ANTHRPOLOGICAL RECORDS . t1:46 7 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTR1BUTION:XI NORTHWVEST CALIFORNIA Allb" 'BY .HAROLD E. DRIVER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1939 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: X NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA BY HAROLD E. DRIVER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 1, No. 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, R. H. LOWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume i, No. 6, pp. i-vi + 297-433, I map Transmitted December 7, 1937 Issued July 5, 1939 Price, $I.25 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOjtNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presen- tation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page ace.o9oooo ooooooV idaction . . .... ..... ...0* ..... .. .. GO........................ 297 thography ......................306 ibal abbreviations. .. . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . o .. . . . . . . 307 ormants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 ols in the element list. .. . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . 308 re element distribution list ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 bistence, elements 1-424 .. .................... . 309 ses, 425-667 .... . .ID. . . . . ...... .. .317 igation, 658-682. ...... . . ....... 322 ining, 683-688 ......... .. . o . ! * o o o . . . . o o o . o . . o322 d transportation, 689-722 .o 322 hnology, 723-840 . 323 apons, 841-923 .. 326 dy and dress. 924-1140.8 .s 38 ing; cordage, 1141-1257 .. 333 ey and beads, 1258-1280 .. o336 p; tobacco, 1281-1310 ...... ....... . ........ o 337 ical instruments, 1311-1365 .337 s, 1366 -1565 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * 338 ting, mnemonic devices; calendar; astronomy, meteorology, cosmology, 1566-1646 .342 iage; berdaches; kinship avoidances, 1647-1809 .44 th, 1810-1941 348 I's puberty; menstruation of mature women, 1942-(2040 .351 th, 2041-2205 . 353 ial stratification; chiefs and officials; war and feuds, 2206-2364 357 ism, 2364a-2558 360 onies, 2559-2709 364 ols, 2710-2766 .368 ta denied by all informants .370 phic notes on the element list . o . . o o . o o . . o . .............................. -374 ces ical ethnographic and methodological inferences. By A. L. Kroeber 425 7or-cell values underlying coefficients 430 rok world-renewal ceremony at Inam 431 Phy. ....-.... o o . . . o............... .433 TEXT FIGURE efficients 426 MAP 1 territories and origin of informants vi [iii ] PREFACE The data presented here were obtained in the field from August 1O to October 30, 1935, at which time the author was research assistant for the Department of Anthropology, University of California. The aims and scope of this paper are the same as those of preceding distribution studies of this series. The material has not been checked in detail against previous field reports in the area. It should not be used for final conclusions until this is done. However, it represents the desoriptions of the informants as truthfully as I have been able to conceptualize and transcribe them. It is not a completely independent record because I read the previous literature before and during the field work. On the other hand, the recompilation from field notes into the present form has not been directly influenced by other re- ports. I am aware of numerous contradictions with the litera- ture to date and am convinced that many are errors by myself or my informants. The differences between the pairs of Yurok, Hipa, and Karok informants are significant in this respect. The two Karok lists come from local groups which doubtles.s have same tt'ue differences in culture. A special study of the reliibility of this and other field data has appeared as Culture Element Distributions: VIII of this series. I wish to thank Mr. George W. Bayley for showing me a number of Karok photographs, mostly from Somes Bar. r~~~~ < Yap ~ ~ ~~4 1.LKU erinre n rii fifomat dt CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: X NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA BY HAROLD E. DRIVER INTRODUCTION * is section is concerned chiefly with theory. simpler than standard ethnography. It is definitely prpose is to bring my point of view, which more difficult when done rapidly and effectively, ra iin certain respects from Kroeber' s and because the ethnographer is automatically making a ks, up to date. comparative study as he fills in each list and leld technigue.-This section attempts to describes each local group. l a number of false ideas concerning the The present report and my earlier Southern d technique of the culture element program. Sierra Nevada study published as CED: VI were done e the field program started, in 1934, there in thirteen months, including preparation before been an increasing tendency to stay longer going into the field, field work, and writing. I ch locality and to rely more and more on believe they are less satisfactory than.later teer testimony. Gifford and Klimek worked work, especially when compared to Erminie Voege- a single day with some and never more than lin's Northeast California results (in manuscript days with any of the Yana and Pomo inform- at this time). While Mrs. Voegelin had the advan- When Drucker and I surveyed Southern Cali- tage of our previous basic work, the additional .a and Southern Sierra Nevada areas respec- time which she was able to spend in the field and ly, we started on a three-day schedule and in writing up the material seems to me to show ed longer occasionally. Some of the later definitely in her work. Ltrips have averaged five or six days of ac- Kroeber has correctly stated that the present work with each informant, a week each in- element list is overloaded with northern traits ing traveling. The result is longer lists of and underloaded with southern. The reasons for its, more supplementary notes, or both. this are. several: (1) I did not spend time enough I would judge that almost half of the positive preparing the prefield list; (2) Gifford's Pomo les in all culture element field reports, list was much briefer than later lists and offered tainly in the later ones, were filled in from less from which to select; (3) informants in the entially volunteer testimony. We have all north were much better and volunteered more; (4) rted inquiry on a topic by asking the Indian the Coast Yuki and Kato were worked last and it 'tell us in his own way about something. For did not seem practical to add many items which le, "How did they play the hand game?" As would have only one or two positive occurrences. talked we filled in the element list and wrote This is only part of the result of insufficient tional information in a notebook or on the planning. The rest is that only about half the sof list pages. Then when the informant be- items in Barnett's Oregon Coast list (published to slow up, which usually was after the de- as CED: VII) and the present one are compa- itive points had been given, we began to ask rable.l cific questions. Even specific questions can Correlations comnputed from raw data such as t in completion form, such as, "How many these, not checked in detail against museum speci- s did you use to keep score?" It is still mens or the previously published literature and necessary to suggest the answer in the ques- subject to the type of sampling error shown by . The speed of the program is explained Kroeber, can at best give the more general gely by the fact that it takes less time to groupings of tribes. ord plus and minus signs than to write out a Formulas.2 - In the past few years quantita- se the length of an average element descrip- tive ethnologists have devoted considerable space The other chief time-saving factor is the to a discussion of correlation formulas. No gen- oic value of the list itself to the ethnog- eral agreement has been reached to date because r. He has before him a large number of facts there is a confusion between the purely mathemati- leads, which greatly facilitates the construc- cal properties of formulas and inferences drawn of questions to the informant. Time is saved from their numerical results. It is generally ad- by a rapid barrage of questions and the fill- mitted that the absolute values of correlation in of pluses and minuses from the Indian's coefficients have little meaning in ethnology. ts, but by organizing the questioning and the The argument has been chiefly over which formula ording of responses. gives the most satisfactory rank order of coeffi- ;Contrary to what most ethnographers seem to be- cienlts in an intercorrelation table. In the pages veelment- li st work i s no t intrins ically 1See CSD: YI II- -The Re liab ility of Culture ' In t;ae preparation of this paper, Works Prog- Bl~ement Data, UC-AR 1; 205-.219, 1938. i b Ad.ministrations employees were usedL, 2This section is from myr Phn.D. thesis, 1936. p ~~~~~~~~~~~~[297] 298 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS and diagrams to follow, it will be shown that used b Gifford and Kroeber. The several fo formulas used to date give identical rank orders r and are thoroughly discussed by Pearson, when the distributions compared are symmetrical, Yule, and Heron. rt can now be computed in that is, when each trait or tribe has exactly 50 or three minutes from Thurstone's diagrams a per cent positive and 50 per cent negative en- contrary to Kroeber and Chretien, is no long tries.- Differences are brought about by different practically forbidding.3 degrees and different directions of skewness. Because the greatest possible range of G, -To show the effect of skewness on various T, and W is 1.00 to 00 and that of forms of measures of relationship, I have constructed five and Q +1,00 to -1.00, I have shown the short diagrams. These are the formulae compared: scale on the right ordinate and the long sca on the left and have Vlotted G, A, T, and W + _ the short scale and r s and Q's on the long The series of fourfold tables at the bottom0 Let the fourfold + a+b diagram are samples, chosen arbitrarily, fr table be - c , a c+d used to compute formulas at about 20 ordina a+c, b+d N Diagrams 1-4 hold asymmetry constant and correlation. The choice of rt as the x axis rbk ad-bc which the curves of other formulas are plott y'V (a+c)(b+d)(a+b)(c+d) not meant to imply that rt is the best fo Diagram 1 shows that when both variables = ad-bc the fourfold table are symmetrical, allmea ad+bc give parallel results. In fact the per cent any one of the four cells would be an adequi measure of correlation because under these X Qs = Sin 900 rhk conditions the value in one cell determines in the other cells. a Diagram 2 shows the results of a definite G = j (a+b)(a+c) amount of positive asymmetry in both variabi Diagram 3 gives the results of the same of negative asymmetry in both variables. A = 1/2 (-a + a Diagram 4 shows what happens when there i 2a+b a+c positive asymmetry for one variable and negt for the other. T = a Because both kinds and all amounts of as a+b+c frequently exist together in a single table intercorrelation, such as in Klimek's tables W a+d it is easy to see that a given value of a ce N formula (say Q. = 0) may be equated to a hig value of another (A, G, T, or W) on one oc Formula for r : and a low one on another. Anyone who doubts can compute a sample of intertrait per cents, N {c+dw (b+ ) G, T, and W) from Klimek's tables and compar _____________ t them with his results from Qs. rt + xx' rt2 + Diagram 5 will perhaps make this point ci 2.10 Forms of r and Q are held constant at zero, A, G, T, and W are varied over their entire (x2-l)(x'-~l) C:4rt3 + simply by varying asymmetry. (x 3-3x(x el -x' 4 +There are certain situations where certa" formulas produce utter nonsense. These are l trated by hypothetical distributions (x'-6x2+~3)(x'-6x'2+3) t~- .... Tribes: a b c d e f g h i j Trait l.... + where x = deviation of one variable from its mean Trait 2.... + in terms of standard deviation, x' the same for Comparing these two trait distributions we f the other variable; z 2= e-2 which is the A = .00, G = .00, T = .00, W = .80, Q2 = -1 ( w__N7 _ nrt= -1.00, rhk = -.11, Qe = -.17. The value ordinate of the normal probability curve at x, z' in this situation is completely misleading. the same for the other variable at x'. crude summation of common presences and c rt is the tetrachoric r of Pearson; rik, usual- sences is a hopeless procedure. It is obvio ly called the Boas-Yulean r but discovered earlier high "relationship" between two distribution by Pearson; Q*, the simple Q of Yule; Qe, a trigo- be the result of some common presences. nometric function of rb: suggested by Pearson as an approximation to rt which involved a great aKobe n Ck te, 98 amount of labor before the appearance of Shep- reranChti,98 pard 's tables to facilitate its calculation; W, Klmek, 1935, tables 2-6. [ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~MLTUE ELI. DISTRI.: X--DRIVER: NORTWST CALIFORNI 299 St"21X iNS3E333 E E E-t-t lzt-L.llot[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 00E W > % 9 1 -1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t - 00 S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FT''S+ 00 g '1 t'S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 00S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Wg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 m ~~~~~~~~++ +4+ E g 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ql lSl!I'l'lil!!tlii'l,?'l',il55ttlil'it I8,LII l,Ifli* --;m+j t-ts~-tt+riXlie t at--1R +-4- F l!fliillil!illf ilf liiil ilb; 'iiF;+ l!ji; lullil !l i s w . $ < i+ 4W -n . !. l',i ,1' _ ; + w t - - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~41 i3 J .I I wF~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 i I a w 1 =~~~~~~~~~~~4 1l.1 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~44 4+4 _11 TW, +-'. 1 I 11 * r 1v r_ +rLTZ X | *-r l _ - -~~ ^ t I s | w w w * lw _ _X - m 2 1i_ + x _ v l _ | J , F_ T _ -4- 1 r = t - t $ i i t InJ~4 300ANHOOOIAREOD ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .* .. ....... _ aoii 7 n - i. = . | J*w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 15~~~~~~~~~~~~ 77-t- ''. Af - , ! g -- ' i '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I S _< -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 .i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 301 : tt $g!||?i2|i>;:k.. -$_. . f5__ ~<....-.. . --.....+r . _ - 4 e i t 1;; L L > 2 < E---i4X p --- ---- ---- -| |- 4-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 4 H.~~~~~~~~~~~~ +4~~~~ 44~~~~~- -i 4- 4X 4r- IS -X-rz-iW -*-4t4- 4 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ J7--H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 4 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 4 - t 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 -M - L- + . - 4 4 4- . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- --if- t- w - 9- - '' 4s}-0 H t e StMiC{ .Ti J_ JrS-'L-E-171,' T t,'./!i't . j |: |-rF-' S - 4-- i t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 3I 4 - i-t~ ;t-+ KKf ...;-- 4i T -4 4 -;-4~~~~~~~~~1- JOJ- ] H ''--'+f1 8 ' 4 - 44fl mS < , :--L ; 01 :1'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 11441++~-4 1-!4 -4;- 302 ANTHROPOLOGICAL REGORDS . . . . . . . . . . t J- 4 ?iil -:bh 1 +t TTI- 44- -44- + ?j 4 - -4 -?i-lflj 7Ti il7i i t,-; 1 +Ti -t I Jtt'? ... .... 4+ - 1,14 1 T 4- +f+-, +Fft CULTURE ELEI. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTIEST CALIFORNIA 303 itrvtSe.X -!ti:'l:4 -- 4S F 0 -,t' -.~~~~~~~~~~: 4; i "-4g.t 1} $] *t1 X -4 t m t I : i T F | t T 4 X H H < SL t: g w m4-449Cwm- t i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ffi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l- If -fiItrEW LmBE =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 PAE. 4 -t-4 ELLkBWfs---14-- ---4 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ J _4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -4$w;t;t;4 40 W 14 1> 4 :1+ + |5#eW + 014 3 | i f . 4 A| 4-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o 4"1 L I - - -4- VhLt4TEJitS:A1:41iiI -b--7- .... ...... . ....... 4 4 . _++ ~ ~ ~ -I - -- 304 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS In the following situation, Q. and rt fail nearly symmetrical they give rankings ,similai miserably. other measures, providing the amount of ava. data is equal for all units compared. Both. Tribes: a b c d e f g h i j conditions were satisfied by their data on European languages. But unpercentaged counts Trait 3.... + + ++ summations of them, are dangerous because of, *t 4 + + + + + + + + - - .ation in sheer quantity of information avai Trait 4~. Concerning the use of rank-order comparis Trait 5.... + +++ + - as in Gifford and Kroeber, figures 3-5,6 Id believe they tell us anything. of importance 3:4 3:5 4:5 cannot be read from similar diagrams based -merical intervals on the correlation scale, A .75 .00 .75 in figures 1 and 2 of-the same work. G .71 .00 .71 Recantation.--Since the appearance of a T ..40 .00 .40 written jointly with Kroeber,7 my views on s W .60 .20 .60 tistical ethnology have changed considerably Qe 1.00 -1.00 1.00 Certain points of difference seem important: rt 1.00 -1.00 1.00 enough to be reviewed. rhk .41 - .67 .41 Our chief aim was to establish a more obj Q8 .60 - .87 .60 method for reconstructing history. We imagb that there ought to be a.mathematical form If correlation is to mean anything at all, things which when applied to distributional data, which correlate positively and perfectly with yield numbers which would reflect the major' the same thing must correlate positively and per- torical events, contacts, or changes in an fectly with each, other. In other words, perfect We therefore as,embled some formulas, appli positive correlation must indicate identical dis- them to several sets of data, and "tested" tribution. Q% and rt fail to satisfy this require- formulas according to the nearness of their ment. sults to the more intuitive findings of seve Q, and rhk are functions of each other, so al- ethnologists. It is easy to see that if sta ways give parallel results. I prefer rhk merely tical methods must be tested by more subjeo because its calculation on a slide rule is one methods they are less valid than the latter. step less than Q6. Therefore, I fail to see that we accompLish A, G, and T differ from forms of r and Q in ig- much. noring common absences. This causes the element or Turning to more specific criticisms, wea tribal universe and the total number of elements gued (p. 212) that our method was more valid or tribes .(N) to differ for almost every pair of Tylor's or Hobhouse's because we limited ou elements or tribes compared. There is no tertium to a single culture area, a relatively smxal quid. Qe and rhk maintain a constant universe of continuously distributed tribes. The rea which constitutes the tertium quid. In the long which we touched but did not emphasize is t' run I believe Q. and 1ik yield the most satisfac- considered the geographical positions of t tory arrangement of distribution; as in Klimek's with respect to one another. This had been tables, and at the same time satisfy contemporary previously by Boas .(1895), Czekanowski (1911 correlation theory which demands the tertium quid. Clements .(1926), but not by Tylor (1889) a For the sake of those who have followed Pearson house (1915). and Heron' in favoring rt, it should be emphasized We confused the meaning of XX and P used that the assumption of normal distribution for all Clements (1926). We said that the direct me ethnographic traits is ridiculous. For example, in of correlation was E, and that P merely sta western North America the aboriginal distribution the probability of E being due to chance. of maize in terms of bushels per anTnm per capita incorrect. E is a device suggested to Clemei would not yield a normal curve because maize was Kroeber to simplify the situation. When we totally absent among the vast majority of tribes. (p. 215) that historical relationships are. It is impossible for a normal correlation surface able wholly from these counted E's," we wer to have .00 in one quadrant of the fourfold table pletely ignoring Xe and P, which in that ci' and substantial values in the other three. The should never have been quoted at all. Xs is fact that a large number of ethnographic fourfold a very convenient measure of correlation be tables show .00 in one cell is sufficient reason it has no definite limits such as +1.00 to.; for shelving rt. When its values are converted to P, it may Other numerical devices, such as a or b + c, 15 or 20 decimal places to express a very used recently by Kroeber and Chretien, are unsat- correlation. The objection to this expressl- isfactory in the long run. Where distributions are correlati-on is merely its clumsiness. Its r GBiff ord. and. lroeber, 1937. ?Pearson and Heron, 1913. 7Driver and. Kroeber, 1932. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 305 ore nearly parallel those from forms of r Clements's, and because Spier's reconstruction rather than W, A, G, or T. was more nearly like that generally accepted for n we said (p. 217) that Clements doubted the Plains area, we thought our fornulas were su- r rhk and Q., were applicable to data of perior. I no longer believe one should reconstruct Dance order for reasons of statistical history so directly from numbers. Whatever superior- ,, we were misquoting him. As I remember ity for this purpose our formulas seemed to have versation, he merely expressed caution in shown over others in such tests strikes me as sheer .g any correlation formula to ethnological luck. His doubts applied to all measures alike. The chief purpose of statistics in ethnology, I give a table (p. 223) in which the "known believe, is chiefly to arrange distributed data 8ian interrelationships are ranked in the systematically, such that the pluses and minuses which follows logically from the way in fall in rows and columns. This was first done by the cultures group themselves, in other Klimek and is an important contribution to tech- from the scheme of relationships viewed nique. Any inference or interpretation should be ole." We then proceed to compare the re- derived intuitively from such a table, in prefer- of several formulas with this ideal group- ence to numbers alone. When distributions approach viously cultures do not group themselves. perfect symmetry, or when skewness is nearly uni- s case they were grouped by inspection of form in amount and in the same direction for all t by Kroeber. He had arranged them inde- units correlated, then correlation coefficients tly and some time before I made a parallel have more definite meaning. Under conditions of ex- ent with the G formula, which was my fa- treme variability in both amount and direction of at the time, 1931. I have no quarrel with skewness, a given correlation value can arise from r's intuitive groupings of Polynesian cul- a great variety of distributions, and no formula but I believe this should have been stated can express the ethnographical facts satisfactor- . t Pily. In such a case, the percentaged values in all erning the Plains Indian Sun Dance, we four cells should be given, or a table showing p 227) that our formulas make fewer as- plus and minus entries grouped in rows and columns, os of negative evidence than forms of r or a series of maps. This is not true. A, G, and T make exactly Historical inference.-The best American exposi- e assumptions regarding any body of data tion of methods used to reconstruct history is r formulas. With respect to Spier's orig- still that of Sapir.8 Sapir mentioned a number of hlation of traits, we have all assumed different criteria for inferring past history, and s are minuses. If blanks tended to fall in a rough way ranked them according to validity. minus-minus cell more frequently than any Assuming that this ranking is correct, there are f the fourfold table, then A, G, and T still two important points omitted: (1) how much o more valid because they ignore minus- better or worse is each criterion than the others; .Since we have no evidence that this is (2) how good are any of them. Until we know these , it cannot be used as an argument for facts we cannot reconstruct history with any meas- ormulas. urable amount of accuracy. pie illustration will make this clear. I do not mean to imply by this statement that Tribes: 1 2 3 4 5 6' 7 8 9 10 all historical inferences are invalid and there- Tribes:. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fore not worth anything, but merely that their Trait a.... + + + + + + validity is not measurable. Trait b.... + + + + + Several persons with whom I have conversed seem Trait c.... + + + + + + to think that all statistically minded ethnologists believe that correlations express the probability we mak~ no assumptions whatsoever regard- of a historical inference being correct, or that s. We then get 1.00 for A, G, or T, and all correlations in any body of data are caused by forms of r and Q, among all three pairs purely historical factors. Although this latter ta, because we only have positive informa- statement does seem to be true of the majority, that can only show agreements. If we in- nevertheless such "functional" factors as the com- these d a being o ta ....................... patibility of the trait with the rest of the cul- 1hwe mustrasume ta blank are .ab s ture may determine its acceptance in a number of we must assu of fla becausenit. cultures and its rejection in many others exposed uly way to get + ssand - + values. When to it. Anyone who has worked with a number of in- s are changed to minuses, we automatical- fomants cannot help being impressed by the fact tinmon absences somewhere, in this case in that almost all know of many features of foreign l a with b, and b with c. cultures different from their own and that every tabrn an more spcii pons,i cultu.re is exposed to many more elements than it .di sumr tha I no beiv Kroeber can utilize at a given point in its history. One e lacing too much faith in numbers. Be- of the most interesting but heretofore almost un- 1*the Sun Dance our historical scheme re nearly with Spier's than with 8$apir, 1916. 306 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS touched fields of correlation is the determina- by diffusion or imitation, and much evidence tion of these mutual-compatibility patterns by they spread by migration, the inference is a combination of functional and historical theory. that some of the Northern Athabascans at' s There may be none that are universal even for time in the past split off from the others "primitive" peoples, but there are almost certain grated southward. When we see that the pres to be some which hold for large areas. ture of Southwest Athabascans has been stro I cannot wholly accept Kroeber's' argument fluenced by the Pueblos, although the langa that the method of academic historians differs mains distinct, cannot we say that this is a only in degree from that of ethnologists who work where language was more stable than culture? without documents, dates, or personalities. Al- this inference specific enough and true enou though there is certainly much overlapping in aim the world point of view to be accepted as a and technique, the fundamentals of the two meth- which may be used inductively to determine ods seem to me to be quite different. "processes" of history? I believe it is, but Academic historians frequently begin with a not prove it. number of events or facts reckoned by documents The difficulty in trying to determine the to have occurred in certain places at certain esses" of history from strictly documentary dates. The discussion is concerned chiefly with dence is that such evidence represents a vy interpolating additional facts between the known ger and highly selected fraction of the tot facts, such as which earlier fact influenced a human history. And even if we continue to a later one, or offering motives or causes for the late more direct evidence of change in the known or interpolated sequence of events. In much acculturation studies, there will still be of ethnology the logical process is quite differ- ands of questions unanswered concerning the ent. One starts mainly with geographically dis- and less pretentious types of change which s tributed facts of a single time level, and extra- have taken place on a more primitive level polates them backward into the past. Logically change may have occurred in different ways. this process is as much like prediction of the The naive belief, shared by some, that a future as the interpolation of some academic rate mathematician can sit down and figure historians. The difference, however, is that eth- probability of two cultures independently nologists almost always have some bits of direct ing or acquiring so many similar traits isi evidence from the past, whereas we have absolute- foundation. He can only figure out probabili ly none for the future. To continue the analogy, for masses of data when he knows them for in extrapolation is less valid than interpolation, ual elements, and this is a matter of direct and less valid the farther it is extended. Eth- torical record, not guesswork. nologists reconstruct dates in terms of centuries Correlation technique.-Concerning the p and millennia, historians more often in terms of bilities of extending correlation studies to years and decades. areal and element universes, it is true, as The modern tendency to rely more and more on ber says, that we will never be able to cor multiple and independently gathered evidence, such each tribe with every other tribe and each as ethnology, linguistics, anatomy, and archaeol- with every other trait. However, there are ogy, seems to me to be the chief way out of the ways to extend the range of such work; use dilemma. What we need is more comparable source cards and Hollerith electric sorting; sample material, more detailed analyses of it, and bodies of material; pool highly intercorrela briefer and less labored historical inferences. blocks of tribes and traits; correlate by When two or more independently gathered types of tion. A discussion of such methods will app evidence can be explained by a single historical the future in a study of girl's puberty rit inference, the probability of the inference being western North America. correct is no doubt raised. Whether such infer- ences contribute toward determining the "processes" Orthography of history is more doubtful. Such processes" are usually the premises from which particular his- Unless otherwise stated exemplary words torical inferences are derived. in Americanized English. Nevertheless there are some historical infer- ences that seem so highly valid that no one but a, as in father 9, as in sat a crank wauld question them for a moment. For ex- , as u in but ample, the fact that the Southwest Athabascans de- e as in obey, but without the vanish rived their language from the north. Yet this is , as in met logically an inference. But it seems highly prob- i, as in pique able because the number of linguistic elements 1, as in sit shared by Southwestern and Northern Athabascans, o, as in note which at the same time occur nowhere else in the Ov, as in cough world, is large. Because we have no evidence from o, as in German k8nig documentary sources of whole languages spreading ?, as in rule4 Is35. , ~~~~~~~~~as in German uber CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 307 as. the vowel sound in her or fir mother from Pit River. Born and lived at Burnt etc., nasalized vowels Ranch until 12-13 years of age. She was married s sh Xn shoe soon after to a white man (Montgomery), who took as j in jump her to the coast and discouraged her association a prominent k, glottalized, or perhaps some- with Indians. She knows none of the language and aes kL, kX, or kY almost none of the ethnology of any tribe.except ~surd 1 her own. Her father was a chief and his father as n t in sing was still living the native life during her simlar to T) but short and ending in k childhood. A poor informant, but the only one elar k *as ch in chat left. Good English. 8 th in thought Kar 1: Ben F. Goodwin. Cottage Grove; 69; good ilabial v health. Father white, mother and her ancestors s German ch in ich, forward Karok. Born and reared in upper Karok territory. elar and rough Good informant. Is an acknowledged leader of his p mn azure group. English excellent. lottal stop Kar 2: Frank Ruben. Orleans; 60; good health. tress accent Father and ancestors Karok, mother and ancestors r consonants about as in English. Yurok from Weitchpec. Born and reared at Orleans. t of vowels is indicated by doubling. Good informant. Good English. ed letters are whispered or spoken softly. Yur 1: Charley Rube. Weitchpec; 72; slightly blind. Father Yurok of Wahsekw, mother Yurok of Tribal Abbreviations Weitchpec. Born and reared at Wahsekw. Good in- - formant. Fairly good English. Owns many regalia. abbreviations given below are those used Several women of his family are shamans. ais paper. The two-letter abbreviations en- Yur 2: William Brooks. Requa; about 90; feeble, d in parentheses, and which have been en- sight and hearing waning. Father and his parents dalso in the element list underneath the Yurok of Requa, mother and her parents Yurok of rtype abbreviations, are those employed for Kenek. Born and reared at Requa. Fair informant; rative and map use in later work connected probably good knowledge but difficult to commnni- this Culture Element Distributions survey. cate with; very cooperative. Fair English. Wiyot: Amos Riley. Loleta; 85; blind in one Tolowa (To) eye. Father Wiyot from Humboldt Bay, mother Wiyot ,Chimariko (Cm) from Eel River. Born on Eel River. Taken to Smith 1; Upper Karok (Kl) River as a child, and later Hupa. Has lived most 2, Lower Karok (K2) of his life on Eel River. Unless otherwise speci- 1, Yurok of vicinity of Martin's Ferry CYl) fied, all information on the Wiyot is localized 2, Yurok of vicinity of Requa (Y2) on Eel River. Good informant. Good English. t, Wiyotity Eel R. (Wy) Hfp 1: Sam Brown. Hoopa; 57; good health. Father i, 9upa (H(Wy white, mother and her ancestors Hupa. Has lived all '2, EHpa (duplicate of Hup I) (} ) his life in Hupa Valley. Good infori4ant, very co- ,Chilula (Cl) operative. Excellent English. D, Nongatl of Van Duzen R. (VD) Hup 2: John Shoemaker. Hoopa; about 85; hard of , Nnattole (Mt) hearing. All known ancestors Hapa. Has lived all 1, Sinkyone- of S Fork of Eel R. (Sly his life in Hupa Valley. Fair informant; doubtless '2, Sinkyone of upper Mattole R. (82) good knowledge, but mediocre handling of it. Fair ,Kato (Ka) English. Coast Yuki (CY) Chil: Dan Hill. Hoopa; 65; good health. ess known ancestors Chilula. Born at Nole'dir) near the mouth of the Redwood Creek. Lived there and at Informants Hoopa. Good informant. Good English. Van D: Nick Richard. Korbel; 85; good health. ke arrangement in the following is: tribe; in- Parents from Van Duozen River. Born near Bridge- at's name; address, age, and health in 1935; ville. Removed to Smith River Reservation when m1 status of ancestors; place of birth and 8 or 9 years of age, and later to hupa. At per- life; rating as informant; rating in Eng- haps 20 years of age he returned to Bridgeville and spent the next fifteen or twenty years of his t1: John Lopez. Smith River; 79; almost to- life there with his relatives. He then moved to blind. Father Spanish, mother and her an- Whilkut territory, where he married and has lived ra Tolowa. Born and reared on a lagoon called to the present time. Fair informant, good consid- Lke, a few mi. N of Crescent City. Good int eting his long separation from his people. English t, exceptionally quick in response to ques- good. Positively the only one of his people left. GoXod English. Matt: Ike Duncan. Petrolia; 61; good health. bLucy Montgomery. Trinidad; 80; sight and Father from mouth of Mattow e River, mother from g waning. Father and ancestors Chomariko, Bear River. Born and reared at mouth of Mattole. 308 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Excellent informant, very co6perative. Excellent Mattole River. Has lived for many years with English. late sister, Sally Bell, whose husband, Tom Sin 1: George Bert. Loleta; 84; fair health. is Coast Yuki. Poor informant. Fair English. Parents from the upper Mattole River near Etters- C Yuk: Tom Bell. Briceland; 85; bad hear burg, according to Ike Duncan, Mattole informant. Parents Coast Yuki. Born and reared in Coas Born and rearedJon Bull Creek, which flows into territory. Fairly good informant. Good Engl the South Fork of the Eel River, near its junc- Kato: Alex Frazier. Laytonville; 75; good tion with main Eel River. Taken to Smith River health. Father white, mother Kato. Born and and Hupa as a child. Has spent most of his life reared near Laytonville. Has lived much of on the South Fork of the Eel, including the re- life in Round Valley. Rather good informant. gion around Garberville. I tried to localize his cellent English. material on the South Fork of the Eel which he As a check on the tribal identificationso seemed to know best. Fairly good informant. Fair formants, I obtained a vocabulary of some fi English. nouns from each. These vocabularies have be Sin 2: Jenny Young. Briceland; died in Jan. with the Department of Anthropology, Univer 1936; 80 years old. Parents died when she was California. young. Reared by her grandmother on the upper CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS LIST SYMBOLS IN THE ELEMENT LIST + Present or affirmed by informant. letter entries under this element - Absent or denied by informant. been read as +. (+) Probably present or said to have been pres- t For statistical computations, the el ent by the informant, but with doubt on has been broken into two or more ( the part of informant or ethnographer. 1 foot or less; more than 1 foot). (-) Absent with similar qualifications as for o For statistical computations, the el preceding.. has been eliminated. Inquired into but uncertain. Indicates that there is a remark or Blank No inquiry made. information on the starred element t For statistical computations, the number or entry in the section entitled Ethn ic Notes on the Element List. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 309 OCCURRENCE rHACM r-q CM -4-r-i CQ w C -14 H cs H N 0 r- 0t | PsN o noo AH od -- n qH ELEMENTS E ? co To Cm Kl K2 Y Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mtt S1 S2 Ka CY SUBSISTENCE Hanting Driving, Trailing .Into fence with nooses in gaps . . . . . . . . + + - + _ * + + + + + + *+ + + 2. Single. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + _ - + + + + + + + + + 3. Converging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _- - + _ - + + + + - + - + 4. Deer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - _ + + + + + + + + - 5. Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ - + + + + + + _ 6. Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + - _ 7. Ducks, at edge of water . . . . . . . . + + .With fire. .+ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + 9. Two converging fires.+ _ + _ _ - 1. Large game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + - _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + - 11. Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + _ + + _ Over cliff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ ,Into water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ + +(+) - + + + Into snowbank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - + - _ _ To concealed hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ????? + + + . + + + + + TRmning down, trailing . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + 17. Individually (one hunter) . . . . . . . + - + _ + + + + + + + + + + + 18. In groups of hunters. . . . . . . . . . _ + + (-3 ) + - + + + + + + + + + *19. With dog.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + - + + + + + + + + + 20. Tracks of animal measured with twigs. - _ + + Nets, Traps, Snares Nets, long flat type . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + +? ? ?? + 22. Quail . . . . . . . . . .. _ _ _ _? ?? _ _ _ - 23. Ducks or geese. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? + _ 24. Horizontal, under water . .+ 25. Vertical, floats and weights. . . + + _ _ _ 26. Hunter pulls cord. . . .? ? ? ? ? ? + .Nets, bag type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + - - + _ _ 28. Woodpeckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + _ _ + + - - + 29. Qaail. + + + __+ . Basket trap, long, for woodpeckers . . . . . . + Spring pole (bent sapling) . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + *+ + *+ + + + + 32. For deer or other large game + + _ - + ? ?+ + _ _ _ 33. For small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + + *+ + + + + + 34. For birds .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Noose on trail for deer or elk. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Noose on stick . . . . . . . - (-) + + + + + + + + - + 37. For rodents . . . . . . . . . .+ . . . . _ + + + + + _ + 38. For birds..()_ + + + + + + 'Deadfalls. . . . . . . . . . +() + + + + + + - + + + +(-) + () 40. Single stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . (- + - + - *+ (-_ _ *41. Single log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 42. Poles and stones. + ()+ + + + + + - + + + + 43.T ; .Triggers at both ends . + + + + + 44. For largegamie.+()+ + - + + _ - + + + + _ () 45. For sinll game. ...........*+ (~)+ + + + + + - + + ++()+() 46. Meat bait ............... +(-+++__+_-+++()+() 47. Seed bait .-........ (-) + - - _--- + + (..).~ (-() *RBox n drop-trap ...............*+ - _ _ - *+ _ ? _- Pitfalls ...................+()+ -+ + + _________ 310 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 0 r1 4) 0 rH *d o o f P4 A PHH Aj A To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt SI S2 Ka o50. Depth in feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 (-) 7 - 6 5 6 ? ? _ _ _ _ 51. Covered over . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-) + - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ 52. Fence or log in front of . . . . . . . () + - + * _ - _ _ _ _ 53. Stake at bottom for impalement . . . . - - - + ? ? ? ?_ 55. Poles, converging at bottom . . . . . . + Blinds, Disguises, Decoys 56. Blinds or booths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + 57. Hole in top . . . . . . . . . . () () + + _ _ _ _ 58. Bird snaring, noose on stick . (-) (-)- - + + + + + + - _ _ _ * 59. Game shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + *60. Deer- or elk-head disguise . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + 61. Sea-lion skin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 62. Grass on brush worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ + - _ + 63. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ 64. Rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 65. Waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 66. Auditory decoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (-) + + *+ + + + + + + + + *67. Leaf or grass for deer . . . . . . . + + () + - + + .+ - + + + 68. Vocal for deer . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (-) + - + + + *+ - + + + 69. Whistle with mouth for deer .+ + + (~) + + + + + + + + + + + Various Hunting Methods 70. Meat or fish bait for bears . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - 71. Acorns as bait for bears . . . . . . . . . . . + 72. Hunter enters bear den . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ - + - 73. Bears smoked out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + () + + + + + + - 74. Rodents smoked out . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 75. Rodents drowned out . . + - + + - - + + + - + + ++ 76. Sharpened stick thrust down rodent hole . + + - + + + + + + + + + 77. Split stick .+ + + ? 78. Rat nests burned.+ + ? + + + _ + + + + 79. Rat nests prodded with stick.+ + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + 80. Fire at night for birds . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - *+? 81. Ducks or geese . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - +?_ 82. Casting net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - +? 83. Caterpillars caught in trench . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - + *84. Qaail picked off roost at night, strangled . - _ + - - - + 85. Mud hens chased in boat on lagoon .+ - - + + ? ? ? - *Animal Food Not Eaten by Anyone (Note: +, not eaten; -, eaten; 0, not avail- able in area according to informant.) 86. Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + - 87. Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + SW 88. Ursus horribilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .() () + () 89. Puma . . *+ *(+)$?) + -H+>- + - H 90. Wild cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + -(. + _ + + . _ 91. Skun. + + + + + + + + 92. Sea gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o + + + + + + + + + (+) ( - 93. Turtle or tortoise ..... .. ....... -|- + + - |- ~- - - -l 94. Octopus . .......... o o o o - + o o o o - o - o 95. Mussels . ...............**.|- |(-? ? ? ? ? ? * | ~(-)* - -~ - s 97. Clams ..... - _ _ _ - 98. Yellow- jacket larvae . + - + . . - + _+ _ *_+ - *_ _ _- 99. Grasshoppers ........... + _ + + + + + + +*_ + _ _ _ 100. Caterpillars .................|+ |+ + + + + + l+ + + + + + + - CUL?LTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIt 311 H C' H CX 4rH Cq r --1 C C=I rN O 0 40 o *n ad H _________________________________________ To fm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy El H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY Slugs (snails) ... + - + + + |+ + + .- ,kngleworms .+... . . . . . . . . ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + Tabooed Animal Foods and Combinations * Deer heart taboo to females a. . . . + _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + _ + + ,Deer heart taboo to young .. . .. . + + + _ _ + + .Deer eyes taboo to females . . . . . _ + - + + + + + + + + + - + - .Deer eyes taboo to young * _ + ,Deer ears taboo to females .... ..... . _ + - + + + + + + + + + - + + Deer ears taboo to young . . . .... + + ,Deer tongue taboo to females ... ..... . _ + - _ + + + + + + + + + + + ..Deer tongue taboo to young . .. . . . . . .. . _ + + +??+ + _ , Other parts of head taboo to females ..... _ + _ + + + + + + + + * Other parts of head taboo to young ... . . . + . Posterior deer ribs taboo to females . * + + Deer fetus taboo to all . . . . . .. + _ * - + + *+ + .Deer fetus taboo to females .. .. . + . _ _ _ + + + + - + + + _ _ .Deer fetus taboo to young . . .+... + + + + + + + + + + .Deer fawn taboo to females .... . ........... _ _ _ + ? Deer fawn taboo to young ... .... ...... _ . _ + + .Daer liver eaten by all . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + .Deer and whale together taboo . . . . o o o o + + o o o o -o - + - Deer and fresh salmon together taboo ...-. . _ + + + + + + + + + * + _ , Fresh salmon and grouse together taboo . .-. . - _ + (+) (+) - Fresh salmon and honey together taboo . ... + - + + ,Fresh salmon and bear meat together taboo . . + - + + + + +? Grouse and fresh lampreys together taboo . + (+) _ Fresh lampreys and mud-leached acorns to- gether taboo .... . . . ... . . . + (+) Hunting Observances Sweating before hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + + + + + _ Bathing before hunt . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Aromatic vegetation rubbed on body .+ + + _ _ + - + + - + + + + + + Scarification and bleeding before hunt + + + + + + + - + + + - ,Root incense before hunt . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -Snokes tobacco before hunt . + + + - + + (-) + + Smokes weapons over fire . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + Smokes self over fire . .. + + + + + + Root (angelica) chewed . . . . . . . . . . . . () (-) ) () + + + S ual continence before Bunt . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - glO.' Number of days . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2+ .5 5 3+ 1+ No breakfast on day of hunt . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + *+ + - + * + _ Slain deer step ed over. . + + + eer butchered (drawn) in woods . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 144. Lying . . f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .145. Head to east . . . . . . . . . . _ *+ + _ _ _ 146. On leaves or grass .+ () + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 147. Eyes cut (not cut out) . . . . . . . . . + + 148. Eyes cut out . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -)+ + *+ . + + + + + + - - 150. 149. Eaten raw by hunter on spot . . + _ + + + _ + *+ + + + + - - * 150. Nose cut. + + _ _ _ _ + _ +? 151 Tongue cut outn. + *152. Remains (also leaves or grass) put in | | ll * fork of tree. ........... + - + + + _ + _ _ _ 153. Remains hidden inbrush or piled up . . + (-) + + + + _ + + *+ + + + + - + Peer's soul immortal .*....,....... + + (+) (+) *+ + + + *(+-) + + + + + + + First kill taboo to youth . . .- + - - *(~) *_. - _ + *+ + + *+ [tiller gets hide . ..... +(+) -+ + +*- + + + + ++_-+ _ ill1er gets'head ... . . . . - 1 - + + (+) - + + + + *+ + *+ - I- 312 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rI CQ r- CN 4- rI C2 nc1C E- .1 irt M c H @ An To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi EB Cl VD Mt Sl S2X 158. Killer gets heart .-........ . + . + _ + + + + 159. Killer offers meat to every visitor . . . . . . + + + + + - + _ + + + + 160. Deer butchered on top of house. . + 161. Deermeat lowered through smoke hole . . . . . . + 162. Deermeat through opening in back of house . + *+ _ + + + + + _ _ _ 163. Deermeat through door, in special basket . . . _ _ + 164. Entire deer cooked and eaten at or in house of * killer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ - + - 166. Ritual disposal of deer bones and other re- * mains of meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + + + + + 167. Hidden in woods . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + _ + + + + + + - 168. Burned + 169. Sex taboo when eating bear meat .*+ + _ + + + + + + *170. Bear spoken to, told to come out of den. . + - + *+ *+ + - + + + - _ + _ 171. Bear addressed by kin term . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - + 172. Killing of pregnant female bear brings death . + - + _ _ 173. Remains of bear piled up, hidden, or in tree . + + + () _ + + + Fishing Nets 174. Flat (like tennis net) . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - - + + 175. Set, gill net . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ + + + + _ _ + + _ *176. Dragged or circled, seine . . . . . . . + + - + + + - + + - - + + _ 177. Grooved stone sinkers . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + + - - - + *178. Perforated stone sinkers . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - - - 179. Wooden floats . .+ - + + + + + _+ _ 180. Sacklike, not a dip net . . .. .9 . . . + _ _ ____? + 181. Set.. . + - - _-??+ 182. Dragged.. . ... _ 183. Dip net . . . . . .. . a . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 184. On circular pole, river . . . . . .. + - _ +? 185. On semicircular pole, for surf . + . + + _ _ 186. On A-frame: river . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + + *+ 187. Surf . . . . . . . . . e . . . . + _+ + _ _ _ + _ + 188. Kite-shaped: river . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ *+ + + + + - _ 189. Surf . . . . . . . . . . . . - + 190. Crab-claw rattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - + + - + 191. Shell rattle . . . . . . . .. . . + Weirs, Pens, Scaffolds 192. Weir, straight across stream .*+ . + + *+ *- + + + + + + + + 193. Double, fish trapped between .+ .? 194. Pens on upstream side - + 195. Doors through weir into pens .. ... *+ + 196. Closed by hand . . . . . _ _ + - + _ 197. Platform on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + + + + + + + 198. Dip net set in opening in weir + + + 199. Converging weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 200. Diagonal weir . . . . .. . . . .- 201. Paired crossed posts supports for weir .*. + + - - + + + + + 202. Vertical-post supports ........ . . . . + ~203. Movable weir ................... _ __ _*+__+ - 204. Scaffold, without wreir ........... . ..........+ + + + + _ _ *+ + -+ + + +. 207. Covered over, for harpooning . .................. +?_?_??_?_+ _ _ _ - *+ + - Traps 208. Basketry, long ................|+ |+ - - - +?| 209. Opening to extract fish ........l+?1 CULT[URE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 313 r- * - P, A4 A- P h P4 PA 4-A1 GP To Cm Ki K2 Yi Y2 Wy Hi 12 Ci VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY el pot, inner-cone entrance ........ . . - - + + + |- - v + + + - | 'Crab" (crayfish?) pot, circular frame, netted * * across . - _ + + + + - _ _ rab" (crayfish?) pot, openwork twined basket . 4-- * *+ * Pole trough, apex out of water . + + 4 _ If cylinder at falls or rapids . . . . . .+. | | + + - + + + + - * - - - Hooks Composite acute-angled hook, 1 barb .+ . + + - - + + + + + Split-stick acute-angled hook . .. + + _ _ _ + ? . _ ipointed bone or wood pin (gorge) ... . . + . ? + + + - + + ird-claw hook + ir string or ball for jerking trout ... . _ . ?? + - (-) + + _ + egetable fiber ball for jerking trout ... . _ . + _ (-) _ _ _ _ ot or block on end of line .. + . . . . ir "fly" attached to hook .. . . . + _ . _ . . *+ _ veral hooks on a line.+ . . . . . . + + _ _ _ _ _ 8hort line, float and hook + _ _ Harpoons, Spears lrpoon, detachable points, for fish .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ,227. 1 point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + 228. 2points. + (-)+ + + + + + + + ()+ + + + + 229. Point of bone or horn .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ,230. Pitch used .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ,231. Barbed toggle, 3-piece .+ |(+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 232. Simple toggle, 1-piece . . l (+).? + + - VW + - ish spear, fixed point .... . . . ... . + - - - + - - - - 234. 1 point ........ . . . . . . . + - - - - + - - - - 236. Many points, circular arrangement on shaft .... . . . + _ _ - _ _ _ . . _ 237. Wooden points.+ - _ _ _ + + _ - _ ish "spear," 1 point fixed, other detachable?+ - Various Fishing Methods Fishdriven .*... . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + - Basket for scooping fish .. . ..... . . . *+ + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + atching with bare hands .... . . . . .. + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + mprey dip net .- + + + + + + + + + + + lamprey gaff .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ( + + + (-)(-)(O)+ + + + + Toutgaff ........ ........ . + - + + + _ + -longaff ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ?+ Fire at night for lampreys .... . . . . . . + + + + - ish shot with bow . ... .... - + + - - + * _ -+ - - _ oose slipped over tail of large fish * + + + + + + + _ + &lmon dived for, bled at throat . + _ _ _ _ - _ ish poisoning .......... - ......... _ (-)??????+ + + + + + - 252. Turkey mullein (dove weeds)._ (-)? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ - 253. Soaproot .... . . . . . . . . . . . _ () + + + + + _ ah killed .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 255. Manufactured club . .. .... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - 256. Natural stone or stick only ..... . + _ + 257. Breaking neck or back.+ + ? lsh creel .................... . . . ___* + - - Jlah carried on stick through gills or jaw ...................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ *Fishing Observances exual continence before fishing. ......|+ |- - - + +?-| ? ?-? ~~ + +| - ?exual continence when building we ir, scaf- * * ~fold, or net.+ - + + + - + + -+ + _ 314 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS .~~~~~~~~ s: ..-- S O I~~~~~ C_-2 ,:, Ca -1 | T Cm1KK2YlY2W H1 H2 ClVD MtSlS2 262. Women fish . . . . . . . . . + (-)-- + - + + - - + - + + 4 263. No noise when making net .+ + + 264. Plant(s) tied under water for luck.+ _ + + + + - 265. Salmon bones thrown back in river .?.+.?.?.?. + 266. Salmon bones burnled .... ...... + . * a 267. First salmon caught by youth taboo to him . .? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + 268. First-salmon rite.-1- , - + + + - + + _ _ 268a.Taboo to catch salmon previous to rite + _ + + + + + ? 269. Spring of year . . _ + + + _ + + __ 270. lasts for one day .... . . . . .. . + - - + + + + ? t271. Priest makes preparations before rite, days. - - 10 7 5 10 5 - t273. People abstain from eating after rite, days .5.S. 5 _ _ . . * - 10 ? 275.'Chief or headman catches first salmon . _ + 276. Priest catches first salmon .?+ + - _ _ _ _ 277. Anyone may catch first salmon.- . - + +-_ 278. All eat first salmon .+ - - _ + 279. Only priest(s) eat first'salmon'.... ---+-+-++ 280. People hide while priest eats . _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 281. Priest tries to eat all of sal- mon . _ _ _ + _ + _ + + _ _ _ _ 282. Priest painted .... . . . .... . - - _ + __ 283. Similar rite for lampreys.+?......- - - Seals, Sea Lions 284. Sexual continence before hunt.+- - - - - + + - - - - + - - 285. Harpoon: bone head .+ - _ + + - _ - + - 286. Unilateral barbs, 2 or 3 ...... . + - _ + + - _ - _ + - - 287. Thrown .. . + _ _ _ _ + + - - . . . . 288. Gaff. + + 289. Clubbing. 4 - - *+_ + + _ _ _ _ + + 290. Pursued in canoe.+ - - - - + + - - + - +- Whaling 291'. Beach owned by local groups . . . . . . . + + + + - 292. Whale communal ...... . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + 293. But certain parts owned by individuals. + + + - 294. Stone rendering platters ..... . . . . . . +____ 295. Shell rendering containers . . ... + - 296. Kelp grease containers .. + . . . . . . . . . . 297. Sea-lion bladder or paunch grease containers + + + + - Gathern 298. Men climb trees + + + + + + 299. Acute-angled hook stick for acorns or pine nuts ..... . . .. ....... . + + + + + *300. Tree climbing 'taboo ._ + _ 301. Burning for better wild-seed crop .... .. _ + _ _ + + + + + + + + 4 302. Burning under acorn trees .... . . . . . + .+ 303. Plain digging stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 304. Bone- or horn-pointed digging stick ........................ +_ _ 305. Both sexes gather acorns or pine nuts . ........................ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4t 306. First-acorn rite (separate from other cere- * * monies) .................... 307. Annual .................... __________-+- i 308. Fall of year ......................... ___________+ _ t309. Lasts, days ..........................__l - i 310. Dancing........ ............ -| --- - -+ ' -CULITURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHEST CALIFORN.A 315 r-Ca2r 2 CM CQ 4+'Hc2 ^ C + 1 CM 0 rH 4~0j r|- O | A X g! C- W 3A >g )V To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 WY Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 311. Everyone may take part .- ??+ - - - + 312. Dancers carry oak boughs _ _ _ . 313. In circle ...+ - - + + 314. Singing .. .. . 0 ..a, ......... . . . + - + + + 315. In sweat house or dance house .. . . . . . + + 316. Only a family affair . .. .- - _ _ _ _ _ + Food Preparation *Animal Food mall mammals and fish broiled or roasted whole ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 318. On stone or coals .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 319. On wooden scaffold .. . + _ + + + + + + + + + - + _ _ 320. On inclined stick .+... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + .Bone awl for lamprey splitting + + + + + + - + + + + - + + + - Flint knife for lamprey splitting .+ + + + + + + + _ .Xammal bones groun .+ - + - _ - + - - + + - + + + 323a.Mainly tarsals and carpals ... . . . + + + *Fish bones ground .... . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + - - + + + - + + + + Ground bone boiled .... . . . . + - + _ + - + - - + + - + + + + .Ground bone eaten dry or as hash ..... . + - _ _ + _ - + - + - + + + .Blood, etc., cooked in paunch .+.. . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + 328. Earth oven or edge of fire .+ + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + Mieat boiled .................... + + + + + + + + + + _ + + _ - Dryingofmeat, bothmanmal and fish . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 333. Smoke (fire) drying .. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 334. Outdoors .... . . + + + 335. Inside dwelling .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 336. Special drying house ... ..... . + _ _ - + + + + + _ _ _ _ 337. On scaffold . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Dried meat or fish ground .+ | + () + + + + + *+ + + + + 339. Grease aaded.. + _ + _ + . + _ _ + _ 340. Berries added . . *+ - .+ + + _ . _ _ _ + _ Vegetable Food Acorns leached in sand basin . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Water heated forlea ching ng......... + + + + + + + *4+ + + +(-) + + + Buckeyes leached in sand basin . . .+ _ _ _ + 4- + + + * Whole acorns leached in mua . + + *+ + -+ + + + + - + *+ + 344a.Sholls left on + + + ilhole acorns leached in basket in stream . . _ + + + + *+ + *+ + *+ + + + 346. First allowed to mold in house . . . . --- + 4 + + +- *Wole acorns allowed to mold in house, no stream leaching .+ - + - + + - _ Whole buckeyes leached in stream ..- - _ _ 4 - _ - + _ 348. First roasted and hulled . ...... Aoorn bread .+....... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *+ + + + + + + 4-4- + + *- 50. Baked on atone or coals ..................... + + + + + + + + + + (-) - + + + _ 351. Baked in earth oven or ashes ..................... _+ + _____ _*+ *4 + + + - ,Seeds parched with coals or hot stones in ** basket .-.................. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ,Ston boiling in stonle bowls .................... +_______________ rth oven .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 356.MIleat orfrish ................... - + *+ + + + + 316 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- | - Eq4 |- A- i1- as1 g ^ ii4 n To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy EL H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 357. Vegetable products . ....... . + + + - + + + + + + + + + 358. Leaves or grass to cover ....... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 359. Manzanita cider . + + + + + + + + + + + + 360. Salmon-berry cider.. .+ Salt 361. Gathered or imported as mineral . . . . . . . . + + - + + - + + + + | 362. Salt water as seasoning ..... . . . . . . . + - _ _ 363. Salt from kelp ....... .. . .. .. . . + + l 364. Salt from eating seaweed ..... . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 365. From burning "grass" ... . + . - . . - . + + . *Eating Etiquette 366. Hands washed after eating deermeat . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 367. Both sexes ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 368. Water poured into hands from basket . . _ + - + + + 369. In basket .... . . .... . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + 370. Wash water thrown away in woods . . . . + _ 371. Buckskin towel .-. . . .. . _ + + + + _ 372. Men served first . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + t 373. All eat acorn mush out of one basket ......... . + 375. All women eat out of one basket ... | - - ) . (+) (+) ... + - x 376. Men each have separate basket ........ . + + + + + + + + + + * + + _ 377. Women each have separate basket ....... . + + + + + + + + + + . _ _ _ Storage 378. Outside granaries .............. . - - - - *+ *+ 379. Bark-covered ......................... . - - - - + + 380. Conical .......... . . .. . .. . - - - - + + 381. On ground .. - - - - + + 382. Storage indoors in baskets .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 383. Baskets on scaffold over fire to dry + contents ..... . + + Pets 384. Dogs kept ..+ + + + + + + + + + + + +-_ 385. Bred .. + + + + + + + + + + + _+ 386. Named .+.. . . . . + + + + + + + + +.+ + ++- 387. Kept in anteroom or near door ... . . + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + - 388. Used in hunting .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 389. Talked to ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 390. Sung to . ........ . _ . . . + +? 391. Dog sings. ... . + . + + _ _ _ . _ 392. Buried ...... . + . + + + _ *+ - + - + *+ * 393. Suspended in tree at death . . . + - + - + + + 4 *395. Birds caged in inverted openwork bask et .. + . *+ + + + _- + _ _ _ + - 39.Wings of birds plucked or cut ...................._ .______(+) (+) _ _ _ 396. Bear'-c.b pets . ....... + | + + + + - |+ ?~~~ *Real Property 397. Fishing places, privately owned ........|+ |- + + *+ + + |+ + - - -. - t+5. 398. Jointly owed, owers unrelated . .. . + _ + + + + _ + + _ _ _ _ _- C(LT[URE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 317 0~~~~~~ r- EA | | h4 .4 h h: C) co co R q4 To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 WY Hl 2 Cl VD2 Mt Sl S2 Ka CY 399. Rented for share of catch.+ _ + + + + + + + _ .400. Owner liable for injury of renter . . . - - *... + + + + + + - _? 401. Owner liable for injury of bystander . - _ + + - Fisli weir privately owned.(+) _ _ Pens on weir privately owned . . . . . . . . . + + + tBeach owned by local groups . *+ + + _ _ _ _ + _ _ hnting land or spots privately owned .... + - - *(+)*+ - + + + + + - _ (+) _ 407. Places to set snare private property . + _ - (+) + - - + + + + - _ (+) - _ 408. Owned jointly .... . . . . . + - - + - - + + - - - (+) - 409. Rented for share of catch . .. . _ - + - - (+) _ _ Seed-gathering land owned privately.(+) + + + + - + _ _ _ (+) _ - 411. Jointly .. . + + _ _ _ _ (+) - _ 412. Permanently .-... . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - +._ _ _ (+) - Tobacco plot owned privately .+.. . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + . _ :414. Jointly .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + -+ - + . _ 415. Land for a season only .+ + + - _ + + + + + _ + . - _ Ifrees owned privately and permanently . . . . - - - + + + (+) - - - - (+) - - ' Various So.aproot: for washing self .. . . + . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 418. Root eaten .+ + ++ + + - + + + + + + - 419. Top eaten .... . . . . . . . ... . _ + _ _ + + + + 420. Cooked in earth oven .... . . . . . + + + + + + _ + *+ + + + + - _ Mllkweed chewing gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - Mlne-pitch chewing gm . . . . . . . .. . . . - + + + + + - + + + + - + + + - Food sold ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + + - + + +(+) + - 424. In time of famine mainly or only - - - + + - + _ + - - _ _ HtIJSES Structural Features Frame ;Ground plan rectangular: type a ... ... . + + + + + + +? 426. Type b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + + + + _.? 427. Type c .... . . . ...... . . . _ _ + + + + _ + _ 428. Type d .... . . . ........... . . *+ + *+ + 428a.Type x .... ................ . . + _ + + + + + + + +? 1ound plan circular: type e .* _ + ? _ _ _+ + + + + + 430. Type y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ??? _ + + + + 8ingle ridgepole: type b .... ...... . + - _ + + + + + +? 432. Type c .... . . . . . . . ..... _ _ + _ + + + + _ 433. Type e .... . . . ...-.... . . _ + + + + + + + 434. Type x .. . . .+ + + + + + + + + ? 435. Typey ... .?+ y 436. Ridgepole in 2 pieces: type x ... . . + + _ _ + + +? ble ridgepole at single ridge: type b . + o ridgepoles, 2 ridges: type a .... + + + + + + + _ -.pitch roof: type a .................... . . . __+ + + + + + +?____ Fpitch roof: tyrpe b . ...................... + _ - + + + + + +? ___ :441. Type c................ . . __+ _ + + + _+ _ A2.Typex .... . ....+ _+ + + + + + + + ?___ I-pitch roof: type d .......... + + + + Up-roofed: type e ....... .. .-... + ?___? ___+ + + + + + >A44. Type y ...? ? ? ?................ _______+ _ 318 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r- 4 CQ r- .o -4- r-- C Q A 0 = gj S J pq S F F A 4J5 E-4 c-) a~ 94 f4 Pm m CA.) c/)C To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy HL H2 Cl VD. Mt -Si 445. Conical shape: type e .+ ? ? |+ + + + 446. Type y . . ID.. . _ + - - - - _ 447. Double lean-to, no sides: type c . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + _ + _ _ 447a.Single lean-to: type d . ............ . + + + 448. Vertical walls all around: type a .-.. . . . . - - + + + + + + + - 449. Type b .+ - - + + + + + + - _ _ _ - 449a .Type dl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ __ + 450. Type x ..... + + + _ _ _ _ 451. End planks support ridgepole: type a . . + + + + + + + 452. Type b .................. . + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 453. Type c . + + 454. Type x o o .... + - + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 455. Ena posts support ridgepole: type c . _ _ _ . _ 456. Dipod end supports for ridgepole: type c . + _ + 457. Center post: type x . .+ _ + + + + _ + + + - _ _ - 458. Type y. 459. 4 corner posts: type x . .+ - + + + + + + + + - _ _ 459a.Type . . . . . . . .+ _ _ + 460. Side posts: type x . . + . + + + - 461. Entire floor excavated, depth in feet: type c . _ _ _ - 1463. Type e . _ _ _ - _ t 464. Type x . ........ . 4+ - 4 5 4+ 4 4 4+ 4+ 4+ - - t465. Type y . . . . . . 2 _ _ _ _ - 1--' t466. Central pit, depth in feet: type a . . . . . - + 3 4 1 + 4 4 - - - t467. Type b . . 2 . .) . . . . . . 4 - 2 + + - - - -7 468. Type c . . . . . . . .. . . . . - - + *469. Central pit, number of sides: type a . . - 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 - - t470. Type b . . 5 - .-() 5 5 - - *472 t471. Type c . . . . . - 4 472. Earth walls of excavation plank lined: type a . - _ + + + + + + + 473. Type b . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ 474. Type c . . . . . . . . . . - - - + 475.-Type x . . . . +- + + + + + + + +____ 476. Paved stone floor: type x . . - . . + + + _ + + - _ - _ 477. Plank-covered floor: type x . * . * * * + - + + + + + + + + - - - Covering 479. Planks: type a . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 480. Type b . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 481. Type c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + 482. Type x . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + - 483. Planks vertical in walls: type a o ..-. _ - + + + + + + + 484. Type b . . . . 1. . . . . .. . . . *+_____________ 485. Type c . . . . . . + + + 486. Type x ..... ... + - + + + + + + + + _ - 487. Only one horizontal plank in side walls: type a ?+ _ 488. Roof planks, slabs, bark perpendicular to ridge: type a . . . . . . . . ......... _ _ + + + + + +' +____ 489. Type b .+ + + + + + + - _ - 490. Type c .-............... + - + + + - 492. Bark or slabs: type b ................. + _. - + *+ + + + + - _ _ _ _. 494. Type d .....*+ + + +- 494a.Type e . .. . ._+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + .s CULTURE ELEI. DIS[RIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTINEST CALIFORNIA 319 rI CM r- 0\2 Hz4J1~?, r- 01 0 o 0 r -a 0 ~ ;.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a H . m - .,- ad;AA. ::wg ;GP z I E'lg J 'S~~~~~~~~~~~~~c g g co co ! >g n 4 To CmKlK2YlY2WY H H2ClVDMtSlS2Ka CY rth:typee ............... . . -+ * _ _ _ _ _ 496.Typey ............ . _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + Entrances, Exits Pojecting: typee .+.. . .- . . . .+ -+- 498.Typex,exitonly.- - + + + _ 499.Tpey............+ + - llush:typea .... . . .. + + +++ + + + +_ _ _ 501. Type b .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _+ + + + + + 502. Type c .... . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - + + + + _ 502a.Type d .+ 503. Type e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + 504. Type x .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + +??????- 505. Type y . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .+ 'aces east: type a .... . . . . . . . . . . _ + 507. Type e ............... . _ + 508. Type y .+. .. ....... . - + + - Jaces south: type e .+ _ Spe, looking into, round: type a . .- + + + + + + + - ? 511. Type b .... . . . . ....... . + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 512. Type x, exit only .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + Spe, looking into, rectangular: type b . . . + - - + + + + + + :514. Type c .............. - . . . _ + _+ + + + 514a.Type d . . . . . . . . . . . + 515. Type e .... . . . . . . . . . .. + + _ + + + + + 516. Type x, entrance only.+ + + + + + + + + 517. Type y .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Spe, looking into, converging at top: type c - . * 519. Type e .-. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ;520. Type y ...... ... . . . . . . . . _ + Inmiddle of side of house: type d . . . . . . + , 521a.Type e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 522. Type x .. ......... . .... + + + + + + + + + 523. Type y ...?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. _ middle of end of house: type a . . . . . . . . . . . . + 525. Type b .... . . . . . . . . + 526. Type c .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _+ 527. Type x, exit only .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ 528. Typey...?? _ ._ __+ _ In right side of the end of house (viewed from outside): type a . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + _ _ _ _ _ _ 530. Type b .+. . . ... .....-. . . . . * _ _ + .- + + 531. Typec.- + _ . - _ _ _ _ _ t out of single plank: type a . .. . _ + + + + _ + + 533. Type b ............... . + _ 534. Type x, exit only . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + - - - | ouLnd level: type a _- + + + + + + + - _ _ _ _ 536. Typeb .. .. . .. . .. + - + + + + + + | 59. Type x. + - + + + + + + + + - - - |- 5 40. Type y ............._+?_?_??_?_??_?_+ _ _ + + low surface: type x, exit only ........... ...+ _+ + + + + + +____ liding wood door: type a. .... . -+ + + + + l+ + - - ---_- 1- 320 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I - I Q r- 01 2 4-C ) r- Ct 4HQ H .f A o o J b P4 A*4 9 o o q gj ;i W H in To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy El 12 Cl VD Mt Si S2 5~~~~ 544. Type b ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545. Swinging or lifting wood door: type x ... . . + + + + + + + + + _ - - l 546. Swinging or lifting mat, bark, or bough door: type c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + - + 546a.Type d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 547. Type e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + 548. Type y . . . . + 549. Type b . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 551. Stone hand-holds outside: type a . . . . . . . - - + + + + + _ _ _ _ *553 552. Type x . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . + 553. Smoke hole main entrance: type x . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 554. Smoke hole used in ceremonies: type y.. _ _ 555. Trench or tunnel draft exit: type x . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ 556. Cobble-lined outside house . .- + + + + - + + + _ _ _ 557. Open, trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ *558. Boarded over, tunnel . . . . . . . . . . _+ + + _ _ _ _ 559. Carved in single plank . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - _ _ - 560. Plug stop of wood . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + + - _ 561. Carved in handle. . + + _ + + + _ _ _ _ 562. Trench inside house from fireplace to* * ~~~exit . . . . . . + - 563. Stone paving in front of: type a . . . . . . . - _ + + + + - + + _ _ _ 564. Type b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + _ 565. Type x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + _+ + +____X Fireplace 566. On surface or shallow depression: type b . . . + - - + (+) (+) - () () - - - 567. Type c . ..... . . . . . . . . . + _+ _ 567a.Type d . + + + + 568. Type e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ - - - - + + + 569. Type y . .+ _ _ _ 570. In definite pit: type a. + + + + + + + - _ _ _ - 571. Type b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ___ _ _ + + + _ 572. Type x . + . . -. + + + + + 573. Type y . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + 574. Pit round (cylindrical): type a. + 575. Type b .+ - (-)(-)+ + + _ 576. Type x . . . .. + _____+ ____ _ *7. 577. Type y. * 578. Pit square (cubical), 4 stones: type a * * 579. Typeb . * 580. Type x . . . . . . .... . . . .... . . . . . + + + + _ + + +___. 581. Pit pentagonal, 5 stones: type a + _ + + 582. Pit clay-lined: type x . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ 583. Pit stone-lined: type a . . .- + + + + + + + _ _ _ 584. Type b ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - (-)(-)+ + + _ _ _ _ * 585. Type x .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + +___x 586. Fire in center of house or between center and door: for all types . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ladders 588. Notched plank or log: type a . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + - - - - 589. pe b . I+ - _ _(+) ? ? 590. Type x. ....,...........+ - + + + + + + + + _-__ *Sweat House 591. Chief or headman nominal owner .- .||* * + - 592. Shaman nominal owner .- + _- CULT[JRE ELEMN. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTIVEST CALIFORNIA 321 _~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- I\ rI CQ 4--' r- C\2 r Hc Hn C\ o > 0 ~~~~~0 I L EHlm 4 P- 9- ot> P- 1 4 i Pi 4 An xl 0~a aS C i *rca ad H.HaS To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy E11 12 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Comnmunally owned . + Oe at a village . . . . . ......... . + _ _ _ - + + + + Several at a village .... . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + _ + + + _ Direct-fire heat .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + Steam (vapor) heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + _ 598. Small domed type. + - + + + - id.e fire fan.- _ ?????????+ + Sweators lie down .+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?..?. _+ - Sweators on knees and elbows ... . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + + + + Sweators sit in steam type ... . . . . . . . + - Sweators stand in steam type ... . . . . . . + - + Sweators stand and dance in direct-fire type . - _ (+). ken regularly sleep in ... . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + _ + + +? 'en sleep in ad lib. - + + + + + Men gamble in .+ + + ++ + + + + + + + Both sexes sweat together .-. _ (+)??????????? ? + Women not allowed in except for ceremony. . + + + + + + + + + + + + - Leaf or grass pillow._ + + - - + Individual wooden pillows.+ _ + + + + + + + +? Named and ranked places, number .3 * (-) 9 7 7 - (-)(-)(-)? General assembly house for both sexes ... .?+ + Fuel-gathering ritual .+... . . . . . . . . + + + - + + + - - + - - - 615. From top of tree .+ + + + _ + + + - + - - - 616. In daytime .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _+ + - + _ _ _ 617. At night .-- * .............. _ + + + - + +-- 618. Limb (s) lef t at top . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + - - + - _ t619. On N, S, E, W side of tree . . . - NS NS N - - *_ 620. Parallel to river .-... . . . + + _+- 621. Perpendicular to river ... . _ + - Curved-stick wood rack against wall .-.. . . + + - Cmpetitive sweating, individual . . . . . . . + Cmpetitive sweating, groups . . . . . . . . . + Sweating daily or twice daily .. ..... . + + + + + *+ *+ + + + _ _ + Sing while sweating .... . ....... . + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ _ + + Pray or wish while sweating .. ...... . + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + Cry (tears) while sweating ... . ..... . + + _ 'Sweat for success in hnting . . . . + + ? + + + + + + + + _ + + Sweat for success in gambling .... + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + Sweat in sweat house to cure disease . + . _ _ _- - + *Vooden foot drum .... . . . . ....... . + _ + + + + + + + + _ + + 633. Flat plank _ + + + + + + + + + 634. Hollow half log . . . . +???????????? ?+ + 635. Over hole or depression in ground . . . + - 635a.Floor plank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + + + 635b.Wall plank .... . . . . .......... + _ _ Dwellings ts on floor . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. + - + + + + - - + + + - teroom: type a or b .... . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + +? 638. Ground level .... . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + 639. Storage in .... . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + _ - _ torage in projecting entrance: type e ... .???????????(+) (+) W an-to against house for storage and wood . + brth shelf, formed by excavation,for storage.................. .... + - + + + + + + + _ + - _ - rying scaffold over fire .?(-).............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ~ddingof hides (fur on) ..................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + eodding of woven rabbitskin blankets .-.................... + __+ + + + __+ + _+ - to or more families in one house ..................... + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + tool of wood ..................... + + + + + + + + + + __+ - 49. Stone ...................... - 1+ -+ + +- -------- 322 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS i' ' CI2 02 C P r__ 03 n 4 94 9- X - P X P4 i 4 To|Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 W H1 H2 Cl VD Mt Si 650. In sacred sweat house only . .+ + + 651. Whale vertebra . .. 652. Only men use stool. + _ + + + + - + + + _ _ _ 653. House names.-()() + + - + 654. Permanent locations for houses. + + + + + + + (-) - _ 655. Flat shade, no sides, summer dwelling . . . . _ _ _ . + . + - _ + - _ _ - 656. Circular brush enclosure, roofless, surmmer dwelling . . . . . . . . . . + + - -+ + Dance Structure 657. Circular brush fence, roofless ... . . . . . *+ * NAVIGATION 658. Dugout boat or canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + *+ *+ + - - *+ + - 659. Manufactured . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + + + - _ _ _ + + 660. Redwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ ++ 661. Shovel nose . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - - + + 662. Shovel stern .+ + + + + + + + + - - + + 663. Ends peaked .+ - + + + + + + + - _ _ + 664. Carved-in seat . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - _ _ + 665. Carved-in foot braces . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - _ + + 666. Carved-in"heart". + + + + + + + + + - _ _ + *667. Carved gunwale, turned in . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + - _ _ + 668. Detachable prow ornament . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ 669. Talked to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ___+ 670. Launching ceremony . . . . . . . . . . + 671. Basket bailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + 672. Single-bladed paddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + + + + - + + 673. Blade end rounded (convex) .+ + + + + + + + + _ + 674. Blade end pointed . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + *675. Longer narrower type, poling . + + + + _ + + - + 676. Shorter broader type, steering . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + 677. Poling rod, plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ 678. Log raft . . . .+ + + + + + + + 679. Ferriage in baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680. Drifting canoe property of finder . . . . . . 681. Finder receives compensation for returning * lost canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + 682. Boatman must ferry traveler free of charge . + . + + + + + + + - + + 682a.Eating in boat taboo . . . . . . . . . . . + SWIWING 683. Pseudo breast stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 684. Side stroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + *+ + 685. Dog fashion.. ............ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 686. Double overhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 687. On back, frog stroke.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 688. Children swallow live minnows for swimming skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ~LAND TRANSPORTATION 689. Woven pack strap. ..............|+ |- - - + + + t+ + - - + 690. "?Cheke braid. ...........+ _ _ _ + + . + + _ - . _ 693. 2-ply materials. ...........+ _ _ _ + + *+ + - _-_+- 694. Ends braided. ............+ _ - - + + + + _ _ _ + l CULTURE ELEII. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 323 I - I Q r- C\ oz3 r c +1 CQ CM 4H? lA 0 r 4) 0 IL P4 Li9- P? P4 P4; ft~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C .d P , oo Po A A* : AGP I h KR g g 1 i m> 4 mn 1s co -4 C To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt S1 S2 Ka CY 695. Spreading type . . . . . . . . . . + imal hide pack strap . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ok strap across forehead (M, men; W, women; +,-both; for nos. 697, 698) ... . . . . . . W W + + + + + + + + + W W W + + ok strap across shoulder-chest.I mA *M + + *M + IA *}l X IA if it X I M Wood or root headband for packing + + rrying nets, bag type.- + + + + + + + + + + _+ + _ 4703. Trapezoidal shape . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + . + O74. Of Iris . . ........... . . . + + + + + + + + + + . + - ed hide bag.++ + *+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + aded hide bag .... . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + _ + + _ _ 707. Opens at side .. ..... . . . . . . . - + + . _ + + - _ _ 708. Sewn.+ + + + + + + _+ + 709. Sewn at ends. . . - + + . _ + + _ _ 710. Strap over shoulder, bag under arm . . . + + 11 sewn buckskin bag . ....... + . + + + + + + + + + + a rolled up in mat .... . . . . . . .. .+ _ + + . _ *+ + + - rrying basket.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + owshoe-type men's carrying frame ..... . + - + + _ + 715. Double, lashed on both sides of load . . _ + - + - ,quids carried on head.l. _ *+ _(+) _ + ? ?+ + + quids carried on shoulder .... . + - _ - + _ + qiids carried waiter style (on upturned * palm) - ................ ..... + + + + t+ + _ + + + + *+ . + Uils talked to or prayed to .. + + + + + + + _ _ _ - - isting places on trails, must stop ..... . *+ *+ .+ *+ + + + + _ 721. Must make offering .+.......... + + + + + + , oken-branch trail signs . + * + .+ + + + + + + + rla or prayer to lighten load .+ . + + + + + _ _ _ *TECHNOLOGY Brushes proot for mealing .+..... .. .. . . . + + + + + + + + + + *_ + + _ :724. Cylindrical .. . .......... . . . + - + ????? + + . + _ ;25. Flat . . .+ + + + + + + + + _ . _ _ inadrical twigs or grass .* la........... . |,+ + + - + |-- - + + + + - zdwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + + + + + + + + + +_ -728. For sweeping floor or fireplace . . . . + - - + + + + + _ + (+) + (-) _ 729. For mealing . + Mush Stirrers, Stone Lifters den paddle ....O.. . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 731. Carved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + *+ + - 732. Undecorated . a . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + sticks for stone tongs . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 734. Paddle-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Spoons spoon ................. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 37. Carved handle .. ... .I+ I+ + + + + + L+ + + -- + + - 1- Y38. Used by men only. ...........+ + + + *+ + + + + + + + + +- _ lodens8poon1.............. + + + + *+ + _ + + + + - + _ _- ?41. Carved handle. ............+ + + + + + - + + + _ _ + _ _ eFr skull as spoon . ....... (-) + + + + + + + _ + - _- Wtulas of bone or horn for eating ......*+ + + + + - + _ _ _ _ _ _ *+ _ selshell as spoon . ............+ |+ + + + + + I+ + + + + + + + I+ 324 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Eq.o h CS r Xi ij 4 r \a To Cm Kl K2 Y1 Y2 Wy Hi H2 C1 VD Mt Si 745.Usedby women .+... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 746. Used by men. + Wood, Stone Receptacles 747. Wood meat platter . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + (-)+ + + + 748. Wood chest . .+ + + + + + + + + - 749. Cylindrical .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ - 750. Rectanguloid .... . . . . . . . . . . + - + - + + _ - + + - - _ 751. In 2 pieces, about equal size ... ... + . + - + + - + + + - _ _ 752. Small opening and lid .. + + + + - 753. Carved decoration .. + + + + + + - + + + _ _ _ 754. For feathers and valuables .+ + + + + + - + + + _ _ - 755. Stone vessels .+ |+ + + + + + + + + - + + 756. S4allow .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + 757. "Frying-pan' type ... . + _ + + + + + + + - - + 759. Stone boiling in, deeper type .+ + - + Knives 760. Stone .+ + + + + + + + + + + + ++% 761. Horn handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + +* 762. Wood handle . . . + + + + + _ + + + + + - + 763. For butchering .. + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 764. Shell for butchering . . . . . . . . . . + Awls, Needles 765. Bone awl ....... .... ....Is.........|++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 766. Deer cannon .. | + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 767. Deer ulna . .+ (+) + + + + + + + + - + 768. Eyed needle of bone . + + + + + - - + 769. Notched needle of bone | + Grinding 770. Portable stone mortar ..+ + + w - a- 771. For bones or meat . .+ + 772. For plants, in making medicine .. + - . . _ _ 773. Made by myth character . ..+ . +. . . . . - _ - 774. Made by recent lamans . ... . . . + - . . - 775. Hopper basket, twined .+a * ....... .. . . ..... + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + 776. Set on stone pounding slab .+.. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 777. Stone pestle .... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *778. Tapering .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + M779a. ul-shaped.. . 780. Flange at bottom .+ + + + + + + + + _+ + 781. Flange at top .... ..-... . . . . . _ + + + + + ??_ Drilling 782. Composite drill, shaft and point. *+ . + + + + + + + + _ _ + + 783. Stone point .... . . . . . . . . . . + . _- + + + + + + + _ + 784. Bone or horn point .+ + . . . + - + - _ + 785. One-piece drill of bone or horn .................... + . + + + + + + + + + *+ + + 786. Rotated, both hands opposed ................... + . + + + + + + + + + + + 787; Rottted, one hand opposed to thigh ........ ..........._. + _ _ _ + * - (-) (-) + 788. Vise: one hand .................... + . + + + + + + + + + + + 4' 789 . Knee s. ................+ + . + + + (+) + + + + + + 790. Toe s . ................+ + * + + +()++ + _ _+ f 791. Split st ick .-........ . _* ____* 792. Hide (friction holds bead) ..............|| CULTUfRE ELEII. DISTRIB.: X.--DRIVER: NORT1WEST CALIFORNIA 325 0 ro4 4_ 0 E-4C~ ~ ;~ )- P :44 To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY F ir e Mak iR& Rana arill, one-piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + *+ + *+ + + + *+ *+ *+ + + + Percussion, 2 stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . -_ + _ + Slow match of bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + 795a.Oak bark .+ + + Flint Flaking .~~~~~~~ Retouching by pressure . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 797. Antler flaker.+ _ _ + + + + + + + + + - + + + 798. Cannon-bone flaker .+ - - + (-) + + - - + -+ 799. Flaker hafted. + + - - + + + :Retouching by percussion . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - _ + + _ 801. Stone flaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +? .802. Bone or horn flaker . . . . . . . . . . 803. Steatite anvil . . . . + Skin Dressing lshes to aid in dehairing ........ . . . + + + + + + oaking in water to aid dehairing and flesh- ing, days ................................. , 3 2 - + + Fleshing or dehairing: hide staked out . . _ _? _ - + + 806. One stake, other end held . + . _ _ 807. Stretching frame._ .? + 808. ing up by one end .. . + . _. + * _ _ - 809. On plank ... . _ _ + + + + + _ + _ _ 810. On log or pole .-...... . _ . + + - + lesher or dehairer of bone or horn ... . . . + . + + _ + ? ?+ + + _ '812.e Rib ................ _ . + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _9 _ 813. IJUlna ................_ .___________+__ :814. Elkhorn. + .+ + + + lesher or dehairer of stone ....... . . _ 4- + + + + + - + + _ lesher or dehairer of shell . .+ . _ + ? ? ? ? + , - _ lesher or dehairer of wooa . ........ . + + _ _ . -+ saB applied to hide . ....... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 821. Brains preserved with moss . . . .. . 0 . + + + + *+ + *_ + + bbed after brain treatment with: elkhorn . . + * + + (-) + + + _ + - + _ 823. Unworked cannon - .. .... _ _ + 824. wooahand tool. .. . . . + . + + + - + - + - + 825. Stone .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - *+ - _ 826. On blunt post . + + + + + ? + 827. On loose pole .... . . . .. . . + + + inished hide sometimes smoked over fire to dlarken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ Glue h ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |+ + *+ - + *+ + + + - prey skin . . . .. sh internal orgaus .-........ . . . .- + + + - rns and hoofs . . , + - _ __ lk ee gm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 326 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I- I\ r- CM r- C\ l ~ 1 | A d g 4 t*> P4 P A4i - 4-P R -P# 4 To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy EH H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY *Poisoning + Blooc as poison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- liver or gall as poison . +?? _? _ .Rattlesnake venom as poison . . . . . . . . . + + ++ + Flint or obsidian thought to be poison . . + + _ + + + + + - + _ 874a.Only from certain localities . . . . . + + + * Arrowshaft Straightening, Smoothing Stone straightener, 2-piece, longitudinal grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +()+ + + + + + + + + + . + 876. Abrasive stone.+ (-) - + + + + + + + + + . _ + 877. Steatite.+ (-) + - _ 1-piece straightener, abrasive stone . . . . ???? + . _ Wooden straightener .+ ( + + + + - + +????+ - 880. Perforated . . . . . . + ()+ + + + - + + ? ? 881. Forked stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-)+ + + + - + + ? ? ? ? ?_ Hnds and teeth to straighten .+... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ Has and knee to straighten . + + Scouring rush to straighten . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + Shooting Position Bow horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + 886. Arrow on top of bow . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+)+ + Bow vertical .+ + + + - _ +? ?. - _ 888. Arrow to right of bow .+ + + + - _ + ?? . _ _ Arrow release: primary .+ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + 890. Secondaary. . + + 891. Tertiary.- | + + ? - + - - * + - Qlivers Cased hide ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + okskin, sewn ...... _ _ + +? wined tule . .- - (+ barried at side under arm .*... . . . . . + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + Carried on back.+ + + + + + + _ _ + + - + -) _ 897. When traveling . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ *_ + - ) _ Daggers or Knives * rn + . _ _ _ _ + _ + + + _+ _ + _ 30ne + . _ _ _ + + .+ + + + *+__ hipped stone, hafted.+ , + - + + + + + + + _ + Spears Gtone point .-.................. _+ + + + _-_ + + + + - + + + + lore or horn point .?? ..................__________+ _ _ + _ oapoint ..................... - ~~-| + + Mor large game .*+.................. _ _- + _ I'dress or ceremony only orinainly . . . . - - + + + - - + + +?~~~~~| 328 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Ev i CQ r- CI CQ g i=> 0 C i To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Sling s 908. For huntingbymen .(.).-.*....... ....+. . + + | - + a 909. For war .). ? . . . a + 910. As a boy's toy only . . . . . . . . . . . . . + () + + + War Clubs 911. Manufactured wood club . . . . . . . . . . . . 912. Manufactured stone club . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 913. Spatula (paddle) shape . . . . . . . . _ ___ 914. Cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . + Shield* 915. Rawhide on frame, rectangular .- -| - + - + + Armor 916. Elkhide, no rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 917. Double thickness . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + 918. To knees or more . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + - - + + + 919. Bearhide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + 920. Bark... ... . _ + 921. Rod jacket, twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - + + + - - - 992. Elkhide helmet .+ () - + + - _ (*) + _ _ + - 923. Hide curtain held in teeth . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ _ _ BODY AND DRESS (Note: M,man; W,woman; b,boy; g,girl) Formal Sitting Postures t924. On stool: eating or visiting . M M M M M M M M M - - M - t925. Turkish: eating or visiting . . . . . . . . . M M M M M M M M M M M M M *927 t926. Playing many-stick game .M M M M M M M M M M M - M m t1927. Both legs flexed, to same side: eating or visiting ................. . W WW W WW W WWW WWW t928. Feet must be covered by skirt .W W W W W W W W W W Hair Head 1929. Long, past shoulders . .. .. . . . ... . . MW MW MW W MW W MW M MW W MM MW W t930. Shoulder length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M _M M M_ t931. Close crop .b... . .... .... . . .. . bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg bg 1932. Temple locks ...... ........ . g g bg bg g g g g g g t933. Scalp lock, down back . . . . . . . . . . . . b b - b b b - b b b b b $934. Bangs on forehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - g g - bg g g g W Wg - Wg 935. Singed off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + - - Beard 937. Allowed to grow. ..............+ + - _ _ *+ + _ + *+ - _ _ - 938. Plucked . ..................+ + + + + + . + + + + *_ + + 939. With fingernails. .........._+_ _+ + . ++ +--++ 940. Stone flake opposed to fingernail . . . + (-) + + + + . + + *() + + + 941. Bone knife opposed to fingernail . . . - (-) + * _ _ _ CULT?[RE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 329 0 I ,,0t~02wl~>,,>w~0 0 rj ,-1 .H * i f F P4 P4 *H 4> P 4 To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 WY Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY ,942. Tweezers of shell ... - - . + . - + + Burnt off ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Coiffure Parted in middle . . . MW W MW M V MW W W W MW W W W W W 2 full-length rolls in front of shoulders. .. gW W W W W W W W W W W - W W W 2 "clubs" at sides of head, shoulder length MW W M M MW- W M - W - - _ 1 full-length roll aown back .... . . . . . - M M M - M M M M M MW*MWMW - M i tie at back of neck, ends loose .MW M M M MW M MW M M M MW MNMW M MW - Combed up, 1 tie on top of head .... . . . . *M hMM m M - 1 tie around head, forehead level M M M *Mm m m m M- . MN - Rolled up on top of head .M M M *M - M M MM M 1M *M - *M M Braided, 3 strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MW W W MWMg W *g W - t953. At temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ g g - g "Ribbons" of fur or buckskin .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + t955. Mink fur + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - 956. Haliotis pendants on ends . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + - + + - 957. Vegetable-shell pendants on ends ... . + *+ + + + + + - + + - _ Comb Fish-bone comb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + - - - - 959. Wood handle _ _ + tComb of twigs bound together ..+ + . . . . . *_ Soaproot brush .+ + - + - + - + _+ + + + + Uhale whiskers *+ Head scratcher used as comb .+ _ + + + + - + + + + + + + Split stick as comb.+ |- Various Eyebrows plucked to thin line ... ....... + Soaproot to wash head .... . . . . . .. . + + - _ + _ _ + - + + + hir "whipped" with stick to dry ... . . . . + (-) + + + + + + _ Hair greased with animal fat .+ + + + + + + + + + - _ + + + + iir perfumed with aromatic plant ... . . . |+ + | Mutilations Ears and Nose Ear lobes pierced .+... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + *+ sal septum pierced (on the living) .+ - + + ? ? ?+ - Tattooing hin, vertical lines .I . . . .) W? ( |- W - W W W in, almost solid . . . . . . . . W W W WWWWW W - - W eeks, horizontal or radiating from mouth . . W - - _ _ - - - W - W W MW W loe, vertical line or figure. W W._ ror hand.|MWW M ML MWMWMWMWMWM Ml MWW M|W Mgs.XWW th bone awl. _ + + _ | th stone knife.1+ |+ + + + + + 1+ + + + + + _ _ 1+ 330 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r-- 02 r- 012 4-" ri C:l C 1 2 0 ~~~~~ 0 - ? A h 0 o SO.., iv ml ml A .| To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 WY H1 1H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Clothing Headgear 981. Basketry cap, twined .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + t982. Worn habitually .W... . . . . . .. W W W W W W W W W W - - (W) t983. For carrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . MW MW*MW Mw W w Mg MW MW - 'MW W t 984. For fishing with A-frame dip net . . . M M M M - M - _ _ _ t985. Always undecorated .M.M.M.-. . . . . . _ M m J - M M M - m 1986. Cap of fur -& . O ME-) Mm *M -m - *M *M m M t987. Cap of buckskin . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . M - t988. Eyeshade of deer fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . |- Upper Body 989. Robes of deer hide, hair on.+ + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + 990. 2 hides sewn together . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 991. Painted on smooth side ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + 992. Woven rabbitskin blankets ... . . . + - . - - + + + , - + + 993. Tule mats as raincoat, sewn type ....... + - _ _ _ + - -+ t994. Skin shirt .M.W.. . . . . - _ _ . . .+ _.--.- _ _ _ _ _ o995. Buckskin (hair off) . . . . . . . . . . + + t996. Deerf ur (hair on) ... . ? . . . . . + 997. 2 or more hides .+ __ + _ o998. Sides ana shoulders sewn ... . . . . + +? 999. Fringed . + t1000. Painted . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . |+ Loin Covering 1001. Breechclout (between legs) . . . . m - Mw M - *M m - *M m MW m x 1002. Buckskin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M - MWM _ M - - M MW Mx t1003. Fur . . . . .M . _ _ _ _ _ t1004. Inner bark W -? t1005. Whole grass stems. T1006. 1-piece skirt or apron . . . . . . . . . . . . MW(-) MW MW MW MWMWM N MW WM MW MW L. o1007. Buckskin .(-) - M ? - M _ _ _ - _lW o*1008. Deer fur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ()M M M M M M MM M M m " t*1009. Inner bark .W . W W W W WWW W W*W W- t1010. Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._W 1011l. Double apron .W. .......... . . W W W W W W W W W W WWW 1012. Buckskin .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1013. Fringed .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1014. Nuts or seeds strung . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + +( + + +_ 1015. Animal-shell embroidery . . . . + + + + + + + + + (-) . + + - 1016. Length:between knees and ankles . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + f1017. Buckskin trousers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *M *M Hands, Arms t1018. Muff of cased fur, single.M - _ - M? j'1019. Double, one over each forearm . . .. (-) _ _ - (-)?____----- Feet, Legs ; tf1020. Mloccasins .MW....*M ...... *GXW MW M*MW*MW MW*MW MW*[M*M M 1021. Buckskin .................... + + + + + + + + + + - _ _- CULIURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: N0RT1DEST CALIFORNIA 331 rH C rH cM 4 Hr 2 ,_l 4.1 p Ao 0~~~~~ t ................................... H .~~~~~~~~n co o S14.HA@q To Cm Kl K2 Y1 Y2 Wy H1 H2 Cl VD Mt Sl S2 Ka CY 1022. Deer fur, fur inside . ....+ - + + + + - + 1023. Bear fur, fur inside .... .. .. - - - +? ? ?+ _ _ _ 1024. 1-piece upper .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 1026. Separate sole of elkhide .... . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + - _ _ 1027. Ankle length .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 1028. Boot (calf) length . . . . . . . . . . + + O* + + - _))(+ _ 1029. Painted . .+ -+ + + + 1030. Shell embroidery . . + _ + _ _ _ 1031. Made by men ..... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + _ + 1032. Made by women ..... . . . .. _ + + + + Snowshoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + - - + + + + + (-) - 1034. Circular or oval frame . . . . . . . . + + + + - - _ + + + + 1035. Lashing hide thongs .-... . . . . . - - - _-+ - _-() - _ 1036. Lashing withes. + + + + + + + Leggings. M M m m m m m *M *M m 1038. Buckskin..*+()+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+ + - 1039. Fur, fur inside .+ ()+ + 1040. Fringed ........... .. . (-) +_ + + + ___+.-_ 1041. Painted ........... .. (. ) + + + + _ - - 1042. Knee length ......... .. . . + + _ + + + + + 1043. Thigh length ......... .. . . . (-)*-+ _ *+ _ _*+ + - - _ Adornment and Ceremonial Dress Feather Regalia Feather garment on net foundation, half length ? ? ?? *_M M m M M 1045. Tied over shoulders .?.?.?.?.?.?.?. . - - + . - - 1046. Tied under arms .......... . - - + . + - 1047. Tied around waist .. ........ + - . _ + Yellowhammer-quill band m mmm...M M M M MW 1049. Feather tips at intervals . . . . . + ?+ + + + + + 1050. Worn across f orehead ... ... .- - -+ + + + + 1051. Worn down back ..+?? + _ + + + _ Mallard-drake green skins on band ...M m - - M 1053. Belt .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ 1054. Headband.------ + - + - + .Woodpecker scalps on band.m MWM m M mm *M m m - M m--- 1056. Buckskin band. M MW M MMM M W M- M -- 1057. Fur band ............... MW MW - *M _ 1058. -Scalps sewn on ............M - *~(M Mmm mM mM - mM -m 1059. Scalps glued on .+ . M M - - MW ? - 1060. Beaks left on scalps .M. . . MW _ - - - 1*1061. Headband. M w M M *M M mwMMM M M - * M t1062. 3-rod support .M.... . . . M M M M - M M - M -_ 1063. 2 or more rows of scalps *M MW M MM M - MM M - M - - _ _ 1064. Bandolier . M M M MW M M t1065. Down front of body ... . . ..... V Tail feathers solid on band, all same direc- * 1067. Buckskin band .. . ...... . ... _ _ ......_ . M{ + 1068. Fur band .. . .... .. _ -..... _ _ + . _ 1069. Down-feather background.- - - +___._ 1070. Haliotis attached *.-....... . . _ _ 1- - _ + . - _ Feather head plumes ............MMMMMMMMMMMM J.J K t1072. Single tail feather .M........... lM M& M *M1 M*M M M} M& M1 - M - - I 332 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rI I P c P4 4 . r-I 4- 0 od gjq H H~~~~P co co t Hg:@A To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt Sl S2 tlO73. Woodpecker scalp in center. . M M M XM M - M M M - - M - tl1074. Forked .m - * m 1 M M M m m m - . t1075. Number worn. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 1+ * o 1075a.Number of forks in each . . . 3 $2+ 3 3 3 t1076. Twisted sinew body .M M M M _ M M M - - M t1076a.Bird or mammal fur onbody. . M M M M M M M M M - tlO77. Natural primaries or tail feathers ..M - M t1079. Spliced condor or eagle tail feathers. - M *M M - _ _ . t1O8O. Double, 2 flat together - M M M -- - t1081. Bird skins and mammal fur on quill .... . . . . .M - _ _ _ - t1081a.Hand-held forked plume ........ . . . . tlO82. Stuffed buckskin head hoop ... . .M. . M M M M M M - t1083. Woodpecker scalps on .M. M M M M - M M M - t1084. Other bird skins on . - i 1085. "Big Head," feather-tipped radiating sticks .? 086. Feather radiating from crown .. . . . . . M M *M M M + tlO87. On buckskin cap foundation.. M M M M M - + t1088. Feathers tipped with small white * feathers .. * M MM MM 1088a.Suspended-feather headband .+ + Fur Regalia A1089. Fur headband or visor .M - M M M M M M M *M M *M t1090. Wolf . - M M M MM- .M t1091. Cougar ........... . M . . . _ t1092. Swan skin .M ?- - - Ear Ornaments 1093. Wooden ear stick ..... . . . . . . . . . . + * + + + + + + + _ - + + + 1094. Painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1095. Feathers on ends .... . . . . . . . - 1096. Sea-lion tooth in ear ... . .. . _ + _ _ _ 1097. liotis shell ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + _ + + t 1098. Round.MMMMMMMM. - -M . $ 1099. More or less rectangular, pendanto . W W W W W W W W W W MWW 1100. Dentalium shell, living .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + - - - + _ 110l. Pendant ..... . . . . . . . . . . W M W W W W W W W - - W t1102. Through ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W.- MW MW - MW MW - 1103. Clamshell ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . - - + + 1104. Cylinder through ear .-... . . . . . - - t1105. Beads, string through ear .) W 1106. Feather alone. + - _ - (+) - - 1107. Qaill alone . .-I + ? Nose Ornaments t1108. Bone pin, bipointed .... . . . . . . . . . __ 1109. Dentalium ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _+ + tlllO. Feather ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111. Mussel-shell pin.+ _ 1112. Wood pin .................. +?_______ *Shell Beads $lll3. Haliotis necklace.............| - +W W WW|+ ++ W W WW1 1114. Haliotis onc?lothing .. .|W|W +WW WW |++ +- W W W CJULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 333 rHI CN2r- CQ -- r-i C2 C: rH 2 0 r_4 0 t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~- .- A- H- P-4 P- Cr- r- 4-: CX, gl 4 H i H .H ;, o z o PB A A *H A w a:Qj *H * aiS 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ b gg g -r i i1 0 .,- ., asmR To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY Dentalia necklace.MW MW MW MW Mw MW MW MW MW MW MW mw MW+) - Olivella necklace, whole shells. + W W W W + + + MW WW W W W Clamshell-disk necklace . + W - MW + W Claws and Hoofs Bear-claw necklace .?.?......?... . +| Teeth Sea-lion tooth headband . . . . . . . . . . . M M MM M? !Sea-lion tooth necklace . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - Bear-tooth necklace ........ . . .M . . + - - - *Face and Body Paint Red fungus ............... . . + + + - - + + + + - - * - - Red mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-) + + - + + + + - - + - + + .White mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ()+ + + - . + + + + - + + . Black, charcoal (soot) . . . I . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Grease (marrow) mixed with pigments .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + Eyebrows blackened . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + MW - 'Applied with fingers .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Applied with stick .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1129a.Flat, limber (like brush) . . . . . . + + + Grease (marrow) on body as protection from cold and wet . . . . . . . . . . . + ()+ + + + _ _ _ + _ _ + Head Nets, Pins Head net, all on head . . . . . . . . . . . . - __ _ M - * tl132. Down filled .... . . . M M - Head net flowing down back .. _M M M M M - - itll34. Close woven (cloth), long ... .. . m - *MM m m M _ t1l35. Open woven, shorter ........ . M M M M M - - tll36. Feathers at bottom . . . . . . . . .-M M M _ M M ? - Wooden hair pins ..... ........ . ... + + Im al-bone hair pins .M. . . . . M *M - MM M . M M M _ Fish-bone hair pins ........ . . . . . W Various Flowers in hair or ear . g g g g g g - WgWgg Wg - WEAVING Basketry Technique Coiling ... . . . . . . . . * . . . . . .+ + + 1142. Clockwise (looking into basket) . .. ............+ - 1143. Counterclockwise ... . ... ... . . _ _+ + + 1144. To left of worker................ 1145. To right of worker .......... 1146. Awl enters out,side of basket ... _-????????????? __ _+ + + t1147 .Number of rods infouinda tion . . -?????????????-- - -1 1 1 '1148. Rod and splint .................... ;__+ - Twining............ . .......+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :-1150. Counterclockwise. .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + D 1151. To right of worker .. . + 0+ + +i + + + I+ + + + + + + + I+ 334 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I - CM r- m +H rX C1 r: X c G 0 ~~ @3 @3 4- *~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~- |- rd[.ooo IFFm |To|Cm KlK2 Yl Y2 Wy|HlnHE Cl VDlMt S S2 . 1152. Upward lean of outer weft, basket upright .+ 4- + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1153. Plain, 2-strand . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1154. Close work . . ... + *+ + + + ++ + + + + + + + ' 1155. Open' work .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1156. Diagonal, start or partial . .. + + + + + + 1157. 3-strand, start or partial .+ + + + + + + + + + + 1158. Cross-warp . . . . . . + + + Types and Uses 1159. Seed beater, plain twine .+... . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + *1160. Circular .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + *1161. Radiatingwarp .+ + + + - + + + + + + + + + *1163. 1162. Parallel warp. 1163 Deep sifter or winnower, pointed bottom . . . + _ _ + _ + + + + - + - - 1164. Plain twine, circular . . . + - _ _ + - - + + + + - + - 1166. Circular flat tray, twined ... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1167. Radiating warp.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1168. Close work, sifting or winnowing . . + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + 1169. Tapped with hand .. *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1170. Tapped with bone . + . + + + + _ 1171. Tapped with stick . . . . + - + 1172. Open-work, general receptacle.. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 1173. Boiling baskets twined . . + + + + + + + + + + + + * 1174. Coiled a . . 1175. Twined basketry hopper . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + x 1176. Twined carrying basket . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1177. Close work . . . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *1178. Open work . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + *1179. True cone, pointed bottom . . . . . . + + + + + 1180. Truncated cone, flat bottom ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1181. Cylindrical or barrel-shaped . . + + + + + 1182. Circular storage basket . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + . 1183. Maximm diameter near bottom . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1184. Maximum diameter at middle + 1185. Maximum diameter near top ... . . . + 1186. Twined . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 1187. Coiled 1188. Small globular basket .... ....... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1189. Twined ..... . ....... . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . _ 1190. Coiled ...... ?_ + + 1191. "Purse" basket ..... - + + + + +????- Decoration 1192. Banded woven ornament .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1193, Break in . .. a _ _ _ . _--__- . + 1194. 3 colors, besides background ... . . . + + + + + + + + + 1195. Feather ornamentation . . . . . . . . . . . + _ A_ + + + 1196. Solid. 1197. Overlay twining ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 1198. Porcupine-quill overlay .. . 0 a + + + _ + + + - _ _ . Various ll98a.Hazel bushes burned for better basketry warp. | | + +| *Cra.dles 11l99. Sitting cradle . . . . . . . . | |++++++++++++++ 1200. "Toe" type . ..4.............|+ |+.+ + + + + I+ + + + +4- + + CUL?IURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTIEST CALIFORNIA 335 0r-I ~ 4- 0 E-4 ~~~~~~~~~~~co T CmKlK2YlY2WyEl1 H2 ClVDMtSl S2Ka CY Pamo (deep) type with horizontally circular + - head hoop ........ ........ . .- +_ Hood, twined, radiating warp . . . . . . - + - * + | + (+) - - Pendants from top or hooa .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Openwork twined basket over head of sleep- * | * ingchild.+ - + + *+ + + + + + + . _ Lashing of buckskin . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + Lashing woven vegetable fiber .-.. . - _ - _ + + - Strav across mother's forehead .+... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Girl s cradle wide at bottom . . + - + + Rabbitskin Blankets Stick to twist far strips . . . + + + . _ Warp 1 ply, of fur ............. . + _ _ + _ + + + - 1212. String twisteadwith .- + ? ? ??|? ???+ | Weft of string. + + + + + + _ ; Frame horizontal .......+ + + _ :Framevertical .-............. . + _ +????????+ - 1216. Weaving or sewing upward . . . . . . + 1217. Weaving or sewing downward . . + ????????? 'Twined . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Checker weave.* Sewn .- lb lb I .+ - . Made by men. + + aade by women.- + - - - - + - - - - + + - + - Mats Tule or rush mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - *+ + + | - - + + + + - 1224. Twined . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . + _ + - + + + - _ _ + + + - + _ 1225. Checker . . . . . . . . . . . 1226. Sewn, stems pierced . . . . . . . . . + - _ _ + + + - - _ - + + - . _ 1227. Eyed needle. . . . . . . . . + + + + + - _ _ 1228. Notched needle . . . . . . . + . Inner-bark mats . . . . . . . . + + 1230. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-) (+) 1231. Checker.. . ... . - - - () _ _ _ 1232. Two-ply (string) weft . . . . . . . . + - _ _ - + _ - _ _ 1233. Unspun warp . . . .....+ - _ _ + _ _ _ _ Thumb guard of bone for bark shredding . . . + Wooden bark shredder .. . . . + Netting I-piece shuttle, ends notched . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + 1237. 2-piece (same shape) . . . . . . . . + 1238. Of wood. . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + _ 1239. Of bone or horn . . . . . .+ + + + _ + + + + .Single stick, ends unnotched, cord figure-8 . + - IBsh spacer: wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + - + + + + + - _ 1242. Horn or bone . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + -? Mesh measured with fingers . . . . . . . . . + + + Cordage 2-ply. ...................+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Iore than 2-ply ...............*+ + *+ + + + (-)+ + + + + + + + + 1246. Each over 2 twisted into cord one at Twlisted on thigh .|+| + + + + + + |+ + + + + + + + + 336 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rE1 C\ r- CQ -P r i m g1 r1 P~~~ IiC- To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy H1H 2 Cl VD Mt Sl 1248. Down thigh, then up, men . + _ + + + 1249. Down thigh, then up, women .- + _ _ _ + + + + - + _ - 1250. Up thigh, then down, men . . . . . . . + - + _ + + + + + + + - + - *1252. 1251. Up thigh, then down, women . . . . . . + - + + + + 1252. Sinews twisted with stick. . . . . . . . . . . + . + _ + + + + + + t1253. Braided, number of ply . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1254. Igis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 1255. Thumb guard of mussel for fiber | drawing .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ *1256. Withes of grapevine, hazel, etc ....... . + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + 1257. Head to floor fathom measure ... . .... . + + + + + + *MONEY AND BEADS 1258. Dentalia .. ....*+ + *+ + + + + + + + + *+ + 1259. Standard of value .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1260. Incised .+ . + + + + + + + + - + + 1261. Feather- tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ *+ + + + + + + + - + +# 1262. Wrapped with snakeskin ... . . . . . + + *+ + + + + + + + - - - 1263. Graded on finger creases ... . . . . + + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1264. Graded on forearm tattoo ... . . . . + _+ + + + + + + + + + + + 1264a.5 shells . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1265. Graded on upper-arm tattoo .+ + + + _ 1265a.10 shells . . .+ + * 1266. Fathom measure .... . . . . . . . . + *+ + *1267. Around-neck measure .... .... . + + + + *1268. Cylindrical purse of horn . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1269. Purse of forked horn ("triangular") + 1270. Shells rolled in fur ..... + + + + + + + + + 1271. Clamshell . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *+ *+ + + + + + + t ) 1272. Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + *+ 1273. Manufactured. 1274. Standard of value ...... ... . .????- - + 1275. Counted ....... ..... . . . + + . . 1276. Measured on arm tattoo .... .... . + . + + 1277. Fathom or half-fathom measure . .. . + .???????+ + + + () 1278. Around-neck measure . . . . . . . . . . + . _ + 1279. Cylinders as treasure. . . . . . . . . - + _ - * _ + - ( ) 1280. Magnesite cylinders as treasure ...... . - PIPES *1281. Tubular.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + . 1282. Concave, NW Californian type . . + + + + + + + + + + + + H 1283. Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1284. Mortised stone bowl . ...... . . + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 1285. Mortised clay (pottery) bowl .+ *1286. Mortised stone mouthpiece. .+ _ + _- _ _ _ _ 1287. Haliotis shell inlay ... ..... . + + + + + 1288. All stone ...... ........- + + *+ + + - 4 + +--- 1289. Central Californian types of wood .......... _ - _ 1290. Bulb bowl (Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 30, a,b,f) .... . .. ..... . . . . . . . +- 1291. As in Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 30,f -. - -? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ 1292. As in Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 3O,g * . - ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??__ __ _+ 1293. Horn ...........-........... +__ ______, l294. Pipe sack, buckskin . ....................... - + + + + + + + + + + + 1295. Casedfur ........ ...........*+ .?______ | CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHIEST CALIFORNIA 337 0 H -4 -X 0 o r H 9- 1-. 9-. F t b P4 P4 .H 4-) ' 4-, 4 0 .10 ad od g P AA H a: wR a: H w E- U Xb i: C. g :ii >A cn co R4 V To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy H1 H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY TOBACCO .ll Gathered wild .+ - + Imported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + sown ....... + + + + *+ + + + + + + _+ .__ 1299. Always on hill .. _ + + + + - Ground cultivated with digging stick . . - + _ + . . Log or brush burned, sown in ashes . . + + + + + + + + + + + - + . - _ 1301a.Oak best .... . . ....... . + + + + lThinned if too thick . .......... . + + + - + . . _ Transplanted if too thick . . . . . . . . . . + + - + . - Prumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... + ( * -+ *+ + + + + +___ ..................__ Plot fenced ................ . + + + . . . _ Mixed with angelica root for smoking . .. . + ,() *+ + + + + - Smoking at meals or social gatherings . .. . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + - Used as offering (other than smoking) . .. . + + + + + + + + + (-) + + * + - 1309. Tossed or blown in the air . . . + . + + + + + + + . + - 1310. Burnt in fire . . . . . . . . . . . . + . - _ + *+ _ + + + _ .Container: basket with lid .. ...... . + + + + + + + + + +? 1310b.Buckskin pouch. .. + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 1310c.Cased-fur pouch . . . . . . . . . . . +. . 1310d.Elk-scrot-bm pouch . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ . MUJSICAL INSTRUJMENTS Drumlll Hide drum .. . . . . . . . + + + + + - + ____+ + + + _ 1312. Cylindrical ......... . . . . - + - + + ? *+ + *+ ?+ 1313. Rectanguloid ........ .. . . + + + - + 1314. Modern . - + (t) (+)? ? - _ _ . . . . . Wood foot-drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + Rattle Cocoon: number of cocoons . - 1 - _ _ 1 1 - - 3+3+ *3 1+ 1322. Stick handle.- - + - _ _ _ + + - + + + + 1323. Feathers on handle . .......... _ _ _ + _ - 1324. Used in curing . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 1325. Used in gambling ..+. . . . . . . . - + 1326. General singing or dancing . . + . *. _ 1327. Child's toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . _- + - _ _ _ + +? Deer hoof, including dew claws . ..... . + _ _ + + + + - + + _ 1329. On buckskin, without stick .+ - + - + - _ _ _ 1330. Stick handle . + _ __ + + ...++ +__ 1331. Hoofs bunched . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 1332. Hoofs in line.- ..-.-. . . . . . . . . -+ + (+) Rattlesnake rattles on stick ..... . . ... _ ___ + - _ _ Split-stick clapper .-... . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + + + (-)+ + 1335. Single split ............. _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ + + + (-)+ + 1336. Mltiple splits .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1337 Painted .-.... . . . . . . . . . . + _ + - _ + + + + + + ()+ + 1338. General singing and dancing . __ _____- - + (-) + + 1839. Girl's puberty rite . . . . . . .. . + - + - _ - + + + + + + - - _ Basket, stone inside, child 's toy . + - - - + + - + *Bull-roarer .wOOa~ ~ ~ -.. . . . . . . . . . _ ______+ _ + v+ ken only play ..................____________+ _+ - Voice ofthunder ..-............... Produces storm ................. + - + - Stops storm .....................____________+ - _ - 338 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS P- 9:1 P4 4 HX - nG To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wry HL H2 Cl VD Mt Si Musical Bow 1346. Hunting bow .. . . . . . . .. . - + + - + + - 1347. Separate instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . .(+) 1348. Played with finger .. _ _ _ + + a * _ _ _ _ + 1349. Played with arrow or stick .-.. . . . . . . + + _ - + _ _ _ _ _ _ Whistle 1350. Single hole .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + + ++ 1351. Bone .+ + + + . + + + () + 1352. Bird or rodent . . + * + + . + + + + + ) + + 1353. Large manmal . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . _ -&) +4 *1354. Wood or cane .+ ..++ + .- + .+...+. 1355. Grass wrapped at hole . . ... . . . . . . . + . + + + . - + + + (-) * 1356. Stop of gum or pitch . . + . ....... + + . + + + + ( ) * + 1357. Double, 2 bound together .-..... . . _ . . _. Flute 1358. Wood . + + + + + + + + + + *+ ++ 1359. Elder .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . + * + + + + + + + + + ++ 1360. Bone .+ _ _- - + + ? ? _ _ *1361. Number of holes .. 6 * 6 6 4 3 4 4 4 3 6 4+4 1362. Flattened, squared, around holes .-... ...- - - - _( ) (-) - _ 1363. End blown .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1364. Mouth blown . + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1365. Nose blown . *~)E * Shinny 1366. Men play .M... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mMM m M M M - M M 1367. Women play .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . _W 1368. Both sexes together ...? . . . . . 1369. Pack, wood ball .M.... . ...... . . - *M M t1370. Pepperwood nut . . . . . . . . . . . t1371. Oak gall-nut.. _ _ _ M - _ M - 1372. Buckskin cord, wood blocks on ends . W * M M M M _ M M ? t1373. Dropped from teeth to start game . - . M M M M M M _ _ _ t1374. Dropped from hand to start game . . _ _ M - M - M 1375. Buried to start game . .M .? ? ? ? ?- M . _ $1376. Propulsion: curved stick . . . . . . . . . . *N . M M M M m m I - *MW I - t1377. Straight paddle-ended stick. . .? ? ? ? ?_ t1378. Straight natural-ended stick . . M M _ . t1379. Looped stick . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1379a.Netted stick .- _ ??????????? 