every morning, standing within earshot of dwell- woman. Ci woman chief called nandun (honorific) ings. Wa chiefs never wore feathers on head as in because generous with food to other women; not Goddard's frontispiece. KP apparently no prefer- necessarily wife of chief or even relative. Was ential treatment of smoke keeper (chief), who leader for food gathering. Suggested to women hunted and farmed. His house for council meet- when to gather seeds, etc. WM chief's wife ings. Informant denied council house (Underhill, earned title of "good woman" if generous to p. 15). people short of food. WS well-to-do woman who 2792-2796. War-chief office. EN selected by feasted visitors lavishly regarded as head warriors, held office many years. Civil chief woman; advised women when to gather, etc. Re- did not go to war. NT chief knew medicines; "that spected because provident. Not office; no title. was why he was chief." He knew war medicines, Li chief's wife in charge when men away. KP hence war leader. ST war chief, selected by civil wife of keeper of smoke was chief for women; chief, had charge of war dance. Held office until called "woman keeper of smoke." Older women too old. On wJarpath was real head of party; not smoked. Her duties concerned games played fol- civil chief who might also go. On way, war chief lowing killing of enemy, when villages con- told men to spread out, hunt deer, meet at cer- tended, men vs. men, women vs. women. No duties tamn spring. SC nanduln bichedicheni, war chief, with respect to gathering food. literally chief's lieutenant, second word Apache- 2800-2802. Official messengers. NT 2 youths CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 177 about 21 selected by chief, when inviting other SC clan, hawotele. Not localized. (1) hakaye, villages; carried short piece of cane (not cross) held territory around Wheatfield, Hayden, and with tobacco inside (2264), plugged with chewied Mescal mt.; (2) deschin (red); (3) chechidiska- mescal. Given to village chief, who informed yin (white rock); (4) chideskidin (rock sticking people of invitation for 2 days hence. ST young out); (5) chepinastiye (rocks all around); (6) men. SC informed invited guests of meeting, etc. kaisemutedin (willow mesa); (7) kanaskiden Chief selected messengers for occasion. No perma- (washing themselves); (8) bisitenaye (bluff nent office. Ci sent by chief to invite people point); (9) tustuwe (insects on water); (10) to discuss wrar plans. Hu delivered chief's mes- besuin (yellow). Totems: 2, red bird, perhaps tan- sage to other camps. KP smoke keeper's assistant ager; 3, goldfinch; 10, yellow bird, for which called katyokchi (his legs), patrilineal heredi- clan named; not killed by totemites. Marriage tary officer, went to different villages vjith into father's clan if no close relationship; rmessages. could not marry cross cousins. Kinship terms to clansmen and clanswomen, all regarded as rela- tives, even though not. Fellow clansman from an- CLAN ORGANIZATION other land called by kinship term. Thus, inform- ant would call besAn man from WM, Ci, or Navaho 2803-2820. W Apache clans matrilineal like Pueb- his brother, if about his age. Ci equivalent of lo, Navaho, and SE Yavapai, named principally for besu3n, kistente clan. Navaho equivalent, tungin- localities like Navaho and SE Yavapai, but partly bebetoten clan. Same extension of kinship terms totemic like Pueblo. See note 2779 concerning W for father's clan mates as for mother's. Besides Apache clan chiefs. head chief of clan, apparently subchiefs in each NT clan, hadate. In Fossil Creek band some local representation of clan where sufficiently different clans on Fossil cr. than in Strawberry numerous. This statement in response to query v., thus indicating localization. Principal clan as to how there could be clan chief when clan of Strawberry v. yakohikain, white-spot-place scattered. Both head chief and subchiefs called people. 4 other clans, represented there by nandun. married-in people: (1) kesiyenadenhayi, walnut- Ci clan, hadjitii, applied to clans and sub- tree-place people. Named for spot in Strawberry clans. (1) dischin (red hill point); (2) dis- v. rhere they stopped; (2) totage, betwreen-2- kaden (cottonwood sprouts in cluster); (3) nako- creeks people; (3) nagosuke, making irregular aischizen (2 hills with canyon between); (4) nazo- marks on ground; (4) betketin, place below powrer chin (descendants of Mexican woman captive); (5) house on Fossil cr. Informant's father from last; shachin (red cliff); (6) dushtuwe; (7) kistente. mother and himself yakohikain. Members of linked (Mexicans nakaye, Americans ida.) Clans 1 to 5 clans intermarried; marriage into father's clan did not intermarry, as 2 to 5 derivatives of 1, allowred but not to close relative. groups that separated from 1 and went elsewhere ST partial list: (1) clan of informant, totem to plant their crops. Except for 4, named for oriole; (2) totem black bear. Persons not named places in which planted. They constituted sub- after clan or clan animal. Mythologically, totems clans, and were under dischin clan chief. In became people or associated with people. Clan to old times Ci chiefs of dischin and dusituwe which eagle related alone had right to wear eagle clans. Kistente clan has chief now, but perhaps feathers. Bear clansmen reputed able to wrestle not formerly. Tokdukain clan of Carrizo Creek with bears. According to Goodwin, 3 phratries of band had own chief. Clan with few members often 3 clans each; also linked clans, i.e., clan in had no chief; lived under chiefs of larger clans. one phratry had special relation to clan in an- Marriage into father's clan allowed if no close other phratry. Marriage into father's clan per- blood relationship. Marriage into mother's clan mitted, if no close blood relationship. ST chiefs forbidden, crucifixion of contractants by tying transmitted office to sister's son or brother; to limbs of tree to die. Informant and interpreter fitness counted. New chief moved to dead chief's of dischin clan; informant's father's clan dush- seat. Clan chief, old man with biggest following, tuwe. No regular reciprocal clan functions, al- did not necessarily reside at matrilocal center though members of one might assist at funeral of .of clan, i.e., community wrhere clan females most member of another clan. Fellow clansmen addressed numerous. Head chief and subchiefs of clans re- by relationship terms; others usually by word lated as brothers or male maternal parallel 'friend,' or sometimes "brother" vwhich at times cousins. Thus, two chief ideas: local and clan. extended to Navaho. Only Ci clan with animal A man might reside under local chief (who might association was nakodischizen; bear totem from be local clan chief) and have his own clan chief following event: hunter coming home at night, elsewrhere. Sometimes community composed of 2 went into bear's den, stayed 4 months. They fed clans w.hich intermarried largely; then two chiefs, him pinion, acorns, etc. He told about it upon one of each clan. Example of chief and subchiefs return. Nakodischizen people reputed to have in 1st (i.e., informant's) clan: (1) head chief, big feet like bear. under whom informant lived; (2) subchief, lived WM clan, hadjiti'i. (1) nakwideschiden; (2) at Pleasant valley (SE edge of territory of semi- tudisise (water black, in reference to Black r., band 6); (3) subchief, lived with head chief. informant's father's clan; (3) nadochotin These 3 chiefs maternal 1st pa'allel cousins. (little mt., a hill near Bonita creek); inform- 178 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS qnt's clan; (4) bistaha (deep wash); (5) takain nally. Marriage rules to support moiety view (water shining on flat surface); (6) iya'haye lacking. Formerly married mostly within their re (iya'hai bushes growing there); (7) tenedozhade spective groups. Enforced contiguity of reserva- (little hills on edge of river); (8) setean tion life now increasing mixed marriages. (rocky point in river). Ci kistente clan (SC Aside from Winter and Summer ceremonial moie- besun) not represented. Clan 4 called bistaha ties at SI, only groups with moieties were KP, because farmed at that place. Clan 3 offshoot of HP. KP informant called moieties red and white clan 4. Helped one another in trouble, e.g., and named "fox" as totem of first, turkey vultur funeral; could not intermarry. Totem of clan 4 of second. When dead totem animal found by totem road runner, not killed; quarreled with any clan ites, it was buried. Clans comprising moieties which killed this bird. Long ago road runners created together in Underworld before Emergence. people and bistaha clanfolk their descendants. Clans thought to have been once exogamous, but If see anyone with road-runner feather on hat, not moieties. Interpreter and wife of one clan. take it away from him. Clan 3 had farms around Clan mate of either sex called niyaisu. Red clan little mt. for which named nadochotin. Clans 5-8 father names, okol, apap, apuki; white clan do not intermarry as related; 5, 7, and 8 being father names maam, vaaf. Ending -kam added, as offshoots of 6. All 4 have hawks and eagles for apkikam (apuki plus kam), refers to clan as totems. Farms of clan 6 (iya'haye) 2 mi. S of whole. modern Ft. Apache. Marriage into father's clan HP informant named 4 clans by terms used for, allowed if contractants not closely related. father in each: apap, okol, maam, vaaf. First Breach of exogamy rule for mother's clan pun- constituted white or coyote moiety, other 3 red ished with crucifixion. WM and Ci would kill any- or turkey vulture moiety, thus reversing KP one who tried to rescue crucified victims. Sib- color designations. This contradictory informa- ling and cousin terms to unrelated clansmen of tion characterizes other records too (Gifford, about same age. Clan chiefs hereditary. 4 in 1918, pp. 174-177). If coyote totemites found 1935: Informant Charlie Shipp succeeded his dead one, clothed it like man and buried it, "mother's cousin," as nadochotin chief; Ba'as, making speech about misfortune that coyote died. iya'haye chief on North Fork of White river; If dead turkey vulture found, totemites dressed Haschibasdaszi (brave man stands to fight) iya'- it like woman and buried it. haye chief at White River village near Ft. Apache; Nataischi', bistaha chief. In olden times, clan chief at each place where sufficient number of KINSHIP SYSTEMS clansmen. Now chiefs of nadochotin, iya'haye, and bistaha clans all reside in modern village near To avoid expenditure of time in getting full Ft. Apache. If 3 such chiefs in olden settlement kinship systems, after consultation with R. H. would consult as to communal enterprises. Lowie 8 features (2827-2834) were selected as Of clanless Apache groups, following noted: diagnostic of types of kinship systems. Terms Me no subdivisions of Ni'ahane band; band members embodying these 8 features were obtained from intermarried as long as blood. relationship did informants, and the + and - entered later in the not prohibit. Li man of Tuensane band could marry list; informants were not asked the abstract Tuensane woman if not related. Although people questions. Element-list entries reveal 5 W Apache referred to by places they lived in or came from, groups distinctive in special cross-cousin terms these names did not persist generation after gen- (2833); Li, L1, 01 differ from other Apache group eration, so no one knew whence ancestors came. in having only 2 grandparent terms, trait shared So apparently, not even an approach to localized with SU. Ll, 01 systems distinctive in merging clans of W Apache. 01 all called by relationship father's brother with father, mother's sister terms even if no relationship traceable. 01 would with mother, not shared with Li, SU. SU, KP dif- call Ll man, to whom no relationship traceable, fer from others in having relative age terms for "friend." father's brothers and mother's sisters. W Apache SU Wemenuis called one another by kinship systems have 4 terms for grandparents (details terms even if not related; practice extended to beyond), except ST 3 fide Goodwin. Element-list individuals of Pota and Muwatchi bands. Zu inter- entries for ST on basis of Goodwin's knowledge preter, her mother, her son, of Badger clan; in- of system. Informant's statement that Ll terms terpreter's husband of Sun clan. SA 2 informants identical with 01 accepted, terms not recorded. respectively of Pine and House rat clans, clans Terms for other 11 groups recorded. of their mothers. SI informant and wife both Sun No inquiry about self-reciprocity, thus im- clan people. At SI exogamy not mandatory. Clans portant feature of Opler's (1936, 625) Chirica- matrilineal. Others mentioned were turquoise, oak, hua type overlooked, except for WM where volun- red bead, grass, shrub or brush. For Papago clans teered. Also 01 informant evidently erred when see note 2821. denied special cross-cousin terms Opler cites 2821-2826. Moieties. Annual relay race of Ll (1936, 627). WS and Hu are Opler's Chiricahua. and 01 suggests they are moieties of single polit- SU data recorded indicate system of Spier's ical entity, but no other evidence to support (1925, 76) Mackenzie Basin rather than Yuman such view. 2 distinct political entities origi- type where he places SU system he examined. I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 179 think this likely due to Li, 01 influence.. Find- hour or so. No swelling. Sun did not help. No ings based on limited data largely coincide, as "milk" from victim's mouth. 1 buckskin payment. they concern Athabascan groups, with classifica- ST sucked out ishiny little rock," displayed it, tory conclusions reached by Opler with full data raised hand, said some holy words, it disappeared. (1936). For instance, linkage of Li with Jica- After pressing both hands on patient, blew sick- rilla rather than Nith Me borne out. ness from hands to E, S, W, N. SC shamans con- Parents. Father: SC chita; Ci shita; WM shika'; sulted over difficult case, but apparently no WS shita'a; Hu shita; Me chistade; Li chiashe; 01 regular diagnostician. Rattlesnake bite cured by shika'e; SU muwau; KP nio. Mother: Ci, WM, WS, Hu, regular shaman; sang, used pollen. Cost about 01 shima; Me, Li chima; SU beiyau. WM shika', Li $30, paid in horses, buckskins, etc., formerly. chima, 01 shima differ from stems recorded by Sickness might cost much more. Rattlesnake shaman Opler (pp. 624, 625). sometimes handled big rattlesnake. Ci shaman, Uncles and aunts. Father's brother: SC chi- digin; rattlesnake shaman, k!i digin. Illness kihu'; Ci shibede; WM shipeze, self-reciprocal; diagnosed by revelation while singing; no dream WS, Hu shitede; Me chipeche; Li chipeche, or or trance. Patient brushed with 2 eagle feathers; chiashe staye, little father; 01 skika'e; SU blown on, but no saliva. Rattlesnake bite cured pavichiu, father's older brother; SU kaichiu, with pollen circle around bite. Rattlesnake sha- father's younger brother; KP hai, father's man did not handle snakes. Customary pay tur- younger brother. Father's sister: NT chipe; Ci quoise piece from ruin and 1 eagle feather, pre- shipedje; WS shistede; Hu shitede; SU patsiu. sented Yhen services sought. WM shaman, digin; Mother's brother: NT chista'a; SC chibese; Ci no special diagnostician. Some boys got lump in shitaa; WM shita'a; WS shitai; Hu shistaye; SU throat from lizard killing. Cured by laying on tinachiu. Mother's sister: Ci shikaa; WM shila; hand. Also sick if put foot on snake. Cured by WS shika'a; Hu shikaie; Me chika'e; Li chika or singing. Someone druimmed while shaman sang; chima; 01 shima; SU mother's older sister pachi- others sang too. Pollen on bitten limb to pre- chiu; SU mother's younger sister namatsiu. vent poison spreading, like ligature. Shaman Siblings. Like sex: WS sikasa; Hu shik'es; did not pray to sun. Informant knew of 2 shamans Me chikese; Li chikes; 01 shichuni. Unlike sex: who doctored with rattlesnakes. Held snake by WS shizahai; Hu chisla; Me chislahe; Li chisla; neck and body, motioned over sick man, from left 01 shila. Younger sibling: Li chista. Older groin to right shoulder, from right groin to left sister: Li chisbate. Older brother: Li chima'a. shoulder, not touching with snake. Payment in ad- Older sibling of like sex: 01 shiya'a. Younger vance: turquoise with eagle feathers put on sha- sibling of like sex: 01 shiza. man's foot; also sent buckskin. Special cross-cousin terms. Male cross cousin: WS curing shaman, dizhen; rattlesnake shaman, NT chisna'a; Ci shizeye; WM shiwa'as. Female gudizhen. Prayed, beat drum, sang with eyes cross cousin: NT chizede; Ci shizeye; WM shizede. closed for vision as to trouble. Might have dif- Grandparents. Father's father: NT shimille; ficulty extracting; by suction or singing. Sucked SC chinulle; Ci shitale; WM shindale, all grand- out sharp-pointed bone, etc. Song and prayer drove parent terms self-reciprocal; WNS shidale; Hu disease away. Sometimes herbs to drink or rub on. shistale; Me chindale; KP niwok. Father's mother: Brushed with eagle feathers. Might seize disease NT shine; SC chichine; Ci, WM shichine; WS shi- by pinching patient's body, then blow away. Pres- kine; Hu shistine; Me chiskine; KP niska. sure on head and blowing from hands dispelled Mother's father: NT shidjokiye; ST shicho; SC "evil" sickness. Sun, moon, stars in curing chicho; Ci, WM shicho; WS shichoye; Hu shistoye; songs. Sometimes 3 shamans on 1 patient: 1 sang Me chissuye; KP nita. Mother's mother: NT shiuye; and prayed; 2 ditto, gave herbs; 3 sang and SC chiwuye; Ci, WM shiwuye; WS shicho; Hu shischu; sucked out "poison arrow." Turquoise and pollen Me chischu; KP nihok. Grandfather: Li chisayis, on shaman's foot for pay in advance; might re- 01 shisoye; SU towutsi. Grandmother: Li chischu; turn if patient died. Rattlesnake shaman prayed 01 shicho; SU kauwuchim. Nayitizone, sang, medicine on wound. Buckskin with turquoise pendant tied around limb above or below loosely, pollen around bite. No suc- RELIGION tion, as would spoil gums and teeth. Not every shaman cured snake bite. Hu diagnosing shaman At this point it should be reiterated that no thought not cure, recommended another. Sucked attempt was made to record Navaho or Pueblo reli- out witch's "poison arrow," brushed with eagle gion. feathers, pressed seat of pain, lifted hands, 2835-2851. Curing shamans. Number of nights blew sickness from feathers. Also massage with shaman sang for patient. Ci, WM, SU 1; WS, Hu, hands alone. Shaman "saw with mind" while sing- Me 4; 01 1-4; KP no fixed number. ing with closed eyes; no dreaming. Pollen around NT rattlesnake doctor made 4 piles of earth snake bite, buckskin with turquoise tied on representing mts. (unnamed) around patient. Sha- wrist. Snake songs and prayers. Rattlesnake man kicked away E, 5, W, N piles. Turned over helper. No suction. Gave shaman rolled cigarette, sick man, sang over him. No suction. Well in turquoise, when requesting treatment. If patient 180 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS died, shaman returned some property to relatives, sucked out, victim recovered; soft substance could because "sorry for them"; kept turquoise. not be extracted and victim might die. (Case in Me causes of sickness besides "poison arrow": 1933 of court interpreter "poisoned" by Yuma sha- bear, hawk, snake, coyote, wolf, sickness in man.) Shaman might say ghost took soul of patient, children through nightmare; ghost in dream. Sha- who would die as no way to recover. Seeing ghost man rolled cigarette, smoked, prayed, to deter- also caused illness. In diagnosing, shaman sang mine whether to treat. Some shamans prayed and beside patient with eyes shut. Determined if bear, sang, others sang only. Cured by striking wound rattlesnake, turtle, etc., caused illness. Patient or pinching out bullet or point. Suction with recalled what done to offend animal. Someone who mouth, cane tube, elder tube; medicine in tube. knew songs of animal made wooden image of animal Brushed with eagle feathers. Did not reveal to press on body. If ineffective, another shaman dreams about patient, lest blamed if death. Pay- called. Sometimes shaman spent 1 night on diag- ment in advance black-tipped eagle tail feather nosis only. Might prescribe herbs or rubbing and cigarette. If cure, sometimes further payment; with hands. Usually payment left to generosity turquoise if shaman asked. Turquoise, pollen, to of patient. None in advance. 