ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1:5 .4 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IX GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH BY H. G. BARNETT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1939 Map 1. Tribal locations. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IX GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH BY H. G. BARNETT ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 1, No. 5 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, R. H. LowIE, R. L. OLSON Volume I, No. 5, pp. 221-295 Transmitted November 4, 1937 Issued April 20, 1939 Price, 75 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in I903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presen- tation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page tion ............ ................. . 221 *tical note, by A. L. Kroeber .. ......... . 226 nts ..................................... 227 iement distribution list . . . . . . . . . 228 names ........... ....... .. . 228 iations ................ ..II...... 228 s. ..................................... 228 g, elements 1-124 . . . .. . .. .... . ... 229 irs and dams, 1-20 o o o o o ........ o o . ..... .229 rs and harpoons, 21-40. .. .... ............... ..... . . 229 ats, 40a-46 .o o o o o ... 229 Sketry traps, 47-57 ............. ........ . . 230 ta, 58-76 .230 oks and miscellaneous, 78-116 ........... l.. lo............ l,....M 230 t making, 117-124. .. o . 231 g, 125-329 ...................... . 231 ives, 125-153 ....... I.................... ........ 231 coys and lures, 155-159. ............... ................ . 232 psand minor devices, 160-187 ......... ....... ... .. ... ... . . 232 ined dogs, 188-196 ............. ........ ......... o . 232 tain-goat hunting, 197-200 .. ....... ....................... . 232 a-maiml hunting, 201-257 ............. .................... . 232 ting specialization, 258-259 ...... ............... ... o o o o . 233 in dressing, 260-287. .. ............................. o . 234 and its preparation, 317-486 ...... ....... ................... . 234 'taboos and prescriptions, 487-538 .... o . . ....... ...... ... .... . 237 rst-salmon rite, 539-564. .. ......... o o ...... ........ ... 238 t, 566-717 .... o ...... .........I............. 238 pes, 566-570. .. .... ........................ . 238 nstruction, 570a-644 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a- . . . . 238 ssociated feature, 645-681 ..... .............. . o o o o o . . 239 addles, 682-704 . o . 240 Sea lore, 705-717 ............... o o o o .... . 240 r transportation, 718-727 .... ....II.. .... .. ... 241 ng, 728-742 . 241 lage and fiber, 743-769 ...................................... . 241 ics, 770-805 .... o o o . ............. o .......... 242 houses, 807-914 ... o .......... ..... . o ...... . 242 Construction, 807-843 .................................... o . 242 .Furnishings and additional features, 844-914 .. o . . ..... 1.. . . . . ... . 243 r camp house, 915-921 ....... ... ... .... ..........I.. . 244. isubterrdnean structure, 922-930 .. . .......... 244 ating, 931-945 ... ........ .............. o .. o . 245 ons and protection, 946-1043 . o o . .. ...... . o o o o ....... . 245 ow, 946-961 .o o o o ... ... .......... 245 Arrows, 962-1002 .245 Clubs, 1003-1017. ... 246 Spears, 1018-1024 ........................ ..... ......... 246 Daggers, 1025-1031 . o ... .. o o o . 246 Sling, 1032-1038 .... o o o o o 1..........II.... 247 War dress, 1039-1043 ....... . o o . ..... ............. . 247 'ess (nonceremonial), 1044-1112 ..... .. ........................... . . 247 hdy ornament,- 1113-1161 ....... ......... ....................... 248 irdressing, 1162-1177 ....... ......... ..... .............. . 249 psketry, 1178-1224 .......... ............. .......... o o . 249 ioking, 1225-1227 .................................... . 250 pey and valuables, 1228-1248 .................... ... ....... ... . 250 klendar, counting, direction, 1249-1275 . o ..............................250 isical instruments, 1276-1304. .. ...II...II........ ... ... .. . 251 .mes, 1305-1338 ...............Is...... .. 252 irth, 1339-1532. .. o ............... o o o . o. 252 Pregnancy taboos, 1339-1349. .. .......... ...... . ..... ... ... . . 252 Delivery, 1350-1384. .......................... ......... o . 252 Child treatment, 1385-1402 ...... .. ....... .. ...... o o ... . . 253 Postnatal observances, 1403-1423 ....I..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... I. . 253 Ceremonies, naming, etc., 1424-1479 . o ....................................254 iii iv ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Birth (continued) Twins, 1480-1497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baby's tub, 1498-1503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cradle, 1504-1532 Girl's puberty, 1533-1676 . Treatment, 1533-1570. Dress, 1571-1593 . . . . . Behavior and miscellaneous, 1594-1624 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public recognition, 1625-1676 LAter menstrations, 1617-1693 Boyts puberty, 1695-1708 Marriage, 1709-1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure, 1709-1757 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types, 1758-1784 . Divorce, 1785-1801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Adultery, 1802-1809............... Remarriage, 1810-1824 . .... ... .... ... .................. Regulations, 1825-1842. ................................ Death, 1843-2103 ........... ... ... .... .......... .. . Corpse treatment, 1843-1890 ... ..... .. ... .... ..... ........ Officials, 1891-1916 . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purifications, 1916a-1961a . Disposal of remains, 1962-2008 .2.......................a Subsequent observances, 2009-2037 ............ ......... Mourning, 2038.-2064 .2.................. Post-mortem observances, 2065-2075 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Souls and ghosts, 2076-2081 .... ................. ........ Destiny of souls, 2082-2103.2.......... ... .. o ......... Warfare, 2104-2145 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Murder, 2146-2153 . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . Social organization, 2154-2222.2 ........ .............. Stratification of society, 2154-2187.2 .2.... ..... ............. Village or nization, 2188-2222 .2.......... .. ... .... .. ..... Property, 222.22235 .................................. Potlatch, 2236-23052. Religion, 2306-2561 . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guardian-spirit concept, 2306-2371 . 2 o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinds of powers, 2372-2427.2..... ... ...... .... ...... .... Shamanism, 2428-2465 .2... .. . .. ........ ... ... .. .. ... Causes of sickness, 2466-2484 .2....... .. ...... ..... . .... .. Curing by shaman, 2485-2534.2 .. .. .. .......... ... ........ Ritualist, 2535-2561a . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceremonial groups, 2562-2691 .2.7... ...... .... ... . . ..... Elements denied by all informants .2............................ Ethnographic notes on the element list .2.7...... .. .... . . . Appendix 1. Four-cell values underlying coefficients .2........... .. ...... Bibliography . . . . 2 TABLE 1. Coefficients of similarity, Yule's Qe.22 ...... .... .... .... .... DIAGRAM 1. Coefficients of similarity, Yule's Q3.22 ... .. . .............. . .. MAP 1. Tribal locations.oo .ooo o -oo-.-oo oo22' CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IX GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH BY H. G. BARNETT' INTRODUCTION a paper' is one of a series which aims at esentation of cultural data in a more spe- and exhaustive, if less readable, manner is commonly met with in ethnographic ac- . The endeavor was prompted by a realiza- of these inadequacies in the Californian ture, particularly as they relate to the ions of comparables and explicit absences its or culture elements. Since that time stances have favored the extension of the which today proposes a resurvey along lines of all the area west of the Rockies Alaska to the Southwest. In good part this sen achieved and already the value of the tking is apparent from the uniformity of pproach, the bridging of gaps, and the im- l attention to all aspects of culture. This not mean that all is now clear sailing for a etic treatment of the western area, for the t still finds himself confronted with prob- i some respects similar; but they are at t more expectable and minor than previously. atent regard for a broadly comparable scheme ework has relieved many of the difficul- besetting distributional studies. e method of the investigation, so far as paper is concerned, has been first of all to re a tentative outline of traits on the ba- of a previous Oregon Coast list, which in goes back to a rather sketchy all-California ry. Many of these elements were eliminated e very beginning of field work, others fell e wayside or were modified as time went on. others, it may be, should have been modi- or eliminated altogether and were not, for a drawing upon previous descriptions engenders hIsification which must be guarded against. familiarity with a certain phraseology, in se or by interpretation appropriate, will Wy it through situations Where a restatement the facts would give a truer picture. In the y times the list has been gone over several of pe inveterates have been caught; some may have Lped through into print. Wile the Oregon data were used for what they Fed to be worth, at the same time the effort made to remold or augment them so that they id suit more specifically the demands of Salish ture as indicated by such literature as was iable for that area and others surrounding it. * preparation of the illustrations in this pa- l was done by a Works Progress Administration bloye. The final result was ponderous and highly specula- tive but calculated to provide a clue for every contingency. The first weeks of interviewing were therefore laborious but served to eliminate defi- nitely all irrelevant data. From then on, however, the list rather shaped itself. Every effort was made not to press an issue nor to ask a leading question except as a final resort, a time-consumlng procedure by list stand- ards but worth while in the long run. The inform- ant was asked first, for example, how his people made canoes, and if the name of a native crafts- man could be learned, that was used as a guide and a check against vague generalizations. It was impressed that no detail was too minor to be neg- lected, the process was followed through step by step, and manual demonstrations and gestures were encouraged. Peripheral questions were asked to clear up uncertainties which were significant; and finally if these did not succeed, or in or- der to ascertain definite absences, direct ques- tioning was begun. Volunteered information when clearly and confidently given was valued above anything which might come out of a rehashing. It is thought worth while to make a statement of these principles in view of the obvious opportu- nities the situation affords for a rapid-fire questioning with doubtful results. The procedure was consistent except when the salient features indicated that a short cut could not do violence to the facts. While the list gradually lost its irrelevant items it grew along other lines in several ways. Most of the additions were provided by the inform- ants themselves through substitutions, counter- suggestion, or by the refinement of an original trait. Frequently the elaboration amounts to an enumeration of attributes; sometimes it outlines a process in a concise manner; again it has taken form through a consideration of conceptual oppo- sites or alternatives, or by attention to prob- lems of wider import. In any case a feature is thought of as an element when no reasonable end can be served, when nothing of critical or dif- ferential value can be gained, by further sub- division. A cultural inventory of this sort will appeal above all to one interested in distributions and such inferences as can be drawn from them. The method used is analytical and the result can be quite lifeless by some standards. A well-meshed dynamic whole was neither feasible nor intended in this presentation, but some care has been ta- ken to indicate such bonds and linkages as are [221] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS consistent with an already complex summary. This has led to repetitions, for precisely the same element will appear again and again in different associations. A simple statement of its presence or absence does not sufficiently dispose of a trait. The same ceremonial group of masked dan- cers is given a place several times in the list; so are potlatching and certain items of ritual behavior. This follows from the plan of record- ing, as given and in full, an outline of each practice or procedure as it presents itself to the mind of the informant. We have, therefore, not only a catalogue of traits but a description of the context which gives them their signifi- cance. The relational aspect of culture is not erltirely neglected and so some notion is possi- ble of processes and patterns. This is less true of technological matters than of the nonmaterial. Woodworking is taken into account under the heading of canoes, and not under houses; dishes are considered along with food preparation and not in connection with feasts or woodworking as they might have been. Basketry, dress, and other conceptual de- partments of culture are given separate treat- ments in the interests- of clarity. A real lack,however, not only of integration but in toto, is that which has to do with mythol- ogy. A satisfactory handling of this material would have required more time, money, and train- ing than could be commanded under the circum- stances. Time was the main concern. A minimum of fifty hours, preferably more, was felt requisite for going over the list as it stands. Under this requirement and the pressing desire to cover the twelve or thirteen groups in a representative way, there was little incentive to enter upon another widely ramifying field of culture. Similar reasons argued against the inclusion of recent usages and patterns which might be of interest from an acculturation standpoint. These could have been designated by an appropriate symbol along with the rest, but the addition of a small number of them appearing thus, inciden- tal to the primary objective, did not seem to be worth while. A systematic treatment is called for and, as with ethnobotany and mythology, the desirability of background and an exhaustive technique makes this a study in itself. In consequence, the ethnographies offered here essay to be characterizations of the aboriginal oonditions. To what extent such an aim can ever be realized in a culture so definitely and so long ago influenced by white contact remains a ques- tion. Too much is not urged for it. It means drawing upon the memory of a memory, but often- times with surprising results. The best that can be said is that the informants were regularly cautioned until they got the idea and formed the habit of thinking along the lines of aboriginal group differences. Most of them reacted admirably. Their responses were.recorded as given, even when there existed reason for doubting them. A minus therefore represents a negation of the trait; a plus means that the informant said th trait was present. Presence or absence was notI ways explicitly stated, but the evidence was a least unambiguous in the recital. In other wor a conscious noni;terpretative attitude was mai tained. Most of those elements which demanded ~ definition or an interpretation in order to pr ceed or throw light on a problem have been di cussed under Ethnographic Notes on the Element List. It cannot be denied that in many instanoc especially in the social and ceremonial organil tions, the symbol given is only an interpreta- tion. This is unavoidable. Whether the societg was stratified or families had crests, for exa ple, can be answered only after a careful eva1 tion and comparison by the investigator. Some-,, times the concise wording of a trait made a de sion difficult: it was both yes and no and a paragraph with qualifications seemed the only conscientious answer. Sometimes doubt persist to the very end as to whether two statements h the same substance. Upon occasions the informal himself could be made to do a bit of comparati ethnography. The easiest way out is to add trai which satisfy the specific circumstances and to let the reader fret about equivalences. This o4 shifts the burden, however. Eventually someone must decide whether two descriptions involve tb same concept. Proceeding upon the assumption th the field worker is best qualified to make such decisions the list has been condensed wherever possible with this in mind. A free filling in with minus signs, mainly * statistical purposes, has been allowed for the subdivisions under a trait which was declared d sent, on the reasonable presumption that subdiv sions too are absent. Alternates, however, have been inquired about consistently. A minus does; not always signify that the trait was unknown but simply that it was not present. Local conda tions, they may be geographical, at tLmes made the difference between knowledge and use. For economy in printing,the universal absences have been abstracted and are entered under Elements; Denied by All Informants. They are such as migh have relevance for the area,judging from its neighbors, but which were found not to apply. Another form of condensation employed to sal space and cost will become apparent to the readi er, and perhaps if he is not forewarned will coi fuse him. With two partial exceptions" the poli4 of reserving one column for each informant was I lowed. When, for one of several causes, an info ant was dropped, his column, vacant as a result has been omitted. There are a few places where 2Some uneasiness was felt from the first about portions of the original Homalco and Klahuse iro formation, and although recorded it was with all certain hesitancy. A checkup with subsequent iW formants revealed errors pertaining to the rit- ualist, the girls' puberty recognition, and the winter ceremonials, which could not be tolerated and revisions were made in the two lists. The e rors were due to a misunderstanding as much on part as on that of the two men. 222 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH column reappears later. Time, tide, and schedules have much to do with these i88. The summer season is an especially lt one in which to deal with these peo- o still follow their old pattern of fair r activity and migration. Old and young travel about, fishing and visiting, and it tp'at relief to find one's prize informant idle mood. A good run of salmon will see f and many go far to the north for the g season. Ordinarily a preliminary inter- 'w undertaken to establish the advisability ginning on the list, so that few informants .ropped for their inadequacy; most of the lions came about because the informant had things to do. Voluntary excursions into be other than the one at hand account for eappearance of some columns; sometimes, be- of the short time available,a discreet ing and concentration upon those features hich informants showed a reliable capabil- w suggested. Where the column remains but for certain elements it is because those nts were added too late for inquiry from group; a few other elements were simply looked. The information under Ethnographic on the Element List is intended in part to 'sate for these irregularities as well as to y additional and corrective data gained from sequent visit. io smmers, in 1934 and 1935, were spent in ecting the information. For the first oppor- yt thanks is due the Polish Fundusz Kultury owej, of Warsaw, for its financial assist- and Dr. Stanislaus Klimek, for his inter- P and confidence. Its results are shown in the !t list as it is given here, with a few mi- exceptions. Even at that time, however, a need felt for a better understanding of the area was possible in three months. For an appre- on of this need, and for the encouragement, elp necessary to carry on the work for a m summer, grateful acknowledgment is made to Olson, Kroeber, and Lowie, of the Department thropology at the University of California. usme ground as in the first field trip and a l1e more was covered, with the aim of verify- ~first impressions and obtaining more complete Omts for a descriptive publication. Perhaps a personal rating of the informants be of some value to the user of the list. 6rtunately, two of the best--West Sanetch and 1nn 1--do not show up to advantage because rwere not available for the full time. Both well informed on most matters (particularly Lamn 1) and above all they were honestly in- tted and sincere. The West Sanetch informant pained when he could not remember some of details of his old culture, and the impor- )e of saving the fragments was never more kinly a part of native consciousness. The m list is also due to a particularly good fant, who was very able in the nonmaterial aspects of culture. In these his recollections are without parallel. His father was a Scotchman, killed in a drunken brawl by his Indian brother- in-law when George, the informant, was a child, and from that time on he learned the Indian ways and lived them as they existed. Today he dotes upon the old "stories," and the only resentment he has is that his mother never periitted him to learn to read and write. This finds expression in his determination to keep his qaarter-blood son in the Catholic boarding school on Kuper Island. Among the Cowichans there are perhaps two or three who could have served as informants with good results. It is not certain that the one cho- sen was the best, but he was willing in a modest way, attentive, and spoke sufficient English to obviate an interpreter. He is a responsible mem- ber of his community and has endeavored until quite recently to preserve the old formalities as they devolve upon a respected man. He did not volunteer as freely as could be desired, but rather waited upon questions. Somewhat better and not far below the first three should be ranked the Nanaimo, the Sechelt, and the Klahuse. The Sechelt man is the oldest of all those contacted, excepting perhaps the Pentlatch, and he was still active upon our first meeting. His information is full, but it may in places be colored by alien touches and a certain ethnocentric pride. In his younger days, he had traveled widely and seen much, not only of In- dians but of white men, so that care had to be exercised in the beginning to insure that he real- ized the specific nature of the information de- sired. His memory was amazing and his animated descriptions of particular occasions long past and with gratifying detail are worthy of remark. The Klahuse informant was capable but a little apologetic of the ancient customs in a humorous way. Also, he lacked confidence under the crit- ical eyes of two older men in the village, who could not be reconciled to ethnography upon the first visit. When not pressed, his information was reliable. The Nanaimo man was confident, even overconfident, and impatient of (to him) irrelevant questions and those which seemed to involve a repetition. He knew his culture and would speak for it only, though his asides were illuminating. He is a despiser of missionaries, has a feeling for the culture he believes they wrecked, and is today a militant leader of such winter ceremonies as are allowed to persist at Nanaimo. The Squamish was an average good informant. He was inclined to be lazy, not easily enthused, and a bit too fond of whisky to be really helped by informing fees. As the least satisfying must be rated the Slaiamun 2 informant. He was car- ried along in sheer desperation until it became clear that he was being taught more than he had ever learned from his forefathers. Even so the data cannot be said to be incorrect. It gives the best of what would have become a poor list 223 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS if continued. The Homalco informant was better, but his knowledge was very patchy. His wife, had he let her, would have enhanced the results; in- deed, she was responsible for much of the truth of his account. What is given as East Sanetch is reliable. The Kwakiutl informant was dropped as soon as it was ascertained that he was a Kwa- kiutl. The doubt arose from the circumstance that formerly the Comox lived on Campbell River and even farther north, as indicated on map 1. After the white people settled at Comox and a Hudson's Bay Company post was established there, the Co- mox moved south. The Kwakiutl appropriated their homeland and hold it undisputed today. The pres- ent.Comox reserve is on old Pentlatch territory, but too few remain of either group to cause any comment or friction. In fact, all the evidence is to the effect that there is only one existing Pentlatch. He is very old and was a desirable prospect; but, as it turned out, his information offered here as Pent- latch stands in question as being specifically that. The old man spoke no English and no induce- ment could stir an interest in imparting what he knew. For him the culture was quite dead, or would be with him, and he was content that it should be so. Soon he became impatient of the confinement and finally could not be kept from his daily chores. In a gradual way his wife, who began as half-informant half-interpreter, became the one to whom the questions were directed. She also was difficult because reluctant. From her life in proximity with the Kwakiutl she knew some- thing of their customs; her knowledge of Pentlatch had come from her husband. The result probably is a mixture. If this is true, at least this much can be said in vindication of the confusion, namely, that the Pentlatch as well as the Comox undoubtedly belong culturally with the Kwakiutl rather than with the other Salish-speaking people. This is recognized by all concerned. The Comox informant spoke of the Pentlatch in terms of poor but close relations and continually drew distinc- tions with practices obtaining farther south. Con- versely, at Nanaimo and Cowichan Bay informants were conscious of the disparity. This introduces another question of personal judgments on the basis of impressions in the field, this time as they relate to cultural lines and affiliations within the area. The most strik- ing and unexpectable bond is the one just men- tioned between the Comox and the Kwakiutl, or to put it in Salishan terms, the Comox and Pentlatch form a unit distinct from others of the same lin- guistic family. The division is sharpest on the island and most pronounced in the religious and ceremonial patterns. Across the Gulf of Georgia, the Homalco, Klahuse, and Slaiamun spoke a Comox dialect and were also closer culturally to the island Comox than were the Nanaimo, though not remarkably so. It is a fact that the conviction grew daily in the field that northern influences somehow had seeped farther down the mainland side of the Gulf, or had at any rate there dissipated themselves into a homogeneity not to be discov- ered on its western shores; and'that the Sechelt held a neutral position in this regard which could not be ascribed to the Nanaimo or Cowichan. The two last-named groups undoubtedly were to be brought together and with them the Sanetch. This seemed a natural minute culture area. The Squa- mish afforded no divergences or affiliations sufficiently noteworthy at the time to occasion any impressions. It was a pleasure therefore to be able to check finally with the results of a quantitative analysis of the list as expressed in the simple, form shown in diagram 1. This, so far as the A O m c' o C m OBO x Pe Cx Ho Ki S2 Se Sq Cw Nw Na ~i * .75-1.00 IJ .50-.74 01 .25-.49 Diagram 1. Graphic represen- tation of similarity coeffi- cients (Q2). writer is concerned, is a satisfactory repre- sentation of the situation, with one exception to be mentioned later. The rectangles outlinin the more heavily shaded squares show a groupin of those relationships which reveal the greate degree of simil&rity one to another. The tribe on the margins, at the junction of whose co6rd nates will be found an indicator of their degr of cultural relationship, have been arranged 8 as to effect this grouping into subareas. In V upper left-hand corner will be noted the ComoxG Pentlatch block as expected, and in the oppost corner the Sanetch-Cowichan-Nanaimo group in pattern which justifies the inferences of the preceding paragraph. The Nanaimo and Sanetch definitely related, but not so closely as ei is to the intervening Cowichan. Another set o! affiliations, which could have been predicted from an impressionistic assimilation of the terial, are those linking up most of the maini land Comox--the Homalco, Klahuse, and Slaiam4 There are explicit grounds for such a predic- tion, making it almost a certainty. There i's the linguistic bond first of all, which no d favored the many instances of close contact s. 011MM U 011 9E E mnn on WI mla:I'la] UL DliiI E HI DL- -!