ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1:7 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XI TRIBES SURVEYED BY A. L. KROEBER ULNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1939 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XI TRIBES SURVEYED BY A. L. KROEBER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 1, No. 7 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, E. W. GIFFORD, R. H. LOWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume I, No. 7, pp. 435-440, I map Transmitted April 26 1939 Issued August'24, 1939 Price 25 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presen- tation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NOTES ON THE MA9P The twenty areas designated by the large letters A to U are not culture areas but the twenty expedition areas, as they were dletermined partly by plan but also in part by the opportuni- ties, exigencies, and misfires of field work. They represent the history of our undertaking, not the classification even- tuating from it. In the main, we aimed to have each field worker operate on each trip in an area of related local cul- tures. But there were some deliberate extensions, in order to obtain overlap for test on degree of comparability; as well as certain residual gaps to be filled. The full names of the tribes and groups indicated on the map by two-letter abbreviations will be found in the list be- ginning on page 438. The Chilkat Tlingit, Lipan Apache, and Yaqui habitats are actually beyond the borders of the map, but have been desig- nated near its margin by their letter symbols accompanied by arrows pointing in the direction appropriate to their situa- tion. The map attempts to show the native habitat of tribes and groups, not the reservation or settlement where they may have been moved or are now living. 11 i, I,. 1. I CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: XI TRIBES SURVEYED BY A. L. KROEBER This paper is at once a codification and a re- port of progress. Work under the Culture Element Survey of Native Western North America has at the time of writing, April, 1939, passed from the stage of field collecting of data to that of com- parative interpretation. It has therefore become necessary to have available a complete array of tribes and groups investigated, a basic map show- ing their situation in late aboriginal times, and a set of symbols for their compact and unambig- uous designation in discussion and in graphic representation. At the same time the presentation of these elementary data will serve to show the ground that has been covered in the Survey and to give an idea of the work remaining to be done. The Survey originated from an attempt by S. Klimek, who came to the University of California in 1933 as Rockefeller Fellow, to analyze native Californian culture into its elements, and then, with the aid of statistical techniques, to clas- sify and determine its internal history. He chose California as a field because, during thirty years preceding, a series of ethnologists, begin- ning with Goddard and myself, had undertaken eth- nographic field studies of the California tribes with a consecutiveness which promised a greater fullness and areal continuity of comparable data than were likely to be available els,ewhere. These ethnographic studies had been instituted under the direction of F. W. Putnam in 1901, on the organization of a Department and Museum of Anthro- pology at the University, as the Ethnological and Archaeological Survey of California, and passed, after his retirement, to the general direction of myself. These older studies were supported first by direct gift from Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, later by University appropriations, finally by grants from the University s Board of Research, and, with gradual expansion to adjacent areas, are