1380. Goals: paired posts or trees._ . M _ IA *MW_ 1381. Line, single stake, or row of stakes. MNW. I I M I M M I M _ *M 1382. Grappling permitted. ............W . IA M IA M M M M-- -- t1383. Tripping permitted.M . - IA M - - t1384. Picking up and batting puck permitted .M.. . I . - _ _ _ _ _ _ t1385. Catching ball in hand, dropping, striking permitted ................. . tl386. Number on each side ........................3 * 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3+49 tl1387. Sides local groups .*...................................+ . + + + + + + + - + + + +> 1388. Substituting permitted. * + + + - + + ................ + .+ ++_+++ * Hoop and Pole 1389. Men play ....................... __ _ _ _ __ _ _+ 1390. Unwrapped hoop ....................... ____________+_ CULTURE ELK?M. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORT1DEST CALIFORNIA 339 rH [ \ ^ a H ' r C ?-H C' I : 0~~~~~~~~ E |i o |-:) To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi 12 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY Netted hoop . * Pole thrown overhand . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Pole thrust, hoop picked up . . . . . . . . . - + - - - . Pole through hoop scores .... . . . . . . - + - - 4 . Sides cast or thrust simultaneously ..... _+ _ - .Individuals cast or thrust in turns ... . . - - + Number on a side 2 .Number of sides .-.... _ . . . 2 -2 ,Sides local groups.. + - + Spear or Dart Throwing Mlen play. . . .... |+ - + + + + - + - - .Thrown overhand . . . . . + + _ + _ + 1402. Spear .............. . . . + - + _ _ 1403. Arrow ... . . . . + 1404. Dart, not arrow a. . . _ . + + - _ + - + 1404a. Feathered . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ - + - + - 1405. 2 feathers tangential . _ _ + - _ - - + - o 1406. Length in feet . . . 4 - - - - 2+- - Target stationary . . . . + - 1408. Tule bundle . . .. .+ - . 1409. Buried hoop .+ - - _ _ _ . . _ 1410. Stake.+ + + + - _ _ + - - - 1411. 2 targets, back and forth .+ - + + + + - _ - + _ - _ .Closer wins point . . . . .......... .........+ - + + + + _ - - + _ + - . Players cast in turns . . . _ .Number on a side 2 - Number of sides . . . _ Stick Bounced ,Women and children play . . ...... . .. _ + + For distance. + + *Archery ,Stationary target .............. + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 1419. Tree .+ - . + 1420. Stake a lone .+ + + + - + + + + . + _ 1421. Stake in hole in ground .. . + + + - + _ - . - *1422. Stake in circle on ground .. . .. . - - _ + - - + 1423. Circle alone on ground.+ () + .....-. + + + 1424. Slab of wood or bark .+ + . + + 1425. Tule or grass bundle . . . . . . . . + + + + + . - - 1426. Tule or grass deer or rabbit effigy . + . + 1427. Double, shoot back and forth .... + - + + + - + . _ Vark rolled (often downhill) . . . . . . . . + - + + + + *+ 1429. Manroot ball . . . . . . . . . . . . + () - - . 1430. Hoop of wood .-. (.) . . . . . . . . + . - .Iark thrown in air ........ . . .-.. - + _ + + + + + + + * + 1431a.A grass ball ..... . . . . . . . + + + iFor distance t- A. + + - _ - - + + + + + + + . + + WRing and Pinllll Ken play .. .... ....______+ + - + + - + + + - Women play. ................______+ + - + + -+ + + - ; ish-vertebrae rings. ...........______+ + _+ + - + + + + 1437. Some glued together ...........| -----+ | .........- + - - + + - 1- 340 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS .1 -- CIQ r- CQ 4- r- C l o 0 i O 3S To Cm Ki K2 Y. Y2 Wy El H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 ol438. Number of rings (-, no particular number) . ?7 1439. Variable number of rings.?- ._ + + + + f1440. Number of strings of rings.1 1. - 1 2 - 1+ 3 $1441. Number of pins . 1 1 - 1 1 - 1+ 1 1442. Number of stick counters.+ . _ _ _ - 1443. Outfit transferred at miss . O O O O O + + - + + - + + 1444. Each ring counts one point .O O O O O O O + - + + - + + t1445. Number of sides. .. . O O O . O O O O O 2 O - 2 2 - 2 2 o1446. Number on each side .1. O O O O ....... - 1 O - 1-31 1447. Each player independent .O O O O O O O + + + + - + + Hand, Grass, or Many-stick Game 1448. Men play, a . ..O.O.O.O.O...O ...O ..+ + + + + + + + +* + + + + 1448a.Men play, b O-O . O O O.O.O...O.O.O.O.O . ___+ + + + + + + 1449. Women pla'y, a.OoooOOOo9 145O. Woxen play, b .O O O O O O O O O O O + + _ + 1451. Many small sticks, one marked, a .O O O O O O+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + $1452. Number of bones or sticks per player, b . . - - 1 6 2 4 1 1 * 1453. Sticks of solid wood, b .OOOOOOOOO. O + - - _ - + - - + + W + + 1454. Bones of hollow bone, b OO...OOOO O O.....+ - _ _ - + - 1455. Bones of solid, bone or horn, b OOOOOO.... --.. . .+ - M + - 1457. 1 wrapped or marked per player, b O........O+ + O + + - 1458. Wrapped or marked guessed for, b O . O O O O + + + + 1459. Called tep and wei, b. 1460-. Called man and woman, b. 1461. Called black and white, b . O O . . 1463. Hide in bare hand only, a . O O O O O O O O . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1464. Hide in grass in hand, b O O OO ..+ - - - - + + - + + + ++ 1465. Shuffle, in front, a O O O O O O O O O O O O + 1466. Behind back, a .O ..ID..O.O...O... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1468. Holder (dealer) wins point, a . . O O O .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1468a.Holder (dealer) wins point, b O O O O _ O O + + + + + + + 1469. Correct-guessing side gets to hold (deal), a. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1469a.Correct-guessing side gets to hold (deal), b. - + - - - - + + - + + + + + t1470. Number of counters, a .O O O O O O O O ..O.O 12 11 12 11 12 12 11 12 12 11 10 12 11470a.Number of counters, b... _ - 12 O O-12 2 30 24 1471. Counters sticks, a . . O O O O . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 1471a.Counters sticlks, b . . . O + - + - + + + + 1472. Counters in 1 neutral pile at start, a . . . - + + - - + + 1472a.Counters in 1 neutral pile at start, b . . O + 1473. Counters in 2 piles, a. .. + - + + 1473a.Counters in 2 piles, b .... O. . _ - _ _ _ + O. + - + - 1474. Each holds total number of counters, b O ................... O_ ._ O O O O _ . O O ._O _ + _,. 1475. Referee to hand out counters, a . O O _ . O + + + + 1475a.Referee to hand out counters, b O . ..O _ _ _ O- + - + 1476. One player on a side holas zticks or bones,a + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4K 1477. One player on a side holds sticks or bones, b - + - _ - - + . - + - + + 1478. Two players on a side holds sticks or bones, b O O O O O O O O .. O O O O . O O_ . O O_ + __ 1479. Two sides, a . O . . . . . . O O . . O O O + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1480. Two sides, b OOO OOO....O.. .... O.O_+ O - + . - + + + + 1481. 3 choice guess when 2 points from game, a . O + + + + + + + + + + + + Mlany Sticks,-Take Awray, Guess Remainder l lll 1482. Men, women, children play .............._____________ 1483. Take away 2 at a time, guess zero or 1...____________i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTINEST CALIFORNIA 341 r- \ - Q - r-4 CQ C: C\ 0 r4 4- 0 I~~~~~~~> -rI r;, 4> I l, 4-? I~~~~~~ o-4 Ir coz CggW ______________________________________________ To Cm Kl K2 Y1 Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY Single Stick Hidden Behind Fingers M.en play. . + + + _ _ iWomen play .... . . . . . . . . .... . . + + _ _ _ _ 1Boys play .. + _ _ _ * Hider wins point when opponent misses . . + + + + _ _ _ - Correct guesser hides . .+......... + + + _ _ _ _ * Number of counters . .......... ... .. 10- - _ _ _ .Counters sticks .+ .. . + + . - _ Dice, Disk Type .Womenplay .+ - + + + + + + + + + + _ - . Dice of shell . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + - - 1494. Mussel . . . + - + + + + + + + _ + - + - - _ 1495. Haliotis or " oyster".- + - - _ 1497. All same size .... . .. . . . . + + +?+ + _ _ _ _ 1498. 2 large, 2 small . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ + + + + + _ _ + _ .Number of dice thrown m.. 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 - 2 3 4 - - . Concave (inside) side called "up" .+ + + + + + + + - + + + - _ L.2 up, O down ...... ........ _ - . 1 1- - - - 1----- 3. Oup, 2 down...... . . . . . . . . . . _ 0 - - - 1 0 i. up, 2 down ...................... _ _ - - - 2 - - - - 3. u up, 2 down ....................... _, _P _P _ _ __ - - - -1 - -3 - - 1. up, 2 down . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . _______- - 1 - -_ N.4 up, O down ...... o 1 - .1 - - - 2 --_ 1.3 up, 1 down . ......- , O _- _1 _ O O O O O - - - 1 -_ >.2 up, 2 down, paired . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ....... 1 - -1 1 1 1 1 - -2 --_ L.2 up, 2 dOwn not paired . . . . . . . . ..... . ......... O _ _ O O O O 0 -_ p.1 up, 3 down . . . . ...... ........... ........... O _ _ _ O O 0 1 --_ 1.0 up, 4 down . . . . . .. .. . .- . . 2--_ i!5 up$ O down ...... ... .. ... .. . .. ..___ 4__ i. 4 up, 1 down - - - - 2 3 up, 2 down .1--- 1 1 1.1 -- 2 . . . .2up, 3down .1... . . .. . 1 11 -- - 2--- - 1 up, 4 dowm,notpare.0 _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 - - - 0.- - - ! up, 5 down .. . .____0 4-___ N.Nuber of counters .... . . . 12- 10 6 * 12 * 12 30 8 14 - ICounters sticks . . .... . . . . . .. . + - - + + . + . + + + + _ 1 Counters stones ........... . . . + + _ . .????? 1Counters in 1 neutral pile ... . . . . . . + - + + . _ . + + _ + _ *Counters in 2 piles .-... . . . . . . . . - + - _ . + . _ + - * Referee to hand out counters . . - * Played on: flat basket tray .- _ - _ _ +?????? + _ 1527. Hopper basket on buckskin .. . ?+ - _ 1528. Mat, blanket ........... . + _+ + + + + + +___ 1529. Stool .... . . . . . ..... . + + + - _ _ - 1530. Stone. ...... . . + _ - + - _ + + - _ - - _ 1531. Plank.+ _ + - - - + + - _ _ - 1532. Hard ground + + _ + So ides dist. + - + + + + + + + - + + + - - - *Sides distrids .+ - + + + + + + + - + + + - - - *Stick Thrown Upllll *, Stick sharpened on both ends .-.................... _ - + + + _ N atural ve stigial deer me tapodial. .... + _ - _ - - - One point when it lands erect in grohnd . . + - - + |+ + _- 342 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS $E 4 9- S- A4 P- PI P4 r- i Z To CmKl K2 Y Y2W El H2 Cl VD Mt S1S 1542. Thrower scores .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1543. Unsuccessful thrower transfers . . + +_ 1544. Each player has stick or bone . o . * o _ _ + + 1545. Number of counters . _ - Jacks 1546. Women and children play o . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - - t1547. Stones, number . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 - - o1548. Number of counters . _ _11 - l Tops~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. *1549. Children play with .... . . . . + + + - + - + + + + - + + 1550. Acorn o. . . . . o.+ + + - + + + + ++ 1551. Pepperwood nut.- .- -. o o-o . _ _ _ + + _ + 1552. Bark or wood disk, horizontal plane + _ _ - Buzzer *1555. Children play primarily o | | . . + + + + + + + + 1556. Acorn ........... . + _ _ + 1557. Rawhide .................. . + _ _ 1558. Wood orbark .......... ....... . + + .+ _ _ +_+ 1559.Shell .+. . . . ... -. . .? . . _+_ 1560. Edge of disk notohed ............ . + - + . +? ? ?+ Cat's Cradle 1561.Menplay ... + - + + + + + + + + - ++ 1662.Womenplay .................. + - + + + + + + + + - ++ 1563. Static figures.+ + + + + + + _ +++ 1564. Moving figures . . + + + + + ? ? + 1565. Toes worked in.+ - + - + + + - + CaJNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES 1566. Counting on fingers .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1567. Counting on toes .... . . . . . . . . . . . + 1569. Stick for 10 - - - + + _ + + + + 1570. Stick for 100 .. + + . + 1571. Larger stick.- - + . + 1572. Knotted string: for months .-.-.. . . . . . . *+ 1573. For messages. 1574. Stick mat for messages . . . . . . . . . . . . CALENDAR 41575.'Number of moons in year . . . . . . . . . . . | 13 13 13 13 .12 12 o1576. Number of numeral names for months . *9 *8 * 8 10o * *1577. Descriptive month names.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 1578. Beginning of calendrical year near winter solstice ............ + + + + + ++() ASTRONOMY, ME TEOROLOG;Y, COSMOLOGY *New MLoon Observancesll 1580. Monthly birth-and-death theory ................ +?_____+_____X l581. All go out to see....................+__++ _+__+*, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 343 0 r0 ~~;s To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy EH H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 'Only children go aut to see . . . .............+ . Raeing by children . . . . . . . . .. ..... + Speak, shout, or pray to moon . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + - _ + - + + + 1585. Address moon with kin term - + a + Throw stone at moon a + Position of "horns" significant . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 1588. Horizontal: full of water ..... . + ?????+ - - - - + + . + 1589. Rain or storm . . . . . . . . + + _ + - - + + - . . 1590. Dry weather . . . . .+ . . + 1591. Death or sickness - + + + + _ + + + + - _ 1592. Vertical: rain . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ . . + 1593. Dry weather . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ . 1594. Good fortune .- X . _ _ _ + + - + + + + _ Eclipses Eclipse of sun known.+ o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Eclipse of moon know. .+ . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Eating theory.+ * + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1598. Sun+ + + + + + + + + - + + . 1599. Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . e + . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . 1600. Bird. . . + *+ _ _ 1601. Condor. . . - + +____.____. 1602. Bluejay . . . . . . . . . .. . . . + + _ 1603. Dog . .. . _ _ _ + _ _ + . _ + _ 1604. Coyote . . . . + _ _ __ 1605. Puma. .. + + + _ 1606. Bear . . . . _ + _(+) . + + + 1607. Lizard .. . . + + _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . 1608. Rattlesnake . * | * .. + - - - - - Make dogs squeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . - + _ + + + + _ + + - o 1610. Twist dogs' ears .+ . _ + + - + + - . Shout .+ - + + + + + + + + _- + + - Strike plank or canoe .. + *+ _ * Shoot arrow into air .+ . _ _ _ Hold raccoonskin on stick in air * + _ _ :en go to mts. to make medicine. _ + + (-) _ -Turn vessels over or throw out food and water.- | |(-)++ + -|-)( -)+ +-- Turn over canoe .. . . . . . . . . .. . + . + + _ _ Rainbow Penis . . + + Sign of childbirth somewhere.+ . . . . . . + + _ + - + + _ list not look at too long, otherwise weak eyes . 10 0 0 10 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 + + Signl o f rain . . . . . . . ._ Sign of dry weather.- | + - - * - + - - - + Bad sign, evil spirit in . + 1624. Bad luck in hunting or fishing . . . . + _ 1625. If point finger at, finger injured or drops off .+ . . . . . + . + Thunder and Lightning ?Thunder anthropomorphic ................... + . $ + ~+ + + + + + . *- + + + (+) 1627.Male .................... + . -+ *+ *+ + + + + . _ + + + (+) 1628. Female ..................... - .?????????__ _. _ _ + +_ ,Noise from shouting .................... + . ____._____ Noise from playing shinny .. - | . (+)| + + + * - - * - - 344 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r: IQ rI C >'1HXH o HcS aj - 4 P PI To Cm K1 K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl2ClVDMtS 1631, Noise from running around or dancing. + + 1631a.Noise from sliaing snow . .. + + _ _ 1632. Lightning from mouth of thunder person . . * _ _ -+_ 1633. Lightning from eyes of thunder person . _ . _ _ + 1633a.Thunder and lightning feared .+ 1634. Food and water thrown out or covered during storm . *+ 1635. Dogs made to squeal. + *Whirlwind 1636. Some kind of etil associated with .+ * + + + (+) + + + + - 1637. Spirit-or ghost in . ... . + . . - - +: 1638. Snake in.+ . 1639. Sign of war or trouble . . . * + + _ - + + + . 1640. Wind playing ..... . + 1641. "Explosion" from ocean . . . + _ 1642. Talked to .... + - - + 1643. Throw water at to stop .*+ 1644. Struck or pierced with weapon .... . . . . + .?_ 1645. Dodged .+ * _ - (+) (+) . + + _ _ - + 1645a.Recite formula and bathe with angelica.+ _ _ Various 1646a.MilkyWay ghosts' roada. * + + + * + + + * * 1646b.Sun male .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . + 1646c.Suin female. ..----- 1646d.Moon male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ . . + *. + +, 1646e'.Moon female ..+ - _ _ - _ . . _ _ i 1646f.Frog in moon._.* + . .+ . . . . _ . _646 og in moon . . . . . . .. . . ....... _. _ . + + . 0 + tB46h.Ni mber of cardinal directions .... . . . . 4 4 - - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1646i.Water flow for airections.- + + + + + 1646j.Worid a tree, roots north, top south.- 1646k.Worla a horizontal disk .. + + + + + + 1646n. Floating on water or water all* around .................. _ . + + - + + + 1646m. World a person .+..... ....... . r+ *MARRIAGE Ceremony 1647. Child betrothal before puberty ..+ + + | ? ? + 1648. With payment by groom's siae *.. _ _ +? ? ? - 1649. With exchange of presents ..... . _ ? 1650. Binding ..- _ + + we-- - 1651. Only a gooawill pledge . . +? ? ? ? ??+ 1652. To pay debt or to bolster family fi- * nances. . . + .???- 1653. Only prominent families. . . + - - - + _ _ 1654. Coimmon .. .. ... . _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1655. Niegotiated bride price . .... .r+ 1+ + *+ ~+ + + 1+ + + + t)()t) 1656. Intermediary negotiates or proposes ..+ -+ + + + + + + + tI + + __- 1657. Suitor proposes personally . . . ...... ...?........ __________+ + 1658. Hubands bought .................... ; + _ + 1659. Only mutual exchange of gifts by families . - _ - _ - (- __ <) t 1660. WXddiug at groom's home .................. + - + + + + + + + + + + + O 1661. Duration, days, bride's family stays . - *10. 14 3+ 1 *_ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTH9EST CALIFORNIA 345 0 rH 4' 0 , To Cm Kl K2 Yi Y2 Wy Hi H2 Ci VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 1662. Mutual exchange of gifts + + + + + + + + + + + + .Wdding at bride's home + + + _ + + _ + + o 1664. Duration, days, groom's family * stays .. . .5+ . . .- 3+ - 1665. Muitual exchange of gifts . . + + _?+ - 1666. Couple go to bed in view of par- ents .. .... _ . + _ _ ."Half-marriage" . .+ + + + + + + + + *++*) - _ 1668. Permanent. .+ + + + + + + + + +(+) _ _ 1669. Temporary, may buy out + _ + + + + + (+) _ _ 1670. Children belong to mother's fam- ily . .+ _ _ + + + + + . + + +(.) _ _ 1671. Matrilocal residence + _ _ + + + + + + + + (+) _ _ * Elopement without payment tolerated . _ .? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (+) + - MlLature daughter given as payment of debt . + ( ) + *+ + + + + + - - _ Marriage of Affinal Relatives 4,Sororate + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + 1675. Simultaneous (polygynous) .+ _ _ _ _ + + + + + - - + + + - 1676. 2 wives maximum paid for . + _ _ - + . + + + - - + + + - 1677. 2 wives maximum in same house .+ _ + + + + + - - + + + - 1678. Because first wife barren . + _ _ _ - + . + + + - - - + - 1679. Without barrenness of first wife + + + + + - _ + + + - 1680. Successive (post-mortem) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1681. Obligatory forsister + + + + + + + + + + + _ 1683. With additional payment * * for 2d wife .... . . . + - + + + + _ + + +? 1684. Extended to wife's brother's daughter, wife's sister's daughter .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + _ 1685. Extended to wife's father's sister, wife's mother's sister .. . + + + + + + + + + + - 1686. Extended to wife's parallel cousin, wife's cross- cousin ... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 7. Levirate, successive (post-mortem) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1688. Obligatory for wife .+ - T + + + + + + + + *+ _ - _ 1689. Obligatory for brother + + + + + + + - 1690. With additional payment for bride . + + + + + *() _ + + 1691. Extended to husband's sister's son, husband's brother's son . + + + + + + + + + + 1692. Ex'tended to husband's mother's brother, husband's father' s brother.+. ... . . + + + + + + + + + 1693. Extended to husband's parallel cousin, husband's cross cousin. + + + + + + + + + + Marriage of man to stepdaughter . . .. .+ _ 1695. Simultaneous, to woman and her daughter .. + _ 1696. Successive . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ _ 1697. With additional payment for step- daughter + _ _ B.Two men exchange their sisters .................... + + + + *+ + + + + + *+ + + + + + i 1699. Payments for both brides .................... + + + + *+ + + + + + *+ + + + _- 1700. Simuitaneou or neariy .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1701. Successive (man marries sister's llll | ~husband's sister)+ + + + + + + +I + + + + + + + + 346 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r- cIQ H c\J 4- r- CQ J r- 4g P4 >1i 4 To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD mt S1 S2 K Polygyny with Unrelated Wives 1702. Polygyny, unrelated wives .... . + + + + + + + + + + + + 11703. Maximum number paid for ..... . 4 5 - 2 *10 2 10 10 22 - - 2 2 3 t 1704. Maximum number in same house . . . 4 2 - 2 2+ 2 1 * 2 2 - - 2 2 2 1705. First wife outranks others ... . _ _ _ . . (+)?- 1706. Usually only by prominent men . . . + + - + + + + + + + - - + + + Postnuptial Residence (Note: With reference to local group.) 17Q7. First residence patrilocal ... . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 1708. Husband's parents' house . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 1709. Own house .... . . . . . . .. . + _ __ ??+ - - - + - _ 1710. Final (permanent) residence patrilocal . + - + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 1711. Husband's parents' house .+ - + + + + + + + + + 1713. Own house later ... . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 1714. First residence matrilocal ................. _ _ * _ _ _ + + o1715. Time in weeks ... . . . ....... _ _ _ - - - - 52 . 1716. Wife's parents' house . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ + + 1717. First. residence variable . . . . . . . . . - + ? _ _+ - _ 1718. Final (permanent) residence variable . . . .r + ? _ + + + 1719. Wife from another local group preferred . . + - - + + + + - - - - + + I Sexual Relations of Unmarried 1720. Unchaste girl physically chastised . + - - + + + + + + + 1721. Fine for seduction without pregnancy . . - *+ + 1722. Fine for pregnancy .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 1723. Seducer must pay damage but is free ..................................... + _ + + + + *+ + + + _ _ + __ 1724. Seducer must pay damage but may marry girl without paying bride- price .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1725. Seducer must pay damage and also brideprice if he marries girl . . + _ + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ _ 1726. Seducer must marry girl . ..... + + + *Adultery 1727. Unfaithful wife beaten by husband .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 1728. Unfaithful wife sometimes killed by hus- band . . . . . ........... . ....... + + _ _+ + + + +__ ++_ 1729. Husband then pays fine to wife's family . . . .... ........ . .... . ...... . + ____+ _+ .+ _ +_ 1731. Seducer assailed by husband.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1732. Seducer sometimes killed by husband ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1733. Husband then pays fine to seducer's * * family . . . .... .. ..... ..... ....... . *+ + + *+ + + _ + *.+ + +___ 1734. Seducer pays fV e to husband.+ + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 1735. To'wife s fmily also ... . ... . + - + 1736. Seducer pays husband for constructive adul- tery . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + _+ + + + + + + + + +__ 1737. Woman fined for constructive adultery to 1738. Her husband pays offended manl . . . + _. + _ _ (+) _ _ _ _ _- 1739. Her family pays her husband . . ................... - ~ 1741. Mnfined for speaking to married woman with whom he had had premarital inter-... CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTINEST CALIFORNIA 347 r4Or- CQ -P r-IC' Q r CM1 4 ~ ~ ~ b9 9. 4JaI -4- I In IcoH I | O } A as z1 r .< | i r -X .H To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy H1 H2 Cl VD Mt Sl S2 Ka CY Divorce Hisband may divorce wife: for unfaith- fulness .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1743. For barrenness .+ - - - + + - + _ + + + - _ _ 1744. For laziness .+ + _ + + + + - + + + + + + + Wife may divorce husband: for unfaith- * * * fulness . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1746. For maltreatment by husband . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1747. Wife returned if fine paid. + + + + + + + + + + + - + _ _ Divorce for incompatibility .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Additional payment for wife after how* ny children? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - *3+ Rlpayment to husband's family on divorce + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ 1752. Amount depends on number and status of children .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ Children go to husband's family . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1754. If he refuses repayment . . . . . . + + + + + + + Children go to wife's family .+ + + + + + + + + - + + + _ + 1756. If husband accepts repaytent . . + * + + + + + * . _ _ Children sometimes divided . . . . . . . . + + + + + _ + + + + affinal Remarriage of Widow or Widower Widow's family pays former husband's * * * l familY .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ + + + _(_)- _ _ Widower s family pays former wife's family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +)(-)()() + + + +-_ + - - _ New husband pays widow's family. . + + + + - _ - + + + _ _ _ New husband pays widow's former husband's family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ - _ _ Intercourse Man lying superior . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + Wman lying inferior, legs raised .+ + + + + + + Intercourse taboo inside permanent dwelling + + + + + - + _ _ Various Wife's father pays husband for death of first child. + BERDACEES Wear women's clothes ....... .. . . + - - - + - + + - + - + - + + + Do wom en's work . .......... . + - - - + - + + - + - + - + + + Jot allowed in sweat house . . . . . . . . .- - - - + - _ + - + - Some shamans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ___+ _ .0 + _+ _+____ emale berdaches...+ _? 1771. Dress like man and hunt . . . . . . + KINSHIP AVOIDANCES Kother-in-law son-in-law ..... . .. ...- . + + + 1773. Do not speak at all .... . . ... _. ..__. . __ __+ _- _ 1774. Speak little .. . .. .-?????. ___ ___+ *+ + 1775. Plural address ... .-? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ___ __ __+ + + 1776. Speak through third person . . . . ??? _ - + + + 1777. Head covered (in-in-1). . ... . . . .____. ____+ + + 1778. Turn aside on trail ....... . | - - ?~~ - - - - + +|+ 348 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r- CQ r- Oa 4- CQ X Cat bo .A 4 . .. .X To Cm Kl K2 Y l2 Wy E 112 Cl VD Mt SJI 1779. Must not eat together. + 1780. Must not hand things to one an- other . . . . . . . . ....+ 1781. Must not laugh together . . . . . . + 1782. Obscenity taboo together + 1783. For life . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1784. Temporary, newly wed or before 1st child. 1785. Mother-in-law daughter-in-law .+ 1786. Speak little . . .. .. + 1787. Plural address . . - - . + 1788. Must not laugh together . . . . . . 1789. Obscenity taboo together . . . . . + 1790. For life . . . . . . . . .. . . . + 1791. Temporary, newly wed or before 1st child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1792. Father-in-law daughter-in-law . . . . . . . + 1793. Do not speak at all . . . . . . . . + 1794. Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . + 1795. Plural address . . . . . . . . . .+ 1796. Speak through third person . . . .. . . . . . + 1797. Head covered (d-in-l)....... + 1798. Turn aside on trail . . . . . . . + 1799. Must not eat together . . . . . . . . + 1800. Must not hand things to one an- other. 1801. Must not laugh together . . .. .. + 1802. Obscenity taboo together. . .. .. + 1803. For life.......+ 1804. Temporary, newly wed or before 1st child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1805. Father-in-law son-in-law . . . . . . . . . - - - + 1806. Speak little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1807. Plural address . . . . . . . . . . . + 1808. No obscenity together . . . . . . . 1809. Temporary, newly wed or before 1st child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + BIRTH Obstetrics 1810. In separate hut ..-... . . + _ _ + + _ _ _ - _ *1811. In dwelling .+... . . . + + + - - + + + + + + + + 1812. Mother reclines backward. . .+ + + + (+) _ - + - - - 1813. Sits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1814. Squats + 1816. Holds to stake or loose stick . . . + _ _ 1817. Holds to cord or strap from roof . + + + + + + + + + + - 1819. Midwife assists+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1820. Paid or given a present .+ + - + + + + + + + + + +- 1821. Shaman assists . _ _ _ - + _ - 1822. Herb doctor assists ... + + + *+ + (+ *+ - 1823. Birth aided by drinking vegetable concoc- tion ..+ -+ - + + + + + - +a+l 1824. External application of vegetable concoction ............... + _ + + + . . + + -- 1825. Warmed groun.d or sha1llowf pit for mother to * * * lie on orin .-....... + *+ + + + + + + + + - + +; 1825a.Mother steamed . .............*+ + + + + + + + + + --+ +D 1826. Mother steamied in or on warmedi pit or ground .-............. - + + + . + - + + *+ - _- WLTIJRE ELEFL. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNI-I 349 r-ic a C3 -i 2N 4-3 -iCNI 4= U-I - :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p P. t> P4 P- ggg, 4- a a 4- i E-4 C-3 C-:r4 - To Cm Kl K2 Y1 Y2 Wy EH H2 Cl VD Mt SI Sa Ka CY -1827.- Mother steamed with basket of hot water and blanket .+ + + + + + * + + + + + ivel cord: cut with flint ... . . . . . + + + . + + + + + + + + + + + + 1829. Tied with mother's hair.--_._ + _ . 1880. Tied with vegetable-fiber string . + _ . + + + + + . + + 1831. Tied with buckskin string .. . + + + + + + . _ 1832. Tied with sinews . .+ - - (8-) . _ 1833. Tied on itself .- + . _ - _ _ _ _ . _ _ o 1834. Detaches in how many days (V, varni-* able).. 2+ V V 2 V V 2+ 4+ 5 10*5 6 V 1835. Kept till death ..+ +?+ .*... + _ - _ 1837. Kept in bottom of cradle . . . . . + + + 1838. Tied on cradle .... . . . . + + + .? 1839. Worn by child .... . . . . . . . + . _ + . 1840: Put in tree .-9.4 oo.4 - + + + o + + -- 1841. Top of tree split, cord insiae .... .... . _ _ _ + + . + 1842. Buried.- + - _ . _ _ ????+ + + 1843. In gopher hole . _ . . . . + - _ fterbirth buried .+ + _ _+ + + + + + . + + + + + 1845. Turned over to change sex of future offspring . . + .+ . Afterbirth destroyed or mutilated to pre- * * vent offspring . . + + *+ + ( - + - 1847. Burned .+ _ _ + + .? 1848. Cut up or pierced. + _+ + + + Afterbirth thrown in stream ... . . . . . + - + . + + . + . ? 1850. To prevent offspring .. . + _ _ + + . + . _ hila bathed at birth .. - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t1852.. Steamed in basket, days after birth o o .. - _ - 10 5 10 10 10 10 - Restrictions on Mother ote: Nos. refer to days after birth.) at taboo for boy. ..-o 10 10 40 30*30 20 7 40 30 40 30 10o+ 5 30 4+ eat taboo for girl . 10 10 30 30 30 20 7 50 40 50 30 10 + 5 30 4+ 1853a.Fresh m&n 1meat tboo .. o . + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + 2 1854. Fresh fish taboo .. + _ - 3+ + + + + + + + + + . + + :1855. Dried m malmeat taboo o . + + + + - + + + + + + _ + . +_ 1856. Dried .fish taboo . . ... _ _ ts.alone, separate receptacles, for boy. . 10 10 40 30 30 20 7 40.30 40 30 10 5 5 30 4+ ts alone, separate receptacles, for girl . *10 10 30 30 30 20 7 40*40 50 30 10 5 5 30 4+ odawater taboo . ... 10(-) 1+ 30 30 20 7. 10 + 2+ 30- + 5 4+ bing hair taboo . o o P a ....... , . ... 10 - - - 30- - - - 10 - - + - _ se scratching stick.- + + - _ _ *_???+ - 30 + ese scratching bone . . . . _ _ - - 30*- + - - 10- - + 5 *- - es down .l . . . . . . . . . . . . 0l 1+ *+ 1 10 + 7 9 10 + 6 10 5 5 + + tayin childbirth hut - 10 - - 30? - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : vel taboo for boy . o o o .. . . 10 10 40 30 30 10 7 9 10 40 30 30 5 30 30 vel taboo for girl o o .... . 10 10 30 30 30*10 7 9 10 50 30 30 5 30 430 ing baskets taboo for boy o o ... o 10 + - 30 30 20 7 40 30 40 30*+ 60 5 30 ;+ king baskets taboo for girl o o ... o o 10 + - 30 30 20 7 50 40 50 30*+ 60 5 30 + eking for family taboo for boy ..................................... 10 10 40 30 30 20 7 40 30 40 30*+ 60 5 30 30 oking for family taboo for girl ....................1010 3030 30 207 50 4050 30*+ 605 30 30 lee taboo near child ........ . ...... 10 _ - + + - _ . _ _ _ - Lse made to condition child to it ............... _- __?__?_+ . + _ _ - _ thing in stream taboo .l............. 0i,0*+ 30 30 107 + + 30 1 5 5 30 30 th at end of taboo period ..... . ....10 10 30 7 10 30 10 + 5 30,30 350 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Eq .H SL Aq P4 9- PX iP 4 r, To CmKlK2 Y1 Y2Wy Hl H2 Cl VDMtSlS2 Restrictions on Father (Note: Nos. refer to days after birth; N, until na- vel cord drops off.) t1874. Meat, except dried fi-sh, taboo . . 5 - - + 10 5 N 10 N 5 - 5 1875. Eats alone, separate receptacles . 5 + 10 5 9 10 5 5 - 5 1876. Cold water taboo .5.-.......... . . 5 + 10 - - - - - 5 t1877. Wears "hunger" belt. 5 1878. Combing hair taboo ........... . . - - + 1879. Scratches with bone ..... . . . . . . . . - - + t 1880. Must lie down ....... .. .. .. .. . - 3+ t1881. Must remain indoors .*.... . . . . . . . . 5 ?5 _ 1882. Travel taboo. 5 -+ 10 5 --10 5 -5-- 1883. Sweating taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1884. Sweating mandatory. 5 + 10 5 - _ - _ - _ 1885. Smoking taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . - 10 - - 10 2+ 1886. Gambling taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - - + 10*20- + 10 + 30 3+ 5+ 3 *1887. Hunting deer taboo ......... . 5 - + 20 + + + 10 30 1 10 + 3 1888. Bathing in stream taboo .... 2+ - 3 1889. Daily bathing mandatory . . ..- + 10 - - _ _ _ t1890. Bathing mandatory, end of taboo period . . . 5 _ _ 5 5- - - 3C Sex Restrictions on Parents t'1891. Continence (months after birth) .+ | 1 6 7+ 24 24 242 12 1+* 2 1892. Child wears dentalia anklet until parents resume intercourse .+ + + 1893. Adultery of either parent sickens nursing * child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ Abortion 1894. Medicine eaten or drunk.+ . . (.) - _ _ _ + + + 1895. Blows or pressure on abdomen .+??????(-)?? + + 1896. Hot stones on abdomen .. (+). . . . . . . . 1897. Lifting, hard work . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - - Infanticide (not of twins) 1898. Chiefly bastards .+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. ?+ - - + - + + Twins -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1899. One killed . ...... 1900. If opposite sex, incest theory .+ + Nursing 1901. Before nursing, fed hazel-nut or acorn broth. + + + + + - _ _ * - _ 1902. Fed pulverized Haliotis shell in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0*1903. Weaned, qrears of age (-, not definitely | L * * * I * * 1l! weaned). .................1 1 1 11 1+ - 2- *1 11+ 3*1. Mutilations *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1904. Ears pierced soon after birth ................ ________*__: t 1905. Age in years .6 2 * * 8 5 .* * 5-*1+ - 10 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTINEST CALIFORNIA 351 v H . o o o h A *< A q q A | ?l AS X g | i iu >:, gn cog| EH '591~~ r1 -P A To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy H1 H2 Cl VD Mt S1 S2 Ka CY .Nose pierced (age in years) ..6 - 15 20 - -?_?_ ?_ 4+._ .Girls tattooed about puberty (10-13 years). . _?+ + + _ _ _ - + -Girls tattooed before puberty . . + - _ + _ - + - _ + _ _ _ Girls tattooed after puberty . . + - + + - + + + + - + - + + + Girls tattooed (age in years) . . 18 3+ 18 7 20 + + 10 17 2 15 15 * 12 .Boys tattooed (age in years). . . . . . . . . 20 - 18 20 18 20 25 + + 18 20 17 18 - 6+- *Milk Teeth * * * . * Thrown away.+?. ............. .+ _ _ + + + - + ++ + + 1912. Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . E - - W - E E E * - W 1913. Toward sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + + - - - 1914. Toward new moon . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1915. Over pregnant woman . . . . . . . . . + - - + + - - 1916. Over house ............ + - - +? - - Placed in animal manure . . . . . . . . . . . + + + Placed in gopher hole . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -Placed in mole tunnel. . + _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ *Name Given soon after birth (up to 6 months) ... + - - + _ _ - + + . - Given, age in years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 4 1+- 1 - 1 Name of living taboo in address ....+ Namesake a relative . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + *_ _ * 1924. Paternal relative . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - _ _ _ (+) 1925. Maternal relative . . . . . . . . . . . + + *+ + + + . - _ _ . _ (+) 1926. Deceased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + + + + _ _ . _ 1927. Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + *+ + + + + 1928. Renamed after kin . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + +? Namer a relative .+ + + + + + + (+) 1930. Paternal .+ + + + + + (+) 1931. Maternal .+ + + + + _ (+) Named after house . + + - + P4 P4 0 1 r- X 4GH To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt S1 S2 Blood Relatives 2149. Women cut hair.+ - - + + + + + + + + + + + t2150. Meat, except dried fish, taboo ... . . . . 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2151. Cold water taboo ........ . - - 5 5 5 - 5 55 1+ 12153. Hntnmg deer taboo .... . . . . . . . . . 5 - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 + 5 - 14 2154. Making baekets taboo .... . . . . . . . . 5 - 5 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 + - 60 *2155. Gathering taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . 5 _5 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 - - 90 *2156. Confined in house .... . . . . . . . . . 5 -5 - - 5 - 5 5 5 - 2+ 2157. Use head scratcher . 2+ *2158. Purification by sweating 5 5 5 5 5 - 5 5 5 5 1 1 - 2159. Wear mourning necklace of plants. + + + + + + + + + + - + 2161. Mourners financially satisfiable before dance . . + + + + + + + + + + + - 2162. Violent deaths excepted . . . . . . + + - + - + $2163. Duration of claim, weeks . . . . . . - 52*52 52 1 52 52 52 52 + 2164. Deerskin dance .-.... . . . . ... - _ + + - _ - _ 2165. Jump dance ....... .. . . + + + _ - _ _ 2166. Brush dance .-.-. .-. .-. . . . . . + - 2167. Girl's puberty rite . _ _ _ _ _ - _ + 2168. Doctor-making dance .. . - - + - - Professional Paid Mourners 2169, Relatives of deceased .- ....... . . . Name 2170. Name of deceased taboo ....... .. . *. * -- + + + + + + + + + + + + 2171. Indefinitely . . . . . . . . . . . . ()+ - + + 2172. Months (, no definite number) 2173. Till formally regiven ...... . (-) + + + + + + + + - - _ _ 2174. Only in presence of kin . . . . .. (-) + + + + + - *+ + - * + 2175. Change name at death of namesake . . (-)?+ - _ - + + t2176. Circumlocution at death of namesake, * * days._ - - - + + 5 -30- + 2177. Compensation for uttering in pres- * ence of kin .+....... . . . + + + + + + + + + - Ghosts 2178. Visible . . . + + + + + + + _ + 2179. Like a person .... . . . . . . + . + + _ . + + 2180. Like a skeleton .. . . . . . . * + _ - - + . + _ _ - 2181. Like a fog or cloud .... . . . . + . + _ + *2182. Audible.+ . + + + + + + + + + - + + t*2183. Leave grave after death, days .5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4+ 4 12184. Go N, S, E, W .N.... . . . . . . . . .. N * W * E W S 2185.Go up or to sky .. + + + + + + + + + + + +_ 2186. Go down or to underworld.- _ _ + + + *+ + + - 2187. Go across ocean . ...._ 2188. Ghost crosses a river, boatman . + .- . - + + - + 2189. Doorkeeper at entrance to land of dead + 2190. One destination for all . . .+ _ + +??????+ + + - _ + 2191. Rich and poor different destinations ..................... - - _ + _* 2192. Good and bad different destinations .................... + + + + + + + _ + +_ 2193. Ghosts of bad stay on earth .......... .... ......+ . *+ + -+ + (-) - ................... 2194. Ghosts of improperly buried stay on earth . + 2195. Precautions to keep ghost away: formula ..+ . - + + + + + - 2196. HIopper basket in door ............_______+ + + - _ - -................ 2197. Grass snare in door .-... ..... + + - - -........ _- CUWLTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 357 r-- C\ r - C\. 4J r-i CQ C2 > 4 i CIQ ol rH . -. F-4 F-4 IL - PL4 P-4 . - 4-' o ;, o 03 03H. Xoj HHw : ;G To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi 12 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 2198. Eating with dog .+...-. . . . . . + 2199. Aromatic herbs burned . . + + + + + + + + + - + 2200. Bath with medicated water + . + - - + 2201. Tobacco smoked . .+ . _ + - - + - + - + 2202. Tell ghost to leave . . . . . . l+ - - + Reincarnation .. _ _ _ _ _ + - + -- - + 2204. In newborn child . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 2205. From animal to human or human to ani- mal..???+ + - - + *SOCIAL STRATIFICATION .Chiefly wealth basis ... . . . . | . | + + + + + + + + + + + .Combination of birth and wealth ... . + + + + + + + + + + + + Commoners related to "nobles" . . . . | + + + + + + + + + + + + .~ [ "~~~Sla*es" .Maxinnm number owned by single man .2 - - 1 2 * - 1 1 2+ - - - - - - .For debt or offense .... . . . . . . . . + - - + + + - + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ .Liberty purchasable. .. . .. ... . . + - - + + + - + + + - - - - - - Father gives daughter (as slave) in pay- * * ment of debt .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + - - - + + _ .War capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ - - - - . - + - + Starving person gives self for keep .... + - - + + + - _ .Girls traded for food in time of famine . . + - + + - _ * Bride price for female slave wheii she marries . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + - _ + + + + + + _ 2216. Paid to owner .. . . . ... . . . o + + + - + + - ? 2216a.Owner gives some to her family. . +???? + ?? . Female slave free on marriage to free man . + + + + _ + + + - . Owner may buy wife for male slave .+ .. + + _ + . Relatives of male slave may buy him wife . + - + _ 2220. Permission of owner required . . . + _ - .Male slave brings wife to owner's house . + - - + + - . Male slave may marry free woman 0 | a . - | - - . Male slave may marry slave woman ... . . . *+ - - + + .Children of slave man and free woman free . + _ _ + + + + + _ .Children of slave woman and free man free . + - - + + + - + + + - Children of 2 slaves, slaves .... . . . _ Bastards * Not allowed in sweat house.* + Not allowed in dances.- + - - + + - - - - + - *CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS Chief or headman, number per local group . 1 * * Q) o 1 1 |1 2233. Hereditary . . . - + 2234. Patrilineal .+ _ . _ + 2235. Matrilineal _ * M 2236. Chosen at popular assembly . ....||---------- - - + - 2237. Position lifelong. ........ + + + 2238. Son or other relative bunts for chief.+ + ~+ + + + 2239. Food given chief free.+ +* 2240. Food bought by chief _+ _- _ _ _ 2241. Fed visitors, impoverished .............. ||+ |+ *+ + + - 358 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS r- 03 r- C\a P r-i C\2n C:1 r- 0 0 ~~~~~0 rA _ Ho .H 4 10 w X Tol Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt SI S2 2242. Sanctioned every public ceremony . . + + 2243. Provided largest share of food and property for ceremony .+ + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + 2244. Made speech at public ceremony . . . + 2245. Addressed people from top of * sweat house .. .+ 2246. Settled disputes .-.. .. . . + . . . _ + + + + 2247. Sanctioned killing of offenders . . _? 2248. Goes to war . + __ 2249. Declares war . + 2250. Directs communal food-quest activ- ities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2251. Titled woman chief. + 2252. Wife of male chief .. .+ 2253. May be head chief, gives orders to men ..._ 2255. Crier, messenger, orator ... + 2256. Appointed by chief ... . . . . . . - - - . + 2257. Office lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . + 2258. Acted as messenger _ _ . .?. + 2259. Daily announcements at home village. - . + 2260. Addressed people from top of sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2261. Moral lectures to children ... . + t2262. Firetender, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2263. For sweating .. .+ 2264. For ceremonies . . . . . . . . . . . + 2265. Office lifelong . . . . . . . . . . + 2266. Appointed by crier .... . . . . .. + t2267. War chief, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . _1 2268. Office lifelong, or as long as able. + - - - + 2269. Chosen at popular assembly . .. . _ _ + - - - + 2270. Leads local group or tribe ........ _+ - - - + *WAR AND FEUDS 2271.. Causes: urder. .+ + + * + + + + + + + + + *+ + 2272. Witchcraft .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + + + + - + 2273. Insult ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + - - 2274. Rape ....... + + + + + - . - + - 2275. Abduction of women or children... + - _ _ - + + - + 2276. Poaching ..... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 4 + + - - - +t 2277. Stealing stored food ... + + - - ..-. _ _ 2278. Stealing valuables ........ . + + - + + - - - + 2279. Prearranged battles .+ - - _ - + + - + 2280. Surprise attacks .... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *+ + *+ + + + + + + 2281. Warriors hired .*. + - + - - + - + - + - - - 2282. War paint red .... . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + *+ - + + + + + + - . + 2283. Black .+ + + + + + + + + + + - - + + 2284. White . + + + + + + + + + + - _ . + 2285. Chief (not war chief) leads people. + - _ _?+ - - - 2286. Chief neutral .... . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 2287. Scalps taken .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - - _ _ + 2288. Whole head taken .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ - - + ? + _ _+ 2289. Special custodian for scalp ................... + 2290. Prisoners taken: men ............*+ _ + _ ._?__?_??_?__?_ 2291. Women ................... + _+ - + - + - 2292. Children ................... + + + - *2293. Enslaved ...................+?_?__?__?_+ .~+ _ _~ - 2294. Women and children killed ............. .. ....*+ + + + + *+ _+ *_+ + * _+ + 2295. Envoys (peace makers) chiefs.****** +?-??-??-???-- ?-+ + + + CULTIURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 359 rI C2rI CQ 4- r- 02 -W ,n* to 0 r -P 0 I E Fq IL, E- P4 P4 -H 1 i 4- 54 4co xlk 0 lii d ad -r m t C1 A d . 4 a To Cm K1 K2 Y1 Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt S1 S2 Ka CY 2296. Envoys not chiefs .+ + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ 2297. Paid for services . . . . ++ + + + + + + + + _ _ .Compensation by both sides ... . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + 2299. For all dead and injured. .+ r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2300. According to wealth, more for the rich + + + + + + + + + + + + 2301. According to sex, more for a male . 2302. According to age, more for adult than chil. . + + . - 2303. No leniency for accidental injury + - _ + + + + + + + + * _ _ _ 2304. Sticks of 1-string length for ne- gotiation .+ - + + + + 2305. Deceased wife's blood money to husband's family . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + *+ + _ + 2307. Wife's family . . . . . . . + + + + _ + 2308. Amount same as bride price. + _ 2309. Amount more than bride 2310. Slave's price .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2310. Slave's compensation paid to owner.+ _ _ - + + _ + + + _ ? 2311. Slave ts compensation paid to slave's family . . . . . . . . . + 2312. For all property destroyed . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + _ 2313. Woman or girl given as compensa- * + tion .+ + + + + + + .Prification of killers. + _ _ + - + + + . + 2315. Song . . .* + _ - _ + _ 2316. Bath without sweating . . . . . . . + . + 2317. Sweating, steam type . . . . . . . + + * 2318. Scarification and bleeding . . . + _ - + + + 2319. Aromatic plants applied to body . + + _ .?+ 2320. Must stay awake . . ... . . . . _ _ _ + + t2321. Meat, except dried fish, taboo, days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + +. 2322. Cold water taboo, days. . . . . . . Dance of incitement before fight . + + + - - + + _ -+ - 2324. Lasts one day or night . . . . . . + + + - - - + + + - - + - 2325. At village + + + _ + + + + 2326. Dancers abreast . . . . . . . .+ + + _ _ + 2327. Effigy of enemy, shot at .+ 2328. Shamans attend . . . . . . . . . . 2329. Predict who will be killed. - _ 2330. Poison enemy . . . . . . . * Formula-type medicine against enemy + * + + - ,Victory dance when enemy killed . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + _ - + + + + 2334. Scalp on pole . . . . . . . . . . . + _+ + + + + 2335. Effigy of enemy .+ + - ? ? ? _ 2336. Women dance. _ _ _ _ _ + + + + 2337. Men dance.+ + + + + + + + + + + + 2338. Dancers abreast + _ + + + + + + + + + + + * 2339. One foot stomped . . 2340. Both feet, together or al- ternating + + + 2341. Walking back and forth in front of row *+ - + + 2342.MBen wear war costume.+ _ + + + + ..__+ + - 2343. Red paint ___+ + 2344. Black paint . . .- + + _ __-+ + _ 2345. Elkhide helmet .. - + + _ _ ___- 2346. Elkhide tunic. _- + + _ _ 2347. Carry bows6 and arrows . . .|+ |- + + ___+ + - 360 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS HCr-i CQ -' 44-1 r-4 0 = r-4 cq 0 4H-P -i . o 4 S s P4 4 - Fi3 -4-P E C.) To Cm Kl K2 nY Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2[ 2348. Dance of settlement, both sides together . + + + + + - + + + + + 2349. Daytime. + + + + + + + + + 2350. Night time .. ... _+ - 2351. On field of battle. .. . _ _ +?????? ? + 2352. At certain settlement localities . . _ + + + + _ 2353. At village . . . .+ _ + _ _ +??+ 2354. Dancers in circle...... + 2355. Dancers abreast . .+ - _ + + + + _ + + - _ 2356. 2 sides face each other . . + + + + + + * 2357. Sides dance in turns . . . . . . . . + 2358. Dancers armed. + - + + + + + + - _ _ 2359. Mock battle .- + + - + + - _ _ 2360. Women dance with blood money . . . . + - 2361. Blood money smoked over fire . . . . - - + + +? ? ? ? ?_ 2362. Compensation paid before meeting or dancing . . . . - + + + + 2363. Compensation paid by dancers during dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2364. Compensation paid at end of dance + _ _ + + _ SHAMANISM Sex of Doctors 2364a.Sucking doctors men . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + 2364b.Sucking doctors women . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 2364c.Sucking doctors mostly men . . . . . . . . . + + 2364d.Sucking doctors mostly women . . . . . . *+ _ + + + +-- + *+ + + - _ 2364e.Soul-loss doctors men . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) + + + + + + 2364f.Soul-loss doctors women . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + _ 2364g.Soul-loss doctors most-ly men . . . . . . . . + + + 2364h.Soul-loss doctors mostly women . . . .. . .+ + - _ 2364i.Herb doctors men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2364j.Herb doctors women . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 2364k.Herb doctors mostly men . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ - + + + - _ 2364m.Herb doctors mostly women . . . . . . . . . . + Acquisition of Power 2365. Vision unsought .)............. . | + + + + + + + + + + + + 2366. Sucking doctor . . +()+ + + + + + + + + + + + 2367. Soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2368. Herb doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2369. Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2370. Unusual event (conscious).+ t) + + + + + + + + + + + + 2371. Trance or faint . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + 2372. Sick . .+(+ ++ .... .+. + 2373. Bleeds at nose or mouth . . . . . . . ()+ + + 2374. Dangerous not to accept power . . . . . . . . + + + ?+ + 2375. Vision sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-)+ + + + ()-+ + + + - *+ + 2376. Sucking doctor . + () + + + + () + + + + - + + 2377. Soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2378. Herb doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2379. Isolation, usually on mountain . . . + () + *+ + + () + + + + - + + , *2380. At certain localities ........*+ (-) + + + + (-) + + + + - + o 2381. Quest lasts, days or nights . . . . + (-) 1 1 1 1 (-) 1 1 1 1+ - 1 1 2382. Alone .-....( .... | -| - - - O 1- - - - - + +1 CUL'IJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 361 ..X H C 4-3 H C o S ~~~~0 4 0 ~: r4 .H 1 4 P4 4H P P 4 P 0 1 *C0Ci A i To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hl H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 2383. With an older shaman .+ ( ) + + + + +() + + + + _ + 2384. With a grou + 2385. Compulsory (necessary) .+ + + + + + + + - + + - o2387. Age of first quest (V, variable; l l V 3 * O, old). V 25 15 20 (-)O V VV 30 o2388. Season (V, variable). V (-) Sp Su Su W (-) Su Sp Su V Su W 2389.-Repeated later in life . + () + + + + (.) + + + + - + + _ 2390. Immediately before. doctor-making dance. + (-)+ + + + ()+ _ _ _ 2391. Inmediately after doctor-making dance . ... ...- ...- 2892. Completefoodfast ...-(.)...+.++. . ( ( + + (-) + _ 2393. Complete water fast .+ () + + + + (-) + + + + _ + + Restrictions below refer: to sucking doc- tor ..... . . . . i . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2395. To soul-loss doctor ... . . . . . + + - _ + + + _ 2396. To herb doctor .+ - t 2397. Meat, except dried fish, taboo (days) . .. .... . *+ + 5 10 10 + 7 + *+ + 5 + + + 30 t2398. Eats alone, separate receptacles (days) .... . . . . . . . . . + + 5 10 10 + 7 + + + 5 + + + t2399. Water taboo (days). + + 5 10 10 + 7 + + + 5 + + + + 2400. Sexual continence (days). + + + + 10 + 7 + + + + + + + + 2401. Sexual continence after power ac- quired.-- _ _ + + + + e Observances below refer: to sucking doc- tor ..... . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2403. To soul-loss doctor . . ..... + _ - + + + _ 2404. To herb doctor . . . . . . . . . .+ - 2405. Bathes for power in natural body * * * of water .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + + + - 2406 Immersion . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + - + 2407. Bathes with medicated water .... + + + + + - + - _ _ - + 2408. Rebuilds stone altar ... . . . . + _ + + + + - + + +_ - _ _ _ 2409. Smokes tobacco .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2409a.Burns angelica .*......... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2410. Sweats in open-fire sweat house . . + + + + + + + + + *2411. In steam-type sweat house . - + + _ - _ _ _ 2412. Scarification and bleeding. + _ - + 2412a.Smokes self over fire . + + + + + 2413. Female novice wears maple-bark skirt ..... . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + _ _ - 2414. Female novice wears buckskin aprons - + _ _ _ _ + _ _ + + + + Instruction by older doctor: for sucking * * doctor .+..... . . . . . (-). + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2416. For soul-loss doctor s. .. . _ _ _ _ _ . + + - 2417. For herb doctor . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + a 2418. In school . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . ._ _ _ . _ _ + _ + + *2419. Formula taught herb doctor . . . + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + _ 2420. Instructor paid . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + Heredity: for sucking doctor . . . . . . . + 2422. For soul-loss doctor .. . . . _ 2423. For herb loctor . + + + + + + + + + + + . + . *Powers or Guardian Spirits , iman (spirit or ghost). .........*+ + + *+ + + *+ *+ + + + *+ *+ (+) 2425. Lives under water . ..... _ _ _ *+ 2426. Doctor receives WpainW from . . . . + | + + + + - 1+ - - + + 362 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rHO lr c4- r:1 - HCM 0 r- -- 0 P4 94 P- 944J .,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~C0 ,104 H 0- co) c coc. To Cm, Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy l I2 Cl VD Mt Sl S2 Ka 2427. Sun L -- + -- -*+ - 2427 .Moon .+.?.. *+ 2428. Thunder or lightning . ......... . + + 2429.2Mamalls.+ -............. . . . __ + + - + + 2430.Birds ........ ...+.-. . . _ __ . . ++ _ - + + 2431. Reptiles . . . . . . . . + + 2432.Fish .+.?.?.?............... + + 2433. Power seen.. ........... + + + + + + - + + 2434. Power heard . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2435. Novice gets song . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2436. Novice gets dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + + *Public Doctor-making Dance 2437.Forsuckingdoctor .+ + + + + + + + + + - + 2438. For soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + - _ _ o2439. Duration, aays or nights . . . . . . . . . 5 2 5 1 10 10 7 * - 2 5 - 2440. In sweat house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + - + + + - - - _ _ 2441. In dwelling . + - - - - + + 2442. During entire rite. + - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t2443. On what day of rite? . . . . . . . - - 6 2444. In circular brush enclosure . . . . . . . . _ _ + + - _ 2445. Novice assisted by older doctors .+ + + + + + + + + + _ + *+ 2446. Novice swallows and vomits up "pains" . . *+ . + + + *+ + - + + _ 2447. Exhibits "pains" .+ + + + + + + + + _ + + _ _ 2448. Patient brought in for novice to cure . . . * _ _ - + _- 2449. Novice or doctors handle fire . . . . . . . + _ 4 - + - - + _ _ _ _ 2450. "Eat" fire . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - + 2451. All or anyone sings . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - + + _ - 2452. Contests between local groups . . . + - + + - + + - _ _ _ 2453. Novice enters sweat house via exit hole . . - + - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2454. Novice enters sweat house head-first down ladder.. - + _ _ + _ __ 2455. Men performers kick on floor plank(s). . + _ + _ + _ _ _ _ 2456. Sit on stools . . . . . . . . . . . + 2457. Sit on wooden pillows . . . . . . . + 2458. Lie on backs ..+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2459. Novice compelled to dance . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + - _ 2460. Room dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + + + + - + + + _ _ _ _ Theories of Disease 2461. Intrusion of Inan*mate poison object + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2462. Intrusion of animate poison object .. . + _ + + + + + + + + - + + + + 2463. Disease organisms fly around in air . . . + + + + + + + *+ + + 2464. Disease due to soul loss.+ - _ _ + + + + + + + + + + _ 2465. Breach of taboo (offended spirit or ghost). + + + + + + + + + + + + + Poisoning Technique 2466. Snaring with noose on stick . . . . . . . . .+ + *+ _ + 2467. Poison object put in food . . . . . . . . . + . + - + + + + + + _ + 2468. Victim touched with poison object..+ + + + + 2469. Poison object pointed at victim...... + .__ 2470. Poison object blown off hand at victim . . + . __ + ___ + 2471. Blown through pipe. ...........+ . _ _ + +???????_ _+ 2472. Poison object thrown at victim. ..... + . + ___ + 2473. Poison object shot at victim with miniature bow ._ .__ + __+ + ___ - CULTURE ELEN. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 363 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rI .\ \ - -i C2 r 1C1 1 0 rH I4* o h 0 M r F4 -1~ P4 P$e.H4 To Cm K1 K2 Yl Y2 WyE HE 2 Cl VD Mt.S1 S2 Ka CY 2474. Bow of human rib and sinews- . . . _ , + - _ + + _ _ _ Special class of poisoners, hired . .+ . + + - *+ _ _ *_ + 2476. Also hired to extract own poison . + . + - _+ _ _ .Poisoner must pronounce name of victim . . + + + Curing Technique. * Smokes tobacco: sucking doctor. . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 2478. Soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ 2479. Herb doctor . . . . . . . . . .. . + ++ + + |- + + ( p Sings or dances: sucking doctor . . + . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2481. Soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ 2482. Herb doctor . + + + + + + + + _ _8 + _ 3 Assistants sing or play: for sucking doc- * * tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 2484. For soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . + + + + + + -+ 2485. For herb doctor . . . . + ? ? ? ? + - 2486. Assistants paid . . . . . . . . . . + + o + 2487. Assistants are relatives or friends of patient . . .. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + Deerhoof rattle used: by or for sucking doctor ..*(+) _ _+ _ _ ; 2489. By or for soul-loss doctor . . . ... (+) + _ _ * Cocoon rattle used by or for soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + _ Split-stick clapper used: by or for suck- ing doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2493. By or for soul-loss doctor ... .. . + b Guardian spirit tells cause of sickness and (or) location of poison object in body: sucking doctor . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + _ 2495. Soul-loss doctor . . . . . . . . . __ + + .Curing by sucking .. . . . . + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + 2497. Through pipe . . . a . + + _+ + + + + 2498. On end of belt . . . . . . + , Disease object removed with hand by suck- ing doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _+ + + _ * Disease object exhibited . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * Disease object disappears by sleight-of- * * * * hand ... .+ + + + + + + + + + + - + . - .- Disease object buried - + . + + * Disease object thrown in river . . . . . . +- . Disease object burned up .+ _ * _ _ i Soul-loss doctor recovers lost soul . . .. . . + + + + + + + * + _ 2506. Sends guardian spirit after . . . . + - + + + 2507. Sends own soul after . . . . + + + . _ - 2508. Goes himself physically and catches soul ...... . .. ... ___ - + - - 2509. Refrightens patient . . + .Herb doctor recites formula . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2510a.Steams patient . . . . . . . . . . + 2511. Gives medicine internally.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2512. Applies medicated water externally. - + + + + + + + + - 2513. Sprays medicated water or saliva froramouth .???????????. __ ___ __+ + + .+ 2514. Can kill disease objects . .... _ _ ___ + + - + 2515. Only weakens or checks disease ob-- +- f jects. ............. + + + + + * FX Doctor brushes disease off body . . + _+ _ - _- t.Doctor blows tobacco smoke on patient or around house . .............|+ |+ + + + + + l+ + + + - + - I_ 364 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 0 .n ; o X X H 0 H O . E-4 C) k S g Cf2C2mm To Cm l K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Sl S2 Kas 2518. Doctor burns aromatic vegetation . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 2519. Confession of breach of taboo if sickness caused tbus . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . () + + + + + _ + + 2520. Fee paid before cure . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + - + - 2521. Fee paid after cure . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2522. Fee placed in basket near patient during treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _+ *2523. Negotiated fee.+ - + - + + + |+ + + - + - 2524. Fee returned or not taken or not offered * if unsuccessful . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 2525. If patient dies within 1 year . . . + + + + + - - t 2526. From 1 to 6 months, time in 1 - _ _ _ _ - 5+ _ months. *2528. 2527. 1 week Gr less . - . - + - _ + _ 2528. Liability for declining case. + + + + 1 - + + + + + + + 2529. Financial . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - + _ 2530. Amount equal to doctor's fee .+ + + + _ + + + + _ - _ 2531. Amount less than doctor's fee . . . . + 2532. Doctor likely to get sick . 2533. Unsuccessful doctor killed . . . . . . . . () Special Functions of Priests and Shamans 2534. Rattlesnake bites cured by sucking doctor . - - - + | - - - - 2535. Rattlesnake bites cured by herb doctor . . . _ _ + - _ + - _ + _ 2536. Sucking doctor immune to snake bite . . . . _ _ + _ _ - _ _ _ 2537. Make rain . . . .+ + - + - - - - + 2538. By formula or song . . .+ + + + - _ 2539. With aia of rain rock . . . . . . . + + 2540. Sprinkles or blows water on. - _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ 2541. Points at.+ _ 2542. Builds fence across creek a . . . _ + 2543. Make rain stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2544. Bears impersonated ..+ _ _ _ _ _ + _ + + + 2545. Transformation into bear . . . . . . .. + 2546. Wears bearskin . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ - + + + 2547. Power from bear . . . . . . . . . . + 2548. By a malicious person not a doctor . . . . ..+ - - + + + 2549. Impersonator invulnerable.... + + 2550. Power of rapid travel . . . . . . . + + 2551. Lost or stolen articles found: by sucking * * doctor . .+ + + + + + _ + + - + _ - _ 2552. By soul-loss doctor .. . . . .. .. . . + + + - - + - - 2553. By herb doctor . . . . . . . . . . . - +? 2554. Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+ + + + + + + + + + + _ + - _ 2555. Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ 2556. Finder can hear money rattle . . . . _ - + _ - _ _ 2557. Foretelling the future . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2558. "Seeing" happenings at distance . + - + + + + _ CEREMONIES *World Renewing and Periodic "Big Time" l llll 2559.Am.- 1 . ..... ...._++ + - - - - -+____ ___ 2560. Biennial .-....... _ -_ + + _ + + 2561. Irregullar ................. |+-|- -- ~~+ |-- -- + + *+.| 2562. Month or season: summer.. ....... . _+__________ 2563. July ..??.. _ __ +__ CULTURE ELEII. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 365 H CQHr C H 42 HC X oX 0 H 4-) 0 Ps ______________--_________________________ To Cm Ki K2 Yi Y2 Wy Hi H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY 2564. Augst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ++ ++ -- 2565. September .-........... . _ + + - +? ?? ? _ 2566. October . . . .+.?.?. . . . . . . . - - _ - - 2567. November . . .-.?.?.?.?.?. _ a _ _ _ _ + + - 2568. Winter .............. . +? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?_ 2568a.At dark of moon . . .+ + . Associated with weir buiIding . + _. . _ _ _ * At many localities (progressive).- + + + + _ + + _ _ _ _ .Duration, days or nights . i . ii . . 10 10 10 7 10 10 6 8 8 - 2+7 + 7 A.A must attend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ + + _ - -_ .Open house to all visitors... . . + *+ + + + + + + + _ - + + + + 2574. Free food provided (nominally) by rich man . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ _ 2575. Free food provided by all host group.+ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + H Hnting taboo for all during ceremony . . . _ _ * + + _ _ _ .Two or more local groups compete ... . . . + - + + + + + + - _ 2578. Dance in turns ..-.-. . . . . . . + + + _ + + _ _ -2579. Dance together . . . . . . . . . . + + _? .Dancing outdoors .-.... . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + _ _ - + _ + .Danoing indoors .+ + _ _ _ - + _ _ + + + 2582. Dwelling .... + + ____+?? 2583. Circular brush enclosure . . .. .+ + + + 2584. Dancers kick house wall .i.i . . . . + _ _ .Dance in daytime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - - _ .Dance at night .+ + + + + - - + 7Dancers abreast .+ + + + + + + + - _ + - + 2588. Men .+ + + + + + + + - _ + 2589. Women .+ +? o2590. Number (+, no special number). . . + + + + 13(12) - 11 ii - - + - + t2592. Number of obsidian carriers . . . 2 _ 2 4 4 4 + 4 4 - - * t2594. Number of singers in center . - + 3 3 3 3 3 3 _ _ 2595. Singers sit down between songs . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ t2596. Singers at ends of row. . .+ +? t2597. Number of "stanzas" sung while carr7ing obsidians . . . . . . . . . - 8 8 8 - 8 8-- - - 2599. One foot at a time stamped . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 2600. "He-he" grunts after beats, 2 to a measure.. . . . . . + + + + + + _ _ _ _ 2601. Whistles blown . . . + + + + + + - _ _ _ 2602. In time with "he-he".... _ _ + + + + _ _ _ _ 2603. Whoops successively by ends of row . _ _ + + + + + _ - _ - 2604. 3/4 time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + t _ _ o2605. Whole hides on sticks, used days . . - + 2 10 10 - 8 8 2606. Deerskins . . . . . . . . + + + + - _ - - - - 2607. Otter skins . - . . . . + ,.Ben dancers wear: fur headbands . . . . . .+ + + + + + + _ 2608a.Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + 2609. Close-woven (long) head net . . . . _ + + + _ + + 2610'. Loose-woven (short) head net . . . . + + + + + 2610a.Yellowhammer headband . . . . . . . + _ + + + + + 2611. Sea-lion tooth headband . . + + + + +? 2611a.Woodpecker-scalp headband. . *+ + + + 2612. Feather plumes on head. .+ + + + + + + + + + . + - 26i3. Face painted biack .. . ......+ _ + + + + + _- 26i4. Feather cioak on net foundation . .?_??__?__??_??_+ + + + + 26i4a.Singie spiit-stick rattie ................ _?_??_??_??_??_? + + -+ + 26i5. Beads around neck ............+ + + + + + + + + __+ + . - 26i6. Deerskrin apron .... .*......+ + + + + + + + + __ + 2617. Ring-taiied or civet-cat apron . . _ + + +_ + + -? __ 26i8. Quiver carried ..............+ _+ + + + + + + __+ 2618a.Bowr and arrowrs carried . . . .......... | +| + . + - 366 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rHi C\2rHCM2 4- riH CQ Q: HCQ 0 4-D 4 0 ad q I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P Ij -H cq m N 1 as X 0 To Cm Ki K2 Y1 Y2 WYy Hi B2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka 2619. Obsidians carried .+ - + + + + + + + - + 2619a.Women dancers wear: basket cap ..... . + + - - - - + - _ _ _ 2619b.Haliotis-spangled headband . . + - - - - + - _ _ _ 2619c.Mink fur hair ribbons . ..... . + - - - - + - _ _ _ t2619d.Single-feather plumes, number . 2 - - - - - - - - 2619e.Dentalia in nose . + 2619f.Dentalia in ears . .+ - - - - + - _ _ 2619g.Shell beads around neck ..... . + + - - - - + - _ _ - + 2619h.Buckskin shirt . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - - _ _ _ 2619i.Embroidered buckskin double apron . + + - - - - + - _ _ _ ; 2619j.Bandolier .... . . .. .... . + - - - - - - _ _ 2619k.Moccasins . .+ + - - - - - _ _ _ 2620. Standing behind performers taboo .-.. . . . _ - + + + - + + 2621. Boat dance ..... . . .- - + + + + - + + 2622. Men dance. ............ - - + + + + - + + ~ - - - o2623. Number of boats..........- -1 1 12-4 4 ?- t*2624. Number of false starts ... . . . - - - + *4 - + + - _ _ t2625. Number of false landings ... .. - _ + 6 - + + _ 2626. Dancers face bow of boat .... + + - + + ? ? ?_ 2627. Dangers face gunwale .-... . + + ??- 2628. Deerskins on sticks . ...- . -+ + - -- 2629. Single song for all.- - + - + + ?? ? 2630. Individual (ad lib.) songs . . . . .. + + - . ??_ 2631. Dancers in circle ............ . + - - + - - + + + t 2632. Men .. . .. .. . + - + - - _ - + + + + 2633. Women ... .. ...... . *+ - - + - - _ - + + + + 2633a.Both sexes together .... .+.. + + + + +' 2634. Clockwise direction.+ ? ? ? ? + + ++ 2635. Counterclockwise . . . . . . + + + + + + 2636. Marching formation around cir~cle . + + + 2637. Side step around circle ... . . . + _ + + + + + 2638. Priests associated with ceremony + + + + + + + + _ o2639. Number of male priests . . . . . . 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 - -- o2640. Number of female priests 2 1- - - 2641. Ritual acorn-preparation by female. _ - _ _ _ _ + + _ - - 2642. Female priests assist males . . . + + + _ 2643. Fasting by priests during ceremony. _ + + + + + + - _ t2644. Priests begin before public joins, days . .- 30 1 5 _ 2645. Priests painted . . ....... . + + + +_ 2646. Priests pile rocks before public participation .-........ . - _ + _ 2647. Buck brush burned on fire . - - + + _ 2648. Breath-holding run for water to extinguish - -.. _?_ +______ 2649. Ceremonial bow shooting.- - + +????????_ 2650. Many localities (progressive) + + 2651. Betting.- + + 2652. Two sides.. + +? ? ? ? . . . . 2653. Special place for mourners to shoot . - +?????????_ 2654. Ceremonial eating of f ood 'by all + + 2655. "Hash" . . . . . . . + _ + 2656. Ceremonial "planting' of "hash" . . + - _ _ 2657. Chief or priest prays over food . . + - - _ - - + CULTIJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 367 rH C rH C\ 4 r- C\ X _ 0 rI- 0 PI To Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy H1 12 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY Jump Dance 8. Biennial . . . _ _ + + + + + ? . Every 3 years . . .. _ . . _ +? . July .... - +? 1. August ...... ......... +.. + _ _ _ * September . . . . . . . ............... _ _._ _ _ _ . Duration, days .. . .-. - - 10 2 106 6 10 . Partly indoors, start _ _ - + - _ + ? ? .All indoors _ _ + + _ Woodpecker-scalp headbands; _ _ _ + + + + + _ _ 7.Close-woven head net ....... . .-... . + _ .Deerskin aprons _.. . + + + + + ? . . - ."Purse" basket . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . + + + + + Dance at one locality . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +? Dance at many localities . . . . . . . . . . + + Priest associated with . . . . - + + + + Number of dancers abreast (+, varies) . . - - + 11 + 4 Dancers hold hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - 5Women dance with men . . . . . . . + _ + _ _ _ _ Dancers painted . . . . . . + + + + Local groups compete . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (-) .Open house to all . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + .Before deerskin dance . . . . . . . . . . . + - + ? .After deerskin dance . . . + _ _ + + +? Days between jump and deerskin dances . . . 4 10 10 20 - Brush Dance .To cure sick child . . . . . . . . - - + + + | + . Duration, 2 nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + .In dwelling house . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *+ + - + . * Dancers all around house, facing center . .+ *+ + + 2687. Counterclockwise around house . . . _ + + + _ .Men dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + 2689. Stuffed-buckskin head hoop . . . . . - + + + - + 2690. Feather head plumes . . . . . . . . - + + + + ? 2691. Beads around neck . . . . . . . . . - + + + + ? 2692. Woodpecker-scalp bandolier. . . + + + - _ _ 2693. Carry bows, arrows, quivers . . . . _ _ - + + + 2694. Brush in quiver. . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 2695. Short spear in hand . . . . . . . | + , Virgins dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + _ ? 2697. Basket cap.- .-........... _ + + + - + 2698. Fur hair ribbons . . . . . . . . . . + + + - +? 2699. Beads around neck . . . . . . + + + - +? 2700. Double apron of buckskin . . . . + + + - + 2701. Woodpecker-scalp bandolier . . . + + + - l Both sexes lock elbows . . . . + + + - +? lDoctor dances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ l2704. Whistle . . . 2705. Beats pole against roof plank at smoke hole. . . . + _ 2706. Carries basket tray filled with feathers . . -. .- . . . . . l2707. Yellowhainmer headband, feather tips all same direction .. . . .- + + .________ illlJoin in singing . . .- + + + _ +?___ |Open house, free food ....... .........| -- + + + - I+ ------1 368 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 4 P l^4 _P0 To|Cm Ki K2 Yl Y2 Wy Hil H2 Cl VD Mt S1 S2 SCHOOLS Puberty School * 2710. Sexes separate . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2711. Every 2 years, boys, girls ... . . ... . + 2712. Duration 6 days, boys, girls ... . . . . 2713. Duration 7-14 days, boys, girls . . . . . . - - _ + 2714. Duration 2-3 months, boys, girls ... . . . - - - + 2715. Fall of year, boys, girls + 2716. Winter, boys, girls . . .......... + 2717. In ceremonial house or sweat house: boys .+ + + 2717a.Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2718. Women excluded: boys . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 2719. Girls ...... . . . . ... . . . - + 2720. Boys and girls of puberty age .+ - + + 2721. All boys and girls in tribe attended . _ .+ - + + 2722. Chief directs and instructs boys . ..... + - + + 2722a.Chief directs and instructs girls ... . . - - + + t2723. Total food fast, boys, girls, days .... _ _ 5 _... t2724. Water fast, boys, girls, days . ... ...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 2725. Meat fast for total school period, boys, girls .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + 2726. Scratching implement, boys, girls . .-. . + + 2727. Head covered when outside, boys . . . .+ 2728. Head covered when outside, girls ... . . . _ + + 2729. Must not resleep after awakening in morn- ing, boys, girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 2730. Boys and girls must lie down . . . . . . . . + + 2731. Boyst and girls' ears or noses pierced .+ 2732. Boys and girls painted . . . . . . . . . . . + 2733. Boys thrown in or out of house . . . . . . . + 2734. Ghosts impersonated for boys and girls .+ 2735. Ghosts' masked . . . . . . . . . . . + 2736. Painted. + 2737. Remain outside . . . . , . 2738. Talk in strange tongue . ...... + _ Doctors' School 2739. For men only .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2740. Every 2 years * * * + t2741. Duration, days . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 2742. Winter time ........ .. . .. . . . 2743. In sweat house or ceremonial house .... + 2744. Nondoctors excluded . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2745. Women doctors excluded . . . . . . . . . . . + 2746. Chief directs school and instructs novices?+ _ _ + + 2747. Novices dance + + 2748. Feather thrust down novices' throats . 2749. Novices bleed at nose or mouth . ...... + + 2750. Patients brought in for novices to cure . . _ 2751. Noviqes practice on each other . + 2752. Novices taken to mountain or lake for 1 night .................... ___________+_ ?2753. Total food fast, days .................______________+3 2754.nWaterfast . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ++ 2 755. Meat taboo, days . . . 2756. Scratching implement used ................. 2757. Head covered all the time ................. 2759. Must lie down all the time ..................___________..............___ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 369 rHI CMR 0Q 4- - M21 ~r 2 ~r-42 CM - Ho A ad p4I C SAnn To Cm Kl K2 Yl Y2 Wy HL H2 Cl VD Mt Si S2 Ka CY " ?Big Head" impersonation .. + - - + - 2760a.Talks in strange tongue.+ - - + * Ghosts impersonated. + 2762. Head covered with feather hat or mask ... . . . . . . . . + 2763. Handle fire.. . . .? + 2764. Eat fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2765. Throw ashes around house . . . . . . + 2766. Clown, taboo for novices to laugh ..+ ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS SUBSISTENCE implement. Crutch-handled digging stick. S Hunting weighted digging stick. Food Preparation Driving and trailing.--Into enclosure. Into i enclosure in water. Nets, traps, and snares.-- Animal food.--Stone boiling in paunch. S Nets, long flat type, for deer, for rabbits. boiling in hide in hole in ground. Only sun Nets, bag type, on pole for waterfowl at night. ing of meat and fish. Drying only on shrubs, Basket trap, long, for quail. Duck snare, under rocks, cords, single poles. Vegetable food.~ water. Noose in bottom of pitfall. Blinds, dis- A'corns leached in openwork basket: sand-lin. guises, decoys.--Blind on tule balsa. Bird-skin Acorns leached in grass-lined sand basin. Ei effigy. floating. Carved duck decoy. Live birds. added to acorn bread. Red-spruce fungus add Various hunting methods.--Single-bone-barbed ro- to acorn bread. Acorn mush chilled in water. dent hook. 7-fork rodent hook, all wood. Fire at Stone boiling in wooden or bark boxes. Wate night for quail. Straight or curved rabbit club. sprinkled into earth oven. Acorn "coffee." Tabooed animal foods and combinations.--Deer fawn V taboo to all. Deer- and bear-meat together taboo. Various Eggs taboo to young. Eggs aid in human reproduc- Eating etiquette.--Only-men wash hands a tion. Bear meat taboo to children. Grasshoppers eating deer meat. Individual finger bowls caught in trench. Hunting observances.--Eagle- Storage.--Outside granaries: on bedrock; dorm offering on ground, before hunt, or to slain platform; thatched; coiled; vertical posts; deer. Slain deer stepped over. Killer gets front subterranean. Storage house of logs. Storag6 quarters. Killer gets hind quarters. First kill burned. First kill taboo to youth's parents. Kill in house. taboo till marriage. Deer bones and other remains Pet D house. buried.Bear met eate in onehouse.Real property.--Tree crop claimed by pole' buried. Bear meat eaten in one house. Boundaries marked. Various.--Soaproot as emetic or purgative Fishing Honey dew from leaves. Irrigation of wild-f crops. Agriculture (other than tobacco). Nets.--Dip-net on crossed poles (?). Dip-net on parallel poles (?). Bone net sinkers. Tule- wrapped clay sinkers. Floats of bladder or paunch. Frame.--Trapezoidal ground plan. Elliptic Casting net for fish. Weirs, pens, scaffolds.-- ground plan. End posts, type a,b,d,x,y. Cent Falling doors in weir, string trigger. Stone dam post painted or carved. Medial posts. Horiz or pen. White rocks on bottom for gigging. beams rest on horizontal crosspieces on, or Traps.--Conical basket trap, apex open. Eel pot tened to,posts. Four-pole or three-pole foun with opening to extract catch. Hooks, harpoons, tion for conical structure. Log foundation. spears.--Composite acute-angled hook, two barbs. foundation. Covering.--Roof planks "shingled Right-angled hook. Wooden U-shaped hook. Wooden (?). Mat-lined walls. Mats. Thatch. Hides. V-shaped hook. Circular hook. Feathered "fly" at- trances and exits.--Hide door covering. Fire- tached to hook. Kelp line, Haliotis bait. Har- place.--Fire in corner of house. Fire near e poon, three points detachable. Fish spear: fixed wall. Fire near side wall. Plank chimney. La points spread by ring; fixed points trident; ders.--Holed plank or log. Notched plank or fixed points of bone; fixed points barbed. Vari- carved and painted. Tied-rung ladder. ous fishing methods.--Herring rake, Buckeyes for Sweat house.--Sweators sit in direct-fire fish poisoning. Man root for fish poisoning. type. Sweators lie down or kneel in steam t Carved-figure fish clubs. Crescent-headed fish Pole pillow. Named and ranked places set off clubs. Biting neck to kill fish. Fishing observ- poles. Women's sweat house, no men allowed, a ances.--Shell money tied to fish basket or weir type. Competitive sweat groups, N vs. 5,-or I for luck. First salmon caught by youth taboo to W. Patrilineal inheritance of sweat-group af parents. Special weir built for first-salmon rite. tion. Only chief or headman eats first salmon. Only Dwellings.--Bed platform or scaffold. Part children eat first salmon. Whaling.--Beach owned tions other than anteroom. Separate fires, e privately. Whale belongs to finder. Sing and beat trances, space in multiple-family house. Back log to bring in floating whale. Wooden trough for rests. Houses in rows. Camp circle. Flat shaa rendering. Canoe for rendering. Whales hunted at before house. Windbreak before house. sea. NAVIGATION Gathering Dugout boat or canoe: sharp nose; sharp st Bent stick for acorns or pine nuits. Y-fork carved gunwale turned out; named. Sails. Doul stick for acorns or pine nuts. Antler digging bladed paddle. Single-bladed paddle: crutcha [370] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 371 ded; blade end squared; blade end concave War clubs.--Manufactured wood clubs: potato- ched). Split-base poling rod. Tule balsa. masher type; stone, horn or bone spike inset; -covered-frame boat. Bark-covered-frame boat. teeth inset; spatula (paddle) shape; carved dec- boat. oration. Stone club, "slave-killer" type. Whale- bone club. Shield.--Fringed hide shield. Of twined rods (cf. note 915). Armor.--Sea-lion hide, no LAND TRANSPORTATION rods. Of coiled vegetable-fiber rope. Wood helmet. oboggan. Sled. Human pulling. Dog pulling. packing. Entire packstrap twisted (rope). BODY AND DRESS headband for packing. Fur headband for mg. Hammock-type carrying net. Mohave-type Head hair.--Bobbed. Forelock (cf. 949). Beard.-- yng frame. Grass or bark ring for head car- Plucked with tweezers of split cane or wood. Shaved with obsidian. Coiffure.--Parted on both sides, topknot (cf. 949). Comb.--Carved wooden comb. Por- cupine-tail brush. Pine-burr comb. Various.--Hair line plucked back in front. Mud or clay on head, for lice or to wash. Hair dyed. (sh stirrers and stone lifters.--Plain Mutilations.--Ear rims pierced. Nasal alae k s,. Looped stick. Elkhorn paddle. Two pierced. Lip pierced. Head deformation. Tattooing ka, bound at one end, for stone tongs. on forehead. Tattooing with thorn. Tattooing by t-stick stone tongs. Spoons.--Wooden ladle. burning. las of wood for eating. Fish-jaw spoon. Clothing.--Cap of bird skin. Upper body.--Woven t or squirrel foot for eating. Wood and bird-skin robe. Woven vegetable-fiber robe. Hooded -receptacles.--Wooden bowls as finger bowls. cape or coat. Buckskin or deer-fur shirt, sleeves enbox of bent and sewed boards. Stone ves- separate pieces. Buckskin gown. One-piece hide boiling -directly on fire: carved decora- "shirt," head hole. Loin coverj'z.--Breechclout: Horn bowls or cups. Knives.--Cane knife for fringed buckskin; woven rabbitskins; woven bird ering. Awls and needles.--Awl handle (base) skins. One-piece skirt or apron of woven rabbit- ed: covered with pitch. Wood needle. Grind- or bird skins. Double apron of grass, tules, or --Bedrock mortar. Portable stone mortar for inner bark. Woven rabbit- or bird skins for any table food. Wooden pounding slab. Wooden kind of loin covering. Hands and arms.--Mittens. r, Hopper basket stuck fast to pounding Muff of bird skins. Feet and legs.--Hide moccasins, Stone pestle: natural cobble; cylindrical; two- or three-piece upper. Snowshoes: tennis-racket ed decoration, other than flange; bulb-ended, frame; 6-frame; sliding-board type; lashing of spun der body. Wooden pestle. Metate (grinding vegetable fiber. Leggings of vegetable fiber. ). Muller. Drilling.--Vise, perforated stone. Feather regalia.--Down stuck to face. Down-feath- making.--Hand drill, composite. Bow drill. er strings carried or worn. Topknot (Yokuts-Maidu) dressing.--Flesher or dehairer, scapula. headdress. Full-length feather garment on net foun- w applied to hide. Wedge of whale bone. dation. Yellowhammer quill band: feathers solid; dhammer. Adz: elbow-shaped; D-shaped; worn as belt; worn as armband. Woodpecker scalps ,a decoration on handle. Engraver of beaver on band: woven vegetable-fiber band; worn as belt. Forked-feather head plumes, yellowhammer-quill attachment. Ear ornaments.--Wooden ear stick, beads on ends. Bone ear tube. Cane or cane pipe. Nose WEAPONS ornaments.--Shell cylinder. Bone tube. quill. Hal- s.--Middle recurve. Wood from stormy side iotis ring. Cane tube. Shell beads.--Haliotis worn ee sidde awayfromuriver. Wood storing: side gu to ward off snakes. Claws and hoofs.--Deerhoof ee: side away from river. Bowstring: of gut; necklace. Bird-claw necklace. Various.--Headdress getable fiber. Arrows.--Cane shaft. Pyro- of human hair c ornament. Ring(wrapped)-pointed arrow for skipping. Harpoon arrow for fish, detach- point. Arrowheads.--Stone: multiple side WEAVING ed; concave base, no notches; laurel leaf. or horn, unilateral barbs. Feathering.-- Basketry.--Coiling: awl enters inside of basket; 1 feathers spiral. Poisoning.--Mineral, in- bundle foundation, grass; wood or hide start. Twin- g salt and ashes. Arrowshaft straightening ing: clockwise; to left of worker; lattice twining. moothing.--One-piece, steatite, transverse Seedbeater: oval or "triangular"; hoop and sticks, e straightener. Horn straightener. Notched unwoven; wicker weave. Oval or "triangular" winnow- ian or flint smoother. Shooting position.-- ing tray. Circular coiled tray. Circular tray for rto left of bow. Arrow release: Mediterra- dice. Boiling baskets diagonal twine. Necked water lLongolian. bottle. Carrying basket: rounded bottom; bell- Gers or knives.--Whalebone. Spears.--Thrown shaped; coated with pitch; coated with soaproot. Spear thrower. Slings.--Clay shot. Bola. Elliptical storage basket, coiled, constricted 372 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS mouth. Patterns painted on. Feather ornamentation, Men play. Acorn shells, kernels, cups. Half patterns in two kinds feathers. nuts. Solid wood hemispheres. Wood tablets. C Cradles.--Lying cradle. Hood twined, parallel ers marks on ground. Counters all held by one. warp. Hood of hoop and (or) sticks. Strap across transferred. Jacks.--Men play. Foot bones. Ju mother's breast. Tops.--Of pitch lump. Buzzer.--Bone or horn. Rabbitskin blankets.--Warp two-ply, of fur. tles of snake. Weft of buckskin. Bird-skin blankets woven same method. Cordage.--Milkweed. Human hair. Cord coated COUNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES, CALENDAR with pitch. Counting by placing twigs in spaces betwee gers. Beads slipped over feather or bone for POTTERY; MONEY AND BEADS sages. Summer solstice observed in calendar. Pottery in any form. Dentalia wrapped with fishskin. Clamshell ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY, COSMOLOGY disks measured around palm. Steatite beads. Oli- vella disk or square beads. Loans at interest. New moon observances.--Face rubbing. Childr hair cut. Babies tossed in air. Finger injured drops off if pointed at moon. Vertical "horns, PIPES; TOBACCO cold weather. Vertical "horns," death or sick Eclipses.--Eating theory: "bugs"; gopher. Moon Central California type pipe, double or grooved husband lying on her. Coyote's tail in front o bulb bowl. Clay (pottery) pipe. Elbow pipe. Condor in front of. Thunder and lightning.--T Tobacco irrigated. Mixed with bark or leaves an animal or bird. Noise from beating sticks t for smoking. Mixed with pine nuts for smoking. gether. Lightning from drilling or rubbing sti Chewed or eaten. Snuffed. Lightning from striking stones together. Light from bird flying fast..Lightning from waving o MUSICAL INSTRUM~ENTS "ribbon." Whirlwind.--Spit at to stop. Offer b to it. Motion it away (?). Milky Way.--Smoke f Drams.--Wooden-box drum. Roof plank as drum fire. Dust from race or travel of animals or b whe msdoctoodng box drum. R-.ooof pla s dr Meal. Frame or backbone of sky. Various.--Tree when doctoring. Rattles.--Cocoon, quill, or. . feather handle. Hollow wood. Gourd. Fish gill river in moon. sack. Ear of artiodactyl. Notched-wood rasp. Bas- MARRIAGE ket scraped. Bull-roarer.--Of horn or bone. Used in curing. Produces sickness. Musical bow.-- Ceremony~--Speeches by headmen of familie Modern type, perpendicular tuning peg. Flute.-- ri reeof nal-reeaies.--Suessive sor Side blown. riage of affinal relatives.--Successive sorora obligatory only if children. Successive sorora obviated if children. Simultaneous (polyandrou' GAJMES levirate. Marriage of blood relatives. Pol n Unrelated husbands. Postnuptial residence.--F Ball or stick race. Shinny.--Stuffed buckskin (permanent) residence matrilocal. Local exoga ball. Braided or knotted buckskin cord. Basket Sexual relations of unmarried.--Unchaste girl racket. Seedbeater. Goals: arch of poles; hole; Unmarried pregnant girl killed. Concubines leg' hoop. Running with puck on or in stick or mate. Adultery.--Unfaithful wife's hair cut. P racket permitted. Sides moieties. Hoop and tution. pole; spear throwing.--Women play. Bark-wrapped hoop. Buckskin-wrapped hoop. Perforated stone. BERDACIEES rolled. Pole thrown at stick lying loose. Pole thrown at stake in ground. Pole tossed underarm Live with a normal man. Homosexual intercou with both hands. Pole over hoop scores. Closer with normal man. Berdache-making ritual. Speci wins point. Sides moieties. Ring and pin.--Mam- functions at burial. mal-vertebrae rings. Acorn-cup rings. Deer-hoof rings. Tule ball, single-looped. Hand, grass, or "Indian card" game.--Bones or sticks of cane. KINSHIP AVOIDANCES Shell cylinders. Finger loops. Hide by laying un- der basket, mat blanket, or grass heap. Counters Mother-in-law daughter-in-law: don't speak stones. Counters marks on ground. Counters all all; speak through third person; head covered; held by one side, transferred. Guessing marks on aside on trail; must not eat together. Father-i ground. Many sticks; take away, guess remainder.-- law son-in-law: don't speak at all; speak throu Take away four at a time, guess 0, 1, 2, 3. Hid- third person; head covered; turn aside on tral] den-.ball game.--Ball hidden in holes, sand heaps, must not eat together; must not laugh together;. canes, etc. Dice, stick type. Dice, disk type.-- life. (Brother-sister taboo uncertain.) CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 373 BIRTH bought and sold. Owner may kill slave without pay- ing compensation. Bastards.--No compensation paid Obstetrics.--Mother kneels. Birth aided by for injury (contradicted for Hupa by Goddard, 1903, king concoction of animal parts, or by ex- 56). xal application of animal parts. Delivery in t. Navel cord cut with cane; with shell; seared pinched together, not tied; kept till puberty CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS marriage; put on ant hill; put in creek; bur- on shady side of bush; placed by spring sap- Chief or headman: title extended to male kin; ag. Afterbirth hidden in tree fork: buried, totem; paid to act as go-between in dispute; paid ed over to prevent offspring. Child rubbed to kill (or to hire to be killed) offenders. Woman th oil at birth. Child bathed in stream soon chief: sister ordaughter of male chief; nominal er birth. Restrictions on father.--Scratches only, or man chief also; functions as stewardess. h stick. Running mandatory. Abortion. --Concoc- Assistant or second chief. Crier, messenger, ora- of pitch drunk. Paid abortionist. Twins.-- tor: hereditary; chosen at popular assembly; acts red (?). Have supernatural power. Favored, as clown; totem. Clown. Fire tender: appointed by cial heaven. Reincarnation of soul. Mutila- chief; hereditary; totem. War chief: hereditary; s.--Nose pierced soon after birth. Milk appointed by chief; totem. th--Thrown: in river; back over shoulder; with eyes shut. Placed in child's excrement. WAR AND FEUDS ied on shady side of bush. Name.--Given at erty. Given at marriage. War paint according to totem. Hands or feet taken. Prisoners tortured. Crier, messenger, ora- GIRL'S PUBERTY tor acts as envoy. Purification of all partici- pants. Purification dance. Dance of incitement: Restrictions.--Confined in penthouse against women dance; dance in circle. Victory dance in Lling. Girl deloused. Girl tattooed. Named. circle. hes in house. Public recognition.--Deer-hoof tle. Cocoon rattle. SHAMANISM MENSTRUATION OF MATURE WC%EN Acquisition of power.--Novice eats tobacco. Nov- ice eats part of corpse. Medicine formulas bought Confined in penthouse against dwelling. Cov- and sold (this means complete relinquishment on dwhen going outside. Combing hair taboo. part of seller). Poisoning technique.--Poison ob- ject shot with basket tray. Curing technique.-- Curing by sucking through quill. Disease object DEATH swallowed permanently by doctor. Disease object returned to poisoner. Doctor likely to be killed treatment of corpse.--Taken out of house be- for declining case. Special functions of priests e death. Taken out of house immediately after and shamans.--Snakes handled. Whistle to call th. Taken out of house through roof. Corpse snakes. Public rattlesnake ceremony. Paid for mak- scerated and dried. Interment, oorpse flexed. ing rain; betting on outcome. Public bear dance. pointed downstream. Corpse in basket. Wood Finder of lost or stolen articles wears full- fin. Shed over grave. Scaffold burial. Canoe length feather cloak. Public money-finding per- ial. Cremation of corpse. Destruction of prop- formance. .--Slaves sacrificed. House torn down and re- t same place. Mourning ceremony. Undertaker.-- at or shaman. Berdache. Concoction of tobacco SCHOOLS lied to body. Widow.--Hair ends saved, made mourning regalia. Finger amputation. Blood Puberty school.--In specially built house. Men tives.--Touching corpse taboo. Face not excluded. Boys and girls in trench, fire over. ed. Pitch on head or face. Dirt or ashes on Flints or feathers thrust down throats, boys, or face. Finger amputation. Cutting or girls. Girls thrown in or out of house. Ghosts im- tching at funeral. Ghosts.--Breath. Heart. personated: whirl bull-roarers; swing novices over ts hung on door to keep ghost away (?). fire; handle fire; eat fire; clown; lead novices around fire by penis; instruct novices; dance with | [ SOCIAL STRATIFICATION novices. Doctor s school.--In specially built I i ~~~~~~~~~~~house. Flint thrust down novices' throats. Ghosts I s ,, ,, ~~~~~~~~dance with novices. Novices tossed in or out of Eitles of address for nobility. "Slaves."-- hue l ards made slaves (contradicted for Hupa by hue l rd, 1903, 56-). Orphans made slaves. Slaves ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST SUBSISTENCE from tree. Yur 1: Net only 1 or 1 1/2 ft. long, Hunting Yur 2: Net used at night or early morning, who woodpecker inside tree. Chil: Net mouth somehow Drivin trailin closed by hunter, probably by pulling cora. Driving, trailing.-- 29. Kar 1: Net staked up. Hunter pulls str 1. Wiyot: Short fences built either side of to close entrance. Kar 2: Net held open by fr noose in trail; no long fences. Hap 2: Fire used Seeds placed at mouth, inside net, Hunter hides to drive animals into fence. Sin 2: Noise made when quail gather throws stone, or rushes forw by beating with sticks. and frightens them into net. Yur 1: Net 5-10 ft 4. Chim: Fence sometimes 2-3 mi. long. long. 5. Tol: Noose attached to sapling. Wiyot: Many 31. Kar 1: Deer cannon bone somehow fixed i snares set in runways; rabbits beaten out of noose so animal could not gnaw rope. Sapling be brush; no definite fence. Van D: Natural runways over in direction animal was expected to be wa in brush, plus short fences. ing, so when trigger sprung, noose would be pul 6. Matt: Noose tied to spring pole. toward animal if it happened to jump backward. 8. Cf. nos. 301, 302, 1198a, 1301. Same fire or pile of brush sometimes placed across trail. may have served 2 or more purposes. Tol: Hunting front of noose so animal would be forced to tak tracts burned over every summer to facilitate . . . d purui o gme Yr : unin trat bundt off at right distance to land directly in noose facilitate pursuit of game. Wiyot: Fire burned Wiyot: For birds, noose left lying on groundwi f seeds inside; for rabbits, left setting vertica toward hunters, stationed at intervals, who shot Chil: Noose set in gap of brush fence. Matt: No deer with bow. Hap 2: Two fires set in canyon so called la g a? ?f 2 vertt o as to burn toward bottom. Some hunters drove with caled btci 'akt; associated with 2oeri the fire; others awaited game at bottom. Matt: s Annual burning in Sept. One side of river burned across their tops, forming rectangular frame wi onneuyear ohr idefo. lOwin year. Anima tracks in which noose was set. Noose used mainly for b vie in ashes. . . but, I suspect, noose with frame used for mma 11. Chil: Small game got incidentally with deer 32. Chim: Spring-pole trap also for wolf, co drive. ote, cougar. Informant stressed snaring more t 13 Driving. Tol: Into ocean with aid of dogs. other hunting methods. Yur 1: With aid of dogs; some hunters in boats. 33. Yur 1: Noose set in frame (like that of Wiyot: Into Humboldt Bay at mouth of Eel R., where Matt; cf. no. 31). Animal was squeezed or choked. animals mIred Humbldo i y m to death against crosspiece. Chil: Spring-pole t animals mired dowvn in mud. alofrfxfse ida,rn-aldct 14. Yur 1: Elk, especially, driven into snow- also for fox, fisher, wildcat, ring-tailed cat, bank. raccoon. 16. Chiefly elk trailed. Kar 2: Especially in 35. Kar 2: Noose often placed on narrow trail winter: easy totrackinsnow. Wiaround bluff. Hunter sings to snare for luck. winter: easy to track in snow. Wiyot: Often Wiot Nos idt oeo o,wihaia trailed 10-20 mi.; if animal killed in territory Wiyot: Noose tied to pole or log, which animal of another local group, meat must be given to dragged till tired. If tied to tree or rock, ro of noterlocl gou, mat us be givnt more likely to snap. It took 2 men to carry rope owners of tract, who gave part back to killer, mor e liksel perhaps half. If hunter caught carrying home en- for elk snare. tire carcass, had to forfeit it, pay fine in ad- 36. Wiyot: Called va'yok estcero. dition. Hup 2: Formula-type medicine to make elk 37. Wiyot: Noose on stick especially for tre tired. Sin 1: Animals driven back and forth be- rodents (such as squirrels and wood rats). i tween 2 or more groups of hunters till worn down. 39. Kar 2: Deadfalls modern ; other inform- C Yuk: Sometimes trailed for 2 days. ants said native. Yur 1: Stone walls on both 18. Kar 1: Trailing in relays; runners sta- sides to prevent animal from going around dead- tioned at intervals along game trail. fall. Yur 2: Ca. 10 ft. long. Horizontal poles 20. Tracks, especially of elk, measured so supporting stones were twined together with wit hunter sure to follow certain animal. Chil: Poles on which stones were piled were ca. ft. long; laid parallel, to a width of some 2 ft Nets, traps, snares.-- Short brush fences on either side encouraged S 21. Kar 2: A-frame of dip-net somehow covered to enter trap. (See fig., p.375.) Matt: Called with net and propped up horizontally. Whether bt1k'6'tttkat. I do not know whether this term re- flat net or bag-type, I am not certain. fers to nos. 41, 42, or to both. Another type, 24. Yur 2: 2 nets, stretched parallel just be- cl'nogelai, consisted of 4 small logs propped up low surface, enmeshed waterfowl when they dived at one end and arranged so animal (e.g., rabbit) for food. would be pinned down by 2 logs on top and 1 on 28. Kar 2: Woodpecker net often fastened to each side. Sin 1: Poles on floor of passageway end of stick and pulled shut with drawstring. Cf. prevented escape by digging out. nos. 36, 58. Rattle, of sections of deer long 40. Sin 1: Single-stone deadfalls especially bones on string, shaken to drive out woodpecker for quail. [374] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 375 inspired. Chil: Also for grizzly bear with preda- tory intent, attracted by call of fawn. 68. Usually imitated fawn sound. Van D: Sound of fawn to attract bear. 69. Yur 1: Whistling as decoy for quail, wood rats also. Matt, Sin 2: Any other sharp noise would dlo. Various hunting methods.--Kar 2: In winter, hunters cleared snow from patch of ground, snared or shot quail which came to feed. 70. Matt: Slain deer sometimes left in woods u ~~~~as bear bait. 72. Kar 1: One man enters den with torch, stirs up bear, gets out before bear; others wait out- side, weapons ready. 73. Wiyot: Mouth of den sometimes closed with poles and rope; bear smoked to death inside. 74. Yur 1: Pepperwood (bay) leaves, especially, burned; yield strong fumes. Matt: Wormwood, pep- perwood, etc. Matt: Single-log deadfall: one end propped 75. Yur 1: Sticks driven across mouth of hole other on ground; chiefly for bear. to prevent escape of rodent. Matt: During flood. Poles-and-stones deadfall for large game; of river, all kinds of drowned, stranded, or ni- or more of stone necessary. swimming animals taken. K Kar 1: Large-game deadfalls for bear es- 76. Yur 1: Sharpened stick used also for rac- Lly. Trigger placed over bear track. Frame coons in holes in trees. Van D: Also for raccoons. ft. high, 10 ft. long. Matt: Also to retrieve those killed by smoking or Tol: Meat bait usually placed in middle, drowning. en trig ers. 78. Tol: Entrances stopped up; rats smoked to Tol: Box" drop-trap: of small sticks; death. See no. 74. ps modern. Wiyot: Round openwork bowl-shaped 79. Yur 1: All-day hunts for rats sometimes or- t. Hunter pulls trigger with string. ganized. Hup 1: Hunter says to rats, "Get out, your Tol: Pitfall technique apparently most feces stink." n for deer, elk. Wiyot: Deer, elk driven 80. Wiyot: Fire of pine pitch built on prow of game trail in which pitfall. boat inside covering with narrow horizontal aper- Fence in front of pitfall to insure ani- ture through which firelight gleamed. Certain spe- taking off at adequate distance to land in cies of geese were approached and blinded thus. Single hunter cast flat net, on frame ca. 8 ft. .Converging poles made it impossible for square, with stone weights attached, at geese L to get sufficient footing to escape. Tol: floating on surface. Hundreds got with one such es used thus. Kar 1: Pit converges, outfit in single night. When caught thus, divided communally. inds, disguises, deco -- 85. Mud hens chased in boat in season when fat- ,Wiyot: Blinds mainly for waterfowl. C Yuk: test and scarcely able to fly--more or less run actually traps; built directly over en- down. Tol: Birds often struck with paddle. Best epring; opening left for birds, mammals to time to shoot into flock was when they were alight- hunter pulls cord which drops door over ing on water, because death struggles and cries of traps game. slain minimized by fluttering of all. Possible to ,Yur 1: Stick with noose on end held shoot several times before frightening them away. blind hole by hunter inside; curiosity to attract birds. Animal food not eaten by anyone.--Animals uni- Kroeber, Hlbk., pl. 8. Tol: Deer-head dis- versally not eaten: dog, coyote, eagles, hawks, not worn because feared cougar might mis- buzzard, crow, raven, great horned owl, all snakes, unter for deer and attack. Kar 2: Always lizards, frogs. Animal foods universally eaten: ad disguise, to attract buck. Wiyot: Dis- Urus americanus, dove, crabs (or crayfish), bird not used often; chiefly in mating season. eggs. Birds which ate snakes, such as eagles, Disguises never kept in house; always left hawks, owls, were often taboo for this reason. as. Hup 1: Some did not eat raccoon because it eats tSee nos. 284-290. frogs, which are considered poisonous. Mole's Tol: For swans. Hunter approaches in in- heart, eaten raw, caused person's heart to palpi- s when swan dives to feed. tate in warning when he was about to eat poisonous Wiyot: Leaf held by 1 thumb to lips, air food. Taboo to bring fresh sea foods to Hupa Val- 376 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ley; they should first be dried. Chil: Mole's reliable. C Yuk: Old women past menopause might heart fed to children to ward off sickness. Matt: eat. Crow meat eaten as medicine; children fed small 103. Hup 2: Deer breast also taboo to females portions to give them long lives. 104. Kar 2: Youth will not learn things of 87. Van D: Some eat fox occasionally. Matt: heart, how to pray or wish for success, if he e Only old persons ate small piece to give them deer heart. Yur 1: Those who ate heart would be' courage. easily frightened. 88. Yur 1: Some persons ate grizzly, but ma- 107. Wiyot: Ears cut off well down on head, jority did not. Taboo against eating said to have roasted on coals, for at least mature men to e been stronger at mouth of Klamath, but Yur 2 in- 108. Kar 2: Youth will not remember what he formant denied it. He had heard that bears were hears if he eats deer ears. Yur 1: Beneficial f formerly humans, but said it was merely a story boy. no one believed. See nos. 170, 171. Matt: Fish- 110. Deer's tongue. Yur 1: If eaten, deer wi ermen abstained from bearmeat of any species be- lick off all acquired knowledge and child will cause fish heard ground shake when bear walked, stupid. Considered great delicacy by adult male therefore heard bear-eating fisherman. It was slit, roasted on coals, and periodically 89. Tol: Puma killed for hide. Chim: Consid- removed from fire by hunter to pour off juices ered clean because it lives on deer. Kar 2: Too to his mouth. strong to eat fresh; dried, kept for winter; con- 117. Kar 1: Deer fetus cooked in earth oven.` sidered inferior food. Yur 1: A few ate it. Matt: Yur 1: If hunter does not want to carry fetus A few ate it, but it tasted "funny." he may eat soft parts of feet and nose in woods 90. Wild cat. Yur 2: Inferior; used in time of Abandoned fetus placed in tree. Matt: Left inw famine. Matt: Eaten only as medicine. Sin 1: Some with remains from butchering doe. ate it. 119. Chim, C Yuk: Deer fetus taboo up to ca. 91. Hup 2: Skunk eaten as medicine. Matt: Con- years of age. sidered delicacy. Sin 1: Some ate it. 124. Sin 1: Lasted only for single meal. Sin 92. Sea gull. Tol: Young ones especially. They never hunted and fished at same time so n Matt: A few ate. Sin 1: Some ate. had fresh mamal meat and fish together. 94. Octopus. Tol: Including dead ones which drifted ashore. Matt: Besides use as normal food, Hunting observances.--Elements 130-139 are u thought to cure pimples. ritual acts performed to gain any kind of power 96. Tol: Woodpecker tongues eaten to cure mus- Cf. nos. 2405-2412. Tol: Hunter prays to mounta sel poisoning. Wiyot: Mussels, got high up on for success in deer hunting and wishes for luck rocks where sun and moon shines, considered poi- he performs ritual acts. Chim: Night before dee sonous; cooking long time supposed to remove poi- hunt both sexes might join in informal song fes son; poisoning never severe but usually left sometimes lastin~ all night. Kar 1: Evil person rash. Matt: Mussels at mouth of Mattole R. never can spoil hunter s luck by placing on grave deei poisonous; only at certain localities. Sin 2: meat from animal killed by hunter. If hunter s Mussels low down on rocks not considered poison- deer and it drops, then gets up and licks wound Ouls. C Yuk: Mussels poisonous in August. this means hunter will die within a year. Kar 2 98. Wiyot! Wild-bee honey also eaten. Matt: Small boy given miniature bow and guided throu Yellowjackets smoked out of nest with wormwood. motions of shooting at deer fetus against back Shamans did not eat larvae. wall of house. Also made to drink water washed 99. Van D: Grasshoppers obtained by burning after meal of deermeat (see no. 366). Yur 1: Be ter to leave early before women went out to gat grass. wood. Apparently presence of a woman, especiall 101. Kar 2, Yur 1: Slugs eaten only when other if menstruating, in woods would spoil hunter'sj foods scarce. chances. Certain parasite found in flesh from of deer's neck placed alive on boy's tongue; if' Tabooed animal foods and combinations.--Chim: bites, boy will be good deer hunter. Yur 2: Hia See note 927. Hap 1: Marrow in humerus also taboo Roberts told me Yurok apologize to young of all' to women. If women eat any of these tabooed parts, species when killed. Hup 1: When both sexes go killer's luck would be spoiled. Doubtless asso- hunting expedition, women must stay on one side, ciated with menstruation. Hup 2: Front quarters campfire, men on other; women may, however, jo somewhat taboo to women. Matt: Young boys per- in singing of deer songs at night. mitted to eat all parts taboo to females of all 130. Kar 1: Steam-type sweat house, with fir ages. These parts always cooked by men. Deer hot r use sweat after scar shoulders also taboo to females. Sin 1: Old wo- boughs on hot rocks, used. Sweating after scar men permitted to eat tabooed parts, apparently cation and bleeding. Kar 2: Frequently hunters because menstruation had ceased. Sin 2: All ta- camp away from village, sing, sweat, etc., all boos listed (nos. 103-121) apply to both sexes night; sometines at village. Wiyot: UJsual morn- up to 50 or 60 years of age. Old of both sexes ing sweat, except hunters concentrate on deer permitted to eat any of these parts. I doubt if hunting as they sweat. Hup 2: Nothing mnore than, difference' between this and other local groups is routine evening and morning sweat. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTI1EST CALIFORNIA 377 133. Cf. nos. 2113, 2318, 2412. Yur 1: Almost day after killing, it is turned with hair side tire body cut slightly with flint; blood away from fire; this day deer's soul leaves earth sared on skin as scraped with stick downward for deer "heaven" and hunter rubs mashed pepper- f body onto fir boughs on which bleeder stood. wood nuts on his hands and lets housemates smell rose: to get rid of bad blood to feel lighter them to prove he is clean. Deer prefer to be killed r chase. Usually done in sweat house; some- by clean hunter. es in woods. Less painful when body warm and 155. Cf. no. 267. Tol: After youth killed his ating. Sin 1: Not regularly; chiefly when 1st of any important species, he was made to sit ter had had bad luck. in one corner of house, back to fire, with used 134. Kar 2: Root incense also buried in ground maple- or hemlock-bark woman's skirt over his deer lick. head. This insured good fortune for his entire 135. Chim: Only 2 puffs tobacco permitted. family. Cf. girl's puberty rite (nos. 1948-1950). tt: Hunter wishes for success while smoking. Wiyot: Some youths to increase success in hunting 136. Kar 2: Also smokes snare rope over fire. did not eat 1st kill. Hap 1: Youth must give most 137. Sin 1: Some lie on fir boughs over hot of 1st kill away. Hup 2: Youth must eat some of Is or ashes, outdoors. 1st kill, otherwise bad luck. Sin 1: 1st kill ta- 138. Matt: Angelica called yuba'tcitn. boo for 1 or 2 yrs. C Yuk: Taboo extended to 1st 139. Wiyot: Sexual intercourse lowers one's animal of any species killed. rage. Matt: Hunter works on weapons during days 156. Wiyot: No customary distribution of vari- tore hunt. Unless sex continence observed, deer ous parts. Generous killer might say to companion, 11 not die when shot. "You butcher him," meaning he was giving away en- 140. Cf. note 464. Sex continence. Tol: From tire carcass. 30 days. Kar 2: From few days to month. Yur 1: 157. Probably whenever killer gets head,includes longer the better. Chil: Also for 5 days af- all tabooed parts of head, although these sometimes *hunt. cooked, eaten by hunters in woods. Matt: Killer 141. Tol: Hunter might eat fish or marine-mam- keeps all parts taboo to women and cooks them out- meat while on deer hunt, but must avoid land side house. Sin 2: Killer gets all tabooed parts. ls. One time informant spoiled luck by kill- 159. Tol: To prevent visitors from stealing meat ,eating rabbit. Wiyot: Breakfast not taboo, from killer. If deermeat stolen from hunter, he ;hunters usually left early before it was will not be able to kill another deer for 1 or 2 pred. Chil: Merely because early morning best yrs. Wiyot: To everyone within killer's own commu- e to hunt. Matt: Hunter eats light breakfast. nity. Such universal distribution no doubt only 2: Hunter eats very little. ideal one; probably not done when several deer 142. Yur 1: If hunter watches wounded deer die, killed in drive. ,will wish him evil. He must look away. 162. Chim: Deermeat kept, prepared in back part 143. Tol: After skinning, hide placed over of house. Kar 2: Deermeat always kept on earth cass and withdrawn 5 times. Each time hunter ledge in back part of house; fish, acorns on ledge ies for certain one of the deer's relatives, at sides. Hup 1: To keep meat away from menstrual as brother, to "follow him up" and allow blood, which might be near door. Returning hunter elf to be killed. Yur 1: Meat often packed bathes before entering the dwelling, to get spider e in hide, hide of legs serving as pack straps. webs off his person. 2: Deer must be butchered away from women for 163. Yur 1: Deermeat always kept in close-woven r of menstrual blood. carrying basket (no. 1177). 145. Wiyot: Because everything, including 164. Sin 1: Sometimes, to increase hunter's suc- r, came from east where Creator lives. cess. 146. C Yuk: Bad luck to walk on bloody leaves 166. Cf. nos. 152-3, 370. Yur 1: So menstruating grass. woman will not step on remains. Wiyot: All village 149. Yur 1: Deer s liver, kidneys, fat often refuse, including bones and shells, piled in one e raw. Someone must eat eyes lest disease fol- place. Burnables burnt there. A practical procedure, however, might be eaten by dog. Recently dogs not a ritual one. Hap 1: To prevent evil magic being ced to eat eyes. Hup 1: Eyes eaten by hunter to worked on remains, thus spoiling killer's luck. ove his visual perception of deer. C Yuk: Eyes 167. Matt: Apparently remains hidden not far from sted, eaten at home by old persons. house; not done secretly. 150. Hup 2: Deer's nose cut off, fed to dogs 168. C Yuk: Bad luck to burn bones. deer unable to smell dogs. 170. Tol: Bear hunter after awakening in morning 151. Wiyot: Information from Jack Wright, white must not go to sleep again lest bear put up hard who has seen Wiyot Indians cut out deer's fight. Kar 2: Myth relates that certain person of Fe human form was over-industrious berry picker; others 152. Kar 1: Dogs sometimes allowed to eat re- made fun of him, so he changed self into bear. Yur 1: us, etc. Following incident told by Kar 2 informant, who 152-3. Conceptually identical to nos. 166, 370. learned it from his Yurok mother: Ten brothers went '153. Chil: Hunter recites formula afterward. bear hunting together. They came to bear's den in 54. Yur 1: After butchering, hide hung with hollow tree. Youngest brother challenged bear to i' ide and head toward fire, head down; on 4th come out and fight. Suddenly bear appeared in human 878 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS form at mouth of den. He suddenly became painted, Weirs, pens, scaffolds.-- next instant armed with bow and arrows. He jumped 192. Yur 1: At Kepel. Yur 2: No weirs be down from tree and attacked brothers; youngest Wiyot: Made of split redwood slats bound t torn to pieces; others escaped, ran home, told (twined ?) with willow bark. It could be ro what had happened. Moral: do not talk roughly to and carried. Cf. no. 203. Supported by row a bear or challenge it to fight. cal posts ca. 6 ft. apart across stream. At 171. Bear thought to understand language and branches and gravel piled up to block passa; come out of den to meet hunters who he believes neath. Sections of weir, ca. 10 ft. wide, p are his relatives. See note 88. Matt: Bears for- owned. Usually pen built on each section, o merly of human form; were changed to bear-form as which fish were dipped with A-frame net, fi punishment for evil act. Taboo to look at bear's standing in canoe. Eel-pot type baskets (no,, foot while eating bearmeat, because it resembles also used in pens. Chil: Weir small and ma that of human. eels, which were gotten with dip net. Few 172. Kar 1: Within a year after killing. When fish entered Redwood Cr. Sin 2: Called nan anyone kills bear he rubs its feet on his hands C Yuk: Log laid across stream and single po8 and head to gain strength for future bear hunts. driveh in middle as re'enforcement. 173. Matt: Bear butchered on leaves similar to 193. Tol: There was a high weir, ca. 4 ft deer. Sin 2: Remains burned. above surface of water, downstream from whic a low weir some 4-6 in. above surface. Fish Fishing low weir on its way upstream, finds itself t between the two, turns to one side or other, Nets.-- finally gets stranded in kind of openwork baa 174. Kar 2: For small fish such as trout, not trap near shore. Trap made so downstream end salmon. Matt: Sometimes made of willow inner of water. Fish enters it at upstream end. bark; had to be left in water constantly or fi- 195. Yur 1: Also doors to let fish throug ber would break. continue upstream when plenty had been caught 176. Chim: Dragged or circled by fisherman Hup 2: Informant familiar with Yurok use of t wading. Yur 1: In boat. 197. Sin 2: Fire built on platform; Whethe 177. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 7,b,d. Wiyot: Any for warmth, to attract fish, or for illuminat' stone sinker called kat'vav. Elliptical water- uncertain. C Yuk: Fire built on platform. flattened stones with notches chipped in oppo- 203. Wiyot: Called talabgtkangwoi. Used by: site sides most common form. Ground grooves rare. partly as sport, to drive fish down creek into 178. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 7,a,c,e. long basket (no. 208). Cf. note 208. Matt: Fis 179. Where set nets occurred without floats, driven downstream thus into eel pot (no. 210) held up with stakes. in narrow place in creek or at falls. Sin 2: 180. Chim: Of Iris; ca. 8 ft. wide at mouth; in siummer when river low. Small fish dragged staked horizontally in stream with stone sinkers scooped onto shore. on bottoil; for salmon; said to have been used 204. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl.7. Hup 1: Stones pi before dip nets known. in river upstream from scaffold to form eddy a 181. C Yuk: Set in weir. Perhaps confused with it. no. 208. 207. Matt: Called ta'fisilai. 183. Wiyot: Observed smelt net on A-frame had these dimensions: mesh, 3/4 in.; total length, Traps.-- 11 ft.; length of mouth, 7 ft.; length of tail, 208. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 33,a. Chim: Trap o 4 ft.; width at mouth, 5 ft. 5 in.; width at hazel shoots; mouth 6 ft. in diam.;set at narr mouth of tail, 1 ft.; end of tail converges to place in stream; held by stakes and stones, point, also partially dammed stream. Wiyot: Placed 184. Kar 2: For lampreys. This shape may be a weir, mouth upstream. Fish driven downstream confusion of no. 188. basket, cannot turn around, and cannot back up 185. C Yuk: Held so that diameter of pole account of current. Weir made so tight that ou horizontal and resting on beach with plane of rent was strongest into basket. Cf. note 203. frame parallel to shore; frame strengthened with C Yuk: Wider at mouth and proportionately short radial pole which bisected semicircle; no pro- than that in Hdbk., pl. 33,a. jecting pole for handle. Longest linear dimen- 210. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 33,b. Kar 2: Eel po sion, diameter, 4-5 ft. used from Bluff Cr. to mouth of Klamath; would 186. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 7. Wiyot: Called tca- cause excessive rain if used in Karok territory wtldila'atc. Sin 2: Cord runs from net to ear so Wiyot: Informant claims eel pots unknown on Kla fisherman can feel fish strike. math and Smith rivers in 1861, when he was take 188. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 6. Wiyot: Called tca'- as child to Smith River Reservation. He sayst wfldila'atc. Also for lampreys. Hup 1: For trout when introduced to the Yurok soon afterward, c and other small fish. C Yuk: String attached to tamn "prophets" predicted calamity on account of| net and held in hand. them. On Eel R., mink sometimes caught in its e 190. Used on river, not in surf. Wiyot: On set forts to get at lampreys. Hup 1: Modern; learnea| gill net. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 379 tribes to south. Hup 2: Modern; learned from 232. Barrett, 1910, pl. 22, no. 4. Van D: Used st tribes. Matt: Set in weir. by Wintu of Hayfork. 211. Chim: Somehow "crabs" caught with meat 233. Wiyot: Fish pinned to bottom with multipoint t on end of string. Matt: Willow inner-bark type and held till worn out or dead, then retrieved. . Mussels for bait. For small fish. Up to 10 or 12 points. 211-212. Kar 2: Salmon viscera for bait. Trap red to river bottom; raised occasionally to Various fishing methods.-- out catch. 240. By wading or throwing stones in stream. Tol: 212. Yur 1: A carrying basket; raised rapidly; Fish entrails and certain plants obnoxious to ol- en fish caught in it. factory sense of fish put in stream; fish swam 213. Pole-trough apex pointed downstream. Fish downstream to avoid them. Yur 1: Driven downstream rently swept into trough by. current and into dip net set in narrow place. anded near apex; made mostly of hazel shoots, 241. Tol: By men or women in surf or stream. Hup work, probably twined. Probably confused with 2: Makeshift device, not recognized technique. Chil: 214 sometimes. Tol: See note 192. Sin 1: No By women, with carrying baskets. but sides high enough to prevent fish from 242. Tol: After being driven back and forth in ping. pool till worn down. 214. Kar 2: Pointed at both ends, half-tamale 244. Informants say lampreys hide in daytime and e. Yur 1: With small converging weir on one travel at night. They are hooked off or from among oth sides. Sin 2: Openwork basket placed in rocks in rapids. Kar 1: With single barb of bone 5. bound to wood shaft. Kar 2: Said to be modern. Van D: Handle only ca. 2 ft. long. oks.-- 245. Yur 1: Made of fork of elkhorn bound to 15. Goddard, 1903, pl. 13, fig. 1. wooden shaft. Yur 2: Same as no. 244. Sin 1: Same 216. Kar 1: Split-stick hook bound with string implement as no. 244 used incidentally for small apex of split, which held open by string in- fish. split; 1 of 2 diverging ends tied with line, 248. Always incidental or sporting method. other sharpened to form hook point. See Chil: Shooting salmon, at least, taboo. Matt: By re. young people in groups partly as sport, with spe- cial featherless wood-pointed arrow called Lo6chwi. 249. Tol: Noose slipped over tail after fish, driven back and forth till tired, had sought refuge in hole under rock or bank. Yur 1: When i f tI resting with tail protruding from hole under roots or rocks, or when struggling in narrow and shallow W ~~~~~~~rapids. 251. Sin 2: Stupified fish scooped up with opeuwork basket. 17. Barrett, 1910, pl. 22, no. 3. Tol: Mostly 255. Goddard, 1903, fig. 2. ,some bone. Matt: For sea trout and bull 258. Kar 2: Fish carried in trapezoidal net a. sack (no. 703). Matt: Called kaastci. A small 18. Matt: Barb cut in claw. openwork cylindrical basket, constricted at top 19. Baited; when strike felt, angler jerks and bottom, opening apparently in side. g, hair catches in trout's mouth, and it is a onto bank. Fishing observances.--Yur 1: If someone smells 0. Same principle as for no. 219. fresh fish in time of scarcity, it is sign from 21. Worm bait. Small fish thus caught. This underground people and means there are fish in et may be a confusion of no. 216 or no. 217. streams. Sin 1: Coarse gravel tossed into net in 2. Sin 1: Human hair wrapped around hook to water for luck. ise it. 260. Yur 1: Sex continence at least for salmon. 3. Tol: Left overnight. 261. Kar 1: If rattlesnake rattles while man is 4. For summer salmon; baited with minnows; cutting poles for fishing scaffold, man must stop er placed in lagoon; movement of float indi- work, perhaps 1 or 2 days. Man must also not start s catch. Probably absent away from coast. work on scaffold for 2 or 3 days after eating deer- meat. Matt: Builders camp at dam until it is fin- rpoons, spears.-- ished. Women bring food to them. 6. Line attached to shaft in all known cases. 262. Fishing primarily man's work; women only harpoons are described by nos. 285-287. Matt: helped occasionally. Yur 1: Women fished at some 'd bYLke'. unappropriated spot; not at fishing place. They 7. Tol: 1 point for trout, 2 for salmon. Sin must first put their hair up on top of head in point more common than 2. man's style. Wiyot: Informant's wife used to help >8. 2 points generally more common, him paddle canoe. Hup 1: Women fished with kite- 11. Goddard, 1903, p1. 