- 224 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH a revealed by the testimony of intermarriages, e intercommnication, and a feeling of solidar- . Actually, the Homalco, Klahuse, and Slaiamun, an uncertain length of time' just previous to b break-up of their culture and within the mem- t of informants,all congregated at Grace Harbor the winter season. The Sechelt grade into this block in a natural # from a geographical point of view, correlat- rather highly--71--with their immediate north- neighbors, the Slaiamun. To the southward they in with the Squamish to a degree expressed by a L,coefficient of similarity. The latter then in tie up with the West Sanetch a little more tely (.64), so that the Sechelt-Squamish FB (shown by the broken line, diagram 1) prob- owes its attenuation to its intermediate a character. It occurs therefore that a very simple manner comprehending the entire system of Coast pAh relationships about the Gulf of Georgia n the pattern of a reversed C, with the gap osenting the area between present-day Nanaimo Courtenay. It is possible of course that this ptch was not really the cultural insulator it rs to be, but that the cleavage is produced lack of information. It is possible that [i was more of a transition zone, but probabil- and personal conviction are against it. There bands living at Nanoose Bay, Qaalicum Beach, tDeep Bay--in fact everywhere that favorable Itions prevailed--but they were not major pa and rather suggest suimmer detachments or ificant affiliates of the Nanaimo and Pent- On the other hand, from information re- ed at Point Grey subsequent to that of the there is some reason to expect that had the ium been included they would have welded the toh more firmly to the mainland. Due to dif- es in material culture, which activity on ito not believe that this condition antedated pearliest white influences. the Fraser involved, and because of some influ- ences from the interior there would have been divergences, but also many linkages. The West Sanetch enjoyed fishing privileges near Point Robert. The coefficients which form the basis for diagram 1 are taken from table 1. They were cal- culated from the formula known as Yule's Q., which takes the form: (ad-bc)/(ad+bc)=Qe, where "a" represents the common presence of the trait in question, "d" its common absence, "b" a pres- ence for one group and an absence for the other, and "c" the same but in the opposite relation. This does not achieve the degree of refinement given by Q6 but is sufficient for present pur- poses. Of the 2600-odd elements to be found in the list, 1086 have been eliminated by reason of their unsuitability. All universal pluses and minuses, for example, were disregarded, as were pluses and blanks, minuses and blanks, and those showing less than five plus and minus symbols. The reasons for these omissions will occur to one familiar with statistical methods and need not be gone into here. One or two points,however, call for comment. The most striking irregularities in the figures, if we put our trust in the expectable, are those revealed in connection with the Homalco. There are no reasons in actual fact which can be of- fered in explanation of the high degree of corre- lation indicated between this ethnic body, the Squamish, the West Sanetch, and especially the Sechelt. The only logical one which suggests it- self has to do with the fragmentary nature of the Homalco data. Perhaps this is such as to give it a selective effect and render the illusion of a culture particularly congenial to the Sechelt, whereas the more complete Klahuse list, from an even nearer people geographically, yields only about half the coefficient but one more to be anticipated. The same reasons may be urged for other sudden fluctuations for which there is no TABLE 1 Coefficients of Similaritjy Yule's Qs IPe Cx Kw Ho Kl Si S2 Se Sq WS ES Cw Na No. elem. %+ 1.00 .91 .72 .13 .22 .36 .16 .08 .00 .13 .28 -.03 .07 1836 64 .91 1.00 .44 .36 .39 .76 .48 .28 .21 .10 .12 .05 .16 2094 72 .72 .44 1.00 -.14 .12 .72 .01 -.23 .21 .15 -.29 -.18 .31 217 60 .13 .36 - .14 1.00 .86 .76 .83 .81 .45 .33 -.05 .06 .07 1218 59 .22 .39 .12 .86 1.00 .74 .85 .46 .10 .15 -.20 -.14 -.01 2191 62 .36 .76 .72 .76 .74 1.00 .96 .80 .44 .37 .06 .07 .31 129 61 .16 .48 .01 .83 .85 .96 1.00 .71 .48 .29 -.34 -.06 .02 572 61 .08 .28 -.23 .81 .46 .80 .71 1.00 .51 .22 -.03 -.03 -.19 2241 53 . 00 .21 .21 .45 .10 .44 .48 .51 1.00 .64 .07 .26 .40 2259 59 .13 .10 .15 .33 .15 .37 .29 .22 .64 1.00 .70 .83 .62 1638 64 .28 .12 -.29 -.05 -.20 .06 -.34 -.03 .07 .70 1.00 .74 .68 295 62 1-.03 .05 -.18 .06 -.14 .07 -.06 -.03 .26 .83 .74 1.00 .94 1951 67 .07 .16 .31 .07 -.01 .31 .02 -.19 .40 .62 .68 .94 1.00 1988 63 F - r, 225 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS apparent cause. The incomplete, almost negli- gible, data from the Kwakiutl may account for the otherwise meaningless array of figures sup- posedly signifying its Salish correspondences. Nothing would be gained by another evaluation of this manner of handling ethnographic problems. In the first paper of the series upon element distributions (UC-PAAE 37: 1-70, 1935) Dr. Klimek has argued plausibly in its favor, and STATISTI By A. L. Table 1 includes the Qe coefficients for all tribes on which data were obtained; diagram 1 includes only those tribes for which the coeffi- cients seem reasonably reliable. The cause of the unreliability of three is the fragmentary nature of the lists obtained. The next to the last column in table 1 shows for each tribe the total number of elements re- corded for it which entered into the Q,e computa- tions. The shortest lists are Slaiamun 1, 129 elements; Kwakiutl, 217; East Sanetch, 295. The coefficients for the first two of these fall quite randomly, as compared with geography and known ethnography. For the East Sanetch, the fit of the coefficients to expectability is roughly right, but only fair. These three tribes have therefore been omitted from the diagram. Slaiamun 2 is the next smallest list, based on 572 elements. The fit of this is comformable to all other known facts: its coefficients range themselves in size to accord with geography about as well as the coefficients for any other tribe. The Slaiamun 2 list is therefore reliable. This fact is of methodological interest, because while larger than the three preceding, the Slai- amun 2 list is very much smaller than any of the other nine admitted to the diagram. These others range from 1218 to 2259 elements, with an average of 1935. This means that for material collected more or less as Barnett collected, a list less than half the size of the next smallest, and less than a third the size of the average of all others, will yield sufficiently reliable results. Since even the East Sanetch list, which is only half as long as the Slaiamun 2, is fairly reliable, it appears that in case of necessity lists one-fifth or one-sixth the size of those with which they were being compared, could be used for reasonably accurate cultural classifica- tion of groups. In other words, if in our Culture Element Sur- vey we were interested only in the statistical expression of the relationship of tribal cultures, we could obtain this expression satisfactorily with less than a fourth of the data we are col- lecting. We trust that the time, labor, and cost spent in securing the surplus three-quarters will be construed as our contribution to the old- fashioned cause of accumulating ethnographic knowledge, irrespective of statistics. The last column of table 1 shows the percent- Dr. Kroeber has presented the issues clearly. Dr. Kroeber has further discussed the matter at length and undertaken an analysis in an ap- pendix to my Oregon Coast report (CED: VII). Suffice to say here that it is not the only end- for which a summary on this order can be con- ceived, and that possibly the present one may have some value for reference in an area about which so little has come to light. [CAL NOTE Kroeber age of plus or positive answers among the total used for calculation. This is given because ana sis of Gifford's Pomo data showed that an in-i formant's excessive leaning toward either yes i no answers might be a symptom of unreliability. Barnett's lists range from 53 to 72 per cent plus, and seem all to be within the limits of reliability on this score. Personally I incline to query Barnett's con-' strual of the Homalco list as most out of step.- True, the Homalco-Sechelt coefficient of .81 seems somewhat high; but Klahuse-Sechelt .46 is3 unduly low. And Squamish-Klahuse .10 is certa out of line. These irregularities point to Kla- huse and Sechelt, and perhaps Squamish, as be as likely at fault as Homalco. It is interest in this connection that these three tribal ha are the longest obtained, whereas Homalco is, except for Slaiamun 2, much the shortest list those admitted to the diagram. Inasmuch as ana sis of the Pomo data revealed the longest list pretty uniformly below, par in fit and therefor apparent reliability, I am inclined to look up length as the disturbing factor rather than th Sechelt list being highest in proportion of ne tive answers (+, 53%; -, 47%). On this point o relatively excessive length of list, more expe, rience is needed; but if this is confirmatory should suspect a correlation of length with s thing in the ethnographer's or informant's att tude rather than a statistical cause. The cultural gap between Pentlatch and Na- naimo on Vancouver Island is remarkable. It is much the most pronounced break in the ring of lationship of tribes; definitely greater than tween island Comox and mainland Comox, or isl Sanetch and mainland Squamish. Barnett is no correct when he says that this fits with all p that is known of the ethnography; but also ri when he doubts whether all the Pentlatch info tion recorded really applies to the Pentlatch Comox are situated farther from the Nanaimo a Cowichan than are the Pentlatch, but their co cients with them are higher. This confirms Ba nett's doubts. The Pentlatch list is probably what broadened out beyond purely Pentlatch ref ence, perhaps by inclusion of Southern Kwakiut features. Nevertheless, there can be no serio doubt of the reality of a sharp alteration of ture between Pentlatch and Nanaimo, due to 8s unknown historic cause. I. I . 226 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH INFORMANTS lie Pelke; East Sanetch; age about 60; and father both of East Sanetch. Lie Underwood; Cowichan Bay; age 68; mother kn, father white. ,ort Westley; Nanaimo; age about 70; mother ither both Nanaimo. Nirmnim; Pentlatch; age between 85 and 95; Pentlatch, father Comox. His wife, age 45, ks interpreter and gradually as informant, Prom a peripheral group of the Comox in the i of Campbell River. Pnie Galakomy; Kwakiutl; no further infor- Irge Mitchell; Comox; age about 60; mother I father white. Chief Tom; Slaiamun; age -about 80; mother Kwakiutl, father Slaiamun. Isaac Paul; Slaiamun; age about 50; mother Squamish, father Slaiamun. Johnnie Dominick; Klahuse; age 71; mother and father both Klahuse. Frank George; Homalco; age about 60; mother Slaiamun, father Homalco. Joe Dally; Sechelt; age between 80 and 85; mother and father both Sechelt. Jimmy Frank; Squamish; age about 60; mother and father both Squamish. Tommy Paul; West Sanetch; age 72; mother Klallam, father West Sanetch. 227 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST TRIBAL NAMES The group names employed are those which the natives now use in referring to themselves and to one another. It was thought best to forego accu- rate phonetic renditions in favor of more common spellings which often appear as place names on maps of this region. Boas in The First General Report on the In- dians of British Columbia (BAAS 1889:806) calls the Comox Catlo'tq or K"o'moks. My Kwakiutl is of the southernmost group, the Yukwiltaw, which he writes Le'kwiltok. Sechelt is the same as his Si'ciatl. His other renderings are P-E'ntlatc for' Pentlatch, Sk'qo'mic for Squamish, and K-au'itcin for Cowichan. In The Second General Report (BAAS 1890:563) he refers to the Qsa'nitc (Sanitch) as close linguistic relatives of the Lku'ngEn (Song- ish). The Snanaimuq (Boas, AA, o.s., 2:321-328, 1889) are my Nanaimo. References to the other three groups are few. I am familiar with only two. Sapir (CGS-M 63:2, 1915) alludes to the LIO'hOs dialect spoken on the British Columbian mainland with which Comox proper "was stated to be identical." This must be the Klahuse who, with the Homalco, Slaiamun, and Sechelt, are closely related linguistically to the Comox. For these others I find only the names mentioned. Curtis (North American Indian, 9:32, 1913) gives Huma'hlkyu, Hlaa'min, and Tlakyu's, with which I equate Homalco, Slaiamun, and Klahuse. ABBREVIATIONS ES, Cw, Na, Pe, Kw, Cx, Sl, S2, K1, Ho, Se, Sq, WS, East Sanetch Cowichan proper Nanaimo, a Cowichan division Pentlatch (supposedly) Kwakiutl, now at Campbell River and Cape] Comox, formerly at Cam bell River and Cap4 Slaiamun 1, viz., Powell River Comox Slaiamun 2, also at Powell River Klahuse, viz., Toba Inlet Comox Homalco, viz., Bute Inlet Comox Sechelt (Siciatl), viz., Jervis Inlet Comc Squamish West Sanetch SYMBOLS USED IN TBE ELEMENT LIST + Trait present, or statement true. - Trait absent, or statement not true. () "Sometimes," "a few," or any other qualifi cation made or implied by the informant +? or -? Despite statement made by informant, doubted by me for some reason. Informant does not know. ? I do not know; that is, presence or absenc not be determined from the information * See section Ethnographic Notes on the Elem t For statistical computations, the number ? entries under this element have been ri plus. t For statistical computations, the element broken into two or more: e.g., 1 foot o more than 1 foot. 1228] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS E ES Cw Na Pe Kw Cx S1 S2 Kl Ho Se Sq WS FISHING Weirs and Dams tits and dams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Stake uprights . . . . . . . . . . S. Removable lattice work. . . . . . . 4. Simple wing dams . . . . . . . . . 5. Upstream pocket . . . . . . . *6. Basket in connection. 7. Converging wings. . . . . . . i8. Stgaight across. * 9. With trap door. 10. With square enclosure 11. Slanting from vertical (downstream) l1a.Stake driver. . . llb. Flat river stone. llc. Circular river stone . 12. Rock dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . p13. Scaffold on dam. 14. Scaffold alone. ,15. Fishing from shore or canoe . -16. Tidal impounding. 17. Rock enclosure. *18. Stake enclosure (permanent) 19. Levered lattice work... ~20. Fish maze. Spears and Harpoons .-pronged detachable gig. 22. Hardwood fixed prongs. . . . . . . 23. Single barb on prongs. Srpronged fish harpoon . *25. Fixed foreshafts . . . . . . . . . 26. 3-piece toggle heads .I 27. Goat horn. . . . . . . . . . 28. Hard hack. 29. Bone . . . 30. Bear bone. . . . . . . . . . 31. Unilaterally barbed point. . 32. Unbarbed point . . . . . . . 41tiple-barbed salmon harpoon. 34. Bilateral barbs. 35. Detachable head. ,-pronged spear (gig). 37. Fixed foreshafts. >-pronged spear (gig). 'rident harpoon butt. upped harpoon butt. .......... Floats arved animal float.......... ooden fish-net float. ......... 42. Upright cedar sticks. lock floats for seal net. Ole floats for seal net ........ - + + _ + + - + + - + _ - + + + - _ + _ _ +, + -_ + - + + + +? + _ + + _+ - + + + + + + + + + +? + + _ + + + + + + + + + - + _ _ + _ - + _ + + + + _?+ + + + (+) * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + 229 (+) + + + (+) + + + + _ + + + + + + + + - ++_ (+) + + (4) + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + _ + - + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + (+) + (+) + + + + (+) + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) + (-) +? + + + + + + +? + 4- 230 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS | ES Cw Na Pe Kg Cx| Si S2 Kl Ho] Se Sq 45. Seal-bladder halibut line floats . . . . . . I. . . - . + + - (+) _ _ 46. Line held up by hand ................. . + + + + - + - + + Basketry Traps 47. Basketry traps . . . . . . . . . (+) + - - + -?+ + + 48. Of cedar strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ - + - + + + 49. Large cylinder, tapering .? . . . . . . . . . . + + 50. Open at small end. . . . .. . . . . . . . 51. Detachable end "cup" . . . . + 52. Long cylinder, straight. . . . . - ? + - + + + 53. Invaginated mouth. . . . . - . . . . . . . + + 53a.Of sharp sticks. . . . . . . . . . . . + . 54. Top opening to extract fish . . . . . . + - + + + _ 55. Full-length upper opening . . . . . . . . _ + _ _ 56. Rectangular lattice used at falls. . . . o . . .+ ? ? ? + 57. Free enclosures in river . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 57a.Of lattice work, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + 57b.Horseshoe shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . +. . . ._ 57c.V shape, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 57d.Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + (+ 57e.With wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + 57f.With inclined bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 57g.With lateral pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 57h.With slanting-stick entrance . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - Nets 58. Nets ..... . ....+ + + + * + + + + + 59. Of-bark ...o , + + + ++ + +- 60. Of Apocynum. . . . . ? + + 61. Of nettle. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 62. Gill net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ?. _ _ 63. Crab-claw-rattle signal. .? . 64. Cedar-stick floats . . . .+ +? _ _ _ *65. Seine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + + + _ _ - _ + *66. Reef net .......................+ + + + + _ _ _- + 67. Lifting net on A frame . . _ _ - _ _ __ -+ *69. Lifting net, triangular opening. . . . . . . . . . . . . + 70. Racket-shape lifting net . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -? + + + + + + 71. Slip ring. . . . . . . . . . . . + 72. For herring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - + 73. For sea eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ( * 74. For salmon . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ _ + + + + 75. Vertical dip basket. . . . . . . . . . . + - + 76. On pole. + _ - -? - - _ _ _ Hooks and Miscellaneous 78. Hioks.. .... + + + + + + + + + + 79. Sharp-angled, 2-piece. ..? . . . . . + + . + . + (+) + - + + 80. Duck's bone, . . . . . . . .. . + * 81. 1 barb only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *82. Bent wood, 1-piece ...... .+? - __ 83. Wooden U-shaped, . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + -?+ + - 84. Halibut fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ _ + - * 85. Cod fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + * 8o. Simple toggle (gorge). . . + ? ? ? ? . . + + _ 88. Salmon gaff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + + + + -?+ 89. Detachable head with line. . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + _ + 90. Hard hack . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + _ + 91. Bone . . . ..+ + + + + + - _ + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH Herring rake. . . . . . . . . . . . Grooved stone sinker. . . . . . . . 94. Round . . . . . . . . 95. Long . . . . . . . . . . 96. Transverse groove . . . 97. Longitudinal groove . . . Wrapped sinker . . . . . . . . . . Spinner . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulmon-egg bait . . . . . . . . . . Cockle bait . . . . . . . . . . . . Fish bait. Dotopus bait. . . . . . . . . . . . Fish-skin bait. . . . . . . . . . . lerring bait. . . . . . . . . Fish dragged (transport). 107. On forked branch. !ih carried on forked branch lish strung on back . . . . . . . . 110. Two strings . . . . . . . . . 1ish club. 112. Reserved for this purpose 113. Definitely shaped . . . . . . 114. Carved figure on it. toe gathering on submerged branches romen fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . 116. Halibut . . Net Making rooden net shuttle. 118. Elliptical. . . . . . . . . . 119. Cartridge shape . . . . . . . boden mesh spacer. . . . . . . . . 121. Rectangular, with handle. . . 122. Perforated for grip brn or bone spacer . . . . . . 124. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . HUNTING Drives Surrounding technique . . . . . Game driven through narrow pass Pursuit on snowshoes. Game driven over cliff. Game driven into water. . . . . 131. Dogs used . . . . . . . . 132. Clubbed game to kill. . . for night hunting . . . . . . . nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deer. . . . . . . . . . . . . Elk . . . . . . . . . . . a . .eal. . 139. Surrounds resting place. 140. Released from bottom. . .uck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151. Permanent high net. . . . *152. On poles in boats . 153. Slightly submerged net. andsht *9 * * *1 * * *, * * 0 * *: * *0 ' * * * a * *0 40 * * * *9 : * *. * * - I ES Cw Na Pe Kw Cx S1 Ki I + + +? (+) (-) + () + + + *+ + + + + + + (+)- + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + (-)- + + + + + + + + (+I) (+) + + + + _ + - + + + 7+ + + + + + + + (+) + + (+ + (+ + + + + + + + +7 (+) + + + + + +? +? + + + + *+ * (+) + + + + + - + () + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ + + 4- + + + + + A + 4 + - (+, (+ + + + + + + + + + (+ + + + + + -+ + + i+) + + + +?- 4- + + + + + + + (+ + -+ + + + + + + + + - + - + - 231 Se Sq WS + + + + + + + (+) f ? + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? (+) + + + Ho + (+ - I 4 4 + + - + I- (-) + + + + + + 1- F F r r) + (+) + (+) + U ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 155. 156. 157. *158. 159. Decoys and Lures Dead fish for ducks. . . . . . . . Deer-head decoy. . . . . . . . . . Seal call (with mouth only). . . . Deer call (grass blade). . . . . . Duck flares in canoes. . . . . . . Traps and Minor Devices 160. Loop snare for beach birds. 161. Duck snare, submerged. . . . . . . . 162. Latticework with cord loops. 163. Loop snare with bent-over limb . . . 164. Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165. Goat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166. Bird . 167. Bird-trapping blind or screen. . . . *168. Slip loop foot catch. 169. Drop trap release. . . . . . . 170. Bird-shooting blind (duck, etc.) 171. Pyramidal lattice trap (figure-4 ?). 172. Deadfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173. Pitfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174. Impaling stick . . . . . . . . *176. 175. Big game only. . . . . . . . . 176. Shouting at ducks to paralyze. 177. Multiple-pronged duck spear. 178. 2 prongs only. . . . . . . . . 179. Sling shot for grouse. . . . . . . . 180. Beaver harpoon . . . . . . . . . . . 182. Foreshafted. . . . . . . . . 6 183. 1-piece head . . . . . . . . . *185. 184. Bilaterally barbed 185. 3-piece toggle head. 186. Beaver spear (fixed, 1-piece head) 187. Beaver musk taken. Trained Dogs 188. Dogs for hunting . . . . . . . . . . . 189. Breed other than woolly. 190. Dogs kenneled. 191. Hole in bank . . . . . . . . . . 192. Live in house. . . . . . . . . . 193. Dogs scarce, trained one valuable. 194. Trained by putting wild onion in 194a.Trained on deer vitals and urine 194b.Nose rubbed on meat which is set 194c.Nose Clit e.,nem.+tban ?rin1- sn * *0 * *0 * * * 0 * * * * * * * - eyes . . out f or * * v * * v * * 0 crow; -.16~ ~ v v -z v v w ki IV vO U. Lo U9 Uo VI V V *i *. V*L i* U U * U * 195. Dogs named. 196. Dogs buried . Mountain-Goat Hunting 197. Mountain goats hunted.te . ......... 198. Bow and arrow useda. ... ....... 199. Loop snare of cedar bark used.. ....... 200. Dogs usedd................ Sea-Mammal Hunting 201. Seals.. 202. Disguise usedd.................. ES Cw Na Pe Kw Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sq + + + + + 4- + + + + + .- 4-+? +- + +- + 4- + + + + +- + + + + + (+) + + + + - + + - + . _ _ _ + _ - + 4 4 + + + + + + (+) .(+)- + (+) 232 -F F 4 -I + + + + + + 4 4 4 4 4f 4 + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + I- F- F 4 + + + + -? + +? - - + +-? - 4- + + ?