still continuing. Klimek found in our publications and note- books suffiQient data to complete his study as planned. However, his search revealed to us at the University a shocking irregularity and incom- pleteness of data. We had made many field studies of considerable intensivity, besides more pre- liminary ones; but they were diverse in scope and orientation-in weighting of interest. Much less exactly comparable material could therefore be extracted from them than should have been possi- ble. To a considerable degree, each field ethnog- rapher had set himself his own problems, and con- cerned himself minimally with the comparability of his data. To be sure, comparisons had been made; but they were either narrowly local, as between adjacent tribes, or they tendea to be impressionistic, documented by evidence that was only partial-in both senses of the word. It did seem possible to remedy these defi- ciencies by new field studies having compara- bility as their conscious aim; and it was in- dicated that the data sought should be definable items, specific traits, in other words elements of culture; and that they should be secured as numerously and evenly as possible. These desid- erata in turn suggested something between a full mnemonic key and a questionnaire as a working tool; and with considerable overcoming of re- sistances to something so foreign to all our previous habits and traditions of living eth- nographic study, I decided upon the course. Field work carried on with lists of traits, and with emphasis on notation of their absence as well as occurrence, was undertaken, first among the groups in California, and then ex- tended to include a representative sampling of tribes west of the Rocky Mountains from southern Alaska to the Mexican border. The cost of these field studies was met primarily by grants made by the University's Institute of Social Sciences from funds received from the Rocikefeller Founda- tion; and was supplemented by additional alloca- tions from the University's Board (now Committee) of Research and from the Fundusz Kultury Naro- dowej, of Poland. Works Progress Administration employees contributed heavily to the clerical labor of preparing questionnaires, copying lists and notes, checking these, and in other ways. The first list was filled in May, 1934, among the Northern Yana, by Gifford, with Klimek as- sisting; the last, in July, 1938, by Essene, with myself present. Between these dates, 20 trips were made by 13 different field investiga- tors, who brought back 279 filled-in lists. Of these, 15 are second lists secured from one tribe by the same investigator working with a different informant. The reverse procedure, of two investigators separately interrogating the identical informant, was employed four times: with the Achomawi, Kalekau Pomo, Shivwits Paiute, and Papago. Besides, there are several duplications from different informants of the same tribe by separate investigators: Tolowa, Kato, Owens Valley Paiute, Death Valley Shoshone, Southern Ute, Goshute. These duplications were deliberate, both as a check on reliability and as a help toward tying together the blocks of lists secured by different field workers. They [435] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS reduce the number of separate tribes or groups on which data were secured from 279 to 254. The lists have altered as the Survey has pro- gressed. The earlier ones were brief, consisted largely of traits obtruding in the published mono- graphs, and therefore tended to be weighted ac- cording to the interests of these monographs. We were also inclined to adhere primarily to the items in the prepared questionnaire and to rele- gate to the notes new traits that came up during the interviewing. It is easy to see now, in ret- rospect, that we were overimpressed by the pos- sibilities of statistical