1 buckskin or 1 cot- snake specialist; other gifts after cure. Prayed, ton cloth for course of treatment, cured or not. used sand painting, pollen on victim, but not Rattlesnake shaman., who had been bitten by rattle- where struck. Sang 12 songs. Snake spirit, not snake and dreamed rattlesnake sucked his bite, sun, helper. Li curing shamans denied, but old sucked wound and extracted blood. No teeth sucked men and old -women herbalists; bleeding for head- out. Sun did not help. Ashes and saliva marked in. ache. Tuetenene (group intermediate bet.reen Me ring around limb above wound. No ligature, but and Li) had curing shamans. Li no sickness from such for sore arm or leg (yucca fiber used). No dreams; "no one bitten by rattlesnake"' Shamans pay for rattlesnake cure. HP after sucking patient, for deer hunt, taming and curing horses, curing shaman softened cattail stem with fingers, thrust lightning sickness. far down own throat, vomited. Ll informant "never doctored by shaman." Medi- 2842. Apparently WS assuaged deity, not animal, cine rubbed on with hands, in daytime; 3 or 4 by ceremony. days' treatment. Cause of sickness: "contracting 2852-2855. Weather shamans. Note 2713. SC rain colds, wet clothes, hot and cold places." Shaman shaman sang, people danced all night. No special smoked, prayed to Sun before treating. Rattle- costumes. Shaman had perforated turquoise with snake bite by any shaman: cut, bled, herb applied. feather through hole; put on right foot with tule No eagle feather or turquoise sent in calling pollen. Ci shaman made rain for maize. WM shaman shaman. Payment of moccasins, buckskins, etc., made rain by singing. In fall of 1934 WM shaman after treatment; returned if patient died. 01 made rain at San Carlos for $150. WS rain shaman, sickness by catching "disease like whites, or toye dizhe , made or stopped rain; wind shaman suffering injury. Denied soul theft, possession, stopped rain. Me told of Tuetenene shaman who "poisoning." Admitted cause3 given by Goddard, caused rain to quench thirst of 15-year-old boy p. 181, viz., crossing bear's or rattlesnake's who lay in dry arroyo. KP to make rain called track. Pressing for soreness,-as of chest, by wind with bull-roarer. Sometimes evil shaman anyone. Herbs for rattlesnake bite by specialist; stopped rain; one stopped rain for 5 years by no pollen or sand painting. Shaman used eagle' putting water in glass bottle plugged with end feathers with turquoise attached. Shaman called of "rainboN." Finally, when with group of shamans by messenger with eagle feather. Buckskin paid trying for rain for 5 years, he told them to un- for cure. Sometimes ceased to be shaman because cork bottle and pour out water. Rain fell that power departed. Informant had tried in vain to be night. shaman. 2856. Shamans of werewolf type. Me could become SU smoked before sucking out blood, wormlike bears or coyotes. KP man getting water went toward object. Sucked no stone or feather. Anyone might wolf cry. Tracked wolf next day. Returned with press for pain, then blow sickness from hands. blood on hands. Could change into wolf at will. Buckskin in advance as full payment. Rattlesnake Man attacked by she-bear with 2 cubs received shaman sucked out rattlesnake tooth. Did not power to throw his shirt so became bear; also handle snakes. power to change into bear. Zu snake society for curing. Kroeber, Zuni 2858. Diviners. SC predictions by all shamans. Kin and Clan, p. 160, mentions possibility that Ci some had power to foretell. WS could foretell the first syllable of the name of Chikkyalikwe whether year to be good or bad. Hu sometimes told society refers to rattlesnake. In conversation, of enemy approaching, but changed enemy into Dr. Kroeber tells me he knows of no forthright bear, etc. HP at saguaro-wine ceremony 4 divin- identification of any Zuni society as snake ers; one dean with whom others agreed; see note society. See Stevenson, The Zuni Indians, p. 528, 2945. for traditional origin of rattlesnake fraternity. 2859-2875. Acquisition of shamanistic power. Very sick person turned over by societ.y to doctor; Note 2856. Time of life: SC 25; Ci 16; WM 13-15; if recovered, initiated into society after year. WS 15; Ru 10; Me 18; Li 20 sometimes; Ll, 01 KP shaman, makai; plural, mamake. Witchcraft midlife; SU 25; KP 15. by shamans only. Hard substance in victim's body EN shaman's daughter to become shaman "studied"| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 181 20 years; learned flute playing. SC power from ers to mother, only to Yidayesguni. SU novice Changing Woman. Note 2904. Ci sometimes young fell in trance, bled from nose, heard songs, man learned secretly from shaman father, no had vision. dream necessary. Istlenatchehe and her son Nayi- KP shaman novice usually started about 15, but tizone were shamans' spirits. WM boy at 13-15 some years before practicing. Met animal helper said: "I think I'm going to be shaman." He pre- who instructed, but told him to defer making dicted something, lost interest in food. God known. Must not consort with menstruant, lest Nayitizone, shaman's spirit. Chubutichine, young- never become shaman. Older shamans knew of nov- er brother of Nayitizone, turned into white man. ice's experiences, but not other people. They WS Nayitizone gave shaman's power, prayed to did not train or help. Sometimes supernatural for deer-hunt luck. Tuwachitine, "water child," power (chikaga) transferred from shaman to son, daughter of goddess Istenatleche and sister of secretly in wilderness. Father gave only part of Nayitizone. Istenatleche's husband was Black power. Power from bear, mt. lion, rattlesnake, Thunder (Isdededischis); rain his semen. Impend- fox, for good or evil. One mt. (Vapekek, near ing shaman dreamed of above-cloud deity (preced- Santa Cruz village in Sonora) was shaman's helper, ing deities), or mt. deity, or sazada (W Apache appeared as spirit. Dead conjured outdoors at gan spirit). Heard songs and drum in dream. Went night to inquire about sickness or epidemic, not into wilderness, on mt. top, to hear songs, get public ceremony. Sometimes ghost asked for ciga- vision, etc. Dendjun, right-hand spirit, good. rette, which smoked. Ishku (ugly), left-hand spirit, bad. These 2 2876, 2877. Use of jimsonweed. NT group of strived for control of individual. If latter won, youths pounded jimsonweed root on stone, drank only recourse was to pray to Nayitizone or his boiled decoction; no shaman in charge. "Crazed" mother, who guarded people. They also punished for 4 days: bushes looked like men. Went in by letting one fall into hands of evil spirit, water. When sitting up, smoothed ground with i.e., have bad luck. This offset by prayer and hands. Called stick snake. Called stone bird, ceremony with sazada (masked gan spirit impersona- etc. Never fell down even though crazed. VS tors, 2893). Chidne, evil spirit living in under- kenakotiyahe, not used. Zu note 2718; jimson- world. In some cases shamanism transmitted to weed personified or deified as 2 youths, who relative. could conduct person to place of robbery and Hu training began at age 10, by father or show thief; accomplished by priest administer- other shaman. Novice might have vision and hear ing root decoction to healthy youth who revealed voice of gan spirit or clovrn spirit while sitting thief to priest. Youth's system freed of drug by on hilltop near camp. Mts. did not help as such, draughts of hot water and vomiting. but gan and clown dwelt there. Sometimes these 2878, 2879. Women shamans. NT knew better than came to help shaman cure (i.e., as masked imper- male when patient to die. Me taught by old one, sonators, 2893). Any of 4 deities helped shaman or heard voice while gathering; received medi- also: Tuwachitine (rater baby), male; Istlenach- cine, which impermanent, as power gone in few lene, his mother; Isdidedische (black thunder), years. his father; Chigonoaiye (sun). Tuwachitine was 2880, 2881. Shamans killed. VWS person some- Nayitizone of other Apache. These 4 did not cause times shot by malicious shaman with poison arrow, illness. Ghost in possession of patient's body because refused to give horse, etc. Only doctor driven out by male or female shaman singing, saw in body, sucked out, showed patient. Doctor fumigating patient with sage, and causing him might indicate wizard, who was seized, hung by to vomit. wrists until confessed. If no confession, fire Me 2 methods: seeking, learning from older under him and burned alive. If confessed, his shaman. In former, ganhe (W Apache gan spirit) relatives called and discussed with captors helped. Nayiizone,also shaman's guardian spirit, what to do. If promised to be good, released. taught song and prayer. When seeking, 4 days If recurrence, killed without council. Sometimes without food or water. Spirit talked to novice bad shaman hung up, medicine and equipment while lay on rock or mt. top; vision there. Novice burned, then released; or brought before chief might learn from old shaman, not parent or close by victim's relatives. Chief said: "Bring him relative, 4 nights at time. Paid 1 horse for in- here. I want to say some words to him. If he struction. Young shaman wore 3 or 4 Haliotis will throw away his medicine, we may let him go. pendants in hair. Li vision seeking would shorten If not, we shall kill him." Chief and council one's life. Shaman purchased power and training listened to him and to accusing shaman. Chief from older shaman. Nayiizone, shaman's guardian asked why "poisoning" young people. Denied. spirit. Chief said: "Shaman here says you did it." Sha- Ll anyone might ask mts. or sun for help. man again declared accused was "poisoner." Yidaiyezone, culture hero (sun, his father), Chief threatened crucifixion if accused did probably shaman's helper. 01 when people emerged not give up practices. Accused then might ad- from Underworld, Yidayesguni not yet born. When mit it, begging mercy. Chief ordered fire built monsters killing people, he became known. His in which accused burned all equipment, and prom- mother was "Jicarilla." Flood before emergence, ised to be good. If denied guilt hung up by so this woman had nothing to do with it. No pray- wrists, fire built under him. 182 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2882-2892. Witchcraft. Note 2880. SC informant center for masked dances. Gan and clown spirits said "all Pinal band witches went to Tucson and personated. If saw real gan got sick; hence neve settled"; Apache Mansos? Ci witch, ilgus. WM called name of gan. I saw night gan dance, Augus witchcraft, but following denied: shooting or 1935, to aid shaman Fattie cure his wife. Bodies touching victim; using hair or nail parings; of 4 gans black. Feather curtain over face, hang stabbing effigy of person. Witch taken to woods ing from black mask over eyes, imitation eyes se at night by group of men; hanged by wrists, left to mask. Flour-sack kilts. Belts with bells. Moc to die; or stoned to death. Witch of either sex. sins with turned-up toes. Shaman was Pinal man o WS note 2880. Poison used by shaman like urging hakaye clan who had paid older shaman for instru dog on person; shaman might cause bear, wolf, tion about costumes. 3 times we saw dancers, but etc., to kill victim. Father's brother's daughter before 4th entry. 1st and 3d treated sick woman of informant (then ca. 12) moving camp. Girl and each dancing around her, touching her shoulders grandmother walking behind. Girl disappeared. head with tule pollen and brushing eagle feather People camped. Everybody looked for her. Far back upward in front of her face. White bedaubed clo tracked her to heavy timber, where footprints. with shorts and tight-fitting hood of gray mate- Right there antelope tracks in adjacent open place. rial with 15-in. cross on top of it; black desi In center her tracks. Returned to camp. Went to of 2 interlocking crescents representing whirl- shaman who knew about antelope. He smoked, prayed, wind on back and chest; carried bull-roarer and sang with eyes closed, saw vision of girl making 2 or 3 eagle feathers on cord. Each gan dancer bed with antelope. Made sazada (gan spirit) cere- had wooden cross on each upper arm, juniper mony vwith clown to get her back, but no success. foliage on belt and arms; for wooden head tab- Thought she became antelope. Hu witch made person lets worn see figure and note 2967. Sick woman sick with "poison arrow." Shaman was witch detec- tor. If witch gave up "poison" and burned it in fire publicly, he was spared. If not, hung up and fire built beneath, with chief 's approval. Witch male or female, but old. Wild animals, or even flies, were witch's helpers: mt. lion, bear, wolf, eagle, snake, etc. They also help curing shaman when sickness caused by one of them. Eagle caused brought out of tent and seated on blanket. Re- illness if carried vritch doctor's poison arrow. turned to tent after each treatment. In 2d and Sickness caused by bear cured by bear ceremony 3d performances 4 girls got up and danced behind perfor-med by shaman over patient in presence of 4 gans, and 2 danced with clown. In 2d perform- family, but not public. Me witchcraft from appear- ance after girls quit, 2 or 3 small boys seized ance of Indians on earth. Sometimes 2 or 3 shamans and forced to dance with gans. Women who danced connived to cause death. Good power and wicked not necessarily relatives of sick woman. Any power in world; witches have latter. Witch's woman who wished to dance with gan might do so. relatives died sooner or later, too. Witchcraft Dance in clear space; no fence. Ci masked imper- invoked so Mexican or other eaxemy would kill per- sonators of gan spirits 1 night only for sick son. Instance of wizard's own medicine killing person; clown preceded gan spirits, whirled bull him because continued to use after medicine tbld roarer to announce coming (also SC). Shaman did him to desist. Witches (evil shamans) caused ill- not use. WS corral with entrance E. Shaman and ness by "poison arrows" shot into victim. Danger- singers sat at rear opposite entrance, fire in ous to curing shaman to extract. Bone "arrow" center, 4 young conifers (fir, juniper, or pinon sucked out, displayed to patient, burned; wizard set up within at cardinal points. Patient sat on named vrho shot victim, perhaps because victim re- E side of E tree; after 1 song moved to S side o fused him something. Shaman sometimes accused S tree, then W, N. 4 masked dancers representing person of causing illness in order to encompass gan spirits (sazada) and 1 clown treated him at his death. If person made threat or prophesied each station. Hu openings in corral for curing a injury which came to pass, was regarded as witch. 4 cardinal directions (821); masked dancers and Zu witch tried. Hung up by hands tied behind back clown. Other dances in open space without fence if did not talk. War leaders executed by clubbing, (802). 01 curing with dancers, apparently not sometimes by crucifixion, i.e., hung by wrists masked. KP corral (2910) for purifying sick per- tied behind until dead. KP women shamans at times son, masked purifiers in serious cases. "poisoners." Wolf or fox witch's helper. 2d sha- 2894-2910. Shaman's equipment: man treating patient might accuse 1st of causing 2896. Rattle. Hu deer-hoof rattle in girl's patient's death. Relatives might kill 1st, after puberty ceremony. Me deer's ears rattle for complaining to smoke keeper who warned shaman. If curing. KP gourd rattle containing pebbles from 2 or 3 more cases then certainly killed. Council ant hill, in shaman's right hand; feathers in and smoke keeper might decide shaman be killed left. from ambush if nefarious practices over years. 2897. Bull-roarer. NT, ST note 2215. SU non- 2893. Masked performers helped shaman cure, curing shamans used. Also SE Yavapai (Gifford, 1932, p. 236). SC 2899. Wooden cross. WS laid on seat of pain, masked dance cult began at Wheatfield near Miami., e.g., headache. Hu from lightning-struck tree CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 183 ward sunrise place, to touch sick person and caused by Gila monster cured with wooden figure low disease from; mostly for persons ill from of reptile by one who sang Gila monster song ?ight caused by lightning striking tree; note cycle. Tortoise or turtle shell pressed on sick 928. person in singing. No turtles in KP country, but 2900. Turquoise. Ll laid on seat of pain. sometimes shell by trade. 2901. Eagle feathers on cord. WM to touch or 2910. Corral for treating or purifying sick. rush sick person. 01 for brushing. KP 2 longest (See note 2983.) agle feathers tied parallel at base. No string 2911-2915. Shaman's public performances. SC to carry suspended. Brushing patient to "loosen" thrust eagle feather down throat, so only base ody to release "poison." Sometimes rubbed pa- protruding. Me swallowed eagle feather or handker- tient with saliva on fingers. No blowing frothy chief, then brought up; live coals picked up with saliva. eagle feathers and swallowed. KP ventriloquism 2902. Cane or wooden tube for suction. Me in representing ghosts' voices. either material. KP cane as precaution if patient 2916, 2917. Use of herbs, etc., in curing. victim of witch, as extracted object might stick (Cf. notes 2906, 2909.) NT anyone used. Sour- in shaman's throat if sucked with lips. berry juice for insect bites. For difficult 2903. Bundle of amulets. Me lacked, supposed urination, tortoise shell burned, ashes rubbed to have "medicine" inside himself. KP amulets in on belly over bladder; "effective at once." WS, buckskin sack: medicine bundles of herbs, quartz Me Opuntia-leaf plaster. Spines singed off, leaf ;crystals, tobacco. split in half, over bad open sore or swelling. 2904. Special costume. SC, Hu painted buckskin Replaced frequently. Me used in same way foot- shirts-; "power from painted figures"; used pot- high cylindrical cactus. Me jelly from wounded tery drum when wearing. SC painted buckskin cap deer's eyes, rubbed on warts, not washed off for with eagle feathers. 4 days. Li payment for herbalist treatment buck- 2906. Pollen in curing. NT as medicine, not skin, buffalo robe, etc. SU no herbs in curing. pigment. ST cattail pollen. WM on patient's 2918, 2919. Bleeding and ligatures. WS liga- shoulders, chest, back. Hu pinch of pollen some- ture preliminary to bleeding; same treatment for times on tongue of sick person. Ll on seat of horses. SU temples bled if chronic headache; also pain. SI maize pollen in water given patient to W Mono practice. KP bled for paralysis, rheuma- drink. tism, etc., by anyone who knew how, not by shaman. 