+ + + + + + I- + 0 + . + + + + + I 4 4 + +- + -? we - + + + + + + + + . - + + + + + i i i I 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1- F I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 203. Call used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204. Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '205. Ceremonial preparation . . . . . . . . . . . 206. Continence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207. Seal power or special power. . . . . . . . . 208. Inherited. 209. Inherited call only. . . .. . . . . 210. Hunter sings when seal struck. . . . . . . . 211. Song dreamed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212. Song inherited . . . . . . . . . . . . 213. Purification before hunt. 214. 2 men hunt together. . . . . . . . . . . . . 215. Shore screen and canoe . . . . . . . . 216. Both in canoe. . . . . . . . . . . . . 217. Seal harpoon . . . . 218. Fixed double foreshaft . . . . . . . . *219. Fixed single foreshaft . . . . . . . . *220. 1-piece head . . . . . . . . . . . . . *221. 3-piece heads. 222-. Unilaterally barbed point. . . . . . . 223. Line to shaft. . . . . . . . . . . . . 224. Not fixed, slips on line . 226. Whole 225. Floats or buoys on line. . . . . 226. Whole village shares seal. . . . . . . . . . 227. Roasted on beach . . . . . . . . . . . 228. Chief gets most. . . . . . . . . . . . "229. Seals clubbed. . 230. On beach . 231. Ball-headed wooden club. . . . . .. porpoises . . . . . . 233. Pursued in canoes. 234. Harpoon same as seal . . . . . . . . . . . ~V5. Floats used. 026. Clubbed to dispatch t h........... 287. Speared to dispatch t h........... Ia lions ..... . K9. Clubbed on shore .............. ~240. Harpoon foreshafted.afted....... 241. Line to shaft t............ 242. 1-piece, bilaterally barbed heads. 243. Heads same as seal .......... 244. Floats on line. 245. Pursued in canoe .............. 1les hunted at sea ............... 247. Used stranded whales ............ ioys (for sea hunting).ng).......... B49. Cedar blocks ........... ... e5s. Hair-seal skins, inflated. B51. Seal bladder ................ 252. Painted. 253. Ocher and salmon-roe paint 254. Red and black paint. 255. Thunderbird and lightning design 256. Variable design . . . . . . . . . 257. Painted for identification Hunting Specialization iting specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59. Hunters esteemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ES Ci Na Pe K-w Cxl S2 Kl Ho _ l _ _ _ _ _l + + + + + + + -? + + - + (+) + (+) + + + + + + + - + + + (+) - + + + - (+) - + + + + + (+) - + (+) .+- + + + + _ 4- + + + + (+) + - - + + + (+)- + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + +? + + + + + + + +' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+ + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + _ (+) (+) + + (+ (+ + + + + ? + (+) + (+) (+) + + + + + + 233 Se Sq WS + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + (+) + +~~~~~~~~ +~~~~~~ +~~~~~~ (+)~~~~~ +~~~~~~ +~~~~~~ (+)~ ~ ~ + (+)~ ~ ~ + +~~~~ (+) ~ ~ + (++ ++) ++ - + + + + + ++ - + ++ + - + I -- - - -- - I -- --- -- I - I 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 e 0 0 : . 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 , 0 0 : . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 e * * 0 0 0 0 : 0 : 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Skln Dressing 260. By women. . . . . . . . . . . . . 261. By both sexes. 262. Specialization. . . . . . . . . . 263. Unimportant . . . . . . . . . . . 264. Skins painted . . . . . . . . . . 265. Colored in bark infusion. . 266. Mussel-shell knife. . . . . . . . 267. Water soaked for dehairing. . . . 268. In pool . . . . . . . . . . 269. In containers . . . . . . . 270. Stretching frame. . . . . . . . . *27l. Hand stretching . . . . . . . . . 272. Scraping log... . 273. Wooden scraper. . . . . . . . . . 274. Mussel scraper. 275. Slate scraper . . . . . . . . . . 276. Deer-rib scraper. . . . . . . . . 277. Beveled wooden grainer. . . . . . 278. Softened with bark shredder . . . 279. Rounded, slanting post for rubbing 280. Seal oil for curing. 281. Brains for curing . . . . . . 282. Dog-fish oil for curing . . . . . 283. With decayed fir wood . . . 284. Frame for smoking . . . . . . . . 285. Bent-stick frame. . . . . . 286. Tripod frame. . . . . . . . 287. Held by hand. . . . . . . . I[ES Cw Na Pe Kw CxS2 Kl Ho Se S _1 . * " * v * . * * 4 * * * * 4 * * 0 and * 0 * : * 0 FOOD AND ITS PREPARATION 317. Rendering of fat on spit. . . . . * 318. Clamshell receivers . . . . 319. Wooden chest rendering. . . . . . 320. Canoe rendering. . . . . .. . . . 321. Wooden oil-tank container . . . . 322. Sides of 1 piece . . . . . 323. Dug out. 324. Sea-lion-bladder containers . . . 325. Seal-bladder containers . . 326. Stone oil dishes... 327. Wooden oil dishes . . . . . . . . *328. Clamshell oil dishes. . . . . . . 329. Kelp container for oil. . . . . . 330. Digging stick . . . . . . . . . . 331. Both ends pointed.. *332. Plain, straight . . . . . . 333. Straight, crutch handle 334. Curved, crutch handle 336. Clam digging stick. 337. Same as root digging stick. 338. Earth oven. . . . . . . . . . . . 339. Maple-leaf covering . . 340. Fir-bough covering. . . . . . 341. Fern-bough covering . . . . . 342. Kelp covering ........ 343. Salal-leaf covering .. 344. Mat over top. ........ 345. Fire on top ......... 346. Salmon split dorsally ....... 347. Similunar bone knife. 234 + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + . . _ + * * * (A + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I- i- 4 * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * * * * @ * * * @ * * * @ * * * @ * * * @ * * * * * * * @ * * * @ scraping . . . . . . . . . . * * * * 4 * * * * 4 . . . . . . . . . 0 0 t 0 0 + + - -? + a + * 0 +- (4 +- + + +- (+) (+ +- + + + + + + (+)- + i+ + 4- 4- 4- I- -4 + (+) (+) + 4- - I V. + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) (+) (+-) + + + + + 4 + I + + +5 + + .+ + + + +? + + + (+) + + + ?+? + + + + .+ (+) + I+) (+) + 4-) 1-) :+) + (+) (+) ( + O + +- + (+) (+) 4! (+) 4! + 4 + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9 + + a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 00 , 0 I9 I0 10 0 0 01 &I 04 04 00 0.* e 0: 90 *0 0* e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 I: I* I* 0 0 01 04 94 0 0: :*4, 00 .0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 9 0 . a 9 11 0 0 0 I e a 0 0 0 0 0 01 .I 01 04 I- F F I I7 F , 9? I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 235 ES Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sq WS lMussel-shell knife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + -? - + + + .&emilunar slate knife ..+ + + + + + + + + 350.Hafted ..................... . + . + ++ + ++++ 351. Hole for finger., .....a....* * * +|+ + -+ - te boiling. + _ _ _ . + + + +- 64. In bark containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - 355. In wooden "canoe"-shaped vessels . . . . . .. .. + (+) 356. In wooden boxes (other than pai-l or trunk) . . . + + + + + + - 357. Bent sides.- _+ + -+ + + - 358. Rabbeted sides and bottom. - . + + + + - 359. Sewn corners .- . . . + + + + + - 360. Sewn bottom. . . . . . . . . - - (+) (+) _ + + + - 361. Doweled connections . . . + + + + + + - Wooden bowl water "pail" .. . . . . . . . . . . + -- ? Bquare wooden water "pail" ............................+ + + + -?++ ++ + 465. Doweling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + - 366. Sides of 1 piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + + + + + + + + 867.Sewing .........o + + + ++ ++ Jnd cup with-handle ............... + - er-paunch water container. .. .+ + + 4+ + + plitwoodentongs ..+. +++ + +++ ++++ ilingorroasting ........o + + + +++ ++++ 8722.Oiwoodenframe . ........... + + +++ ++ ++ 373.Oncoals ..o + (+)+(+)+ ++ + +++ 4. Inclined sticks ..o +++ + ++ + +++++ 375.Stickssplit .. ++ + + + + + ++ ++ Stone mortar o oo o..- __+ _ __ _ ___ 378. Undecorated, shallow, for paint. .-. __+ _ _ _ ___ "tonepestle, spool shape o ........+??. ?? ?_ __ __ ple fire drill . ... . ++ + + +++ ++++ r wood and tinder, o o 0 . . . ...... ................. .................. . |+ + + + + + + + + + lowmatch .. + + + + +++++ 888.Cedarpunk ................... - + + +++++ 889. Fern-root punk + . .+ + . + 390. Coals in clamshell o ................. +-0 -0 + + + ++ ++ 'Firewood fed radiallya.. . . . . . | + * + + + + + + + -? Horn spoons+ - -+ + +++ + ++ 398. Mountain sheep__ + + - +? 393a.Carved goat-horn handle.-orna l -- ++_ 395. 394. Perfora.ted handle.-___- . +_ 395Modn goat.u.ia + _ -+ + +++ + ++ oaspoons.o + + + + +++ ++++ 897. Shell8inlaid...ll nd+ + ++ + -+ 398. Perforated handle.. (+)+ + ?+(+) + -+ 399.Omnamentec.l - o+++ ++ - __ _- 400.Arbu tusvood. +I+ +. ?. .+ - 401.Maplewood. + + + + . _+ - +-?+ 402eAlderwood.+ + + + ++ _ +-?- 403. Fir wood.+ + + htingspatulas. (+)(+)(+)+ ++ ++++ 405.WWood. + + + ++ + ++ + Camshell spoon.+.. + + + +++ ++ + Porpoise-jw spoon. .+ ish-JaWsPoon.-. _+ -+ + +.+ + - + ooaenladle'.+. + + + + +++ ++++ looen dishes. + ++ t + + + + |+ + + 411. Canoe-shaped ..+. + + + + ++ + ++++ 412. Carved end figures. _ + + +++ Flat meat platter.-. . -_+ - -_+- ++ 414.Incised, painted . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... .+ + -_+ - ,jowls . . .. . . . . . . . . . a . . . + + + + - + + + 416. Long, rectangular ... + + + + * 0+ + + 417. Of cedar, for dry fish .- - _ + + + ? + + 236 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS |Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sql 418. Formal feasting dishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + - _ 419. Crest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + ? ? - - 420. Animal forms ............... - _ ++ + + + + *422. 421. Shell inlaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + - 422. Folded cedar-bark vessel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + + . + - 423. Clams stored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + + + + + 424. Steamed on rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 425. Roasted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 426. Trampled on ...................... + + + + + + + + + 427. Strung on circular string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ _ _ - + 428. "Strung" on sticks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - 429. Dried ...... . + ? + + + ++ ++ 430. Salmon dried . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 431. Spread open by cross sticks. + + + + + + + + + 432. Salmon eggs dried ........ .... .... .... .. . + + + + + + + + + 433. Box container . . . . . . . . . + + + + - 434. Paunch or bladder container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *436. 435. Rush baglike container. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ? ? ? ? ? ? (+) 436. Halibut dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + +()_ + - 437. Cod dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 438. Herring dried in sun ...................... + + + + + + + + + 439. Skates roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - +? + + . + + 440. Fern roots roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 441. Pounded.. ..................... + + + + + + + + + 442. Dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 443. Mixed with fish eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 444. Wooden pounding club .+............... ... _ _ _+ + + + + 445. Inner bark eaten (maple and alder). + + + + + + + + + 446. Hemlock .+ - + + _ 447. Bark scraper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 448. Bone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + .? 449. Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+)+ + (+)+ + + 450. Hard'hack.+ + ++ + + 451. Rectangular ...................... + + + + + + (+)+ 452. Bent slat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? - 453. Clamshell.. ..................... + + + + + + + 454. Marrow extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 455. Cosmetic and hair oil also. . + + + + + 456. Acorns eaten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ( _ 457. Steamed or roasted vihole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + 458. Salt used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + 4 - . _ _ 459. Seaweed.. ..................... . ++ + + . __ 460. Sea water as an emetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - + + 461. Eggs eaten. + - + + + + + + + 462. Duck. + - + + + + + + 463. Sea gull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 464. Loon ..................... + - . . + . . + 465. Shag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 466. Grouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + 467. Fetuses eaten .. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . (+) + + + + - 468. Taboo to young. + + + + + 469. Blood drunk ..............|+ + + + |+ + + |+ + 470. Boiled blood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+? +? + + + + + + 470.ctpu Bieate bloo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? + + + + + + + + 471. Octopus eaten.+ + + + + + + 472. Barnacles eaten.. *. . . .- . .. . . . .+ -.-.-.- 473. Yellow-jacket larvae eaten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 474. Used as "salve" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + 475. Used to "train" warriors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 476. Wild parsnip used .................. ++ + + + + + ? 477. As food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -?+ * _ + 478. Medicinal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ I A ?i' CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA. SALISH 479. Hair ointment. kt on floor ................ 481. On mats . 'Finger bovls". . . . . . . . . . . . . Irk napkins ..... .. . .. .. . . .. Food sold. 485. Professional hunters.. 486. Seal only....... . . FOOD TABOOS AND PRESCRIPTIONS bsent hunter's wife must stay in bed. . . C488. Must do everything gently...... 489. Especially for seal and porpoise . . 4490. Forbidden to comb hair ....... 491. May cook or use fire . . . . . . . . ter forbidden to comb hair....... ter may announce intention to hunt. . . lood of game ritually disposed of . ter must take goat heart, tongue, etc., sndicriminate distribution of game. i496. To adults. . .. . . . . . 497. Children may eat liver. 498. Children may eat heart., . . . . . . 499. Children may eat tongue. . . . . . . 500. Children may eat fawn.. . . . 501. Children may drink blood . . ?Dermeat never stepped over, . . . . . . . 503. Women prohibited especially. . . . . Deermeat allowed to touch floor. . . . 4 ernmeat must be covered .4 itual disposal of bones. 507. Thrown in water. . . . . . . . . 508. Deer bones hidden or buried. . 509. Dogs may have . . . . . . . . . . . 510. Salmon bones thrown in river . . Der and salmon may be eaten together. . . River and sea food may be eaten together . First kill eaten by youth. . 514. Taboo on first three.. . . . . 515. Taboo on first one only. . . . . . H 516. Taboo on first five. . . . . . . 517. Ceremony with ritualist. . . . . -518. Given to the old people. . 519. Feast in his honor . . . "First salmon eaten by youth. . . . . . . 521. Any old person prepares and eats . . 4Down put on goat head when roasted . . . . Bear ceremonialism. . . . . . . . . . . 524. Ceremonial preparation to hunt . . 525. May announce intention to hunt . . 527. Bear once a person . . . . . . . . . 528. Head set up in woods . . . . . . . . 529. Facing east. . . . . *531. 530. Down sprinkled on it . . . . . 531. Bear licks paws in hibernation . .. 532. Bear eaten. . . . . 4. Panther eaten . Wildcat eaten. Cougar eaten. . . . ... Raccoon eaten . . . . . . . . . . * | * | * * * * * * * * @ * @ home * a * a * s * s * @ * @ * @ . * * * * 4 * * * * t * * * * 4 * * 4 * * 4 . . . . * * e . . * * e * * e * * e * * e * * * * * * * @ * - * @ * . * @ * - * @ * - Cw Na Pe ( 237 S2 Ki I Se Sq WS + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 4 4 4 4 4 + + + + + + 4 4 4 4 + + + + + + (-) + - + + + + + + + + + + + + ) + + + + + + 4- + + + - + + + + +? +? + _ + * @ * @ * @ * - * @ * @ * @ * * ) eat * * * @ * @ * @ * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * @ * * * @ * @ * @ * @ * @ * @ * @ * * * @ * @ * @ * @ * * @ * @ . . . . * * * * @ * * 4 * * 4 * * z . . + + .+ (+: + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + _ 4- + + + Ho 4 4 4 + + + - _- . + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + - _ ++ - + + + +? + + - + - + _ + - + - + + - + + + + - + +- + + + - + + -? + -?+ *+ + + + + + + + - + + + ++ *+ + + + -? + + (+) + (-) + + + + (+) +) + -I 4 41 a i- 1- I- F F F 0 +7 +? (+) + + + + + (+) + - _+ _ + + + i I 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 : 00 I0 00 10 00 00 10 1: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. I Cx I I I 00 0e 00 : 00 b, to 0 00 0 00 10 10 0 00 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e .I 01 0. .I 0I 04 04 0. 04 04 9. 00 00 04 .a 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 4 . I 0 4 p 4 0 4 9 a 0 0 p 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 e 0 F a 0 I 0 238 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ES Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sq 536. Sea gull eaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )(+)+ + + + + + + 537. Dove eaten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -? . - + . + *538. Eagle eaten ..+ + + + - + + + + 539. First-salmon rite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + *541. For sockeye only.+ . .. + 543. Ritualist catches and officiates... . + _ + 544. Wife prepares it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 545. Group watching and praying for salmon return. . . . . . + ? 546. Children carry salmon from canoe. . . . . . . . . . . . + _ - + 547. Down in hair.+ - ??????- 548. Head of salmon kept upstream. . . . . . . . . . + - _ . + 549. Soup prepared .............. . _ _ .... + _ _ 550. Roasted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ . _ + 551. Especially reserved dishes.. - + ? 552. Ceremonial marching around. . . . . . . . . . . + 553. All partake of lst.salmon . . . . . + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + 554. Only "chief" and his family . . . . . . + 555. Children may eat of it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ + - + 556. Faces painted ............ . + _ + _ _ 558. Bones ceremonially treated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) 559. Thrown back in river. . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - _ 560. Crooked-mouth salmon ominous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . 561. Eaten fresh, never dried. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 562. Thrown back in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + _ *563. Dog salmon only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 564. Associated with mythical serpent.. . .. + . . _ BQATS Types *566. Shovel nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(+ ?567. Nootka type made .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . | ( ( + +? - - - 568. nukwil ....... . ... . . . . . . ....... . . . _ _ + + + + + *569.Northern .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . _ - + + _ ?- 570. yicelt .+ + + + + Construction 570a.Of cedar, dug out .-.-................... . + + + + + + + + + + 571. Tree felled by burning .. + - + + + + + + + 572. Felled with chisel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) + 573. Hollowed by burning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 574. Hot rocks . .+ _ _ + + + + + + + 575. Horn wedge ............ . . . + + + ++ _ _ _ 576. Unilateral bevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ? 577. Curved elkhorn . . . . . . . . . - 578. Wooden wedge. . .+ + + + + + + + + + 579. Yew w-oodl . . . .. ...... ... ... ... + + + + + + .+ + + 581. Whalebone wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . + + _ - 582. Wedge head bound .+ + + + + -?+ + + + 583. Wood chisel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 584. Stone celt set in wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + + 585. Stone celt set in elkhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . - + _ _ _ 586. Maul stone ................. . ...... . + + + + + + + + + + 587. Spool shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 588. Plain head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + *589. wgooden-club maul ................. .-.-. - +. . . _ ? -+ + - _ *590. Elkhorn hammer ........... + - .+ . _+ . _ 591. Straight adz . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) 592. Stone frame . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ 593. Bone frame . . . . . . . . . . . . + + I CULITURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH l 594. Wood frame. . . . . . * . . 596. Buckskin knuckle guard. .... lbow adz. 597. Carvedr.ve..... D" adz ............... ; 599. Wooden frame. 600. Bone or horn frame. Stone blade on adz......... st'ssel adz blade. .... 1rill with shaft . . . . . . . . . . 605. Bone point. . . . . . . . . . 606. Slate point . . . . . . . . . 607. Flint point ........ . . e6tone knife. 809. Slate. lood carving knife e. ........ 612. Mussel shell, curved. 613. Slate . . . . . . . . -leaver-tooth engraver. ranoe ends separate pieces s..... 1616. Carvedr.v .......... + 617. Shell inlay. Gunwales turned out . . . . . . . . Ounale strips. . . . . . . . 620. Haliotis or shell inlay ... 621. For replacement. 622. Painted or carved ....... Thwarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624. Sewed ............. 625. Flat . . . . . . . . . 626. Bow and stern ... 627. Carved figure.s. 628. Round .. 629. As seats. .......... (its to kneel on .......... . . iBasketry pad on bottom. x haised board on bottom. . . . Harpoon rest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 634. Bar of soft wood only . . .... ,* 635. Carved and painted ...... . . 636. Used notch in bow. Painted canoe ............. 639. Inside red. 640. Ocher and salmon roe. 641. Just inside rim. Oiled canoe. Scorched or blackened inside of.canoe Scorched over outside of canoe. . . . . Associated Features .anoe maker specializes . . . . . . . 646. Inherited power. 647. Dreamed power. 648. Taboo on sex while making 649. Taboo on combing hair. 650. Wife also. 651. Taboo for others to watch maker 652. Young people only . . . . Leunching ceremony. 654. Helpers paid. . . . . . . . . . 655. Feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . ES Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho) Se Sq WS . . . , .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _- + _ GM + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _- + + + + *+ + + **+ + + + *+ * + + _ + I- (+) - + + + + (+) + + + I 4 4 4 4 - .4 .4 4 4 (+: + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + -? + + + + 4-4- + + _- + * + + + * * . + - + - (4+) - + (+) + + - - + (+) ---4_- + + + + F- F- 4 (4 (4 + + (+ + + _ + + + + +? 4-9 4- +? H) -) -9 (+) + + + + + + + + + + + (+)( + . + A +A + - 4- 4 + + + + 4 4o + - - - I+ i+ + + + + .+) + + + + (+) (+) + + + + (+ + + + (+) + + + ? (+) ? (+) -? + -? + - + -? + _ + *? +? I + *+ 4- + + we + + (-) + + + + + (+) (-) + VW + ( ) ( ) I _ + 239 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 : p 0 : 0 p I 01 1 0 1 0 1 * 0 0 0 0 0 I I I m r- 9 a I 0 we 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 D a4 9 00 10 09 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 * p * I, : 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 * I 0 0 1 0 4 0 4 t 4 0 0 : : 0 0 : 0 0 * 0 9 0 : 4 4a 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 a 0 0 * R . 0 a . 0 0 * 0 . 0'o 1 0 9 0 9 I * I * I 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 : 04 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 : 0 1 : 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 4 * 4 9 4 0 4 * A 0 4 : 40, 0 0 I 4 44 0 0 0 0 0 00 4 0 0 0 0 0 : 'O' : 'O' : 'O' 0 0 0 0 9 . p 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a I * 0 01 0 01 01 04 01 04 04 04 :44 *4 00 a 0a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * I 0 1 0 4 0 1 * 4 : 04 0 0 , 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 I 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . F- F 0 0 0 0 0 _ _ - (*) (+)I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS *656. Gifts by owner. . . . . . . 657. Doctoring . . . . . . . . . 658. Canoe named . . . . . . . . . . . 659. According to prow figure. 66p. Platform resting on 2 canoes. 661. Ceremonious visits. 662. Transport . . . . . . . . . 663. Landed stern foremost . . . . . . 664. Sail. 665. Thin boards. 666. House planks. . . . . . . . 667. Rush or bark. . . . . . . . 668. Woven . . . . . . . . . . . 669. Brush . . . . . . . . .. . 670. On crosspiece . . . . . . . 671. Mast only support. 672. On diagonal pole. 673. Block mast socket . . 674. Sheets and braces. 675. Bailers . . . . . . . . . 676. Wooden, triangular. *677. Ladle shape . . . . . . . . *679. 678. Cedar bark. . . . . . . . . 679. Cedar-bark canoe. . . . . . . . . 680. Rectangular, vertical ends. 681. Log raft for lake . . . . . . . . Paddles 682. Single paddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683. Crutch handle . . . . . . . . . . . 684. 1-piece . . . . . . . . . . . 685. 2-piece . . . . . . . . . . . 686. Doweling. . . . . . . . . . . 687. Hide wrapped. . . . . . . . . 688. Splayed butt. . . . . . . . . . . . 689. Woman's paddle. 690. Of yellow cedar . . . . . . . . . . 691. Of maple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692. Of yew, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693. Blackened . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694. Decorative designs. . . . . . . . . 695. Burned spiral. 696. Ownership markings. . . . . . . . . 697. Painted red . . . . . . . . . . . . 698. Stained . . . . . . . . . . . 699. Hemlock "blisters". . . . . 700. Alder stain. *701. Paddle blade widest near end.. .. *701a.Lenticular blade. . . . . . . . 702. Angular blade, widest near middle . 703. Poling rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704. Pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sea Lore 705. Fishing songs owned . . . . . . . . 706. Laughing taboo while fishing. . . . 707. Portentous spots. . . . . . . . . . 708. Propitiated . . . . . . . . 