interpretation and therefore sought regularity and conformity of results at the expense of data giving as complete a picture as possible of the total culture. The later lists are longer: in part because they were prepared with more forethought for eventualities in the region concerned, and especially because informants were encouraged to develop initiative, so that the lists often altered and grew heavily during the field work. One of the last and full- est bodies of material, that collected by Erminie Voegelin in Northeast California, was in fact se- cured without a questionnaire or even a fixed list. She took with her into the field only a full body of mnemonic stimuli, and built her list from the Indian responses as they accumulated. Driver, Drucker, and Julian Steward were particu- larly alert in contributing to this freer devel- opment, from which all subsequent field workers profited. The result is that our later data are not only fuller but much more representative eth- nographically. Superficially they appear to have lost some statistical comparability. The same or similar items often appear in verbally'different form, so that competent ethnographic judgment is needed to decide whether they are identical or not. This is, however, far better than operating with predetermined categories and remaining un- sure how far collectors may have felt duty-bound to force cultural facts into these. What has been 1In the old missionized district of the cen- tral California coast, between Los Angeles and San Francisco, the Indians are extinct or ab- sorbed. Some partial recollection of the old culture remains here and there in the memories of scattered individuals, living and passing as Mexicans. To find these is time-consuming; to apply to them a technique intended for reserva- tion and government-protected Indians recogniz- ing themselves as Indians would hardly be feas- ible, or at best extremely difficult. We there- fore accepted gratefully from J. P. Harrington, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, his offer to fill a questionnaire from his notebooks, so far as his data allowed. This is the source of the lists from 18 informants of 11 tribal groups which constitute block "N," as itemized below. Many of the data were obtained by Harrington twenty and thirty years before and could no longer be secured by field work. These Harring- ton lists differ somewhat in character from all the others: they average shorter and contain fewer negations; but they are extremely impor- tant through providing partially comparable ma- terial for an area which otherwise would have remained blank. lost, in this development of procedure, in readi- ness of the data for mechanical application of counting and computing techniques is more than made up for by increased ethnographic significano and reliability. In short, the shift during the past five years has been definitely back from a quantitative to an ethnographic emphasis. At that, there remain superabundant data for statistical treatment-enough for many years of work. We must have secured in the Survey in the neighborhood of half a million particularized and localized items of cultural fact. With the nontabular supplemental notes included, the nuim- ber may well be nearer a million. Even with the simplest formulae used for coefficients, it is evident that the mere labor of counting agree- mernts and disagreements in lists averaging two to three thousand items from two to three hundred tribes is going to be enormous. And this concerns only intertribal correlations-the geographical. classification of cultures. When it comes to the intertrait correlations, and the problems of how far their adhesions are or are not organic or functional, it is a matter of intercorrelations between five or ten thousand or more items. Ob- viously this is humanly impossible. Driver