2907. Tobacco. Ci, WM smoked before singing 2920-2929. Charms and amulets. SC Pinal mt. for patient; blew smoke in air once, prayed for woman seen wearing eagle feather through perfor- recovery; no special pipe. WS smoked pipe or ated turquoise on buckskin cord around neck. Me cigarette before singing. Hu smoked cigarette women wore medicine necklace wiith turquoise and before curing. Me note 2835. Ll smoked pipe be- eagle feather attached; medicine r)ot in bundle fore treating; prayed to sun; no song. SU smoked at bottom of necklace; root grows S of Alamo- before sucking. KP fox tobacco (note 2166) smoked gordo; only wounded person could dig it. Men wore by shaman in cigarette of corn husk, of hollowed similar charm of root, turquoise, and eagle stem, or of cane. Smoke blown on patieint, from feather in form of bandoleer. Songs about this different directions. medicine necklace or bandoleer. Story pf discov- 2908. Sand painting in curing. KP called "wind ery of efficacy of root: Spaniards attacked Me painting," made by other than shaman, to purify camp early morning. Man wounded in breast about one ill from wind sickness. Shaman diagnosed, midday, but kept fighting. Finally fell down, left cure to 3 or 4 persons who made painting. blood running from mouth. Fell on medicine plant. Songs of wind cycle (2930) sung by them; not re- About sundown he heard voice telling him to get garded as shamans (mamake). Painting outdoors up: "You've been lying on me long enough." He probably rectangular, not square; some distance openied eyes and crawled away. Plant said to from village, not public. Colors black, white, wounded man: "Dig me out. Get my root. Chew and red, blue, yellow, unconnected with directions. swallow 4 times." Then plant sang and man learned Patient there. Painters scourged selves with song, then many more songs. He got well. People brush for purification. Ditto any spectator who have had that medicine since. Li wooden cross happened by. Otherwise got wind sickness them- worn by children for good luck, from Mexicans. selves. Ll, 01 eagle feather in hair, not charm, only 2909. Gila monster, etc., in curing. SC tail ornament. Warriors on warpath expected to die, out off, used by shaman. WS to stop epidemic of so no charms worn to protect. KP eagle feather colds ate mt.-lion meat, because "mt. lions never on necklace; no turquoise. sick." Brush bed for cooked meat; cut up, passed 2923. Beads as charms. WM turquoise for good around. Shaman prayed with pollen, making crosses luck. Me shell, turquoise, black, red beads, in 4 directions over meat, to 4 deities: Istenat- for deer-hunt success. Unsuccessful hunter asked leche, Nayitizone, Tuwachitine, Isdededischis. shaman to influence ganhe spirits in his favor. Not certain if these 4 deities lived in or con- Li 1 white shell bead as part of hunter's amulet nected with specific directions. Me heated penis bracelet. Ll Mexican red glass bead, white bead, bone of bear, between teeth for toothache cure, turquoise, and Haliotis as charm on tunic by tsometimes yellow pollen on bone. KP sickness either sex. 184 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2924-2927. ClawrT charms. WN hunter carried bear hand; see 2967, 2968; gan impersonator did not or "tiger" claw, sometimes on gun. EN wildcat, represent dead, but sylvan spirit. Me ganhe cere- eagle, bear, deer dewolaws used by shaman when monies (see note 2983) with 4 spirit impersonators singing. VIM bear-claw pendant for boy or girl, to for curing, for prophylactic against epidemic, for keep disease away. Ditto 2 eagle claws. Me war- girl's ceremony. Clown might come separately as rior wore mt.-lion claw on shield; bear claw, fun maker, sometimes mocking ganhe. For prophylac- eagle claw on buckskin string around neck. Wa 1 tic ceremony, domed brush hut erected for shaman mt.-lion claw tied on end of killer's bow. Others and seated singers. People entered singly to be to companions. blessed with pollen, so disease not harm. Ganhe 2923. Arrow point as charm. Hu shaman some- toward E outside, danced. Each person put pinch times stone arrowhead pendant on necklace. For of pollen on each ganhe, beginning with right curing lightning sickness, with or without cross, foot, up right side of body, down left side to note 2899. left foot. Circuit of people clockwise. Li no gan 2929. Fetish bundle. (See notes 2903, 2945.) or masked dancers. KP wipinyim, maskers; navicho, 2930. Song cycles. ST notes 2430, 2461. KP clown. Gila monster (2909), turtle, rattlesnake, wind 2936, 2937. Races. Ll, 01 ceremonial relay race (2908), eagle, hawk, war, salt, bear, death, only Ll, 01 competition. Body painted for this saguaro, 1st menses. Lacking: Goose, travel, occasion only. No occasions of reciprocity. season cycles of S Californian groups. Composers 2938. Prayers. WM to Nayitizone in mo-rning, of songs in different villages. Each village sang also to his grandmother Istenatlehe. WTS when first own songs. Sometimes from spirits. Sung any place lit pipe, for long life. Prayed 4 deities (note or time. Done so different villages could see one 2909); cigarette smoked for prayer. Hu cigarette another's dances and hear their songs. Women and for prayer. Me plain tobacco when praying cere- boys dan6ed, not more than 10 of each sex. An- monially, usually smoked in cigarette form. Li nual, social, not religious. HP salt, rabbit, cigarette smoked, only for praying. SU tule pol- deer, etc. Shaman sa! and learned songs in dreams. len pinch on tongue by person going out gave good 2931-2953. Some ceremonies. After Ll, 01 left luck: "Good luck comes to me. Everybody will be Me reservation they practiced some Me ceremonies, good to me. Nomaromapugat, bless me." Also thrown but soon abandoned them. Ceremonial center for KP toward sun at sunrise, put on top of head, and a was Santa Rosa valley; for HP Kaka. Principal little eaten: "Sun, be good to me all day long Papago ceremonies: (1) hasenyiltuta (saguaro and help me day and night." Sun different god froni singing), in midspring; (2) rain ceremony, when Nomaromapugat. KP not pray at sunrise, but during saguaro ripe, ca. July; onawakoichukchi (wine day. When man smoked pipe, might pray to sun. to bring the rain); (3) Vigi'ta, every 4 years at 2939-2942. Offerings. Note 2938. NT pollen only Santa Rosa only (Nov. 1936). (1) and (2) annually SC pollen for daily prayer to sun. Put on chest, anyihere. shoulders, head, and pinch in fingers when praying 2931. First-fruits observances. Me for all for health for self and family. Hu pollen only. kinds of wTild plant foods. Prepared food, sprin- No cigarettes laid out as offerings. Zu note 2297, kled pollen on it; thanked Nayi'izone for it. Sun priest and others prayed to sun at sunrise. All assembled for this. Prayed for plenty in After prayer, scattered corn meal and turquoise subsequent years. Not bad if someone ate before powder toward sunrise. Some Zuni gave corn meal ceremony. Old men and women arranged. Same for to sun at noon or other times. At meals corn meal cultivated foods. No p.ressing of eaters. KP 1st in fire for dead. of each cultivated crop to shaman, who told per- 2943. Eagle ceremony. KP set date for taking son when family might begin eating, perhaps in young, cage constructed in readiness. 2 boys,age day or so. Shaman blev tobacco over product. Not ca. 15, selected by chief and council to get 2 village ceremony, but family affair. When har- eaglets. 1st lowered to nest with horsehair rope vesting, shaman presented with basket of produce, must take older. If flew off, must not take 2d, pumpkin, or melon. but leave to 2d boy. Done in early morning when 2932. Harvest ceremony. See note 2944. old birds hunting. Many men watched for old birds 2933. Ceremonies in which masks worn. WS said and hauled up boy before attacked; story of eagle' Bourke's (see his pl. 5) "Apache medicine hat once cutting rope. Corral of ocotillo built and used in Ghost Dance" ancient, not merely Ghost feast by party therein after capture. Eaglets Dance device. not taken to village. Boys fasted 4 days. Their 2934. Prophylactic ceremonial observances. WS duty to feed eaglets until old enough (one year) masked dancers representing sazada (W Apache gan) to be plucked; freed after plucking. Then songs as prophylactic for epidemic; incense leaves and ceremony. Boys purified to prevent sickness., (idnize) burned to keep away sickness, not for Hunt master and council at purification ceremony. hunting; plant does not grow! in Me region. Me Firewood collected by 2 women for ceremony away juniper leaves burned for impending epidemic, by from village. Boys sat with plucked feathers be- anyone. fore them. No women or children allowed. Chief 2935. Clowvn with maskers. SC clown, hipaye, a selected councilmen to make speeches telling boy8 spirit. WM gan impersonator used charcoal paint they would be good hunters, runners, etc. Each on body, carried stick, but no painted tablet in councilman sang 2 songs before addressing boys,| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 185 breathed on boys, and said: "I'll give you my in basket, in cotton cloth. If in undoing bundle quality as a good hunter (good farmer, good ball at ceremony everything in order in basket, good player, good runner, brave warrior, etc.)." This sign; if not, bad sign. If rainbow seen in crys- was 1-night ceremony. Songs of eagle cycle but tal, sign of rain for crops. If no rainbow, bad no 2 alike. Sometimes, if not enough men to oc- sign. If omens good, planting followed. One man cupy whole night, repeated to protract till day- called husidolfi (hereditary office) kept bundle light. Done in open near eagle corral. Boys gave hidden in secret place until ceremony. 2 feathers to each man. (Instance of eagle 2950-2952. Buffalo ceremony. Me prayed that catcher who became excellent runner and whose buffalo come close. Old woman went ahead. When hair grew on arms like eagle feathers.) Every buffalo started going, she prayed while men did boy did not have chance to catch eagle. killing. She put fingers over lips and called. 2944. Vigita (harvest) ceremony. KP quadren- Old man or woman directed hunt. If not done, buf- nial ceremony in Santa Rosa valley with several falo might hook horse or rider. other Papago groups. Apparently not HP, their 2954-2960. Sand paintings. NT shaman made, ca. ceremonial center being Kaka. I did not record 6 ft. diam. Pulverized dried wild-squash leaves full account of Vigita, but discussed Goddard's for blue-green pigment; red, white, yellow mineral account (p. 141 ff.) with informant, which he pigments. Black, white, yellow, blue circles from said essentially correct. Sun and moon represented, outer to inner. Picture of sky god who gave 32 not morning star. KP shot deer (not strangled) on kinds of medicine. Informant would not tell color cloth representation of mt. and green pastures. symbolism. SC 4 concentric rings of black, blue, Goddard, p. 142: Last paragraph events on 1st yellow, white. 8 gods represented in E in black, evening, not after preceding events. Speech mak- S blue, W yellow, N white, 32 in all. Color names: ing before dawn, after night of singing. Corral ituk orange, ichi red, des white, tuxix blue- round-, opening to E. Masks donned inside. Spec- green. Ci made only by shaman. tators outside. Maize meal from central basket 2961. KP order for naming directions, but did on post sprinkled with feathered stick on cere- not know. monial objects, not on people. Goddard, p. 141: 2962. Color symbolism. SC, Hu, Me E black, S Masks of singers had only black band across eyes, blue, W yellow, N wrhite; Ci, WM E black, S greeni, white below on face of masks; no designs of W yellow, N white. WS E black, S blue, W white, lightning, clouds, grains of maize. Meaning of N yellow. Li E black, S white, W yellow, N red. black and white? Maize grains painted only on Zu N yellow, W blue, S red, E white, up spotted, bodies. Representations of maize ears of saguaro down black. SA N yellow, W blue-green, S red, E wood, in hands of singers. 2 boys and 2 girls white, up brown, down black. SI N blue, W yellow, once sacrificed to prevent flood, drowned at S red, E white, up brown, down gray. Me god Nayii- place near Santa Rosa. Water rising and creator zone mentioned for each direction. In E he trav- went to inquire what would stop it. This mythi- eled on black ray, in S on blue horse, in W on cal (Goddard p. 143). Circular Vigita corral torn yellow (sorrel) horse, in N on white horse. He down after use. See note 2215. was then ready to ascend to sky. SU 2 directional 2945. Rain ceremony. KP June, July. Feathers terms; sunrise place, sunset place. Zu colors of on long string between 2 posts in rain ceremony maize: N yellow and W blue (guide brothwrs in (chukita). 4 shamans tried to bring rain. Waving dances), S red and E white (brothers), up spotted feathers helped. On this occasion saguaro wine and down black (brothers). SA no directions con- drunk to bring rain needed for maize planting. nected with maize. Might have rain sufficiently in 1 place, but not 2964, 2965. Shrines. Me cave at S end of Guad- in another. Ceremony at litter. No bull-roarer to alupe mts., where prayed, sprinkled self with pol- bring rain, but bull-roarer in Vigita (harvest) len. Once Mexicans took many Me captives. Old ceremony at Santa Rosa. Each of 4 shamans demon- woman went there and prayed after smoothing strated his power to bring rain. 1 might draw floor. Next morning went and saw footprint which dry stick through his hand, squeezing water from indicated captives' return. Another shrine short end. Another wrung water from his cotton neckpiece distance S of Elk store, on trail to Guadalupe toward end of ceremony. After 2 days, wkine fer- mts. Offerings of twigs when passed there. Many mented sufficiently in pottery jars for drinking. rocks there. God Nayiizone put 4 originally and Served in large coiled basket from which dipped each year 1 since. Prayed for long life, etc. Li with gourd cups. Drunk only at rain (not harvest) twigs or stones as trailside offerings. No prayer. ceremony. One man must recite prayer for rain Not to remove fatigue. Ll offering-place on trail just before wine served. No dry feathers used to near Cimarron. Prayed Earth deity for long life. sprinkle spectators. HP shaman swung ocotillo 01 threw down sticks or grass at offering-places stalk at wine (rain) festival (while wine boil- alongside trail. One offering-place near Taos was ing) to determine if going to rain. If gave cool rock. KP offering-places an mts. where placed feeling on body, sign of rain. Of 4 shamans 1 arrows, sticks, yucca leaf, etc. Mlan offered chief diviner; others agreed with him. "Deer" arrow, woman yucca leaf to become good basket- ceremony about July at Kaka. Deer's tail carried maker; nowadays pennies. VIish uttered for good by messenger in inviting. Quartz crystal, etc., luck in traveling, etc. 186 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2965. Prayer sticks. KP hosiyaka. Amina (Rus- angry at you. Eyelid,ominous of grief. Ci face sell, p. 106, Pima for prayer stick) means "set- from mouth up bad, from mouth down good. WS on ting day for ceremony" in KP dialect. outside of leg, bad (hunter would turn back); 2966. Images. KP image of Hisitoi, creator of upper face, hard time getting food; below mouth, man only, in Vigita ceremony. Made of wooden food coming. Upper lip, drink if thirsty; upper frame, loose cotton wrapped. Not colored. 4 eyelid,hunter to see game; if scout, enemy; fore-, creations. head, impending quarrel. Inner arm of wife of 2967, 2968. Painted wooden slabs. Me imperson- hunter about to set out, good luck (hunter to ators of ganhe (W Apache gan) wore and carried. cut deer in leg); outer arm, hunter to carry 2969-2971. Ceremonial knives. Me some shamans game. Me twitching told warrior if to be injured who knew about cloud people used ceremonial or not. 01 only twitching observed was in palm knives or arrowheads which cloud people used of hand, good luck! KP twitching indicated some- when lightning struck trees. SU no cure for thing bad happened. Whistling fire, plenty of lightning sickness. venison and other food. 2972. Peyote use. Me recent from Li. Li an- 2982. Animal falling dead bad omen. ST inform- cient, "not from another tribe'; see note 2186. ant ate fawn killed by eagle; no bad result. WM 2973. Taboo to discuss lightning in summer. animal falling dead worst of omens. SA falling WN, NT, ST afraid to talk about lightning, thun- star bad omen. KP eating animal left by bird of der, and snakes in summer; all right in winter. prey dangerous. Bird falling dead in front of Ci shaman, no one else, could talk about light- person taken to shaman for opinion. He might ning in summer. find it indicated girl relative had 1st menses 2974. Taboo to tell myths in summer. SC dur- and not told. In such case, harmful for her. ing long nights of winter. Creature, accidentally injured, struggled away 2975. Taboo to tell myths in daytime. WS Coy- after falling in front of person, sign someone ote tales at night only. Nayitizone stories any in family might sicken and die. time. 2983. Supernatural beings seen. WS sazada 2977-2982. Omens. (See note 2718.) KP, HP (W Apache gan spirit) sometimes on high rock rock at Imika (Road runner) in HP country repre- ledge (Senahape, rock hanging), W of Ojo Caliente sented woman. Small holes in it, at which men New Mexico. Clown (siphaiye), kishtedji (person cast small pebbles. If pebble in hole, sign un- black all over). All 3 live on rock ledges. Hu married man wrould marry. Similar in KP country. kichedje, black spirit, seen with clown (kipaye) 2977. Owl omens. NT owl tells death of friend and chadjada (W Apache gan spirit). "All 3 live somewhere; you hear later. WM owl call sign of in 1 house" death. SU owl hit person with stone to make sick. Me origin of ganhe (W Apache gan spirit) cere-: KP owl calling at house to tell happening to monies ca. 100 years ago. 2 boys, 8 or 10 years relative or friend. old, camping. 1 boy born blind, other cripple, 2978. Whirlwinds. SC struck by left-turning unable to walk. Mexicans raiding Me, so boys Whirlwind, bad luck; by right-turning, no harm. abandoned to die. Blind one named "Blind," other WM wnhirlwind hitting person presaged misfortune, named "Can't walk." Blind one carried cripple. z.g., death. KP wind sickness from being hit.by Lived at abandoned camps, ate scraps. Made bow. whirlwind. Whirlwind was man in beginning. He Went up on hill hunting rats. Blind one poked vwent away. "Ghost" in wihirlwind is this primeval out rats, cripple sat and shot. Finally Tipaye being, not Papago. (clown) came along. Saw them making dust poking 2979, 2980. Sneezing. WM sneezing by 'man in- rats, watched, and asked what they were doing. dicated girl talking about him. WS sneezing good They told him they hunted rats so as not to or bad omen. When sneezed asked Nayitizone for starve. He asked where their people were. They good luck. Me to sneeze in one's face like curs- told him they were left to starve, had eaten all ing person; upset person's train of thought. the scraps, and. hd hard time getting rats. Clo Held thumb between 1st and 2d fingers toward compassionate, told them to go to certain cave. sneezer to offset. 01 sneezing indicated nothing; There they found dead buck. He directed them how earache indicated someone talking about you. to skin it and gave them a flint knife. He had 2981. Twitching ominous. Inner side of leg lightning strike a dry tree. They got burning good, outer bad: NT, SC, Ci, WM, WS, Hu. Lower wood from it at clown's order. Clown went home. back, omen of carrying deer: NT (should take bow They built brush hut. They finished their food. and go at once, carry home on back), Ci (if Afraid they would starve now. They hunted scraps hunting; if in hut, omen of lying down and dy- but found none. Hunted rats. Clown came again ing), 1M, WS (also catching horse to ride). NT and they asked for food. Clown told them to lip twitching and tears at same time meant some accompany him to chief in cave. They followed friend far away to die. ST quivering in inform- clown through rock wall as through doorway. Big ant's thigh bad sign, so not talk more about fire inside. Clown went on. Boys stopped at fire, religious matters. Said to come in October and Clown told them to follow. Fire was nothing. he would tell then. SC outside leg bad (refrain Came to another wall with closing and opening from contemplated journey). Forehead, someone sharp rocks. Boys afraid, but clown told them to CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 187 through. They passed unhurt. Next big rattle- wilderness, also 3d kind of supernatural being, 8 striking across path. Clown went between. black person called Ishedi (black). All 3 live 'stopped. Clown told them to follow. Snakes together. 