709. Silence maintained in passing 710. Serpent in river. . . . . . . . . . IES Cw Na Pe Cx|S2 Kl Ho|Se Sq + + + (+ ." -+ + + + + + + + + + + + +) +) +) + + +) ? + + + + + +) +) +) + + + + + - (+) - (+) + + * + + _ . * + + + - + + + + F 4 + + + + + + (+) (+) (+) (+) + + + + - + ++ + 0 0 . + + + + + + + (+ + +) + +J + + + + + (+) (+) + + + +~ + + + + + + (+) (+) + + -+ + (+) - + ++ + + + + + + 4- 4- 4- + (+) + + + )+ +) ) + + (I) + (+) +- + (-)I + + + + + +. +. +. + ++ + + + + I- I- I- -I - 4 + 4- 4- I. 240 0 0 1 1 I A A 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . e e 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 : *0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 9 : 'O' 0 0 0 0 : e 0 * 0 0 0 & 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 9 0 F- t- F CULTURE ETLM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH ____________________________________________________ _ES Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sq WS ;Sea skate monster. . . . .Serpent in sea . . . . . 712. On land as well. . 713. Winged . . . . . . 714. Double-headed. . . 715. Horned. .716. Has feet . . . . . e717. Dangerous to cross * : * 0 * * it; * * * trail OTHER TRANSPORTATION Skin "toboggan". Snowshoes. . . . . . . . . 720. Cedar-withe netting. 721. Rawhide netting. 722. Gut netting. 723. Sinew netting. 724. Cross sticks . +725. Oval shape. Blunt toe, sharp heel. . . Sharp toe, raised. . . . . PACKING ill-wool pack strap. . . . . . . . . Fiber pack strap . . . . . . . . . . 730. Braided ends . . . . . . . . . 731. Cedar-bark checkerwork . 732. Twined . . . . . . . . . . . . 733. Wool weft. Mkin pack strap. . . . . . . . . . . 735. Skin warp, wool weft . . . . . ?ok strap for head. . Pok strap for chest . . . . . . . . kolled-mat pack. . . . . . . . . . . leerskin-bundle pack. kt-bundle pack. . . ashed-snowshoes pack. kikm-bag pack............ CORDAGE AND FIBER F.ply string . 744. Rolled on knee 745. "Sharp" river f 746. Inner alder bai 748. Apocynum 749. Rush.. .750. Cedar bark and 751. Nettle . t.ply cord and rope. raided cord . . . . 754. Gut. . . . . . 155. Cedar bark 755a.Willow . edar-withe rope '57. 3-strand 'alp fiber. gra ss. rk . * * 0 rush. * * : * * 00 war gut.. . . . . . . + 241 + * + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + -? + (+) + + + + '+ -? + + + + + + + .+ 1+ + + - +- + _. + + +- ++, - (+) + + _ + + _ + + + (+) - + + + + + + (+) + _ + + + + + (+) (+) (-) (-) + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + (+) W" + + + + + + + + +? + (+) + +? + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 e -? + + + + + - + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORD 760. Sea-lion gut. . . . . . . 761. Sinew . . . . . . . . . . 762. Fiber scraper of shell. . 763. Of deer bone. . . . 764. Through split stick 765. Bark shredder . . . . . . 766. Clublike. . . . . . 767. Crescentic. 768. Perforated. 769. Animal form . FABRICS 770. Twined mats of "sharp" grass. . . . . . . 771. Bark matting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772. Cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773. Checkerwork . . . . . . . . . . . . 774. Twvine work. ............ 775. Rush matting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776. Twined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777. Sewn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *778. Eyed needle . . . . . . . . . 779. greaser . . . . . . . . . . . 780. Animal form . . . . . . 781. Blankets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782. Twined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783. Dog wool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784. Dogs kept . . . . . . . . . . 785. Goat wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786. Goats hunted. . 787. Wool by potlatch. *789. 788. Wool by trade . . . . . . . . 789. Wool mixed with other fibers. . . . 790. Fireweed pappus . . . . . . . 791. Cat-tail pappus . . . . . . . *792. Down. . . . . . . . . 793. Earth or fibers beaten in 794. Beater handle carved. 795. Earth worked in by hand 796. Spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *797. Disk whorl. . . . . . . . . . *799 798. Rolled on thigh. 799. Fiber twisting form . 800. Animal shape. . *802. 801. Skin sack of sand. 802. Roller loom . . . . . . . . . . . . 803. Suspended warp loom. 804. Raccoon-skin sewed blanket. 805. Sewed bird-skin blanket . . . . . . PLANK HOUSES Construction 807. Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . 808. Excavated . . . . . . . . . . 809. Three levels. . . . . . 810. Central pit . . . . . . 811. Plank-lined.. . . 812. Corner posts . . . 813. Carved and painted. . . Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se S4 + +? + + + + + + + + +++ + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + .+ (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) -? + -? +? '+? + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) (+) -(+) -? + +- + + ++ + + + + + + + t + -? + + (+) (+) (+) + (+) + + + + -? + + + + _- ( -) H- + + + + + + + + + -?9 + 242 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,b0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 243 Cw Na Pe Cx S2 Kl Ho Se Sq WS j4.entral posts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) (+)(+) _ + + + - + 815. If house is double . + + . _ _ _ - + i4 816. Carved and painted . . . . . . . . . . . +? - + + + + + ( |7. Gabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) + (+) + (+) (+) (+) - (+) Shed type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + .819. Few. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - +? - 820. Summer house . - . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + - _ 821. For poor people. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + (+) _ _ 2. ouble ridgepole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - (+R - - - +? - _ 823. On double end posts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 4. Single ridgepole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) + + + (+) + - + *825. Supported by long end posts. . + . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + *826. Supported by crosspiece. . . . (+) + - + e4~ 827. Supported by short end posts . . .. - (+) (+) o 8.Rafters. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + -?+ + + ? 89. Longitudinal poles resting on rafters. . . . s . . . . . . + + ++ -? + + 4 4 (+) B8. Beams directly on post tops. - . . . + + + + + + + + 830a.Fitted (laid in groove).: . + + + + + + + . Wall planks not connected with corner posts. . . . . . . . + + - (+) _ _ _ _ _ e2. Wallplanks horizontal . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + 833. Vertical binders. .. o o . o . + + + + + + + + + + 884. Mat-lined walls. . . ... ..0 0....lb..................+ + - + + + + + + + 185. Boof plates. o o 0 0 .. 0... 0 0 0 . .....................+ + + + + + + + + + *836. With water shed ... .. + + + + + + + + + + 837. Bracket cross-section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - _ + 838. Bark roof. _ _ _+) (+) (+) () - 839. Sumier time.... + + + + + 840. Lateral smoke escape . ..a,..............+ + . + . + . + + + 841. Ad'ustable cover .....................a..... . + + + + + + + 842. Short roof plank ....... .. . o o . + + + + + + + 43. Overlapping plates at ridge. . . ID ....+ + + + + + + - (+) Furnishings and Additional Features *eplaces around sides . o o o o o o o . + + + + -? + + + + + lf for storage along walls . .. . o . + + + + + + + (+) + od storage under bed platform. o o o + + . - . _ _ + + ngframes in house . ... . ... + + + (+) (+)(+)(+) + + 48. Post supports .. .. o o o . + + - (+) - 4 (4) + 49. Suspended .- -.. o o o o o .............. _ _ + + + ( ( - _ dplatform z.no . + + + + + + + + + 851. All around (all sides) .. + + + + 0. + + + + atshed over bed ... o o o o o o o o o .+ + + _ _ t shed over bed..... o o o o . + + + . _ + + lled mat pillow......................... + + + + . + + rtitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + + + + + + 856. -t . . . . . a . . . . . . a . . . . . . . (+)? ~867. Pl ank. ++ + + + + + 58. Boothlike, front open .......................- - - _ + - + 59. Compartinents .-..... ................ - + + + + + - _ -85+89a.Between families.- - . o . _ _ + + + + + + + $bor in each wall .. . . . . . ...... . . . . o o+ - 861l. End . a..................... (+) (+) + + + + + + + '-862.Side . . ..................- - . (+)(+)-_ _ 863. Center .................... (+)- + (+)(+)+ -+ 864. Near cornet. . o o o + (+) + - +(-) _+ + *865. Ground level. .. o o . o o o . + (+) + + + + + + + +866. Oval .@....a................-) (+) -+ _ - -(+ '867. Carved .- o _ _ _ + o ....... _ _ _ _ _ L868. Rectanglar .+.... ............ + (+)+ + + + + + .869. By plank omission .................. + + ++ + + + + + niial-face door ......... . . . .. | (+) (+) (+) - - 244 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Ho Se E 871. Swinging door.+ - + + |- 872. Cedar-withe hinge.+ - + + _ _ 873. Plug door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + 874. Door faces wvater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 875. Painted door ... . . . . . . . . . .. . _ + + + 876. Symbolic ... . . . . . . . . . .. . + + + 876a.Carved door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+) 878. Plank shields inside door. + + + + + + 879. Rear door. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 880. Tied-rung ladder ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . - +? - _ 881. Notched-log ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 882. For climbing to storage racks . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 883. Carved and painted ... .....-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + a + 884. Beams projecting in front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 885. Crest carvings thereon ... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . + + + + 886. Painted house front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( . . . . + + + -? *888. 887. Animal figures ... . . . . . . . . . . .)- + + + 888. Totem pole ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _ + + (+) 889. Apart from house ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . + + + + 890. External ridge support carved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + - 891. Tall slender posts outside house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + _ _ 894. Crested. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + *896. 895. Knobbed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 896. Carved "bedposts". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . + *898. 897. Crests .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + _ _ 898. Front platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + * 898a. Retaining planks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 898b.Potlatch-dispensing platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 899. Whale-vertebrae stools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? 900. Back rests (seats) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -?+ + + 901. Elevated (no arms) for chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? 902. Settee, outside, facing beach. . . . . . . . . . + + + + 904. All houses in line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (-) - 905. Stockaded houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. - - - 906. Stockaded villages ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + _ + + 907. Stockaded refuge . .............. . . . . + + _ 908. Elevated exterior platform for storage . + _ 909. Storage pit in house ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 910. Separate drying and smoking structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -? + + + 911. Inclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 912. Houses named .. - + + _ 913. Completion ceremony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 914. Potlatch given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + SUTR CAMP HOUSE :915.Lean-to: ... . .- + * +.+ +. 916.Shed type ............. ..+ . . _ _ - + 917. Mat-covered .......................... . + + + (+) (+) 918. Bark-covered.... .(+) (+) 4 919. Plank roof... .- . . .- . . .- . .- . .+ - 921. Brush shelter (no frame) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) SEMISUBTERRANEAN STRUCTIJRE 922. Semisubterranean structure . ..... . _ _ _ + + + 923. Round. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 924. Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925. Top entrance. .. ........ . . . . . . . . 926. Side entrance ......_ . . I 4. I I 1-r I 1- - I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 927. Tunnel entrance. 928. Refuge from war attack . . . . . 929. Earth-covered. . . . . . . . . . 980. Under floor of house. SWEATING 3Weating for purification. . . . . . . *eating for minor curing. team (not direct fire). . . . . . . . "iying as water put on rocks. . . . . .aet body covering, no structure. &ins type structure (mat, brush) . 488. Bent willows, etc. . . . . . . . 99. Inside living house. . . . . . . . iossed-stick frame. 941. Excavated. 942. Covered with bark. . . . . . . . . 943. Earth-covered . 944. Facing creek . . . . . . . . . . . kman's "8sweat bed". WEAPONS AND PROTECTION Bow ad, thin, short . . . . . . . . . . Lstrictea grips. . . . . . . . . . . . rved tips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . low cedar root. wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. East side of tree. . 2. Shady side of tree . . . . . . . . nted or colored.. . . . . . . . . . . Spiral design. . . . . . . . . . . ped with sharp point. . . . . . . . . er bowstring. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2-plly...............0 0 ow bowstring. bowstring. . . . . . . . . . . . . rBkin-thong string. . . . . . . . . . a horizontally. . . . . . . . . . . . Arrows ,ightened with hands. . . . ished with horsetail rush shed with dogfish skin th6rea double, tangential '.Whole feather used '. Feather doubled back and tbon butt end. . . . . . . 1. Sinew-wrapped. . . . . . !. Butt wrapped with cherry points. . . . . . . . . . Long, thin for ducks Multiple barbs. 974. For warfare. . i. Detachable, barbed . 976. For hunting. . 977. For warfare. . * * * *0 * * * * wrapped * * * 0 bark. . * * * . * . . . a * * 0 * * * e0 * * * e on Cw Na Pe Cxx Kl Hol Se Sq WS + + + + + (+) +? (+ + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + (+) + + *+ + * + - + _ + -(+) +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (-) + + + (+) (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + (+ + + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + dian, flint points .+.................... 245 i i i i 1+ + _ 246 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 979. Slate points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980. Retouching by pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981. Heating previous to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982. Specialization. . 983. Grinding of points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984. Tanged points ........................... 985. Bird arrows, fiber-wrapped tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986. Bird arrow, wooden-knob tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987. Line to bird arrow 988. Multiple-pointed arrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989. Double, for small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990. Bone, stone points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991. Painted to identify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992. Spirally.. . *993. Other identifying marks. 994. Arrow poison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995. Family owned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996. Arrow release primary ....................... 997. Sewed-skin quiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998. Seal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999. Otter ............................ 1000. Beaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001. Cylindrical cedar-bark quiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002. Qaiver carried at side. Clubs 1003. Clubs . . . . . . . . . . 1004. Buckskin, stone enclosed. 1005. Wooden . . . . . . . . . . 1006. Plain, round cross-section .. 1007. Knobbed head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1008. Stone spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009. Paddle shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010. Carved, realistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011. Stone ................... 1012. Paddle shape. . . . .. 1013. Animal silhouette ............ 1014. Cylindrical, ringed end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015. Whalebone, 2-edged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016. Whalebone, round. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017. Antler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spears 1018. Spears . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019. In warfare . . . . . . . . 1020. Slate blade . . . . . . . 1021. Obsidian or flint blade . 1022. Bone blade. . . . . . . . . . . . 1023. Hard hack (wooden). . . . . . . . 1024. Yew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daggers 1025. Daggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026. Slate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027. Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028. Double-pointed, constricted grip. 1029. Wooden handle . . . . . . . . . . 1030. Yew or hard hack. . . . . . . . . 1031. Whale bone. . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + ++ + + + + + _ + + _ + + + + + + + + + + (+) *+ ++ + *+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - .te ++ + 4 P" + + _t _f so_ I 6. .- + + S + + + + + + + * + 0 + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + (+) + + (+) + + 246 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CL?[LTRE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 247 Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Ho Se Sq WS Sling Sling. + + + + + + + + 1033.Gutcords ......... + + - + - _+ 1034. Buckskin cords ...... .+. + + 1085. For warfare.. + + + - + 1036. For hunting birds ..................... . + + + + + +_ 1037. In contest (game) ..... . + + + + + 1038. Boys used chiefly. + + + + + + War Dress Wi;rriors maked . + + + (+ Elkskin gown, sleeveless . ............- __ _ + -(+)- r lkskinvest .+ - _ - _ _+ I1kskinhelmet .+.-.-................... . . . . + _ _ Kwhan-hair headdress .+............ + + + DRESS (NONCEREMONIAL) (M, man; W, woman; B, both) Naked ........................... M M Cedar-bark breechclout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B? M ? ;-Cedar-bark pubic fringe .M.......... M M- _ _ ,lber skirt .w.w.w.w.w............. . . . . . . . - W W 1048. Shredded bark ....................... . + + + + + + + + 1049. Grass or rush....... + + 1050. 1-piece. . . . . . . + . . ..... . . + + + + (~)( + + 1051. Front apron ................... . . . + - - 052. 2-piece ..-.-....................... . - - + + Skin apron..- - W W W _ 1054. Dressed .-..................... . . ... _ + - + - 1055. 2-piece .-.-......................... . - + 1056. 1-piece .-...... ... . . . . + (+) Iool apron .. .- . W W W W W w Buckskin shirt .............. .... . .. _ _ _ _ - _ -.- 1.059. 2-piece, back and front .......... ... . _ _ _ . _ + 1060. Sewed, short sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1061. Appliqu6 ornamentation (wool)...- _ _ + _ _ Buckskin trousers ..-.-. . _ _ _ . _ M . - Backskin gown to knee.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1064. 2-piece, sewed, sleeves ..-........ . - + _ 1065. Laced up front ..-. . . .-. . _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ 066. Applique ornamentation (wool). - _ _ + ^Mequared skin cape ................... B B B B B B - (B) 168. Fastened at neck. .................. + ++ + + + (+)- 1069. Wood or bone pins ................... + + + + + + +. Uccoon-skin sewed robe . . . ...... . + (+)(+)+ Sal-skin vest.. . ................ M - M - M Gmss or bark.cape.. ................. B - B B - - BB 1073. Shredded bark ................... + - + + _- - - + 0754. RSewe ru .sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ __+ ++ 1075. Sewed rush .+ . .I.+ + 1076. Square, tied at throat .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -+ + _ _+ + 1077. Circular, hole for neck. . ._ . _ _ _ + + lanketrobe .B......................... . B B B B B B B B 1079. Caught at shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) - (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) lark headband, unshredded .M..................... . M M M M _ _ arheadband .- _ _ - M * ___ tr cap (seal, bear) ...M................ . M - MM M M M M M sisketry hat ...-.................. - -?B W B B - - W4. Rain only ........-.. .......... -_ _+ + - ___ 085. Ceremonious occasions ..o . _ _ _ . . _ + + - _ Cw Na Pe Cx K1 Ho Se 1086. Flaringn. ....... 1087. Chin strap ....... 1088. Bird-skin cap . . . . . . . . 1089. Moccasins. . . . . . . . . . 1090. 1-piecec. ....... 1091. Heel sewed.... 1092. Front drawstring. 1093. 2-piecec. ....... 1094. 3-piece. 1095. Wool foot wrapping also. 1096. Fur on inside ..... 1097. Sealskin . . . . . . . 1098. Bearskin. 1099. Deerskin. 1100. Used for hunting, travel, 1101. Leggings ............ 1102. Knee length ....... 1103. Skini.n........ 1104. For winter, travel, etc. 1105. Mittens ............ 1106. Thumb and hand. 1107. Skin. 1108. Fur inside ....... 1109. Woolen ......... 1110. Beard plucked ......... 1111. Shell or stone pincers us 1112. Fingers used ...... * 0 * 0 * 9 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * * * * * * 4 BODY ORNAMENT T1113. Tattooed. t1114. Ankle. t1115. Face . X . .. ... 4 1116. Cheek stripes . . 1117. Chin stripes. .. 1118. Thighs and legs...... 1119. Arm or hand ........ t1120. Cheste. .......... *1121. Crest representations. . . 1122. With thorn, snake teeth, et( t1122a.At puberty . . . . . . 1123. Wealthy only ....... t1124. Face anointed as cosmetic .. 1125. Deer or goat tallow.. 1126. Marrow ........... 1127. Body paintedt.e ......... t1128. Ear pierced ............ 1129. Lobe and helix ....... t1130. Haliotis pendant ...... 1131. Round ........ 1132. Rectangular. 1133. Lozenge ....... 1134. Dentalium pendants. t1135. Nose pierced (septum) . . . . . . 1136. Bone pin inserted d..... 1137. Dentalium pin ....... 1138. Bone ring ......... 11139. Haliotis ring. . . . . . . 1140. Haliotis, rectangular. 1141. Nose ornaments worn daily. 1142. Ear ornaments nrorn daily ..... 1143. Mostly by vomen. . . . . . . () + + + + + W B ' w + W B + B B + E M I-) ( M + + 4 4E I - + + - + + _ + + _ - + _ - + + + + + + + W W + + W + B B B B + M (+) B W M W M + + W + B + +. B + B + + B + B + (+) W B W B + + W B B B B B M (+ ~-+ + + + + + + + 4 4 + + 4 + + BEB ++ + + + + + - + + W W + B + + + B + B B ) MN) + + W B + + B + B + B (B) (+ B B B 0 'I) ? I (. I .4 4 .4 4 E 4 4 4 (F i i i 3 3) p I 248 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS . I? 00 so 00 : 00 : ee : 0. 0. : 00 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 'O' 'O' *0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 . 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 00 00 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 'o *0 00 . * 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 c . . I 0 1 0 1 . 4 0 4 . 4 0 . 0 . . a 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 . I 0 1 0 1 0 0 B CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH ahad deformation n...... 1145. By cedar pads. .... ,1146. Cowichan type..... 1147. Koskimo type. I$ebrows plucked. . . . . . . 1148a.Ceremonial, at puberty lbir line raised (plucked). 1150. At puberty ...... Ioklace . . . . . . . . . . . 1152. Dentaium . ..... 1158. Bone beads ...... 1154. Olivella shell . 1155. Claws or teeth . .1168. Puffin beaks. Irmcelet. Lukiet. 1159. Copper rod. 1160. Bone .. . . . 1161. Shell strings. only: * * 9 * * 0 * * * *0 * : * * : * * 0 * * so * * HAIRDRESSING Lir worn shoulder length kir loose (unbound) k-thered with thong at baclk lraided on both sides 1167. 1 plait per side . inter part, back knot. . 1169. Work, war, etc. 6le topknot, pin holding iir oiled......... iir washed in urine... 73. Container reserved mbs or brushe s. oved wooden comb . 1-176. Yew, rectangular 1177. Maple, rectangular BASKETRY aifer-root warps. eiifer-limb warps.... Wifer-root weft .... ihea. . . * * * L82. Plain. ...... >88. Wrapped..... ZB4. Crossed warp 185. Split warp . V1ed. . . . . . . . . . W87. Strip foundation i188. Imbricated . 1189. Cherry bark 1190. Reed stems. 1191. Dyed.... 192. Coiled bottom. . . 193. Strip bottom . . . illed . . . . . . . . 195. Basket bottoms 196. Baskets. skerwork . . . . . . . V 4 + + + + + + + Cw Na Pe ( 249 Se Sq WS + -) w + + 4 -I 4 4 + + + + + + -w _ + -w - + + - 1 C) k) v -? + + ++ + + + + - + - + - + - + - + + + w + W + w + (+) (4 4 _ + Q4 B B + 4- I- Ki _ + w + W + M M w + + +- +- H) ) Kx (A 4 4 4 4 + Ho I- I I- H4 (4 (4 4.m w + + M + (+ + (+) + + + (+) + + + (+) + (+) B + lii + + + + + + + + (+) + M w + Q4 + + I(+) (+) + + + + + (+ + (+) + M w + + + )- I I (+ I I 4 4 + + + + t) + + + + + . . I I I I A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,0 0 0 250 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1198. Cedar-splint baskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 1199.Mate . - + + 4 1200. Rush baskets.. + + + - 1201. "Ring" sewed baskets (no coil) .. ? + 4 1202. Alnus dye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 4 1203. Hemlock dye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - _ . 4 1204. Mud aye .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + 1205. Oregon-grape root dye .................. . + - + + 1206. Quill decoration . . . . . . . .-. .-. . .-. ... __ . _ + .1207. Water basket .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 1208. Coiled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ 1209. Pitched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1210. Carrying basket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1211. Rectangular ............... ........a ...... ++ + + + 1212. Wrapped twine .+ + + + 1213. Rectangular, convex sides. .....a...............+ + + + + *1215. 1214. Wrapped twined. + + + + + 1215. Rectangular coiled . + + + + + 1216. Storage baskets, as above. . . . . . . . + + + + + 1217. Top eyelets (gatherings). . . . . . . + + + + + 1218. Low globular coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1219. Rush bags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ 1220. Checkerwork ............. . _++ + + 1221. Twined, plain.+ - + + _ 1222. Storage .+ + + + _ 1223. Cedar-bark bags. ..+ + + 1224. Checkerwork. . . . . . . . .