has begun the development of a method of pooling tribes and traits to abbreviate the process. But even this abridgment will evidently be applicable only to limited fields at a time. Whatever the outcome may be along these lines of analysis, it is evident that we have assembled through the Culture Element Survey a mass of cultural facts probably unparalleled in volume and certainly so in territorial continuity. Our first task is to edit and publish the data. At this writing, April, 1939, there have been issued parts I to VIII of Culture Element Distri- butions; parts IX and X are being manufactured;- parts XII to XIV have been edited and are await- ing printing. Other parts are being or will be edited as soon as possible. The following preliminary or partial inter- pretive studies have been made or are in progress Driver has published Culture Element Distribu- tions: VIII, on Reliability. Intertribal correlations have been computed fo1 almost all the larger blocks of lists. Some of these have been published, or submitted for pab- lication, with the respective lists: Pomo, Oregon Coast, Northwest California, Apache-Pueblo. The others will prospectively be published together in a special paper. As the geographical range of any one block of lists is limited, the signifi- cance of such a set of coefficients is ordinaril not very wide. They do, however, reveal minor Abbreviated CED, as in the list beyond. Parts I-IV were issued in University of California Pub- lications in American Archaeology and Ethnology (UC-PAAE), volume 37, nos. 1-4, 1935-1937; parts V-X, in University of California Anthropological Records (UC-AR), volume 1, nos. 1-6, 1937-1939. Future parts will follow in other volumes of Anthropological Records. iI i I I I I I I I Ii 436 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: XI-KROEBER: TRIBES SURVEYED cultural groupings and cleavages; and they do serve as an internal check on the accuracy and reliability of the material in the lists. Three somewhat broader sets of statistical computations have been undertaken with WPA assistance. The first combines the Southern Sierra and Central Sierra material, the list for the latter, handled by Aginsky, having been based on the former by Driver. Similarly, four sets of lists which cover the Great Basin all stem from one by Julian Steward. Here also it was possible to compute agreements by selecting identical or obviously equivalent elements from the four lots. This count will yield coefficients of intergroup similarity for some fifty Ute, Southern Paiute, Shoshone, and Northern Paiute tribes or bands. The third comparison concerns the Northwest Coast as a whole, from the Tlingit to the Mattole, and is really the by-product of an ethnographically oriented digest by Drucker of the lists collected by himself, Barnett, Gun- ther, Jacobs, and Driver. This interpretative di- gest is being expressed both descriptively and tabularly; the latter in turn facilitates sta- tistical expression of the cultural relations within the area. Driver has completed an intensive analysis of one culture complex, the Girls' Puberty Rite. This was begun two or more years ago, so that list data were available from only little more than half of our 250-odd tribes; but most of the total area of the Survey is covered. Driver has also supplemented the lists with all previously published data. It is significant that, as re- gards number of items, these proved in a heavy minority as against the list data in the Survey. Driver's work is in two parts: the first ethno- graphic, in the customary sense of the word; the second, statistical. Margaret Lantis, as part of her work as WPA Supervisor, is preparing two interpretative, nonstatistical papers: one on Black Magic, the other on Sweating. The latter was deliberately chosen as a "functional" topic. I have in preparation an