13, figs. 2, 4. C Yuk: shaped dip net; must not go near weir. ;of deer metapodial, barbs of deerhorn. 263. If noise, fish or lampreys would be 380 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS frightened away from net. Tol: Size of mesh must so as not to see smoke from first-salmoi not be mentioned lest fish hear it. Gill net al- Sight of smoke will bring death within ways made at night by light of pitch torch, be- less special medicine is made in sweat' cause used at night. Kar 2: Net made in sweat 5 or 10 days after. People feast on las house. Matt: Netmaker sits alone at work. Sin 1: dried salmon and acorns while in hiding; Songs sung softly while working. fresh salmon 5 days after rite. Priests 264. Kar 1: Moss tied on scaffold for salmon. to live in sacred sweat house and fast f Yur 1: Some grass root (because fish like odor) least 5 days after rite. When they retui tied on dip net or scaffold. must eat alone out of separate receptac 265. Tol: Bones supposed to turn into fish 10 additional days. Sexual continence re and thus increase supply. C Yuk: No ritual sig- until leaves fall, ca. November. Yur 1: nificance; merely to keep them out from under had public rite. Farther upstream each f bare feet. saved ca. 14 in. of tail skin of its fi 266. Matt, Sin 2: Same as no. 265 C Yuk above. mon, put head and bones left over from e 267. Cf. no. 155. Matt: First 10 salmon taboo. side, hung it up in house as charm. Kat Sin 1: Taboo for some time, perhaps a season. first of any plant or animal species ob Sin 2: Fisherman may eat a little. in its season, several old men sing overt 268. Tol: Priest recites formula, telling each 1 night, and eat some of it; after, all species of fish which river to enter. Kar 1: In- 269. Yur 2: At full moon. formant familiar with such rites among neighbor- 271. Yur 2: Uncertain whether 1 or 2 ing localities, which makes his denial appear however there was, besides, woman to coo correct. Kar 2: Informant himself has played one priest(s), as with Kar 2. Hup 2: Priest of ritual roles on 2 occasions, hence following from meat, water. account likely to be as correct as any. First- 275. Yur 2: Perhaps chief same indivi salmon rite performed at Ike's Ranch, just below priest, or 1 of 2 priests. He must wait Somes Bar. There were 2 priests: elder called after rite before eating fresh salmon. fatave'nan, a "god," other sa'rukiduwTcni'han, 278. Tol: Acorns and other kinds of f eater of first salmon; besides, an old woman, mixed with salmon: general first-fruits called ipicikia'wan, cooked acorn gruel for with emphasis on salmon. priests and observed same fasts as they. Priests 279. Hup 2: Priest splits raw fish, la lived in sacred sweat house for 10 days before on coals; angelica root burned as it coo rite proper. Sacred sweat house used only for 9 nights following eating of salmon, pri' ritual preparations and differed from ordinary "May the fish come to Rekwoi and may the sweat-house in having paved stone floor, stone there is only one passage direct to Sug' pillows, and 5 sacred stones on roof. Priests ate May they not go up the Klamath beyond the only acorn gruel; drank no water. Their eating tion of the Trinity. May they always heai utensils must be made new each year. They sit up roar of the falls at Sugar Bowl." most of night. Sleep always with one knee bent, 283. Kar 2: Eel songs played on flute, otherwise many people would die, because legs of dead are straight. Bathe in river about every Seals, sea lions.-- hour during night; must always bathe immediately Yur 2: Two men wearing sea-lion skin d after leaving sacred sweat house and again before (no. 61) lie on rocks making motions and reentering it. Sweat 3 times a day: morning, af- animals. Five men harpooned from boat. o ternoon, evening. Much of day spent gathering harpoon tied to redwood float or drag, w sweat-house wood. They pray or wish constantly hampered flight and indicated whereabout for renewal of world, for plenty of all foods, mal. Eventually animal ca'ptured with sec especially salmon and acorns, for the health of poon and line held by 2 men in prow of bo all, especially children. Songs sung for each sep- with aid of gaff. arate desire. On one occasion when raining hard, 285. Harpoons: nos. 226-232. Tol: Of priests prayed for clear weather. On appointed day podial. Wiyot, Matt: Also a long unbarbe first salmon caught in previously-used A-frame net able bone point for piercing heart. by any man of good character. Salmon given to 288. Matt: Point of deer metapodial, priests, who take it across river in canoe to pre- single barb. Seals towed with line thro pare and eat it. Priests build fire at certain septum. spot, rebuild circular stone altar, bathe in river 289. Tol: Important to wait till an Salmon roasted on coals and seasoned with plants completely extended in its strike; othe put in fire or around fish. Elder priest watches get hunter. Wiyot: Spruce club; two used like a god while younger tries to eat entire fish. one to thrust at seal's mouth and receiv Same evening priests recross river and return to bite, other to strike it over head. Matt' sacred sweat house. From time priests leave sacred more vulnerable than cranium. sweat house to cook and eat fish ti~ll they return 290. Tol: Canoe sometimes paddled into' to it at nightfall, must not speak, otherwise cave in rock, which was sea-lion den. All would die within year. While priests carrying out foods obtained in canoes distributed co ritual, people assemble at certain spot and hide, to all who stood by when canoe landed;k fish, shellfish, mammals. Matt: Aklso swaa. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 381 Thaling.-- 327. Sin 2: Blood cooked until solid enough 294. C Yuk: Whale meat roasted on oak or man- to be sliced, as with sausage. ita coals; grease not saved. 330. Sun drying certainly practiced to some ex- 296. Sin 2: Slit and held open with sticks to tent; always preliminary or secondary to smoking. oh dripping grease. Chim: Salmon split only once, not cut into 15 or 20 longitudinal slices as on Klamath R. and at Gathering Hupa. Certain "grass" put on fire to flavor meat or fish, or perhaps as smudge against insects. 2 Sin 2: Sapling leaned against large tree Wiyot: Smoked fish stacked in house, as with facilitate climbing, cord wood, for winter use. 299. Kar 1: Two sizes hooked sticks: one-- 333. As much to drive away insects as to cure ge, wrapped at intervals with hazel withes meat. facilitate climbing, requiring sometimes 2 or 334. Chil: Only if long way from home. en to handle--hooked over a limb; other-- 336. Yur 2: Drying house of planks. Wiyot: 1--used to knock off nuts after tree had been Double lean-to of planks. Matt: Conical; slab or ed. Hup 1: Most common gathering method: bark covering. Owing rocks into trees. Hup 2: Used any handy 338. Cf. nos. 328, 324, 326. Probably duplicate ual pole; not manufactured stick. Matt: one another in many cases where scraps of both ed bitLu'uhwal. Kato: Chiefly for climbing. meat and bones were ground together. Kar 2: Ad- ms knocked off with smaller stick. mitted for Yur 1. Wiyot: This hash consisted BO1. Cf. nos. 8, 1198a, 1301. Wiyot: Burning mainly of acorns and grass seeds; meat, fish, 2 or 3 years, to get better berry and seed and salal berries added. Van D: Scraps of fish, ps, and to increase feed for deer. Hup 1: Tar- salmon eggs, and perhaps vertebrae ground togeth- patches burnt over to get rid of grass, er. Kato: Meat, fish, bones, seeds, berries, oh hindered gathering, and to make easier "everything," pounded fine, eaten by pinching in sening of seeds. Matt: Also to make tarweed fingers, as with pinole. Used especially on ds "shell off" easier, journeys. 302. Tol: Burning under tree to make acorns 340. Kar 1, Yur 1: Manzanita berries ground in- poff; also to kill parasites on or underneath to meal. e. Yur 2: Merely to get rid of leaves so fal- acorns could be seen. Vegetable food.--Chim: Acorns also roasted 304. Kar 2: From Bayley photo. whole in ashes, apparently unleached. Wiyot: 306. Tel: See no. 278. Yur 1: Prayers for Acorns normally dried in sun or over fire before tns included in formulas spoken by priest of being stored for winter; some deliberately al- te Deerskin dance. Kato: See note 268. lowed to mold (no. 346a) to give them another 307. C Yuk: "Once in awhile." Acorns not ta- flavor. Moldy acorns washed, dried, pounded, before rite. leached and cooked, same as with those originally 309. Sin 2: Off and on for a month. Acorns dried. Hup 1: Another way to prepare acorns: er eaten before at least 1 month after being pound them when fresh, boil for short time to hered. This was no arbitrary taboo: had to be leach, and press dough down in basket to form ea before being prepared. cake. Half acorn shell placed in center was called 310. Matt: Acorn dance called txowi nona Uwi- heart of cake. Chil: Acorns also boiled whole, pounded, packed tight in basket and buried. Re- sult: sort of cheese or cake, which tasted Food Preparation slightly sour; eaten cold. 341. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 14. imal food.--Kar 1: When bear skinned, fat 342. Hup 1, Chil: Cold water at first, grad- ining on hide rendered by hanging hide hair ually hotter. Sin 2: Warm at first, gradually lover alow fire, and cupping it so that cooler. ove aould run to center. 343. Wiyot: First roasted, then pounded for ?17. Broiling or roasting common method for leaching. Result eaten cold as side dish or sub- meat or fish. Hup 1: Small mammals singed, stitute for acorns. Buckeyes never stored. Kato: m,pinned together again. Raw buckeyes first placed on coals until skin B21. Chim: Awl hafted with two pieces of wood cracked loose, then peeled, baked in ashes, 2d around it Kar 1: Lampreys severed trans- pounded, leached. Sometimes leached whole in lely by pinching in a 1oop of hazel. Hup 1: stream, other times after partial pounding; took look fresh, lampreys cut with flint and drawn, longer than for acorns. awith bone awl for drying. Awl run under skin 344. Kar 2: 3 iears ago informant buried whole i was ripped. Sin 1: Awl or knife of hard acorns. Not "ripe' yet because he forgot to bite lalso used. Kato: Also wood awl, rotten branch, which is part of burial ritual. 3, 324, 326. Cf. no. 338. Yur 2: Quantity of acorns buried in mud a partial B4. Tol: Together with scraps of fishmeat to measure of family's wealtha and prestige; "good" kind of hash. family had at least a year's supply in advance. 382 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Hup 1: Leaves in bottom of hole, bark on sides after men had sweat and bathel, hence no fo and over top. Acorns left 6 or 7 months. Chil: washing before meals. Yur 2: Breakfast about For about a year. Van D: For about a year. Kato: 10 A.M., dinner about 8 P.M., for "high-ton Only for 2 or 3 months. Rocks on top to keep out people. Wiyot: Breakfast about 8 A.M., suppe animals. about 4 P.M. "High-toned" person grasps food 345. Hup 1: Shelled kernels in burden basket, only with thumb and index finger; other fin left ca. 2 weeks. Chil: From 1 day to a week. particularly little finger, held straight. Matt: Green (undried) acorns, soon after being ing not indulged in until after meal, when a picked, placed in long cylindrical openwork bas- pipe passed around. "High-toned" men sit wi ket laid horizontally in stream; shells, left on, arms folded on knees, little fingers extende crack open in the water. formal position when not eating. 346a. Sin 1: Some green acorns pounded and 366. Tol: After eating deermeat, one must leached as with dried acorns, others boiled whole touch body with his hands until after they and eaten. washed. Pepperwood nuts sometimes mashed in 349. Acorn bread used especially when travel- after washing: deer like odor. Chim: Religio ing. Yur 2: Soaked in water before eating. significance denied; merely for cleanliness. 350. Stone usually flattened river cobble, doubt it. Kar 1: Sometimes hand-washing fol tilted toward fire. by complete bath in stream. Yur 1, Yur 2: Pe 351. Van D: Bread covered with maple leaves. wood nuts or other aromatic-plant products Matt: Bread covered with thimbleberry leaves. and rubbed on hands after washing. Deer like 352. Tol: Scarcely any grass seeds available Chil: Washing hands obligation to entire co on coast; imported occasionally. Cf. absence of nity as well as to self. seed beater (n6s. 1159-1162). Wiyot: Alder-bark 370. Cf. nos. 152-153, 166. coals best: slow burning,and ashes do not dirty 372. Kar 2: Men sit along back wall of ho seeds as much as other woods. Parching also women nearer fire. Kato: Men and women eatt burns off "beards" on husks. Among Wintu, of Hayfork, men eat first. 356. Tol: Earth oven for shellfish, not for 373. Sin 2: Guests given separate baskets, mammal or fish meat. Kar 2: Especially for bear- 375. Tol: Women ate from cook basket only meat, which wrapped in leaves, including maple. finish mush left over from meal. Yur 1: Some Wiyot: Mainly for shellfish. ate out of cook basket, apparently only to f 357. Yur 2: Oven diam.: 4-5 ft. contents. Hup 1, Hup 2: Only when no visitor 360. Tol: Berries mashed, put in openwork bas- present. Separate basket for each woman corr ket, through which water filtered to watertight way. Males must not eat out of cooking baske basket below. clean mush off boiling stones because this} cause them to get hit in head in rock fight. Salt Pregnant woman must not eat out of cooking b for fear her child will have large head and 361. Tol: Gathered from rocks along shore where difficult to bear. formed by evaporation. Direct use of ocean water most common method of salting. Kar 2: Occasionally Storage imported in prepared form from upriver. Wiyot: 378. Sin 1: Granaries of madron-a bark; fi Plank laid and staked down in natural basin in . marsh; as water evaporated, salt precipitated on c. plank. Hup 2: From up Trinity R. Van D: Imported in holes under roots of trees. Perhaps equi from Hayfork. Kato: Imported from coast or from o no. 344 Salt Cr., Trinity Co. 383. Kar 2: Acorns. 363. Matt: Most common method: kelp hung over Pets fire in house; heat evaporated water, leaving F salt on surface of plant; salt scraped off and Following pets volunteered. Tol: Deer fa stored in buckskin bags. Sin 2: Salt pressed in- kept to attract wild deer. Raccoons kept. Se to cakes. Pinole salted, but not acorn mush. gulls and crows stayed close to camp and gr 364. Sin 2: Seaweed called lgk or ld'ga; tame. Kar 1: Deer fawns. Kar 2: Quail, squir roasted or steamed near fire. cougar kittens. Yur 1: Turtles, woodpeckers 365. Yur 2: According to Chim informant, Coast yot: Crows, raccoons. Kato: Coyotes. Yurok burned "grass" for salt near Trinidad. 384. Several informants said dogs trained round up animal and drive it toward waiting Tol: Dogs fed "mussel worms" to make them " Eating Etiquette also fed flies to increase olfactory powers, cause flies able to smell fish at great dis Chim: If married couple had had intercourse Kar 1: Hunting dog must be fed before his ma recently must not even look at deenmeat, much eats, lest dog leave. When dog lies with he less eat it; if deermeat being served to others, paws, it is said he is "putting his plate & couple sat facing each other, as close together Yur 2: Informant insisted native dogs stood as possible, with heads bowed. Kar 1: Meals eaten high--collie size--, were spotted black and CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 383 d erect ears. He has seen them. Matt: They 415. Informants generally vague, hence re- barked, and were obtained from N in small sponses unreliable. rs. Sin 1: If only some of litter of pups d, all thrown in water and those able to V out kept. 6. Matt: Informant's grandfather called his Tol: Sick lived on acorns, sea weed. To please e'tya'ntcln Tl lklvdo crs e ed opes o *y~ 'ya.ntcY.. . deer, acorns eaten with deermeat. Chim: In bark lean-to, perhaps projecting 417. Cf. no. 966. Kar 1: Buckbrush and arrow- ce, against *house. weed used as soap. Wiyot: Little or no soaproot 1. Squeals or whines in manner interpreted in Wiyot territory; occasionally got from moun- ging; thought to increase power Of dog's .vv. ging; thought to increase poweroftains; used also to wash buckskin. Hup 1: Raw B and general hunting ability. . f w 2. Yur 1: 'Dog's soul immortal. Some rein- soaproot for washlng; cookng removes soap iness. ed in form of animal. Wiyot: Sometimes Sin 1: Soaproot applied as poultice on injuries, and stones piled over body. Rich man might soe . T bdy 'in hide. Matt: Burie with head point-root traded from land trbes P l'assage, lined with sticks, extended down for smelt. Kar 2: Apparently ate roots of one Pasg. lie.ihsik,etne or species, tops of another. surface to dog's nose to permit dog to s t he. Sin 1: Dog's snout left protruding from 420. Chim: Soaproot cooked ca. week. Hup 2: said to be "healthy." Co42o.kChim ilkweed ariea, then cookeo iy Kar 2: For good hunting dogs. 421. Chm Milked i ed then cooke in Kar 1: Basket cage for quail, jays. Sin 1 ashes. Kar 1: Cooked in mussel shell. Matt: Plant, tor rabbits. called taLan, put in sun, heat bringing sap to 4-395. Birds kept merely as pets; no reli- surface. or social (totemistic) significance. 422. Sin 2: Also cedar gum. 423. Food sold for negotiated price, payable in money or valuables. Trading for other natural Real Property products or manufactured articles universal. Tol: Generally traded for some other product or manu- o also no. 291. Hup 1, Hup 2: Private unit factured article, but sometimes for dentalia. be headman and his village, former being Kar 1: Receiver of food gift might make return 1 owner but dividing produce among all vil- gift of money or valuables. Chil: Only vegetables , as Goddard (1903:58) stresses. Matt: sold. 5" nominal owners of sections of beach, a or so each. When whale or sea lion driftedH 3, "chief" summoned to take lion's share, HOUSES dixg head and jaw which contain lots of fat, Structural Features o divide rest among others of local group. was a "boss" over trees and gathering Letters used throughout this section refer to but each individual kept results of his house types: a, 3-pitch-roof plank dwelling; b, bors. "Boss" told people when to gather and 2-pitch-roof plank dwelling; c, 2-pitch double o it that everyone had equal chance to ob- lean-to dwelling without side walls, of planks or hare; sort of second chief. Sin 2: Inform- bark; d, 1-pitch-roof single lean-to, or "shed"- 'id no strangers could hunt or gather in roof dwelling; e, circular ground plan, conical territory. Unit of ownership may have been or hip-roofed dwelling; x, 2-pitch-roof rectangu- e group. Informant stressed 'fact that rela- lar plank sweat house; y, circular ground plan, owned land together. conical or hip-roofed, earth-covered pole sweat K Kar 1: If man were killed at fishing place house. Purpose of this symbolism: to preserve ther, latter must forfeit the spot to de- association of various elements as they occur in 's family. Yur 1: Same as for Kar 1. Also, nature. E.g., all elemerfts of single local group ok man to walk or join with me in any under- referring to type a house belong to single B, I am financially responsible for his in- structure. Bringing together all house types un- r death. der Structural Features done deliberately to show Kar 1: Owner liable only when renter was common elements shared by circular vs. rectangu- other local group or tribe. lar ground plan, and by dwellings vs. sweat * Yur 1: Each pen had name. houses. When type letter (a, b, etc.) does not ; Tol: Beach owned for whales and marine appear under descriptive element, element absent all territory open for smelt. for that type of structure. 3 Tol: Pitfalls privately owned. Kar 2: Although houses with circular or elliptical at said "ranches" owned land. This means ground plans often had short ridgepoles in center a8 or local groups, and, where small, is (hip-roofed), these ridges invariably supported hble to private ownership. Yur 1: Apparently by pairs of crossed poles (dipods), not by verti- tItfalls, deadfalls, snare spots privately cal posts with base in middle of floor. Tol: Two Fleeing game could be pursued anywhere. house types, according to native classification, 384 ANTHROPOLOGICAL REOORDS liumped under type b here: first, permanent plank 476. Hup 1: Floor only partly paved. dwelling over central pit; second, temporary Sweat-house floor covered with sand, "ind structure, same shape, made of brush with grass weeds" on top. thatch or bark roof, all on surface. Nos. 437, 477. Tol: At least some dwellings had 451, 466, 469, 472, 480, 484, 489, 511, 533, 544, floor. Cf. no. 2582. Yur 1, Yur 2: Planks, 563, 571, 575, 584, 589, 637 refer exclusively to as substitute for stone. permanent plank dwelling. At least most alterna-Coeig- tive elements refer exclusively to temporaryCoe structure. Hup 1: Goddard (1903) mentions "ismall 480. Yur 2: Slabs or unsurf aced planks pit rofeJwithplans whch mt ata pont,"roof; brush sides. Cf. no. 492, Yur 1. pit rofe' wit plaks whch mt ata pont,"481. Chil: Only roof of planks; ends o which served as menstrual and childbirth hut. 484. Tol: To facilitate escape in case Curtis (13:21) mentions "underground hut not tc,paklf os nec onr n larger than eight feet square," serving same of certain-house so wide, only 5 necessary functions. Neither entered in element list. Sin etr al 1: Very temporary dwelling, of deerskins cover-48.Wyt Sigehrznaplk,s inga domeshaed frm,eatylk ta-ye have be.en 6 ft. wide, on each side; corres sweat house. ~~~~~~~ing to "plates" supporting roof at eaves o Frame.-- houses in area. Only end planks vertical, 427. Kar 1: This house type occupied ca. 1 1492. Tol: Grass or tule thatch also use mont annall whe gaterig acrns n crtai 1:Bark and "bastard planks" for roof, sid monath2 annall when glaatheRin acorn onyp certain. boughs or brush. flat mi.fromKlamth R.Yur : Tye c are.493. Chil: Bark or slabs only for ends;' Matt: Ty-pe.b called ko'ntxa; occupied by wealthy; plns others init~d in n stormyweather.494a.C Yuk: Timber split to make slabs, 428. Yur 1: Called Bald Hill houses, afternoofuirmlgtorsfae,hceo those of Chilula. Hup 1: Type d used especially called plnks. ent rsufcd hnen by women when away from village in spring gath- 45 hm at vrmdoi ak e ering hazel shoots for baskets.49.Ci:Erhoemaonabk,Pr 429. Wiyot: Roundl dwellings, type e, rarely earth covered only part of house. used (only when camping out); recorded as absent. 496. Matt.: Plank &'overing. Matt: Type e called y6tso'wos6t; most common, Entrances, exits.-- especially in summer. 497. Van D: For storage of wood and houai 430. Chin: Circular sweat house known from dogs. time of informant's grandfather, hence previous 499. Matt: Double lean-to, with ridgepol to 1870 Ghost Dance. ning same direction as that of house, proj 437. Kroeber, Hdbk., figs. 23, 24. Tol: This few feet; supported by 2 dipods . Wood store construction typologically transitional between along sides of this passage. Kato: So low o 2- and 3-pitch-roof buildings. Had ridgepoles had to crawl through entrance. been spaced few feet farther apart and gap 502a. Hup 1: For entranc'e, front usually. bridged with third set of planks, 3-pitch roof entirely open. would have been realized. Upper ends of planks on 506. Yur 1: Most doors faced river; this" each side bound between corresponding ridgepoles necessity since door in downhill side of ho and smaller ones on top and parallel to them. Houses with doors otherwise rare enoufh to 439. Goddard, 1903, p1. 2, fig. 1. nicknamedl "House with door downriver.,, ory 447. Rectangular sweat house (x) is double with door upriver." Wiy-ot: Entrance facing, lean-to from outsidle view. However, seemingly houses usedi in "religious way" (public dano more in keeping with constru'ction to call it 4- 510. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 12. walled house sunk into ground. Cf. no. 450, type 513. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 13, 14. X. 514. Chil: Can enter standing erect. 459a.Wiyot: Often leaned against large log. 517. Chim: Informant saidl round entranc 464. Tol, Yur 1, Hup 1, Hup 2, Chil: Plus fol- rate, so low one had to negotiate it on han lowing the entry number means it is an approxima- knees. tion between that a.nd one more. In a few places, 521. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 13, 14. elsewhere in the list, 1-3, or similar number- 529. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 12. Kar 1.: Ent ranges, have been treated in this same manner. left sidle of end. 466. Yur 2: 1-4. 530. Tol: Or entrance in left side of en 467. Yur 1: Some not excavated. 545. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 13. Matt: Used 472. In all observedl cases planks horizontal type c dwelling and probably also type y SW I n dweII ng house,i - c vertic;ral i-n sweat house,'kn- hose To wooden b'ars faste0nedA tra0nsv"-erse CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 385 .551. Yur 2: Hand-holds also inside. creased in complexity, and education of 1 or 2 552. Yur 1: No hand-holds at exit either. at 25 or 30 years of age completed by sending 553. Or, main entrance was smoke hole; no him to discuss law with various neighboring r smoke hole. authorities. Ca. once a year prominent man 554. Kato: Also wood thrown in through smoke would hold "smoke." Invitations sent to Hupa, I. C Yuk: Smoke hole near apex of roof, on Trinidad, Smith R., even Rogue R. Guests were side of long axis of house; too high to see feasted, then host lit pipe, passed it twice or out. around circle counterclockwise, each in turn 555. Wiyot: Exit through draft trench only taking puff; then discussion of law followed. asionally or in emergency. Chil: Those seeking supernatural power some- 558. Kar 2: According to G. W. Bayley. Yur 1: times sweated outdoors around fire of conifer aw tunnel ca. 5 ft. long, with planks laid boughs for 5 or 10 successive nights. Van D: izontally across and dirt piled on. No sweat house nor assembly house on Van Duzen 59. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 5. R. At Blocksburg, on Larrabee Cr. was circular, 560. Wiyot: Also short broad plank leaned earth-covered assembly house, probably of Ghost ropening from outside to keep out wind and Dance origin. Matt: 2 kinds sweat houses: sacred sweat house, hip-roofed, double layer of planks 563. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 14. or slabs with earth between, owned, at least nominally, by shaman and (or) chief (ka'xqe), Fireplace.--- used only by shamans and those training for 567. Matt: "Pit" only few inches deep, filled shaman's power; common sweat house, used twice L sand; sand and ashes removed every fen days, daily by any man, of bark or slabs, without aced with fresh sand. earth covering. Exclusive use of sacred sweat 73. Kato: "Pit" 8 or 10 in. deep. house by shamans constitutes shaman's society 78, 581. Minus means no specific number of of central California type, at least analogous es. Kar 1: 4-6 stones. Kar 2: 4-8 stones. to those of Sinkyone, Kato, C Yuki, etc. (nos. 582. Yur 1: Clay a substitute for stone lin- 2739 seq.) A myth relates that sweat house of southern origin; this probably historically 86. In rectangular sweat house, type x, fire correct. It must have been introduced at least een center post and exit or trench draft. a century ago (hence pre-Ghost Dance) or inform- tors sometimes burned a little in exit. ant's ancestors (his source of information) would have mentioned it. Both sweat houses had j~adders . -- smoke hole; were not danced in. Men sweated in 88. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 4. Dwelling-house early morning before sunrise, after sundown in ers 1-2 ft. wide; sweat-house types only evening. Meals eaten immediately after sweating. in. After sweating, shamans sit for awhile with both legs flexed to same side (woman's position [no. Sweat House 927]). After smoke has cleared, change position, sitting with arms on raised knees; then head o woman's sweat house, but women shamans shaman rubs sweat off their bodies with wormwood ted in small steam type among Tol, Kar 1, leaves, lights pipe and passes it once around 2, at least. Men also used this type, but not circle. Each takes puff and makes wish. Then all ther with women. Tol: Sweat house men's work- go out single file, head shaman last, and plunge ; weapons, nets, etc., always manufactured in into river. r on its stone "porch." Kar 1: Men sweated 591. Yur 1: One man organized building of new e daily, morning, late afternoon, followed sweat house, "had most to say about it," but all time by bath in river. Spent evening talking men helped build and shared its use. Wiyot: Rich t some leisurely task, then some took another man supplies planks; all men help build and use. ge 10 or 11 P.M., and all retired. Kar 2: 593. Chil: Sweat house communally built. times person digs hole on mountain or at 594. Matt: In some cases 2 sweat houses: sacred r sacred spot, piles rocks in semicircle and common. ad it, builds fire inside, sweats or smokes 597. Tol: Steam-heat technique used when away elf there. Yur 1: Frame of observed sweat from plank sweat house or by one seeking power [e mortised at Joints to withstand pressure alone somewhere. Kar 2: Some plant always placed outside; no pegs or withes. Without earth on hot rocks. st walls, structure could have been col- 599. Loeb, 1926, pl. 2. Kar 1: Cedar-bark ed by pushing against frame from inside. tinder kept on hand to rekindle fire from coals. 2: Following from Mr. Harry Roberts, who 600. Kato: No single standardized posture, associated with Yurok for several years: but smoke forced all to keep noses to floor. oa. 6 years of age a boy began sleeping in 601. With forehead in hands or on pillow, Lt house; he ran errands, got wood, was in- hands cupped to keep out smoke; reminiscent of toted in law and tribal lore from time to oriental prayer posture. Matt: Leaf pillow held b.Inapt pupils dropped as instruction in- in hands over nose to serve as smoke filter. 386 kNTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 604. Chim: Both sexes dance, sing until ex- Dwellings hausted, then rush for river. This certainly re- fers to occasional ceremonies rather than daily 636. Matt: Mats called ino'o''kwwt. sweating. 642. Matt: Earth shelf apparently plank o 606. Wiyot: Sleep without covering; fire kept ered on top as well as down side. going, both doors closed; cracks in roof doubt- 644. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 9. less provided necessary ventilation. 645. Kar 1: Winter-deer fur more common. 608. Chim: Cf. no. 604. Hup 2: Male and fe- 646. For blanket manufacture see nos. 121 male doctors, or those training for power, 1222. sweated together; not others usually. 648. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 19,a. 610. Matt: Pillow of myrtle leaves, which are 649. Harrington, pl. ll,c. aromatic and also which were burnt on fire. -650. Yur 1, Yur 2: Cubical stool; called 611. Goddard, 1903, fig. 1. Wiyot: Pillow of sweat house; placed against center pole. sometimes turned upside down, used as stool. 653. Kar 1: House sometimes named after 612. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig.'6. apparently no pure house names. 613. Only for doctor-making dance were women 654. Tol: If house burned down, rebuilt at permitted to enter rectangular plank sweat house. other place. Similarly, when cougar prowled 614. Fuel gathered ritually was burned green around camp at night, moved fire 20 ft. or so (undried) as sort of inceiise on fire; gathering supposed to keep cougar away. Matt: Houses to brought gatherer good fortune. Bulk of fuel down, moved every 2 years or so "to keep cle burned was manzanita or oak. Yur 2: Gathering 656. Van D: Square enclosure for summer preferably in morning, ca. 5 A.M. Wood packed ing. on head and back, gatherer crying the while, 656-657. Matt: Called bo'nasai. Dance enc thinking of money. Green fir boughs often used sure had gate on E, no center post. because fumes induced vomiting, which made one 657. Sin 1: Dance structure sometimes roof feel light. Wiyot: Fir boughs burnt on sweat-house Roof conical, supported by center post. fire by doctors and neophytes, but no specific tree-trimming technique. Hup 1, Hup 2: Ritual associated with quests for supernatural power. NAVIGATION Green boughs might be burned on fire in woods. Yur 1: Water depth measured by lowering p 615. Kar 2: While in top of tree gatherer line; reckoned in fathoms, because line so me prays to ocean: "Feel sorry for me, help me, give ured. Matt: Rich men used buckskin sails (cal me money." If he desires wealth, sometimes hangs bina'itu'llai), which said to be aboriginal, from limb. this doubtful. 617. Hup 1: Night better time for fuel-gath- 658. Kroeber (Hdbk., pl. 13) illustrates a, ering. Chil: Night gathering mostly. 661-664, 667. Yur 1: Depth of boat measureda 619. Top limbs left on certain side of tree. foot or leg; smallest literally 1 human foot Kar 1: N side because corpse laid head to N. deep; large boat more than knee deep. Two boa Hup 1: N side because dentalia come from N. often made from two halves of split log; outs Hup 2: N, S, E, or W side, depending on what shaped before inside; inside worked out chief "medicine" being made. by burning. Holes in boats patched with bark, 620. Yur 2: Top limbs left parallel to river which was fastened on with pitch and sewing so could be seen from river. (cords through perforations). 622. Yur 1: Wood rack on wall opposite en- 659. Kar 2: Boats bought from Yurok. Wiyot, trance. Yur 2: 2 such. Outside shaped first and shavings used for fu 624. Kato: Groups unnamed; man had no perma- to burn out inside. Hup 1: Bought from Yurok,; nent affiliation with either side. Matt: Outside shaped first. Also bought some 625. Yur 2: Sweated early morning and ca. 4 P.M. from Wiyot. Wiyot: Men sweated before both meals, which eaten 660. Tol: Also boats of cedar. Chim: Boats ca. 10 A.M. and 8 P.M. of pine. 626. Hup 1; Each sings own song. 663. Kar 2: Bayley photo shows canoe with 628. Kar 2: Cry especially when outsider trims peaked bow but flat stern. tree and brings the firewood. Yur 2: Because they 666. Yur 1: "Heart" in middle of boat, ca. want money so badly. 3 ft. from front; front paddler braces self w 632. Drum used in rectangular plank sweat 1 foot on it. house only for doctor-making dance; novice never 668. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 15. Yur 2: Prow o kicked it. Kar 2: Kickers lie on backs, kick ment called wrrsip; sometimes also on stern. floor plank with 1 heel. Yur 1: Floor plank next 670. Wiyot: No special launching ceremony to wall opposite exit hole so used. Several men for new boat. When launching boat in surf, me sat on stools in row facing wall, stamping La prayed for safety. unison with 1 foot. Hand under thigh helped lift 672. Y^ir 1: 4 paddles to 1 boat, 2 long, 2~ leg, made stamping less tiresome, short, were standard. equipment. If ma.n withon 635b. Wiyot: Dancers entering door line up male assistance he might have wife steer boat along left wall; face house interior, kick with from stern position. heels wall in back, in unison. 675. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 67,i. CULTURE EIEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 387 676. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 67,f. Matt: Bag called tehelg' (see figure); sewn at 680. Tol: Canoe finder claims "half." sides, folded at bottom, top covered with flap 681. Kar 2: Good man would not accept pay for held shut with cord or pin through perforation. rning canoe. SWIMMING I have described these strokes in my S Sierra ort (CED:VI). Chim: All strokes volunteered out suggestion from me. Hup 2: Sexes swam rately. Chil: Bad luck to swim with clothes because drowned bodies found clothed. 683. Kar 2: Breast stroke used by old, stiff sons. C Yuk: By men only. 684. Wiyot: Stroke definitely on side, but 711. Harrington, pl. 36. Matt: Salt stored used under water together, not in opposite in bag. ctions. Matt: Side stroke taught; considered 712. Yur 1: Objects to be stored (e.g., cy- ; other strokes used less often. C Yuk: Most lindrical chests; purses) often rolled in mats. tn Matt: Especially in rainy weather. 687. Tol: Overhand or racing back stroke vol- 713. Carrying basket used mainly by women. eered* must have been without modern flutter Tol: Men used it as much as women. Kar 2: Used eered; musthav ben wthou moernfluter by men for packing fish only. Sin 1: Used by 88. Tol: To teach child to swim, certain men sometimes. I . . . 714. Kar 1: Carrying frame was oval hoop with put around its neck. Child jumps in water, rawhide mesh. Load piled on, fastened first ke escapes, and child is able to swim out. by single wide strap of buckskin running longi- ormant taught thus. tudinally, then by two transverse straps. Car- LAND TRANSPORTATION ried flat against back, tumpline across fore- head. Kar 2: Known, but declared modern. Yur 1: Yur 1: Index finger held straight for all dis- Iris-string mesh. Straps around load placed simi- es when pointing. Chil: Index finger held larly to those of Kar 1. ight when implying long distance; flexed, 716. Liquids carried mainly by women. Chim: for short distance; various degrees of Carried on head rarely; when did, steadied with ure when intermediate distances. 1 hand. 689. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 23,b. Hup 1: Woven 718. Kar 2, Yur 1: Sometimes carried 2 bas- strap imported from coast. Matt: Called kets, 1 on each upturned palm. Matt: Informant L. insisted aboriginal water baskets made with 2 93. Wiyot: Half the warps 'right" twist, half handles. His mother's mother made them. I doubt t" twist so strap would not curl up. Cf. nos. their native origin. -1251. 721. Tol: Food, especially, left at trail 96. Matt: Hide pack strap only for shoulder places as offering, theory being that rock or p of underarm bag (no. 706). Kato: Rare. tree may be metamorphosed person. Chim: Inform- 98. Shoulder-type pack strap. Kar 1: Long ant has seen tree into which arrows had been g to use in head position. To take up slack, shot by travelers. Kar 2: Must toss another stone ently twisted with stick; ends of stick on pile. Yur 1: Almost any offering, including ed in armpits, preventing strap untwisting. arrow shot into tree, might be left. Wiyot: 2: For light loads. Yur 1: Same as for Kar 1. Sharpened stick thrown into tree; if failed to 2: Only for change; mostly strap across fore- stick fast, thrower would not live lon. Coast . Hup 1: By women occasionally for change. Yurok of Trinidad offer dentalia to certain rock. * Only for light loads. 721a. Tol: Butt end of broken branch points 29. Matt: Single thin longitudinal section in direction taken by traveler. Kar 2: One branch t from large willow root, is leaned against tree or rock; second is placed 00. Carrying nets used mainly by men. Kato: on ground, radiating from base of first in direc- led by strap over 1 shoulder, tion maker has gone. Wiyot: Natural (distal) end 03. Goddard, 1903, p1. 6. points desired direction. 05. Kar 1: Hide bag primarily for storage 722. Kar 2: Bad luck to look back once one has er than for carrying, except when used as started on Journey. Yur 1: In prehuman times er. C Yuk: Especially of deer (fawn) skin. loads traveled on their own power. One prays to 6. Some kind of folded sewn hide bag prob- load to help him. universal. This element presumably refers to ly large bag; 711 to small sack for tobacco, TECHNOLOGY Tol: Observed specimen ca. 1 ft. sq. Kar 2: ks, apparently like a spring, held opening Tol: Nets, boats, buckskin, weapons, etc., Bayley photo. Yur 2: Bag ca. 2 ft. sq. made by specialists and sold for dentalia. "When- 388 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ever they hired anyone to do anything they paid Knives.-- Indian money." 760. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 16. Tol: Knife.! an unretouched flake. Sin 2: Called kKs. Brushes.-- 762. Kar 2: Arrow-wood knife handle. 723. Matt: Cylindrical grass brush used when 764. Matt: When stone not available, she mealing. used temporarily. 724. Matt: Soaproot fibers bound flat (not cylindrically) to buckskin or cord; whole rolled Awls, needles.-- up in cylindrical form. Called qac. 765. Cf. no. 321. Matt: Called tsYmgx. 725. Kar 1: Handle a hazel withe. Hup 1: Buck- 766. Sin 2: Called tclIn. skin handle, or fibers, bound or glued to buck- 767. Yur 1: Deer-ulna awl most common. skin. Meat cut off ulna before cooking. Ulna was a 727. Tol: Sea-gull or pelican wing common saved for tools; would be ruined if cooked.. brush. Yur 2: Eagle wing used in sweat house. 768. Sin 1: Eyed bone needle to sew buck Hup 2: Bird wing used in sweat house. although awl more common. 768-769. Cf. nos. 1227-1228. Even though, Mush stirrers, stone lifters.-- formants agreed eyed and notched needles wer 730. Chim: Wooden paddle inlaid with red ob- native, perhaps one or both are modern. sidian. 769. Matt: Needle first perforated, then 731. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 17. Sin 2: carved through to form notch. Knot tied in end of wooden paddle only for "high-toned" people. which was slipped into notch from side of no 733. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 14. Probably some- (see figure). Called ltcy's. times used mush paddle for tongs. Yur 1: Certain man, presumably shaman, picked up hot stones with bare hands before crowd at White Deerskin dance. 734. Matt: Paddle-shaped tongs undecorated, Grinding.-- of harder wood than for mush paddle, although 770. Chim: Supposedly, all grinding in latter sometimes used for tongs. cal period, before introduction of hopper ba and slab, done with portable stone mortar. Spoons.-- Mortars occasionally found; kept as "good-lue 736. Matt: Kelly, 1930, pl. 106,c. rocks" (may refer to Hupa). 737. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 20. Chim: Carved- 772. Kar 2: Steatite mortar for plant foo handle spoons for rich men, plain handle for 773. Kar 2: Portable stone mortar made by majority. Sin 2: Carved handle only for "high- Wolf. toned." 775. Matt: Twined hopper basket, called 738. Hup 1: If woman uses horn spoon, will sd6'tsza. Sin 2: For bones, meat, as well as have difficulty in parturition. vegetables. 740. Yur 1: Spoons of madro-na. 776. Matt: Slab, called sdgkxatc, hollowed 742. Kelly, 1930, pl. 119,b. Yur 1: Small out 3 or 4 in. in center to prevent hopper ba deer or fawn skull for spoon. Yur 2: Used by ket from sliding around. Informant has seen sa women, mens from Eel R. with holes 6 or 7 in. deep; 743. Tol: Spatulas for eating seaweed. Kato: haps these should be called mortars. Fingers more commonly used. 777. Matt: Stone pestle, called Ysgg tcXn& made in woods. First chipped out, then groun Wood, stone receptacles.-- under water with some abrasive stone. If make 747. Wood platters. Tol: Some rectanguloid, has bad dreams, must stop. several inches deep. Yur 1: Called saikw. 779. C Yuk: (See figure, from spec.) MaulW (U.C.Museum has several wooden bowls, 5-8 in. shaped pestle for meat, bones. deep.) Chil: For deermeat only. Sin 1: Of ma- drona. Kato. For any meat or fish. 749. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 15. Tol: Hollow el- der stems for feather receptacles. 750. Kar 2: Rectanguloid chest recent. 755. Chiefly steatite vessels. Chim: Also used as eating vessels and wateir containers. (Ledge of steatite near Burnt Ranch.) Kar 2: Used to roast fish, and as eating receptacles. Seaweed dipped into grease contained in such d vessels and eaten. w_. 756. Shallow vessels used chiefly to catch grease dripping from broiling meat or fish. 780. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 16. Kar 1: Some 757. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 16. Chil: Some yes- pestles flanged top, bottom. Yur 1: Bulk of sels had handle-like protrusions at both ends. U.C. Museum specimens without flange; none ha CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 389 flange, which may refer to slight bulge steatite; upper edge chipped by striking with logous to bulge of mauls. another piece of flint or quartz. Notches for 781. Top flange. Yur 1: Serves to prevent binding to arrowshaft made same way. 4 slipping. Yur 2: Present occasionally. Skin dressing.--Universal process: moisten Drilling.-- or soak hide few days; flesh, dehair, apply 782. Tol: For drilling pipe, used thin hazel brains; after short interval, "grain" by rub- t with abrasive stone point. bing with blunt instrument. 785. Matt: Called bilbuwa aiyugls. 804. Kar 1, Hup 1: Ashes sprinkled on hair 787. Wiyot: Element volunteered. Pipes side of fresh hide; hide rolled up; left few lled with bone-pointed wood-shafted drill. days. Hup 2, Chil: Ashes method known, but mod- 788. Sin 2: One-hand vise; other hand held ern. C Yuk: Hair never removed from hides as a in piece of buckskin against flat bit of part of tanning process; might be done later d. when making buckskin breecholout or bag. 791. Kato: Most common vise: 2 sticks tied 804a. Soaking dry hides probably universal; ther. fresh hides already moist. Wiyot: Hide kept in 792. Matt: Object laid on wood block when be- warm damp condition. Matt: Water wrung out by drilled. tying one end to tree, twisting other with stick. 805. Sin 2: One end of hide sat on, other Fire making.--Tol: Fires to relay messages held with one hand. [t on-points of land along coast. No code or 808. Matt: Hide tied to tree. language, fire or smoke merely a warning; 809. Sin 1: Or hide on flat stone, "anything ts brought later by runners. Wiyot: Fire and flat." ke signals used when boat lost in ocean so 811. Matt: Dehairer also a mussel shell, yone would be on lookout for survivors. held to fingers by string. Cf. no. 1255. l settler in Ma.rin Co. said Coast Miwok at 815. Kato: Dehairer a split cobble. asio built fire on mountain (probably Tamal- 818. Tol: Dehairer a mussel or Haliotis B) to announce "big time." shell. 793. Kar 2: Willow drill, cedar hearth. Yur 1: 819. C Yuk: Wooden dehairer called paddle. low-root hearth. In a myth, Frog stole fire, 820. Tol: Brains applied to hide, which then ally spat it out on willow tree. Wiyot: Both buried in damp sand, finally exhumed, fleshed. th and drill of willow or alder root; car- Chim: Soaked 2 days after brains applied. i in buckskin pipe sack when for pipe-light- 821. Fresh brains not always available; so use, or in quiver when for hunting use. used, then, preserved (with moss), which mois- D: Buckeye-root drill. Matt: Willow-root tened before application. Yur 1: Only moss from 11 best. Sin 1: Buckeye-wood drill; moss tin- black-oak tree. Wiyot: Moss combined with fine elderwood scrapings. 795. Wiyot: Alder and white-fir coals also. 824. Yur 1: Rubbing tool of yew wood. One end t: Also live coals carried in sand-lined bas- of hide held inside right bent knee, other in left hand, rubbing stick in right hand; worked thus at intervals while being dried in sun. Flint flakina.--The direction of force applied 825. Sin 2: "Sponge rock" (probably steatite) ers as well as technique of application be- rubbing stone. e pressure and percussion flaking. Pressure 827a. Kar 1: Smudge of fir. Wiyot: Alderwood. rted from edge toward middle, force of per- Matt: Hide colored green with certain grass, or sion from middle toward edge. Matt: Black, red with alder bark. white obsidian blades occasionally exca- d; never made; very valuable. Sin 2: Rich Glue.-- kept black obsidian blades (tctsa'hale) as 827b. Yur 1: Skin of fish scraped of scales, sures. warmed near fire to get rid of oil, chewed; 76. Tol: Abrasive stone kept at hand to re- saliva final product. E.g.: arrow maker spat out e point of flaker when damaged from use. glue as needed.. Chil: Fish (especially salmon) t: Stone sometimes heated to make it chip skin scraped both sides; scrapings chewed, rolled easily (?). in madrofna leaves, cooked in ashes ca. 10 minutes. 8. Matt: Use of ulna flaker volunteered; 827d. Wiyot: Sturgeon-gall glue. idered superior to antler. 827h. Chil: Lumps of natural wild-cherry gum 99. Goddard, 1903, pl. 12. Hup 1: Flaker soaked to soften before using. ed especially for making large obsidian 88s. Wood working.--Wood carving done mainly by 00Where pressure flaking also occurs, per- grinding with abrasive stones. Such techniques lion flaking preliminary rough work not shared by stone, horn, bone matezPials; articles, Lctly retouching. Chim: Flake in pxiece of such as spoons, pipes, often made in 2 different Skin held in left hand, struck with stone in materials. It hand. Kar 1: Flake laid on flat piece of 828. Goddard, 1903, pl. 3. 390 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 829. Wood wedges inserted in split started limbs, hence fe-wer knots, on shady side. Tol with horn wedge; probably universal. Matt: Wood from E side tree so as not to kill tre Wedges 3 or 4 ft. long. Logs split from end. Kar 2: From N side tree because it is shady Sin 1: Wood wedges placed in cleft to hold open side. while changing position of horn wedge. 848. Kar 1: Wood from river side of tree 830. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 19,d,e. Van D: posed to have greater elasticity. Yur 2: Woo Pear-shaped maul crudely made. Like middle from river side of tree stronger, because w specimen bottom row of U.C. Museum negative 15- blows from river, puts greater strain on riv 4843. Sin 1: Roughly chipped into shape, then side C?). ground. 849. Chil: Painted bows only for display;. 832. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 19,b,c. Chim: Boats unpainted for hunting. worked with chisel (wedge) and maul. Kar 2: Com- posite adz observed in Bayley photo. Chil: Arrows.-- Planks smoothed with unhafted piece of flint. 851. Cf. note 464. Matt: Planks, boats smoothed with heavy stone 852. Wiyot: Shaft point fire hardened. chisel pushed like plane or struck on butt with 853. Yur 1: Hollow shafts always foreshaf hand. Sin 1: Bone or horn chisel struck with when stone pointed; otherwise shaft would sp maul to accomplish work of adz elsewhere. Stone heads mounted directly on solid shafts. 833. Yur 1: Minority of Yurok specimens in Matt: Called k'a. U.C. Museum have straight stone handle. 854. Matt: Called ta'fitc'Seti. 834. Yur 1: Yew wood from close to ground 855. Chil: Foreshaft purposely made detach where hardest. able from main shaft because short shaft less 838. Kar 2: Adz blade an unretouched-flake. likely to become dislodged in animal's flight Yur 2: Stone-blade adz positively absent. 857. Kar 1, Hup 1: Multiple-pointed arrow 839. Wiyot: Bone or horn blade frequently made from natural multiple-fork branch. whetted on stone. 858a. Kar 2: Hummingbird scalps fastened t 840. Chim: Core or large flake, retouched by woodpecker-scalp headbands. Yur 1: Multiple- percussion, inserted into split in limb of cer- pointed arrow only for hummingbirds, whose s tain tree; when tree grew fast around it, limb used to decorate woodpecker-scalp regalia. cut off; formed ax handle. Such axes used both for war and hewing. Informant insists her grand- Arrowheads.-- father made such axes before white people arrived. 861. Wiyot: Stemless, barbless points prob ably due to failure in manufacture; used for WEAPONS small game. Matt: Hunter carried extra flint arrowheads in quiver to replace ones broken. Bow and Arrow 864. Hap 1: Stemmed, barbless points unint tional; due to breaking barbs off in manufac- Bows.--Kar 1: Several bows, uniform size, ture; same true of stemless. shape, observed. Dimensions of 1: length, 3 ft. 865. Chil: Bone or horn points sometimes 3 in.; maximum width, ca. halfway between grip colored red, black, or green to resemble ston and ends, 2 1/4 in.; width at grip, 1 1/2 in.; 866. Some U.C. Museum Yurok and Hupa speci maximum thickness, near ends, 3/8 in.; thick- mens have 2 or 3 pairs barbs, total of 4 or 6 ness at grip, 5/16 in.; minimum thickness, ca. barbs. halfway between grip and ends, 1/8 in. Thickness measurements for wood alone; with sinews added, Feathering.-- thickness a little more than twice as great. 868. Kar 1: Feathers of long-range arrows Sinews from back of deer. First dried, later shorter. Yur 2: One observed arrow spiral fea twisted and rubbed to separate fibers. Back of ered, perhaps accidentally. Ca. 200 observed bow covered with fish-skin glue, sinews dipped specimens from Klamath R. vicinity unspiraled in it before being stuck fast to bow. Sinews 869. Wiyot: Used by men for small game. of 4 or 5 deer required to make single bow. Thickness of sinews on any part of bow corres- Poisoning.--Matt: Man-root juice so used. ponds closely with thickness of wood itself. 871. Sin 1: Snake blood used. 842. Goddard, 1903, pl. 11. Matt: Sinew-backed 872. Chim: Deer liver struck by rattlesnak bow called bina'kinoi'lsas. used. 843. Van D: Bows made by Hayfork Wintu consid- 873. Kar 1: Meat or fish tied to stick, al ered superior. lowed to be struck by rattlesnake; used as po 845. Grip of all observed Karok, Yurok, Hupa s-on. Yur 1: Rattlesnake killed to get venom. specimens wrapped with buckskin thong. Poison from some marine animal also used. Kat 846. Wiyot: Yew wood, for bows, from limbs Only war arrows poisoned. 3-4 in.in diam. Chil: Main trunk of sapling best. Kato: Also bows of mt. mahogany. Arrowshaft straightening, smoothening.-- 847. Wood from shady side of tree may be su- 876. Sin 1: 2-piece abrasive stone also us perior to that from sunny side because of fewer to smooth bows and other wood objects. ; CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 391 878. Matt: Called kntsI'si. Daggers or Knives 879. Kato: Split-stick straightener. 80. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 16. Kar 2: Also 898. Chil: Horn or bone daggers carried in tite perforated straighteners. Two pieces hair. ew wood sometLimes rubbed over arrowshaft. 899. Sin 2: Called sos. 84. Chil: Rush wrapped entirely around ar- Spears t 450 recorded hon- Cf. no. 233. al, any more than 450, vertical. 901. Chim: Handle only 2-3 ft. long, like 86. Yur 2: Arrow held underneath bow when that of Hupa. downhill to counteract tendency toCalled cionotdi. shoot. 905. Matt: Spears for sleeping deer. 87. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 18 top. Tol: Bow ical for war; acts as shield; end sometimes Slings ed on ground. Chim: Horizontal position more on; at close range sometimes bow vertical, Loeb, 1926, pl. 2. on ground. Wiyot: Bow vertical for war. 908. Kar 2: Sling known, but recent. Yur 1: 89. Releases after Kroeber (1927: 284). Small hole in sling pouch to keep stone in 1: Primary considered inferior. place. Chil: Slings known, but recent. Matt: 90-891. Kar 1: arrow releases: (Abbreviations: For waterfowl, partly as sport. Sumb; 2, index finger; etc.; kn, knuckle.) 910. Sin 2: Called sitlbKkatsln. Butt Palm of 11 on Pull by between arrow hand War Clubs row + (1+2 kn)+(2) 1+2 kn Up or down 913. Yur 2: Specimens dug up by Indians in .tring recent times; called Indian knives, but have rrow + (1+2 kn)+(2+3) 1+2 kn Up or down no known use. string row + (1+2 kn)-i (2+3+4) 1+2 kn Down string Shield tring 2+3 1+2+3 Up or down 915. Wiyot: Mattole informant gave following details concerning shield of Wiyot and Sin 1: 1: For long distance. Almost entire length of Of double rawhide, doubtless elk, with wood rods b grips arrow; ordinarily only distal half of between and wood handle in middle; 5 ft. long, 2 b used. No. 2: Most common. Up or down posi- ft. wide; held vertically; often painted red with of palm of arrow hand reckoned from hori- alder bark. Sometimes bark put between two lay- 1 position of bow. Generally speaking, bow ers. Used only by rich man or war leader. Sin 1: slanting or nearly vertical when associated Informant has seen shields ca. 18 in. sq., with "down" position. Kar 2: Released exactly as single stick across middle as frame and handle. 1 of Kar 1, except palm always up. No. 4 of 1 also known. Armor Quivers 916. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 78 top. Tol: Fine gravel glued to elkhide to increase protective- 2. Yur 1: Tail of observed otterskin quiver ness. Double thickness extended only to hips. ated with Haliotis-disk beads spaced ca. 3 Wiyot: Hide fastened at back. Sin 2: Elkhide part, single woodpecker scalp at tip; used armor called tcdka; worn by "boss." C Yuk: Elk- alth-display dances, not for hunting. Chil: hide armor rare. Warrior slept with it on when r and otterskins for ceremonial quiver; any feared attack. -fox, deer fawn--acceptable for utility 918. Probably hide always slit at sides to give legs freedom. 4. Wiyot: Apparently made quiver of split 920. Sin 2: Bark armor form of vest. ons of tule rather than whole stems; Yurok 921. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 78 top. Yur 2: made such quivers. Few men owned rod jacket. Chil: Jacket protruded e5. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 78 top. Tol: Carried slighltly above shoulders with openings for arms Farm when traveling. and down between legs like baseball catcher's 7. Tol: Carried on back when shooting. Chil: body pad; rods twined with buckskin-thong weft. ed on back when shooting, underarm when Jacket 1-piece, laced up back; supplemented by _ ~~~~~~~~~~~elkhide around neck. 392 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 922. Yur 1: Hide curtain sometimes hung from 945. Roll in front each shoulder. Goddar helmet to chest, with holes for eyes. Rich men 1903, pl. 5. Tol: Only at girl's puberty ri wore erect feathers on helmet. Chil: Helmet of I doubt this restriction. Chil: Full length rawhide, shaped like basket cap. formal dress, shoulder length (no. 946) whe working. 947. Matt: Both sexes also wore roll dou into single "club" down back. Kar 2: Because dead have both legs straight, 949. Tied together. above head. Perhaps e those making medicine or training for supernat- lent to no. 951. Wiyot: Called kawtira'tcel. those maKIng medicine or training for supernat- done up thusly was only little past shoulde ural power slept with 1 knee bent; always sat length;snd s up c in. abv hed down to eat, made motions of fire drilling before length; ends stuck up ca. 6 in. above head, dowii to eat made motions of fire drilling before forward for war, backward for dress or peac eating. Yur 2, Chil: When wishing for money, "high-toned" man would lie on his back with 1 Matt: War style only. Messe'nger carrying nol "hght d mof war wore hair thus. Killer wore tuft fo knee up, the other leg crossed on it, back of ^. ^ . ~~~~others wore it backward. one wrist on brow. Matt, Sin 2: Lying posture: ohr W t b w. legs same as for Yur 2, arms any way. Kato: When 950. Wiyot: Fur tie from mink, otter, deae meeting stranger, to indicate peaceful intentions belly (white). Matt: Buckskin tie. man squats on 1 heel with other knee up, foot 951. Top head roll. Tol: In war this pre, enemy from grabbing one by hair. Kar 2: Usu, flat, layhiwepon ongrostyle, under basket cap; probably also style hunting, war. Hup 1: Dancing, war style. Van Formal Sitting Postures War style. Matt: Hunting style; after kill,- hunter lets down hair, returns home with it 926. Matt, Kato: Kneeled playing many-stick loose. Kato: Tied up with string. game. 952. Braids of adults same in number, pos 927. Goddard, 1914, pl. 40. Chim: Eating, as rolls of hair (nos. 945-947). Hup 1: Bra visiting,lower leg crossed over upper above knee; at puberty. Chil informant, who has livedw majority of other tribes, legs parallel. Inform- Hupa most his life, denies this for Hupa. ant remembers feasts where women sat in crossed 954. Fur or skin ribbons mainly women's position for 2-3 hours while men gorged selves on cle. Kar 2: See figure. Band worn over neck venison. Taboo for women to eat deermeat with ends twisted around rolls of hair in front o men; did not apply to other food. shoulders, as in Goddard, 1903, pl. 5. Flin flakes sometimes substituted for Haliotis Hair dants. Sin 2: Men wore undecorated "ribbons. Women at least also wore otter and fisher f Head.-- 929. Matt: Women's hair full length, men's not more than 1 ft. below shoulders. 932. Yur 1: Temple locks allowed to grow full length. Hup 1: Cut at puberty, then all hair al- lowed to grow. A 933. Yur 1: Scalp lock allowed to grow full length; hung down back in single mass, or roll (like Chinese queue). Hup 1: Cut at puberty, then all hair allowed to grow; same time boy starts -----B sleeping in sweat house. C Yuk: Only ca. to shoulders. 934. Yur 1: Forehead bangs up to perhaps 5 or \ 6 years. Beard.-- 937. Yur 2: Only by old men. Chil: Apparently A, buckskin band rare. B, "braided" Xero 938. Matt: Ashes or pitch rubbed on face to -a pum gtass kill hair growth C?). D &itspnh 940. Chil: Recently steel knife opposed to fingernail for plucking. Kato: Flat stick opposed 955. Otter-fur ribbons also common. Tol: to fingernail used. fur ribbons with small woodpecker scalps g on at intervals. Cf. nos. 1055-1065. Yur 1: Coiffure.--Tol: To keep neck warm in cold wea- served otter-fur ribbon decorated with lar ther, hair divided into 2 bunches which wrapped woodpecker scalps glued ca. 6 in. apart ovel once around neck in opposite directions and left entire length. hanging down back. Yur 1: Hair sometimes wrapped 957. Kar 2: Pine-nut shells traded for 0S around neck when swimming. vella and Haliotis shells from coast. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 393 Comb.--Kar 2: Each man kept stick in sweat which acts as fulcrum; arms pull frame toward se with which to whip hair dry after river body. tinge. Matt: Unidentified shrub, ilakdi'ntca, had 986. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 18 top. Yur 1: Deer- lines, which used as comb by poor people. head fur cap; sometimes with deer ears left on. 960. C Yuk: Unbound twigs, also fingers, used Van D: Rabbit fur wrapped around head in winter. comb. Matt: Deer-fur cap covered entire head, neck, 962. Matt: For comb, two flat sticks between fastening at front of neck and leaving face exposed. ch whale whiskers. 988. Matt: 'Fur from legs of deer for eyeshade, 963. Matt: Lice mashed between 2 spatula- especially when flint flaking; supposed to in- ped bone scratchers. crease visibility somehow; perhaps protected 964. Tol: Split-stick comb used in sweat against flying chips. se or dwelling; 1-2 ft. long, 2-3 splits. Upper body.-- Various.-- 989. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 3. Deerhide robe, 966. Cf. no. 417. Matt: Thimbleberries used hair on, chiefly man's garment, but probably wash head; soaproot tended to bleach hair. universally worn by some women. Hides of other 968. Usually marrow hair grease. Chil: Bear animals--c6ugar, bear--also used, but deer cer- ease. tainly mostly used generally. Tol: Robes of rac- 969. Yur 1: Hair perfumed with honeysuckle coonskin more common than of deerskin. Matt: s and certain roots from Bald Hill. Sometimes smooth side covered with small animal furs, such as fox. Mutilations 990. Single hides probably used to some ex- tent by all tribes, although 2 hides the ideal. Ears and nose.-- Van D: Informant made robe of 3 hides some 50 Ears ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ys ago.os.- ;970. Hup 1, Hup 2: Ear piercing with porcu- yrs. ago. 970.H 1 Hup: Ear piesrcin with porc 992. Rabbitskin blankets. For manufacture see ne quill., C Yuk: Ear lobes warmed with warm r to lessen pain; pierced with bone awl. nos. 1210-1222. Hup 2: Bought from Mad R. 970-971. Nose piercing apparently for both 993. Yur 2: Tule-mat raincoat worn when fish- es. Cf. nos. 1904-1906, 2052-2053. ing. 994. Tol: Skin shirt noted in photograph. *attooing.