01 knew of gaOhe, clown, and black be- ot hurt them. At last they came to 2 big ing among Me, but denied for themselves. pawing each other. Clown went betwreen. Boys 2984-2990. Water monsters. WS at Mangas mt., to follow. No harm. Then boys saw ganhe, pool on top; if person failed to pray might see hey dressed and acted. Stayed there 4 days, 2-horned buffalo-like creature in water; sometimes hts. Learned prayers and songs. Returned to it went on bank. Whirlwind might throw person in world. Blind one had recovered sight. Crip- water. From distance could see monster's eyes in ad become sound. Went back to people and water. Me monster took people in water, never to & how to find clown and ganhe and how to return; appearance not known. KP water monster costumes for dance. Galhe and clown seen in could swallow prey from mile distance. Nyirupi is name, now applied to rhinoceros. NOTES ON HABITATS AND TRADE e following notes do not attempt to picture SC.-Arivaipa canyon was held by SC. Pinal bitat of each group. They are miscellaneous band, ST, and Yavapai were allies. No villages, from informants about certain animals and but moving about from place to place. Farms in 8 and about trade relations, etc. valley from Miami to Wheatfield. Traded quivers to Yavapai of Verde v., to Apache of Chiricahua .-Obtained mesquite near Williams. For mts., and to Navaho. Navaho visited SC and vice Hopi and Zuni visited Navaho regularly. versa; traveled through friendly tribes. Hopi o visited them less frequently. WN obtained called tsekachi, "people who live on mesa." kIns from other Navaho in favorable boa- Wheatfield v. was special place for mesquite. * for taking deer. Antelope hunted near Cutter. No jaguars or -The region about Tohatchi, New Mexico, prairie dogs in Pinal mts. ded both mountains and plains. No body of w big enough for use of raft, bullboat, or Ci.-Mesquite from lower regions to S, at con- water craft. Informant had heard of mescal fluence Cibecue cr. and Salt r. Also bedrock mor- got by old people in travels, but none in tars there. Friendly with SC, and in early summer chi region. Existed in former times, until went toward San Carlos for saguaro fruit. fire which destroyed sharp-pointed plants." WM.-Information recorded in element list con- differences attributed to world fire be- cerns eastern WM. Western WM band were Cedar the Emergence. Creek (Tonkaye) people, who seldom went to S end - No quail in Strawberry v. in higher part of their territory for fear of enemy Tonto Apache. range; obtained in lower part of Fossil Eastern WM regularly traveled S to Ash Flat (3 \drainage near Verde r. No elk or prairie days' journey) and other places for various foods: region. For mesquite and saguaro, NT of acorns, mescal, sunflower seed. No mesquite there, rry v. descended to E side of Verde v. as too high; mesquite obtained ca. 2 mi. S of Black uth of Fossil cr. NT regarded Yavapai, r. No screw beans or White-winged Doves at Ft. neighbors, as friends. No Yavapai re- Apache. Went to end of hill 4 mi. N of Bylas to get onng them in either Strawberry v. or on saguaro. Bylas people now eastern WM, but before or. Pima were enemies ("bad men"). Traded whites came Bylas was either Tonto or SC territory. Ln skins, buckskin, mescal to Hopi in re- Navaho blankets brought by traders used for sweat- r iron knives, guns, powder, caps for gun, house cover. Buffaloskins by trade, not used over aB, iron axes, iron hoes, donkeys (for sweat house. N o trade with Navaho. WS..-Chokalene and Chihene bands occupied head- | .Mesquite gathered in Verde v. No elk or waters of Alamosa, Gila, and San Francisco rs., dogs in ST habitat. Made tlipS to Hopi ranging southward to Mexican border where Indendai | to trade; Hopi "like relatives"; ST and band centered. W neighbors and friends were WM. greeted one another as brothers. Traded 2 Hu informant placed Chihene at Ojo Caliente (Warm l ugs to Navaho for 1 horse. Traded buck- Springs) and Chokalene to S of Mangas mts. Some l feathered caps, and manganese oxide to Chokalene and Chihene were mixed with Indendai pi and Navaho for turquoise and white and Shaiahene (Hu) in SE Arizona. Formerly ranged | eads. Hopi, Navaho, and Zuli visited ST across Rio Grandfe to Me country. Much shifting | e, bringing powder, guns, horses, etc. about, probably largely because of Caucasian pres- unST gave 1 buckskin and 1 mt.-lion skin; sure. Long ago had hostilities with Navaho a~nd easure of poider or of lead bullets, a Zuni. WS habitat too remote from plains for buffalo feather cap, a pad of mescal, or a basket. hunting; no saguaro in region. Elk near Mangas mts. 188 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Hu.-One of 4 groups speaking one language: Li.-Chishene (timber people) was E band, who (1) Chihene and (2) Chokalene listed as WS; (3) lived NE of Rio Grande. (Informant's mother and Indendai who lived S of Mexican border; (4) Shai- maternal grandmother from this band; her father ahene whom I have called Huachuca Apache (Hu), was Tuetenene, hybrid Me-Li group.) Tuensane because they lived in Huachuca mts., though they (big water people) was W band, who lived SV; of ranged NE to Mangas mts. All 4 apparently consti- Rio Grande. Li called Me Inatsahesene, called tuted Chiricahua or Mimbrefios Apache. Shaiahene Tuetenene Inatsahene Tuetenene. Tuetenene made (sunset people) got rations with Chokalene near baskets and used metate, 2 traits neglected by Bisbee, Arizona. Name for Huachuca mts. was Li. In Chishene country Li played with "alliga- Chihe. To W of Shaiahene was another Apache group tors" (iguanas?), a tale told informant by her wfith different dialect. Shaiahene were under chief mother and mother's mother: Kicked "alligator," Vangas Colorado like Chokalene and Chihene. To SC which slapped with its tail. One "alligator" of Arivaipa canyon Hu applied term Binyetine bit off little girl's fingers. Roped it, dragged (crazy) because of their slaughter of enemy chil- out and killed. No playing with "alligators" dren; friendly with Hu. Hu said no elk, mt. sheep, thereafter. "Alligators" reputed to come into turtle, or fish in Huachuca mts. Peccary there, camp and play with girls' breasts; "cold hands.' but more abundant to S; jaguar in region to S "Alligators" ate cactus fruit. Women gathering also. No saguaro in Huachuca mts., but grows toN. slapped on nose with moccasin. Li once had fight Me.-Natohene (Mescalero) means "mescal peo- with Kickapoo, an intrusive tribe in region. ple7r Three bands: (1) Kahoane. Lived in San Ll.- Ranged from Trinidad, Colorado, to Las Andres, Organ, and Oscura mts. S to El Paso. Vegas, New Mexico. Mora and Raton regions vis- Ranged N to Santa Fe. (2) Ni'ahane. Lived in ited. Cf. Opler, 1936a. Did not regard country Sacramento mts., Guadalupe mts., Sierra Blanca, as exclusively theirs; friendly groups hunted and Capitdn mts. (3) Huskaane. Lived in Pecos v. there too. Ll followed buffalo especially. Rang from Ft. Sumner S to confluence of Pecos and Rio W to present reservation where friends with Ute. Grande. Huskaane means "plains people." Kahoane E limit of range? Taos and Picuris were principa means "people of ridge descending abruptly to Pueblo friends; friendly with all Pueblos. Ene- river" (viz., Rio Grande at S end of ridge). mies were Comanche, Kiowra, Cheyenne, Mexicans. Ni'ahane means "people of Nikachaa," i.e., of No mescal in Ll habitat. Ll, 01 ate meat every "terraced mts." meal, thus evincing Plains dietary. Both Ll and Comanche (Indassene, from indas, enemy) were 01 denied ever having lived in Jicarilla mts., principal enemies and lived to E of Huskaane. New Mexico. Navaho, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Apache were also enemies 01.-Called selves Setide (sand people), and raided Me, especially Huskaane, for horses. called Ll Gusgayi (plains people) because lived Jicarilla were friendly and were called Chiyahene in plains. 01 ranged into present reservation, (living close to house people). Of the 3 Me bands, but particularly along Chama r. and S as fartas Kahoane, the vestern, had fewest horses; Huskaane, Santa Fe. Were potterymakers, trading ceramic the eastern, had most. Tunsanie, tbig water peo- products. In buffalo hunting, Setide went up- ple," Me name for Lipan. Shaiahane, western stream to Taos and on to Cimarron and beyond. people, is general term applied by Me to Warm Informant was on one buffalo hunt when a boy. Springs and Huachuca Apache, whom they now call The people went on account of smallpox epidemic, Chiricahua also. which they hoped to escape. Deermeat was stand- Huskaane farmed around Hope and Lincoln. Ka- ard flesh; buffalo meat only when hunting. Very hoane did least farming. Ni'ahane principal farm- little mescal in Rio Chama country, not used ford ing centers on Rio Penasco, at La Luz, and near food. No sotol, no walnuts. No peccaries or Glencoe. Guadalupe mts., in S part of Ni'ahane jaguars. Always friendly with Pueblos. San Juan range, had many springs, better stocked with game (lst) and Santa Clara (2d) were their chief than Sierra Blanca in N. Elk, white-tailed deer, friends. Plains tribes were enemies, especially black-tailed deer in Ni'ahane territory. Mesquite Comanche and Kiowa. Pretty nearly all "Oklahoma grew on SE and W slopes of mts. No jaguars. All Indians" were enemies to Jicarilla. Navaho were 3 Mescalero bands hunted buffalo, which came to enemies. Best friends were Ute, with whom 01 base of Capitan mts. Buffalo around Ft. Sumner roamed in early days. Area of present reservation agency, but people did not like flat country and not claimed by either 01 or Ute. difficulty of getting wood, so transferred to present reservation in mts. SU.-Range entirely N of San Juan r.: La Sal A fourth band called Tuetenene lived in arid mts., Utah, Ute Peak, Colorado, and Mesa Verde country S of Me. Tuete means "no water." The in region ranged over by informant's band people largely depended on rain-water holes in (Wemenuis). Born between La Sal and Blue mts., arroyos and occasional springs. They were said Utah, and brought up in that general region. to be half Mescalero, half Lipan in blood. Tun- No villages. Moved around all the time. Navaho, sane, Lipan, lived on both sides of Rio Grande neighbors to 5, called Pagauwish, "cane plant downstream from Tueten3ne. Zitachisene, an Apache people." To N were Taviwas Ute, to NWV were group near Chihuahua City, were their neighbors to Muwatchi Ute, to E Pota Ute. Muwatchi and Pota S and SW. now on reservation at Ignacio, Colorado. To SW CULTU1RE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 189 were Paiute. Three Wemenuis place names: Ewevas A'asatse refers to E Papago speech (?). O'ota- (alkali spring); Aukagalachi (dead juniper tree ham means "the people," subdialectic variant of hill); Wechewigadi (Spanish bayonet yucca fruit olotam (people). Kikimai means "high-toned or there), the region around Tovraoc agency. Weme- cultured people." Kokodolti refers to subdialect nuis hunted buffalo on horseback near Antonito, with "faster speech." Huhula means "very fast Colorado, usually ca. October. Wemenuis did not speech." Iatakkowratam means "sandy hills root hunt with Jicarilla, but Pota band did. Horses eaters," a plant growing near gulf. So'opamakam scarce formerly, were loaned around. No wild tur- means "early morning movers." According to Juan keys in region. Dolores the dialects or subdialects are only 5 Wa.-Acorns from Black mts., ca. 20 mi. NW of in number: (1) from San Xavier and Tucson W to Wa. No cattail grew in Waregion;noqail. Huhula boundary. (2) Huhula. (3) Kokodolti (coy- otes). (4) S of Kokodolti. (5) Sand Papago. Ac- Zu.-No quail in Zu region. Hides and turkey cording to tradition, Papago came from E and featEers from Apache. fought for country as far as Vakita in Sonora. SA.-No mt. sheep in region. Buffalo hunted to Then returned to Sacaton. From there settled E of Tucumcari, New Mexico. country as above. KP summer and vwinter villages. Summer (Akchin) SI.-Population Catholic "ca. 200 years." In- for farming. After harvest W to winter village formant, his father, his grandfather were Catho- (Komovavi) on account drought. If winter rains lic. Antelope hunted about 30 mi. S of Galisteo, came early, planted wheat in November. If no New Mexico, in Pecos drainage, not far from salt winter rains, no wheat planted. At Komovavi were lake at Willard. Buffalo hunted near Tucumcari, water holes. Akchin and Komovavi were day's jour- New Mexico. Friends with Comanche, with whom ney apart on foot. Farming at Akchin without traded. Obsidian from W side of Bayi Grande, a irrigation. Stock watered at Komovavi. mt. ca. 20 mi. W of San Ildefonso, to NE of Sul- KP country lacked desert willow and willow phur springs, and NW of Redondo peak, a white (Salix), latter imported from Pima; cottonwood, rock on E side of Jemez mts. pifion, bear grass, and screw bean, though last grew at Sacaton in Pima country. Following ani- KP.-Informant drewl boundary lines on map 2 mals lacking: prairie dog, wild turkey, elk,l and gave names for divisions of Papago and Pima. jaguar, chuckwalla . d Pima groups: Akimiio'otam, river people; Kohatk, Bitter Wells region. Papago groups: Anikam, HP.- Most westerly Papago group investigated. A'asatse (Santa Rosa in this area), Kikimai Both informants claimed that HP formerly lived on (Komovavi in this area; KP informant's division), S bank of Gila r. in Gila Bend region. N bank O'otaham (E of Sells), Kokodolti (Poso Verde and belonged to another people, probably Tolkepaya southern Akchin in this area), Koosichits (Kui- (W Yavapai). No knowledge of ancient Yuman tak, seat of supreme religious chief, in this peoples holding S bank (Spier, 1933, fig. 1). area), Huhula (Kaka and Imika in this area; HP HP called Santa Rosa Valley people Pipchin after informant's division), Iatakkov!atam (N Sand mt. Pisinimo, also called them after place A'achi. Papago), So'opamakam (S Sand Papago). The first Mui-vaxia was place HP of Kaka watered live stock. 7 Papago groups spoke slightly different sub- In spring people went to ponds or tanks in desert dialects, mutually intelligible. Sand Papago and planted. When these dried up people returned most different from other Papago. For certain of to well at permanent residence. In HP country no the Papago division names KP informant gave pinon or oaks; went to mts. SE of San Xavier for meanings or at least mentioned attributes: acorns. ANALYSES Analyses have been undertaken in two ways, over, 2 of the included groups, SU and which might be termed qualitative and quantita- probably actually Great Basin and Plain tive, but neither exhausts the analytical possi- tively, rather than SW. bilities of the material. The first analysis dis- For 16 Pomo8 and 4 neighboring group cusses universal elements and elements charac- fornia universal traits constitute betw terizing blocks of tribes. The second analysis, 4 per cent of the total of about 1100 r by A. L. Kroeber, is statistical and has for its elements. In this case, I have couited aim the numerical expression of degree of cul- versals and 16 that were common to 19 o tural relationship of each group to all others groups, but not inquired about in the 2 and the graphic presentation of total relation- Hence the case parallels that for the 9 ships within the part of the Southwestern area parison seems warranted. The higher pero treated. of universal presences among the Pomo Certain premises with which the reader may or bors is expectable in view of the small may not agree underlie the analyses. In the first area occupied. Conversely, the lower pe place, the "atomizing" of elements has not been of universals in the heterogeneous, sea complete or uniform. Thus, 744, smoke hole in groups of the SW is expectable, precise center, may be regarded as representing an ir- cause of their far-flung distribution reducible minimal element; whereas, 2944, Vigita environments. (harvest) ceremony, is a complex of perhaps a The 60 SW universal elements are as hundred or more elements. In the element counts 1, stalking game; 5S, stick twisted in these extremes are counted alike; no attempt has tract rodent from burrow; 105, surround been made to weight elements according to whether communal hunting; 198, slain animal ski they are irreducible minima or complexes. Thus, 218, turkey vulture not eaten; 257, har the very process of reducing an original 4000 ging stick for bulbs, roots, etc.; 260,) elements to 3000 involved the combining of minor stick 1 1/2 to 3 ft. long, 1 to 2 in. t elements or their relegation to supplementary 331, Spanish bayonet yucca fruit eaten; notes. It is maintained, however, that, whether (prickly pear) fruit eaten fresh; 403, we deal with 3000 more or less incompletely atom- boiled to eat; 405, snow used for drink ized elements or with 6000 thoroughly atomized, cooking; 436, kitchen outside house in irreducible elements, the general relationships 439, meat roasted on coals; 441, meat bo of tribe to tribe will be approximately the same. 447, boiling in clay pot; 460, meat sli Underlying much of the qualitative analysis dried; 466, dried venison pulverized; 4 which immediately follows are the assumptions extracted; 684, hawks killed; 688, eagle that linguistic.ally related or culturally re- plucked; 990, nattiral cobble for maul; lated groups should be most alike in culture. simple fire drill; 1019, dead wood for Thus, the blocks of tribes selected are largely 1020, dead woOd for fire broken over st on this basis: all Athabascan, all Apache, W 1023, skinning by cutting down belly; 1 Apache, all other Apache, etc., or all Pueblo. soaked in water before dehairing; 1037, In the statistical or quantitative analysis no drawn edgewise in dehairing hide; 1038, such assumptions are made, so that it will prove leaned pole in dehairing; 1041, dehairea to be far more objective and the findings possi- softened with brains and spinal marrow; bly correspondingly more valid. hide twisted to express water and to sof 1050, rawhide used; 1055, self bow; 1101 piece arrow, without foreshaft or head; UNIVERSAL ELEMENTS piece arrow of willow; 1108, one-piece a ered; 1134, arrow feathering radial; 11 What might be regarded as the fundamentals of 3-feathered; 1154, hide wristguard; 117 Southwestern culture are those elements present open-skinned and sewn; 1279, red mineral in all 20 groups investigated. (Traits positively (ocher?) used; 1286, white mineral piv recorded for 19 groups, but not inquired about used; 1303, beard plucked with fingernal among the incompletely investigated HP are in- women wore hair full length; 1354, hair cluded.) Sixty universal elements from the total with yucca suds; 1421, buckskin belt; 1 of 2990 elements are listed below. These are of ting with one leg folded back, other kn such a general nature in most cases that they 1512, men sat on buttocks, knees up; 152 hardly characterize the SW or any other culture ing stick for elderly person; 1543a, pa area, except where they depend on environmental for carrying burden; 1550, hide pack st features, such as the presence of Spanish bayonet 1737, cordage made by men; 1752, cordage yucca. Including such environmentally determined sinew; 1950, foot-racing vwithout "stick? traits, the statement is warranted that at least and boys; 2131, archery games; 2179, be4 two per cent of the culture of the entire region - is universal to the groups in the region. More- 8GliTord and Kroeber, 1937. [190]a CULTURE ET., DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 191 smoking of tobacco; 2254, counting on fingers; elements by 9, by adding to it those traits pres- 2348, any female relatives or neighbors help at ent everywhere except among SU.8 The elements are childbirth; 2617, some personal property of de- the following: 984, fire to render wood flexible; ceased destroyed; 2643, cooking by women; 2679, 1045, coloring leather; 1173, quiver of mt.