ethnographic digest and interpretation of the Survey data on Salt, Tobacco, and Dogs, all of them subjects of a certain discreteness and specificity and with features of "use" as prominent as "form." It will be seen that most of these comparative studies are not concerned primarily with mate- rial culture." The idea that a list approach might have a certain value for the tangible aspects of culture but would fail for the intangibles was never properly founded and can now be consid- ered disproved by the results. Certain subjects lend themselves more and others less readily to particularistic, itemizing approach; but the difference is not on a basis of their material- ity, In fact, I consider technological topics among the more difficult ones to secure by any questionnaire method. The moment one passes be- yond general and elementary features, the list approach begins to require technological train- ing and competence greater than the average American ethnographer possesses. It is generally easier for him to secure fairly reliably the rules of a game, or the elements of a ritual, or prescribed and prohibited marriages, all of which are intangibles. What is indispensable is clarity of the concepts dealt with; and this is per se no more easily attained for material than for non- material parts of culture, or vice versa. Because it is important, I wish also to re- peat what I have said before, that our list method, or any approach of questionnaire type, can only be used properly by workers who have had good general anthropological training plus previous ethnographic experience with natives. In addition, it is highly desirable that they shall have had some personal experienc.e with one or more of the cultures to be investigated, or at any rate with some related culture. Finally, I cannot say too much in recognition of the wholehearted support of my many collabora- tors in this work-colleagues, students, profes- sional associates from the University of Washing- ton, Columbia, Yale, and the Smithsonian, and Works Progress Administration typists, clerks, computers, and draftsmen. The Survey was inev- itably a co-operative undertaking. As a program it was unorthodox and open to many doubts; but the collaborators did not falter. Particular appreciation is due Klimek, who first stimulated us into thinking along new lines; Gifford, who assumed the onus of the first, untried, and therefore necessarily imperfect data-collecting; and Driver, my most loyal and relentless critic, who thereby contributed immeasurably to the im- provement of our procedures. NOTES ON THE TRIBAL LIST In the enumeration of tribes and groups that follows, the abbreviations are those used on the key map and at the heads of columns in the tabu- lar lists. The blocks of lists secured each by one investigator in a given area in one trip are designated by capital letters, assigned as well as was possible in geographical order. Thus, A-NH stands for the Hupachisat Nootka, in block A on the Northern Northwest Coast; F-Ti, for the Tillamook on the Oregon Coast block F. Certain abbreviations repeat; thus Wa for Walpi and Washo; but in a broader comparison these would appear as Q-Wa and U-Wa. It seemed desirable to preserve as much mnemonic value as possible for the abbreviations, and yet minimize the repeats. Hence Kalispel appears as Kp, Karok as Kl and K2, Kato as Ka, Kabedile and Kalekau Pomo as Kb and Kl. The latter daes recur for Klamath, but as K-Kl instel4 of I-Kl. Considerations of ready reference intelligibility within the area of a block of lists, and within the frame of the to- tal Survey, had to be balanced, and quite likely we did not always make the most apt choice of symbol. Authors had already committed themselves, in notes and discussions on their lists, to some abbreviations longer than two letters; as Chim 437 