+ + + SMOKING 1225. Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? - +? +? - 1226. Yew or arbatus leaves .+ - + + - 1227. Slate pipe .................... . + + + MONEY AND VALJABLES 1228. Haliotis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ++ + + + 1229. Valuable .+ + + + + 1230. Crescents . . + + . 1231. Rectangles. . . + + + + 1232.Disks .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ + + 1233. Olivella shell as decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1234. Goat skins . . .. + 1235. Copper plates .* . . .-.. .. . - + + _ 1236.Blankets .......... . + + + + 1237. Sea-otter skins .-............ . - _ ) (+) _ 1238. Cedar chest for valuables. + + + + 1239. Sides of 1 piece . . + + + + + 1240. Sewn joint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1241. Doweled joint . . . . + + + + 1242. Bottom doweled on.- (4-) (+) (+) (+) 1243. Lid rabbeted. 1244. Flanged lid.+ -? + + + 1245. D'eerhide hinges....... 1246. Inlaid with shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1247. Flangd lid rop lashin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ++- + + + 1247. Cord or rope lashing ........... .+ + + + + 1248. Buckskin lashing. CALENDAR, COUNTING, DIRECTION 1249. Lunar calendar ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1250. Begins with new moon .................... . + + + + |Cw Na Pe C_ K eSe 4 4 + + + + + I I - I I 0 CULTURE ETLM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 251 Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Se Sq WS 1251. 12 moons to year.(+) + * * . _ + + 1252. Moons described .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -? ? + + + Year begins winter solsticee...... .........................+ + * + + + Constellations named . . ++ + + ++++ + + Mainin moon+ n + + _+ + + Froginmoon.o _ +- _- Decimal system.+ + + +++ + + 4 oardinal directioss.+ + + + + + + + Upriver = head; down- = tail + + -?+ + . + + South-bottom;north= top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + Stick mnemonics . . . - ......... . . _ _ _+ + 1262. Breaking 1 each day... .. .-....... _ . _ + + Knotted-string record .......... _ - + + + + - + Notches cut on house posts for mnemonic .......... . . _ . _ + + Charcoal marks on post as such . I.lb.. . . . + _ _ _ a Shouting at eclipse of sun .......... + . ? S, dies at eclipse .............. + + ++ + + 1268. Dance around fire . + + _- - 1269. Valuables burned. + + - - Doon dies at eclipse ....... . . . . - . + + - '1271. Codfish eats moon........... , . + '1272. Moon has missed its path... + . _ - 1273. Dance, and valuables burned ... - + "Full-moon wi shing.. ,' P ll- oonwisi,n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ Jew-moon praying for health and rich-es .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + NUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ndram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..+ + _ + + + + 1277. Single-skin head ........ . + + - _ + + + + 1278. Circular frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1279. Rectangular frrame... . - + _ + _ 1280. Thong lacings... .+ + _ + + + + l-headed drumstick..+ + __ _. + +.+ en-boxdrum. - + + -+?- Opentop...... . ++ _ + - urm. .. . + + + + + + + + ing on door with pole end + - inverted box drum . ....+ _ _ inwooden rattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + (+) + + + + 8.Usedat crisis ceremonies .. . . . .. . + + + + - + + 9. Hollowed--2 parts ..+ + + ++++ + + O.Of horn ..+ +? - -_ 1. Wool fringe ..+ + - - -+ + + .Figured ..- - + + (+) __ 1293. Crest ..-. . + + ? - _ _ .hoof rattle ....... . . + + _+ + + + Da nces 8 . . .......... + + _ + ++ + t-atick rattle . . + . - . . + Ftle . . . . ... ................ . . . 7. Stone .............................. _ _ (+ _ a.Wooden . . .+..... ++ 1298. Square, double .... .. .+ + horn--cedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lbow,forboys ....... ..-. _ + + _ . -.. -roarer ................ . + + + ++++ + H.andle ...... . _ _ t+)++_ BUsed to call rain.+.". .. .. + + + + + - + 1304. Boys sent to do it ..... ... . . .. ... + + + + ++ - + I I - I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS GAMES 1305. Shinny, men only. . . . . . . . . . . 1306. Hardwood ball. . . . . . . . . 1307. Ball race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308. Hand cast. . . . . . . . . . . 1309. Hoop and pole . . 1310. Hoop and arrow. 1311. Wrapped fiber hoop . . . . . . 1312. 2 men. 1313. Hoop rolled between 2 lines of 1314. Throwing lance at stake. 1315. Buried kelp war game. . . . . . . . . 1316. Ring-and-pin game. 1317. Sex connotations . . . . . . . 1318. Ring of rush . . . . . . . . . 1318a.Guessing game . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319. 2 stick. . . . . . . . . . . . 1320. 4 stick (2 men to a side). . . 1321. Sticks concealed in bare hand. 1322. In grass . . . . . . * 1323. Under mat or blanket. 1324. Disk game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325. Dice game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326. Beaver teeth . . . . . . . . . 1327. 4 pieces . . . . . . . . . . . 1328. Played on mat or blanket . . . 1329. Women play . . . . . . . . . . 1330. Jacks with stones . . . . . . . . . . *1331. Tops (bark or wood) . . . . . . . . . 1332. Buzzer toy . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 1333. Wooden button. . . . . . . . . 1334. Shell button . . . . . . . . . 1335. Cat's cradle. *1336. Women gamble. 1337. Shuttlecock. 1338. Only when salmon all up. 1339. 1340. 1341. 1342. 1343. 1344. 1345. 1346. 1347. 1348. 1349. * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 men * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * . * . * * : O" * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * . * 0 * 01 * . * 01 * 01 BIRTH Pregnancy Taboos Sleep on bow and arrow for boy. Eat shell soup to bear a fair child. Must bathe frequently. Trout dangerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mi-st not look at devil fish. Must not eat young cod. . . . . . . . . . . . Must not roast duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . Must not eat black shag. Must not look at or eat animal heads. Must not touch or look on death or suffering. Must not look at an ugly thing. . . . . . . . Delivery 1350. Mother secluded . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351. In hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352. In corner of room. . . . . . . . 1353. Mother's relatives as midwife . . . . . 1354. Special midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . 1355. Always helps from behind patient 1356. Inherited function from mother . Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Se ' .~~~ + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + (+) + + + + + +?. + + + + (+ + +- 4 + + + a + + + + + + F- + f- + + (+) + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + 4 4 (4 4 + (+ (+ + 4- 4- I (4 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + A A A 4 4 I- I- V- 252 I 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,* 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 & 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 e . 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 9 0 . 0 0 . 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 00 0 0 0 0 0 e 09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a p . p * I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 p 0 1 9 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .I 01 0 04 04 I 0 9 I 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 a 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 9I 0 01 0 01 I & 0 1 0 0 1 0 . I 0 0 0 0 : .0 0 0 1 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 . * 0 0 0 . 0 0 a 0 0 0 e . .I 0 01 0 01 . *I 0 .I t F F CJULTURE ELETM. DISTRIB.: iX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 253 Cw Na Pe Cx K] Se Sq Kidawife paid.. + + ( + + + + 1858. Given things mother and child used. + . + + + + + Mother holds to upright post... + - + + - + 1360. Hair let down--loose .. ....a........................ + + + + + + 1861. Abdomen bound .. + + - + + + 1362. After delivery only .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + lkt on ground for delivery... + + + + + + + Childbirth concoction drunk ...... . . . ...... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + Husband excluded ........................... . + + _ - ( + + 1366. Aids midwifee . ++ (+) __ 1367. Maintains perfect quiet ........ .. + + - - + + + A 2d midwife may be called. . . . . ......a............. + +.+ . . Recitation by midwife ...........a................... + + - + - + *1370. Stroking of patient. . ..............Is.....+ + - + + + + 1371. Doctors mother's milk. - - ... _ _ . + + _ _ Navel string kept + + + + + + + 1878. "Kept till it 'gets lost e + + + + 1374. Given to old woman to tie on neck . .+ + _ _ 1375. Pat under tree bark. + (+) 1376. Child becomes simple if it i8 lost. .+ + . - 1377. Child unhealthy if it is lost'. 0 .............+ + + + _ + Afterbirth hidden, in tree fork ................l........ __ _ _ _+ 1379. Quried in woods .+ + + + + + - 1380. "Right side' up . + + + + + + 1381. By father or other adult. + + - ? (+) 1382. By midwife . +? - - + - + 1388. If destroyed,woman becomes barren. + + + - 1384. If destroyed,hurts child + + - + + Child Treatment Bthed in woodendaish..+ + + + + + + Dshed with cold water.+ + _ _ + _ _ labbed with oil ..+ + + + + + + I388. Dose of oil .. + . + + + _ 1389. Rabbit-fish oil used ..+ + + + + + prepared "milk" before nursing..- _ _ - + _ 1391. Crushed roots.. . . . . + _ C1mstosuck ..+.......................... + +.+ Body shaped with hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + lbthed in cold water... + + - . omaAn employed to interpret baby talk ... . . . .. .. . . .. . + + - _ _ lver scold (might leave) .+............. + + + + + + + aver.let 2 infants 'talk" together . ..... .... . .so + + . + + -? + rprs pierced .... . ......... ................ + + + + + + + 1399. Paid specialist..+ +? 1400. Midwife ..+?????? ,,1;401. At birth (4 days after)..+ + + + + + _ 1402. Wait for snow.... . . - Postnatal Observances (F, father; M, mother; B, both) bther kept close to fire ............. . + + + + + + + 1404. Breasts steamed. . . . . . . . . + + + + + !'1405. Eats "milky" foods .+ + + + + + + 1406. Soups ..+... . . . ..'a...........a. ++ + + + + 1407. Clams . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ..... + + + + + + + 1408. Uses scratcher * .. - + . + + 1409. 4 days' duration..- - + - + + 1410. Uses drinking tube..- - _ _ _ - + I.icouvade... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .... .... I+ + - I+I+ + 254 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cw Na Pe Cx K t1412. Confined to house .......... .............. . (B) (B) - _ t1413. Must "show" child every proposed act ....... F - . _ t1414. May cook for self. F F - F F 1415. May work ........................... . -- F - - t1416. Must eat apart, separate dishes .M.M.... . . . - M N t1417. Fresh-food taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t1418. Sweats and prays .- _ _ _ F t1419. Bleeds self.- _ _ _ F 1420. Hunt, fish taboo .+ + - + + 1421. For birth of every child .+ + - + + 1422. 4 days' duration (or 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + . 1423. Same for male and female child .... . .. .. .. ... + + + + Ceremonies, Naming, etc. 1424. Ceremony at birth. O ..a.................a.. . ......................... + .+ + + 1425. Feast (birth) . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + 1426. Women (only) invited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ 1427. Remains taken home . ................ . ........................ . . _ + _ + 1428. Presents to guests .... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . + + + + 1429. Blanket strips ............... . + + + + 1430. Presents to child. . . . . . . . . . . . . + - () + 1431. Presents from father-in-law to son-in-law . . . .. + + (+ 1432. ghild named at birth (i.e., soon after) ..+ + + + + 1433. Before birth ..... . . . . . ....- (+) (+) - 1434. Temporary name .... . . . . . . ..+... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1435. Children s name .....a.......a.a......................... + + + + + 1436. Family name (like later ones) .... . .+ - - _ _ 1437. Nicknames . . . . . . . a ... + + + + + 1438. From place of birth . . . . . + + + 1439. Changed at few months .... . . . . . . . . . . ... _ + + + 1440. Hair-singeing ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + *1441. Women only (or children) present . . ... . . + + + 1442. Gifts distributed .... . . . . . . . . . ...... . + + + 1443. Subsequent names . .. ........ . ...... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1444. Specific times to assume ...+.). . . . . (+) (+) (+) 1445. Puberty...-.............. ... . _+ + + 1446. Society initiation ... .. (+) (+) (+) 1447. Marriage ...(.i.-.................. . _ * ) + + + 1448. Depend on wealth, importance, etc ..... ..... + + + + + *1449. Self-assumed ............... . + + + + + 1450. Bought with mother .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... _- + + 1451. Bestowed by relatives.. + + + + + 1452. Father's or mother's kin .......... . + + + + + 1453. Names belong to family. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1454. Patrilineal inheritance ............ . + + + + + *1455. Matrilineal inheritance ....... . .. . ... + + + + + 1456. Child's sex does not determine .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ,1457. Teknonymy ........+ 1458. Naming potlatch .+ + + + + 1459. By paternal or maternal kin . . . . . . + + + + + 1460. At each change . O .................... + + + + + 1461. Eulachon oil on fire . . . - - 1462. Masked dancers may perform .. . X + + + + + 1463. Named from dead kin .+.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1464. Regard for taboo ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1465. When worthy of the name. + + + + + 1466. Given name of living relative .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) (+)(+) + 1467. Living father to son .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (-) + + + 1468. Relative therewith drops his .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -?+ + + 1469. Relative gives name .+....................... + + + + + 1470. Son may take dead father's name . ..................................... 1 + (-) + + 1+ I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH f4rst teeth disposed of. d.472. Pat on gooseberry-bush thorn. 1.473. Thrown in salt water..... a474. Thrown in f ire. 4lortion . . . . . . 1476. Paid abortionist t...... Obildren given as slaves . idoption (out of family) ...... 479. Child becomes commoner. ... Twins Portentous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If one died, other sure to follow . ...... hka supernatural power .. ,1483. Good luck to parents if reared carefully. *1484. Children avoided them. 1485. Father seeks power.er. 1486. Parents under restrictions. 1487. Contact with others harmful.... 1488. For twins, not others . . . 1489. Secluded ............ 1490. Sent away in woods ........ 1491. Continence . ...... 1492. Fasting. hwins wanted .................. Envolve certain danger ..... 3pecial heaven for twins ... . . . . 1496. Back to salmon home .. Iwins associated with salmon ...... Baby's Tub Rbund, wooden. ..... Otanoe-shaped" dish tub. 311iptical, wooden . B0sket tub ....... Dark tub ........ Fished with urine.... Cradle Checkerwork bark cradle. 1505. Limb frame. . . . . . . . oven cedar-strip cradle . -i. 1504 for emergency or poor per lo. 1504 for 1st month for all ch. Easketry cradle. hilat board ......... 1511. "Keystone" shape. . 1512. Enclosed in blanket . iDagout, deep . . . . . . . . . . . Iurned up or added sides . . Added foot and headpieces. . kndle (perforated). . . . . . . . Cross-bar handle . . . . . . . . . - inage grooves . . . . . . . . . PAised lattice-work bottom . . . . Lhong perforations. radle hood . .. 1522. Cedar-limb bow frame. 1523. Textile, removable. lople. . Ildren. *. * * * a* * * * * * * * * * Cw Na Pe C + + * + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + (+ + + _ _ + -? -1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + (+) - - + + -?-? + _ _ + _ - + 255 K1 -I Se Sq -I -I -I 4 4 + _ (+) + + + 4- I' -I 4 + (4 +, + + + +- + + + + + + (-) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ +_ + 4-- ; (+) (+) + + 4.- + + _ + + - + - - + + + + + + .+ + + +- ) I I - - T I i I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 4, 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 I + 0 0 0 . i- 4- 0 0 0 0 I 0 1 * I 0 1 a I 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 01 01 : 00 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 : 0 * 0 * 0 Cw Na Pe Cx] KiI| I - 1523a.Same shape for male and female. 1524. Decorated ...... 1525. Shell inlaid. 1526. Cedar-bark padding. 1527. Wool blankets .. 1528. Cedar-bark blankets. 1529.- Feather padding .......... *1530. Fur padding and blankets. 1531. Spring sapling-rocker .... . . . 1532. Child carried in arms (not on back) GIRL'S PUBERTY Treatment 1533. Menstrual hut .......... 1534. Curtained couch ......... 1535. Bed platform .. .. . 1536. Raised above beds, 2d tier 1537. Day and night. ...... 1538. Old woman proctor-. . .. . . . 0 1539. Aunt, grandmother, attends 1540. Singer attendants. 1541. Mother. attends. 1542. Gets girl's blankets, etc. 1543. Drumers get sttips 1544. Gets baskets she makes 1545. Paid . . . . . . . . . . . 1546. Avoids house fire. 1547. Coals or fire of own to eat by. . 1548. Complete fasting .. 1549. 4 days and nightss. . 1550. Fresh meat and berry taboo. 1552. Hot food taboo. .. 1553. Drinking taboo.... 1554. Bone tube used. 1555. Drinks from small wooden ba 1556. Own dishes. 1557. Destroyed. 1558. To waman proctor . . 1559. Eats after singing performances . 1560. Eats before sun up and sunset . . 1561. Eats after others . .......... 1562. Mouth wiped with goat wool. . 1563. Bathes daily . 1564. Every 4 days. 1565. Only fresh water . . i 1566. Insiae house. 1567. In river . . . . . . . . 1568. River taboo . . 1569. Bathes on last day only. . 1570. Proctors always in attendance * * * @ . .. . * * * @ * * * @ . * * @ * * * - * * * @ * * * @ * * * * * * * s of them * * * - * * * ? * * * ? * * * ? * * * ? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . . nsl. . . * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ * * * @ * * * @ * * * @ * * t @ Dress 1571. Wool headdress ............. 1572. Bark skirt (cedar).r......... 1573. Bands on ankles, wrists, chest..... 1574. Of wool .... ........ 1575. Of cedar bark . . . . ... . . 1576. Hung on bush at conclusion of pea 1577. Skin blanket. . . . . . . . a . . . 1578. Buckskin skirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . riod + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+ + + (+) + + + (+) (+) OI- _ - + _ _ + (+) (+) - + - + + (+) + (+) - _ + 4- + O + + + + E-) + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + (.) + + + Po- (g) + + (+) + + (+) + + + - (I) +I +. +- ( + + + + + + +. + _ + + + 256 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 3! 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 'a0 0 e 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 w 0 0 0 : 0 0 * t 0 0 a * e * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 00 00 09 0: 00 0: 00 a 0 0 0 0 0 v a 0 6 0 0, 0 t 0 0 CtULTURE ELELI. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 257 Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Se Sq WS llanket covering (wl o o l) + + + + - + - . I580. Sprinkled with red pailnt . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . .. ....... + _ + + NAin ts red. + + -?+ + _ + + 1582. Face only.+ + + + + + 1583. Own- paint box .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . _ - + + _ ^kir done up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - + + > 1585. Braided .. + + + + + - + + 1586. By proctor. .................. + . + + + - + + 1687. Each day. . + . + + + - + - 1588. After 4 days. + - + 1589. Braided with goat wool. ........O......... - .........+ + - - + - 1590. Part painted rea d. ......................+ + + + + - + + 1591. Down in hair. . . . - r + + -? + + - + _ Charcoal on eyebrows . . . . + + - + Old clothing worn .................. ....... . + + + + + + + Behavior and Miscellaneous Occupied (cards wool). + - _ - + + Sleeps little, talks little .... . .. + + + + + + + last significant .+ .?+ + -?+ + 1597. Sits facing east ...O + - + + _ + + RHead covered inside. _ + + - _ _ l'ast not look around .+ + + + + + Covers head-on going out ................... . . . + + + + + _ + + ,-Conical hat worn...+ .. + + _ Taboocon looking at sun ... 0 0 . + . + + + _ + + 1603. Harms her, makes eyes weak .. ................. . + + + + + + + Taboo on looking at people .+ . + + + + + + Head scratcher. + + + + + - + + 1606. Wooden. + + + + + _ + + 1607. Yew wedge . . . . . . . .. .+ - 16O8. True comb .+ + + + + + Hair cut (bangs) atend .. . . ++ Dramtion 8 days....... + _ Tairlation _ _days +?- >Irtion4 days .. + _ - + Duration 16 days . . . + + . _ :Duiids mock-feast arrangement. . . . .+ _ _ Fooa allowance increases gradually .+ . + + - - + 1616. 4 days increase. . . . . . . + + + . Ceremonial feeding by old proctor or ritualist. .. . + + + + _ + + 1618. Deer-fat pellets dipped in pitch. .. .+ + (+) _ _ _ Obvervances not repeated .+ + + + + + + + JNo food restrictions after 1st menstruation. + + + + + + + - Tatto_ea _ + + + + + + + 1622. Wrists. . . . . . . . . + + + - - + + 1623. Leg a. . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + - -_ 1624. Optional. ..+ + + + + + Pablic Recognition pub1ic-recognition ceremonyb.+ + (-) () + _ _ + 1626. Women invited in for a cry". . . + + _ _ _ _ 1627. Inside the house . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - + 1628. Men participate . . . . . . . . (+) + + - - 1629. Suitor may participate. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1680. Women participate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + - - + 1631. Dance by girl . . . . . . . . . . . .(-).(-).- - + - - 1633. Drumming on planks. . . - + _ _ 1635. Wears bark headband; down ......... ............... - - - + _- - ' 1636. Sings father 's song; others j oin ain. . . . . . . .. ........- - - + - - - * 1637. Covered with blanket (red-splashed) ........ .a.... . . + Cw Na Pe Cx1i Se *1638. Ritualist attendant lacking. . . . . . . . . . . 1640. Proctor singing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1641. Abreast of girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1642. Girl seated in center,. 1643. Down in hair . . . . . . . . . . . 1644. Hair combed ceremonially . . . . . 1645. Dnrm beaten (plank) . . . . . . . . . . . 1646. Women only participate. . . . . . . . . . 1647. Women's songs private property. 1649. All join in singing. . . . . . . . 1650. Matrilineally inherited. . . . . . 1651. Proctors' woolen fringed headdress. 1652. Proctors' woolen fringed rattles. 1653. Singers paid (besides proctors). 1654. 4 nights and mornings duration. . . . . . 1655. Necessary to maintain status . . . . . . . . . . *1657. 1656. Poor man does not give. 1657. Masked dancers performance. 1658. Inherited songs. 1659, Paid 1660. Last-day appearance . . . . . . . . . . . 1661. Round dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666. Throw water on gi.rl . . . . . . . . . . . 1667. Rich man's daughter only. . . . . . . . . 1668. Girl in center. 1669. Other "cleansers" (individual). 1670. Inherited privilege . . . . . . . . . . . 1671. Ceremonial heating of water with 2 stones approaches. 1672. Bark headdress. . .. . . 1673. Their attendants "wash" girl. 1674. Racing to get ferns and water (sportive). 1675. Alternative to Masked dancers. 1676. Distribution of property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * *0 0 * * * * * 0 * * 0 * * : * * * * * 0 * * 9 * * * * each,. * * 0 * * 0 a * 0 * * * * 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 LATER MENSTRUATIONS Eats apart. . . . . Eats dry food only. . . . . . . . . Sits down, does not move around Lies on old mats on floor. Especially never passes in front of Touch contaminates. . . . . . . . . Purification by bathing . . . . . . Purification by sweating. . . . . . Confined or segregated. . . . . . . 1686. 4 days. 1687. Menstrual hut. . . . . . . . Cooks for husband. Fresh meat, etc., taboo. Scratcher used. . . . . . . . . . . May make baskets. Husband may go hunting. . . . . . . Forbidden to touch bow, net, etc. 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 * a * X man * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * X * 0 * 0 BOY'S PUBERTY 1695. Vision seeking other than prospective doctors 1696. Training at from 8-12 years (informal). . . . 1697. Must not talk too much . . . . . . . . 1698. Sent out in hills at night . . . . . . 1699. Swimming in fearsome spots . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + (I) + (+) + + + + + + + + (+) + + _ + + + + + + +? + (- (-) () _. + + + + + + + + + _- + * + + + + + (4- + + + (+) +? + 1677. 1678. 1679. 1680. 1681. 1682. 1683. 1684. 1685. 1688. 1689. 1690. 1691. 1692. 1693. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 258 0 0 0 9 0 0 a0 0 0 9 0 CUULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 1700. Sweating. '1701. Carried rock into lake or river to submerge s 1702. Rubbing with nettlest.l . ......... 1703. Fasting ................... 1704. Rubbing with spruce boughsg. ........ 1705. Tattooed. 6jeremonial recognition . . . . . . . . . . . 1706. Secluded for 16 days. 1707. Scratcher and drinking tube used.. 1708. 4-day fast..... MARRIAGE Procedure Previous negotiations .............. . . Intermediary 1711. Father. 1712. With speaker . . . . . . . . . . A1713. Suitor accompanies.m. 1714. Last-resort method. 1715. Usual. 1716. Sits near door. 1717. Suffers indignities . . . . . . . . . 1718. All bride's people judge . . . . . . . 1719. Out of village method, too. Payment to speakers of opposite side. 'Wedding at bride's home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myth dramatization. . . . . . . .Groom's people bring food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723. For general feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1724. For assembled to take home. . . . . . . . . . 1725. Food eaten after groom's people depart 1726. Groom's people fed by bride's people 1727. Given food by bride's father. . . . . . . . . 1728. When they leave. . . . . . . . . . . . 1729. Only if proposal rejected. . . . . . . 