-lion women own household utensils. skin; 1219, sling; 1541, water-carrying in gourd Of the 40 Pomo universals, 5 are also univer- canteen; 1861, potterymaking; 2509, parents sal in the SW: 285,7 marrow extraction; 373, fire approval necessary for marriage of young couple; drill; 383, digging stick; 455, quiver of animal 2583, burial; 2592, corpse lowered into grave. hide; 738, destruction of property after death. Carrying the principle a step farther and in- Certain SW universals, as,for instance, stalking cluding traits found universally in the SW ex- game, certainly occur among the Pomo, but were cept among the Li, a Plains people, the follow- not inquired about, probably because I assumed ing 6 additional elements may be counted as uni- that it was "too natura1;' an act to even bother versal in SW culture: 857, rectangular-type asking about. It is of interest to note that the (back-forth) metate, 869, set up so slopes away 5 shared universal elements are not even dis- at angle; 872, muller meant for 2 hands; 901, tinctively American Indian. brush of grass bundle tied in middle; 1667, Certain Pomo universals are widespread in the scraper of stone flake for basketry material; SW, or occur, but are not universal there: 63, 2679, basketry ownership. ear lobe bored; 105, carrying cradle on back; This gives a grand total of 75 universal posi- 109, head position of strap for cradle and bur- tive elements among the strictly SW tribes (omit- den; 121, carrying basket of tight weave; 147, ting SU and Li) investigated in 1935. 3-rod coiling in basketry; 152, seed beater of basketry; 175, withes; 289, earth oven; 306, stone boiling; 356, scraper or knife of split cobble; CHARACTERIZATION OF BLOCKS 360, bone awl for making coiled basketry; 430, OF TRIBES BY UNIQUE FEATURES straight pole for knocking off nuts; 545, whistle of bone; 550, flute; 589, guessing hand game; In scanning the element list for traits pecu- 645, price or presents or service for bride; liar to and universal in certain linguistic 646, bride's parents also present gifts; 688, groups the results are relatively scant. Thus the taboos on work at birth of child; 689, taboos on 13 Athabascan groups exclusively, share only one travel at birth of child; 698, baby named after trait, and this really linguistic, which was not dead grandparent or kin; 878, shaman sucks out recorded as present by me from any other South- disease object. western group, to wit: 2268, designating the con- This leaves a residue of 14 Pomo universals stellation Little Dipper by a term meaning "piv- unrepi-esented in the SW. Let us see the charac- oting." But even this is not a unique Athabascan ter of these: 36, man's hair net; 81, down-filled trait, for Dr. I. T. Kelly informs me that the hair net; 89, flicker-quill headbands; 101, sit- Southern Paiute use a similar appellation. Natu- ting cradle of deep type; 305, acorn bread cooked rally the larger the number of tribes in which in earth oven; 323, yellow-jacket larvae eaten; one seeks to find universal peculiar elements, 478, earth-covered assembly house with single the less the chance of finding such. (onsequently, center post; 539, split-stick rattle; 541, foot it is in single groups like SI or dual groups like drum; 547, whistle stop of pitch or asphalt; 556, Papago (KP, HP) that the unique elements prove clamshell-disk money; 558, magnesite cylinders more abundant. Undoubtedly it is asking too much used as treasure; 593, tep and wei calls in hand- to expect any considerable number of peculiar game guessing; 650, marriage to oth,er tribes. traits to characterize all members of large Were the whole of California considered some of groups of tribes, since the contacts of these these items would drop from the universal list. with surrounding groups are numerous and elements Their universal distribution in the 20 Pomo lists possibly once unique have had opportunity to dis- is due to the narro! environmental and cultural seminate. Consequently, in the following sections limits of the tribes covered. It is axiomatic characterizing blocks of tribes, I have not always that the larger the area, the fewer the univer- limited the enumeration of elements to those pecu- sals. Such an item as 101, sitting cradle of liar to the groups in each block but have included deep type, although universal to the Pomo area, sometimes those universal to the blocks even is a spe-cialization that appears as a universal though found elsewhere. Which procedure is fol- only because the field of investigation was nar- lowed is indicated in each case. rowly limited. It contrasts markedly in charac- Elements Common to all Athabascan Groups ter with the 5 joint Pomo-SW universals which are of Old World as well as New World occurrence. Regarding the Athabascans of the Southwest as If we regard SU as essentially Great Basin comprising 3 principal groups (Navaho, Western people rather than Southwestern, it iS pOSSible to increase the SW list of positive universal 8My SU list suffers from the refusal cf the _____________ ~~~~~~informant to discuss war, owing to a general 7 o~~~~~~~~~~~rder of the incumbent chief tc all of his con- 7Pomo numbers for Pomo elements. stituentsB. 192 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Apache, and other Apache including Lipan), we find of California and Oregon and to the N Athabascans positive traits shared wholly and exclusively by of Alaska and Canada is one which should ulti- the WN and EN with the W Apache, but with no mately be considered. Perusal of Osgood's9 tabu- other groups, to be nil; likewise with negative lation of Kutchin culture elements shows a traits. Similar statements apply to Navaho and number of elements which also occur among Atha- other Apache. bascans of the SW, but only a few of these are in 121 elements are common to all 13 Athabascan the list of universal S Athabascan traits. I men- groups investigated. Subtracting the 60 univer- tion this as foreshadowing the difficulty of re- sal SW elements leaves 61 others, wrhich, writh the constructing the original Athabascan culture even exception of 2268, designating Ursa Minor as after a large number of element lists has been "pivoting," are found in one or more other SW recorded. The fact that only a few of the Kutchin groups. Needless to say, there would be more than elements are found in the S Athabascan universal 121 if Navaho social and religious elements had list of 121 elements and that several of those been investigated. The 60 universal SW traits in- found are also universal SW elements indicates cluded have been listed above. The 61 other uni- that the S Athabascan universal list has been versal Athabascan traits are as follows: largely conditioned by environment and neighbors 216, eagle not eaten; 332, Spanish bayonet and probably does not represent any great heri- yucca fruit cooked in coals; 333, Spanish bayonet tage of original Athabascan traits. Similarly yucca fruit dried and stored after seeds dis- Osgood's Kutchin lists largely reflect environ- carded; 336, Spanish bayonet yucca root stalk for ment and neighboring cultures. What is really soap; 364, pifion seeds gathered from ground; 381, needed for proper comparison with the 121 S "grass," etc., seeds eaten; 437, brush enclosure Athabascan universals is a list of N Athabascan or windbreak for summer kitchen; 965, awl for skin universals. However, it seems predictable that sewing; 984, fire to render wood flexible; 1035, such a N Athabascan universal list will reflect hide dehaired writh cannon-bone tool; 1045, color- environment and contiguous culture in about the ing of leather; 1089, bowstring of sinew; 1094, same degree as does the S Athabascan universal two-ply bowrstring; 1107, one-piece wooden arrow list. Perhaps elements common to 75 per cent of with sharpened point for small game; 1137, stand- the Athabascans of each of the three regions ard feathering of arrows 3; 1173, quiver of open- could safely be regarded as constituting early skinned, sewn mt.-lion hide; 1219, slings; 1260, predispersal Athabascan culture, although even turquoise used; 1264, pendants of turquoise; these might include some later accretions. 1300, red paint and fat to protect from chapping; S Athabascan universal elements among the 1310, men wrore hair full length; 1355, hair Kutchin: 105, communal hunt surround by people greased with fat or marrow; 1459, hard-soled moc- in circle; 1051, rawhide used; 1055, self bow; casins; 1460, 2-piece hard-soled moccasins; 1486, 1136, arrows 3-feathered; 1219, sling; 1279, pad of vegetable material as bedding; 1505, men red mineral pigment; 1310, men wore hair full sat crosslegs (Turkish); 1513, women sat with length; 1313, women wore hair full length; feet curled under; 1541, water carried in gourd 1543a, pack strap; 1546, pack strap across shoul- canteen; 1546, pack strap across shoulder, chest; ders, chest; 1550, hide pack strap; 1752, sinew 1721, cradle tiestring laced through loops; 1722, twisted; 1950, running races without stick; hide pack strap for cradle; 1723, cradle carried 1965, shinny. hanging on back; 1725, cradle pack strap over Examples of Kutchin elements which are also shoulder-chest; 1861, only women made pottery; nonuniversal S Athabascan elements: hunting with 1965, "shinny" ball driven with curved stick; dogs, stuffed viscera eaten, fetal animals 2059, iwooden stave dice game, 2060, 3-stave game, eaten, hot-stone boiling, strike-a-light, tat- 2063, throw staves on stone, 2064, circle of stones tooing, ear boring, necklaces, sweat house, pit- for count, 2067, number of spaces in circle of falls for animals, stone pestle, one-piece stones 40, 2069, safety spaces in circle of wooden dishes, skin bags, tambourine drum, stones, 2070, counting stick "killed" if met, dolls, buzz toy, hoop-and-pole game, matri- 2072, kept going if overrun, 2074, all plain lineal sibs, scratching stick and drinking tube staves up count 10, 2074a, 10-throw entitles to at girl's puberty, etc. another throw; 2268, "pivoting," Ursa Minor; 2339, parturition in dwelling house; 2425, boy's Navaho Elements play with sister taboo after puberty; 2433, girl at 1st menses in dwelling, 2437, for 4 days; Navaho elements found among no other SW Atha- 2508, couple make own choice in marriage, 2509, bascans totaled 163. 69 of these were found in subject to parents' approval; 2575, man left home both Navaho groups, 12 in one Navaho group but in wife's possession at divorce; 2583, burial, not inquired about in the other, and 82 present 2589, lying, 2591, stretched, 2592, lowered in; in one Navaho group but lacking in the other. 2683, followving death undestroyed property in- 35 of the 163 are unique Navaho traits found herited; 2697, war council; 2721, surprise at- among no other SW groups investigated in 1935. tacks; 2723, prisoners taken; 2742, victory dance. They are the following: nos. 65, 76, 147, 706, The problem of the cultural relationship of-- the S Athabascans of the SWI to the W Athabascans 9Pp. 175-188.| CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 193 714, 718, 735, 798, 799, 1197, 1365, 1429, 1443, local variation. 204 elements present in 'WN were 1480, 1483, 1593a, 1791, 1795, 1848, 1849, 1850, declared lacking (or modern) in EN, wvhile 206 1851, 1852, 1888, 1957, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1997, elements affirmed for EN were denied by WN. The 2031, 2042, 2422, 2519, 2524, 2769. Two WN EN informant was very "historically" minded and traits listed above (76, 1593a) suggest that WN said certain elements were modern in EN. Probably are beginning to show the influence of their such were modern in WN too, but I took the WN .Yuman neighbors to the W, ' in spite of brief informant's statements as to antiquity of traits residence in the region. at face value in making the count. Probably some The remaining 128 Navaho specialties found errors are incorporated in the count, but even among no other SW Athabascans are distributed, so there must be a considerable number of bona however, among 1 to 6 non-Athabascan tribes as fide local differences, possibly not all of long follows: Zu 83, Wa 71, SA 62, SI 58, KP 40, HP standing, however. Another pair of groups, Ll and 35,11 SU 15. The large number of these elements 01 comprising the Jicarilla Apache, show an almost shared with Pueblo and the small number shared equal amount of diversity. That some differences with SU are striking and indicative of the affil- have arisen since the inauguration of reservation iations of Navaho culture in modern times at life is entirely reasonable to suppose. least. The Pueblo resemblances are expectable on the basis of contiguity. Apparently the differ- Apache Elements ence between Zu and Wa truly indicates closer affiliation of the Navaho with the former. The In addition to the 121 universal SW Athabascan reason for the relatively high number of items elements, the 11 Apache groups investigated have shared with distant KP is not apparent. The sta- 38 other universal Apache elements, bringing the tistical analysis should be consulted for the grand total of Apache universals to 159. This total relationship of the Navaho groups to each all-Apache-foundation culture comprises besides of the 7 non-Athabascan groups as well as to the the 121 SW Athabscan universals the following various Apache groups. All the present analysis 38 universal Apache elements, all of which occur aims at is to show in what direction the Navaho in other SW groups, none being exclusively non-Athabascan specialties point. Apache: 143, tobacco smoked as part of religious Of the 82 elements (included in the preceding preparation for hunt; 279, spines brushed off counts of 163 and 128) present in one Navaho cactus fruit; 398, pollen used ceremonially; 803, group and absent in the other as well as among all windbreak of branches; 892, stone pestle; 1003, other SW Athabascans, 19 were found among no flint flaking with stone, by blow (probably SW other SW groups investigated in 1935 and have universal, but no data from WN, HP); 1104, one- been included in the 35 unique Navaho elements piece arrows of wood other than willon; 1122, listed above. Of the remaining 63, 39 are WN, 24 arrowshaft painted near base; 1141, havwk feathers are EN. The 39 WN are shared with non-Athabascan on arrows; 1142, turkey feathers on arrows; groups as follows: Zu 22, Wa 20, SA 19, SI 16, 1180, quiver carried on back; 1220, sling as KP 16, SU 4, HP 4 (actually 1); the 24 EN as fol- boy's toy; 1277, pigment kept in skin sack; lows: Zu 14 Wa 12, SI 11, KP 11, SA 10, HP 14 1324, men part hair in middle, 1325, women like- (actually 45, SU 2. These distributions of WN wise; 1384, robe, shawl, or cape of kide with and EN specialties shared -with non-Athabascans hair on; 1527, men carry some property when again indicate Zu in first rank, Wa in second for traveling; 1718, belt lashing, of buckskin for both Navaho groups as for the total 128 non- cradle; 1730, cordage twisted on thigh; 2128, unique Navaho specialties discussed above. SA is quoits, in hole; 2129, buzzer toy; 2315, hori- third for WN, fifth for EN with distant KP ex- zontal new moon means drought; 2316, vertical ceeding it by one. Almost equally inexplicable is new moon means rain; 2447, girl at 1st menses the even sharing of WN specialties with SI and uses scratching stick; 2501, monogamy; 2563, KP. In both groups SU plays an almost negligible joking relations; 2604, house of deceased burned; rOle as in the preceding total count of 128 non- 2638, wood getting by -wvomen; 2640, house building Athabascan, nonunique Navaho specialties. The by women; 2642, water fetching by women; 2681, analysis of 63 traits present in one Navaho group skin bedding owned by women; 2714a, scouts in and absent in the other does not indicate that war; 2726, children taken prisoner of war; 2730, WN shares its specialties preponderantly with one captive children adopted; 2745, women participate set of tribes, EN with another, but rather that in victory dance; 2748, victory dance in circle; each shares different specialties with the same 2800, official messengers; 2831, parallel cousins 7 non-Athabascan tribes, with both according Zu called siblings. Probably some of these would and Wa first and second rank respectively. prove to be universal Athabascan traits if my A count of elements present in one Navaho WN data were fuller. group but absent in the other illustrates the Western Apache Elements ?0Gifford, 1936, 267, 282, Only 51 ofthe 989 eemens wer in-The reality of my impression that W Apache quired about among HP. In consequence, I have (NT, ST, SC, Ci, EW) culture iS different from estimated all HP resemblances at 3 1/2 times the culture of the 6 other Apache groups investi- the actual count in the "qualitative" analyses. gated is attested by 87 elements listed by number 194 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS below, which are found among 5 to 3 of the W tute the Chiricahua, Mimbrefnos, or Mogollones Apache groups and among no other Apache groups; Apache. As Opler indicates, these differ from also by 82 traits listed beyond for 6 to 4 other Me in having been less influenced by Plains cul- Apache groups and entirely lacking among W Apache. ture.12 Opler's opinion as to the recent develop- If the occurrence of the pairs of absences in ment of agriculture among the Chiricahua is 3 out of 5 W Apache groups are tabulated, it ap- partially substantiated by my data vwhich indicate pears that contiguous Ci-WM are the most aberrant it absent among the Hu, although present among the couple, mith 13 absences. Next in order follow WS (Chihene and Chokalene bands). Seven unique NT-SC 4, SC-Ci 3, SC-WM 3, NT-ST 2, NT-Ci 2, ST- elements common to WS, Hu, Me, Li, but found among SC 2, ST-WM 2, ST-Ci 1, NT-WM 0. In addition 3 no other Apache groups, bespeak the lack of dis- elements (1047, 1146, 2615) were lacking among tinctiveness of these 4 Apache groups as compared WM, although doubtful or not inquired about in with 5 W Apache with 23 unique traits found among one other W Apache group. The frequent absence of no other Apache. the distinctive W Apache traits among Ci-WM and 16 Chiricahua (WS, Hu) elements were found com- especially WM is perhaps the reslult of the east- mon to the two groups but among no other Apache ern marginal position of WM at least. Reinforcing groups. This number exceeds the unique Jicarilla this suggestion are the 23 elements found in 4 out Apache (Ll, 01) elements by 2, but it should be of 5 W Apache groups and lacking in other Apache observed that certain of them wvere not inquired groups. Thus, of these 23 traits, 14 were recorded about among the W Apache and are doubtful among absent (balance not inquired about) in W Apache other Apache. In view of this, it is probably groups as follows: NT 3, ST 3, SC 1, Ci 3, vM 4. fair to say that the Chiricahua differentiation Again marginal M slightly excels other W Apache from other Apache is about the same as the Jica- in absence of typical traits. rilla differentiation, and both are weak compared with the W Apache. In the case of the Chiricahua Other Apache Elements this is quite expectable on account of their cen- tral position between the W Apache and the Mesca- Universal to the 6 other Apache groups (WS, lero. Hu, Me, Li, Ll, 01) visited, but i4holly lacking Mescalero