-Soot used universally. Matt: Done Tail worn inside double apron, at least by women. Tato.So uYur 2: Informant declares he has seen buckskin man specialist: not compulsory; girls asked shirts which were older than direct white con- they wanted it done. Sin 2: Informant's tattoo tact, say prior to 1850. I believe they were in- tn in figure. troduced from east not more than century ago. 996. Tol: Fur side usually outside, but shirt turned wrong side out in rainy weather to pro- tect fur. Loin covering.-- 1001. Worn underneath aprons or skirt by wo- men. Yur 2: Worn only by young men; elders naked. Hup 1: Men apparently wore only buckskin flap Q^& /,2 suspended from front of gee string. Chil: Front \\\= //11 end of clout permanently fastened to gee string. To put on, gee string was tied around the waist at back, and clout pulled between legs and stuffed 972. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 45,b,c,e,f, etc. under string in back. 973 Kroeber, Hdbk fig 45a d 1008. 1-piece deer-fur skirt generally worn Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 45,a,de i only for adornment, dancing. 7 . n Kroeber Hd6bk4. 4ttg Warrlors tattooel 1009. Goddard, 1903, pl. 9. 1-piece bark skirt, k under right elbow for each man killed, mostly maple. Matt: Twined redwood bark skirt; 78. Yur 1: Also tattooed back of each shoul- sometimes twined buckskin strips. 1011. Goddard, 1903, pls. 5, 8. Chim: Back apron tied on top of front apron, same as for Hupa, Yurok, Karok. Clothing 1014. Nuts, seeds chiefly on front apron. 1016. C Yuk: Double-apron length: just below Headgear .--1 981. Matt: Basket cap rare.res 983 Yu*:We arin,cplndwt 1017. Buckskin trousers almost certainly 983.Yur : NVen crryng, ap lned ithmodern. Chim: Definitely shape of modern trou- yves. Sin 1: Cap used by some men; apparently sers. Denial of leggings, no. 1037, may mean s9 comon than farther N. leggings confused with trousers. Kar 2: Burlap -984. Vertex of A-frame rests against head, imitation in Bayley Photo sewn on insides of 394 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS legs to crotch; opened at sides like in modern shrubs rather than for warmth or modesty. women's trousers. Compared to chaps; fitted close up to breec clout; protected against briars, shrubs wh Feet, legs.-- hunting; called cgU'twula. Chil: Formal dre 1020. Tol: Moccasins used for dress, travel; normally all barefoot. Kar 1: See figure, from A a el s * ' ~~~~~~~~~Aclornment ancl Ceremonial Dress _ Feather regalia.--Chim: For dancing, wome wore unidentified headdress, mainly of eagle feathers, which apparently radiated from or X---| l fl ---Y or bent toward front; feathers fastened to b ketry foundation, which indicates central Ca Il ll fornia affiliation. Men did not wear this, t A-- I1 1' ^ 1044. Feather garment, net foundation. r A A J e ber, Hdbk., pl. 80. Wiyot: This and associat B- --B no. 1048 spread toWiyot from S after white contact. Van D: This and 1048, associated wi I >'_L___ ___;,,/ circular earth-covered dance house, occurred Blocksburg, on next stream S of Van Duzen; probably from 1870 Ghost Dance. Matt: This . . ~~~~~~~1048 twice introduced with "feather dance"; paper model by the informant. Sides x and y are 1 folded under at "a" to give sole double thickness; came directly from Shelter Cove, more rem elkhide might be sewn on sole in addition; slit from Russian R. (Pomo); Wiyot got them from at c forms opening for foot, those at b, made Matt. First introduction ca. 1850 when i after fitting, allow overlapping necessary to ant's father was pubescent and there were o after fitting, allow overlapping necessary to a few shacks in Eureka. Dancers from S came shape heel; single seam runs up back of heel, a i 1 Sometimes seam sewn from instep to toe to tighten after 1874, Matt made own costumes. Informante moccasin, but always on gather, not on cut slit, i Sometimes additional piece of buckskin sewn on connected with 1870 Ghost Dance. Sin 1: This to make higher top. Yur 2: Not worn habitually, aociated ri a used as far n as Thisi > . . . ~~~~~~~~associated regalia used as far N as Phillpsvi only for dress. Wiyot: With seams at instep and on S Fork Eel R., N of Garberville. heel. Hup 2: Worn as protection from rattle- 1048. Kato Called taN ahos. snakes. Van D: Worn mainly in winter; were 1049. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 20, pl. 59. seamed at instep and heel. Matt: Worn only by 1051 Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 77, middle. wealthy. Kato: Piece of unsewn deer fur wrapped 1054. Wiot:Prt of ha n of figure around feet in cold weather. C Yuk: Moccasins . * . - not made; a few were obtained from N. described in note 1055. 1023. Kar 2: Bear-fur moccasins rare. 1055. Chim: Woodpecker-scalp band worn by 1023. Kar 2G Bear-fur moccasins rare. * , 1026. Yur 1: Four out of 5 U.C. Museum pairs women of chiefs' and rich men's families. Kar had separate sole. Specimen observed in Bayley photo had single r 1028. Kar 2: Moccasin ca. halfway up calf, of 35 scalps with beaks; another had 27 in sin 1030 m. Wiyot: Prior to ca. 1850 moccasinsalso gle row. Buckskin bands ca. 4 in. wide, 3-4 ft ebir. Wi*t trade bads, long; 1-2 ft. of one end hung loose in back, 1031 . Hup 2: Mcasi maks m rcentral California style. This type distinct 1o ol. Hup 2: Moccason makers more or less from Jump Dance wide band, with at least 2 rowa 1033. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 68. Chim: When of scalps and a 3-rod support. Wiyot: See figu walking with snowshoes, staff always carried. Van D: When party of both sexes traveled, man leader took short steps so women able to walk in his tracks. 4 I* I Aft 1034. Kar 2: Also kite-shaped snowshoes. See no. 188. 1036. Yur 1: Lashings knotted above knee so A, white swan feathers; B, red wcod- handier to untie if wearer got stuck in snow. pecker feathers; C, stuffed mole fur; D, buck 1037. Van D: Laggings used chiefly for snow. skin band covered solid with green mallard Matt: Called atca'tugilYwi. Kato: Men wore straw skins; E, woodpecker wings; F, woodpecker sa around ankles, calves for adornment. with beak attached. 1039. Tol: Mink-fur strips wrapped around leg Sometimes the band was of fur. Other kinds of from top of moccasin to thigh. plumes may be substituted. I have impression 1043. Kar 2: Leggings covered thigh, upper that W in the list refers to virgins. half of calf, where met moccasin top; only worn 1057. Chim': Fisher-, otter-, mink-fur bands . by rich men, apparently for protection from Matt: Otter-fur bands. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 395 058. Kar 2: Scalps sewn on with sinews. ited Yurok. Wiyot: Called pltso'laks. See figure. 061. Goddard, 1903, pl. 29. Yur 1: This head- when put away was rolled up on a cylindrical a block of wood. The block had raised ends, a horn purse (no. 1268), and the headdress wrapped around the smaller diametered middle ion. Matt: Worn in feather dance. See 1044. 063. Tol: Observed headband had 40 large ps in 2 rows. Two rows of large species wood----A er were worth more than 3 or 4 rows smaller, --B common,species. Hup 1: 40 or 42 scalps, in -1 - ------------c ws. -D 5. .Chim: Band from neck to knees. 066. Wiyot: See figure. A, white sea-gull feathers; B, C, yellowhammer tail feathers; D, yellowhammer wing feathers; E, buckskin foundation. 1088a. Kar 2: See figure. Wiyot: Kroeber, Hdbk.., fig. ll.,c. buckskin band covered with white swan's s _ B, white swan tail feathers; C, Haliotis- W , I objects. " " ,',- 72. Yur 1: Observed white eagle tail feather A, buckskin thong; B, down; C, woodpecker rated with bunches of eagle down dyed red, tail feathers. Wiyot: Observed plume ca. 12 in. long, Fur regalia.-- sting of 2 white pelican tail feathers with 109 U surfaes tgethe, bona tostic and1089. Used other than as foundation for ye surfaces together, bound to stick and fetes U *its et . Chl iku,a ated with white pelican down at base of least, worn merely as adornment. Sin 1: Otter, ners; appears tO be a single feather; doub- fisher, raccoon, etc. Kato: Haliotis attached; shows affinity to spliced condor-feather p n a (no. 1080). probably not a visor. 074. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 21,a,b,c, only Ear ornaments.-- rically akin to NW California forms. Yui l 1093. ChiM: String worn in ear hole to keep bodies of the 3 forks covered with large it open. Kar 1: Ear stick merely hazel twig. ecker scalps, green mallard sklns, bluejay 1094. C Yuk: Painted stick rare. yellow birdskins (unidentified), and 1198. Goddard, 1903, pl. 10, fig. 2. deer fur from belly; at point where they 1099. Goddard, 1903, pl. 10, fig. 1. Matt: d single stick base, eagle down attached. Single pendant from each ear. obs'erved specimens.) 1104. C Yuk: Perhaps solid-bone cylinder 075, 1075a. Cf. note 464. through ear. 76. Wiyot: Twisted sea-lion whiskers formed Nose ornaments.-- 79. Yur 1: Observed specimen 2 ft. long, 1109. Tolowa and Karok wearing dentalia barred of 4 "eagle" (condor ?) tail feathers. from Hupa White Deerskin and Jump dances because ers fastened together to form two-forked they resembled Hupa dead (no. 2052-2053). each fork consisting of two spliced 1100. Kato: 2 feathers in opposite directions. ers almost twice length of single one. 1112. Kato: Wood-pin ends feathered. .ers of 2 forks touched on concave surfaces, whole appearance of single enormous feather. Shell beads.--Cf. nos. 1258-1280, 1093-1107. of plume a single stick. Top of each fork 1115. Sin 2: I observed a few small broken ted with 2-in. loop of braided yellow-dyed dentalia on a necklace of mainly trade beads. pine quills, like those used for overlay 1116. Wiyot:Olivellas gathered at coast, ntry patterns. One such plume worn erect at traded to inland tribes. Matt: Olivellas called of head in deerskin dance. tcuxilba.'xi. >2. Goddard, 1903, p1. 4. 1117. Kar 2: See note 1271, Kar 2, Yur 2: >6. Feathers radiating from crown. All cc- Photograph showed reputed natively dressed woman uces, except those of Sin 1, Kato, given by with clamshell-disk necklace. Sin 2: Men~ wore :t informant who has lived among Hupa and vis- only when gambling. 396 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Teeth.-- 1180. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 23,b. Matt: 1120. Sin 1: Sea-lion tooth necklace to ward Called tXe'blx. off sickness. Same for no. 1121. 1181. Matt: Called ta'n(tfs. 1182. C Yuk: Storage basket covered with+ Face and body paint.--Additional paints and basket bowl or tray to keep out rodents. uses: Kar 2: Alder bark for red; cottonwood 1183. O'Neale, pl. 39. buds for painting bows, arrows red; "dog ber- 1191. O'Neale, pls. 55, 56. ries" for painting bows, arrows green. Van D: Alder bark to paint objects. Various.-- 1125. Wiyot: For black, pine, tules burned 1198a. Cf. 8, 301-302, 1301. for charcoal. Hup 1: Scraped black off sweat- house roof interior. Cradles 1130. Sin 1: Bear grease on body. Kato: Pep- perwood nuts roasted, pounded, water added, oily Yur 1: Maple leaves sewn together to mak concoction rubbed on chapped legs, feet. "blanket" for cradle lining. 1199. Wiyot: Called pda'tKn w'161. Sin 2: Head nets, pins.-- Called koltsat. 1133. Goddard, 1903, pl. 7. 1200. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 35, Yurok. 1134. Yur 1: Design always painted on head 1203. 'Wiyot: Hood rare; perhaps not permn net. nent part of cradle. 1138. Kelly, 1930, p1. 119,f,g. Yur 2: 1205. Basket on cradle, in position of hI Sharp bipointed bone pins worn in war so enemy to protect child's face from falling obJects could not grab hair. flies; radiating warp. Kar 2: Hood tied fast 1139. Matt: Fish-bone hair pins from large cradle by single buckskin thong; hung down fish; some 6-7 in. long. one side when cradle upright. From Bayley photograph. Matt: Fawnskin to cover cradle. WEAVING 1206. Yur 1: If straps omitted from cradi brings ill fortune for baby, because cradlea' Basketry of dead babies are without straps. 1209. Girl's cradle wide at bottom so her Technique.-- hips will.grow wide. Kar 2: Boy's cradle has 1141. Wiyot: Coiling, called wata ktayi'- "bow" tied on one side of handle hoop to ke wgkwgk; apparently occasionally done, probably away lizards. recent. Van D: Non-utilitarian small baskets coiled at Blocksburg on next stream S of Van Duzen; may be recent. Rabbitskin Blankets 1151. Hup 1: Left-handed persons worked to left, clockwise. For uses see nos. 646, 992. Tribes with a 1155. Chim: Mythological origin of openwork negative entries did not make blanket; some twining: from spider's web, them through trade. Wiyot: Rabbit case ski 1156. Wiyot: I observed openwork "plate" en- skin cut in spiral around its cylindroid fof tirely of diagonal twine, made by informant's and twisted while fresh; hung up to dry. wife. It is the only completely diagonal twined 1220. Chim: Skin warp perforated and lite basket from this area observed by me. Another sewn together. Perhaps patchwork of skins. specimen, from Blue Lake: open bowl mostly 1221. Sin 1: Men cut, twist skins; women diagonal but with some plain twining, weave. 1158. Kar 2: From Bayley photograph. Mats Types and uses .--For basket cap see nos. 981- 985. 1223. Yur 1: Tules grow at Fish Lake, few~ 1159. Tol, Yur 2: Few or no grass seeds on miles NE Martin's Ferry. coast. 1229. Matt: Called is'e bl. 1159-1161. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 24,b or 29, Nongati. 1162. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 29, Chumash. Netting 1163. Goddard, 1903, p1. 25, fig. 1. 1166. Matt: Called iraa tU. 1236. Goddard, 1903, p1. 14, fig. 2. Karl 1170. Tol: Sifted with whole deer metapodial. Bayley photo shows shuttle, width about 1 j 1175. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 24,a. length, used only on which to wrap twine, no 1177. ato: Close-work, twined carrying bas- on which to make nets1 ket used exclusively by women; men sometimes 1237. C Yuk: Pieces of 2-piece shuttle a" used open-work type. shape as would be obtained by longitudinalJE 1179. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 24,d. bisecting 1236. i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 397 1239. Bone, horn shuttles usually much nar- 1253. Tol: 3-6. 6 plies for elk snare, 'r than wooden. Hup 1: Small size, for eel braided round like modern lariat. I suspect it 3. is modern. 1241. Kar 2: Yew- or maple-wood mesh spacer. 1254. Tol: Iris string wrapped for keeping 1242. Goddard, 1903, pl. 14, figs. 4, 5, 6. on net shuttle, probably because netmaking 1243. Matt: Experts measured mesh with fin- most common use of string. 3. 1255. Goddard, 1903, pl. 14, fig. 3. Kar 2: Leaf split longitudinally and each half drawn CORDAGE separately across edge of mussel-shell thumb guard (worn over and parallel to thumb nail) to isolate the single fiber in each. Chil: Fibers Several techniques, seldom clearly concep- izdfo akn crlge op:(1 pinn drawn day following gathering of leaves. lzed,for making cordage, rope: (1) Spinning 1257. Measurer sits on floor, stretches cord ether of individual fibers by twisting in 1 ovr7. M i eadtwere his completeextcende cton fomn g sig.l codo.tad over his head to where his completely extended eto fre ming songlestply cord or stran arms touch floor, perhaps 18 in. on either side ily prelib mary to twilsting cord of or of body; obviously longer than true fathom, e plies, but may be final step, as for sinew which also used for cordage in this area. Kar 2: strings (no. 851). Single-ply cord more A tern for 50 such units. isfactory for sinews than most other fibers use they stick together when dry and do not md as easily. (2) Twisting 2 or more plies MONEY AND BEADS ether. Requires 3 motions: twisting each sep- tely, holding ends with left hand and twist- Cf. nos. 1113-1117. Money never borrowed; by rubbing right hand along thigh; allowing credit, except from relative, unknown in area. nds to twist on each other by releasing grip All debts were unpaid compensation for offenses. Left hand; finally tightening twist on each Wiyot: Money was never borrowed, except perhaps r by rolling 2-ply cord back in opposite di- from close relatives, in which case it was not tion on thigh, holding ends with left hand. considered legal debt. One in need of money to scan be accomplished-with 3 or 4 strands if settle quarrel pawned some of his possessions. er sufficiently skillful. (3) Adding another 1258. Tol: See note on Tol under Technology. to cord of 2 or more plies; this is the most Kar 1: Dentalia from upriver; supposed to be on technique for making 3- and 4-ply cord in gotten from fresh water, boiled to kill organism. area. Cord being reinforced is partially Bayley says dentalia obtained along Oregon coast isted, additional strand twisted and released about 20 ft. under water. Matt: If dentalia taken s to twist itself into cord; also done on S of Needlerock, supposed to break of their own , as above. (4) Secondary twisting together accord; this is a novel type of factor limiting ords of 2 or more plies each to form heavier diffusion. Sin 2: Dentalia rare. or rope; done exactly as in techniques (2) 1260. Decorated shells (nos. 1260-1262) worth (3) above, except that units are 2 or more a little more than same size undecorated; feather- s instead of 1. Cord made by twisting 2 2-ply tipped type not strung, worn as Jewelry. s rougher than one made by twisting 4 1-ply 1262. Kar 1: Certain snake, called money ds by techniques (2) or (3), and the two snake, caught alive, held by neck and stripped are easily distinguished. Matt: Rope for of skin; released afterward and lived. Chim: o made by hunter in the woods, not at vil- Snake-skin dentalia imported. 1263. Kar 1: Shells of one grade always showed 45. Tol: Plies as high as 10-12. Kar 1: some size variation; always strung from longest ye rope observed made of total of 12 plies, to shortest. Chil: There were 3 grades, recently t twisted into 3 cords of 4 plies each, then valued at $.25, $.50, $1.00. Each string always 3 twisted to form single rope. contained 12 shells regardless of size. 46. Matt: 3 plies sometimes twisted at one 1264. Kar 1: Forearm tattoo of 4 marks cor- -1 responded to 4 grades of dentalia; likewise 4 247. Elements 1248-1251 refer to technique marks on upper arm. Wiyot: Informant has 7 dots in general note on Cordage above. tattooed on left forearm: 4 "for style," 3 to 49. Sin 1: A few women twisted string, but measure dentalia. as considered men's work. 1265a. Van D: 11 shells measure to upper arm. 52. Freshly made sinew cord always sus- 1266. Van D: Fathom measure for broken pieces ed with weight to stretch. Chil: To make worn around neck. tring, which was always single ply, sinews 1267. Around-neck measure for broken, small ted on thigh; completed end was tied to a shells worn as beads. k, and as the cord progressed it was wound 1268. Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 15. Wiyot: Called ndthe stick to prevent untwisting. Other swYn!'Us. rials often wrapped around left fingers or 1269. Kelly, 1930, p1. 117,k,l1 to hold them temporarily in twisting. Before 1270, Kar 2: Informant's fur for rolling string entirely dry, it was unwound from shells in: fringed weasel; rolled from tail. k, and hung with stone weight to stretch. Yur 1: Mink fur. 398 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1271. Kar 1: Clamshells rare; obtained from leaves plucked, placed in baby cradle, carri downriver. Kar 2: "Pretty high," worn only by home on shoulder; dried and kept in sweat h wealthy; more valuable than the kind of broken meaning not clear to me. dentalia used for necklaces. Bayley says more 1307. Chim: After meal, pipe passed aro clamshells used as money than dentalia. Yur 1: Kar 1: Visitor, upon arriving, offered, smoke Necklace formerly worth $20. 1308. Yur 1: For medicine making in eithe 1272. Tol: Clamshell disks called woman's kind of house, tobacco sprinkled in every co money. Matt: Called beLkaa'l1. Kato: Worth about then thrown on fire; done for all medicines. 1 cent each. C Yuk: Worth half-cent each. 1310. Yur 2: Tobacco burnt in sweat house, 1277. C Yuk: Half fathom of clamshells worth $1. . . MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1280. Sin 2: Magnesite cylinders rare, valu- able. Drums.--Chim: 2 sticks beat together duri grass game. Kar 1: Men tapped plank or pole PIPES stick during gambling. 1312. Matt: Tambourine of a longitudinal Kar 1: Informant showed me steel tomahawk of maple root, ca.- 3 in. wide, 20 in. in di pipe, wooden handle or stem, given him by his with buckskin stretched over 1 or both siaes grandmother', who did not know its history. Only with buckskin-headed stick. Informant positi specimen known to Karok. Sin 2: Use of tobacco drum aboriginal. Sin 2: Tambourine-shape hid denied; must be error. drum; struck with stick. Kato: Hole cut thro 1282. Goddard, 1903, pl. 17. side of log and a hide stretched over it. 1285. Matt: Clay bowl exact shape of stone 1313. Sin 1: Majority hide drums rectang bowl; more than mere clay lining of wood bowl. played when gambling with many sticks (no. 1 1287. Harrington, pl. 27,a. Yur 2: Qbsarved 1314. Kar 1: Hide drum imported or learned pipe had 4 triangular pieces of Haliotis inlaid from Tolowa. 90 degrees apart near mortised steatite bowl. 1315. For details, see 632-635b. 1288. Kar 2: All-stone pipes used especially 1319. Cf. note 464. Kato: 3-6. by seekers of supernatural power. Myth relates certain man took stone pipe, tobacco to mountain Rattle.-- god, Ma'ruka'ra, as offering. Wood pipe would 1319. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 37. crack if god smoked it. Ma'ruka'ra inhaled 2 1326. Kato: Cocoon rattle sometimes used pipefuls, fell into stupor, during which man apart from curing, possibly by shaman. stole from his net sack a large flint, piece of 1328. Goddard, 1903, pl. 18, fig. 4. Tol: white deer fur, some woodpecker scalps, other Deer-hoof rattle used chiefly by gamblers. W valuables. Man left these valuables in basket for Dewclaws, not hoofs. Sin 2: Used when gambl' 10 days; when again looked at them they had mul- 1331. Sin 1: Hoofs perforated, strung on 5 tiplied. which was wound around stick. 1295. Tol: Weasel- or mink-fur pipe sack. 1333. Tol: Rattlesnake rattles worn on he charm against attack or poisoning. Kar 1: Wo TOBACCO men on basket caps as health charm because s never gets sick. Yur 1: Used by shaman from Mostly leaves rolled in hands to crush, not son, Wintu territory. Sin 1: Shaken by anyon ground in mortar. Tol: Unidentified leaf pulver- keep away sickness. ized, snuffed; theoretically a medicine, but 1334. Matt: Split stick from south; intro habit forming. Kar 1: Leaves cured by placing in with feather dance. See note 1044. split willow stick placed near fire; when leaves Bull-roarer.--Kroeber, Hdbk., p1. 44 turned brown, stored in large buckskin pouch d,e, lined with green maple leaves which kept tobacco 1341. C Yuk: Bull-roarek denied by info slightly moist. Yur 2: Excepting shamans, women Sin 2 informant has seen boys playing with it did not smoke. Sin 1: Tobacco ground with stone Westport, C Yuk territory. inside buckskin pouch which was rested on hard 1344. Sin 1: Bull-roarer produces especial surface. wind; apparently more often used to stop than 1297. C Yuk: Tobacco from inland tribes; none start it. Striking piece of madrofna bark sus- grew on coast. pended from one hand also supposed to stop w 1298. Yur 1: Person ate deermeat before sowing. 1299. Hup 1: Sowing beside river. Musical bow. 1301. Cf. nos. 8, 301-302, 1198a. Hup l: Fire 1346. Matt: Hunting bow used by boys; for kills other seeds which later mighit choke out to- amusement. bacco. 1348. Wiyot: Played specifically with thu 1304. Kar 2: When plants partly grown, some leaves, blossoms removed to increase size, Whistle.-- strength of remaining. Yur 1: Poorest bottom 1350. Matt: Called tTli'tci. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 399 1352. Yur 1: Eagle-bone whistle; few small thrower gets only 1 trial, then another's turn; thers loosely tied with sinews over hole in hoop rolled back from end of course by some other dle so would flutter when whistle blown. man. 1353. Kar 1: Fawn-humerus whistle. 1390. Sin 1: Unwrapped hoop ca. 1 ft. in diam. 1354. Tol: Alder bark slipped off branch, for 1397. C Yuk: 5-10 players each team. stle. 1355. Grass projected over hole and permitted Spear or dart throwing.-- et adjustment of opening. Yur 1: Only on wooden 1406. Cf. note 464. stles. 1408. Kato: Target of bark. Flute-.-- Archery.--Wiyot: Elk effigy of tules, ca. 1 ft. 1358. Matt: Wood flute colored black. long, tied on end of long stick, carried around 1359. Kar 1: Elder wood never handled; pith as moving target. Matt: During berry festival, posed to cause arthritis. deer effigy, which made of sticks, filled with 1361. Cf. note 464. Kar 2: Flute in Bayley berries, fastened on end of long pole. Someone to had 4 holes: top one covered by index fin- runs around with it, others shoot; when it is of left hand; others by index, third, fourth hit, everyone stops and' eats the berries. right. Wiyot: Rarely 4 holes. In recent times 1418. Sin 1: Stationary target ca. 100 yds. es made of gun barrel. distant. 1362. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 43,d. 1421. Hole may have been worn by arrows strik- ing ground around base of stake. GAMES 1423. Arrow shot straight up, supposed to light in circle. Kato: Circle 4-5 ft. in diam. es i addtionto those described in sched- 1424. Kato: Target a marked slab of madronia Games in addition bark. esrbe n ced a: Sin 1: 2 sticks, bent and twisted when bark. en till limber as rope, pitched at stakes 50- 1427. Wiyot: Targets ca. 40 yds. apart. Shoot- ft. apart. 2 sides, each having 1 or 2 men ing back and forth called dat8ldl6kui. terspart."Ringer" , each mising m or 2mess 1428. Rolling targets. Yur 1: Burls off roots. ers. "Ringer" 'when missile more or less ped around stake) counted 10 or 12 points: Kato: Sugar-pine cones. o ringer, closest won point. 10 or 12 count- 1431. Wiyot: Often marksmen, after picking Playngers pcoed b wk an fonth 1ar in modnt berries, put them all together in jack pot, which Players pitched back and forth as in modern wett inr att Cale itvwlss eshoes. I suspect game modern. Matt, Sin 2, went to winner. Matt: Called it&wflsas. C Yuk denied game. Wiyot: Boy drew zigzag Ring and pin.--Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 14. in sand; at an apex (angle) hid piece of 1433. C Yuk: Children's game. The opponent, by planting small stick ver- 1438. Van D: Ca. 12 rings. lly in sand, guessed at which apex wood had 1440. Cf. note 464. Sin 1: Mostly 2 strings hidclen 14.C.nt 6.Si :Msl tig hidden. of rings and 2 pins. hinny.--Kato: Learned from "Spanish Indians," 1441. Cf. note 464. ably Pomo. 1442. Wiyot: Variable number of counters; 369. Matt: Buckeye-burl ball. Women's shinny agreed on by.players at start. Van D: 130. I nt and field smaller than men's. donbt it. Sin 1: 10-20. Kato: Variable. 72. Goddard, 1903, p1. 19, fig. 4 . Hand, grass, or many-stick game.--2 varieties 74. Kato: Ball thrown up to start game. distinguished: a, many small sticks, 1 marked; 75. Kato: Burying ball to start, recent. b, 1 or 2 bones or sticks shuffled in grass, 1 76. Tol: Men's stick flattened on end, like marked. Goddard, 1903, p1. 19, fig. 1. Kar 1: de. Matt: Men strike witn 1 hand, women Grass game, type b, played at Happy Camp, on 79a. Netted stick primarily for throwing northern fringe of Karok territory and farther up Klamath in Shasta territory. Matt: Women 80. Paired-posts (-trees) for goals. Matt: play type b separate from men and use shorter ft. apart. Kato: Ca. 10 ft. apart. C Yuk: sticks. Kato: Type b learned from Pomo. Oft. apart. 1451. Chil: Cheater hid marked stick under 81. Sin 1: Goal a row of stakes. each leg, held no marked sticks in hands. Which- 86. Cf. note 464. Kato: 6 to ca. 10 (vari- ever hand was guessed, would contain no marked )players each team. C Yuk: 5 up, variable stick. While opponents watched for marked stick 87. At least sometimes; probably all had as guessed handful thrown down, cheater picked up marked stick needed for hand not guessed. local group games also. 15 at8sik e a lyr e 588. Tol: Substitute followed each playerI1452. . 8 cks pr ma-nplayer 6 per @side lines in case player "gave out." woan eahhd1akd 1459. Kato: Tep marked. C Yuk: Equivalents: o ad oe.-C uk:Pol thowr sand i tep, man, marked, black; wei, woman, unmarked, Ir of course; anothe?' man rolls hoop past; white. 400 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1470. Kato: Rarely 16 counters. 5, ltskS'la. 6, btikis La'. 7, bt1kIs nak!. 8, 1470a. Matt: Men 12 counters; women 10. Kato: btkUs takl. 9, btikds tTlk. 10, LaVa'gntei. 11, 12-16. bo'wa La. 12, bo'wa nakl. 13, bo'wa takl. 14, 1471. Tol, Hupa 1: Counter taken from bunch of bo'wa dlkI. 15, tdlo losko'la. 20, nakltn Lar sticks held in hands. gntei. 30, takltn LaVa'gntei. Higher multiples 1474. Matt: Losing player must win back own of 10 formed same way. counters before drawing from opponent's. Each Sin 1: 1, La'ha'. 2, nakl. 3, taak!. 4, d] holds 10. 5, sk'ola'. 6, k6stko. 7, btikts nak!. 8, bt1kts 1479. Kar 2: As long as holder of sticks is taakI. 9, btkds tlk!. 10, LaVa'gntei. 11, LaVb winning he continues, otherwise relinquishes to gntei bIkEs L&'ha'. 12, LaVa'gntei blkik nakl. a partner. Similarly, one supposed to be best 13, LaVa'gntei btk-k taakl. 14, LaVa'gntei b guesser performs this function for his side. dlk!. 15, tooldsko'la. 16, LaVa'gntei btlkfik ktsta'T). 17, LaVa'gntei btlk-is nak!. 18, LaVa'- Single stick hidden behind fingers.-- gntei bidkts taakl. 19, LaVa'gntei btikEs tlk!. 1487. Tol: Young men play. 20, nati1'n1gesyg?r. 21, nati'ntigesybr) btikds 1490. Tol: 6 or 10 counters. LIAha'. 30, taakItt' nthgesy'd.. 40, d'lkIttf'nf-. gesy&T). Higher multiples of 10 regular. 100, Dice, disk y .--Kato: Split-stick dice in- La"'hatittcin. troduced within memory of informant. Matt: 1, la'ygha. 2, na'X6. 3, ta'ak!l. 4, 1494. Goddard, 1903, pl. 19, fig. 2. ntsyd. 5, tctqo'lg. .6, kostan. 7, La'askot. 8, 1499. Van D: 2-5. tcutsiWt. 9, tcutsi6't btk!lt la'yaha. 10, 1500. Matt: Marked on concave side. ya'n. 11, nTsiya'n btik!dt la'yaha. 12, nisiya' 1524. Kar 1, Wiyot: Counters divided equally. biIk!6t na'XI. Regular through 19. 20, la'ydha Matt: Total number necessary to win given both cmn. 21, la'yaha tmtcln btk!6t la'ytha. 30, 1 sides. yaha tmtcmn nlsiya'na btlk!dt. 40, naX6 tXtcy' 50,naX6 tltcf'ni n1sya'nK btklt. 100, tctiqo' Stick thrown up.--Matt: Called tase'mlkwotc. tltci'ni. Other multiples of 10 follow same Sin 1: Sharpened stick also thrown up as omen. If Vigesimal principle. In addition informant vol it lights sticking in ground, good luck; other- unteered pure decimal system above 10, whichb wise, bad luck. called "baby way." 20, n&X6 nisiyan. 30, ta'a 1545. Tol: 6 or 10 counters. Matt: 11 or 12. nmsiyan, etc. Following sources give other systems in ar Jacks.--Matt: Called tase'ilto. Dixon and Kroeber (Karok, Yurok, Wiyot); Reic (Wiyot); Goddard, 1905 (Hupa); Goddard, 1912 Tops .-- (Kato). 1550. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 41. 1569. Matt: Stick also for 20. Sin 1: 10's marked on board with charcoal. C Yuk: stick fo Buzzer.-- 10 used when counting clamshell-disk beads. 1 1555. Hup 2: Known, but modern. Chil: Modern. stick (10 beads) called 1 shell. 1556. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 15. 1572. Matt: Knotted string called hwaitTnL 1580. Tol: Players would saw through tules. Head doctor or chief ties knot each month. Str hangs from sacred sweat-house roof. Cat's cradle.-- 1561. Hup 2: Known, but modern. 1562. Sin 1: If pregnant woman makes figure CALENDAR -alled boy, will have boy baby; girl figure pro- Wiyot: Kept track of.seasons by observing o duces girl. stellations, such as Pleiades, and also shado house. Day (daylight) called capaygk. Matt: H COUNTING, MNEMONIC DEVICES doctor or chief, kaxqg (see note on Matt unde Sweat House), kept track of seasons by watchi Data on Tol and Chim numeral systems are addi- location of rising and setting sun on horizon, tions to or differences from Dixon and Kroeber. Sin 1: Names for 11 moons obtained; identifica Tol: 8, lani'cwdt nat-i'9. Term for 10 (neeso) tions with our calendar uncertain: Jan., kainr repeated at beginning of each teen, thus: 11, tctik; Feb., kYltci'sa; Apr., naclgu'lca (leave neeso La tc'aata. 18, neeso natl'. 60, hwdsta'- appearing); May, gnta"'ni; June, gnci'nt; J nite neeso. 70, c't'eete neeso. 80, lani'cwft t'oltilkrr' stci; Aug., gnta'rk.fk; Sept., k9s natl'a neeso. 90, La'ntUYwi neeso. ca' ca; Oct., gnka'i; Nov., kaydnaya; Dec., ta' Chim: 21, ho'ktimpdn craanpiln. 60, ptdntcipd'- ntY'lcica (leaves fall off). mtin craanptin. 70, hokt'mtdn craanpn. 80, hotai- 1575. Yur 1: January and December bad month tcipifim craanptdn. 90, p11ntcikim craanpitn. 100, curse more effective then; people keep quiet, craanpdn craanpt~n. framning especially from talk of food. Chil: Identical.to Hupa (Goddard, 1905). 1576. Kar 1, Kar 2: Harrington (p. 81) give Van D: 1, La'ha'. 2, nak!. 3, taak!. 4, dlk!. 10 numeral names for months. Because the 3 ne enumerated months were associated with new- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 401 ar celebration, salmon fishing, acorn gather- 1614. Tol: In myth, raccoon threw sun back up , I suspect that when a month was dropped, as in the sky after it had fallen. had to be about every other year, it was 10th 1616. Yur 1: Also overturn vessels, throw out uth. Descriptive names also duplicate numeri- food and water when an earthquake. Hup 1: Acorns, names in several cases; my informants could at least, submerged in water to prevent blood of ember only former. Otherwise my lists of moon moon dripping on them; otherwise, acorn eater se agree completely with Harrington's. Yur 1, would suffer weak heart. Chil: Heart trouble 2: Kroeber (Hdbk., 74-75) gives 8-10 numeral would result from eating food supposed to con- 8s. tain blood from moon. .1577. Chil: December or January called xwa- tcwd'ntcw*t, "moon no good." Rainbow.-- 1578. Karok called world-renewing ceremonies 1623. Chil: Some kind of bad medicine at end iAugust and September new-year rites, but no- of rainbow. On is one of new harvest and fishing season, t astronomical year. Kato: Informant certain Thunder .and lightning.-- re were names for solstices, but could not re- 1626. Kar 1: Raccoon hide used as medicine to 11 them. stop thunder. Cf. no. 1614, Tol, Matt: Thunder is bluish disk-shaped stone that moves slowly on clouds, like a snail. It is full of electricity ASTRONOMY, ]METEOROLOGY, COSMOLOGY and smells like a dog; once informant almost smothered from its odor during storm. Lightning, New moon observances.--Hup 1: Observances per- thunder caused by stone sending electricity med only at first new moon of new year, i.e., which is harmful. rst after winter solstice. In addition, boys 1627. Yur 1: Thunder caused by 10 brothers in uld bend forward, spread cheeks of buttocks, each of 2 lakes having dance of settlement. Some- ose ani to new moon; this was doubtless merely times 1 brother seen flying through air, alighting prank. in tree. Brothers little larger than raccoons. 1584. Tol: People asked moon to give them new Yur 2: Thunder is short man with large head; in- fe. Old persons supposed to regain some of their formant claims to have seen him in woods when boy. uth at this time. C Yuk: Children pick up stones, 1629. Tol: Thunder's vociferous chastisement Pcle head with them several times, throw them at for wrongdoing of some human on earth causes on, which is supposed to catch and keep them. noise. y ask moon to take care of them. 1630. Kar 2: Thunder and raccoon playing 1585. Sin 1: Address moon: "Father's father, shinny causes noise. en I see you I live." 1633. Tol: Thunder god sends lightning some- 1591. Kar 1: Moon supposed to be lying on its how. ck sick. Yur 1: People will get sick and lie 1633a. Sin 2: Thunder, lightning caused by n just as the moon is lying down. Weather-pre- evil ghosts in underworld; therefore feared. otions, rain vs. dry weather, modern. Ghosts travel mostly at night; have single large 1592. Kar 2: Moon does not catch falling rain eye; rain is their tears. Kato: Deer hide or en in vertical position. Myth relates moon woman's hair burned to end storm. tced in sky by being catapulted skyward froin 1634. Sin 1: If eat or drink during storm, of "teeter totter." Yur 2: Vertical a sign of sore throat results. ouble because moon is like a bow bent to shoot. 1635. Sin 1: Dogs' ears twisted during storm. n 1: Water runs out when "horns" tip up. 1594. Chil: Vertical moon "clean." Whirlwind.--Matt: Called istlk'Un. 1636. Yur 2: Children warned to stay indoors Eclipses,-- on windy days for fear of whirlwinds. Sin 1: 1595. Yur 2: Sun's wife catches his flesh and Whirlwind a source of supernatural power. od in basket and takes them back to him. This 1637. Tol: One of informant's ancestors taken h used as medicine formula for wounded war- bodily but invisibly out of coffin by whirlwind r. Hup 1: Sun has 2 puma cubs, which he feeds on way to cemetery; on arrival coffin empty. oh morning. While waiting to be fed, cubs lick 1640. Matt: Whirlwind caused by playing of ir lips, wish for sun's flesh. If sun fails to wind god, who 4-5 ft. long, amorphous shape, ye them enough, they eat him, causing eclipse. invisible. ad, who is sun's wife and lives inside him, es- 1642. Kato: Person beats ground, says to pes being eaten; licks together blood of sun whirlwind: "I'm here." Beating apparently signal somehow revives him with it. to ghost in the underworld. 1600. Yur 2: Eclipse causeA by any bird eating 1644. Tol: Informant once saw white man shoot at whirlwind with shotgun. 1611. Sin 1: Shout at eclipse: "Do not eat my ther's father." Various.--Wiyot: Plei'ades supposed to be 6 1612. Yur 1: At eclipse strike also skin drum persons in boat. If in nightly Journey across make any kind of noise. Matt: Rattle Haliotis sky they turn back, sign of tidal wave. Matt: ells together. 402 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Informant once found a "dead star," a black disk- make pursuit and fighting impossible. Turtle] shaped stone some 3-4 in. thick, 1 ft. in diam. who had been hiding on the roof, descended 1646a. Tol: When Milky Way turns around stole fire. In the ensuing fight, 3 moons we (changes orientation), it is bad sign. (Obviously killed. That is why there are now only 12 mo its orientation is seasonal, not irregular.) Wi- in a year. Turtle's back was cut by the sto yot: Milky Way somehow equated to ocean, prob- knives of the moons. That is why Turtle's ba ably foam. Kar 2: When Milky Way plainly visible is marked today. To escape the moons, Turtle, it means someone has died and road is being kept dived with the fire and hid among the roots open for him. Hup 2: Bad luck to look at Milky redwood tree. That is why redwood roots are Way. Matt: When Milky Way plainly visible, sign today to drill fire. of cold weather. (This observation probably cor- 1646f. For other animals in moon see sect rect because almost constant fog in sumrer.) on eclipses above. Yur 1: Frog is moon"s hus 1646b. Tol: Formerly 15 suns. Of. note 1646d. 1646h. Terms for directions follow: |________ North South East West Upstream Downstre Tol . t't t'6nti tiy66ng L6ha'yanta t'it6ni Chim .kata'ita wa'ita huna'ida Kar 1, 2 ka' ruk yt'rtk Yur 1 p6skwdk pul6'kwik Yur 2 ko't6p pulik Wiyot .......... poreila'ko crila'ko(?) dlneila'ko coreila'ko adaa'kcats adaa'kso Hup 1, 2 .... ...yit6' yinak yitak yitse'n Chil ........... yitO' yinak yitak ylts6'n Van D .......... yitO " yTnak yita'k yisV'" Matt ........... yit6' yC'nak6 yita'ke yitse' Sin 1 .......... yit6' yina'ka yita'ka yis6' tOgt yina ka t6gt yitt Sin 2 .......... yit8' yl'nSk-1k yitt'kt1k yis6' Kato ........... yoit6 yoingk cawy6haIar1 ba'ga C Yuk .......... onkuht onha'ti ha'kot u'k6tit Yur 1: Red at sunset thought to be caused by al- Tol: NE, t'Oni; SE, Zg'n6ni; SW, eiOxdng der wood burning in "heaven," the land of money. or OiOxotinta. Yur 1: SW, from river, w6xpd Wiyot: Sun is moon's son. Matt: Myth relates that NE, from river, hdLkl'ka. Yur 2: S, weyo, pr in beginning no light. Coyote told people there ably referring to the Eel R. region called was light in east, that he would go there and get or wiyot. Hup: N, S, E, W equated to downstr sun, moon, stars if they would pay him to do it. upstream, uphill, downhill. Considering wid People agreed to board him awhile for service. distribution of Athabascan terms, I believe They made him 6 torches and he started. Upon ar- primarily cardinal directions, secondarilya riving at land of east, Coyote disguised himself locally water flow. Chil: N, yit&' nTlYn, d as woman with broken leg. The people there, think- water. Distance from 1 stream to another mo ing him harmless, left him alone in camp with sun less parallel to it is called La'nInsarl (lit and mooni and their custodian, blow fly. Coyote world; freely, 1 "mile'). Distance upstream stole the orbs, and blow fly buzzed to call the downstream not measured. Sin 1: t6gt, "'in ri others, who pursued Coyote but finally turned in- Sin 2: ba'gan, to coast. Kato: ba'_ta, coast;- to trees (magic flight). As Coyote approached cawy6hd'an, underneath. C Yuk: hat, top; earth it began to rock back and forth. He was so base of tree; On, ground. exhausted by his rapid flight that he dropped 1646k. Wiyot: World spins around (compar the orbs on a rock, stunning them. Sun recovered to spinning of aboriginal disk top). first and moved across the sky. Moon followed 1646m. Tol: Earthquakes caused by moveme' that night. As time went on Coyote sinned and was earth-person. When one stumbles, falls, he transformed into a canine by "god." C Yuk: Near to earth: "Mother, do not hurt me." noon sun thought to go slower because going through bad place in sky. 1646d. Tol: Following myth concerns moon and MARRIAGE origin of fire: Formerly all fire was in pos- session of 15 moons, who lived across a river. Tol: Blood relatives such as first cous8 sesi n of 5 mon,wolvd*cosarvr occasionally married if they had had premar' The animals at first asked Turtle to go alone and occasional marriedifitheyhad tha prear steal some fire, but finally they decided to go rea treatnsges and mriag would no in a body and steal some during the excitement raytasrse n araewudnti of amanystic gam. Wile ome nimas plyedcrease wrongdoing. Kar 1: Second cousins so of a maysikgm. Whl sm animl playe times married if theyr had had p remarital sex with thze moons, thne rats gnawed holes in thze mroons' boats and chewed up their bowstrings, to relations because if either married another CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 403 rson they would not be allowed to speak one to ahoulders and cap of fine soft grass (basket eother without paying a fine. Yur 1: Blood cap); carries money, valuables under left arm, latives married only when pregnancy resulted not in sack; always given present of food, m extramarital intercourse. Wiyot: (1) After whether or not offer accepted. Girl who does not gotiations completed, couple f6ted at wedding want to marry man of her father's choice may pper" in groom's home; 3-4 days later they at- threaten to drown self in river. In such c-ase gets a another feast in bride's home; then they re- her way. Payment of bride price causes offspPing n to groom's home where marriage consummated. to have "sense." ercourse forbidden sooner. (2) There were two 1658. Tol: $50 paid by informant's wife's aunt thers: a wealthy gambler, and a hunter. Hunter to his mother for him. His male relatives paid ted gambler to buy him a wife. Gambler refused. bride price of $100, which was considered small, ey quarreled, fighting with stones; hunter in- a day or so after the $50 had been received. The red gambler. Hunter avoided financial settlement bargain demanded residence with bride's family. grounds of poverty but gave his daughter as a Informant was good hunter, best shot in a neigh- e to his gambling brother. Thus hunter became borhood where regular Sunday contests offered her-in-law as well as brother of gambler and, prize money, and, because of his general industry, Ouh he had no wife himself, held 2 options on an asset to any family. Philip Drucker's more com- e fortune. Hup 1: Marriage of blood relatives plete information makes this case appear to be a mitted only in case of illegitimate pregnancy. fabrication by my informant to improve his status, t: Marriage of blood relatives thought to pro- which other informants said was that of a "half- e berdaches, cripples, feeble-minded children. married"' man. Yur 2: Information from Tol inform- ef supposed to preveat 'marriage of blood rela- ant. I doubt it. es. 1661. Cf. note 464. Kar 1: Wedding at groom's home: bride's family stays from 1-2 days to a Ceremony.-- month. Yur 1: From 4-10 days. Van D: From 1-2 1648. Yur 2: When payment made, girl taken days to a month. Sin 1: A few days. y by groom's family; marriage consummated when 1662. Kar 1: Bride's family took initiative in matured. gift glving, but groom's people always returned 1652. Yur 1: Child betrothal often to pay doc- gift of equal value. In modern times horse often r, but it only slightly reduced bride price. given away. Hup 1: Both families also give pres- 1655. Tol: Informant paid $125 in American ents to newlyweds. y and about same in Inlian money and property 1663. Hup 1: "Half-marriage" wedding at bride's wife for his son. Kar 1: When girl marries, home. sweetheart, if she has one, given preference; 1664. Cf. note 464. Yur 2: Wedding at bride's he declines, she goes to highest bidder. Kar 2: home: groom's family stays 1-2 weeks. se who marry without payment compared to brush, 1667. Half-marriage. Kar 2: 3 reasons for it: people at all." Wiyot: In native theory, one when man had no home of his own; when man did not o for future children, not for wife. Hup 2: have full bride price; when girl had no bf-others tain man paid 10 strings, worth $200, and Jump and man needed in her household. Chil: Sometimes ce woodpecker-scalp headband, worth $100. Chil: demanded by girl's family when dearth of young ore verbal negotiation, money, valuables dis- men in their house. Matt: Not definitely concep- ed. If woman has no relatives to receive bride tualized. Sin 1: Doubtful, or at least in less ce paid for her, she keeps it herself, and af- specific form. child born, places it in cradle. Money belongs 1672. Sin 2: Elopement without payment not al- child. Van D: Bride price 5-6 strings of den- lowed with virgins; tolerated with mature woman, La. Matt: Girl's father never asks for more perhaps divorcee or widow. y; perhaps he merely refuses if not enough. 1673. Yur 1: When girl given as debt payment, re bargain closed girl asked if willing to some bride price paid besides. suitor. Girl eligible for marriage 1 year r first menstruation. Low-caste people, or- Marriage of affinal relatives.-- s, and probably bastards sometimes married 1680. Chim: When dying wife tells husband and OUt payment. Couple might elope, although this sister to marry, both obliged to do so. Wiyot: not really legitimate- Sin 1: Money brought on Successive sororate if husband liked by wife's or 3a visit. If girl likes man, she tells her family. It also insured proper treatment of er to accepl what he offers. Groom often takes children by stepmother. Presence of children in- le home with him before full amount agreed upon creased obligation of sister. Chil: From view- aid, especially if she wants to go. Down pay- point of wife's family, successive sororate in- t always made, however. Sin 2: At least some sures property (baskets, other household arti- sussion of price. d1es), which they contributed to primary marriage, 1656. Kar 2: Apparently negotiator not related remaining in family. Sin 2, Widow or widower sup- either party; functioned equally for both with- posed to remain single 4 years after spouse's pay. Generally in this area bargainer is older death. relative of groom, often father. Yur 1: In- 1681. Sin 1: Successive sororate apparently ediary wears double deerskin robe over both always obligatory for deceased's sister; not for deceased's cousins, aunts, nieces. 404 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1683. Wiyot: In successive sororate, bride 1720. C Yuk: Unchaste girl merely reprimanded, price optional. Man paid for more remote relative but blamed more than man. Man usually not pun- of deceased wife--cousin, etc. Chil: "Just a lit- ished; sometimes he married the girl. tle" payment. 1722. Tol: If seducer does not have necessary 1687. Chim: Successive levirate "sometimes, money someone may pay fine, take child. Fine is not often." Matt: When widow young or needs to equivalenLt to .purchasing child. Chim: Seducer be taken care of, as probably when immature child usually killed. Kar 1: When woman dies in ille- 1688. Sin 1: Successive levirate obligatory to gitimate childbirth, seducer must pay price of keep wife, who was paid for, in family. her life. Matt: Woman blamed more than man for 1689. Sin 2: Brother obligated to take care of illegitimate pregnancy. Sin 1: Father gets child., widow, especially if there are children. Sin 2: Seducer pays only bride price and marries 1690. Wiyot: Usually no additional bride price, the girl. but better families paid. 1723. Wiyot: Seducer most frequently killed. 1694. Yur 1: 1 or 2 cases stepdaughter marri- 1725. Yur 1: Damage always paid first. ages known; considered illegitimate, subject for gossip. Yur 2: Permissible only when premarital Adultery.--Kar 2: If adulterous or sexually intercourse discovered. Hup 1: Occasionally; not loose person eats with virtuous one, latter desirable. Hup 2: Stepfather received bride price likely to get sick. Wiyot: One of the p4rtici- for stepdaughter; if he married her, equivalent pants in an adulterous union usually killed; no to paying self, which is no payment at all. Mar- compensation for death. riage of blood relatives also incompatible log- 1727. Yur 1: Often wife beaten to elicit con- ically with purchase concepts. fession. 1699. Yur 1: When sisters exchanged, payments 1729. Sin 1: Because unfaithful wife in wrong, usually smaller than usual. Van D: Small payments. band, after killing her, paid little to her famil 1731. Chim: Adulterer socially ostracized, PolygyAy with unrelated wives.-- kept out of sweat house for 3-4 months. 1702. Chim: Wives often fought each other. 1732. Sin 1: If adulterer refuses to pay fine, 1703. Tol: Ytar 2 informant knew Tol man who killed by husband. had had 10 wives. Wiyot: Certain man, who lived 1733. Tol: If husband who killed adulterer near Ferndale, owned 10 houses and 10 wives, 1 does not have the money to pay fine, likely to in each. His home constituted separate village, divorce wife to get return of bride price. Kar 1704. Cf. note 464. Yur 1: Houses all at 1 2: Fine less than full price for a life. Hup 2: village. Either small fine or none paid. 1734. Kar 2: Certain man from Orleans re- Postnuptial resiaence.-- peatedly encouraged seduction of his wife in or- 1713. Kar 2: Separate house rare, because new der to collect fine, which was larger than bride houses seldom built. price. Hup 2: Seducer may pay fine and bride 1714. Kar 1: Matrilocal residence less common price to husband, and keep woman. Sin 2: Some- than patrilocal; occurred when bride's father times seducer buys wife from husband, apparently, needed young man in his family to hunt, fish, etc. without paying fine. C Yuk: Sometimes seducer C Yuk: Groom hunts, his father-in-law butchers. pays fine. 1715. Sin 2: Matrilocal residence sometimes shorter than year, but couple always went to bed Divorce.--Van D: Bride price less for divorced for first time at bride's home in view of her woman than for virgin. Matt: On remarriage of di- parents (no. 1666). C Yuk: 1-4 weeks. vorcee bride price paid providing her divorce 1717. Sin 1: 1st residence depends on which fault of former husband, her conduct above re- family most in need of care or help, or prefer- proach. ence of newlyweds. 1745. Wiyot: Divorce of unfaithful husband 1eg 1718. Sin 2: Bias seemed to be patrilocal for common than no. 1742. Van D: Husband may settle final residence, but circumstances, such as money payment to wife's family. Matt: At divorce, available food supply, age of parents, etc., ap- bride price given as legacy to children. parently took precedence over any rule. Couple, 1747. Matt: Maltreatment not settled by fine.l however, usually had their own house. Sin 1: Fine paid only when injury serious. 1719. Tol: Certain rich man had wife from Si- C Yuk: No fine paid, but wife returned; her rela letz, Oregon, 200 mi. N. Yur 1: Foreign wife pre- tives might retaliate with violence. ferred because less likely to return home to her 1750. Cf. note 464. Tol: 3-6 children; after, parents after quarrel. Sin 2: Foreign wife might additional payment made to improve their status, be poisoned. theory being one should pay more for many off- spring; if not made, mother dia not have to re- Sexual relations of ulnmarried.-- turn to her parents. Kar 2: Additional payments Wiyot: Rape always punished by death. No corn- only by "big" men. If original bride price *150, pensation paid for offender's death. Apparently ca. $20 more voluntarily paid by father for each3 rape more serious offense than murder, child after 3 or 4. Purpose: to maintain social|l status of offspring. l CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 405 1752. Generally, amount repaid negatively cor- positions or perversions. Kar 2: Couple ate apart elated with number of children husband's family from others out of separate receptacles during eps. Full price probably returned only when period of intercourse. Hap 1: Withdrawal used ion childless, not when wife's family kept all as contraceptive technique in illegitimate inter- ildren. course. Both participants abstained from meat on 1753. Kar 1: If man accepted repayment and day of intercourse and day following. If man lay pt children, children would have status of bas- on back with woman astride, he would always be rds. Kar 2: Often children divided between the poor. Habitually, foreskin covered glans; if lies. Chil: If children have preference, may glans exposed, even in company of men, caused -given their will. Sin 2: Couples with small laughter. Certain girl known to have used her ildren did not divorce, or rarely. finger to stimulate clitoris of girls. Her brother 1756. Kar 2: Good man would hnot accept much had anal intercourse with boys. Matt: Children payment lest his children rate as bastards. If sometimes witnessed intercourse of adults and did accept large repayment he might later of- played at it in imitation. r substantial sum to divorced wife s family to 1764. Kar 1: After intercourse, both bathe be- prove rating of his children. Divorces said to fore entering dwelling house. Kar 2: Intercourse re been as common aboriginally as today in the inside house would spoil man's hunting luck. Hup oken-down conditions of half-Americanized cul- 1: Intercourse chiefly from June to October. re. Wiyot: Husband usually kept children, es- cially if nearly grown, refused repayment. Various.-- 1757. Chim: Mother took girls, father boys. 1765. Tol: Man pays son-in-law $5-$10 for p 1: Younger children stay with mother, older first-born child's death, to somehow bring bet- th father. Matt: Spouse who is considered at ter "luck" for future children. lt forfeits children to righteous one. Sin 1: ldren usually divided. Husband does not keep , even when none of bride price returned to BERDACHES Young children stay with mother. Berdaches probably universal in this area. Tol: Wiyot informant knew of Tol berdache and Nonaffinal remarriage of widow or widower.-- shaman, married to woman. They worked together 1758. Tol: Widow's family merely returns part at women's tasks. Chil: Hap 2 and Sin 1 inform- bride price. Kar 1: Widow's family must re- ants said Chil had berdaches. Matt: Informant se her from obligation to first husband's fam- knew of one case among Matt, 2 at Bear River. r by repaying bride price. If repayment refused, 1770. Wiyot: Female berdaches, according to first husband's family gives small additional Matt informant. ment and she becomes wife of one of its mem- s. If repayment accepted, she reverts to own aly and may be purchased from them in orig- KINSHIP AVOIDANCES 1 manner. After divorce, which always entails pyment, both spouses free to remarry anyone. Hup 1: For fear of incest, siblings and 1: Widow's family simply returns bride price. cousins of opposite sex not supposed to tickle ot: Widow's family returns bride price. Sin 1: each other or have other bodily contact. C Yuk: yment only when former husband's family re- Taboos in order of intensity: mother-in-law son- st8 it. in-law; father-in-law daughter-in-law; mother- 1759. Kar 1: Widower had to get permission from in-law daughter-in-law; father-in-law son-in- er wife's family before remarrying, otherwise law. me. E.g.: If dead wife's parents say to widow- 1772. Sin 2: Better families stricter than "We still remember our daughter," he must not others regarding mother-in-law son-in-law rry; but if they approve, he may remarry. avoidance. 1: To buy back first wife's family's friend- 1774. Kato: Mother-in-law son-in-law must p, widower's family pays. Hap 2: Payment to look away when speaking to one another. pensate for insult to former wife's family. 1779. Kato: Mother-in-law eats after son-in- D: Payment "to get out of marrying his wife's law. tions." Sin 1: Payment to compensate for in- 1784. Kato: Mother-in-law son-in-law avoid- t inflicted by not taking another wife from ance for 2-3 yrs. C Yuk: Lasts month or so. 1786. Sin 2: Mother-in-law daughter-in-law 1760. Tol: Widow's family and deceased hus- talk "nice and slow." d's family talk over distribution of new de price. This doubtless depends on amount of BIRTH ginal bride price returned to deceased hus- 's family. Kar 2: Woman who desires healthy boy baby goes, before conception, to certain rock at Ka- ttrore-Psto described in list so- timin; stands at prescribed distance, throws ednatural" one, certainly rules. I made no stone with left hand (with right hand if left- otto get nonsocially sanctioned or infrequent handed) at hole in rock. If hits hole, wish will 406 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS come true. Kar 2: When child born, gifts, mainly 1840. Chim: Shasta of Siskiyou Co. put umi food, given to it by family friends. Wiyot: Fam- icus in small basket made for it; hung it frL ilies of both parents Joined in feast ca. 10 days of tree. Kar 2: Umbilicus hung on limb so win after birth. would strike it; would make child healthy. Y Father smokes himself over fire on mountain, Obstetrics.--- sweats in sweat house on return. 1810. Tol: After miscarriage, woman isolates 1844. Yur 1: Afterbirth buried 2-3 ft. ae self 10 days; husband, 5. covered with stones to prevent animal from ge 1811. Chil: Miscarriage delivered in menstrual ting it. If this happened, mother would have hut. Matt: Screened off corner of dwelling used more children. Chil: Whem mother desires ano for birth; also during pregnancy. child she goes to spot where afterbirth of la 1812. Reclining backward perhaps equivalent to buried, pokes ground with stick, asks for ano sitting (no. 1813). baby. 1816. Matt: 2 loose sticks held 1 in each hand. 1846. Sin 1: If afterbirth completely dest 1819. Chim: Midwife places knee in middle of mother will die. To prevent future offspring, mother's back and squeezes her. Second midwife re- mother punches afterbirth with sharp stick. K ceives child at parturition. Cane knife used to Afterbirth buried in rodent hole where some cut chorion when necessary. Sin 2: Sometimes hus- -mal sure to get it. band assists. 1847. Yur 2: Burning afterbirth also pois 1820. Yur 1: Midwife keeps baskets used for mother; apparently seldom done. medicine. Sin 1: Midwife paid when nonrelative. 1851. Hup 1: Mother licks blood off newbor' Relatives assist without pay. face. 1821. Matt: Shaman assistant usually man. 1852. Yur 1: Formulas recited while child 1822. Wiyot: Herb-doctor assistant usually over basket of medicated hot water. Purpose: woman. Sin 1: Mother's body rubbed with madroha keep child, which has just come from warmth of leaves, then doctor blew down her throat, suppos- womb, warm. edly to force fetus down. Podalic version prac- ticed. Restrictions on mother.---(Nos. refer to da 1825. Chim: Ground "kind of dished out," after birth.) Tol: If woman who has had misca greens laid on top of ashes. Kar 1: Mother lies riage enters house where newborn, must pay fin on level ground in which hot stones buried. Kar to parents. Yur 2: All taboos more rigidly obW, 2: Hot stones buried just below surface of earth served, or lasted longer time, for first baby. floor of dwelling; aromatic plants, including Wiyot: Where I have recorded 7 days, informnt wormwood, placed on top, upon which mother lies. said 1 week; aboriginally, probably 10 days. Sin 1: Ground not pitted; hot stones, ashes Hap 1: Pregnant woman must not loiter in door buried. C Yuk: Warm ashes on pit bottom, then of dwelling or go part way through and draw greens, then deer hide upon which mother lies. lest at childbirth fetus hesitate likewise. Steam was from greens. boos of 40 or 50 days extended to 60 when mis- 1825a. Tol: Mother steamed if ill from birth. carriage. Kato: Steam is from greens on which'mother lies 1852a. Cf. note 464. Yur 1: If mother ate and under which warm stones and ashes. it would not harm her or child, but would hani 1826. Van D: Ground not pitted; hot stones hunting luck of father. Matt: Mother ate a lit buried just below surface. tle meat on tenth day, gradually more, normal 1827. Yur 2: Herbs in water. diet being reached in perhaps a month. Sin 1: 1828. Hup 1: Knife must not be used again un- For both boys and girls mother observed meat til umbilicus detaches. Chil: Midwife who cuts boo of 200-365 days. Angelica sprinkled over navel cord abstains from meat, water till cord first meat eaten. C Yuk: Informant later gave, comes off. Matt: If naveI region swells, reed days for either sex. with one end on navel, other in fire applied as 1853, 1854. Cf. note 464. cure. Powdered charcoal from same reed algo may 1856. Yur 1: Dried fish should be boiled. be applied to navel. 1857. Cf. note 464. Kar 1: Mother's first 1830. Yur 1: Navel cord tied twice: near meal after birth eaten with another woman, p. child's belly, also several inches away. haps midwife, then alone for 30 or 40 days. e 1834.' Cf. note 464. Yur 2: 2-7 days; if cord Yuk: Mother may be served from common supply, detaches in 1 day, child will become rich. Hap 1: but must not help self. If umbilicus detaches in 4 days, baby will be 1857a. Cf. note 464. lucky, healthy; 5, unlucky, unhealthy; 6, no 1858. Cf. note 464. Tol: Cold water taboo significance; 7, very uhlucky. Sin 1: 5 days means lest mother's teeth fall out. Yur 1: Mother's child will be healthy; longer, unhealthy. drinking would make child's abdomen swell. 1835. Sin 1: Umbilicus put in grave at death-. Hup 2: If girl, mother observed 40 days of coi 1837. Chil: Wounded or sick person chewed on water taboo; if boy, 30. own navel cord for cure. Van D: Cord kept in spe- 1859. Sin 1: Combing hair taboo 8 or 10 dag cial basket, some 2 in. in diam., made for pur- otherwise mother's hair will come out.- pose . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 407 1860. Chim: Informant positive scratching im- 1889. Kar 2: Father bathed thrice daily. enent used at all times by women. Kar 1: In- 1890. Van D: Aromatic plants rubbed on rmant's grandmother used bone scratching im- father's body after bath. ement at all times for both head, body; wore . r on string around.neck. It saved getting head a?x restrictions on pants.