1730. At later return visit, i.e., at winter 1732. Repaid more. ;ride's father gives present to son-in-law. 1734. Names and privileges. . . . . . . . . . . . . Blankets for bride to sit on. 1736. Given to groom's father to take home. Blankets for groom to sit on. 1738. More than for bride . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6; 1739. Given to bride's father to be distributed e 1740. Scrambled.. Speeches by 2 respective headmen . . . . . . . . . . Ritualist officiates. .* sked dancers may perform . . . . Bride carried to canoe by relatives. . . . . . . . . 1745. Masked dancers transport her. . . . . . . . . Yinal residence patrilocal . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inviting in by bride. 4Fresents exchanged by bride and female in-laws . . . Bride price apart from above (1748) . . . . . . . . 1750. Equivalent of bride price returned by bride's 1751. Only part 1752. More than equivalent. 1753. When groom's party depart. 1754. At winter ceremony. ;elf * 0 . t * 0 * * * * * ; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * - * * * * * * * * * * * * . . . . . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ceremonies . * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * e * * * * * e * * * * * e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * @ * * * * * . people . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * 1755. Family songs sung by bride's father ...... jCw Na Pe Cx KlI Se Sq WS 4- + + + + +? + + + + + + - _ + - ( + + +(+ + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) - + - + + (+) (+) (-) (-) + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + - (+) _ + + + 4- + )+ + + + + + (+) (+) (+) (+) + (+) + + + + - + -(+) -(+) _ + + + + +. + + - + *+ + + + + - + - + - + _ + _ + _ + _ + + (+) + + + - (+) + (+) + + + ? + + + + (+) + + + + + (+) (+) + (+) + (+) (+) (+) (+) + + + - _ + + + + + -(+) (-) + +) + + + (-) + (-) I- (+) + + + _ +A + F 259 I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 4, 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1? . 0 . I 0 0 * . 0 0 1 . 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 9 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lCw Na Pe Cx Kl E I 1756. All relatives share in bride price return. . 1757. Foregoing ceremony for rich man only . . . . . . . Types 1758. Half marriage. 1759. Temporary (tried to buy out). 1760. Permanent. . . .. *1761. Rich man, poor boy s,ituation. 1762. Loan by rich man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1763. Sister exchange. 1764. Money transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765. At option. 1766. Elopement. 1767. Allowed if consiummated. 1768. Payment to legitimatize . . . . . . . . . . 1769. Girl in payment to shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . 1770. To shaman's son., 1771. Child'betrothal. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1772. Reared together . 1773. Payment immediately. 1774. Exchange "payments" i.e., presents. *1775. Small-no other marriage ceremony 1776. Good-will pledge. 1777. To acquire more names, etc. . . . . . . . *177. -1778. Often happened . . . V . . . . . . . 1779. Unchaste girl married at parents' option. . . 1780. Seducer must pay for her if she is to be his *1782. 1781. Seducer may be killed. . . . . . . . . . . . 1782 Fiction marriage. 1783. Polygyny according to wealth. 1784. 1st wife head of household ......... * * 0 * * " * *0 : * * * * : * * : * * X wi *aX * * X * * X Divorce 1785. Divorce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1786. For barrenness.. 1787. Partial return of money. 1788. Sister of childless wife married instead . 1789. For incompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . 1790. For maltreatment. . . . . . . . 1791. Fine for. 1792. Wife returned if fine paid . . . . . . . . 1793'. Father-in-law paid if husband kills wife 1794. An equal exihange will rectify. 1795. Children to husband on divorce. 1796. Repayment on divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1797. Settlement according to respective losses. *1801. 1798. Bride price return releases wife. 1801. "Wisher" employed to prevent divorce 1802. Divorce only reaction. 1803. Paramour killed 1804. Beaten . 1805. Father-in-law appeases 1806. Continues to live with 1807. Punishment of wife. .. 1808. If continues to 1809. Hair cut . . .. Adultery husband with gift wife. . . . . . . live with her . . * * * * a * * * 0 + + + + 4- + + + + 4- + +) + (- + + + + + ? + + + + + + (+) + + + * + ++ + + + + + + _ _ + + + + _- + _- + + + + _ _ + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + _+ +- _ + - + -(+) + - (-) - + + + _ + +- (-)- + - +- 4- 4, 4e a ) (+) (+ + (+) (-) (-) + I +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ 4 4 4 + 4 + . 4., 4. .I Ie 4 .4 .4 . 4 .4 I. - +1; I 260 ANTHROPOLOGICAL REC-ORDS 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 0 9 a 00 0 1? F 1- F) 4., 0 I 0 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 261 Remarriage Cw Na Pe Cx Ki Se Sq Feast not so elaborate ..+ + (-) (+) + + + Levirate..+ . . + + + + + + *1812. Optional. . . .+ + + + (- + + 1813. Bride-price return cancels obligation ..(. .. (+) + + + + + 1814. Further payment to her people ..(+) + + + + + + 1815. Food chiefly ..+ - - (-) () + 1816. Requisite . .(+) (+) + + + + + Sororate ..+ + + + + + + 1818. Optional. + + + + + + 1819. Simultaneous. + + - + - _ + 1820. Prerogative on all sisters. - - (+) - - 1821. After death (successive).+ + + + + + 1821. Immediately effective. + + (+) + . (+) (+) 1822. Further payment requisite. (-) + + + + + + 1823. Father-in-law contributes to funeral expense .+ + . . . o 1824. Same as any marriage.(+) (+) + + + + + Regulations F1st and 2d cousin marriages generally avoided. + + - + + + + %i 1826. Married only if premarital relations. .. .+ + _ 1827. Nobility may if no other possibilities. . . .+ (+) 1828. Parallel cousins possible .-. . (+). - -. Marriage within village. + + + + + + + 1830. Slaves always .+ .+ + 1831. Nobility may also .+ + + + + + + Iarriage out of village.(+) + + + + + + 1833. Preferred .+........... + + (-)+ + + xtra-tribal marriage preferred above all. + . + + + 1835. Preferred villages to north . - + + - _ *1836. To insure help in case of trouble . . . . . . + + (+) (+) + + + 1837. To have as many "thomes" as possible . . . . . + + _ - + + + ife's brother's daughter a potential mate . . . . . + + + + - - + rife's sister's daughter a potential mate. . . . . . + + + + - - + tepdaughter a potential mate, . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - - - ather's sister a potential mate . . . . . . . . ... + ther's sister a potential mate . . . . . . . (+ DEATH Corpse Treatment ing taken from house. + orpse left in house . + + + + + + rpse returned to house . o o ..... . +? ipse faced toward east . ... ... + + + + + 847. Placed in coffin in house. . . . . . . + - + + + (-) 8. Placed on bed for night .+ + + + + 49. Head to exit ..+ ? ? (+) ? 850. Sat up with .+ + + + + + + 851. Body in center of house . . . . . - . + - - - 852. Paid wailers. . . .+ - 853. Paid "watchers" (not relatives) .. .+ - + - 854. Alternate crying and talking (comforting) .+ + + + + - - .1855. Washing face after each "cry". + + + + + - + 1856. "Cry songs".. + + + + + + ? 1857. Tells of words or actions of deceased. . + + ? + + 1858. Repetition of relationship term .+ + (+) (+) ? + + 1859. 1-night wake .. o o o ....... + + + + + + 860. 4-night wake . . . . . . . .. + se taken through rear wall .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + + + - .pse taken through rear door .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . + 2 6 2 A N T H R O P O L O G I C A L R E C O R D S 1863. Bearers walk through with corpse. 1864. Bearers pass corpse through. 1865. Exit feet first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1866. Corpse's face painted . . . 1867. Red paint used . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1868. Hair combed ritually. . . . . . . . 1869. Corpse washed. 1870. Outside of house . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871. Wrapped in new blanket. . 1872. Bound tightly ................... 1873. Faced east in burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1874. Extended on back in burial. . 1875. Flexed, sitting, in burial . . . . . . . . . . . 1876. Masked dancers "wash" body . . . . . . . . . . . . 1877. If relatives can afford. . . . . . . . . . . 1878. If deceased or family belong . . . . . . . . 1879. Friends and relatives accompany corpse to graveyard 1880. Masked dancers lead way . . . . . . . . 1881. Food put in with body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1882. Valuables put in with body. 1883. Put on outside of coffin . . . . . . . . . . 1884. By express wish of deceased. . . . . . . . . 1885. To use in spirit world . . . . . . . . . . . 1886. May be removed later . . . 1887. Bed, and old clothes burned . . . 1888. Gifts of relatives put with coffin . . . . 1889. Personal possessions burned. 1890. Blankets put up by grave. Off ic ials 1891. Undertaker as such. . . . . . . . . . . . 1892. Inherited function . . . . . . . . 1893. Specific . . . . . . . . 1894. Makes coffin . . . . . . . . . . . 1896. Purifies self. . . . . . . . . . . 1897. Uses word formula. . . . . . . . . 1898. Bathes . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899. Uses herbs to rub body . . . . . . 1900. Hunting, fishing taboo . . . . . . 1901. Eats apart . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902. 4-day taboos . . . . . . . . . . . 1903. Paia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1904. Dives in salt water. . . . . . . . 1895. Anybody may take care of the corpse . . . 1905. Platform maker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906. Special coffin maker. . . . . . . . . . . 1907. Purifies self . . . . . . . 1908. 4-day taboo (hunting, fishing).. 1909. Inherited function. 1910. Coffin from roof planks. 1911. Typical cedar chest used as coffin 1912. Pall bearers purified . . . . . . . . . . 1913. 4-day restriction, less severe 1914. Simple washing to purify. 1915. Paid . . . . . . . . . . 1916. Paid with deceased's possessions Purifications 1916a.All who look on dead purified . . . . 1917. Wash selves in river . . . . . 1918. In water near bush. . . 1919. No others but family . . . . . Cw Na Pe + + -? + + + + _- +, -+ _- + + + + + _ + + + + _. . + + + + + + + + + + +?v_ + _ + + - + + + + + ._ + + - + + + - + + .- . .+ - + + +_ + + + + + + _ + + + + P- + a + + + + * _ + + + + * _ + + _ + * _ + + _ + + (+) _ _ + + + + + + + + + (4.) + + i 262 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 6 0 : GO 00 0 0 0 0 : : . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISW2 uJlU.l-l Lop . away. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 exorcised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ritualist exorcises it . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923. Song. 1924. Word formula .............. 1925. Rattle ................. 1926. Bought burned d............ 1927. People drum . ............ 1928. Evening of funeral ........... House owner purifies house e.......... ate family purified i d............. At same time as house exorcised ........ Before eating. ............... Faces painted ......... Family-group ritual diving on beach. 4-day abstention period . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweat, swim for several days.......... 1 purification for spouse. . . . . . . . . . . . Widow only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Under care of ritualist .. . . . . . . . Ceremonially fed morning after funeral. 1941. 2 dog salmon; bites hidden . . . . . . . 1942. Remains given to old people Secluded inside behind screen. Secluded in hut outside . . . Under care of an older relict . . . . . . . . . Wrapped in red daubed blanket . . . . . . . . . Goes to woods each day. . . . .. . . . 1948. Swimming, diving . . . .. . . . All-day fast. May not use fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eats apart. 8-day abstention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-day abstention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-day abstention . . . . . . . . . . . . Special formula before going canoeing. 1956. Ritualist administers. . .o. .e.. . Ritual feeding-before any fresh food eaten. Ritual feeding before eating clams, devil fish, *1959. Self-administered. . . . . . . . . . . . 1960. Ritual of 3 attempts . . . . . . . Ritual shooting at animal form. . . . . . . . Disposal of Remains los saved-hair or nails. .. . . . . . 63. For later potlatch distribution . perty destroyed at death. 6. Slave killed with master. 66. Slave to undertaker. 67. Canoe, tools, etc., burned. 1968. If not claimed by others 1969. On beach . . . . . . . se deserted for a time. . . . . . . . erment, in chest, shed cover. . . . . . 72. On beach in sana. . . . . . . . . . osal of corpse in canoe, . . . . . . 4. By request. . . . . . . . . . . . . 75. Only if no relatives to claim canoe 76. Shed over . . . . . . 77. Subsequent burials in . . . . . 78. Punctured . . . . . . . 79. On scaffold . . . . . . . . . . Cw Na Pe Cxl K] Se 1-- -I? + (+) + 820. 22. 129. ieai 11. W2. 133. r34. 185. ,86. *cia. 68. 69. 40. 43. +? (+) + (+) + + + + _ + + - + + + + + (- + + +) +. + + ++ - +- + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + Sq + +- + + + (-) (+) + +, + (-) + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + - + _ +- _ _ + _ + - + + _ + + - + + + (-t) + _ +. + - * 0 * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * 0 * . * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * * * 0 * 0 * 0 * 0 * . * * 0 * 0 * . * 0 and a 0 * 9 * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * 0 * * 9 seal. _ + +? + + + -? (+) + + + +? + + ? + I I I i i I I 263 r,k;I,A"a.n Ira-n+ awaTT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 264 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cw Na Pe Cx 1980. On logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1981. Bow toward river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . - 1982. Uncommon..+ + + 1983. For wealthy manan..( . )- + 1984. If die away from home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985. Disposal in basket (for infants only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+). 1986. Hidden in brush... + 1987. Disposal above ground in chests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) + 1988. On scaffold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 1989. Shed over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 1990. Several under same shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 1991. Usual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1992. Disposal, extended, on platforms. 1993. No chest but shed over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. Disposal in tree, in chests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + 1995. Height indicates rank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + 1996. Tree stripped of leaves, cones, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + 1997. Spruce tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + 1998. Shamans same as others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1999. Suicide same as others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2000. Body always brought home. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . 2001. Buried temporarily if far away ..+ + 2002. Undertaker paid to fetch it. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + + 2003. Canoe used is destroyed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2004. Cemetery within settlement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2005. Cemetery in grove ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .+.... + + 2006. Cemetery on beach, near village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) (+) 2007. Cemetery in rock shelters ....................... 2008. Cemetery on islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+ (+ (+ Subsequent Observances :2009. Grave poles, crest representations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2010. Grave figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2011. Crest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2012. Food offerings (subsequent to disposal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2013. Burned near cemetery .+....... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . + + + + 2014. By ritualist ........... ... ... ... ... .. . . + + -__ 2015. Faced east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - 2016. In fall of year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) - 2017. Whenever the need felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2018. Bereaved person does it. . + + 2019. Group (village) undertaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - *2021. 2020. At night ............. .... ... ... .... . 2021. Redressing of corpse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 2022. More than once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023. By undertaker. + + - + 2024. By bereaved with paid assistants.. . . 2025. Gifts distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2026. totlatch for dead ............ ... ... ... . + + + + *2027. Return blankets previously laid on coffin. . . . . ? + 2028. Effigies of dead exhibited ....... . . . . + + -?+ *2028a.Effigies given to relatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 2029. Relatives may use effigies again later . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - (+) 2030. Children get names . + . . . + -? + 2031. Only rich man gives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2032. To advance to status of deceased . + + + 2033. Man may assume name himself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -? + *2034. Given 4 days after funeral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) + 2035. Reciprocation in kind on a similar occasion. . . . . . . . . . . () + ( 2036. Reciprocation in kind at any time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2037. Masked dancers perform. I CULTURE EIEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH Mourning B Faces painted red . .............. 2039. Spouse only. . Widow's hair cut upon return to house e..... , Widow's hair cut day after funeral ....... . Specialist to cut widow's hair ......... 2043. Hair saved. . . . . . . . . . . 2044. Hair thrown in fire. 2045. Hair buried ............... . Hair of immediate family cut .... ...... Scratch face, beat breast, pull hair in mourning Braided mourning necklace worn ......... 2049. Goat wool ................ 2050. Till it falls off ............ 2051. Widower and widow only y. ........ IWoolen arm and leg bands (relicts) ..... . . . Drinkimg tube used (relicts) .......... Any visible signs of widower mourning..... 2055. Cut hairi..... 2056. Bereaved father only. 2057. Sweats, bleeds self ........... ., Weeping at grave each morning. ....... T2059. Wash and bathe before breakfast. Taboo on name of deada.d........... *2061. Namesake drops his ........... 2062. Name offense paid for .......... 2063. A return payment (more) by injured . Withhold any celebration till 4 days after death Post-mortem Observances Burn food on beach when dream of dead.... Ritualist hired to exorcise dreamer of dead. Sweat and bathe when dream of dead ..... Offerings for dead person after dream. Dream of dead not portentous ........ Altered terms for kin-in-law after death Mourning songs sungg............ 2072. Following summerm. e........ 2073. Qistribution of gifts at that time. 2074. Return expected. ..... 2075. Masked dancers performr. ...... Souls and Ghosts i Souls visible to shaman only ........ Ghosts (visible to others) . . . . . . . . 2078. mnen of death in family ... 2079. Owls are ghosts (never killed):. ,.Of nature of breatha.t.......... Of nature of heart ............. Destiny of Souls kRises on 4th day ............. 'Rises on 5th day .......... Returns on 4th day ............ Goes below earth ............. es east.st.............. Social status significant. ...... e destination for all.. K089. ENil different. ..... Rincarnation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I I I I I A .4 4 Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Se Sq + + (+) + + + + + + - + A- +) + (+) + + + +l + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + () + + (+) (-) (+) (+) + + +- + + + . +- + + + + + * + + e * e * _ * 0 + + + + A 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) I- I- I- I- I- A 4 4I 4 + + + + (+) + + + (+) + + +- + * + + + (+) + + I-) 4- I i+) I- 265 I :! ..W I 1- 4-? 266 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cw Na Pe Cx R *2091. In new-born child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2092. In animals .................... . . ++ + 4 2093. Land hunter becomes wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 4 2094. Sea hunter becomes blackfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 2095. In owl . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2096. Restless, unsatisfied souls around village. . . . .,.. . . . . . . + + + + + 2097. Those not properly treated at death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2098. Feared.+ + + + + 2099. Torment mortals in sleep. + + + + 2100. Valuables offered so satisfied and not come back.. + 2101. Food burned to satisfy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2102. Comes back for other (old, sick) people. . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + . 2103. To be caught in whirlwind meant death soon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 'WARFARE 2104. War to display power of novice. + + . + + 2105. To avenge murder or injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -? + + + 2106. As slave raid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *2107. Recruited relations of other villages .+ + + + + 2108. Dance of incitement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - *2109. In house . . . . . . + 2110. Individual dance by leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2111. Warriors' guardian spirits. + + . + + 2112. Spirit sanction necessary for undertaking. . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) *(+) (f 2113. Spirit tattooed on arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + - 2114. Necessary to good warrior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + + 2115. War dreams by leader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + 2116. Whirlwind bad omen.- . + . . 2117. Owl bad omen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . 2118. War paint black ..... . . . + . . + + 2119. Warrior's hair tied up in knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + - 2120. Feathers in warrior s hair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 2122. Canoe fighting ........ |+ . 0+) 2123. Surprise attacks at dawn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2124. Division of party into groups with specific functions .+ + + + + 2125. Scouts.. ....... .+ + + + 2126. Owl calls, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) 2127. Burned houses of enemy. + -? + + 2128. Heads taken.. ....... . + + + + + 2129. Men only . + . + + 2130. Drank enemy blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - 2131. Those with special powers only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + - 2132. Prisoners taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2133. Ransomed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (+) + ( e 2134. Purification of warriors (all), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . + 2135. Individual, self-purification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ . + 2136. "Few days" duration (4 ? ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + 2137. Sweat and bathe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + 2138. Bleed selves. . ..... .... + 2139. Victory song. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2140. By warriors approaching in canoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2141. Heads set on village poles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ + + + 2142. Set up out of village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + 2143. Face east. . + * 2144. Face water 2145. Ceremonial counting of warrior's victims ...... . . . . * + - MURDER 2146. Blood revenge for murder ....... ..... . + + + + + 2147. Bloo money in lieu . . . . . .................................+ + + + + I , I . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH *2148. ayment according to status. . 2150. Blood money acceptable only if llrderer purified ......... death accidental. . . . . . . . 2152. Goes directly to sweat . . . . . 2153. Rubbing with spruce-boughs . . . SOCIAL ORGANIZLATION Stratification of Society basis of birth. biefly on basis of wealth. 0obility (chief and relatives). 2157' Titles for chief. 2158. Titles for wife or son. -Camoners. *2159. Related to nobles. 2160. Free birth but unprivileged.. 2161. Lived apart from nobility. 2162. Different ends of house 2163. Buffer village. . . . . 2164. Eat apart. . . .. . . . . 2165. Different ends of village 2166. Ever married nobility. 2167. Restricted activities. 2168. Ever sealers, canoe 2169. Ever prominent land 2170. Restrictions on use 2171 Could work up. . . . . . . Slaves. . . . . . . . . . . . 2173. Belonged to chief . . . 2174. 2 or 3 normal number . -2175. By purchase. 2176. From warriors by chiefs. 2177. By capture, slave raids. 2178. Head ever deformed . . . . 2179. Hair cut short. 2180. Ransomea. 2181. Issue of slaves are slaves 2182. Not permitted to marry 2183. 2184. 2185. 2186. 2187. * * 't men,. e hunter of tra * *0 : * * 0 Orphans and bastards of other lin Orphans and bastards of other lin Prostituted slave women. . . . . Lived in house of master . . . . Killed capric iously. . . . . . . 0 . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * * * * * * * * * 0 *0 * 0 * * .ps, etc. . . . . . * *W * * * *0 *0 * o * * * * * * * * * 0 .e .. . 1. ID . . I. *. * * * * * * * * Village Organization Several chiefs in village group. Chief, equivalent to lineage head. 1 chief'highest. Chief shares his fortune with followers 2192. Internal arbiter . . . . . . . . . 2193. Wealthiest of group . . . . . 2194. Brother, son, uncle as seconds 2195. Son succeeds . . . . . . . . ID 2196'. Brother succeeds . . . . . . . 'Chief's speaker . . . . . . . . . *. 