culture yields 38 peculiar elements. among the W Apache are eleven elements. Added to However, the list is not wholly satisfactory as these are 15 elements, almost equally typical some were not inquired about among the W Apache, since they occur in 5 out of 6 of the groups. The WS, and Hu. This deficiency is due to certain of absences recorded for this group of 15 are dis- the elements being encountered only for the first tributed as follows: WS 4, Hu 4, Me 1, Li 2, Ll time among the Me. It was then possible to inquire 2, 01 1. These figures by themselves mean little, about them among Li, Ll, and 01, but not among the since WS and Hu are divisions of the "Chiricahua" Apache groups already visited. Apache and Ll and 01 of the Jicarilla Apache. Some idea of the extent of probable Plains in- They become more significant, however, when the fluence in Me culture may be gained by examining list of 56 elements found in 4 out of 6 Apache the 47 positive traits shared with Li, but with groups and lacking among W Apache is-considered. no other Apache. There are no instances of shared These, and more especially the pairs of absences, peculiar absences. Some of the items are not spe- indicate that the 6 Apache groups other than W cifically Plains traits and may be local speciali- Apache are not a unified block, but belong in 3 zations. or 4 clusters: one comprising WS and Hu, the so- Li are usually reckoned as Plains Indian in called Chiricahua Apache; another Ll and 01, the culture and they certainly seem that more than Jicarilla Apache; and lastly the Me and Li which they do Southwestern. They possess 21 positive are probably to be regarded as culturally dis- specialties which are absent in the 10 other tinct, though the distinction has now been some- Apache groups investigated. Li negative special- what blurred by the Me absorption of Plains ele- ties outnumber the positive and total 31; they ments. comprise items present in the 10 other Apache The distribution of absences in the list of groups but absent in Li. The cultural position elements common to 4 out of 6 of the "other" of Li is perhaps better indicated by the list of Apache groups indicates the artificiality of re- typical Apache traits that are absent than by the garding these 6 groups as a closely knit cultural Li positive specialties. Thus, absence of metate, unit. Thus, of the 15 possible combinations of the grass brush, pitched water basket, coiled trays, tribes in pairs sharing absences, WS and Hu share basketry as woman's art, parent-in-law taboo, 30, Ll and 01 16, WS and Li 3, WS and 01 2, WS and curing as shaman's chief business, etc., all Me 1, Ru and Me 1, Ru and Li 1, Ru and 01 1. It strengthen the un-Southwestern aspect of Li cul- is obvious that WS and Ru form a western block, ture. Some elements which give it a definitely the "Cbiricahua," and Ll and 01 a northeastern Plains aspect are presence of tipi, slat back block, the Jicarilla. Further. confirmation will rest, buffalo hunt, bull boat, etc., and absence | be found in the statistical analysis. of basketry. In short, the Li seem a marginal | "Eastern" Apache Elements Plains group with some marginal specializations, rather than a marginal SW group. The term "eastern" is here used to cover WS, Ru, Me, Li, but not Ll and 01. WS and Ru consti- 12Castetter arnd Opler, p. 9. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII -GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 195 Jicarilla Apache Elements than Southwestern in their cultural affiliations. The extent of their relationships with various The two Jicarilla groups (Ll, 01) have 14 SW groups is shown in the statistical analysis. shared positive elements found among no other The following are the unique positive SU Apache. Like Li, the Jicarilla are perhaps best elements: 265 fork-ended pole for gathering; characterized negatively. 73 elements common to 288, rawhide basket" with 2 U-sticks on outside; the other 9 Apache groups investigated are lack- 335, Spanish bayonet yucca flowers eaten; 505, ing among Ll and 01. In spite of this the Jica- only exceptional families farmed; 741, fireplace rilla were perhaps less definitely Plains in near door of hut; 1181, quiver strap over both their type of culture than the Li, vvho had cer- shoulders; 1655, white clay on exterior of bas- ptain typical Plains traits which the Jicarilla ket water bottle; 1683, soft juniper-bark cradle, lacked: slat back rest, bull boat. Many of the replaced monthly; 2005, ring-and-pin game played typical Apache traits lacking among the Jicarilla by men, 2006, played with one "pin," 2007, played are apparently absent because of different en- with rabbit skull; 2127, clay balls for juggling; vironment and far northeastern position. 2217, bull-roarer to stop snow; 2251, pictographs Opler"3 says of the 2 Jicarilla bands: "The made; 2275, falling stars are star excrement; -difference between the two bands was no more than 2301, sky female; 2303, earth male; 2363, navel a matter of geographic location. Informants at- cord deposited in cave after 2 or 3 years; 2396, test that no cultural or linguistic differences no meat for new father; 2434, girl in special hut between the two bands existed." Perusal of the at 1st menses; 2517, bridegroom's mother presents element list, however, reveals 334 differences be- clothes to bride; 2596, cremation of dead; 2597, tween Ll and 01, at least according to my inform- corpse at full length; 2598, funeral pyre; 2599, ants, 01 having 144 elements lacking in Ll, and ashes of dead not touched. Li having 190 lacking in 01. That all of these .Further indication of the un-Southwestern alleged differences are errors on the part of my character of SU culture are 5 positive elements informants seems unlikely in view of the differ- shared by SU and only one other group (indicated ent habitats of the 2 groups. parenthetically): 445a, number of stone pot rests, Of the 144 elements present in 01 and lacking 4 (Ll); 750, wind screen(s) built out from door in Ll, with one exception (253) all are found (WN); 904, porcupine tail for hairbrush (EN); Kith other SE groups, as follows: WS 99, Me 95, 2340, parturition in specially built hut (KP); Ha 94, Li 90, SC 82, WM 82, Ci 81, EN 74, NT 73, 2435, girl secluded during 1st menses (Wa). ST 73, SI 67, Zu 57, SA 57, WN 54, HP 52 (actually Element 2340 is shared with remote KP. The other 15), Wa 51, KP 49, SU 41. This listing puts other 4 are shared with virtual neighbors of the SU Apache groups in the first 7 places, EN 8th, WN and may have been diffused directly. Even the 14th, and SU 18th. SU-KP shared element may hark back to an ancient Of the 190 elements present in Li and lacking common source, since this particular trait is in 01, 13 are unique to Li, the balance of 177 widespread on the continent even though its dis- found among other SW groups, as follows: HP 112 tribution is not continuous. (actually 32), Zu 93, EN 92, Hu 87, SI 85, Ci 80, Although a large number of elements which oc- Me 78, NT 77, WS 76, Li 76, WN 73, ST 73, SC 73, cur in the SW are absent among the SU there are WM 67, WVla 67, SA 63, KP 62, SU 59. Disregarding the only 9 of these that are everywhere piesent in hypothetical figure for HP, Li shares most with Zu the SW except among SU. These are listed in the and EN, Hu has 3d place, SI 4th, then a series section on Universal Elements. The most striking 5 Apache groups, followed by WN, ST, and SC with absences are perhaps the sling, burial, and 73 sharings. The figures therefore indicate that pottery making. SU were completely parasitic in the two most potent influences on Li were non- their use of pottery, employing vessels from the Apache in contrast to the strong Apache influences ancient Pueblo ruins in their territory. on 01. Assuming that the Li-Ol local differences 16 elements lacking among SU and only one are real, the above-mentioned figures seem to SW group link SU as follows: with EN 2, ST 1, point to the probable cause of the differences. Ci 1, Hu 4, Li 1, Wa 3, Zu 1, KP 3. Apparently no particular significance attaches to these. Southern Ute Elements Perhaps the 4 SU-Hu absences are due to the primitiveness of the 2 groups; 3 of the 4 ele- Twenty-five unique positive elements were found ments refer to the dog. The 3 SU-KP absences in the SU group visited (Wemenuis). No doubt these might be attributable to marginal positions. The occur in other Ute and Paiute groups, but I did 3 SU-Wa absences seem hardly due to either con- not find them in any Southwestern groups, so they tiguity or Shoshonean speech; in fact two of the serve to characterize SU as rather un-Southwestern elements refer to burial which Wa practice and in culture. Moreover, SU lack a vast number of SU do not. Perhaps the chief virtue of this para- elements which occur in various SW groups, as graph is to indicate the futility of attempting examination of the element list will show. No to explain resemblances too precisely in terms doubt they should be regarded as Great Basin rather Of cause and effect, especially when the resem- blances are negative and as randomly distributed 1936, p. 203. as are these 16. 196 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Pueblo Elements jointly share with Me 51, Li 41, WS 40, Hu 35, S 33, EN 33, WM 29, ST 27, Ci 27, KP 27, Ll 26, 01 Considering that 212 elements of social organi- 25, WN 23, NT 22, HP 21 (actually 6), SU 18 ele- zation and religion were not inquired about among ments. This sharing of specialties so largely vi either Pueblo or Navaho, the aggregation of 39 Apache groups contrasts with the condition for W peculiar elements common to the four Pueblos but and Zu in which the highest sharing of specialti absent from all other groups investigated, is is with the Navaho. This same situation is re- imposing in number at least, although 19 concern vealed in those elements peculiar to SA and SI s houses. As I pointed out in the section on Char- arately and found among none of the other 3 Pueb acterization of Blocks of Tribes, the number of groups investigated, but found among certain non unique elements in a block or cluster is usually Puebloan groups. The aloofness of SU with only 1 in inverse ratio to the number of groups in the Rio Grande Puebloan specialties is made all the cluster. Conse4uently, it is surprising to find more conspicuous by the distant KP possessing 27 that the unique (in SW) elements for the 4 Pueb- of the Rio Grande Puebloan specialties. los together exceed the number of unique (in SW) 46 SA specialties (other than 5 uniques) are elements for the 4 individual Pueblos: Wa 17, Zu shared as follows with 1 to 15 non-Puebloan SW 21, SA 5, SI 24. This is no doubt indicative of groups: WS 21, WM 20, Hu 19, Li 19, WN 19, NT a homogeneous, closely knit foundation for Pueblo 17, ST 17, Me 17, SC 15, Ci 15, EN 15, SU 10, culture in general, in spite of the local elabora- HP 10 (actually 3), KP 9, Ll 5, 01 4. WS and WM tions discussed beyond. exceed the Navaho in sharing SA specialties. Why 26 elements were found to be peculiar in 3 out WN exceeds nearer EN is not apparent. Distant of 4 Pueblos and absent in all other SW groups KP has more SA specialties than have near-by Ll investigated. These were recorded as lacking in and 01. These latter two seem to have shared ve the following Pueblos: Wa 13, Zu 4, SA 5, SI 4. few Puebloan specialties, except with SI, as at- Perhaps the remote NW position of Wa accounts tested by preceding Wa, Zu, SA-SI lists. SU, as for the absence of half of these 26 typical in preceding Puebloan lists of specialties, ranks Puebloan traits. Regarding these 26 unique ele- low. ments found in 3 out of 4 Pueblos as peculiarly As with those joint specialties shared by SA- and typically Puebloan, it brings the total of SI, SI has most of its 108 shared specialties wi unique Puebloan traits to 65, and serves to char- two E Apache groups, viz., Me and Li. The resem- acterize Pueblo culture generally, since Shosho- blances with KP exceed those wvith SU, again demo nean, Zunian, Keresan, and Tanoan are represented. strating the non-SW character of SU culture. Di 82 of the Wa specialties are shared Nith from regarding partially investigated HP, we find the 1 to 13 non-Puebloan groups, as follows: EN 42, two Navaho groups (WN, EN) far down the list of WN 36, ST 35, NT 34, SC 34, WM 34, WS 33, Ci 32, groups sharing SI specialties: Me 60, Li 54, WS Me 31, Hu 28, KP 26, Li 24, SU 20, Ll 15, 01 11, 41, SC 39, Ci 39, NT 38, Hu 38, W 36, ST 34, Ll HP 7 (actually 2). Naturally, it is impossible to 32, EN 29, KP 27, WN 26, 01 26, SU 22, UP 21 say to what extent Wa has absorbed elements from (actually 6). It seems very apparent that geo- these groups or vice versa. Th.t Wa-was once more graphic position must be an important factor in like non-Puebloan groups and has been weaned over bringing about sharing of W Pueblo traits with th to Puebloan standards is by no means assured, The Navaho and of E Pueblo traits with the Apache. situation may be just the reverse, viz., that Wa Thus fishing by SI, Me, and Li is a trait enviro was once more like the other Pueblos than now, mentally conditioned by these groups having acces and that isolation has allowed the absorption of to the Rio Grande. However, that one should not non-Puebloan traits. push geographic-contiguity explanations too far 95 Zu specialties are found among 1 to 15 of is indicated by the continuous low rank of SU in the non-Puebloan groups investigated. The sharing spite of propinquity to Navaho, Jicarilla, and is as follows: EN 47, Hu 41, NT 39, ATS 39, WN 36, Puebloan groups. WM 36, Me 34, Ci 32, ST 31, SC 30, HP 28 (actually 8), Li 27, SU 24, Li 23, KP 18, 01 13. The high Papago Elements number of traits shared with noncontiguous Hu and NT is puzzling. However, near-by WN, EN, WM, and As a complete element list was not obtained fr WS are high, EN topping all with 47. These are ex- HP, I have rounded out the list of unique Papago pectable. Again, it is impossible to say vvith elements by counting certain KP traits which were assurance whether the drift has been from or to not inquired about among the UP and vice versa. Zu, probably both. The total list of 74 unique traits, not found el: The two Rio Grande Pueblos investigated were where in SN, seems unexpectably small considering respectively Keresan (SA) and Tanoan (SI). These the marginal position of the Papago in relation two share 82 elements lacking among Zu and Wa. to the other groups worked in 1935. Besides the 73 of these occur among 1 to 16 non-Pueblo tribes 74 unique traits lacking elsewhere in the SW, 6 of the SW. These specialties link Rio Grande elements not inquired about anywhere in the SW Pueblos more strongly with E Apache than with were volunteered by Papago informants. Inasmuch Navaho as the following enumeration of shared as the Papago groups were the last worked, I had. traits in descending order indicates: SA and SI no opportunity to test the occurrence of these 6 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 197 elements elsevvhere: 35, pit trap sprung by quarry; relationships existing between each pair of 165, sleep-inducing powder for deer; 423, scratch- tribes, it fails just as signally. Only an ing stick for head on salt expedition; 473, bird- analysis that takes account of every recorded nest-weave storage baskets; 1641, coiled basket item, whether positive or- negative, can present for serving saguaro wine; 2733, hair war trophies the complete interrelationships. This the sta- made into effigies. tistical analysis does, so that degree of rela- Eleven elements widely distributed in the SW tionship within each pair of tribes is definitely were lacking among the Papago: 336, yucca (Span- presented. ish bayonet) root stalk for soap; 364, pinon seeds gathered from ground; 467, fat mixed with pulverized venison; 965, awl for skin sewing; Summary of Universal and Special Elements 1459, hard-soled moccasins; 1546, pack strap across shoulders, chest; 1718, belt (lashing) Southwestern universals (in 19 groups) ... 60 of buckskin; 1753, l-"ply" sinew thread for skin Athabascan universals (in 13 groups) ..... 161 sewing; 2508, chose own mates in marriage; 2563, Apache universals (in 11 groups) ..6069 159 joking relations; 2683, undestroyed property in- Western Apache specialties (in 5 herited. groups) .23 Other Apache specialties (in 6 Concluding Remarks groups) .......................... 11 Jicarilla Apache specialties (in The result of the preceding "qualitative" 2 groups) ....... 14 analysis is to largely support current opinions "Eastern" Apache specialties (in as to the relationships of various groups. Thus, 4 groups) ....... 7 SU is a Great Basin group little affected by the * Chiricahua Apache specialties (in Southwest and affecting its nearest Southwestern 2 groups ) ....... 16 neighbors, the Navaho, but scantily. The Western MescaTlero Apache specialties (in Apache stand out as not at all acculturated to 1 group) ..... 38 Plains culture pattern, ahile their eastern rela- Lipan Apache specialties (in 1 tives are increasingly so acculturated the farther group) ......... .............. 21 east one goes. Li is definitely a Plains rather Navaho specialties (in 2 groups) ....... 69 than a Southwestern people, while the Jicarilla Southern Ute specialties (in 1 group) .... 25 (Ll, 01) are less readily pigeonholed as either Pueblo specialties (in 4 groups) .006-6. 39 Southwestern or Plains. The Navaho appear much Walpi specialties (in 1 group) ..... .... 99 more strongly tinctured with Pueblo traits than Zuni specialties (in 1 group) .116 do the Apache, yet even so they have a fair num- Rio Grande Pueblo specialties (in 2 ber of specialties which set them off from other groups) .............................. 82 Athabascans and Southwesterners. Santa Ana specialties (in 1 group) 51 The Puebloan groups have an extensive common San Ildefonso specialties (in 1 foundation of unique elements. Each of the four group) ... 132 Pueblos visited has its set of unique or distinc- Papago specialties (in 2 groups) .74 tive elements, San Ildefonso being outstanding in this regard. Wa and Zu share many of their spe- cialties wvith the Navaho, while the two Rio Grande The quantitative or statistical analysis pre- Pueblos, Santa Ana and San Ildefonso, share theirs sents only the interrelations of the 20 tribal mostly with the Eastern Apache. The Papago turn groups or territorial entities that were inves- out to be fairly rich in unique traits, but not tigated. The interrelations, or degree of "adhe- as rich as my impression when actually working sion," of elements, leading to definition of with them. This means that they are to be regarded cultural strata or complexes, and the interrela- as Southwestern in culture; however, the ctatis- tion of these to the territorial and linguistic tical analysis should be consulted for their pre- groupings is not attempted.The study of cultural cise position in relation to the 18 other groups strata or complexes in the various tribal cul- investigated. tures in the Southwest can be best undertaken Comparison of the results of my so-called quali- wvhen the element-list survey is completed. tative analysis with those derived from Kroeber's In conclusion, I should like to call atten- "quantitative or statistical analysis beyond re- tion again to the utility and precision of sta- veals the greater accuracy and dependability of tistical analysis as a tool for working out cul- the latter. The "qualitative" analysis is based tural interrelations when the data are sufficient, on a selection of universal elements, unique ele- i.e., when absences as vwell as presences are re- ments, and special elements characterizing blocks corded. By statistical analysis the exact degree of tribes. In this respect it is comparable to of interrelationship can be accurately stated. the nonstatistical discussions in various earlier The mass of detail in the discussion of individual 1 ethnological works, and has a corresponding value elements can thus be summarized in a single figure,-i in pointing out the conspicuous features of each so that the mind can grasp the relative degree of culture. But as for getting downl to the complete relationship at a glance. 