-- 1891. Cf. note 464. Continence. Tol: 1-12 body dirt' when hands engaged in cooking, months after birth. Chim: After 6 months of C. Wiyot: High-toned" people used a scratching pregnancy. Kar 2: For 6 months after birth, in e habitually. Kato: Used habitually by all order to have "good" children. Yur 2: Lonserb en. C Yuk: Used for 14-21 days after birth. the better for child's health and parents e (probably women only) always scratched with wealth. attened stick. Finger nails considered poi- 1893. Yur 1: Adultery stunts baby's growth. ous to skin. 1861. Goddard, 1903, pl. 10. Kelly, 1930, pl. Abortion.-- 9,h,i. 1894. Chim: Husband would kill wife if he 1868. Cf. note 464. Tol: Mother not contin- knew she had attempted abortion. Lly lying; depends on her condition. Kar 1: 1895. Kato: Mother tramps on pregnant es few days. Yur 2: Lies 5 or 10 days. Chil: daughter's abdomen. es until well. Kato: Lies until well. C Yuk: es 4 or 5 to 14 days. Infanticide (not of twins).-- 1864. C Yuk: Mother stays behind hide screen in 1898. Chil: Killing bastards rare; not so- elling. cially accepted act. C Yuk: Mother's parents 1866. Yur 2: Taboo only for mother of boy to kill bastard. ke close-woven decorated baskets; twined open- Twins.-- rk permitted. 1899. Chim: Shasta of Siskiyou Co. killed 1 1866-1866a. Chim: Making baskets taboo to o t . T c - ~~~~~of twins. Hap 2: T1wins feared. Twinning consid- ther 20-30 days. Matt: Taboo 5 or 6 months, ered contagious disease. en baby begins to sit up and move around. C 1900. Opposite-sex twins. Yur 1: More often :YTaboo 14-21 days. killed girl. Yur 2: Either twin starved to death. 1867-1867a. Matt: Family cooking taboo to ther 90-120 days. Nursing.--Tol: When child first walks, stran- 1 870. Kar 1: If boy, stream bathing taboo to ger throws dentalia between its legs to bring it ther 40 days; if girl, 30. Hup 1: Daily sponge good fortune. At some time when still small it is ;h inside house. Matt: Some sort of bath taken godfrueAtsmtiewn ilsalits raised from floor to roof in smelt net to make it m 2d day on after birth. At least for 10 days grow immersion; water thrown over body with hands. 1901. Sin 1: Wet nurse used if mother's milk 1871. Chim: After bath, mother dresses in fine s10w in starting. hes; holds child in cradle, prays, sings for 1903. Cf. note 464. Chim: Infant weaned at 1 1/2 a nd self. yrs. Kar 1: Weaned when teeth first appear. Kar 2: Restrictions on father.--Kar I: Father avoids To nurse child several years supposed to mak-e ste ontact wih fthoser- outside Fa r familyest woman old. Wiyot: Informant suckled mother till s contact with those outside his family lest ca. 10 years old; denied weaning. Mothers manip- pollute them; apparently no restrictions for ulated legs of infants to develop them before esof father or child. Kar 2: All positive en- they walk. Child encouraged to stand straight, es lasted 10-30 days. Father who wanted future throw out chest. Van D: Infant weaned when to be particularly successful underwent walks. Matt: Infant weaned when milk teeth ap- ining similar to that of shamans for 1 month. pear; charcoal or bad-tasting stuff put on se of poor or low families cared too little mother's breasts to discourage infant. Kato: .their children to observe such restrictions. Weaned from 1-8 yrs. of age. C Yuk: Weaned from !1: Father sometimes helps care for infant, 1-10 yrs. of age. Something distasteful, "like ding it hazelnut broth at night while mother mustard," put on breasts to discourage child. eps. 1880. Cf. note 464. Mutilations.-- 1881. Tol: Father stays in sweat house; makes 1904. Sin 1: Ears pierced when ca. month old; icine for health of child. not felt much then. 1883. Hup 1: Father sometimes sweats self for 1905. Cf. note 464. Ears pierced. Tol: it 6 'ification. yrs. up. Kar 1: From 10-15 yrs. Kar 2: From 15- 1885. Cf. note 464. Kar 2: Father's smoking 17 yrs. Hap 1: From 10-14 yrs. Hup 2: From 5-12 eficial to self and child. Yur 1: Smoking will yrs. Matt: To make unruly child obey, threatened mbaby. Hap 2: Smoking taboo only for young it with ear piercing. Sometimes piercing done as . ~~~~~~~~~~~~punishmnent. Kato: From 4-6 yrs. C Yuk: At 2 mos. 1886. Cf. note 464. Cf. no. 2731. 1887. Yur 2: Deer hunting taboo 20-30 days. 1904-1906. Cf. nos. 2052-2053. 2: 40 days if boy, 30 if girl. 1906. Cf. note 464. Tol: Nose pierced at 6 yrs., 1888. C f. note 464 . up . 408 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORD6 1907. Chil: Little before girl's puberty, 1936. Tol: Feast when renaming grown person. vertical lines tattooed; later widened to form Person to be named waits outside while his el- 3 broad stripes. C Yuk: Tattooed, specifically, ders feast; finally enters; addressed by rela- after 1st menstruation. tive who uses new name; sits, eats with all. Yur 1907a. Matt: Girls tattooed in springtime 2: Feast when renaming grown person. Matt: Namin when geese fly N. 2-yr.-child, supposedly, did feast sometimes. not feel tattooing much. 1937. Chim: Informant's father, a chief, called 1909. Cf. note 464. Girls tattooed. Hup 1: hibTlia'pku. His full name: hibllia'pku waiwa'lik From 10-16 yrs. Hup 2: From 5-15 yrs.; before (his father's name) a'wu (big mountain) drb'wu (?) marriage. patcitg (owned by him). Other statements of info'i 1910. Cf. note 464. Boys tattooed. Hup 1: ant suggest one's father's name used as sort of From 10-16 yrs. Hup 2: From 10-20 yrs. surname of Swedish type. Woman's name also include that of husband. Tendency toward surnames may be Milk teeth.--Kar 2: Snail shell tied to cra- modern. Child named at certain rock in river. dle for baby to chew on whil'e teething. 1911. Milk tooth. Tol: Thrown E over house of Various.--Sin 2: Informant rubbed her boy baby pregnant woman. Wiyot: Flipped off finger. New with blue rock (probably steatite) and prayed. He tooth, supposedly, came as fast as old went grew strong and healthy. away. Van D: Flipped off finger. Kato: Child 1940. C Yuk: No set time after birth for using throws; tells some animal to take it. cradle; when infant first carried. 1917. Kar 1: Mature persons placed extracted teeth in dog manure. G 1918. Hup 2: Child says to gopher, "I'll GIRL'S PUBERTY trade you teeth." Yur 2: Mr. Harry Roberts, of Requa, says there Name.--Kar 1: One man had 3 names, apparently is certain rock in ocean some 200 yds. from shore, of equal status: iktinu'pAnaf (salmon heart); to which adolescents of either sex are forced to tana'xnax (salmon's tail drying); s,ci'tihan swim during storm, apparently to test spiritual (penis). Kar 2: Informant had 2 names: pixtanw as well as physical strength. Wiyot: 1st menstru- (penis). Kar 2: Informant had 2 names: pixtanw ation called gratsfi wask. Sin 1: Imuediately af- to pick up, or dig up); katipiinakeim (poor man ter 1st menstruation ceases, girl must do every. of KatipIdYk [a town]). Wiyot: Most names pure, thing quickly lest she be slow all her life. untranslatable terms. Informant's name, dalnYr, also that of mother's father. Hup 1: Unnamed Restrictions.--(Nos., unless otherwise speci- small children lesignated by numerical terms in fied, refer to days after menstruation commences. order of birth. Hup 2: Child preferably named Chim: Girl confined 2 yrs. in separate hut, alone after one who was old, to insure it long life. o . f Or with female relative of same age; lies most Matt: Names never unaltered words or phrases; t always altered, though not enough to disguisetieosra;auhsng,malccut yth alwaretysmalter , thoug n casenouh to disguise ology, etc., by older female relatives, never by ktheir (cYn e mo ,as .icase th6t rk . Examples men; drinks from separate spring; wears buckskin katoward (ottomeans stick); tf tikgon (wimer down double apron, not baik or grass skirt. At end of toward bottom); tc6nala (floating on water). 2 years, medicine made from certain aromatic root Kato: Informant's name beetsa tsowtits6ts ( fstring 2 yer,mdcn .al ro eti rmtcro neck"). He had longaneck (angelica ?) roasted in ashes. Then girl purified 1ek". He h oneck. . ,, by bath, after which her betrothed embraces her 1921. Cf. note 464. Chim: Name give n any publicly; each rubs other's body all over with time.' Wiyot: Informant was 8 or 10 yrs. old when m t ^ . ~~~~~~~~~medicine, then both dressed in filne clothes. Mar. named. Hup 2: Any time. 1922. Kate: Pro met o r'iage consummated month or so later. caldb name. 1942. Chim: Meat taboo 2 yrs. Chil: Meat taboo called by name... 1923. Van D: Names apparently chosen at ran- from beginning of 1st menstruation till 10 days dom, but probably often after relatives. Sin 1: after beginnlng of 2d. Matt: At least fresh veni. Bdom luc trobey n ed n after relative. I n nt's son taboo until marriage, normally at least a Bad luck to be named after relative. Informant's yer Frs ihpritdatr5dy.Sn1 name is atatStV'lo ("laughs when cries"). C Yuk: year. Fresh fish permitted after 5 days. Sin 1: name is at lo aMeat taboo from 6-12 months. C Yuk: Meat taboo Namesake a relative in some cases; namesake and u m . .> ~~~~until menstruation ceases; unless otherwise namer same person. Parents give child present srecified, this applies to all taboos in this when it receives its name. 1925. Yur 1: Namesake a maternal relative section. chiefly for child of "half-marriage. 1943. Yur 1: Each village had certain spot at chief ly Ifor child Of 'half -marriage.riewhegrla . 1927. Kar 2: When namesake living, name had 1945. Matt: All pure water taboo. Sin 2: Small ualifing affix such as mintive u amount cold water permitted after days. Rael nae afte lvn . 1946. Chim: Confined in hut 2 years.3 12. Mt:Nmrrltv soeie;nt1947. Tel: Confined in dwelling behind curtain necessarily so.X 192 Hu 1:Ol edmnnmdatrhue of mats or blankets. Wiyot: In solitude, girl X * ' * ~~~~~~~~~wishes for good acorn and seed crops. Purpose of] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 409 head covering is to prevent her being distracted 1975. Kato: Rite in circular brush enclosure. from such thoughts by visual stimuli. Sin 1: Girl 1977. Kato: No special dancers' costumes. lnst stay near dwelling for a month. 1978. Tol: From 2-10 men danced in costume. 1948. Girl usually covered with hide outdoors. Chim: Men wear also otter- or fisher-fur bando- See no. 2008. Tol: Covered with woman's dress for liers. Chil: 4 men wear sea-lion-tooth head- 10 days; may wear tule mat over head when out- bands, open-woven head nets, carry spear or doors. Matt: Covered for entire 5 days with deer- painted stick. 4 others wear Jump Dance type skin blanket; goes outdoors only at night; sits woodpecker-scalp headbands, hold same implements. with back to fire. Sin 2: Hair hangs over face Ca. 20 others wear wolf-fur-headband blinds, entire time. C Yuk: Covered outdoors lest girl carry painted multiple-split-stick rattles. oee ghost. 1981. Tol: Woodpecker-scalp headband only 1950. Hup 1: Must not look at fire lest sore worn last few hours last night of dancing as yes or blindness result. Chil: Lest girl go climax of costume display. Chim: Also wood- blind. Matt: For from 5-10 days. Same for 1951- pecker scalps on otter or fisher fur worn as 1952. bandolier. 1951. Sin 1: Girl will die if she looks up or 1990. Hup 1: Women sit on earth ledge around round, even at hills. house pit, sing and clap hands to beat of dance. 1952. Hup 2: People would sicken or die if 1995. Hup 1: Girl dances on last morning of bescent looked at them. dance, after purification bath. Kato: Dances 1955. Tol: Or scratches with Haliotis rim. on last night. 1956. Sin 2: Talking also taboo. 1997. Chim: Girl dances with mother in center 1957. Chim: Work taboo 2 yrs. (Applies also of house. Kar 1: One man dances in center with to nos. 1958-1960.) girl, slapping her deerhoof headband to make it 1961. Wiyot: After 10th day girl given train- rattle. Van D: Girl dances on morning of last g in all women's tasks. Hup 2: Work compulsory, day of rite in center of group; 4 persons hold therwise girl would be lazy all her lifetime. deerskin covering over her. Mutt: Dances mostly tt: After 10th day, work compulsory. on last night; weak from fast so mother holds 1963. Yur 1: Girl bathes in stream late after- her up. Sin 1: Dances in center with woman. oon and evening, warming self an instant at 1998. Kar 1: First men stand abreast in single welling-house fire between trips. Children ac- row; later both sexes join hands in circle. ompany girl to and from stream because she is 2000. Where dance held in plank house, crowd fraid to go alone after dark. Yur 2: Bathes from gathered all around house wall. Tol: Dancers in a. 4 P.M. till dark; in given day must go to circle only on 10th day when outdoors on way to tream each time by different trail. Brothers or stream or ocean to bathe. Sin 1: Dancers moved riends whistle at girl or make some noise to counterclockwise, then clockwise (sunwise) around care her. If she looks at them her breasts will circle, holding hands. ell up. Cf. no. 1952. Hup 1: Bathes 7 different 2002. Tol: Apparently chief performers, cos- Laces in river. Chil: Bathes morning, evening; tumed as above, danced abreast in single row, oes not immerse, but pours water over body with virgins and men alternating. nds. Van D: No immersion. 2003. Chim: Marine and pine-nut shells at- 1964. Chil: Girl runs to and from stream to tached to multiple split-stick rattle. Sin 2: in strength, health. Sin 1: Races with brothers Drum (no. 1311) beaten, or 2 sticks clapped. d sisters from stream to house; if stumbles and 2005. Apparently girl's Olivella headband alls, will be no good rest of lifetime. Girl merely string of whole shells. Tol: Headband ings back 1 or 2 sticks each trip. worn entire 10 days. Same for 2010. Also Haliotis 1965. Cf. note 464. Chim: Stream bathing taboo shell on headband. Yur 1, Yur 2: Headband worn, yrs. but not at public rite. Van D: Headband put on 1966. Van D: Girl must tell all dreams to el- at end of rite after bath; worn for ca. 10 days. rs. Sin 1: May sleep in daytime, but must always Matt: Buckskin wristlets only specific article t up as soon as she awakens, lest she be lazy of dress worn. Shell beads of some kind put on rever. 5 days after menstrual beginning, worn for 5 days. 1967. Chim: Purification bath at end of 2 years. 2007. Sin 1: leadband of buckskin, 2 in. wide, bathing, girl "dips" 5 times. Hap 1: Bath of with single spaced row woodpecker scalps. rm water with angelica in it. Matt: On morning 2008. See no. 1948. Tol: On 10th day, for pub- 6th day, feast prepared after bath and girl lic rite, girl's entire body wrapped in deer-fur erved first, after which all eat. blanket, Hap 2: If girl sees others dancing she will go blind. Public recognition.--Wiyot: Mad R. Wiyot had 2010. Sin 1: Majority girls' faces unpainted. blic rite, but not Eel R. Wiyot. Hup 1: Dance, 2015. Van D: Sometimes entire assemblage fed, ven at request of rich man, as much social as but not every night. Kate: Fed at end of rite. tual. Tel: Rite called medicine dance; apparent- 2016. Chil: Girl looks into Haliotis on morn- rgiven to ward off epidemic thouXht to be immi- ing of 10th day, when leeks up first time. gnt. Van D: "'Sometimes they say, Let's have some 2017. Probably all positive instances refer m"'; then girl's puberty dance given, to same fact as no. 1967. Element no. 2017 seems 1970. Cf. note 464. Chim: Rite given 2 yrs. af- to be wuooly concept. Kate: Girl bathes self alone. kr menstrual beginning--at end of confinement. 410 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS MENSTRUATION OF MATURE WCNEN or injured on his back.. 2049. Cremation reckoned universally absent (Unless otherwise specified, nos. refer to because no positive instances obtained directly. days after menstrual beginning.) Kar 2: After However, Matt informant said coast Sinkyone of menstruation, woman puts fresh sand on earth Big Flat cremated. Van D informant weak in his floor of dwelling. denial. C Yu1k cremated sometimes, according to 2018. Cf. note 464. Yur 2: If woman ate meat, Kroeber (Hdbk., 215). Tol: Grave ca. 4 1/2 ft.- it would spoil men's hunting; it would not harm deep. Murdered corpse might be hidden in hollow, her. Wiyot: As woman grows older, meat-taboo log. period reduced to 6, then 5 days. Matt: Meat ta- 2050. Corpse. Chim: Washed with medicated boo from 5-10 days. C Yuk: Meat taboo until men- water. Van D: Washed with medicated water, rub- struation ceases. Same taboo period for all en- bing toward feet. Sin 1: Washed with plants tries in this section. dipped in water. 2019. Cf. note 464. 2051. Corpse. Tol: Painted solid black on 2020. Cf. note 464. Sin 1: Cold water causes one side of face. Kar 2: Only painted doctors. cramps. Hup 1: Vertical stripe of charcoal on nose, 2022. Sin 1: Woman avoids groups of people. arms, legs. Matt: Only painted murdered corpses 2024. Cf. note 464. Mutt: Woman cooks sepa- with charcoal. rately~ for self. -2052. Cf. no. 971. Yur 2: Corpse s nose only 2025, 2026. Cf. note 464. pierced. Same for 2053. 2027. Cf. note 464. Kar 2: Making undec- 2055. Wiyot: Corpse's headW so face will be orated openwork baskets permissible. toward rising sun; induces spirit to rise from 2028. Sin 1: Woman carries light loads of grave. Van D: Corpse's head toward sun. Sin 1: wood. Any direction other than S causes sickness, ap- 2029. Cf. note 464. parently because soul gets headed wrong direc- 2030. Cf. note 464. Chil: Merely routine morn- tion (cf. no. 2184) and loiters around. ing, evening baths, theoretically every day. 2057. Yur 1, Yur 2: Corpse wrapped in deer- 2031. Van D: Bathes without immersion. skin robe; deer-tail at corpse's head. (The 2033. Cf. note 464. living wear tail down, at feet.) Yur 2: Also, 2034. Cf. note 464. Kato: At end, purifica- feet and head of hide must be cut off. tion bath for husband also. 2058. Yur 1: Grave-lining boards are not fas', 2035. Yur 2: Restrictions also for father. tened together, so soul can get out easily. Yur 2: Grave lined with 4 planks: top, bottom, sideu DEATH 2059. Matt: Buckskin strap to lower corpse. 2061. Tol: Lowered corpse with twisted or woven tules. Sin 1: With twisted cord (same as Treatoment of corpse.--Kar 2: Doctors forbid- for deer snare). den to look at corpse lest their future patients 2062. Kar 2: Sprinkled trail of sand, appar`5 die. Sin 1: For violent death, corpse not buried ently fr.om inside grave to short distance away,, for 4 or 5 days, until soul leaves; otherwise to show ghost direction to go. Ghost told to ghost would cause illness, take trail to right of certain pine tree to get 2041. Corpse always buried day following to "heaven." Yur 1: Tracks around.grave oblite death, unless distant relatives had not yet ar- ated so those of one who might come to poison rived, or unless death due to violence (cf. pre- corpse can be seen. Hup 2: Undertakers' tracks . ceding paragraph). obliterated by sprinkling sand around grave; 2045. To remove contamination from house, fresh tracks proof person or spirit had visited Goddard states Hupa throw out earth deceased lay grave. Van D: Tracks obliterated so those of o* on. Since sick often lay on bed of ashes, this seeking to harm corpse (magically) would be vis certainly same concept. Kar 2: Throw ashes after ible. Mutt: Undertakers' tracks obliterated by. corpse to keep ghost from returning. See nos. sweeping around grave with broomlike, twig-en 2195-2202. Yur 1: Symbolic of removing all thought stik; otherwise they would become poisoned, a' of dead. Hup 1: Following formula is said: "You stly by tagious bc. a will be the only one going out of the house this parently by contagious mag-ic., wille willhbe h y wheging yout e gonhe Youse thav 2063. Yur 1: Top grave plank raised a littlq way. We will be happy when you are gone. You have by stones under ends. Hup 2: Boat placed on gone to a better land by your own wishes. There grave of one who had died in boat or drowned will be no more sorrow in this home hereafter." gra one who ha died in oa or downed Sin 1:Throwashes o kee ghostaway.from one. Sin 1: Poles, stones on top to keep Sin 1: Throw as'hes to keep ghos'taway.out animals 2047. Wiyot: Pole stretcher for carrying corpse 2065. Kar 1: Grave marker out of top of bul distance; plank too heavy. Matt: Called cTtton pine tree; taboo to use this wood for other us0 kan; made of 8 or 10 poles tied together in one Mptt: Stick with twigs tied to one end for swe plane; supported by 3 crosspieces at ends and ing arond grave planted at E end of grave, bra middle underneath; for 6 pall-bearers. Kato: 2 end up. Sin 1: 2 stakes driven side by side at long poles with some woven material between.anl ?athdofgve Usualy, owevr, sngl indvldul paked ead2069. Sin 1: Sometimes wife buried at birtS CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 411 lace. Probably when married only short time it tributed among all relatives. Kar 2: On 5th night s felt she still belonged to her parents' lo- after death property placed on top of grave; at lity. To bury man anywhere except at place of same time, eating baskets (probably deceased's) irth (or? for a wife, home) was like "throwing punctured, hung in tree in woods. Yur 2: Wiyot away. informant said Yurok relatives of deceased would 2070. Hup 1: Sometimes wife buried at own fam- sometimes take back some property placed on ly's plot, probably when matrilocal residence, grave. t not when she lived distant. 2081. Chim: Deceased's property burnt usually 2072. Van D: Cemetery 200-300 yds. from house. only when no relatives to claim it. Yur 1: Burnt 2073. Yur 1: When boat used to transport on 4th morning after death; only old or worn-out orpse it must be turned over afterward, half articles were burnt; others kept. Sin 1: Property , half out of water, to empty out disease and broken before burning. revent unknowing from using it until after it 2082. Tol: Broke property for burial to prevent 8 purified. Yur 2: According to Wiyot informant, grave robbery. oot travel stopped. Hup 1: Boat held till 5 days 2083. Kar 2: Deceased's canoe "willed" to rela- fter death, when soul left corpse. Sin 1: Small tives. Sin 1: Canoe broken up, then burnt. Some- ne charged for not attending funeral. times inherited. 2074. Boat travel taboo after death. Tol: 2084. Chim: House burned sometimes, according orners confiscate offender's property. Hup 1: to wishes of surviving spouse and family. Chil: fender, even though from wealthy family, often Torn down, planks burnt. New house built at dif- de slave. See note under Slaves. ferent site. Sin 1: Torn down, materials burnt; never burned standing. Destruction of property.--Inheritance of prop- 2086. Hup 2: House also "fixed over," appar- rty probably favored paternal line, except per- ently repaired. Kato: House deserted for year or ps for southernmost tribes in this area. How- so. er, informants failed to make any sharp dis- 2087. Tol: Aromatic plants burned, whipped inction between lineages or relatives within around house. Van D: Pepperwood boughs whipped em. Rich man often "willed" property to certain around house. escendants, i.e., specified who was to get cer- 2089. Tol: To prevent house being vacant, one in articles after his death. Those incapable of relative even stayed home from funeral. Kar 1: aging property were cut out, regardless of If deceased had lived alone, relative moved into earness of blood relationship. Kar 2: Valuables house. re considered property of entire family, not 2909. Matt: Personal property of mourners, and dividually inherited. Hap 1: Ritual regalia, perhaps some of deceased s, traded to nonmourners. ch as Deerskin Dance costumes, belong to house, ellers being mere custodians of them. Matt: Undertakers.--Where there is a contamination operty of dead given away or traded by relatives; scapegoat, this section refers to him. Where sev- rthless articles might be destroyed. Sin 1: Any eral undertakers of about equal status, observ- operty might be willed to anyone. Wills always ances are maximum followe'd by any of them. spected. If man were suddenly killed, his rela- 2091. Cf. note 464. Yur 1: Undertaker usually ives decided division of his property. Kato: Bulk man, rarely woman. Hup 1: When gravedigger digs up fdeceased's property buried or burnt. bones of previous burial he plugs his nostrils with 2076. Wiyot: Deceased's dog sacrificed only wormwood. en no relatives to take it. In general, property 2092. Cf. note 464. Yur 1: 2 corpse handlers *stroyed only when no heirs; chief exception: for common man, 4 for rich man. Wiyot: 2 may car- 11 amount of valuables buried. No distinction ry corpse, but 4 always lower it in grave, Sin 1: de between paternal, maternal lines. Chil: If Pallbearers observe taboos similar to gravediggers relatives to take dog, it was killed. Sin 1: but only for about 2 days. g sacrificed only when owner so desired; buried 2094. Wiyot: Undertaker paid when nonrelative. ways with nose protruding from ground. Cf. no. Matt: Paid because Job dangerous. B 2095. Wiyot: Gravedigger confined indoors for 2078. Tol: Also redwood fire drill and hearth few days, otherwise behaves no differently than ried with corpse. Yur 1: Rich man may say be- other undertakers. re death, "I don't want anything (buried with 2097. Tol: Gravedigger brother or widow of de- )"; then relatives keep his Troperty. ceased; visits grave about 4 A.M. 2079. Tol: Most of deceased s property was 2098. Tol: Fire built at grave, apparently at oked to purify and kept by relatives. Yur 2: time of funeral, in pit lined with 5 stones. Yur ceased's property destroyed only when no one 2: Fire to warm corpse. Hap 1: Fire obtained from ted it. Van D: Some property buried, some undertaker's private fire in corner of dwelling. aced on top of grave, but clothes burned. Any Sin 1: Undertaker keeps own fire going steadily rsonal property might be willed to anyone. for 5 days. 2080. Chim: Only worthless articles placed on 2104. Yur 1: Undertaker's "dishes" (baskets) p of grave. Most of deceased's property kept a afterward hung in tree. a r by spouse or close blood relative, then dis- 2105. Hup 2: Meat taboo also on 10th day after 412 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS death. Van D: Taboo 10-15 days. Same for nos. 2145. Sin 1: Widow does not look up or at di 2106-2109. tance; stays close to house but is not strictly 2106. Cf. note 464. confined. 2107. Kar 1: Gambling taboo up to 1 year. 2146. Wiyot: Making baskets not strictly ta' 2109. Cf. note 464. boo, but many desist; same for no. 2147. Van De 2111. Cf. note 464. Kato: Purification imme- Taboo 60-90 days. Sin 1: Taboo 30 days more or diately after funeral. less. 2113. Cf. no. 133, 2318, 2412. 2114. Yur 1: Gravedigger may bury hot rocks in Blood relatives.--Because undertakers are in earth floor of dwelling where corpse lay, and lie most cases blood relatives, this section partly there. Rattlesnake, after biting person, supposed duplicates that on Undertakers. It includes bot to steam self thus. Van D: Undertaker smokes self sexes, however, and is intended to extend at over fire outdoors. least to siblings, parents, offspring, although 2115. Kar 1: All mourners sweat; 6 or 8 at a certain usages probably limited to 1 or 2 of time in turns. Fir boughs laid on earth floor. these classes. Tol: At end of 5-day taboo peri Men shoot at fir-bough deer effigy wit-h minia- acorns, fish, and some of all other foods at ture imitation bows and featherless arrows made hand made into hash; each mourner takes a littk on spot. Those who hit target will be successful in mouth, plunges into stream and spits out fool hunters, those who miss, unlucky. Kar 2: Formerly upon water. Mourners then return to housej cut steam-type sweat house only brush covered; blan- widow's hair and feast. Yur 1: After "cleaninge' kets recent. grave, one must chew salmon bones lest rattle-' 2117. Kar 1: All mourners (first men, then snake strike him. women) drink medicine. 2149. Hup 1: Also men cut hair, but not as 2119. Matt: Wormwood rubbed on undertaker's short as women. Van D: Only the wife cuts her body. hair short; sisters some; mother not at all. 2120. Van D: Tobacco thrown in fire; same for 2150. Hup 2: All mourners, including grave- angelica (no. 2121). digger, given small piece of deermeat immediate' 2121. Kar 1: Where angelica root dug, hole after-purification bath. must be covered up or storm will follow. Inform- 2151. Cf. note 464. ant once failed to do this; rain, hail followed. 2153. Chil: Hunting deer taboo indefinite tu 2122. Kar 2: Undertakers plunge in stream "to but more than 5 days. - drown bad luck." Sin 1: Also throw water over 2154. Van D: Basketmaking taboo 60-90 days. body with hands or pepperwood boughs. 2156, 2157. Cf. note 464. 2123. Yur 2: Contamination scapegoat (grave- 2159. Probably mourning necklace universally digger) makes medicine each day for 5 days; other of Xerophyllum tenax. Chim: Sepa;rate necklace mourners only on 5th day. Chil: All except grave- worn for each relative deceased within past yea digger bathe immediately after funeral. Matt: Af- hence mourner might be wearing 2 or 3. ter funeral, all who attended bathe in river. 2161. Tol: Asked permission of mourners to Kato: Only undertakers purify selves together. hold dance, otherwise postponed it. Yur 1: Now- adays pay mourners $5. Hup 2: Paid mourners 5 Widow.-- days after death for ensuing year's dance privi 2126. Sin 1: Informant positive that touching leges, apparently all nonmourners contributing. corpse taboo. Chil: When child dies within 10 days after birt 2127. Hup 1: Widower, also, steps between legs considered miscarriage and no mourners' compen of deceased wife. tion paid. Van D: Sometimes pay declined. Matt: 2128. Tol: Widow puts arm around corpse. Paid only for first dance after death. Sin 1: 2129. Cf. note 464. Matt: Widow's hair cut, Permission of mourners asked by those sponsor burned off to shoulder; she cries for 5 days. dance; sometimes granted without pay. 2131. Sin 1: Widow's hair ends buried in wet 2162. Yur 1: Providing murderer apprehended ground; if in dry, would get sick. Kato: Buried and pays mourners, no other compensation. sometimes in grave. 2163. Sin 1: Mourners' claim lasts 8-12 wee 2134. Tol: Widow bathes in stream or ocean af- Wiyot: 1-4 weeks. ter each visit to grave. 2164. Kar 2: Gravediggers must hide during 2135. Kato: Pitch left on face or head for world-renewing rite. Wiyot: Mourners' compensa- year or so. tion applied to annual world-renewing rite. 2137. Kato: Widow also pulls hair at funeral. 2138. In most cases widow wears Xerophyllum- Name.-- grass necklace. 2170. Tol: There was certain rock on beach 1 2139. Sin 1: If necklace comes off soon, widow near which deceased's name must not be spoken will not live to be old. all near-relatives die within year. 2141. Yur 1: Wears undecorated cap. 2172. K.ar 1: Deceased's name taboo from few3 2142. Sin 1: Meat taboo 7-10 days. months to several years. Yur 1: Name might be ra 2143. Tol: When available, warm water generally given 6-12 months after death. Wiyot: Name tab, drunk in preference to cold. several years, partly depending on grief. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 413 12174. Chil: Deceased's name strictly taboo 2192. Sin 1: The good go to sky, the bad "down ly in presence of kin, but "clean" person would hill." er utter it. 2193. Kar 2: Also ghosts of drowned haunt 2175. Sin 1: Surviving namesake changed name river, apparently because bodies not properly or awhile anyhow." buried. 2176. Kar 2: If surviving namesake related to 2197. Kar 1: Xerophyllum grass hung on house ceased he may be called by name. Hup 2: Name- door 4th night after death; inmates required to e 's name circumlocuted for few weeks. Van D: stay indoors. esakes rare or lacking. 2198. Tol: Person and dog share food placed 2177. Yur 2: If fine not paid, utterer might on single plate. killed. 2199. Hap 1: Burned especially plants, such Ghosts.--Kar 2: Certain man, to become "tough," as pepperwood, whose crackling sound scares t to fork of a trail 5 nights after a death and a20ay ghost. ited for ghost. Ghost came, traveling fast, fetu . rei nc Ar ted mincnex ibaby Meicin md king, . bedn'l vr a rpe ogon fetus reincarnated in next baby. Medicine made king, bending all over. Man dropped to ground to prevent second baby from dying. Kato: In the d ghost Jumped over him. Ghost smelled like case of a stillbirth, its spirit reincarnated in er. [Probably was a deer.] Yur 1: Sometimes next baby. xn person folds his arms about his body to keep 2205. Hip 1: Certain slave got into trouble, rm in the wd, he catches ghost; later may feel ran away to Bald Hills. His owner hired party to move. Hup 1: Ghost of former shinny player seen find him, bring him back. Slave appeared before ing around with shinny stick at night. party at night, said, "I'm not going back. I 2 179. Ghost. Tol: Walks around with arms have place to go. Tell my master not to look for raight out, like with scarecrow. Sin 1: Shape me. I m going to turn into animal and live here but material like shadow or black fog. in Bald Hills with Tans (gods of woods who con- 2180. Kar 2: Ghost skeleton-like when long trol deer). Whenever you get hungry for deermeat, e after death. pray to me and blow powdered angelica to me." As 2181. Yur 1: Ghost also like, or in, wind.* 2181. Yur 1: Ghost also like, or in, wind. slave finished speaking, deer hair began to grow no. 1637. 2183. Cf. note 464. Matt, Kato: Before going on his skin and he disappeared. y permanently, ghost visits every place de- sed has been on earth. 2184. Tol: At grave side, torch of grass ig- SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ted, waved 5 times to N to show ghost direction Wiyot: At least 3 terms for social rank: go, then thrown away to E. Hup 1: Doctors Wiyot: At man 3 plank house; tank: 11-believers) go to sky, live forever. Others dEklYn6'lIs, rich man owning plank house; talik- lf-believers) go to "hell" in W, are not im- lind'lis, common man; ca'wana'kwi, poor man. rtal. Participants in great dances go to place Common man often had more friends than rich man perpetual dancing. because not trying to "get ahead" so fast. Matt: 2185. Cf. no. 1646a. Kar 1: Ghost comes to 5 social classes, with numeral designations, k in trail: path to "hell" goes between 2 recognized. Those of lowest 4 classes cannot xe trees; road to "heaven" is Milky Way. step in front of one of highest class. Highest 2186. Van D: Certain person visited land of class throws ashes out of house after common per- d, returned. While traveling along road where son leaves (cf. no. 2045). at knee deep (probably Milky Way), came to er-berry tree protruding from hole some 2 ft. Slaves.--Yur 1: Slaves supposed to have red diameter; climbed down. Below saw crowd of spots on ventral side of bodies from sitting too ople with torches in hands, who shouted at him, close to fire; considered lazy,but make good lmng him to go back home. He climbed back out, fishermen. Hap 1: A "good" family once passed t home. by in a boat soon after a death (cf. no. 2074).; 2188. Tol: One gunwale of boat broken off. mourners kept a girl as slave. Later a man of a 1 of bad person refused ferriage by boatman third family paid satisfactory sum to her owners, returns to earth. Ghosts feared because only and in addition bride price to girl's family, .1 ones stay on earth. Yur 1: Boatman has dog took her as his wife. Offspring from union rated 'waits beside weir. If dog bites paddle and all the more because their mother had been doubly *aks it, boatman cannot ferry soul across and bought. Chil: Informant compared slaves to goes back to earth. Feathers offered in graves adopted children. Van D: People from Van Duzen d to decorate top of this weir. Person's soul and neighboring streams taken to Smith River t go as far as river and return again to body, Reservation in 1860's. Many ran away. Some made lewing consciousness. States of unconsciousness, slaves by Hupa when they tried to pass through e lasting 10 days (?), interpreted as such soul Hupa Valley on way back to Van Duizen. neys. At some stage of Journey to land of dead, 2209. Cf. note 464. 1l comes to fork in trail. The good take left 2210. Tol: Third party might pay offender's k,the bad the right. fine and make him slave. If slave continually 414 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS got into trouble and cost master too many fines, Ferry, not "bloodedl"; acquired office by ele master sometimes killed him. But master had to tion. Of "blooded" family which lived in Gr pay compensation to slave's family for the life. House and assumed leadership in great dances 2211. Yur 2: One time informant buried cer- only remaining member today is a woman; rit tain woman. Her family were not able to pay him requires man. Chil: Man who owns most regal.. so they gave him prepuberty girl as slave. La- i.e., richest, in local group called niilxat ter, girl's relations bought her back. Sin 1: ("chief"). Sin 1: Apparently only richest Father gives daughter as bride, not as slave, most influential man in village designated in payment of debt. niste ("chief"). C Yuk: Chief also shaman. 2212. Tol: War-capture slaves usually women; 2234. Chim: Informant's father's father a especially when enemy was another tribe. chief. He turned over office and regalia to 2214. Yur 2: Only a low family ever sold girl son when he became too old to be active, as slave. 2236. Kato: Chief chosen at assembly of 2216. Hup 1: See note at beginning of this All contributed money, valuables, utilitaria; section. ticles to new chief. Often former chief's re 2218. Hup 1: If slave well liked, owner may tive chosen. buy him wife or even may give him own daughter, 2239. Sin 1: Hunter always gives part of but in latter event slave's family scrapes to- to chief. gether small bride price to insure at least fair 2241. Sin 1: Chief tells people to help th rating for children. poor because it looks bad to have around sta 2226. Tol: Because free wife of slave man ing people. paid for, children free, but controlled by 2242. Sin 1: Chief planned "big time" but father's owner and said to belong to him, and little to do with puberty rite. treated like blood descendants. Slave's master 2243. C Yuk: If possessed enough, chief p receives bride price when slave's daughter mar- vided most of food, property for ceremony. ries. 2244. Sin 1: Chief gave moral lecture befo "big time" to minimize fighting, wrangling. Bastards.--Chim: Compensation for injury of 2245. Sin 2: No sweat house. Chief must ha' bastard paid by his father's family to his good sense. "Foam runs out of the mouth, they mother's family. I do not know whether offender talk so much." paid father's family first. Bastards equated to 2253. Kato: Woman chief only for awhile, a] dogs. Illegitimacy an "awful thing." Kar 2: For parently till suitable male chosen. injury of bastard, small compensation paid to 2255. Kato: Called kV'la. C Yuk: Chief sell his mother's family. Hup 1: When bastard abused, messenger for each message. Dangerous mission. "his blood spreads farther than the wealthy"; cause neighboring tribe may kill him. meaning: morally worse to abuse helpless person 2267. Kato: War chief second in general au than one able to retaliate. Sin 1: Small fine ity. paid for injuring bastard. 2229. Tol: There was a fine for trying to keep WAR AND FEUDS anyone out of sweat house. Sin 2: No sweat house. 2230. Yur 1: Bastards allowed to dance only at Tol: Informant's grandmother used to sing t end of row, lowest ranking place. Hup 1: Bastard fox to find out if war imminent. If fox anster could be given legitimate status any time by his then war was near. Chim: At times fought with father paying his mother's family. Wiyot inform- neighboring tribes, including Hupa, Whilkut,. ant said bastards must walk to and from Deerskin Wintu, Shasta. Kar 1: Fought with Tolowa and Dance grounds on separate trail and stand apart dians of Jacksonville, -Oregon. Kar 2: Fightsw from crowd while watching dance. Sin 2: If bas- Shasta of Etna, Siskiyou Co., common. (1) On c tard danced, someone might throw water on fire to occasion party of Shasta came down Salmon I4. put it out and stop performance. Karok. All Karok except 2 shamans took to woo hid. Shasta killed 1 shaman, started back hQme CHIEFS AND OFFICALAS On way Shasta were killed, one at a time, by rattlesnakes, falling limbs and rocks, which Matt: There were several per'sons whose posi- dered shaman's spirit had sent. Only 1 arriv tell tale and he died soon after. (2) Certain tions approached offices: "chief" or "big dcoc- was "tough." Though he fought at every oppor tor"; second "chief," also a doctor; 4 represen- and even offered opponents pot shots at hiM, tatives of these chiefs, who were substitute . was never injured. Finally he grew old and dd0 leaders and acted as go-betweens in settling dis- to give himself up. He had recently harpooned putes. Second chief succeeds first. Among Matt, rotten logs in mistake for Chinook salmnon; th several head chiefs or big doctors; each had owRn bad luck. After making visit to certain mounta sacred sweat house. They appear to me more like he returned home. That night a posse, armedwi! rich men than true chiefs, although distinction guns, bows, knives, surrounded his house. Thg academic. tried in vain to kill him. Finally they seized 2231. Hup 1: Present ceremonial leader, Milo own knife, which was only one that would hara CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 415 th this they cut off his head, but it rolled murder, but not to take part in protracted feud. ok to join his body. They finally cut him into Hup 2: Man who needed good fighter would offer r pieces. Yur 1, 2: Tol informant said those him daughter as wife. Once married, son-in-law gaged in rock fights would pick up 2 stones, obliged to help hiis wife's family. rike them together to fracture to make sharp 2882. Tol, Kar 2: Paint masked identity of es, then throw these more effective missiles warrior. enemy. Wiyot: (1) Certain Wiyot was visiting 2285. Kar 1: Rich men stayed home; tried to th Mattole Indians near Petrolia. An argument avoid trouble and resulting fines. rted and he kicked over food receptacles at a 2288. Chim: Information from Hup 1 informant. 1. They came to blows and Wiyot was killed. Yur 2: From Hup 1 informant. rbetween Wiyot and Mattole followed. (2) Cer- 2289. Kato: Scalp custodian fasts, lives apart, n Wiyot woman did not return one day from prepares scalp. thering seeds near Eel R. Her body found la- 2290. Tol: Some men begged to serve as slaves ; showed evidence of murder. Inquiry revealed to victors so their lives would be spared. Kar 1: t a Sinkyone from upper Mattole R. had been in Prisoners usually recaptured by own side, or es- cinity. He was found bathing in ocean, eating caped. eriwinkles," which was characteristic act for 2293. Hupa, Chilula, Whilkut fought Sinkyone, licious bear impersonators. He was killed and Lassik, Wailaki. Former won; some sought to take followed. For settlement, Sinkyone gave Wiyot home group of captives as slaves; some thought e land. (3) When someone was killed, certain presence at home of enemy blood would bring harm, 11 was given and relayed to surrounding vil- and protested; affair ended by shooting captives. ges. Hup 1: Following aetails refer to the 2294. Tol: Women sometimes seized sticks or ok-Hupa war described by Kroeber. (Hdbk., 50- stonep, joined in fight; in such event would be : When Yurok massacred Hupa of TatkimiLding killed same- as men. Women who offered no resist- y cut off arms and legs and cut out hearts of ance usually spared. Yur 2: Women fought with tims, some of whom were women and children. clubs. Hup 2: Women, children usually not killed. n homeward bound down Trinity they gave boat Sin 1: Killed only when they took active part. ce. Later when Hupa journeyed to Rekwoi for 2295. Matt: Feathered stick with feathered end enge they took along woman, probably a shaman, up means peace; feathered end down, war. C Yuk: knew "chloroform song" which would put enemy If peace makers cannot agree, fight continued on sleep. On arriving at Rekwoi they found Yurok spot. ding victory dance with a Hupa head on a pole. 2298. Kar 2: One who witnessed drowning had to n sang her song and sentries, even waterfowl, pay fine, even though in no way responsible and t to sleep. Just before dawn Chimariko allies even if had tried to save victim. Yur 2: Sometimes Hupa gave cry of wolf, which was signal to at- wergild deliberately spurned because revenge pre- k. A Chimariko obtained a Yurok head, which he ferred. Wiyot: Wergild refused if side to whaom k home. Van D: (1) If man stumbles on war ex- due preferred to continue fighting. When a side ition he will be killed by enemy. To avoid this, refused to accept compensation for initial wrong, der sends him home. (2) Van D often fought with equivalent to declaration of war. Hup 1: (1) He tu of Hayfork. Matt: Prominent man from Eel R. who breaks wind in presence of visitor must pay criticized by a Mattole for not paying enough fine. (2) Informant s grandmother owned grove of tarweed seed. In anger he struck Mattole man's acorn trees. Certain woman was "stealing acorns . Dispute finally grew into war with Eel R. there, i.e., gathering without permission. After ians vs. Bear R. and Mattole R. Indians. Eel filling her carrying basket, she placed her sffered heaviest losses, so "big doctor" or cradled infant on top and started home. She stum- ef of Mattole gave them tarweed field at Mor- bled, baby fell off, struck its head on rock, and 's Pt., a few miles S of Bear R. Both sides was killed. She demanded compensation from owner hnged women (for wives) as part of settlement. of land, who was unable to pay and had to forfeit 2271. Kar 2: Man accidentally shot woman while property to her. Matt: Apparently actual killers iring gun. Her relatives demanded large sum, or their relatives furnish compensation, but chiefs oh he could not pay. This led to feud. Sin 2: handle transaction. Sin 1: Original parties paid ousy of 2 men over woman might lead to feud. and collected all compensation and distributed it 2276. Sin 1: No private, or apparently village, to their allies. C Yuk: Shell beads preferred but ership of land (cf. nos. 397-416). Food free, any other property sufficed. Informant certain x with air and water. about nos. 2298-2302. 2277. Kar 2: Outright theft from houses in vil- 2299. Chim: Only prominent families compen- caused war. sated for all dead, injured. 79. Kar 2: Sometimes man would challenge an- 2303. Matt: Smaller amount paid when accidental r to duel, with bows and arrows or stones. Men injury. od some distance apart, dodged each other's mis- 2305. Wife's blood money. Tol: Divided about es. Duel ended when 1 or both were tired or in- equally between husband's and wife's families. od; was usually settled with money payments. Either might receive payment from murderer. Amount 81. Wiyot: Man might be hired to cc&mait single varied: peaceful family satisfied with as much as 416 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS bride price, more courageous one demanded more4 happening to another, dreamer must "pray" to pro- Chim: Husband's family may give part to wife's vent it. family but not obliged to do so. Wiyot: If there 2332. Tol: No distinction between victory and were children, money paid to husband's family. settlement dances. Dancing takes place twice Hup 1, Hup 2: Husband s family may give part to daily, before meals, for a period of a few days- wife's family. Chil: (1) Always paid to husband, to a month. Go-betweens carry on negotiations unless he were offender, in which case he paid constantly; as they make progress, two sides wife's family. Husband, however, often gave camp closer and closer until they are dancing in part to wife s family. (2) Man's wife was sleep- full view of each other. One side sometimes shoo ing with own arm around body in such manner that a poisoned arrow over ranks of other to cause t husband thought another man with her. He shot to fight among selves within year. Kar 1: Victo and killed her; paid wergild to her family. Sin dance from time first enemy killed until settl 1: Husband must give part to wife's family other- 2334. Yur 2: Head on pole. From Hup 1 inform- wise they will "get sore" or "feel bad." ant. C Yuk: Scalp passed back and forth along ru 2309. Chim: Wergild about twice as much as of victory dancers. Enemy sometimes attacked din'- bride price. ing dance. 2310. Hup 1: Owner who abused slave did not 2336. Hup 1: Women relatives of slain partici-. compensate slave's relatives; latter, however, pate in victory dance. might raise money and buy slave's freedom. 2338. Victory dance. Wiyot: 4 men dancers s 2313. Wiyot: Sometimes one or both warring abreast, 1 walks back and forth in front of row, sides compensated by giving woman in marriage to giving death cry and blowing whistle. 1 woman close relative, such as brother, of deceased. dances at end of row, waving basket in air. IAi This called "married by blood"; offspring "blood dition to schedules, men wear fur headbands wilth child." Hup 1: Slaves of either sex might be feather plumes at sides, lightweight deer-fur given as compensation. robes around waists. Killer wears hair combed 2318. Cf. nos. 133, 2113, 2412. Hup 2: Scari- straight up, held with single tie on top of heaai fication and bleeding, especially of killer's ends bending forward. Chil: Dancers wear feathe legs; supposed to make them light to facilitate erect from knot of hair on top of head, or bone running. C Yuk: Flat stick used to scrape blood daggers stuck horizontally through hair. 2 men over skin, off body. walk around in front of single row. Kato: Dancei 2323. Kar 2: No distinction between dance of abreast but spread out, as in fighting formatioi incitement and victory dance. Warriors danced 2341. Tol: Dancers blow whistle while walking1 every day or night during war. Matt: Feast for 2355. Sin 1: Men, occasionally a woman with warriors the night before setting out on foray. them, in settlement dance. They carried dried meat and pinole with them; 2356. Yur 2: 2 sides start dancing few hundr women followed in rear with other food, water. yards apart in full view of each other. Valuabi Kato: No distinction between dance of incitement for settlement displayed. Obsidian blades carrid and victory dance. During war danced daily. back and forth in front of line of dancers. a 2324. Kato: Incitement dance lasts sometimes wear feather plumes. Psychology seems to be to 3 nights. tantalize enemy into settling by wealth display." 2326. Kato: 2 or 3 persons dance in front of Sin 1: 2 sides facing likely would cause renewal line. of hostilities. 2328. Hap 1: Shamans sometimes dream of blood; 2358. Wiyot: Dancers armed only with single in recent times, of blood running out of gun, a knife or dagger in hand. sign of war. If one person dreams of misfortune NATIVE TERMS FOR DOCTORS _ | Sucking Soul-Loss Herb Tol ..................... tii'nl tceece Z6Ltclc Chim .tcu'wu Hup 1. kIte'tau tlntatcd'n xwa'ane tan xwa'ane xona'to na'ai Hup 2. kte'tau tlnta'tcYn xona'tau na'ai Van D. kls6 'n! tcei'tai'tcYn ma'a'ne Matt .is!'n. ygtllei tc'oo'btfgi yo'lts'In tc'e'Lhwi Sin 1.kTsh 'nfl tcThna'lal kY1sS 'n1 ; tcei'ti'its?i k=Yse 'nfl0- Kato.tiyt.'rt C Yuk . |hMht1fm .. | CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 417 2360. Kar 2: Women dance with blood money in awoke with headache and found he had bled from ned openwork tray or bowl. nose, mouth, ears. Predictions of skull came true. Matt: No stereotyped periods or methods of train- SHAMANISM ing. Potential doctor gets sick at stomach, vom- its up heavy food. During meal his power may tell Discrepancies between distribution of soul-loss him to stop eating, which he does at once, push- ctors (no. 2364e-h), curing by recovering lost ing aside food. Hiccoughs (sYnsYn; also term for 1 (no. 2505), and brush dance (nos. 2683-2709) "pain") are sign one will be doctor. Sin 1: Cer- hich is sometimes to cure soul loss) may indi- tain man was poor hunter; his wife and children te error. fed by others. He wondered why he never found any deer and asked others. One day he went alone to Sex of doctors.-- high outcrop of rock on Grasshopper Hill. While 2364d. Tol: Women doctors considered better. walking he saw little trail, wondered what had P 2: Another type of doctor, not entered in the made it. It was deer trail and led to deer cave. ement list, is fire-eating doctor, kiLwgtc'eLtu. He looked in at entrance, saw only deer hair. As cureB fever. he went in he thought, "It may be lucky." He 2364e. Wiyot: Little known concerning this type looked up, saw condor perched on ledge. Condor cept distinct from other types of doctors; na- stretched its wings, lo-oked at him. He thought, e noun unknown. Perhaps Athabascan soul-loss "There ought to be no harm in my coming in here.? ctors visited Wiyot occasionally. Condor spoke to him in squeaky voice, You will be powerful man and will always have good luck Native terms for doctors .--(See preceding page.) if you come in and see me. Nothing will get you down. You and your family will never get sick and Acquisition of power.--Although vision seeking will live long lives." Man fainted; after several perhaps most intimately associated with curing hours awakened; it was midafternoon. He remem- er,hapis alsost intimateansy asscquiate cring abered what the eagle had told him and a song it wr, it is also means of acquiring almost every had sung. He started home silngilng the song, stag- r kind of power or good fortune. Tol: When gering as tarted h o d flowe som s g man, informant sought power as described be- gering as though drunk; blood flowed from his soon after got job for $3.50 a day instead of nose and mouth. In meantime he was missed, and dard $1.25, later killed otter worth $90, still searching party went out to look for him. When ter earned $125 by diving and recovering body of they found him they knew he had found a place owned white girl. This financial success he at- and would be lucky. They accompanied him back to ibuted directly to his visionary experienc, . village. There he built a fire apart from his ibuted directly to his visionary expe rience.. *.. r 1: Power seeker sometimes rolls around large family (did not go in the house) and sat there ck weighing ca. 300 lbs. Yur 2: Fanny Flounder singing. Others built a circular brush enclosure Ieived her power and by eating something and sang and danced for him 5 nights. After, he aen her by her and was s omen. H ing told of his experience, but never betrayed exact mStages of acquisotion of shaman s status same location of cave. As result of this experience those of Yurok (Kroeber, Hdbk., 63), except he became good hunter, sucking doctor, chief, rhaps for "cooking the pains," about which I lucky in gambling, and neither he nor his family iled to ask. (2) Warriors seeking power went were ever sick. When white men killed him, land certain spots where skeleton might appear and almost flooded with rain, so great was his power 11 them what to do for success. Certain warrior even in death. Kato: Certain man was great hunter. thed in hollow tree where thunder spirit lived. One morning when he went out early in fog, he saw attained invulnerability. In war with white panther come out of brush. Man sat down Turkish n he was shot 6 times without harm. He unloos- fashion and panther did likewise. Panther said, ed his clothes and shook out bullets, which 'rha_t are you looking for?" Man said, "I'm hunt- ld not penetrate his skin. Then storm arose: ing deer.? Panther replied, ?"I've been looking der spirit had saved him. (3) Those seeking around this morning and haven?t seen anything. alth also had particular place to train .?? Re- I give you this bow and arrow. Keep it and hunt itions sIm iartotsefr dct o r. (4) We- with it.?? They exchanged bows and arrows. Then ectseesgh sostlhe pt rht arm around. it, Whod Panther said, ??Don't tell anyone about me; if you ft hand over his genitals lest ghost grab them do you will die. Always leave this bow and arrow t() Certais man was returning to grpa from outside; never take them indoors. Now I leave you. (5) Certain night re he a from You must abide by what I have told you. I'll meet kept on. Voice told him to wait, but still he you again somewhere sometime." After this, hunter l pt on. He crawled under a log and fixed his bow went out every other morning, usually got 10-12 shoot. Something struck log, pushed bow away. deer. Finally, about 3 years after vision, his *sw skull with sparks of fire coming from wife asked him how he killed so many deer. He said, s. Skull (hs)said, "?I felt sorry for you. ?If you want me to die, I?ll tell you.? So he _,*shoot. (ghost) called people together in sweat house, told them R Will live to be old. In war you Will always . ' '. safe. I wIl alay proec yo." Ma fantd of his meeting with Panther. He died 2 days later. 418 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2365. Some sort of supernatural experience al- 2400. Sex continence. Tol: Most rigidly ob. ways came before one trained specifically to be served of all vision-quest taboos for sucking doctor, otherwise no way of knowing predisposi- doctor; also for herb doctors (contrary to taiu tion. Wherever visions sought, quest usually more lar list). Woman shaman would die if she hada important than preliminary dreams. ual relations during visioni quest. Chim: Obsery 2374. Refusal of power by novice. Tol: Death by doctor 2 yrs. Kar 2: Observed by doctor 1 yr will result. Yur 1: Illness will result. Expe- 2405. Yur 2: Mr. Harry Roberts, of Requa, to rienced doctor may extract "pain" causing illness, me that Fanny Flounder, shaman)suddenly got sU-, but cure never final until novice becomes recon- pernatural power while on a cliff 120 ft. above ciled to being doctor. Wiyot: Experienced doctor ocean, and jumped off; she was found swimming hired to suck out "pain" acquired as result of re- around in waves below. Hap 1: To gain invulnerl- fusal. ability to arrows, warriors bathe in hollow tre 2375. Kar 2: Visionary asks his spirit to have Matt: Doctors bathe in river, gamblers in lake,. pity on him. Sin 1: Vision sought by hunters, 2406. Sin 1: Visionary poured water over bo4 gamblers, etc., as well as by doctors. with hands. Immersion permitted if bather firt 2379. Kar 2: A certain mountain where gamblers chewed angelica root and spat it in water. trained. 2408. Hup 1, Chil: Visionary rebuilds altarR 2381. Cf. note 464. Tol: Quest repeated 5 shape of circular stone wall with opening. successive nights for beginner, 10 for experi- 2409. Chim: Visionary always takes 2 puffs. enced shaman. Sin 1: 1-5 days; 5 is ideal dura- Sin 1: Smoking most important single act. tion of quest, but some cannot stand ordeal so 2410. Tol: Vision seeker returns with sweat- long. Some return to village during day, eat lit- house wood. Smaller fire for woman power seeker tle, although continuous isolation and complete than for man. Matt: Sacred sweat house used. fast best. Doctor novice often starts training in 2412. Cf. no. 133, 2113, 2318. winter; goes to certain mountain in daytime, comes 2415. Yur 1: Informant paid $100 to have wife home at night; observes at least meat fast, prob- taught to doctor. C Yuk: Instruction more moral ably water except acorn soup. He trains at first than curative. only for short periods, gradually accustoming 2420. When instructor relative, usually not self to physical privation. Over period of some paid, or, at least, paid less than nonrelative. months he feels his "nerves" gradually changing. Matt: Instructor paid after training finished OrI Following summer he completes quest with 5-day after new doctor became financial success. fast and isolation on mountain. Theoretically, 2421. Doctoring power hereditary. Not strict all who follow rules get power. Spirits or social heredity, merely tendency to run in fam- ghosts punish those who break them. Those who ilies. Chim: "Pretty often." Matt: Usually some cannot endure prolonged training get less power children of doctor were doctors. C Yuk: Sometiae than those who can and do. but not necessarily. 2382. Vision seekers probably went alone at times everywhere in this area. Those training to Powers or guardian spirits.--Kar 1: Apparent be doctors supposed to have an older sponsor. mountain itself, irrespective of any spirit 2383. Tol: Experienced doctor, who can see dwelling on it, might be source of power (?). n spirits, tells novice when to grab for one and formant's aunt dreamed of "rock house" and co'- whether good one. After seizing, novice then pre- posed song about it. Van D: "Indian devil" once tends to swallow it. Hup 1: Older shaman and caught in deadfall; it's body was human. Matt: novice must be of same sex unless related. Evil spirits, called tihwo'bi or itsgg'bi, are 2385. Kato: Often spirit tells novice to go dwarflike and live underground in S. They pass out and meet it at certain place. by in storm. 2387. Age of 1st quest. Kar 1: Between 15th 2424. Tol: Deceased doctor best source of and 20th yr. Chil: One prepuberty case known. power. Spirit offers food or a smoke to novice. Kato: Between 15th and 30th yr. Once informant dreamed man was making ocean 2388. Kar 2: Vision sought at dark of moon in waves by rhythmically raising, drqpping pole July. in water. Man told him to run along pole toward 2396. Tol: See no. 2400. end when it was out of water, but each time be- 2397. Brief formal doctors' training periods of fore he reached end of pole it fell into ocean from 5-10 days often repeated at intervals for This was considered bad dream; informant pre- year, or even lifetime. Tol: Meat taboo 5-10 vented recurrence by eating with a dog (no. 21 days. Same for nos. 2398-2399. Chim: Meat taboo Yur 1: Each doctor has own guardian spirit. Hap 2 yrs. Same for nos. 2398-2400. Kar 2: Fresh 1: Tans, nature spirits, are guardian spirits 0 salmon taboo until following spring. Yur 2: soul-loss doctors. Hup 2: The ghosts of dead Meat-taboo duration varied, but theoretical 10- doctors, especially, were guardian spirits. Mat day period probably existed. Wiyot: 7-day meat Good luck to dream of dead relative, especial>-- taboo corresponds to 7 days of doctor-making parent. Sin 1: Guardian spirit often dead rela- dance (no. 2439). Hup 2: Meat taboo perhaps year. tive. Kato: Guardian spirits were dwarf spirite, Chil: Meat tabo3 from early spring till fall, C Yuk: Doctor gets sick, throws up sometimes be perhaps intermittently, cause "shadow" (ghost?) has gotten inside hiirn. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 419 2425. Sin 1: Under-water spirits are especially music of certain song. Next morning sides of dangerous. house removed and both sexes dance in more elab- 2426. Yur 1: In form of bad-tasting food or orate costumes. Hap 2: One of spectators at doc- drink. Sometimes novice asks doctor to give him tor-making dance sometimes gets "pain" and ul- pain" which has been extracted from some patient. timately becomes shaman. 2427. Sin 1: Sun most powerful of all guardian 2439. Hup 1: Dances 5 nights in sweat house, spirits, especially for soul-loss doctors; ad- 6th night in dwelling, then returns to sweat dressed as toU (father's father). house 7th night, or possibly begins another round 2427a. Tol: Informant's grandmother raised of ceremony. Cf. Hup 1 in foregoing paragraph. rom dead by moon, who spoke to her. Her soul 2444. Matt: Called ta'lsflai ko'nta (leaf ad been underground 5 days. house). 2428. Tol: Pains" come in lightning. 