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS for Chimariko, Y-Koch for Kocheyali Yokuts, LuSa for Luiseno of Saboba, S-Bty for Shoshone of Beatty. These abbreviations are therefore retained as alternates, though on the map they appear as Cm, Yk, LS, Sb, within areas G, M, 0, T. Where a considerable number of lists have been obtained from subdivisions of certain peoples or national- ities, the first letter in the two-letter abbre- viations stands for the larger group; a follow- ing numeral, or lower-case letter alphabetically applied, or capital or lower-case letter mnemon- ically chosen, designating the subdivision. Thuo L-Ml,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9: Miwok M-Mt,h,p,e,w: Mono M-Ymi,i,k,n,t,u,w,d,l,p: Yokuts O-Cl,2,3,4,5: Cahuilla O-D1,2,3,4,5,6: Diegueno R-UM,U,P,T,C,l,2,W: Ute R-SA,S,K,J: Southern Paiute T-Sa-o, S-Sp-s: Shoshone LIST OF AREAS, TRIBES, AND GROUPS SURVEYED A. Northwest Coast. (Drucker.) 18 lists.- NH NT NC N2 KK KR KW BC KO KC KX TH TG GK HS LS LC Nootka, Hupachisat Nootka, Tsishaat Nootka, Clayoquot Nootka, Clayoquot Kwakiutl, Koskimo Kwakiutl, Kwexa Kwakiutl, Wikeno Bella Coola (Salish) Kwakiutl, Oyalit and Owiklit (Bella Bella) Kwakiutl, China Hat (Xaihais) Kwakiutl, Xaisla Tsimshian, Hartley Bay (Kitqata) Tsimshian proper, Gilutsa, Ginaxangik, Gitsilasu Gitksan (Upper Skeena Tsimshian), Kispi- yox, Kitanamaks Haida, Massett (N. Haida) Haida, Skidegate (S. Haida), Skedans division Tlingit, Sanyakwan (Cape Fox) Tlingit, Chilkat B. Gulf of Georgia. (Barnett.) 13 lists. Pub- lished, CED:IX, 1939.-_ ES East Sanetch (Incomplete) Cw Cowichan proper Na Nanaimo (a Cowichan division) Pe Pentlatch Kw Kwakiutl now at Cam bell River and Cape Midge) Incomplete R Cx Comox (formerly at Campbell River and Cape Mudge) Sl Slaiamun 1 (Powell River Comox) (Incom- plete) S2 Slaiamun 2 (Powell River Comox) (Incom- plete) Kl Klahuse (Toba Inlet Comox) Ho Homalco (Bute Inlet Comox) Se Sechelt (Jervis Inlet Comox) S Squamish WS West Sanetch C. Puget Sound. (Gunther.) 4 lists.- Ma Kl Sk Du Makah Klallam Skokomish Duwamish D. Plateau. (Ray.) 17 lists.- Ki K2 Wn Sn K St Li Th Ch Ca Ku Fl Co Kittitas Kittitas (informant 2) Wenatchi Sanpoil Kalispel Shu swap Lillooet Thompson, Lower Chilcotin Carrier, Lower Kutenai Flathead Coeur dl'Alene E. Kalapuya. (Jacobs.) 2 lists. SK Santiam Kalapuya TK Tualatin Kalapuya F. Oregon Coast. (Barnett.) 10 lists. Pub- lished, CED:VII, 1937.- To Tolowa (cf. G-To). From notes, not fiela work Ch Chetco Gl Galice Creek G2 Galice Creek Tu Tututni SR Sixes River. Ku Coos Si Siuslaw Al .Alsea Ti Tillamook G. Northwest California. (Driver.) 16 lists. Published, CED:X, 1939. To Tol Tolowa (cf. F-To). Cm Chim Chimariko Kl Kar 1 Upper Karok K2 Kar 2 Lower Karok Yl Yur 1 Yurok (Martin?s Ferry) Y2 Yur 2 Yurok (Requa) Wy Wiyot Wiyot (Eel River) Hi Hip 1 Hapa 132 ap 2 Hupa Cl Chil Chilula VD Van D Nongatl, of Van Duzen River Mt Matt Mattole Sl Sin 1 Sinkyone, of South Fork of Eel River S2 Sin 2 Sinkyone, of U pper Mattole River Ka Kato Kato (cf. H-Ka) CY C Yuki Coast Yuki H. Round Valley. (Essene.) 4 lists.- Kl Kalekau (N Pomo) (cf. I-Kl, same inform- ant) CL Kl Te Um Chinook, Lower Klikitat Tenino (Wayampam) Umatilla . I i I i I 4 ii I I I 438 I CULT?RE ETLM. DISTRIB.: XI-KROEBER: TRIBES 9URVEYED Ka Kato (of. G-Ka) La Lassik Yu Yuki I. Pomo Area. (Gifford.) 20 lists. Published, CED;IV, 1937.- RP River Patwin, of Grimes HP Hill Patwin, of Lodoga LM Lake Miwok, of Middletown Kb Kabedile (N Pomo) Kl Kalekau, Sherwood Valley (N Pomo) (cf. H-Kl, same informant) BW Buldan-Willits (N Pomo) Kc Kacha, Walker Valley (N Pomo) SN Shanel (North), Potter Valley (N Pomo) Ic Icheche, Point Arena (Central Pomo) Yo Yokaia, Ukiah (Central Pomo) SS Shanel (South), Ho pland (Central Pomo) Me Meteni, Fort Ross ISW Pomo) Mu Mukanno, near Santa Rosa (S Pomo) Ma Makabmo, Cloverdale (S Pomo) Ha Habenapo, Big Valley (E Pomo) Ci Shigom, Lucerne (E Pomo) Ko Koi, Lower Lake (SE Pomo) El Elem, Sulphur Bank (SE Pomo) NE Northeast (Salt) Pomo, Stonyford (NE Pomo) IN Hill Wintun (Nomlaki),of Paskenta J. Yana. (Gifford-Kliimek.) 