198 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS By A. L. Kroeber Of the 2990 elements listed, 2636 are in- efficients have the greater spread: in this in- cluded in the quantitative or statistical analy- stance from 6 to 95, as against 53 to 88 for W sis on the basis of having been inquired about (table 3).15 among more than half of the tribes investigated. At the risk of unorthodoxy, mean coefficients The remaining 354 elements are not included in for each tribal group have been added at the foot the quantitative analysis. Table 1 shows the num- of tables 2 and 3. These means are highest for ber of presences, absences, and blanks recorded four centrally located Apache groups: Warm Sprin for each tribe among the 2636 elements. The pres- and Huachuca Chiricahua, and White Mountain and ences (pluses) range from 24 per cent among the Southern Tonto. They are definitely lowest for marginal Ollero Apache to 47 among the centrally the Papago; next lowest for the Pueblos. They are situated Warm Springs Chiricahua Apache. In other loser for the Navaho than for all Apaches except vrords, only from one-quarter to one-half of the Lipan and Ollero. For cultural classification, traits inquired about in most groups were re- these values have little significance. Essentiall corded as present in any one group. they reflect the fact that two-thirds of the list However, it should be remembered that for were secured from Athabascans and more than half tactical reasons no inquiry about society and from Apaches. Had 13 Pueblos been visited and onI religion was made among Navaho and Pueblos. Had four Athabascan groups, the Pueblo coefficient these fields been included, presences would have means would presumably have been the higher. The been more numerous for Navaho and Pueblos, through result is to reemphasize that the frame of refer- the addition of elements not in the list as it ence of the study is not so much generic South- stands; but the percentage of presences would western as Southwestern with a strong Apache bias presumably have been even lower for all other groups, on account of their lacking in toto a Rank-order diagrams.-For the sake of complete whole series of Pueblo rituals, etc. ness, tables 2 and 3 have been expressed in rank- TABLE 1 order diagrams (diagrams 1, 2) as well as by the more usual and significant symmetrical ones (dia- Traits Present and Absent grams 3, 4). Both the Q2 and the W rank-order Group + - Blank Total g+ diagrams display for the Navaho strong Walpi and Zuni connections; both give second rank to North- WN 826 1032 778 1858 44.4 ern Tonto in the Western Navaho column, second EN 1054 1363 219 2417 43.6 rank to Zuni in the Eastern Navaho column. The ST 981 1219 351 2285 43.0 five Western Apache groups (NT, ST, SC, Ci, WM) SC 1002 1348 286 2350 42.6 appear as a homogeneous block, with the first Ci 1007 1392 237 2399 41.9 three rankings for each within the square formed WM 986 1437 213 2423 40.7 by the five, viz., all highest ranks are internal WS 1167 1328 141 2495 46.7 in both diagrams. "Eastern" Apache (WS, H., Me, Hu 1077 1455 104 2532 42.5 Li) is less sharply outlined as a block than Me 1176 1361 99 2537 46.3 Western Apache, in both diagrams. The Chirica- Li 963 1617 56 2580 37.3 hua Apache (WS, Hu) give White Mountain third Li 688 1880 68 2568 26.8 place in both figures, evidencing a considerable 01 614 1958 64 2572 23.8 affiliation. Lipan gives Ollero third rank in Su 597 1834 205 2431 24.9 both figures. The W diagram indicates that Llane Va 856 1550 230 2406 35.5 Ollero, and Southern Ute form a cultural group, SA 880 1511 245 2391 36.8 as each has its two closest connections with the SI 1022 1393 221 2415 42.3 other two. The Q2 diagram gives the two Jicarilla KP 877 1676 83 2553 34.3 bands first rank from the point of view of South- HP 336 456 1844 792 42.5 ern Ute, but both Llanero and Ollero give second rank to Lipan instead of to Ute. This special Coefficients of resemblance.-Tables 2 and 3 Jicarilla-Lipan relationship suggests common par- give respectively coefficients (Q2) and percent- ticipation in Plains culture. The Jicarilla-Ute ages (W) of similarity between each two of the relationship is due rather to proximity, and see 20 groups investigated."' Formula Q2 (table 2) one-way: the Ute took much from the Jicarilla, bu possesses the practical advantage that its co- the Jicarilla remained Apaches above all. _____________ ~~~~~~~In both diagrams 1 and 2 the block of four 142= (ad-bc)/(ad+bc), where a = ++, b= Pueblos (Walpi, Zuni, Santa Ana, San Ildefonso) +-, c = -+, d = --. Results run from 1.0 to is as impressive and homogeneous as the Western -1.0. W = (a+d)/(a+d+b4-c), that is, the sum of Apache block. Onle disagreement as to first rank positive and negative agreements shown by any two groups, divided by the sum of agreements and disagreements. The resulting figure is a per- 15Not only are decimal points omitted in centage, and of course never negative. When a,b, table 2, but in the discussion that follows Q c,d are equal, Q2 = 0, but W = .50. coefficients are cited as percentages. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 199 TABLE 2 Qa Coefficients of Likeness on 2636 Elements (Decimal points omitted) 'N EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP WN 845 621 549 511 535 550 520 479 458 297 453 517 560 551 540 477 487 275 139 EN 845 524 548 479 500 483 439 424 339 263 456 511 572 566 660 440 484 234 181 NT 621 524 907 863 859 826 676 649 545 408 361 402 452 216 264 187 221 248 203 ST 549 548 907 900 872 910 754 706 567 523 368 473 494 237 230 213 253 320 224 SC 511 479 863 900 872 890 766 763 616 502 352 481 398 199 129 166 220 332 364 Ci 535 500 859 872 872 949 784 754 613 473 452 485 468 224 171 169 216 349 165 WM 550 483 826 910 890 949 806 795 552 499 386 482 438 222 199 227 232 328 256 WS 520 439 676 754 766 784 806 910 842 741 458 621 494 252 190 285 295 331 255 Hu 479 424 649 706 763 754 795 910 834 788 560 640 583 352 080 129 131 271 171 Me 458 339 545 567 616 613 552 842 834 873 598 736 542 204 171 405 376 294 244 Li 297 263 408 523 502 473 499 741 788 873 640 748 495 150 114 238 265 162 128 Ll 453 456 361 368 352 452 386 458 560 598 640 949 594 367 410 398 497 187 060 01 517 511 402 473 481 485 482 621 640 736 748 949 600 449 453 478 547 203 204 SU 560 572 452 494 398 468 438 494 583 542 495 594 600 350 372 491 329 265 135 Wa 551 566 216 237 199 224 222 252 352 204 150 367 449 350 774 753 773 328 460 Zu 540 660 264 230 129 171 199 190 080 171 114 410 453 372 774 831 756 234 279 SA 477 440 187 213 166 169 227 285 129 405 238 398 478 491 753 831 865 357 246 SI 487 484 221 253 220 216 232 295 131 376 265 497 547 329 773 756 865 348 381 KP 275 234 248 320 332 349 328 331 271 294 162 187 20a 265 328 234 357 348 913 HP 1539 181 203 224 364 165 256 255 171 244 128 060 204 135 460 279 246 381 913 Av 493 471 496 529 516 522 528 548 527 516 437 450 525 454 391 361 387 404 315 263 TABLE 3 W Percentapes of Similarity for 2636 Elements h'AN EN IT ST SC Ci '!lM WS Hu Me Li Ll 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP WN 77.7 69.1 65.4 64.3 64.9 65.4 64.4 63.4 62.6 58.4 62.1 63.2 64.5 65.4 65.0 63.2 63.4 58.1 54.4 EY 77.7 64.6 65.3 63.3 63.9 63.5 61.7 61.6 58.9 57.7 62.4 63.3 65.0 66.2 69.1 62.5 63.5 57.5 56.0 NT 69.1 64.6 82.0 79.0 78.5 76.6 69.7 69.0 65.1 61.7 60.5 61.5 62.8 56.9 57.4 56.2 56.3 57.8 55.6 ST 65.4 65.3 82.0 81.3 79.3 82.1 73.0 71.8 66.4 64.5 60.0 62.3 62.9 57.1 56.4 56.5 57.0 59.2 56.2 SC 64.3 63.3 79.0 81.3 79.6 80.9 73.5 73.7 67.6 64.5 60.6 63.3 61.3 56.8 54.2 5B.0 56.6 60.0 60.1 Ci 64.9 63.9 78.5 79.3 79.6 86.3 74.2 73.2 67.4 63.7 63.9 63.8 63.4 57.7 55.4 56.2 56.5 60.7 54.7 WM 65.4 63.5 76.6 82.1 80.9 86.3 75.2 75.3 65.1 64.7 62.2 64.6 63.6 57.8 56.2 57.7 57.0 60.1 57.5 WS 64.4 61.7 69.7 73.0 73.5 74.2 75.2 81.9 77.4 71.4 61.1 64.5 61.7 56.8 55.1 57.6 57.8 58.7 56.8 Hi> 63.4 61.6 69.0 71.8 73.7 73.2 75.3 81.9 77.0 74.6 65.6 66.3 65.7 58.6 53.1 55.0 54.3 58.4 55.9 .e 62.6 58.9 65.1 66.4 67.6 67.4 65.1 77.4 77.0 78.1 64.7 67.7 63.0 55.7 54.8 60.6 60.0 58.0 57.1 Li 58.4 57.7 61.7 64.5 64.5 63.7 64.7 71.4 74.6 78.1 70.1 73.3 66.5 56.7 54.5 58.5 58.1 57.4 55.5 Li 62.1 62.4 60.5 60.0 60.6 63.9 62.2 61.1 65.6 64.7 70.1 87.9 73.0 63.7 62.1 64.1 64.1 60.8 64.9 01 63.2 63.3 61.5 62.3 63.3 63.8 64.6 64.5 66.3 67.7 73.3 87.9 74.0 66.1 63.9 66.0 64.8 62.1 58.0 SU 64.5 65.0 62.8 62.9 61.3 63.4 63.6 61.7 65.7 63.0 66.5 73.0 74.0 63.6 61.2 67.6 60.5 62.7 56.2 Wa 65.4 66.2 56.9 57.1 56.8 57.7 57.8 56.8 58.6 55.7 56.7 63.7 66.1 63.6 73.6 74.2 73.4 61.9 63.1 Zu 65.0 69.1 57.4 56.4 54.2 55.4 56.2 55.1 53.1 54.8 54.5 62.1 63.9 61.2 73.6 77.3 73.3 57.8 58.1 SA 63.2 62.5 56.2 56.5 56.0 56.2 57.7 57.6 55.0 60.6 58.5 64.1 66.0 67.6 74.2 77.3 78.9 62.4 57.7 SI 63.4 63.5 56.3 57.0 56.6 56.5 57.0 57.8 54.3 60.0 58.1 64.1 64.8 60.5 73.4 73.3 78.9 60.6 60.9 KP 58.1 57.5 57.8 59.2 60.0 60.7 60.1 58.7 58.4 58.0 57.4 60.8 62.1 62.7 61.9 57.8 62.4 60.6 82.6 HP 54.4 56.0 55.6 56.2 60.1 54.7 57.5 56.8 55.9 57.1 55.5 54.9 58.0 56.2 63.1 58.1 57.7 60.9 82.6 Av 63.9 63.4 65.2 66.2 66.1 66.4 66.9 65.9 66.0 64.5 63.7 64.4 66.1 64.1 62.3 60.9 62.5 61.9 60.8 58.4 appears: according to Q2 Waipi shows its closest somewhat in detail of external relationship in the affinity with Zuni, but according to W# with Santa two figures, probably because one of them is only Ana. This indicates closeness of relationship of a fragment. However, they agree in confining their Walpi to both. higher similarities to Pueblos and Western Apache; The two Papago lists- differ from each other plus Ollero and Southern Ute for W coefficients. 200 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Symmetrical diagrams.-The most significant The 13 Athabascan groups, on the contrary, are diagrams are 3 and 4, which simply express all intrarelated above 60, with the exception of graphically by shaded symbols the numerical Navaho with Mescalero and Lipan. There is thus a values of tables 2 and 3 as grouped into blocks. definite Athabascan cultural block in the South- They have deliberately been drawn so as to give vvest, although two portions of it have also ac- somewhat different effects. quired specific Pueblo resemblances. Diagram 3, based on Q, values, indicates only those two-fifths of the coefficients which are the Analysis of Q2 values.-A more intensiveinter- highest. The primary relationships are thus accen- pretation of the Q2 coefficients compiled in table 2 and diagram 3 follows. In regard to the "South- tuated. western" character of this interpretation, it WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP WN EN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li Li 01 SU Wa Zu SA SI KP HP WN * ImiE mm* M 0] 1IJaBI IU g 0] r IE * M [ES En EN | 3[ [31 *J mJfmI l I EN | Egm* L[ * Ifl hIf D 11 TED *nflEp. NT fl* *NuHIEIEEmw STC l flrE *Bffif fIII [ED l * ST go *BID UMBUII 1EE sc *fl HDm[][1I3jl sc ..l*l omFIJl[ium ci mmmnw I I * * m ci 1tDUARi m *O wIu *w * mI mN n o mm m i[D f lU.EE 1U1M1 FiSKI [il] wsfEJ [O[IIIlW[EIl *EI WILWE. -1 [rfl ws TJ [ID IllfD[Il *n * .Hu III [ IIIE * m o [X1 D iDl E Hu EIB111UE UE1*10 WH1IW[U Me MUDHIEUW1 Ho *mmmiFL U[E] BL] Me LMIE DUL IEWoo * UEs * X Li Ei [3 [IDEE n Hu Li *[D [F][-I EI [ff[UR Ll [IDl[IW *H ll][ID ] Ll *[I1 * UII TII I o0 * * WE mIBI *lIIiT I 01 1 iE*lfumU 0E1liUHUE1UM SU mm * F* [BIDI: *0 *] Rmo SU Mu u*1 o H ha |] om [mo Wa Imm Fel[ om o :[1ol ZuDIE. * j sl* [1 0HZu iE W Uno] SA mS* * SA fl]Hj] *- *gm l]] Sl I |3 [IIIl[Il om-K W | SI|l [] mmfflNoDE WEll KP * * 0 KP * * [ U 3 HP ILl[ms *E HP _ m* j* 1st 0 2d m 3d 4th [J1 5th 1st 0 2d m 3d jJ 4th 5th 11111 6th f| 7th W8th [3 9th 0 10th Il6th ftJJ7th W8th W9th *10th Diagram 1. Vertical ranking of Q,2 coefficients, Diagram 2. Vertical ranking of W coefficients, 2636 elements. 2636 elements. Diagram 4, on the contrary, shows seven-tenths should be remembered that the groups investigated of all W coefficients. The blanks are therefore include only 4 Pueblos, but 13 Athabascan tribes the most significant feature; although the solid or bands; 2 Papago divisions but no Pima; and one black symbols indicative of highest similarity group of Southern Ute, usually reckoned as of are distributed almost exactly as in the Q. dia- Great Basin affiliation; and no Yumans. gram. The highest frequency of blanks-the lowest Pueblos.-The four Pueblos form a well-marked three-tenths of all percentages encountered, below unit, with internal coefficients from 75 to 86. 60 by formula W-occurs, -according to diagram 4, The coefficients would undoubtedly have been for the Papago. Next frequent in low values are higher but for the fact that the four Pueblos the Pueblos, who generally show values under 60 aere selected to represent the separate linguis- with all Athabascans except Navaho and Jicarilla. tic stocks involved. In other words, they wvere -~~~~~~~~ ~~~chosen for spread. There are higher coefficients '6 The dotted squares must not be compared. in the Qs5 table, but they are betwfeen what are Q They mean quite different things: in diagram 3, usually considered bands within tribes, like East-l the coefficients of rank order 46 to 70 (ViZ .,em adWsrnNvh, oten,ndSuen of 190, 45 are higher, 120 lower); in diagram enadWsenNvh,Nrhr.adSuhr 4, of rank order 69 to 129 (61 are higher, 61 are Tonto, San Carlos and White Mountain Apache, lower). Llanero and O)llero Jicarilla. Had correspondinglyX CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 201 close Pueblos been chosen for inquiry-say Walpi Western, "Eastern," and Northern Apache. Each of and Oraibi, Sia and Santa Ana-coefficients well these deserves separate ccnsideration. 'in the 90's would presumably have been obtained. Among the Pueblos, Santa Ana and San Ildefonso, Navaho.-The Eastern and Western Navaho corre- ,both in the Rio Grande valley, show the highest late at 85-about the same as Zuni-Santa Ana or intercorrelation. Second are Zuni and Santa Ana- Santa Ana-San Ildefonso, Pueblos of different the latter nearer than San Ildefonso to Zuni, and stock. This is certainly a surprising disparity special Zuni-Keresan relations having been fre- to be obtained from members of what is considered quently mentioned by all ethnographers dealing one "tribe." It suggests that earlier ethnologists with the two peoples. The Hopi are clearly the have served their convenience by ignoring consider- SU EN WN NT ST SC Ci U'M AS Hu Me Li 01 Ll Wa Zu SA SI KP HP SU EN WN NT ST SC Ci WM WS Hu Me Li 01 L1 Wa Zu SA SI KP HP sU E E E I su l I ENED EigI o EICFi EN MO FIFJLIs SJ 01 F0I1 EN 0EE 913[EE 3[E1EE] 111[-I]13i 3[ [ WN 3iI[1E Il3 E E S E IT LI-IEE-EEI E NT isI--E-EEL]E? i ST [3[3R--lflfloJ ST i]EEEEDD]91J[3 sc [E-EENE11EDD sc Fiff -Flfl lIfIFE OMIo ci IEENE.MEHD ci ESEEEEEEUIULi WM fl*.**IFtl~ WNM Mflflfll.flfl1F01i WS E] W oDDEEKIws [1DLUDDUEEEEDE0JL3 Hu [3 EIIDDDDEEED[IID Hu LIE [I UKUNEEEED[WI le [3 NE[ LJSEEEEh Me i0 EIII1ITEEKE-EI1 F1E Li ! 3 DD10*DO I1 Li EI1 1iE 9]1[30EDDEED 01 I1J I1uh-DDE 01 DflEE1IEfIi Li 5] 51I]J1*fl Lii urn.313il+lX E[3[i[3[ Wva ED13nA0 ws W?Il[II [IlEDD[El zu [jJE DEED zu[3IIls " o SA DUKE* SA EII E] E1 [IlE111- S I ES DUK s" * }1E i] [31 [31DDEE-3 K*KP KKP i 1j1[iJ 91 fl5lil NP L *-K HP| E1E K 1.0-.80 0 .79-.70 IJl.69-.60 3 .59-.50 3 1.0-.75 .74-.70 IJI.69-.65 ,~ .64-.60 Diagram 3. Q2 higher coefficients, 2636 elements. Diagram 4. W higher percentage coefficients, 2636 elements. most divergent Pueblo (except perhaps for Taos): able local differences within the Navaho. Some of the Second and Third Mesa tomiis would presumably the lack of higher coefficient may be due to West- diverge even more than First Mesa Walpi from the emn Navaho furnishing the first list obtained, rest. Eastern Navaho a later and fuller one; but no more External relations of the Pueblos are most than part of the result can well be due to this marked in two directions. One is Zuni and Walpi fact. Western Navaho shows its highest outside cc- with Eastern and Western Navaho. The highest efficient wsith Northern Tonto, 62; Eastern Navaho, value is Zuni-Eas tern Navaho 66. This no doubt with Zuni, 66. The latter has already been men- reflects old interrelations, whose effects are tioned as indicative of old relations. The former still stronger than those of the recently active reflects geographical position: the Northern Tonto Hopi-Western Navaho relations. The other special are the nearest Western Apache to the Western rzelation is San Ildefonso-Ollero, between the Navaho. northernmost of the Pueblos studied and the Jica- Special Navaho-Jicarilla relations might be rilla division farther away from the Plains and suspected on account of both tribes being north- up the Rio Grande. erly among the Southwestern Athabascan, and, be- Athabascans.-Thirteen of our "tribes" are fore the recent westward drift of the Western Athabasnan. These fall into four groups: Navaho, Navaho, near neighbors. Both Navaho divisions 202 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS show higher coefficients with Ollero than with all sensitive-and to be of value it should be Llanero Jicarilla. The Eastern Navaho, who remain sensitive-it ought to reflect the effect of geographically nearer to the Jicarilla, have their twenty years, more or less, of forced accultura- Ollero and Western Apache coefficients about the tion; as it does. same; the Western Navaho have definitely higher We may conjecture therefore that if our data Western Apache coefficients. As there appears to really referred wvholly to aboriginal, or at least be little record of much intercourse in American pre-American, conditions, when the Chiricahua uvere times between Western Navaho and Western Apache, still in Gila drainage and partly in Arizona, it is possible that these relatively high Western their coefficients toward San Carlos-White Moun- Navaho-Western Apache coefficients represent tain and Mescalero might have been reversed; that neighborly relations of a century and more ago, is, higher with San Carlos-White Mountain and when the Navaho -aere still considered Apaches. lower with Mescalero."7 The following is also of interest. Eastern Pueblo relations confirm. The Warm Springs co- Navaho coefficients with 11 Apache groups aver- efficient with Walpi (in Arizona) is 25 vs. Mesca- age 45; Western Navaho 50. Even -rith the easterly lero 20; with Santa Ana and San Ildefonso (in the Apache the Western Navaho showi higher relation- Rio Grande valley) 28 and 29 vs. Mescalero 41 and ship; thus, with Huachuca 48, against Eastern 38. Navaho 42; Mescalero, 46, against 34; Lipan, 30, 17Dr. M. E. Opler doubts this. He points out against 26; contrary to geography. The Western that the Chiricahua were put on the Mescalero Navaho have evidently remained more like the reservation only in 1913, and that a third of other Southwestern Athabascans-more like generic them are still in Oklahoma. He holds that the in short; the Eastern Navaho have generic close cultural and linguistic relationship of Apache, in short; the Eastern Navaho have changed Chiricahua and Mescalero is aboriginal; that away. Greater Pueblo influence is suggested; and only a short time, historically speaking, has this is confirmed by the coefficients: Eastern elapsed since their separation; and that the Navaho aveFage with 4 Pueblos 54, Western Navaho Mescalero are an eastern off-shoot from the 51. The Eastern Navaho actually average higher Chiricahua (personal communication of May 22, coeficens o smilriy wth heto-n-vvelg 1937). His view fits the coefficients equally coefficients of similarity with the town-dwelling well; and his intimate knowledge must be de- Pueblos (at least with cults and social structure ferred to. That would mean that the south-sest- omitted from consideration) than with their erly Apaches consisted of two main divisions: one brother Apache groups. on middle Gila drainage, now known as Western Apache; and the second in upper Gila drainage, Western_Apache.