2445. Sin 1: Larger the crowd the greater the 2429. Sin 1: Those who dream of mink wear or power acquired by novice. se mink fur in curing. Raccoon is a doctor in 2446. Tol, Yur 2: Novice thrusts finger down ythology; black stripe across its nose and cheeks his throat to induce vomiting. Wiyot: Fundamental supposed to have been painted on when it was theory of all training is that novice develops ncing for doctoring. resistance to disease and technique of "spitting 2430. Kar 1: Yellowhammer feathers kept, worn out" whatever "'pains'1 happen to get inside him. y doctors as charms, but the bird was not a 2449. Kar 1: Doctors customarily pick up a ardian spirit. Eagle feathers similarly used, coal in bare hand to light pipe. t less powerful. Hap 1: Condor or "angel bird" 2451. Tol: Crowd sings before and when novice ommon shaman's helper. Certain gray owl serves arrives from vision quest. s assistant to the Tans, who control deer. 2455. Men pick floor planks. Yur 1: In rear of 2431. Tol: Informant's uncle's wife once sweat house. Yur 2: On 3 sides of sweat house. eamed of rattlesnakes doctoring one another. p 1: Woman bitten by rattlesnake, died. As she Theories of disease.--Kar 1: Supposed poor ay in death, nice-looking young woman came to health of halfbreeds thought to be caused by mix- er, said, "I didn't mean to bite you. It was ture of white and Indian blood in veins. Yur 1: nly because you stepped on my tail. You will get As many kinds of poison objects as individual ell." She who had spoken turned into a snake, doctors, "just as different kinds of guns take rawled away. Dead woman came to life, foaming different kinds of bullets"; but flint most com- t mouth; vomited up snake. She became sucking mon. "Pains" come in groups of 4, all identical. otor, specializing on snakebites. Rattlesnake Sin 2: Once when informant sick, apparition ap- ontinued to be her helper. peared before her, told her she had been poisoned. 2432. Tol: Power from dream of salmon good for It was human in form and clothed, but face poorly ring salmon poisoning. Sin 1: Certain man saw defined. Another time she fainted on road and her ed water flowing from mouth of creek. Pretty spirit went to "heaven." "God" said to her, "It oon he saw a fish tail flopping around in bloody isn't your time yet." Then she regained conscious- ter. He heard singing. He felt faint, prayed, ness. On still another occasion "God" stood on a d repeated song. He arrived home, bleeding at flat and showed her a great pit where bad people uth and nose. He had received power from the were thrown. ish and became a sucking doctor. 2461. Poison objects. Distinction between ani- mate and inanimate objects not native because all Public doctor-making dance.--Kar 2: Novice re- are animate in sense that they are thought to move rns from vision quest carrying cane painted red and inflict injury. European concepts implied here: d black, as are king snakes. He dances for a pieces of stone, bone, wood vs. reptiles, worms, lme outside sweat house in exit trench, then en- fetuses, etc. Kar 1: Include blood clots, mucus, rs via exit hole; crowd inside sheds tears when etc. Kar 2: One object was 1/2 in. long, shaped ars him outside. Hup 1: Novice supervised by 2 like arrowhead; apparently bone. Yur 2: Each kind rsons: "trainer"; "smoker," who lights pipe for of pain has separate color. Hup 2: E.g.: worms, vice and holds her during her contortions,lest salamanders, pieces of flint. C Yuk: E.g.: feathers e injure herself. Session begins with "heavy" or string-wrapped sticks. low) song by group of singers. They rest a mo- 2463. Hup 2: Disease organisms similar to flies; nt, sing "light" (fast) song to which novice doctors only can see them. Matt: Similar to white ces. Then another rest, heavy song again, rest, flies, but after entering body turn into white, ght song with dancing, etc. When novice gets thin, slimy worms (actually probably discharge from lan" from air, singers stop an instant and join mucus membrane of doctor); sometimes black. certain song to make "pain" disappear. On 6th 2464. Sin 1: Soul loss from fright; probably Lght novice dances in dwelling, wearing special general in this area. ad covering of buckskin with yellowhammer 2465. Hup 1: (1) Confession by patient a neces- hathers attached, carrying condor feathers in 1 sary part of cure. Doctor sucks out poison, then ad, pipe in other; sings song she has dreamed. asks who or what caused it. If man commits murder x,women join in circular dance around house to and is not caught, his children will get sick. 420 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Their cure demands his confession. (2) Certain Doctor sits on tule mat, holding cane vertically man killed horse. His daughter acted like dying in front of self; soon lights pipe, blows smoke horse. He finally confessed but too late, and into air, motioning with hands to clear atnosphe she died. of "pains " the while "wishing" (concentrating on diagnosis5. Then sings, dances 3 or 4 timesJ, Poisoning technique.--Yur 1: Poisoner may talk ing during rests between. By this time doctor to stick, speaking name of desired victim, then ready to tell in detail without suggestion from leave it on trail. If victim steps over it, he patient how and where patient acquired "pain" succitnbs. Wiyot: "Pain" sent by poisoner harder causing illness. Once more doctor dances, sucks to extract than one "caught" from air. Hap 1: To out 1st "pain," sometimes after several attempts; determine who poisoned person, doctor gathers exhibits it to those present. He continues, draw- suspects at patient's house, sucks out "pain," ing out 4 more "pains," total of 5. At this stage puts it in basket with lid, then pronounces name patient, if not too weak, sits up, tells how he of each suspect in turn. After each name he looks thinks he became ill, confessing wrongdoing if into basket to see whether "pain" still there. It any. Next night doctor sucks out 5 more "pains," disappears when name of guilty uttered. Chil: Be- now total of 10, and patient considered cured. fore going to war, weapons left on graves over- Chil: Aching tooth drilled into with-flint to re- night to make them more deadly. Matt: Informant lease "pain." Kato: Dinner given 4 days after denied poisoning in any form, although familiar cure to feed spirits who assisted. with it for other tribes. Sin 1: Poisoner names 2477. Kar 2: Doctor smokes during rests betwe victim, breaks stick, throws it his direction. songs. Yur 1: While he fills pipe, doctor may te Sin 2: Person called bg'nta.k ("son of a bitch") patient what breach of taboo caused illness. supposed to die. 2480. Yur 1: Doctor calls his spirit by hmim 2466. Hup 1: Poisoner makes little snare on with closed hand to mouth. Spirit may teach docto end of stick, sights through loop till it appears new song during cure. victim's head inside it, then gives quick jerk 2483. Kar 1: Married woman doctor always takes (cf. no. 36). Victim later feels choking sensa- husband with her to assist. Matt: Assistants catc tion; may die. Chil: Noose made from sinews of doctor when he falls in faint from power of ex- dead person. tracted "pain" he has swallowed; on recovering, 2475. Tol: Called cteeyeL. Wiyot: Children of doetor thrusts finger down his throat to induce wife bought with money received as fee for poi- vomiting to recover "pain," which he holds pinch soning will die, if wife herself does not die in his fingers. first. Sin 1: Wailaki sometimes hired to poison 2486. Sin 1: Paying assistants optional. Sinkyone. 2488. Chil: Deerhoof rattle used, providing 2476. Wiyot: When poisoner known, which seldom, one was so instructed in his supernatural. expetii hired to extract own poison. Sin 1: Some kind of doctor also blows whistle. 2491. C Yuk: After sucking doctor extracts di Curing technique.--Kar 1: Sucking doctor called ease object, he sings and shakes cocoon rattle. for serious illness. If he failed to extract pain, 2496. Kar 1: "Pain" may be swallowed by doctor herb doctor might be hired to weaken pain. Ulti- immediately after extraction, but always vomited mately, however, sucking doctor must extract it up for exhibition and disposal. Wiyot: Doctor if cure to be permanent. Kar 2: Good doctor can from Eel R. sucked Tol informant. He placed one tell whether he is able to cure patient; if can- end of buckskin belt, blackened with soot, on pa-, not, recommends another doctor. Apparently con- tient's heart, sucked from other end. Force or siderable specialization. Informant suffered for power of "pain" received so great that doctor fe 8 nights with bad case of inflammatory arthritis; down unconscious; remained so for ca. 10 minutes finally cured by suicking doctor from Anderson On regaining faculties, he vomited into basket, (Wintu), who before sucking rubbed buckeye nut produced miniature sea lion (perhaps fetus of s on joints. Yur 2: (1) Robert Spott bothered for small mammal), which was supposed to have caused several years with swelling in throat. Veterans' illness. Hospital in San Francisco failed to diagnose case. 2497. Wiyot: Sucking pipe held 1-2 ft. from, Fanny Flounder, Yurok shaman, told him he had two tient. "pains" in molar area of lower jaw, but that she 2499. Removing disease object with hand at 1- did not have power to extract them. Spott went to analogous to catching stray soul by soul-loss dS dentist in Crescent City, who found two absoessed tor (no. 2508). Kar 1: Informant's aunt put bow, molars. After their extraction original trouble end of pipe against patient's afflicted part, ceased. (2) Aching teeth drilled into with stone- at mouth end made pulling motion with hand; supC pointed miniature drill to liberate wormlike or- posed eventually to catch "pain" in hand. Yur 1: ganism supposedly causing pain. Wiyot: Before go- doctor grabs "pain," he makes sucking sound wit ing on case, doctor bathes for power; stands in his mouth and catches "pain" there. Wiyot: Disq water facing E, dips up to neck 12 times. He then object removed with hand during training, apparQ gets his cane, which is stick with indented carved ly as stunt. Kato: Only best doctors could remo hand-hold and feathbr "tassel" on one end, his pipe, disease- objects with hands. and headdress (no. 1088a) and goes to patient. 2501. Disease object. Yur 2: Sometimes blown CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 421 off hand. Wiyot: Goes into air. If flies out of 2528. Wiyot informant, who has lived with house, cure complete; if stays inside, illness Yurok and Hupa, says these people often called ill recur. Doctor only one who can see it. Van D: doctor when patient about to die. If doctor took Doctor, holding it, dances with back to specta- case, would return fee after death; relatives of tors for ca. 10 minutes, then throws it away. patient would lose nothing. If doctor refused, Slin 1: Doctor rubs, mashes it in hands; blows or had to pay fine equal to fee offered. Good doc- throws it away. tor often preferred to decline such cases rather 2502. Disease object. Sin 1: Buried in damp than risk reputation in failure; family of dying ground, tramping on fill. C Yuk: Spat or put in patient gained thereby. Wiyot: If doctor's rela- bascet, carried outside, buried. tive has died recently, doctor must be paid 2503. Matt: Disease object spat in basket, mourner's compensation in addition to regular fee. hich is emptied in river. Matt: Doctor who declines case merely gets bad 2505. Hup 1: Spirit of one who has been to reputation. land of dead can go there, bring back a soul to 2531. Tol: When declining, doctor fined about earth. Certain woman s soul so rescued by Mink. half of fee. hereafter Mink became her guardian spirit; she 2533. Chil: Doctor killed only after he has sedla mink-fur tobacco pouch. Matt: Doctor car- refused to return fee when unsuccessful, or to Les patient on back and dances while "power" is pay compensation for poisoning someone. ringing back stray soul. Sin 1: Doctor dances ear where soul supposed to have gone; calls for Special functions of priests and shamans.-- t. When it comes he takes close-woven seed bas- 2534. Tol: Anyone bit by rattlesnake may cut et, makes motion of beating seeds into it. He off head of snake and press bleeding neck to inally grabs soul with both arms, places it on wound: raw rattlesnake flesh sucks out poison. atient's chest, rubs chest, claps his hands. Yur 1: Only certain doctors cured rattlesnake in 2: Some kind of doctor goes outdoors, talks bites, not all. Wiyot: Doctors among Wiyot of ith some spirit, tries to coax "pain" outside. Blue Lake sucked through hollow stem of plant to 2510. Tol: Much of reciting and singing done cure rattlesnake bites, according to Van D in- ile collecting plants. Kar 2: If anyone enters formant. use while formulist "praying," breaks spell. All 2535. Chil: Cold-mud poultice applied to rat- onhousemates of patient must stay away for 5 days tlesnake bite, and (or) stalk of bunch grass ring cure. If stream runs near by, qutsider may poked against wound. bout from far bank to members of household. Wi- 2537. Tol: Anyone can point at rain rock, ot: Herb doctor must have faith in formula and produce rain; apparently can stop it same method. reatment; otherwise it will fail. Yur 2: Anyone who knows ritual can make rain-- 2513. C Yuk: Apparently sucking doctor. not necessarily doctor. Kato: Rain by rolling large 2515. Matt: Herb doctor kills "pain" or drives rocks down mountain. t out through skin. 2538. Kar 2: Shamans train at certain rock 2516. Wiyot: Toward end of treatment doctor near Katimin and ultimately make rain by singing ushes off disease with feathers. songs there. 2517. Yur 1: After "pain" extracted; to keep 2543. Yur 2: Stop rain by removing fence (?). t away doctor blows smoke. 2544. Tol: Certain malicious persons, calle-d 2520. Matt: Fee shown before cure. t'gtna'ge (Indian devils), transformed themselves 2522. Theory: fee is for spirits who perform into any animal; went about only at night. re, not for doctor. 2549. Kato: Sometimes bear impersonators killed 2523. Yur 1: Doctor first diagnoses case, then by being shot in back or buttocks through the he thinks he can cure patient names fee; other- opening where the hide fastened. se, declines, recommends another doctor. Wiyot: 2551. Kar 2: Once informant's hog stolen; he e $40-$50. Chil: Doctor often remains noncommit- hired doctor to trace it. Once his niece lost ,1 about accepting case until fee amount has been diamond ring, which doctor located in house for ised once or twice. C Yuk: Patient or relatives fee of $1 Doctor never questions loser. Hup 1: cide fee amount. Little boy and his dog lost in woods. Woman sha- 2524. Depending on 2520-2522. Kar 2: When rela- man got out her pipe, feathers, and smoked and yes of dead patient come to get back fee, doc- sang for awhile; finally told exactly child's r returns it; no conversation by either side. whereabouts. yot: When unsuccessful result, only half fee 2554. Tol: When part of money stolen, layman id. Kato: Unsuccessful doctor may give fee to could poison remaining part, causing thief to go lleague who continues. crazy. Kar 1: Purse and money lost. Crowd assem- 2525. Kar 2: Death must be from disease, not bled, and shaman danced in their midst. Suddenly cident or violence, for fee repayment. Hup 1: she pointed to certain person. He had stolen 'year almost up at time patient dies, some of money. we repayment given back to doctor. 2557. Chim: Foretelling, at least, whether pa- 2526. Cf. note 464. Tol: 1-4 mos. Informant once tient will live or die. vrgained with doctor to return half of fee if he 2558. Kar 2: One night informant awoke with ed within 2 months after cure, left arm shaking. His position was such that 422 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS arm was on downstream side of body. Next day 2561. World-renewing ceremony. Tol: Purpose death reported downstream. He considered his ex- merely "to have fun." Games, of course with gamn- perience omen of it. bling, played in daytime. Wiyot: Held every 2 or 3 yrs. Matt, Kato: Held every 1 or 2 yrs. Chief plans, announces it. Main motive simply "to have CEREMONIES fun." Regalia in this section described more fully 2562. Sin 1: No particular month or season for Regalia in this section described more fully ceremony. under Adornment and Ceremonial Dress (nos. 1044- 2571. Cf. note 464. Nos. in element list are 1140). theoretical; in many cases, certainly for'Yurok. World renewing ana annual ,,i "--For and Hapa, dance often lasted several days longer. World renewing and annual "big time."--For 2573. Tol: Menstruating women kept apart frm those local groups which had White Deerskin dance, festivities. Kar 2: Visitors served first. Wiyot: entries refer to it. Probably Chil and Van D had Some visitors boarded with local families; rest some kind of periodic public dance. In case of stayed in rich man?s house, where all danced. former, absences entered because Deerskin dance 2574. Chim: Food collected, prepared long tie denied and nothing else of similar nature volun- before dance. Chief's wives daughters count (e.g. teered. Chim: Rite called tcitchu'sa. Kar 2: Rite number of deer hams on hands; assume responsibilite held 2 mi. above Orleans. 3 "big" men and their for abundance of food. followings now participate: Sandy Bar Jim, who 2576. Kar 2: Hunting taboo during ceremony lives at location of ceremony; Sawmill Jack, who rarely observed because most of day spent in cere- lives a mile above Orleans; and Red Cap Tom, of monial shooting. Red Cap Creek. Yur 1, Yur 2: Mr. Harry Roberts, 2577. Tol: 2 rich men sponsor dance, but their of Requa, says majority of songs wordless and are followers dance together abreast in single row, learned on beach, where waves wash through hol- one group constituting right half of row, other] lows in rocks. Wiyot: Games played in daytiLme half. Regalia belongs mostly to sponsors of per- during intermissions in dancing. formance. Matt: Following dances performed: (1) nati'los. 2582. Tol: Dance preferably in house with pl Both sexes dance in circle, first counterclock- floor. Kato: Dance in swieat house in winter; in wise, then clockwise. (2) y6tco'. Men, wearing circular brush enclosure in summer. woodpecker-scalp headbands, carrying obsidians, 2586. Tol: Dance from 9 or 10 P.M. till dayli otter, fisher, mink furs, dance up and down in 28.Ci:Mnsadi o aigrwo i same spot in circular formation. At end, basket of . 2587 chm Me stand in row facing row fir pouneclangeicascaterel arundvillge.(3) gins. Boys ca. 10 years of age parade back, forth pounded angelica scattered around village. (3) in opposite directions in pairs between two rows, nuwuta'x ("party dance"). Both sexes march around carrying miniature bows, arrows. single file in circle. (4) kwotlweltc ("shindig"). 2589. Tol: Virgins dance abreast. Virgins -and Dancers circle around single file, march outside men dancers perform alternately or together. When dance enclosure and return. (5) "Brush dance." dancing together, virgins stand near center of Both sexes tie brush un heads and dance for fun. row, alternately placed between young men. Chim: Sin 1: Following dances performed during "big Virgins dance abreast. time"; apparently also given separately when de- 2592. Tol: Obsidian carriers pass on left as sired; purely social in character: (1) yi'tcow. among Yurok and Hupa. Sometimes crowd calls for Both sexes join. At first they (perhaps men only) certain dancer to step out in front of line and dance abreast in single row; later form circle, assume leading rOle. Wiyot: Obsidian held flat face center, hold hands, sidestep counterclock- against chest by any man who owns one, not carri wise, then clockwise. Men wear beads around back and forth--held up in right hand. necks, any kind of feathers on head, deerskin 2594. Chim: All dancers sing. apron around loins. Women wear beads, narrow 2596. Tol: 4 or 5 male singers at each end o. woodpecker-scalp headbands. (2) na'tYlos. Both line, facing wall. sexes hold hands in circle facing inward and side- 2607. Matt: O f ,u a step first one direction,then the other. No spe- not held on sticks. cial costumes; same as for Matt, above. (3) 2608. Wiyot: No prescribed costumes for either yalto. Both sexes dance single file in circle, sex; any finery apoprpriate. All regalia hung up each person grasping one ahead of him by sides. during daytime when not in use; watched by one (4) kinaxta'mltelti. Both sexes form circle hold- man, as among Yurok and uspa; owned, however, by ing hands, facing inward, sidestepping as in (1) those who wore them rather than by single rich a and (2) above, but faster. Woman and girl dance man. in center. It is a humorous take-off on girl's 2610a. Chim: A headband, either yellowhammero puberty rite. (5) ne'yit. Both sexes dance, be- woodpecker-scalp, hangs down man's back to hips ginning abreast, later moving single file around Sacramento Valley fashion. in circle. Men wear the feather cloak on net 2611a. Tol: Woodpecker-scalp headband worn la foundation, yellowhamnmer headbands, blow whistles, night as regalial climax. clap split-stick rattles. Women do not use these 2617. Tol: Men dancers' aprons of raccoon, m articles. This dance obviously of central Cali- or fox fur. fornia origin. See note 1044. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 423 2618. Tol: Qaiver held in front of face, partly 2673. Yur 1: Priest, accompanied by woman, s disguise. sweeps dance place with brush broom. 2619. See no. 2592. 2674. Yur 1: Head singer stood in center with 2619d. Tol: Single-feather plume with single assistant on each side. Yur 2: 11 or 12 dancers odpecker scalp in center (nos. 1072, 1073) worn abreast. Wiyot: Dancers face E, point baskets N, t sides of woman dancer's head. S, E. Only 1 or 2 women dance, at end of row. 2619k. Chim: Only chiefs' daughters wear moc- asins in dance. Brush dance.--Yur 1: Brush dance given any 2623. Boat dance. Yur 1: 1-4--atWeitcpec 1 time except within 3 months after Deerskin dance. oat; at Kepel 4. If given in tabooed interval, evil spirits or 2624. Cf. note 464. Boat-dance false starts. ghosts of underworld who caused child's sickness r 1: At Weitcpec 4; at Kepel 6. Hup 1, 2: 5 or likely to inflict illness on all. 0. 2683. Yur 1: If child dreams of eating coals 2625. Hup 1, 2: 5 or 10 false? landings. of fire, or actually tries to eat them, Brush 2628. Yur 2: Only cheap deerskins risked in dance given. oat. 2684. Yur 1: Dance 2 nights, but with 1 night 2631. Chim: Regalia same as in abreast forma- skipped in between. ion (nos. 2608-2619k). Wiyot: All march in 2686. Yur 1: Child for which dance held, its ouples, wife on right of husband, around circle mother or father, and doctor dance in middle of 100 yds. in diam.; afterward eat "hash" house, apparently abreast. Toward morning more o. 2654). This done on last day of rite. Pre- valuable regalia brought forth and 2 men parade ious times they dance inside house, kiicking back and forth with small flints 6-7 in. long. use wall or sidestepping to right. When crowd (I do not know whether they were mounted on shafts irst assembles, men line up around walls, women to form short spears.) Yur 2: Doctor and sick it in center. Women choose partners and take child in middle. laces to right of partners around house wall. 2695. Yur 1: Spear only 2-3 ft. long. adman tells wife to start the singing as 2696. Yur 1: Virgins dance apparently separate ncers take places. Then all join in song. Head- from men, at least part of time. In's wife raises feather to end each song. 2705. Brush tied on top end of doctor's beat- 2633. Chim: Both virgins and matrons dance in ing pole. rcle. 2634. Chim: Dance first counterclockwise, then SCHOOLS ockwise. 2638. Chim: Apparently chief and (or) shaman Puberty School sociated with ceremony; dressed same as male ncers (nos. 2608-2616). Yur 1: During building Matt: Once a month chief and (or) head shaman salmon weir, priest painted black. He sits in instructed boys 16-17 years of age in common lence and watches progress of dam; is addressed sweat house. Session lasted all morning. Attendance ly concerning dam. During construction, no not compulsory; no restrictions upon novices. Most at allowed to go upstream from dam. apt pupils later trained to be shamans. 2643. Kar 2, Yur 1: During ceremony, priests 2710. Kato: Boys sit on one side of sweat house, t only after sunset; avoid all meat except girls on other. C Yuk: Girls' school held few days ied salmon. after boys'. 2645. Kar 2: 2 women who cook for priests also 2717. Sin 2: Ceremonial house where puberty inted. schools held called ye'tcoobi; of bark or slabs, 2651. Kar 2: Winnings divided among competi- conical or hip-roofed, without earth covering; rs of Winning side. Sides not necessarily local not sweated in. oups. 2723. Kato: Only disbelievers observed total 2655. "Hash": some of every available food. food fast. C Yuk: Boys, eirls must not ask for 2656. Food sprinkled on ground by priest as food or drink; purpose: to see if they can stand fering, accompanied by prayers for abundance in it." ture. 2727. C Yuk: If when outdoors either sex looks up or around, may see ghost. Jump dance.-- 2731. Sin 2: Ears, noses pierced after attend- 2658. Wiyot: Jump dance described here given ing school. Kato: Piercing if not already done. Mad R. Eel R. had none. 2732. C Yuk: Girls, boys painted with tattoo 2662. Hup 2: In 1935, dance given middle of designs. ptember, but considered 2 weeks or so late. 2734. Kato: Dwarf spirits impersonated or sup- 2663. If visitors arrived late and clamored posed to appear. br more dancing, dance duration usually extended. 12672. Kar 2: Dance begins, continues 8 days at Doctors' School tkie'ram, thence to mouth of Salmon R. for 2 ys more. 2739. Only men students. Matt: 21-22 yrs. of 424 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS age. Kato: Ca. 20 yrs. of age. C Yuk: 25-30 yrs. 2752. C Yuk: Males, in both puberty and doo- of age. Woman between 25 and 30 yrs. old might be tors' schools, taken into woods for 1-2 hours to. taught individually in sweat house. see what they could see." Those who believea in 2748. C Yuk: Feather thrust down throats to the teachings saw nothing evil. Disbelievers salw toughen esophagus and stomach to withstand poison ghosts. to be sucked out in future. 2755. Matt: Eating meat, hunting, gambling, 2751. Kato: Novice's first poison, then cure sexual intercourse taboo for 2-3 months. each other. 2759. C Yuk: Novices lie on grass or ferns, S customary for beds in dwellings. APPENDIX 1 LOCAL ETHNOGRAPHIC AND METHODOLOGICAL INFERENCES By A. L. Kroeber Certain important methodological interpreta- erally included in the Northwest Coast culture; tions have already been drawn from this material the other seven or eight, in the Californian cul- by Dr. Driver, in his Introduction and in Culture ture, or to be more exact, either transitional Element Distributions: VIII--Reliability. I add (Wiyot ?, Chimariko, Van Duzen, Mattole, Sink one) here a discussion of the local ethnographic or pure Central Californian (Coast Yuki, Kato) .1 bearings plus some points on method. Nine of the lists are from Athabascans: Before these are entered upon, however, it Tolowa, Hapa, Chilula, Van Duzen, Mattole, Sin- ill be necessary to consider one fact already kyone, Kato. The Yurok and Wiyot are by many con- aiscussed by Driver: namely that for four sidered Algonkin in remote speech ancestry; the 'tribes" duplicate lists were obtained. He con- Karok and Chimariko are Hokan; the Yuki are iso- eludes that the two Hupa lists refer to the lated. identical culture; also the two Yurok ones, ex- The coefficient table (1) and diagram (fig. 1) cept that Yurok 2 may show some minor influence at once sort out three blocks of tribes: f coast habitat. The Karok 1 and 2 lists, 1, Tolowa, Yurok, Karok, Hupa, Chilula, and hich are somewhat more different from each largely Wiyot. other (r = .88, as against Hupa 1 and 2, .97, 2, Chimariko, Van Duzen, Mattole, Sinkyone 1. ok 1 and 2, .91, and Hupa 1, Yurok 1 and 2, 3, Kato, Coast Yuki (and the hybrid Sinkyone 2). rok 2, .84, .86, .86, .86, among themselves, > H P H H H > ut Karok l-Yurok 1 only .77), he construes as H sR P4 P, 0 i eflecting cultures that were intrinsically dis- ? 0 i inct. This may be so: the upper Karok about lear Creek have been very little inquired into, Tol U D WI E3 e mmmm [ W I d may have been modified by adjacent Shasta Yur 2 D K * o moo W E 0 ? fluence. Yur 1 m u*fl mf u1 ED F u 0 0 ? The two Sinkyone informants yielded very dif- Kar 2 I030EEEU*in I m O O erent series of correlations, and the low cor- elation of Q2= .57 with each other. Sinkyone 1 Kar 1 E mmE* eImn m1 ? ? ? howed strongest similarities northward, Sin- Hup 2 DhiDDIIfOM ll I o o yone 2 southward. The latter list might be ac- Hup 1 OE 0 I I 0 0 epted as a reflection of fact if it referred to Chil mmmm mm mmlm o *W*U m O h very southern end of Sinkyone territory, wiyot ED Om jE 3 ED 3 o | ajacent to Coast Yuki and Kato, where the inkyone might have been influenced by these Van D n F] E3 Dl U mW m IE mei o tribes. Actually the informant's birthplace Chim El In1 M D F3 as north of that of informant 1. The explana- Sin 1 Inm mm E ion is twofold. First, she was feeble with age, Matt | i 3u d obviously an inferior informant generally. econd, she was the sister of a Sinkydne who was Sin 2 o o o a U 011T ong married to an immigrated Coast Yuki. She C Yuk o o o a o o a 11 a0U ad lived with this couple for years, and, though Kato a a a a a a om?* e sister was dead, was still living in the Coast ki's house when the list was filled in 1935. e brother-in-law, incidentally, furnished the *890.3-loo m1166.7-74.9 oast Yuki list. In short, Sinkyone informant 2 fl83.389.9 3 60.066.6 ve a picture of a culture which never existed; 0 75.0-83.2 o-42.5-C rt northern Sinkyone, part Coast Yuki. For eth- ographic fact on the Sinkyone, her list may Fig. 1. QA coefficients. erefore not be used without check. Nor are the cefficients for her list worth much, except 30Klimek, CHID: I, operating statistically on thodologically as an indication of the sensi- the published literature, puts the Tolowa, Yurok, vit * of the lists to disturbing factors, such Karok, Hupal and Chilula in the "Northwest Coast" ivity OI tne llStS t0 alsturDmg Iaclors , suen culture province; the Wiyot, Chimariko, Nongatl s cores idence of individuals. (=Van Duzen), Mattole, and Sinkyone in the "North- western" (viz. NW Californian); the Coast Yuki and I Kato in the "Central" province (map 3, p. 52, Ethnographically the present set of lists is of 1935). A similar grouping, but on subjective im- terest because it is the first block yet secured, pression and nan-statistical, is made by myself, a single worker in a single field trip, In Natra and, Cultua l aU Areas, in press, UC-PAAE. rom tribes belonging to two major culture areas. 1936, the Tolowa, Wiyot, and Chilula are treated he first eight or nine lists are from groups gen- as "subclimax" to the Yurok-Hupa-Karok climax. [425] 426 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS TABLE 1 QO Coefficients of Intertribal Relationship11 To Y2 Yl K2 Kl I2 H Cl Wy VD Cm Si Mt S2 CY Ka Tol . ..77 .68 .64 .65 .73 .70 .72 .66 .59 .49 .59 .45 .29 .00 .01 Yur 2 .. .77 .93 .89 .79 .90 .88 .73 .70 .44 .32 .35 .19 -.12 -.31 --.31 Yur 1 .. .68 .93 .90 .81 .90 .89 .71 .62 .72 .26 .32 .09 -.14 -.39 -.30 Kar 2 .. .64 .89 .90 .92 .89 .89 .69 .58 .57 .54 .39 .14 -.04 -.29 -.24 Kar 1 ............... . 65 .79 .81 .92 .74 .84 .77 .64 .56 .61 .45 .24 -.03 -.29 -.18 Hup 2 .. .73 .90 .90 .89 .74 .99 .86 .58 .61 .48 .46 .13 .17 -.43 -.24 Hup 1 .. .70 .88 .89 .89 .84 .99 .92 .66 .66 .47 .49 .22 .12 -.29 -.18 Chil .. .72 .73 .71 .69 .77 .86 .92 .59 .76 .54 .55 .30 .42 -.09 .23 Wiyot .. .66 .70 .62 .58 .64 .58 .66 .59 .38 .55 .53 .59 .21 -.07 .01 Van D .. .59 .44 .72 .57 .56 .61 .66 .76 .38 .67 .79 .61 .65 .21 .41 Chim .. .49 .32 .26 .54 .61 .48 .47 .54 .55 .67 .74 .60 .63 .38 .37 Sin 1 .. .59 .35 .32 .39 .45 .46 .49 .55 .53 .79 .74 .64 .57 .32 .45 Matt .. .45 .19 .09 .14 .24 .13 .22 .30 .59 .61 .60 .64 .44 .42 .43 Sin 2 .. .29 -.12 -.14 -.04 -.03 .17 .12 .42 .21 .65 ..63 .57 .44 .83 .72 C Yuk .. .00 -.31 -.39 -.29 -.29 -.43 -.29 -.09 -.07 .21 .38 .32 .42 .83 .86 Kato . . .01 -.31 -.30 -.24 -.18 -.24 -.18 -.23 .01 .41 .37 .45 .43 .72 .86 it will be seen in the diagram that the only hand, their coefficients outside the climax block negative Q2 coefficients occur betweern the first are lower still, and at least one is negative. and the third blocks. We can therefore decompose this northerly block The northerly block however shows somewhat vary- as follows, as regards degree of participation in ing degrees of closeness of relationship. These the specialized culture in question: varying degrees appear in the finer gradations of 1, Yurok, Hupa, Karok: the true climax the diagram. 2, Chilula, through Hupa First of all, it is clear that Yurok, Karok, 3, Tolowa, through Yurok and Hupa form the most closely interrelated roup 4, Wiyot, through Yurok, barely within the cul- of tribes. This is the long-accepted "climaxf ture type. group for the region. The four transitional tribes have no very high Next in adhesion is Chilula, but particularly coefficients inter se, but several moderate ones through Hupa. Chilula and Hupa speech is almost with both the northerly and southerly blocks. identical. On the other hand, the Chilula had a The Chimariko habitat was farther inland than small stream and lived a good part of each year any other except the Karok. The only tribe here off it on the prairies of Bald Hills ridge. Also dealt with whom they adjoined were the Hupa. How- they made no major world-renewal rites. ever, these were the Hupa-speaking people of South The Tolowa have consistently lower relations Fork, who lacked the major ceremonies of Hupa within the climax block, though all their higher Valley, are uninvestigated as a separate entity, ones lie there. Their highest coefficient is with and might be conjectured to have lived consider- Yurok 2, that is, with the Yurok both nearest ably more like Chilula than did the "classical" them and also on the coast.12 Hupa. Perhaps this is why Chimariko coefficients Still lower in their interconnections are the run higher with Chilula and Karok than with the Wiyot. Only one of their coefficients is above Hupa of Hupa Valley. .67, only four others above .60. On the other Still higher, however, are the Van Duzen and Sinkyone coefficients of the Chimariko. We can only conclude, in view of the geography, that 3.1 or the c omputat ions, only thosge e lement s were used which were represented by entries from all three of these tribes are part of a margin at least five tribes, or hinterland with reference to both the climax of the Northwest and any well-characterized form of Central Californian culture. leIn Barnett's Oregon Coast study (CED:VII), The Van Duzen list is presumably Nongatl. The the Tolowa seem to come out more different from the Oregon Athabascans than here from the Yurok. Different lists were used by Barnett and Driver; : also Barnett's Tolowa is based on Drucker's notebooks, not on direct list questioning. The new list, with a wider frame, compiled from botht relative affinity of the Tolowa to the Tututni Barnett'sB and Driver's and perhaps still other i and the Yurok will have to be ascertained from a lists. CULTUJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 427 kthabascan groups south of the Chilula and TABLE 2 Wiyot remain rather vaguely defined.13 Positive Items Ranked, and Total Items From the Sinkyone, the caution must be re- - peated that only the first Sinkyone list is Tribes [ + %+ Total valid for ethnography. Mattole relations come out highest with *Yurok 1. . 1376 55 2520 Sinkyone, Van Duzen, and Wiyot, who are their *Tolowa .. 1284 51 2530 neighbors, and with Chimariko at a distance. Yurok 2. . 1235 51 2443 II *Hupa 1. . 1211 55 2216 Karok 2....... 1199 50 2388 The gravest defect of these data, for which *Sinkyone H 2 1164 46 2545 I am more responsible than Driver, is that they Wiyot. . 1149 46 2522 refer to two culture areas, but were secured Kat o .... o.... 1149 46 2522 with a list which was primarily made up with Karok 1 .1030 45 2316 reference to one of these cultures. The work was *Chilula ...o ... 1005 43 2315 to begin and center with the northwestern tribes, Mattole.... ... 954 36 2626 and on some of these the extant literature was Van Duzen.. ... 880 36 2471 fairly full. On the Kato and Coast Yuki, on the Chimariko..... 721 33 2164 contrary, there is comparatively little ethno- Coast Yuki.... 716 31 2347 graphic literature. The list was therefore nec- (Sinkyone 2 .... 1 695 36 | 1948) essarily loaded in favor of the Hupa and Yurok and tribes similar to them. Moreover, early pre- Northwestern tribes occupation in the field was wholly with such tribes. The more southerly tribes were thus It is at once apparent that high frequency almost inevitably measured more or less by the and proportion of traits present is characteris- northerly yardstick, instead of by their own or tic of the nine northwestern lists: 1005 to 1376 by a combination one. More time, both in list pluses, mean 1182, percentage 43 to 55, mean per- preparation and in the field, would undoubtedly centage 50. The central and transition tribes run have partly remedied this situation. It was 695 to 1164, mean 884, percentage 31 to 46, mean hoped that the Yuki and Wailaki could have been 37. This in spite of the fact that the longest included, and the survey thus brought into geo- total lists are from transition tribes: Mattole raphical contact with the Pomo whom Gifford had and Sinkyone. lready covered. The appropriation and time al- In short, in the progress of the work from lowed proved insufficient for this. Driver has north to south, the questionnaire list being held entioned some of the additional difficulties substantially uniform, as more southerly groups hat piled up as his work progressed from north had progressively less of the northern culture, o south. their proportion of plus answers went down. New The question is, how far this condition has items which they possessed instead, they either arped results. did not volunteer to mention, or if they did, it First of all, the lists run fairly uniform in was so late in the progress of the work that they otal length: from 2164 to 2626 items, if we omit appeared only among a minority of all the tribes he unsatisfactory Sinkyone 2. On the other hand, and were therefore left out of the statistical he number of positive entries varies from 716 to count as sporadic. 376, or by 92 per cent; as against only 21 per However, Coast Yuki and Kato come out with a ent variation in total length. Corresponding to high coefficient of similarity, (.80), comparable his is a range from 31 to 55 in the percentage to those which the Yurok, Karok, and Hupa have hich positive answers constitute of the total. among one another (.74 to .99); a situation wihich he full figures are shown in table 2. accords with all previous ethnographic knowledge. The cause is the large number of northern traits 33The only map available for the entire body wNhich the two southern tribes jointly lack. This f California Athabascans is mine in the Handbook. is shown incisively by these values taken from is is based on brief articles contributed by Appendix 2: oddard to the Handbook of American Indians (BAE- 30) before the completion of his studies, and on formation which I extracted from him. He was b d Q2 ot really interested in classification or bound- a c ies. Since then, Nomland has established the ear River group as distinct from Goddard's Mat- (N-N) Yur 1-Hup 1.. 777 168 203 783 .89 ole. She has also shown that Eel River from the (N-S ) Yur 1-Kato . .. 330 741 465 566 -.30 uthofth Van uzntol (_pAthe mouth of South Fork (S-S) C Yuki-Kato. |333 150 231 1328| .86 935). It probably was Nongatl, possibly Wiyot. know very little about the Nongatl except what The high value of d, comon absences, gives B in Driver's present Van Duzen list; nor about the two southern tribes a coefficient close to e Lassik, and their relations to either Nongatl r Wailaki. Lassik territory does not look like a tural one. 428 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS that of the two northern ones. In other words, fact be entered as a d item for the two native the list unfortunately did not do the Coast tribes if we want the complete picture of the Yuki and Kato cultures intrinsic justice, as situation. regards their common positive content; but Evidently everything depends on the frame of their coefficient does reflect their actual sim- reference. And both the purpose and tha frame of ilarity, relative to the other cultures dealt reference of sound ethnography have prevailingly with, because after all they were all measured been not only limited but left unexplicit in the with the same yardstick, however warped. Any past generation. It is true that comparison need formula not including common absences, such as not be made at all. But this also does not satis- A, G, or T, gives them a similarity definitely fy most anthropologists. lower than the northern tribes have among each The one condition under which there are no other. Thus, for G, Yurok-Hupa - 81, Coast Yuki- common absences and we must operate with a, b, cs Kato - .64, Yurok-Kato = .36. This is a much alone, is when only two tribes are being studieda worse fit to ethnographic expectability, in view But this is an unusual objective, and a compari- of everything previously known about the area, son only in name. The moment we deal with three than the Qe coefficients yield. cultures, there will be traits peculiar to one, In short, we have here an empirical illustra- and their joint absence from the other two cul- tion that a one-sided or imperfect list will tures will be significant.. give a truer picture of the actual cultural re- In short, with a clearly defined frame of lations if the common absences are used than if reference, consideration of common absences is they are omitted. The d's tend to salvage the not only justified but necessary. situation. In the present body of material, d is greater -Why then any hesitation over common absences? than a in every intercorrelation. This is the The reasons seem to be two: habit and a mistaken result of only 44 per cent of all list entries fear. being for presences. The question arises what The habit is due to the custom of most de- conditions, other than a list weighted in favor scriptive ethnographers of not mentioning absences, of part of the cultures dealt with, would pro- except where there is a difference between near- duce extreme skewness of distribution of pres- by tribes. The implicit frame of reference is ences and absences. local. If the Chilula lack the white deerskin When might we in practice. expect a distribu- dance, that is almost certain to be stated be- tion in which there was heavy asymmetry in favor cause the neighboring Hupa make it. That they of common absences, say like a 10, b 90, c 100, also lack the spear-thrower, is almost always d 800? Among tribes of the same area, it is un- not mentioned, because spear-throwers do not oc- thinkable. Just so for the reverse, 800, 100, 90, cur within hundreds of miles, and either that 10. With b + c - 190, d would inevitably be fact is implied as known, or the ethnographer has greater than 10 unless there were only one other never thought of spear-throwers when he thought culture in the field of investigation and this of the Chilula. This method of presenting data were a hybrid of the two first; and such a field with reference to an unexpressed but qpite narrow of inquiry would hardly be chosen, least of all frame of cultural reference represents a healthy for quantitative treatment. reaction against the older procedure of boldly It is however possible that we might get such attacking ultimate problems without any reference a ratio as 10, 90, 100, 800 between say the Eski- to geography or historic relationship. But it is mo and Arunta in a study in which a considerable obvious that this technique avoids all general number of primitive cultures the world over were problems, and even postpones into an indefinite being compared. Here the frame of reference be- future all broader historical problems. ing very broad, common absences would necessarily The theoretical objection seems to be based run high. On the other hand, the two peoples be- on an allied fear: that when we are concerned ing widely separated in history, geography, and say with native Karok and Kato cultures, we may environment, the common traits present would be write them down as jointly lacking automobiles, very few. Also the b and c might well run about and by swelling the list of such d's, we may as in the example chosen. But, when we think of. manufacture coefficients enabling us to prove a the Eskimo and Arunta, would coefficients like mysterious ulterior something. The answer is ob- Q2- = .06 or (Q = -.02 seem reasonable? I be- vious: when we are comparing the Karok and Kato lieve not. And they would certainly seem more with each other, automobiles are irrelevant, and representative of the situation than a W of a d based on them is meaningless. (In all papers +.81, which would be so high because W expresses in this series of studies, negatives universal merely ratio of agreements and disagreements, within the field of inquiry have been omitted not without reference to how present and absent only from counts and computations but from the traits are distributed. tabular lists.) But if the comparison is between Sooner or later comparisons such as of Eskimo, Karok, Kato, and our own culture, the automobile and Arunta will presumably be attempted, and is pertinent and may not be left out. It must in should be. Plainly, one does not wish forever tiQ analyze out the relations only within northern CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA 429 California, or California, or Australia. Here- of coefficients expresses only respective aver- tofore, all quantitative studies, except the age or gross similarities, without specifying early ones of Tylor and of Hobhouse, have been where in the cultures the similarities lie. For on a local basis: the Oregon coast, the Plains, most further analysis, the coefficients as such the Tupi area, Southeast Melanesia. But it is do not help; for perspective classification, well to realize that with spread of the frame, they are significant, if reliable. How reliable difficulties of a kind scarcely yet met will be they are, we do not yet know. That they are po- encountered in the definition of the elements tentially reliable is indicated by their sensi- compared. Are the Eskimo and Australian spear- tivity to factors like inferior or accultured throwers a single element, or two clusters of informants. Driver is more disturbed over our traits mainly different yet with one or two lists not holding the total field of inquiry common features which our mind seizes upon? constant; I, about element titles not meaning In other words, how far are these two imple- exactly the same thing to different inquirers ments realistically alike or only logically or or informants. In both respects, we are still teleologically alike? There will be many hard , far from exactitude; but ought to be able to ap- choices of this sort to make. Some we shall proach it increasingly. begin to meet in a year or two when we try to What remains incontestable as a result of tie together the dozen or more separate fiela- Driver's present study is a large body of eth- work studies on perhaps two hundred and fifty nographic fact: 38,071 present-or-absent items tribal cultures in western North America. But in the tabular list, and thousands of amplifica- this will still be a local study, though syn- tions and qualifications in the notes. Even hetic. When the worldwide attempt is made, its where we have had previous monographic accounts, hief first value is likely to be the sharpened as for the Tolowa, Hupa, Yurok, new material is ut broad-based typological analysis which it presented. For the Karok, Chimariko, Sinkyone, ill force on ethnology. and Kato the new data outnumber what was extant; I feel less pessimistic than Driver about the whereas on the Chilula, Wiyot, Nongatl, and Mat- alue of expressing cultural relationships tole nothing detailed has heretofore been avail- uantitatively; though I agree with him that a able on the culture as wholes. It is as a contri- rouping of actual traits present and absent bution to ethnQgraphic record that this mono- ogether is more fundamental. Obviously, a set graph should first of all be appraised. APPENDIX 2 FOUR-CELL VALUES UNDERLYING COEFFICIENTS In the order: a b c d In the order a b c d Tol-Yur 2: 708 273 286 836 Kar 1-Sin 1: 424 337 390 814 Tol-Yur 1: 721 274 388 773 Kar 1-Matt: 293 480 331 880 Tol-Kar 2: 622 332 325 779 Kar 1-Sin 2: 174 381 325 670 Tol-Kar 1: 534 391 246 837 Kar 1-C Yuk: 131 570 335 802 Tol-Hup 2: 637 243 293 718 Kar 1-Kato: 271 487 486 609 Tol-Hup 1: 652 249 310 679 Hup 2-Hup 1: 837 54 97 888 Tol-Chil: 588 315 250 822 Hup 2-Chil: 601 292 119 779 Tol-Wiiyot: 600 394 276 872 Hup 2-Wiyot: 518 363 273 708 Tol-Van D: 480 499 226 918 Hup 2-Van D: 427 465 165 729 Tol-Chim: 326 504 184 834 Hup 2-Chim: 307 452 169 713 Tol-Sin 1: 621 375 348 802 Hup 2-Sin 1: 489 402 307 681 Tol-Matt: 459 550 279 880 Hup 2-Matt: 321 573 275 634 Tol-Sin 2: 316 431 239 593 Hup 2-Sin 2: 212 352 247 572 Tol-C Yuk: 254 649 304 780 Hup 2-C Yuk: 151 643 313 538 Tol-Kato: 399 575 459 673 Hup 2-Kato: 293 587 445 542 Yur 2-Yur 1: 873 134 204 916 Hup 1-Chil: 650 286 82 861 Yur 2-Kar 2: 741 203 186 878 Hup 1-Wiyot: 565 369 218 704 Yur 2-Kar 1: 580 330 176 861 Hup 1-Van D: 442 506 142 784 Yur 2-Hup 2: 705 167 183 809 Hup 1-Chim: 317 477 162 677 Yur 2-Hup 1: 777 190 206 781 Hup 1-Sin 1: 523 430 274 651 Yur 2-Chil: 536 361 195 831 Hup 1-Matt: 351 609 253 679 Yur 2-Wiyot: 596 372 247 864 Hup 1-Sin 2: 234 448 224 542 Yur 2-Van D: 401 577 229 842 Hup 1-C Yuk: 180 663 288 588 Yur 2-Chim: 294 537 212 743 Hup 1-Kato: 332 602 404 510 Yur 2-Sin 1: 506 478 378 735 Chil-Wiyot: 463 285 352 846 Yur 2-Matt: 348 654 300 823 Chil-Van D: 430 332 168 941 Yur 2-Sin 2: 210 542 274 560 Chil-Chim: 287 362 202 860 Yur 2-C Yuk: 160 739 326 801 Chil-Sin 1: 468 290 347 750 Yur 2-Kato: 276 626 500 592 Chil-Matt: 319 452 302 789 Yur 1-Kar 2: 809 234 158 897 Chil-Sin 2: 239 321 226 743 Yur 1-Kar 1: 580 330 176 861 Chil-C Yuk: 176 512 300 733 Yur 1-Hup 2: 746 192 177 814 Chil-Kato: 312 446 329 747 Yur 1-Hup 1: 777 168 203 783 Wiyot-Van D: 380 482 349 978 Yur 1-Chil: 585 397 204 819 Wiyot-Chim: 314 417 199 907 Yur 1-Wiyot: 609 470 245 801 Wiyot-Sin 1: 508 367 376 895 Yur 1-Van D: 634 442 201 846 Wiyot-Matt: 460 474 257 1024 Yur 1-Chim: 304 605 210 718 Wiyot-Sin 2: 228 439 247 725 Yur 1-Sin 1: 541 556 349 701 Wiyot-C Yuk: 194 634 301 851 Yur 1-Matt: 364 745 306 756 Wiyot-Kato: 322 542 453 783 Yur 1-Sin 2: 219 601 270 556 Van D-Chim: 271 248 235 1073 Yur 1-C Yuk: 175 859 315 678 Van D-Sin 1: 490 177 362 1122 Yur 1-Kato: 330 741 465 566 Van D-Matt: 337 307 316 1176 Kar 2-Kar 1: 655 227 125 988 Van D-Sin 2: 243 211 226 925 Kar 2-Hup 2: 690 164 209 824 Van D-C Yuk: 170 386 311 1074 Kar 2-Hup 1: 709 142 238 799 Van D-Kato: 326 304 445 996 Kar 2-Chil: 527 345 236 848 Chim-Sin 1: 362 148 360 969 Kar 2-Wiyot: 534 395 285 803 Chim-Matt: 275 243 301 1046 Kar 2-Van D: 420 523 198 894 Chim-Sin 2: 210 184 221 841 Kar 2-Chim: 322 463 166 799 Chim-C Yuk: 183 311 258 983 Kar 2-Sin 1: 483 450 352 746 Chim-Kato: 250 243 425 901 Kar 2-Matt: 328 518 319 791 Sin 1-Matt: 486 481 235 1055 Kar 2-Sin 2: 204 503 265 602 Sin 1-Sin 2: 325 306 161 866 Kar 2-C Yuk: 159 691 304 722 Sin 1-C Yuk: 254 553 242 952 Kar 2-Kato: 291 628 471 618 Sin 1-Kato: 441 437 351 911 Kar 1-Hup 2: 568 190 318 862 Matt-Sin 2: 228 292 272 892 Kar 1-Hup 1: 590 123 343 791 Matt-C Yuk: 239 445 254 1151 Kar 1-Chil: 508 226 278 932 Matt-Kato: 345 322 451 1067 Kar 1-Wiyot: 479 280 329 862 Sin 2-C Yuk: 255 234 110 1105 Kar 1-Van D: 365 405 241 956 Sin 2-Kato: 316 171 283 946 Kar 1-Chim: 287 343 185 897 C Yuk-Kato: 333 150 231 1328 [430] APPENDIX 3 KAROK WORLD-RENEWAL CEREMONY AT INAM A brief account of this ceremony has been ob- abstaining from food till after the shooting, tained by Kroeber. It is appended to Drucker's when they return to Ferry Point, bathe again, fuller description of a similar rite at Pana- and eat. Steelhead trout are taboo from April un- minik.14 Harrington's description-4 refers most- til after this first day of shooting. The shoot- ly to the rite at Katimin. My information was ing is progressive. It is done at twelve different obtained from Ben Goodwin, of Cottage Grove, a spots from Ferry Point south down the east bank few days after the 1935 performance. He has of the Klamath to Independence Creek. witnessed the ceremony since childhood but has The archers are divided into two sides for all not played one of the ritual roles. It is still contests connected with the ceremony: those living being given annually. above Clear Creek are called the upriver side; The rite is called tu'i'rahiv (Kroeber), or those below, the down-river side. There are an idai (Frank Ruben, Karok of Orleans), or pikia' equal number of contestants from each side, or wic (Ben Goodwin; Kroeber says this last term else some from the smaller side shoot an extra means "making"). It is divided into two main arrow to equalize the total number of shots. Each parts: a five-day period of formula recitation man ordinarily shoots two arrows at each target. and ritual by a single man and woman assistant The first side to make 5 points win the wager for t the dark of the moon in July; an eight-day the day. The target is a single stake. A hit wins period of public participation at the dark of 1 point, or if no hits, the closest wins a half the moon in August. The lower Karok ceremonies point. If neither side has' made 5 points by the come one moon later according to all informants. end of the prescribed course, the two best shots The chief formulist is called fatawe'nan; his from each side shoot back and forth at a pair of issistant, imu'saan; the July formulist and targets until one group makes the necessary score. assistant imnanwa'an; the woman assistants who Sometimes such experts shoot this way for half a ook for them, itia'van (Kroeber). day, making additional bets. Archers always ab- In the dark of the moon in July the imnan- stain from food until after the shooting, eating wa'an rebuilds a stone altar just below the only once during the day, and bathing before the outh of Clear Creek at Imnanava'ram (Kroeber), meal. tarting in the morning. The stones are piled to Frank Ruben, lower Karok of Orleans, gave the orm a semicircular rock wall shoulder high, with following additional facts concerning the archery he opening facing a hill called asaxe'va (Ned's at Katimin. The spots where stake targets are oint, just northwest of the mouth of Clear Cr.). driven have been scraped clean of grass and shot e ritualist stands a madrone branch inside the into so many times that holes are worn in the all so that it leans against the middle of the ground. This is how the precise spot is located. emicircle. Then he goes to the river, gets a Water as well as food is forbidden the contest- rayfish from under rocks, and eats the "tail." ants until after the shooting each day. Each side e places the remains of the crustacean on a enters four men. The entire eight form a single iece of bark and sends it floating down the line and each steps up and shoots once. After the iver. Then he wades into Clear Creek, scoops a last has shot, the first begins again and each outhful of water with his hands and blows it up takes a second shot in the same order. Then all he creek so salmon will enter the stream. He proceed to the location of the next target. A amps for the next five days at Xumaru (Kroeber), crowd follows, those from each locality encour- erry Point, three miles below Clear Creek. aging their own participants. A good shot hits the ring these five days his food is prepared by ground a little in front of the stake and slides woman assistant. He and the woman must eat in. lone, even separate from each other. Before Second day.--The archers start at Siskiyou Mine ach meal a certain man announces that the on the west bank of the river and proceed west up- anwa'an is going to eat, so that everyone hill to the top of the ridge, shooting at eight the vicinity will cease talking. He eats targets along the way. ice each day, bathing in the river before each Third day.--Relatives of those who have diea eal and again before going to bed. He must not within the past year may shoot at Siskiyou Mine. e addressed by his personal name for the five They are forbidden to shoot at any other locality. ays, only by his title. Fourth day.--Archers shoot at six targets, The rest of this account refers to the August from the mouth of Titus Greek east up the hill. bservances. The populace assembles later on the bar at the First day.--Four days before the dark of the mouth of Clear Creek. All eat about 8 P.M. Then con in August, ceremonial archery begins at the men dance the 'war dance.' There is no speci- erry Point. The contestants bathe about 8 A.M., fied number of performers: from about four to ~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~thirty. Neither are there any prescribed costumes, 14 Drucker, UC-FAAE 35:23-28, 1936. Harrington, although some wear dentalia necklaces, feathers in -B 94:241-252, 1932. the hair, and deer-fur aprons. The division below [431] 432 ANTHROPOLOGICAL REC ORDS Clear Creek dances abreast in a single row, with Finally he arrives at the spot where he must the upriver group lined up in another abreast row make a fire. He clears and sweeps the ground over behind them. The front row sings four o,r five a cirtular area some 40 feet in diameter. This songs, then the back row does the same, after work must all be done with one hand. If he fails f which both form a single line and sing some more. to move a stone or log with one hand it is a bad They stamp one foot and grunt "he he" after the sign. He therefore tests the weight or resistance beat. Three in the center are the chief singers. of the more formidable objects with a foot to Two performers march back and forth in front of avoid failure with a hand. He gathers firewood the rows carrying obsidians, bows and arrows, or and piles it about waist high. He makes fire with' a bundle of brush, and blowing whi-stles. Those a drill and lights the pile. abreast carry otterskins on poles, and also After the fatawenan is out of sight the crowd deerskins according to Kroeber, although the lat- follows, shooting at eight or ten targets on the ter was denied to me. This dance is obviously way from Clear Creek to the place of the fire.' very similar to the White Deerskin dance of the They return afterward to Clear Creek. The fata- lower Karok, Yurok, and Hupa, but is less pre- wenan follows, again standing in the boat as he cise in details. is ferried over the river. He arrives at Clear Fifth day.--In the morning the fatawenan be- Creek about 5 P.M. and is served food at once. gins his ritual at Ferry Point. He goes north, The crowd must be quiet while he eats. fords Clear Creek near the mouth and proceeds to Then the boat dance is given. There is one the "bench" on the north side of the creek. boat, with a paddler in bow and stern, and eight There he makes a fire and awaits the arrival of dancers who stand sideways in the boat facing the two or three persons who "prompt" him (rehearse crowd on the bank. The dancers wear dentalium him in a specified way). Thence the fatawenan necklaces, hold otterskins on poles, stamp one goes to a certain spot at the river and bathes, foot, grunt "he he" and otherwise attempt to give after which he goes to another specified spot, a performance like that on land. The chief singer builds a fire and takes his seat on a certain is in the center. Four songs are sung before the rock. It is now about 8 A.M. From this time boat leaves the shore. It starts on the fifth until his return at perhaps 6 P.M. he must not which is continued the distance of the course ina talk to anyone nor sit down again. The crowd repeated again after landing before disembarking.', assembles to witriess his painting by the lmnan- A 'war dance" on land follows immediately. Then wa'an. The latter paints the fatawenan's entire the crowd feasts. Sometimes they dance again afto body red and then adds a single black ring eating. around each of his calves, thighs, forearms and Sixth day.--At daybreak the fatawenan goes upper arms, and a single horizontal black stripe to a certain spot near the mouth of Clear Creek. across his cheeks and nose. On his head is He clears a space and builds a fire. Here he is placed an open-work net which flows down his painted as before. He starts his journey slowly, back. A mink-fur headband holds it in place. Be- gradually quickening his pace. Offerings of hind each ear, pendant from the headband, is a tobacco are thrown after him. He passes a cer- yellowhammer feather. The fatawenan arises and tain oak tree near the present Clear Creek store walks slowly toward the river reciting a formula. in a trot and touches it with his left elbow to The crowd remains at the painting spot, watching insure a good acorin crop. Thence he climbs Ned'a him. The imnanwa 'an tosses offerings of tobacco Point and builds fires at two places about half- into the air until the fatawenan gets out of way up. A second ritualist, the imusa'an, is sight on the far (east) side of the river. To painted likewise and follows the fatawenan, appa cross the river, the fatawenan goes to a certain ently as a substitute in case the latter becomets rock on the bank and jumps fronm it into the faint. The former wears a long white eagle feath~; middle of a boat standing by. The boat must not er in his hair. The crowd follows and the arche touch the rock. When the crowd hears the sound shoot at twelve targets. After the shooting, the; of his landing in the boat they all "feel good." woman ritualist is painted on the face only; fir If there is no sound he will die within a year. solid red, then three vertical stripes the leng He stands in the center of the boat fixing his of the face, one down the middle of the foreheaai eyes on a certain mountain while two men paddle nose and chin, and one on each side parallel to the boat "sideways" (apparently "quartering" it) She gathers wood, drills fire at a certain spot, across the river to another specified rock. He and cooks food. lands, takes a few slow steps, quickens his That night about 8 P.M. they dance the 'war pace, and finally trots. When he comes to a cer- dance" as previously. After this dance the fatal tain ledge of rock, he stops, turns his head nan's costume is removed. He builds a fire and without turning his body and looks at the crowd gathers some buck brush. At a signal from a civil on the other side of the river. Then everyone leader, everyone present "hides, that is, coverts in the crowd looks away and he goes in a south- his head. It is taboo for anyone except the fata? west direction till out of sight. The imnanwa'an wenan to see the buck brush burn. He throws the follows him to give aid if he faints from prey- buck brush on the fire, then, holding his breathj ious fasting, the physical exertion of the jour- runs to the river, gets a basket of water and p i ney, and the clearing of the fire space. out the fire with it. He regains his breath, CEULLTJRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: X--DRIVER: NORTHNEST CALIFORNIA 433 unts a certain rock near by, and jumps to the without sickness to everyone. Then all eat. round. The sound of his landing is a signal for They gamible for the next two days and then he crowd to look up. They all clap their hands. give another "war dance," which ends the festivi- his ritual insures good luck and long life ties. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations: 1912. Elements of the Kato Language. 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