2 lists. Published, CED:II, 1936. - YN Yana, Northern YC Yana, Central Northeast California. (E. Voegelin.) 16 439 M7 NM-B Northern Miwok, Buena Vista (In- complete) M8 NM-I Northern Miwok, Indian Diggins M9 NM-P Northern Miwok, Pine Grove M. Southern Sierra. (Driver.) 23 lists. Pub- lished, CED:VI, 1937.- Mt M-Tuh Western Mono, Tuhudwadj Mh M-aod Western Mono, Hodogida Mp M-Wop Western Mono, Woponuch Me M-Ent Western Mono, Ent mbich Mw M-Wak Western Mono, Waksachi Ym Y-Chuk Yokuts, Chukaimina Yi Y-Choi Yokuts, Choinimni Yk Y-Koch Yokuts, Kocheyali Yn Y-Nut' Yokuts, Nutunutu Yt Y-Tach Yokuts, Tachi Yu Y-Chun Yokuts, Chunut Yw Y-Wuk Yokuts, Wukchamni Yd Y-Yaud Yokuts, Yaudanchi Yl Y-Yaul Yokuts, Yauelmani Yp Y-Pal Yokuts, Paleuyami KB K-Bank Kern River, Bankalachi KT K-Tub Kern River, Tibatulabal Ka U-Kaw Ute-Chemehuevi, Kawaiisu PD P-Dth Panamint, Death Valley (of. T-Sa: PS P-Sal Panamint, Saline Valley PK P-Koso Panamint, Koso area OI O-Ind Owens Valley Paiute (E Mono), of Independence OB O-BP Owens Valley Paiute (E Mono), of Big Pine N. Central California Coast. (Harrineton.) 18 lists. 11 groups; no field work.- Kl Klamath, of Klamath Marsh Mo Modoc, of Tule Lake SE Shasta, Eastern, of Shasta Valley SW Shasta, Western, of Klamath and Rogue rivers At Atsugewi (Hat Creek) AW Achomawi, Western (Achomawi proper) AE Achomawi, Eastern (Hammawi) (cf. U-AE, same informant) WT Wintu, Trinity River or Hayfork WM Wintu, McCloud River WS Wintu, Sacramento River (upper) MM Maidu, Mountain (NE), Indian Valley MF Maidu, Foothill (NW), Dogwood, Cherokee, Yankee Hill NF Nisenan, Foothill, Stanfield Hill or Yuba River NM Nisenan, Mountain, northerly NS Nisenan, Southern (of mountains) MV Maidu, Valley.(NW), vicinity of Chico Central Sierra. (Aginsky.) 13 lists.- Yj Ma Mn Ys ml M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Yo-Sj Mo-Au Mo-NF Yo-Ch SM-A CM-T SM-G CM-M NM-W PM-L Cn Costanoan, norther Cs Costanoan, souther An Antoniano Salinan Mi Migueleno Salinan In Inezeno Chumash Ba Barbareno Chumash Ve Venturenfo Chumash Em Enigdiano Chumash Ki Kitanemuk Serrano Fe Fernandenio Ga Gabrielino (lists lists Bl, B2) lists Vl, V2, V3, V4) (lists Kl, K2) G1, G2, G3) 0. Southern California. (Drucker.) 18 lists. Published. CED:V. 1937.- Se C1 C3 C4 C5 Cu LS LT LP Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Yu Cv Yokuts, San Joaquin, at Friant, Valley dialect Mono, Auberry (Gashowu) Mono, Northfork Yokuts, Chukchansi, Hill dialect, Coar segold Southern Miwok, Ahwahnee Central Miwok, Tuolumne Southern Miwok, Groveland Central Miwok, Murphy Northern Miwok, Westpoint Plains Miwok, Lockford I Serr L DCau ' DCwo PCka MC te MCna Cup Lua LuTe LuPa MDly MDku WDma WDpa DDly DDkw Yuma Chemn Serrano, of Saboba Desert Cahuilla, Autaatem clan Desert Cahuilla, Wontcaktamyahwic clan Pass Cahuilla, Kauisiktum clan Mountain Cahuilla, Wiwaiistam clan Mountain Cahuilla, Nauhwo'otem clar Cuen'o LUiseno, of Saboba Luiseno, of Temecula Luiseno (now at Pala) Mountain Dieguenfo, Letcap clan Mountain Diegueno, KukuR clan Western Diegueflo, Matawir clan Western Dieguenio (San Pascual Resei vation) Desert Dieguen-o, Letcap clan Desert Dieguenio, KwoL clan Yuma Chemehuevi I ,D ---- - - - - I I 1. - Z- . K I I r 1- I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS P. Yuman-Piman. (Drucker.) 11 lists.- DM Ak Mo Co Ma Pi Pa Yq Yv Wl SS Dieg Akwa Moh Coc Mar Pima Pap Yaq Yav Wal Shiv Dieguenio, Mexican, of La Huerta, Baja California Akwa'ala (in Baja California) Mohave Cocopa (River division) (Incom- plete) Maricopa Pima (Lower Santan) Papago (Akchin and Santa Rosa) (cf. Q-KP, same informant and interpreter) Yaqui (from San Ignacio, Sonora) (Incomplete) Yavapai (NE, Verde Valley) Walapai Shivwits Paiute (cf. R-SS, same in- formant and interpreter) .Apache-Pueblo. (Gifford.) 