-The_five_Western_Apache divi- Chiricahua in the larger sense, from whom the Western Apache.-The five WZestern Apache divi- Mescalero movea east across the Rio Grande in sions form a compact geographical block in Arizona late historic times. But then who were the and an equally compact block in the table and dia- Apache east of that river before the Mescalero gram. Their coefficients inter se all lie high: came in? And what has become of them? We evi- between 83 and 95. All five are obviously merely dently need badly a historic study identifying 83uy the various Apache tribes or bands under their subdivisions of one people in one restricted area. Spanish and their American designations, with localization. And in any event, until the prob- Easterly Apache.-It is oth_rwise with the lem is definitively cleared up, I shall sus- pect some influence of the 22 years of common "Eastern" Apache. Their four groups have lower in reservation life of Chiricahua and Mescalero ternal coefficients: from 74 to 91. The two high- between 1913 and 1935 to show in the coeffi- est of these are Warm Springs-Huachuca 91 and cients. Whether the acculturation was actual Mescalero-Lipan 87. The Warm Springs and Huachuca and tribal, or only in the minds of Gifford's are Chiricahuas, originally in or close to Gila particular Chiricahua and Mescalero inform- ants, the lists or coefficients themselves of drainage, like the Western Apache. The Mescalero course cannot show. The obverse situation ex- centered in the Sierra Blanca and Guadalupe moun- ists for the Ollero and Llanero, whom Opler has tains, across the Rio Grande, 200 to 250 miles to treated as identical Jicarillas, whereas Gif- the east. The Lipan were still further east and ford finds considerable differences. The truth soutl in Texas and Coahuila and are often in- probably lies between. Opler is interested in sou9n n x anChl, na ofn - basic patterns and gets agreements; Gifford cluded among the Plains Indians. It is inconceiv- collected disparate items, which experience able that tribes or bands as far-flung as these elsewhere uniformly shows to vary locally to four should shorN much in common. In fact, the co- a surprising degree, though the historic sig- efficients, though not of the highest, are prob- slight for each indivtdual itfference may be a ably too high for native conditions of a century proaches are distinct and therefore the find- or more ago. Why are they as high as they are? ings differ; but they are not necessarily in Evidently because the American government put the conflict. For the Chiricahua, for instance, four groups on one reservation, where they have there is the outstanding agreement between Opler and Gifford that these upper Gila drain- accultured one to the other. The four cultures, age Apaches, contrary to physiography, resem- or the memories of them, have assimilated. Our ble more closely the Mescalero east of the coefficients give a picture of relations not as Rio Grande than their fellow Apachies lower on they were in 1800, but of the relations of 1935, the Gila. In contrast with this independently whic ar a ompsit ofthos of180, 160,and varying explanations are of secondary impor- l a generation or so of joint and intermarried tance; and I certainly do not wish to be dog- reservation life. If the element-list method is at matic in the face of his first-hand experience. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XII-GIFFORD: APACHE-PUEBLO 203 From the point of view of two Apache divisions event the Llanero coefficient ouWht to be specially living in the Sierra Blanca east of the Rio high with the only other "Plains tribe here stud- Grande, these varying coefficients would be ied, the Lipan; whereas the coefficient is 11 meaningless. They are good coefficients, histor- points lower than that between Ollero and Lipan, ically and geographically, for the Mescalero w-ho 64 as against 75. (2) Difference in informants is have long lived in the Sierra. They are also good also a possible cause. In that case, one vwould enough coefficients for the Chiricahua, if we first suspect the Llanero informant to have been admit their recorded culture to be a blend of negativistic, denying a considerable number of what they formerly had in Gila headwaters and elements actually present in his culture. This what they since acquired among the Mescalero."8 cannot well be, because while Jicarilla culture The low figures for Zuni with the Chiricahua- is clearly the most meager in the Southwest (ex- 19 and 8-probably mean that the Zuni had very cept for Southern Ute), the Llanero informant little to do, in war or peace, with these Apache gave 74 more positive ansvuers than the Ollero, south of them across an empty malpais; but corres- and 78 fewer negative ones. If the cause is un- pondingly much with the Navaho (66) and through reliability in the lists, it must therefore lie them with the Jicarilla (41, 45) to the north. in the distribution of positive and negative answers. Thus if the Llanero informant was irre- Northern Apache.-The northern Apache, other sponsible, ignorant, or incorrect, and often than so far as the Navaho might be considered as enough answered + when the fact vvas -, and vice such, are the two Jicarilla divisions: Ollero versa, Llanero-non-Llanero disagreements wvould and Llanero. Opler has characterized the culture pile up, and coefficients be reduced. But Gifford of these as identical; o;ihich must be construed noticed nothing in the informant's attitude, or in as merely an approximative statement, in view of the character of his list, to confirm such an im- the difference in habitat and the presumably pression, even though he regarded both informants greater use of the plains by the Llanero; not to as grade B. One interpreter was used for both. mention 4334 disagreements in the two lists. How- All in all, it seems that the lower Llanero ever, the Ollero and Llanero were undoubtedly coefficients are more likely due to something in very similar. Their coefficient, 95, is, with the Llanero culture as compared with Ollero, than Cibecue-White Mountain, the highest obtained in to something in the list-recording; and this factor the South-.est. No other Jicarilla coefficient can hardly be anything else than stronger Plains reaches 80; the highest are Ollero-Lipan 75 and relations. The relatively low Llanero-Lipan co- Ollero-Mescalero 74. From these the Ollero co- efficient of 64 is after all the highest outside efficients with Apaches range do^rTn to Ollero- coefficient which Llanero has, and probably be- Northern Tonto 40. With the Navaho they are 51 speaks Plains influence on both Llanero and Lipan. and 52; with the Pueblos from 45 to 55 (this The relative lowness of this coefficient may be last with San Ildefonso, the northernmost and due to the Lipan rather than the Llanero, the nearest); with the Southern Ute 60. These figures Lipan of today being nearly extinct, and merged show that the closest external Jicarilla rela- as a tribe in the Mescalero, so that memory of tions were with the Apaches east of the Rio Grande. their culture is no doubt more blurred. However, Beyond that, distance counted for as much as eth- the average coefficient relations of Llanero and nic relationship: The Pueblos average higher (49) Lipan to the. other 19 tribes are 45 and 44 re- than the Western Apache (46), the Shoshonean Ute spectively, while the Ollero average is 53. The (60) higher than the Athabascan Navaho (51). figures 45 and 44 indicate Llanero and Lipan as There was evidently a pretty strong Pueblo in- the most aberrant Athabascans. They have presum- fluence on the Jicarilla; stronger than Pueblo ably both departed from the Southwestern Atha- influence on any other Athabascan division, ex- bascan norm towrard the Plains Indian norm, but cept Zuni on Eastern Navaho and perhaps Walpi on not in identical ways. Western Navaho. There is an unexplained but consistent differ- Ute.-The Southern Ute are the one group of ence of coefficients between the Ollero and Lla- the twenty usually reckoned as frankly non- nero divisions. The Ollero average 7.5 points Southwestern. They also furnished the smallest higher, and are higher with every single tribe number of positive traits-597. Nevertheless, in the Southwest, Athabascan and other. Two ex- their coefficients run near the average; are planations are possible. (1) The Llanero, more higher, in fact, wVith most tribes, than those of exposed to Plains influences, have thereby been the 4 Pueblos! This does not mean that the Ute warped avVay from all Southwestern culture. This are more "Southwestern" in culture than the is probably a fact to some degree; but in that Pueblos who are generally taken as typifying this culture, but that lists were taken from only 4 town-dw-elling and from 16 less settled or lr,on Opler's view, both sets of coef- "rancheria" tribes; and the Southern Ute being ficients would be good because the Chiricahua among the latter, wvould have 15 tribes out of 19 still retain original Chiricahua-h&escalero of like status with themselves, in comparisons, cuiltue ase irset waseastaleof the RioGrande, but the Pueblos each only 3 out of 19. In other blend of this plus Pueblo and perhaps Plains words, the frame of reference and comparison is influences, mainly non-Pueblo. 204 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Another question that arises is ho- the South- The highest Kikimai Papago coefficients, with ern Ute can have fairly high coefficients when, a range between 32 and 36, pertain to two blocks with so few positive elements in their culture, of tribes. One of these consists of the five the number of their positive agreements must also nearer Apache divisions: Southern Tonto, San Car, be limited. The probable answers are two. First, los, Cibecue, White Mountain, Warm Springs. The the Southern Ute evidently developed little of Northern Tonto are not among these, but the Warm their own. They had only a meagfer culture, but Springs Chiricahua are. The seconid block con- most of that is also to be found somewhere else. sists of three of the four Pueblos (Zuni for Second, they lacked many elements-1834. But for some unexplained reason is abnormally low.) These every tribe more negatives than positives were three Pueblo coefficients average slightly higher recorded. Most of the Southern Ute 1834 minuses than the Apache ones; but geographically the therefore must agree with minuses in other lists. Pueblos are more remote. The interpretation would In short, both as regards positive agreements be that there was an old Papago-Pueblo relation- (a) and negative agreements (d) the Southern Ute- ship, not necessarily very close but of some his- ,iere fairly strong, and therefore their coeffi- toric depth; and that later the Western Apache cients are fairly high. This situation is illus- intruded and their more recent but nearer rela- trated by imagining a tribe for which 1800 posi- tions with the Papago brought the similarity with tive elements aere recorded and only 600 nega- them up nearly or about to the same strength. tive ones. In the context of our twenty tribes with their prevailing absences of traits, this Conclusions.-The following summary findings imaginary tribe wfould certainly run low coeffi- emerge from this review of the Qe coefficients: cients throughout-probably mostly negative ones. 1. The Pueblos, an obviously well set-off The fact which corroborates the established culture group in spite of their internal speech ethnographic opinion of the Ute as not being a diversity, show Zuni-Navaho as their closest ex- Southwestern people, is that they do not show ternal relation, Hopi-Navaho next, Tanoan-Jica- one coefficient of the first order of magnitude rilla third. (above 80), nor of second order,(above 70) in 2. Of the four Athabascan groups, Navaho, diagram 3. They have only one of third order, W:iestern Apache, and Jicarilla constitute cultural with Ollero, 60; and that barely so. The Ollero subgroups of some historic depth. Jicarilla are the Southwestern tribe nearest 3. The Navaho are far from uniform internally. to them. Next in coefficient value come the The easterly and westerly Navaho differ more from Llanero Jicarilla; then the Huachuca Chiricahua, each other than any of the five Western Apache it is not clear why; then the Eastern and West- "tribes" differ from one another. Navaho similar- ern Navaho, who are more northerly and therefore ity to the westerly Pueblos is fully as great as nearer the Southern Ute than any Apache other to the most similar Apache, who are the Tonto. than the Jicarilla. 4. The five Western Apache divisions form a In short, the moderately high average of very closely knit group. Southern Ute coefficients is statistically con- 5. The Jicarilla are more similar to the East- ditioned, at least in large measure, and means ern Apache than to the Western Apache or the nothing; but the quite abnormal lowness of the Navaho. There are noticeable differences between Southern Ute highest coefficients is significant, their two divisions. and confirms the Southern Ute as belonging out- 6. The Eastern Apache are an artificial group, side of the stricter Southwestern culture area. composed of the Chiricahua, whose former affilia- Their maximal relation, of third and fourth tions with the nearer Western Apache may have grade, they share with Athabascans only. Whether been close; of the Mescalero; and of the Lipan this is duie to an original Great Basin type of far to the southeast. These three have been some- Athabascan culture, ar to more recent local diffu- what assimilated secondarily on the Mescalero sion, is not evident. Perhaps both factors are in- reservation. v o lye d. 7. Even a brief generation of intertribal Papapo.-An even lower set of correlations acculturation seems sufficient to be reflected holds for our last people, the Papago. Here the in the coefficients.V highest coefficient for the full-list Kikimai 8. Both Southern Ute and Papago fail to show' division (the Huhula Papago list is only 2/7 strong similarities with any Pueblo or Athabas- complete) is no more than 36. In short, the Papago can group, and are therefore not "Southwestern" t also come out "un-Southwestern," that is, markedly in the stricter sense. This holds even more for differentiated from the Pueblo-Navaho-Apache block Papago than for Ute. Ute relations are per geog- of tribes. This is not surprising in view of the raphy: strongest with the Jicarilla and Navaho. 1 fact that they and the Gila Pima are but the The Papago show at least as much similarity toNa northern outposts of a Piman nation which extends the more remote Pueblos as to the nearest West- over four hundred miles southward, far into Mexico. emn Apache. APPENDIX ABSOLUTE NUMBERS OF ELEMENTS SHARED AND NOT SHARED By each pair of tribes, in the order: a,b,c,d (a = ++; b +-; c = -+; d= WN-EN 605 198 202 786 ST-Me 496 344 338 849 WN-NT 433 357 282 996 ST-Li 492 480 293 913 WN-ST 449 331 275 696 ST-Li 349 620 248 953 WN-SC 412 376 258 728 ST-O1 339 617 198 1008 WN-Ci 433 354 260 702 ST-SU 331 571 187 952 WN-WM 427 379 246 753 ST-Wa 390 528 363 797 WN-WIS 476 330 314 689 ST-Zu 462 466 439 707 WN-Hu 423 380 286 730 ST-SA 395 519 386 781 WN-Me 452 340 336 679 ST-SI 468 463 433 719 WN-Li 366 452 307 700 ST-KP 414 538 339 856 WN-Li 315 497 196 822 ST-HP 155 159 144 233 WN-O1 293 516 156 863 SC-Ci 714 247 213 1080 WN-SU 300 469 148 821 SC-WM 723 247 193 1137 WN-Wa 431 371 252 749 SC-WS 707 275 336 984 WN-Zu 487 320 307 675 SC-Hu 654 328 289 1079 Wl;N-SA 418 375 280 709 SC-Me 622 348 388 914 WN-SI 464 343 316 677 SC-Li 493 493 336 1014 WN-KP 344 450 307 706 SC-Li 344 630 274 1047 WN-HP 120 125 162 223 SC-O1 348 628 215 1107 EN-NT 557 391 366 823 SC-SU 317 610 226 1009 EN-ST 558 356 365 798 SC-Wa 373 530 400 850 EN-SC 534 414 382 840 SC-Zu 424 485 505 748 EN-Ci 548 425 373 867 SC-SA 370 523 422 834 EN-vM 531 447 364 878 SC-SI 442 467 474 784 EN-WS 600 399 473 806 SC-KP 427 541 375 947 EN-Hu 565 464 427 867 SC-HP 161 128 159 271 EN-Me 584 440 518 791 Ci-WM 791 172 145 1207 EN-Li 475 440 564 894 Ci-WINS 727 253 347 996 EN-L1 396 639 250 1080 Ci-Hu 682 308 331 1066 EN-O1 369 663 203 1127 Ci-Me 634 341 420 940 EN-SU 375 591 184 1066 Ci-Li 485 504 349 1014 EN-'Na 522 480 307 1019 Ci-Ll 366 609 270 1190 EN-Zu 673 337 381 930 Ci-Ol 358 625 226 1139 EN-SA 487 513 353 955 Ci-SU 339 591 223 1072 EN-SI 576 450 406 912 Ci-Wa 381 513 416 884 EN-KP 404 612 387 945 Ci-Zu 436 476 511 788 EN-H? 141 155 176 284 Ci-SA 375 519 437 851 NT-ST 725 164 217 1012 Ci-SI 446 468 493 803 NT-SC 703 246 218 1040 Ci-KP 418 521 369 954 NT-Ci 694 279 198 1051 Ci-HP 156 169 156 236 NT-WM 667 316 213 1061 Wm-Ws 725 231 355 1050 NT-WS 644 311 364 909 WM-Hu 685 283 305 1104 NT-Hu 591 371 323 954 WM-Me 617 331 520 967 NT-Me 599 361 413 845 WM-Li 494 477 361 1044 NT-Li 458 510 350 927 WM-Ll 351 605 288 1121 NT-Li 338 625 258 1016 W/M-Oi 333 603 228 1180 NT-O1 317 637 225 1061 Wm-SU 318 576 238 1104 NT-SU 328 576 217 1009 WM-Wa 376 511 424 906 NT-Wa 389 517 397 819 W- Zu 430 451 512 804 NT-Zu 468 458 449 755 WM-SA 390 479 438 886 NT-SA 384 513 408 796 WM-SI 446 452 501 815 NT-SI 456 469 462 744 WM-KP 410 539 399 1002 NT-KP 400 546 390 884 WM-IIP 149 141 171 273 NT-H? 160 i56 163 240 WS-Ru 868 279 168 1143 ST-SC 696 239 157 1027 WS-Me 840 291 258 i039 ST-Ci 663 263 171 995 WS-Li 670 477 227 1084 ST-W0M 726 224 158 1032 WS-Li 418 718 232 1073 ST-NSE 657 289 286 897 WS-Oi 441 697 167 1132 ST-Ru 463 310 245 952 WS-SUJ 380 688 195 i042 [205] 206 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ViMS-wa 449 614 368 843 Ll-Cl 488 192 117 1750 75-Zu 507 562 460 749 Li-SU 277 343 299 1455 WS-SA 465 586 368 833 Ll-Wa 316 332 522 1184 W011S-SI 537 538 427 785 Ll-Zu 370 272 624 1097 WS-KP 483 643 353 934 Li-SA 325 308 534 1175 WS-HP 173 173 149 251 Li-SI 401 252 598 1118 Hu-Me 801 251 313 1085 Li-KP 270 395 583 1244 Hu-Li 676 379 241 1141 Li-HP 88 110 242 341 Hu-Ll 431 611 234 1177 Oi-SU 253 295 323 1506 Hu-Ol 439 610 174 1103 01-Wa 298 269 530 1259 Hu-SU 406 581 202 1096 Ol-Zu 329 238 609 1171 Hu-' Va 377 601 249 828 01-SA 312 247 550 1233 Hu-Zu 434 539 547 797 O1-SI 369 198 633 1160 Hu-SA 392 573 349 870 O1-KP 240 347 598 1305 Hu-SI 451 536 523 809 01-HP 69 67 262 385 Hu-KP 437 611 408 995 SU-Wa 270 283 523 1139 Hu-HP 134 145 195 295 SU-Zu 317 246 623 1056 Me-Li 775 387 160 1173 SU-SA 289 261 451 1193 Me-Ll 469 679 197 1135 SU-SI 323 274 627 1054 Me-Ol 477 672 130 1204 SU-KP 254 325 557 1226 Me-SU 393 680 186 1084 SU-HP 99 ill 232 341 Me-_Na 437 648 380 853 Wa-Zu 590 243 373 1124 Me-Zu 495 578 469 773 Wa-SA 542 290 316 1198 Me-SA 481 595 315 920 Wa-SI 576 264 259 1146 Me-SI > 568 522 411 832 W;,Va-KP 360 466 424 1085 Me-KP 470 667 367 955 Wa-HP 148 103 168 316 Me-HP 156 157 163 270 Zu-SA 628 302 223 1164 Li-Ll 430 509 249 1343 Zu-SI 661 282 346 1064 Li-Ol 446 492 184 1408 Zu-KP 394 588 399 960 Li-SU 325 544 254 1260 Zu-HP 159 161 156 280 Li-`NlWa 362 547 479 980 Sa-SI 678 187 306 1162 Li-Zu 411 493 a;S5 882 Sa-KP 370 472 402 1083 Li-SA 393 S04 472 984 Sa-HP 142 161 152 285 Li-SI 461 450 546 918 SI-KP 421 560 364 1001 Li-KP 364 570 493 1071 SI-HP 166 144 152 294 Li-HP 112 126 217 316 KP-HP 255 60 76 392 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations: 1933. 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