20 lists. In press, CED:XII. WN Western Navaho (Little Colorado River) EN Eastern Navaho (Hohatchi, New Mexico) NT Northern Tonto A pache, Fossil Creek band (NT to WM are "Western Apache") ST Southern Tonto Apache, 6th semiband SC San Carlos Apache, Pinal band Ci Cibecue Apache, Cibecue band WM White Mountain Apache, Eastern White Mountain band WS Warm Springs Apache, (Chiricahua), Choka- lene, and Chihene bands Hu Huachuca Mountain Apache, (Chiricahua), Shaiahene band Me Mescalero Apache, Central or Ni?ahane band Li Lipan, Western or Tuensane band Ll Llanero division of Jicarilla Apache 01 Ollero division of Jicarilla Apache SU Southern Ute, Wemenuis band (cf. R-UW) Wa Walpi Pueblo (Hopi). (Nothing on religion) Zu Zuni Pueblo. (Nothing on religion) SA Santa Ana Pueblo (Keres). (Nothing on religion) SI San Ildefonso Pueblo (Tewa). (Nothing on religion) KP Kikimai Papago (cf. P-Pa, same informant, same interpreter) HP Hahula Papago (a western group). (Incom- plete) R. Ute-Southern Paiute. (0. Stewart.) 14 lists.- GD Goshute, 'Deep Creek, Pieroagonota band (cf. S-GD) UM Ute, Moanunts (also Moavinunts, Uintah- nunts) JJ Ute, T6mpanbwotsnunts (also Uintah, Pago- nunts) UP Ute, Pahvant UT Ute, Taviwatsiu (White River) UC Ute, M6wataviwatsiu (Uncompahgre) Ul Ute, Mdwatci or M6wats U2 Ute, X6watci or Mowats UW Ute, Wimonuntci or Wimbnuntsi (Uncompahgre) (cf. Q-SU) SA Southern Paiute, Antarianunts SS Southern Paiute, Shivwits (cf. P-SS, same informant and interpreter) SK Southern Paiute, Kaibab SJ Southern Paiute, San Juan NN Northwestern Navaho (now in San Juan S Paiute area) S. Northeast Shoshoni. (J. Steward.) 7 lists Ss S-Lemhi Shoshoni, Lemhi: bands Tuka-diika and Agai-duka Sr S-FtHl Shoshoni, Bohogue, of Fort Hall Ba NP-Ban Northern Paiute-speaking Ban- nock, of Fort Hall Sq S-GrsCr Shoshoni, of Grouse Creek: Tuba. diika band Sp S-Prom Shoshoni, Promontory Point, Cach Valley, HukUnduka, Pankwi-duka' GS GS-SklV Gosiute, Skull Valley GD GS-DpCr Gosiute, Deep Creek (cf. R-GD) T. Nevada Shoshoni. (J. Steward.) 19 lists. FS FL SM Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Si Sm Sn So MC press, CED:XIII. - NP-FSp Northern Paiute, of Fish Sprin Owens Valley NP-FLk Northern Paiute, of Fish Lake Valley (nr. Dyer, Nevada) SP-Ash Southern Paiute, of Ash Meadow California S-DthV Shoshoni, of Death Valley (cf. M-PD) S-Bt>. Shoshoni, of Beatty S-Lifa Shoshoni, of Lida S-GSmV Shoshoni, of Great Smoky Valle S-SmCr Shoshoni, of Smith Creek Valle S-RsRi Shoshoni, on upper Reese River S-Mor Shoshoni, of Morey S-Hmlt Shoshoni, of Hamilton S-Ely Shoshoni, of Ely S-SprV Shoshoni, of Spring Valley and Antelope and Snake valleys S-Elko Shoshoni, of Elko S-Egan Shoshoni, of Egan Canyon S-RubV Shoshoni, of Ruby Valley S-SnRv Shoshoni, of Snake River S-BtlM Shoshoni, of Battle Mountain NP-MC Northern Paiute, of Mill City Is y y s' U. Northern Paiute. (0. Stewart.)) 14 lists. h press, CED:XIVT- Ts Tasiget-tuviwarai: Winnemucca and Spanis Spring valleys Kl Kuyui-d6kado': lower Truckee River, Pyra- mid and Winnemucca lakes K2 Kuyui-d6kadd Ku Kiipa-d6kad6: lower Humboldt River and Humboldt Sink To Toe-dokado: Carson Sink, Carson Lake, lower Carson River T6 Tovusi-d6kado': Smith and Mason valleys and upper Walker River Pa Pakwi-dokado: Walker Lake, Soda Spring Valley, and at Hawthorne Wa Washo: Lake Tahoe At Atsa'kudokwa-tuviwarai: Quinn River Sa Sawa'wakt6do'-tuviwarai: middle Humboldt River (nr. Winnemucca) Tg Tagd-toka: Owyhee River Wd Wada-d6kAd6: Malheur Lake and River Ore. Ki Kiduf-d6kado': Surprise Valley (Calif.) AE Achomawi: upper Pit River (Calif.) (cf. K-AE, same informant) - - - - - - I -- - - - I -- --- --. - s. :s I i I i 440 I I I I I I I I