2198. Nonhereditary. . . . . . . . . . . '2199. Relays the information . . . . . . Almost every man related to his chief 2201. Commoners as well. . . . . . . . . Cw Na Pe Cxl K _ - + + + + (-) + + + _ -? + + (+) + (+) O- + + + + + + _ + + *+ + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + - + _+ + + + (+) + (+) _9 + + (+) (+) (+) (+) OI- (+) + + + + + (+) + (+) + + + + + + + + ) + + + + (+) + (+) (+ + + (+) (+) +) + + + +? (+) + H() + + + + (+) (+ (+) (+) (+) + (+ + + + (+, (+, .+ + (O + + + + (+) (+) (+) (+) + (+-) 267 L Se Sq WS + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+ + + + + + (- (..) + + + *k + + _ + + + + + + + (+) + ?- + (+) I+ + (+) + +_ + + (-? + + (+ + +I + (+ + + +) + + + + ? (+) + i i I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 a 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2202. *2203. *2204. 2205. 2206. Villages split and start new ones. . . Man may go to mother's village instead Larger political entities than village Patrilineal house groups . . Groups named ........ . . 2208. Multiple within village . 2209. Blood exogamy . . . . . . . . . 2210. Descent from common ancestor. . 2211. Human. . . . . . . . . . 2212. Animal . . . ... . . . . *2213. Rank differentiation. 2214. Own sets of personal names. . . 2215. Own sets of property names. . . 2216. Own crests. . . . . . . . . . . 2217. Tattooed . . . . . . . . 2218. Inherited. . . . . . . . 2219. Patrilineal . . . 2220. Matrilineal . . . 2221. Purchased with wife. . . 2222. Won in war . . . . . . . PROPERTY 2223. Inheritance patrilineal. . . . . . . . . . 2224. To son, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225. To brother. . . 2226. Mother's personal property to girls. 2227. High duck nets owned. 2228. Sealing grounds owned. 2229. Pitfalls and deadfalls owned. 2230. Nesting (egg) places owned . . . . . . . . 2231. Goat-hunting lands owned . . . . . . . . . 2232. Plots of root owned. . . . . . . . . . . . 2233. Dams and fishing places owned. . . . . . . *2234. Clam places owned. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2235. Ownership vested in house chief. POTLATCH 2236. Always in spring or fall . . . . . . . . . 2237. Inside the house . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2238. Only the scramble outside. . . . . . . . . 2239. Guests invited by stick bundle . . . . . . 2240. qeremonial approach by visitors. . . . . . 2241. Camp outside till "accepted". 2242. Arrive before evening. 2243. Plank platform on 2 canoes. . . . . 2244. Singing and dancing thereon. 2245. Faces painted red . . 2246. Down in hair. . . . . 2247. Owner dances on alone 2248. Girl dances on alone. 2249. "Pay debts" on beach. 2250. Scramble bX visitor on beach. . 2251. "Pay debts' inside. . . . . . . . . 2252. Fed immediately .. . . 2253. games, contests, etc. . . . . . . . . . . *2255. 2254. Canoe races . . . . . . . . . . . . 2255. Minor, incidental gift distributions . . . 2256. Cry-song performances . . . . . . . 2257. For family dead of past year. . . . 2258. Duration variable. Cw Na Pe Cx KI S ek . + + (+) + (- + + + + + + + -9 - + (-) (+) + (+) + + + + + +? + + (+ + + + + + + + (+) (i- + + + + *+ ++ + + + + + +-?+ (+) + + * ? + + + +? + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + () (+) + 4- + + + + + + + (+) + + + + ? (+ + (+ + + (+) + + + + + + + +1 14-) I- 4- I- 4I- 4- I 4 AI 4 AI AI O + + (+) +- +- +- + 4 (-) +A +A +A + + + + + (+) +; + + + + + 268 1) I 3b CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: G(JLF OF GEORGIA SALISH ________________________________________________ I OCw Na Pe Cx Kl Ho Se Sq WS Distribution of property last day. ..... F 2260. Outside . ............ 2261. To men only. 2262. Called individually . ...... 2263. Family head or chief called and then his group .... ........ 2264. Men of own village receive also . . . 2265. Later, after guests depart 2267. Donor employs speaker ........ 2268. Any able man ......... 2269. Temporary and paid. Respondent to speaker er.......... 2271. Wealth songs sung by donor. 2272. lnherited ed. ........ 2273. Acquired with wife . 2274. May acquire new one. ..... 2275. May be bought from song maker. 2276. Donor leads his song. 2277. Speaker leads for him. 2278. Rattle used . ........ 2279. Wool fringed. ..... 2280. Anyone can join in song. . . 2281. Names bestowed. 2282. Masked dancers perform . ...... 2283. Blankets stripped .......... 2284. Scramble for some .......... p2285. Coppers given away y. ........ 2286. Distributor stands on platform.... 2287. Minor affair only. ...... 2288. Host's wife distributes to women. . . 2289. Guests leave immediately. 2290. Only if early in day . Expect more than equivalent return ..... -Expect twofold return . . . . . . . . Expect return only of young man ...... Expect no return of any stripped blankets Face-saving potlatch ............ 2296. Scramble type ............ 2297. Same as any potlatch h........ Revenge or rivalry potlatch. 2299. Destruction of property ....... Totem-pole erection potlatch. Within village potlatch h. ........ 2302. Any tim e. 2303. Inside house e. .......... 2304. Donor exhibits masks s.. ...... 2305. Mask wearers paid by donor (i.e., thei Vision 2307. 2308. 2311. 2312. 2314. 2315. 2316. divides with * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *. . . . * * * * * * * * * *~~~~ * * * * * * * * * * * Lr owner). RELIGION Guardian Spirit Concept seeking . . . . . . Deliberate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . At definite localities. ...... 2309. At body of water. 2310. All kinds of spirits there Alone. Sent out as child. 2313. Boys only. ......... Secluded in hut outside house .... At night t.............. Emetic taken. 269 + + (-)+ + + + + +(-) - + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + (-) (+) + (+) -? + -? (+) + + - + (-) + (+) + (+ + + + + + + (+ + + + + (+) + + + (+) + + (+) + + (+) (+) + + + + (+) + + (+) + + + + + + + (+) + + + + (+) + (+) + (+) + + )(-) + + (+) (+) + + (+) + + (+) .+ + (+) + + + + + + + +- + + + (+) (+) + (+) + (+) + + + + + + (+) (+) (-) + + (+) + + + + (+) + + (+) (+) (+) 270 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Ho WI 2317. Sweating. . . . + + + 2318. Bleeding self . + + + 2319. Fasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2320. Avoids menstruants. . + + + + + + + 2321. Continence requisite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2322. Dives under water (endurance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + _ _ _ 2323. In lonely pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . + 2324. Anybody may get power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) ? + + + ( 2325. Makes him'sick"..(+) - (+) _ _ *2326. Gets 2325a."Sick" when power too strong.. + . + 2326. Gets song.. ............... + ++ + + + + *2327. In vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -? + - + + - 2328. In trance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+) (+) 2329. In dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + 2330. Later than vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + () (+) (+) 2331. Later than an encounter with some animal + + + + 2332. Gets dance. + + - + + + + 2333. Gets animal cry ............ . .. + + + + + 2334. Falls unconscious at acquisition. . . + + - + (+) (+) _ 2335. Bleeds at mouth. + + . + + + _ 2336. Only prospective shaman bleeds so .+ + . + _ _ - 2338. Only those who get aixos power bleed. + + - 2339. Personal power called on in time of stress . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + _ 2340. Repossession each winter season. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -?(+) + + (+) 2342. Seeking chiefly around puberty . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + 2343. Must seek before marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) (-) + 2344. Girls must seek before marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) + (+) + *2346. 2345. May seek any time ...... . (+).(+) - __- (+).. . 2346. Secretive about power. + + + + + + + + *2346a.Acquisition not immediately revealed. . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2347. Made obvious at winter dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (+) - (+) (+) (+) (+) 2348. Never revealed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? - _ _ *2349. Headdress represents power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (- 2350. Carved representation of power . . . .+ _ +? 2351. Rag or cedar-bark image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? - 2352. By bed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2353. Owned by shaman .+ . + _ + 2354. Guardian spirit tattooed on body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2355. Restrictions on killing guardian spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ (+J 2356. Involuntary reception of power .+ + + + + (+) 2357. Accident, unusual occurrence, fright. .+ + + + + 2358. Dream.. . ... + + + + + 2359. Dead person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+ + + _ 2360. Get song in dream .+ + + 2361. Must accept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2362. Power may be inherited .......... .. . _. - --) 2363. Doctor's power... . . . +) . 2364. Predilection only .? ? + + + _ 2365. Several may have same power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + *2367. 2366. May sing together at ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? 2367. Spirit (power) singing ....................... +- + + + + + *2367a.During winter festivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 2368. Shaman may show power then... . + (+) 2369. Time for novice to show powers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2370. Others helped dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 2371. Others helped sing. . + + + + + + Kinds of Powers 2372. Mythological.H . + + ( ( ( ) 2373. Restricted in number.. ................. - + + + + _ 2374. Prophesy. .......... + + - . + . -+ -T I IT -7 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 2875. Ritualist only. iather power. 2377. Dreams of elements.. 2378. Induce and coerce elem e379. Specialists only. . . Wraightedness (shaman only) lairvoyant. . . . . . . . . 2882. Same as prophet . . . B383. Combined with curing i 2384. Specialist. . . . . . ne E0 2385. Uses plank drum . 306. Finding lost articles o der. . . . . . . . .. 2887. Strongest of all. 2388. Shaman's power only W1............. tire. 2391. Eaten, walked on, etc. Lightning. 2893. With thunder. . . . . . a0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2895. Double-headed. ~un............. nder-water spirits. Blowfly. Wolf. 2401. For hunting. 2402. For war. ingfisher. rog . . 4agle. * * * * * * * * * * ** Devil fish . 'Blackfish. Seal. Woodpeaker. lRaven. -ink. Yellow jacket. F 2413. Good for hunting. Grizzly bear . . . . . . -Dead person. . . . . . . Drown bear. Goat . . . KoUntain, lake, tree . . "Dwarfs. sSpecifically malignant powers. 2421. War powers. 2422. Dog eating. 2423. Human-blood drinking. . 2424. Salt-water drinking . . 2425. Eating anything alive . 2426. Bleeding mouth.t... 2427. Aixos. .... .... 3nts . . . * * * * * * * * * * 1 * Shamanism Spirit quest ................ 2429. Qa.est more intense than layman's. . . 2430. Specific curing spirits ....... 2431. Some definitely not for doctor 2432. Aixos best .......... Cw Na Pe Cx Kl Ho Se Sq WS + + + + + + + - + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + - 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + ++ + + + (+.) + + + + + + * + _ + + + (+) + + + + + + (+) 4- + -I 4 (+, + + I + (-) (+) + + + + + + + 4- _ +. + + +- + ) + + (-) I- _ (+ - + (+) + 4 + (+: 4- + VW _ t_) _ 4- + +- + I+ P. )+ + + + + + (+) (+) + + + (-~) + + I 0 + + + )+ + + (+) + 0- + + + + + (+) + + t+ + +" + 271 p 0 0 b 0 0 p : D 0 . 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 i; 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 4 : 0. D a 0 . , a , 0 I 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 * I 0 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 00 0e 00 0 0: 00 0.0 0. b0 00 60 p* 00 0* 00 10 10 10 00 0 0 0 00 0 01 0 01 01 04 04 0A 04 aa 0a 0 0: 00 00 0. *0 0a 00 00 4 a 4 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a a 0 0 00 00 0. 0 : 0* 00 0* 00 *0 00 00 09 00 0 : 00 9* I0 0 0 00 10 1* I6 0 0 0 0 0 0. 01 04 *4 :4. 9 :'O' 0* 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 & 0 0 . 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 : 0 9 0 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t 0 9 0 01 *4 04 0I 0a :0 0: 00 0. 00 4 a a 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 . 0 a & 0 I . , 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 : 01 01 .I 04 04 04 04 a4 04 a4 04 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 a 0 0 e 0 : .0 0 9 : 00 00 60 00 .0 a 0 : 00 p0 b* D0 b0 6* 0* 00 0 1e 0 I0 0 0 0 0 01 0. 04 04 04 04 0a 00 00 0* 00 0 a 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 F) 0 p 0 272 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS [Cw Na cx K1 Ho|SeS 2433. Spirits same as layman.+ + + () (+) (+) 2434. Announce character. . . . . . . . +() 2435. Bestow according to visionary's wish . . . . . . . . . + + ? + + 2436. Vision type same as layman's. . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+) (+) + 2437. Underwater trials especially . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + () (+) (+3 _ 2438. Trance, unconsciousness, bleeding. + + (+) (+) (+) 2439. Can get dance spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + + . + + 2440. Could cure with aid of, but different song.+.(+) . . + (+) 2441. Curing spirit may give dance song.+ . . + 2442. Has more spirits than layman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + + _ + + + 2443. Intention determines career as shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -? + . . + 2444. Power may come unsolicited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +? 2445. Must accept. - + _ _ _ 2446. Novice preacceptance demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2447. On sick person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2448. Must cure 4 times before paid .+ + + . _ _ 2449. Secret attempts ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) (+)? + + + 2450. Personal, informal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2451. Gets all powers before married ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ .+ 2452. Most shamans men .+ + + + + + 2453. Shaman wears skin cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ . + 8 2454. Shaman wears woodpecker feather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ + + 2455. In hair. . . + - + 2456. Lower part of face painted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2457. Both good and evil acknowledged shamans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + (+) . + + 2458. Evil ones killed and no revenge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + -? + + + - 2459. Good ones might be evil for gain or revenge. . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 2460. Shamans victimize secretly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + 2461. Novice, trying his power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+) 2462. Victim not made fatally ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ 2463. Killed if victim died . . + + + 2464. Forced to doctor victim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) + - o n 2465. Paid to doctor him . ..+ + + Causes of Sickness 2466. Intrusion of foreign object .+ + - + + + + 2467. Bone with hair attached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ + + + + 2468. Foreign spirit intrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ? + + - + 2469. Shaman's. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + . - + 2470. Has to be extracted by sender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . _ 2471. Breech of taboo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . ? + 2472. "Bad blood" (sluggish, lazy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + + 2473. Sucked out by shaman. . . . . . . . . . . + *2475. 2474. Cured by sweating or bleeding. + + 2475. Contagious magic.+ + + + + + + 2476. Ritualist (only) practised.+ + + _ _ ? + 2477. Hair or clothes on grave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2478. Spittle.. .................... + + + + + ++ 2479. Provoked by jealousy. + + + + + + + 2480. Soul loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2481. Evil shaman steals. + . _ . + 2482. Theft by ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + + + 2483. Wandering soul. . + + + + + + + 2484. Through fright ...................... + ++ + + + + Curing by Shaman 2485. Paints face red. + + + + |+ + 2486. Sings . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 2487. Dances . . . .- -.. .......a. ........ . _ _ + - ()+ 2488. With aides . .......... .... . + + + + - + + I =A 1 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 273 Cw Na CxJ Kl Ho] Se Sq WS ME-Z 2489. Anybody who comes in helps. + + -? + + + - + 2490. Family of doctor only... + - (+) _ _ 2491. Sing, drum on plank .....+.............. + + + + + +- + 2492. Paid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Tambourine used by shaman.. +? iDeer-hoof rattle used by shaman ..... . . . . . . + - _ _ _ Shaman's carved mannikin..- _ + - _ _ Shaman's lay assistant.(-) (-) (.) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) 2497. Wife.. (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) 2498. No power .+ + + + + + + + 2499. Helps to lead singing .................... . + + + + + + + + Smokes before starting ....................... . +? - 2501. Swallows smoke . + States whether can cure .+ + + + + + + + Names shaman responsible for sickness .+ + + + + + -? + * Sucks out congestion ........................ . (-) (-) + + + + + + Sucks intruded object (direct). + + - + + + + + Removes object with hands ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _+ _+ + 2507. In case of minor illness ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ + _ + + ; Submerges object. + + _ + _ _ + + 2509. It sizzles ... . . .. . .. . + + + + + Held by other men as he struggles with object .... . . . . . . . . + + _ - _ - + + 2511. Only if intruded spirit . .. ............. . + ? - _ . ,Destroys object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + + + + + 2513. Blows on it ......................... . + - (+) - 2514. Burns it .......................... . + + - + * + -+ 2515. Throws it away.+ + 2516. Cuts it up or mashes it .+..... + + + - + + 2517. Kills sender thereby. + + - + . 2518. Only if intruded spirit ............... . + ? - - . _ Retrieves vagrant soul .+ + + + + + + + 2520. Sends power after. + + + + + _ + + 2521. Sends his soul ...... + _ _ 2522. It searches spirit world.. . (+) (.) (+.) (+) 2523. It searches about the earth .+ + + + + + + 2524. Pantomime search by shaman _ _ + + + 2525. Receives lost soul in bowl or bark tow .+ + . . _ _ .2526. Clasps soul in cupped hands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 2527. Blows on it .+ + + + _ + + 2528. Restores it to patient's head . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + Shaman's pay set aside when he arrives. + + + (+) + + ( ) + -2530. Paid if cure not effected .................. . + + + + (+) - _ + 2531. Gets some .+.... .................. + ++ + + + Shamnan obliged to try to cure ....... .. .. .. . .. .. . . + + + + + + + + Several may work on 1 case. + + + + + - - + 2534. Inependently .+ + + + + - - + Ritualist .Ritualist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ ? + + 2536. Power by dream _ _ _ - +?- ( 2537. By inheritance and instruction . + + + _ _ - + + 2538. To any of children .+ + _ . - + + 2539. Within lineal family only. + + + - _ + + 2540. By purchase + _ _ _ _ _ 2541. With wife .- + _ _ _ _ _ 2542. S ing s._.. - _ _ _ + + 2543. Prays to creator or world spirits. + + + - _ - + 2544. Functions ritually + + + _ - (+) + + 2545. Marriage. + - . . _ _ _ + 2546. Paints masked dancers + + + - _ - + 2547. First-salmon ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + C[ Na Pe Cx Kl Hoi 2548. Puberty ceremony. . . . 2549. Birth . . . . . . . . . 2550. "New Dancer". . . . . . 2551. Attempts to make salmon *2552. Purifications . . . . . 2553. Specific and restricted 2554. Paints subject ritually 2555. Cures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2556. For soul loss. 2557. Aspersion treatment 2558. By recitations. 2559. Aids to long life 2560. Blowing away illness . 2561. Breech of taboo cure. . 2561a.Fees. * * * * . * * * * 0 * * * * 0 rmn . . * * * * * m func tions * * * * m * * * * . * * * * . * * * * . * * * * 0 * * * * 0 * * * * . * * * * 0 * * * * 0 CEREMONIAL GROUPS 2562. gecret societies. 2571. Women admitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2572. Power blown into by member . . . . . . . . 2573. Members few in proportion. . . . . . . . . 2574. Novices are adolescents. . . . . . . . . . 2575. Guardian spirit required. . . . . . 2576. Few adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577. Group initiation. 2578. Informed of their candidacy . 2579. Attempt to escape . . . . . . . . . 2580. Terrorized. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2581. Seized upon by members . . . 2582. Thrown in air 4 times. . . . 2583. "Knocked out". . . . . . . . 2584. Members imitate power spirit 2585. Novices are secluded. 2586. In living house . . . . . . . . . . 2587. Supposed to be dead. 2588. Lie quietly . . . . . . . . . . . . 2589. Naked. 2590. Heaped with blankets-sweated . . . 2591. Fast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2592. Drinking tube . . . . . . . . . . . 2593. Members in attendance . . . . . . . 2594. Ritual each A.M. and P.M. 2595. Blow on novice . . . . . . . 2596. Carry him out 4 times. . . . 2597. Head covered. 2598. Others may see . . . . . . . 2599. "4-dat" seclusion . . . . . . . . . 2600. "Lost' in woods. 2601. "Caught" by ceremonial group *2603. 2602. Escapes them (formal device) 2603. Novices publicly resurrected. 2604. Naked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2605. "Washed". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2606. Ritualists (individual). . 2607. Hot stones, branches, racing 2608. Masked dancers perform . . . 2609. Water poured on from roof. . 2610. Head kept covered . . . . . . . . . 2611. Retires to be ceremonially clothed. 2612. Blanket skirt. . . . . . . . 2613. Wool headdress. * * * 0 * * * . * * * * * * * . * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * * * * * * * @ * * * *' ** * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 * * * 0 * * * * * * * * * 0 + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + (+ + (+) (+) + + +- + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +? + ++ + + + + + + + + + + _ + + +4 (+) + 4 4 4 + (-) + + (-) + (+) (+) + + + ) + + + + (-) (-) + (- + + dB (+) (+ + (+) + + p 0 a I I + (o + + ? (+) (.1) (+) + (+) (+ + + 0- Ig. I'a I I ? I I I 4 I I 4 a d- 274 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 2614. Cedar arm and leg ruffs. . . . . . . . . 2615. Woolen arm and leg ruffs . . . . . . . . 2616. Hair ceremonially combed . . . . . . . . 2617. Down in hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2618. Face painted red ............ 2619. Rope tied to waist . . . . . . . . . . . 2620. Taken to woods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2621. Dances before going. . . . . . . . . . . 2622. Dances after going . 2623. Accompanied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2624. Swimming, diving . . . . . . . . . . . . 2625. Swimming "just to wash". . . . . . . . . 2626. Supposed to get power. . . . . . . . . 2627. Goes from house to house of village. 2628. Ritualist doctors doors. 2629. People follow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2630. Held by rope . 2631. Fed ceremonially. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2632. Ritualist. 2633. Expected to behave queerly. . . . . . . . . . . 2634. Attendant. . .. . 2635. May be possessed any time. . . . . 2636. Face remains painted . . . . . . . 2637. Continence requisite . . . . . . . . . . 2638. Menstruant avoidance . . . . . . . . . . 2639. Drinking tube used. *2640. Scratcher used . . . . . . . . . . . . 2641. Physically repels nonmembers. 2642. Carries sharpened stick. . . 264g. Friends put food on stick. . 2644. Must be fed clams, seal, and devil fish cere- monially, 5th day after seclusion period. . Public performance of society. 2646. In winter (quiet time). 2648. Pantomimic dances. . . . . . . . . . . . 2649. Myth dramatization . . . . . . . . . . . 2650. Held inside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2651. Held outside. 2652. Members' faces painted black . . . . . . 2653. Masks at dances. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2654. Animal, painted . . . . . . . . . 2655. Headdress individual. 2656. Headdress of cedar bark. . . . . . . . . 2657. Dances identical with spirit singing Masked dancers. . . . . . . 2659. Taboo retirement chamber . . . . . . 2660. Hereditary, patrilineal. . . . . . . . . 2661. Limited to 1 son. 2662. May get from mother's father. 2663. Functions nonessential to ceremony . 2664. Services to members and relatives 2665. Function as purifiers. 2665a.Deer-hoof rattles. . . . . . . . . . . . 2666. Scallop-shell rattle . . . . . . . . . . 2667. Deer-hoof anklets. . . . . . . . . . . . 2668. Swanskin leggings. . 2669. Swan-feather shirt . . . . . . . . . . . 2670. Goatskin covering. . . . . . . . . . . . 2671. Dance to patron's song. 2672. "First man" origin . . . . . . . . . . . 2673. Clown attendant. . . . . . . . . . . . . *2673a.Human masks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2674. Animal masks. *on **ly ** *~~ ~ ~ * * * * * a * Cw Na Pe CxIKl HoRSe Sq WS + + + + + o + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + - + + + + + _ - (-) + + + + ++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + * (+) + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + (+) + + (+) (+) (+) (+) + + + (+) + () + + (+) + + + + + + +) + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + - - (+) _ + (+) - + + _ + + _+ + _+ + (+) + + + + (+) -_ + + + - + + + + - - + + _+ + - + + _+ + - + + - + + _ + + _ + + - + + _ + + _ + + _ + + - + + - + + _ + + _+ + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + -_ _ + + + + + + + + + + + - (+) + + + + (+) (_ + + + + - + _ + + + _ + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 275 I i 0 0 : , 0 0 0 0 & 0 . * 0 0 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 a : , 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 * 0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Hook-swinging society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dog-flesh-eating spirit dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fool society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bleeding-mouth spirit dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Death and resurrection society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hamatsa society. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . Human-blood-drinking spirit dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Giant (greedy) society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thunderbird society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seal society ........................... Wolf society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raven society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aixos society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grizzly-bear society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Moon society ........................... Sun society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . Division of social group in wintertime into members and nonmembers Cw Na Pe Cx[Kl HoISI + + + + + + + + + 0 _ we _w _m 276 *2675. 2676. 2677. 2678. 2679. 2680. 2681. 2682. 2683. 2684. 2685. 2686. 2687. 2688. 2689. *2690. 29. lI ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS lhin .--Fish poison. Diagonal fish weirs. gehdam, i.e., enclosed strip across stream. osure utilizing canoe as part of it. Bilater- barbed fish harpoon point. One-piece salmon poon heads. Fish spear with longer central Ig, with prongs spread by ring, and with 3ed points. Seal paunch net floats. Eel pot. i-top basketry salmon trap. Composite basketry p composed of cone or funnel and cylinder. angular basketry trap, and that of a half- illed cylinder. Dip nets on crossed poles, and rallel bars. Crab nets. Bilaterally barbed ooks. Carved V-shaped halibut hook. Eel ". "Hair, bundle" hook. P'erforated sinker; re- ie for sinker on halibut lines. Fishing flies. a creel. Stone "hammer" for killing fish. Bone ahuttle. Elliptical and other-shaped net mesh ers except rectangular. kmting.--True communal hunts; driving of game enclosures in water or on land. Running game Rabbit, quail, grouse, and beaver nets. tnet for night use (known by informants but ibuted to more southerly mainland peoples). ,-effigy decoy. Rabbit, elk, and moose call. it, grouse, and quail fence-snare contrivance. bgs eaten. Dogs killed at owner's death or ed with him. Singing to dogs to train them. pets. Seals sought in caverns. Sea-lion Ig disguise and probably clubbing them on be. he entire whale-hunting and using complex and ritual, including claims for stranded whales, zing of portions, supernatural sanctions be- embarking, use of corpse or skeleton in monial preparation. 'ood and its preparation.-Stone rendering ters. Steatite oil dishes and probably all e oil dishes. Digging stick with knob or sa- handle; those of antler or with weights. Eel- tting knife or awl. Paddle food stirrers. 2- s fire tongs. Meal brush. Jointed or bow fire 1. Fire by percussion. Pounding slab or bas- y hopper. Stone or horn bowl. Bark scrapers r than given. pecial treatment for drying spring salmon. a dried or its grease saved. Dried pulverized Ground-bone soup. Seeds or pine nuts for Leaching of acorns and use as mush or cakes. from source other than seaweed. limg, caterpillar, yellow-jacket larvae, mink, otter, buzzard, raven, owl, or reptile as bod taboos and prescriptions.--First-fruits t.--Shovel-nose canoe (?). Oar. Canoe lashed ther. Frame canoe. Balsa. Double paddle; pad- with square, round, or notched end blade. a jargon. Restrictions on women, dogs, or Bes at sea. er transportation.--Sled; dog packing or 9g. kikng.--Sewed pack strap. Conical-shaped ring -basket. Carrying nets. Cordage and fiber.--Cordage of hair, iris, and conifer roots. 3-ply cordage. Fabrics.--Fabrics of down and fireweed cotton only; of cedar-bark warp, wool weft; of down or feathers twisted into fiber strands; of animal- or duckskin strips; of rabbitskin. Plank houses.--Houses on log foundations and on piles. Separate ridge cover. Boarded or stone- lined fireplace. Boards on floor; mats on floor except for sitting. Sliding door. Suspended mat or hide door. Steps. Anteroom proper. Stools probably. Fort. Plank sweat house. Latrine. Weapons and protection.--Sinew-backed bow; com- pound, double curved, and horn bow. Bow held verti- cally. Foreshafted arrow. Arrow straightener. Radi- al arrow feathering. Quiver of uncut skin and squared cedar wood. Club with inset teeth and ant- ler spike. Spear with copper blade and detachable blade. Spear thrower. Copper dagger. Rod armor, wooden helmet, shield, cedar-bark armor. Body ornament.--Dentalium as money and for most part as decoration. Labret. Chinook-type head de- formation. Copper necklace ornaments (some brace- lets occur). Hair net; hair dyed and mud plas- tered. Combs other than carved wooden ones. Basketry.--Diagonal and 3-strand twined bas- ketry. Overlay basketry. Cooking baskets and dishes. Seed beater and tray. Smoking.--Tobacco smoking or chewing. Money and valuables.--Olivella and clamshell currency. Obsidian blades as wealth. Ornately carved treasure box. Musical instruments.--Upright-plank drum, foot drum, roof-plank drum. Deer-hoof and puffin-beak pendants on rattles. Notched-stick rattle. Flute. Birth.--Priest or shaman (apart from midwife) present at births. Puberty.--Vision seeking at girl's puberty; tattooing at boy's. Brother-sister avoidance. Parent-in-law avoidance. Marria e.--Matrilocal residence (except half- marriage). Distinguishing mark for divorcee. Fine for adultery. Chief's heir marries his wife. Vil- lage exogamy. Preferential mating. Marriage to a brother's daughter (one on record, however). Death.--Corpse set up in state. Sprinkling of ashes. Corpse evisceration. Undertaker segregated. Head scratcher and fresh meat taboo for undertaker. House burning at death. Cremation. Faces blackened, body mutilation, hair or face gumming in mourn- ing mortification. Ghost association with whirlwind or Milky Way. Warfare.--Ritual war dance of incitement. Shaman or ritualist on war party in that capacity. Profes- sional or mercenary warriors. Settlement negotia- tion or dance. Scalping. Warrior-purification dance. Victory dance. Murderer or warrior purifica- tion by ritualist. Social organization.--Tribute to chief. Chief's office transmitted to son-in-law and sister's son. Insignia for chief's speaker. Matrilineal groups and moieties. Unilateral reckoning of descent. As- sumed blood exogamy. Group naming after crest or animal. [277] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Religion.--Definite spirit localities except bodies of water. Seeking of exclusively heredi- tary spirits. Building of rock piles while spirit seeking. Rattle representation of guardian spirit Reluctance to accept power. Power salable. Shaman novice control dance (Yurok typo Berdache esteemed as shaman. Office of 8ha assistant. Shaman's demonstrations with fi Possession by shaman while curing. Curing cieties. > 278 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST FISHING Od dams.-- sore, absence of the trait does not neces- Vindicate ignorance of it. Its presence is id rather by possibility of use, the avail- of sizable streams being the controlling ot across the stream. Small cul-de-sacs the banks with a wide opening downstream. DLagonal arms converging toward an opening stream. served the same purpose. Many of these are observ- able today at low tide, as at the mouth ot the Puntlege River (Comox). Spears and harpoons.-- 21. The two prongs forming a V are socketed to the pole handle and are barbed on the inside. A sudden thrusting of the V over the back of a fish embeds it securely; the line allows for the vio- lent play of the fish. 26. A 34. t 36. Spears, i.e., heads not-detachable. L0. There are openings in the dam for the b pass through into baskets or enclosures. The two positive responses are questioned t it is doubtful if they possessed a driver klly designed and reserved for this use. around them use boulders or the maul stone. A platfom from which to spear or net fish. A lattice fence across the neck of a small et, lying flat at high tide, raised upright impounding the enclosed fish and even seal a. Stone and stake enclosures, including a ith with a small entrance and no exit (20), 39. II_ Basketry traps.-- 47. Here again knowledge does not necessarily coincide with utilization. Where streams are not large or are absent, dams and basketry traps can- not serve so efficiently as the harpoon, or hook and line, for example. 53. Sharp sticks converge radially and inwardly to an opening just large enough to allow for en- trance, but which renders exit next to impossible. 56. For catching salmon as they fall back after an unsuccessful leap. 57. These were not used in connection with a weir. They were constructed in mall streams with ow ~~~~N re/nckJe'51cAW "* 1\rgsX [279] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS the opening downstream. The fish were retained in several ways: a lattice bottom inclined upward from the opening will flounder a salmon; lateral basketry pockets may be provided with narrow en- trances so that as the fish noses around the in- ner periphery of the enclosure it inadvertently enters the pocket; again sharpened sticks in- clined upward at the enclosure opening will per- mit a relatively easy entrance but bar escape. The figure represents a composite of these fea- tures. Nets.-- 62. The size of the mesh permits passage of the head but because of the gills does not allow a retreat. 66. A rectangular net requiring two or four canoes to operate. Only slightly submerged at the upstream end it sweeps down in an arc so that its forward end is at a greater depth and controlled by sinkers and lifting lines. Hauling these in at intervals will bring up the catches of fish. 67. See Yurok in Kroeber's Handbook. 69. Pole handle, small triangular frame for bag net. 70. Shaped similar to a tennis racket with a long pole handle. Slip ring refers to fact that the net, released by a string, slips freely on its frame opening, thereby gathering the top to- gether. 75. I was told this was used uncertain about it. 79. Hooks and miscellaneous.-- 83. See Niblack, fig. 153. 86. Double-pointed bone "pin" with an ofi groove for attachment to the line. A pull j it into a crosswise position. 88. See Niblack's fig. 145,which he calla gig. It is to be distinguished from the barb spearlike device so called in this paper. 89. I was assured that this was aborigina 92. T_- 99. Very similar to a shuttlecock. It is merged by means of a long pole. Upon release rises to the surface with a spinning motion, attracting cod. Net making.-- 118. This has the appearance of the lett with the tips of the two parallel arms bent together, top and bottom, so that only a na slit separates them. The cord is wound upon central core. -Izt 119. This is the type in present-day use I suspect post-Columbian. A free finger is closed by the outer rim of the nose. for cod. I feel HUNTING Drives.-- 139. A circular net surrounds a favorito rock, pressed to the bottom by stones whici be displaced by lines to the shore, thus al the net to rise by reason of floats attach" its upper rim. Cannot be termed a "drive," ever; nor can no.153. 151. A net is stretched high between two close to ponds and bays. At dusk or early u a frightened flock of ducks can be made to into it and so become entangled or stunned. 153. Ordinary netting in which duck beca enmeshed while diving for food--not lattice loop affair (see no. 161). S1: Should be S2 82. 280 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH a and lures.-- 59. A shielded fire in the front of the ca- causes the ducks to swim into the shadow at stern, from where they are speared or taken the hands. The net used elsewhere to the h for this purpose in night hunting is not found among the groups listed here, though know of it. a and minor devices.-- 0. A small slip loop fastened to a thin .e driven into the sand; for snipes and the . Same principle as no. 163, except latter is larger game and involves a release of the l-over branch which springs upward and hoists 0prey in the air. 61. Ducks caught by foot or head in one of numerous slip loops. 68, 169. Bird snaring was usually boys? play. ring leads from the screen to a trigger on a trap or to a slip loop which is tightened as bird steps in it. 71. I cannot determine whether the release on -or even its construction--is aboriginal. 76. Flying ducks are said to respond to a ter- c din by dropping to earth in a momentarily efied condition. The information was volun- ld. It may be a figure of speech denoting a itude of people. M.- 85. Identical in construction with but heavier the salmon harpoon. 94. These are magical means, of course. 07. It is extremely difficult to determine er the individual received his supernatural tion from a seal or merely from any animal or s" which might bestow the privilege and abil- to hunt seals. 0. Symmetrical multiple-barbed head. See fig., 34. 1. The three pieces consist, as in the salmon on, of two slightly spreading wings (spread- osteriorly) between which is bound the pierc- oint. This point may of course vary in the ir of barbing, or be without it as is general- This refers to a single, one-sided barb on tiercing point, as in the figure. 4. The line is threaded through small loops on ft so that it remains loosely attached to be. I 226. It would appear that the division of the seal catch did not follow any prescribed form. It is extremely doubtful that the chief got more than anyone else or that the hunters got the oil. Probably the hunter was at least an influential man and a display of munificence was all to his credit. 258. The purpose of this element was to deter- mine the degree of professional specialization. Direct questioning fails to elicit a satisfactory response in such matters and much must be gath- ered by implication. With the more attenuated forms of land ownership and prerogatives on the island,decision was rendered very difficult, and I cannot be certain that the negatives in the element list fully represent the situation, though they do represent the informant's attitude. With the island Comox and the mainland groups this am- biguity disappears, for with the occurrence of landed privileges, and goat hunting especially, there are frequent allusions to the greatness attaching to an excellent goat or bear hunter. 272. The skin is laid over any convenient log for scraping. Not the same as no. 279, which is a post driven in the ground at a low angle, its rounded upper end being used to work the skin. FOOD AND ITS PREPARATION 319. Rendering by stone boiling. 329. Long tubes of kelp kept coiled in a box contained the oil. 333. Crutch, i.e., a cross-bar handle, like a T. 350. The straight side is set in a round of wood, as in our vegetable choppers. 351. Hole for thumb refers to a small semilunar perforation, as in figure. 352. These informants consistently held that stone boiling was unknown to their people. Only in one respect was there any contradiction in their testimony: during ritual observances at pu- berty and on other momentous occasions a small quantity of water was especially heated by this means for purification purposes. 355. 369. A container for carrying water on the trail, 377. This is to be taken as an absence of the mortar so far as food preparation is concerned. 380. As the figure shows, this is a miniature maul apparently. I 281 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 387. A means of transporting sparks to obviate a redrilling of fire. 404. Spatulas are always of wood and not care- fully shaped, perhaps not even retained but made when occasion for use arises; not to be confused with the more ideally shaped ones farther to the north. (Cf. Niblack, fig. 224.) They are employed only in eating a froth called supolali or berry ice cream," which is made from a certain berry. I got no indication that seaweed was used in this concoction. (Cf. Niblack, 277.) 408. A spoon used when traveling and camping. 411. See fig., note 355. 412. To what degree, if any, these carved heads represent "crests" or "oawned" designs it is impos- sible to say, though very likely they we&e asso- ciated with other privileges. 416. One-piece troughs, 10-15 ft. long, shal- low. (Niblack, fig. 182.) 418. Refers to the large ostentatious recep- tacles, out of which were taken the individual services. 419. "Crest" is used throughout to signify any artistic representation to which are attached ideas of exclusive and privileged ownership, apart from any other significance it might have. 422. The bark was folded lengthwise, and.the ends gathered or woven. The result was a rather flat case which could be spread. 436. The irregularity in the data can be ex- plained, I was told, as due to the distribution of productive halibut banks which would supply quantities sufficient to be dried. FOOD TABOOS AND PRESCRIPTIONS 505. Done for fear that,otherwise,ghosts might steal it. 511. This idea was difficult to get across and I doubt if the negatives represent a true taboo. 519. Such recognition was uncertain and varia- ble. It probably depended upon the pretensions-of the family. 520. Relates to first catch of a youth--not first-salmon rite. A ritualist did not officiate. 522. That is, the head may be eaten but eagle down is sprinkled on it before it is set in coals. 531. The paw licking is for sustenance, it is thought. 539. I have since learned that the Nanaimo had such a rite. 543. With the Comox it was the "chief" or owner of the fishing scaffold who took the first salmon and it would seem that any such owner might so function and himself perform the ritual in virtue of certain inherited privileges. At Squamish and W Sanetch the situation varied in that only one or at most a few individuals knew the proper r in this connection. 564. The so-called aixos, of which mgre ter. BOATS Types.-- 567. All of these people knew of this typi and made use of it, at least in relatively ri cent times. Still one and all speak of it as- "West Coast," thereby recognizing its prove-, nience. The effort has therefore been made tk distinguish between manufacture and acquisi- tion through trade, purchase, potlatch, etc. 568-570. For nos. 568 and 570 no differen. tial descriptive terms are available in Engli and the native name is used. The figures are outlined from models made by a Klahuse infora ant and confirmed by others; in the minds of these individuals there exist greater distinu tions of shape and provenience than can perba be gathered from these sketches. Curtis givol some good photographs of the yicelt (folio pI 324 and 325). Apart from this, the literature unsatisfactory regarding canoe types of this- area and I can do no better than refer to the publication by Waterman and Coffin and to rel the nukwil to "b," and the yicelt to "c" of i plate 1. Niblack, figure 169, seems to repres the yicelt. The list informatton yields a ndt cleavage between these two types, the one is8 the other mainland, and although one could na subscribe to any such rigid and exclusive deal limitation, I believe that in the main the da tinction holds as regards characteristic typo Squamish offered another model, comparable to Waterman's "f." The representations given of canoes may be taken with an assurance of such curacy as goes with roughly done flat models, some allowance being made for details of the, Nootka type. After some hesitation I have in1 cluded sketches of three northern forms cut for me by the same Klahuse informant. Model is known over all the Gulf area as the hwetu and is variously referred to as "northern, "Fort Rupert," and Haida." It was used by ti Homalco, Klahuse, and Slaiamun, but only aoui fully made by them. Perhaps the stern should- a little flatter. I can offer no certain cord oration from the literature; Niblack's figur' 170 suggests the type rather than aoes the 0 likely figure 172. Model 569a was completed 0 by reason of continued encouragement, the mak being uncertamn of its details; two othet KJ* huse said its stern should be higher and morz that of the hwetukla. Its distinctive featur the broad or deep bow, on account of which ii called pelalt ("wide throat") in the Comox dIA lect. Comox, Klahuse, and Homalco knew the ty Slaiamun volunteered the name but said it wa another one for the hwetukla. I should not ,. offered model 569b had not two other Klahusei 282 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 567 570 283 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS a Homalco readily recognized the model and agreed in calling it either munka or kwots. All said it came from the north. Its juxtaposition with the Nootka type was made on other considerations, but the similarities are suggestive. Curtis (10:12) describes the munka. Construction.-- 576. y 587. See fig., note 380. 590. Used for pegging,caulking, etc. from time immemorial with the Nootka canoe, which they made their major crossings and pi tious visits. Informants, however, do not he to maintain the adequacy of large-scale yioe nukwil for Gulf traffic. 616. That is, carving other than the cony tional profiles embodied in the structural t the canoe form itself. The Slaiamun and Klab probably incised rather than carved in relie Associated features.-- 646. This, in effect, may coincide with nc 647. Though it is difficult, and the results often not definitive, an attempt has been ma throughout to determine the degree of control guidance exercised by the hereditary stock," the other hand to what extent there was indej and unrestricted acquisition of supernatural 657. Magical treatment for the good of thi noe. 678. 591. For adz types refer to Olson, UW-PA 2:13- 17. 615. The positive instances refer to the larger and obviously more seaworthy northern and Nootka types and to what seems to be an uncommon occur- rence with the specifically Georgian Gulf types (nos. 568, 570). This at once raises the question as to the adequacy of the latter in respect to the practical demands of a rough sea and heavy cargo, together with the ever present requirements of vanity and ostentation. My information is consis- tently to the effect that the yicelt and nukwil were of one piece, which would put considerable limitation on the sturdiness and design of the prow and stern. It may be that, though the Gulf people did not make them, they have been supplied 701 701a 7OZ 70 679. Made only for inland waters. Bark she ends folded back and clamped between wooden strips. Paddles.-- 701-702. A curious array of paddles was ot tained, and I give them as I got them for wha they are worth. In each case the informant w urged to cut a model of the types known to.hi people, then shown others made by neighbor'i' )2a 7026 284 ?o2c I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH X. The sketches are outlines of these models. 702 is the most consistently made man's ;e; 702a the woman's, as reported by Comox, oh, Sechelt, Slaiamun, Klahuse, Homalco, and o.sh. Model 702b is another woman's paddle [Kahuse. Model 701 is rather a northern type so acknowledged by a Klahus.e man. Model said to be a steersman's paddle by Kla- and Homalco. Model 702c, or a variation of Was made for me by unprompted Squamish, Kla- and Homalco informants, who called it a 'rI paddle; the Squamish said the Sechelt it; it was denied by Sanetch and Comox. Mod- sxawas made by a reliable Slaiamun inform- who called it a sealer's paddle; the same said of it by one Klahuse, while another ribed it as used by the steersman; the Comox Snetch also had it. Explanations which had ,armarks of rationalizations were given for odd shapes of models 702c and 702d, and it is rprobable that they have magical connotations. I paddles are colored black, women's red., lore.-- ;1. This was believed to occur iz any body of or on land. It was a terrible monster of ndous supernatural power. To avoid expres- such as winged or horned or plumed serpent, iimple Comox name of aixos is used hereafter ferring to it. L7. Such unsuspecting contact would result in rrible twisting and distortion of one's neck hxtremiti es. OTHER TRANSPORTATION L8. A crude affair, hardly more than a skin le with fur inward and "something" put on Lde to make it slide better on the ice. g6. 07. Homalco gave a pointed toe and heel, Squa- a rounded heel and pointed toe. CORDAGE AND FIBER; FABRICS L6. Name of plant uncertain; the long thin Os have edges keen enough to cut one s hands. 50. My question marks derive from the fact -the concerned groups denied sea-lion hunt- Tat would of course not positively deny u use of the gut if they could get it. =_. 774. So far as fabrics are concerned, twined work seems to have been confined to the north- ern and eastern part of the Gulf and to have some positive correlation with the suspended warp weaving (see nos. 776, 782, 803). The evi- dence of the rush or bark cape is not so clear- cut however (no. 1072). 779. A ohannel in the base was used for run- ning over the needle and thread as they were passed through the rushes. 780. Usually shaped like a duck. 789. An adulteration no doubt to be corre- lated with a dearth of wool. 793. Diatomaceous earth was thoroughly mixed with the wool at first to clean it. Then it was removed and the other fibers beaten in. 798. Otherwise held in the hands, twirled with the left. 799. A device for preliminary twisting pre- paratory to the use of the spindle. The artifi- cial form saves the thigh. 802. The Pentlatch informant was certain that this was not known or used north of Nanaimo. The Comox description was admittedly vague. PLANK HOUSES Construction.-- 815. It appears that the shed-type house is generally rationalized as being half of the gabled type, there being no conception of structural dif- ference or localization involved,at least so far as some informants were concerned. Both shed and gabled types occurred in the same village, the gabled type indicative of wealth or necessitated by a larger family (which might amount to the same thing), the shed type, often of bark, sufficing, for the less fortunate or at the summer resorts. Yet the shed type was the specific and exclusive one for the Fraser River mouth (Point Grey and Point Roberts) and the Squamish. There seems lit- tle doubt therefore that the two are historically diverse. 823. 826. 827. 285 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 831. In a house seen at Cowichan Bay the walls were an integral structure apart from the roof- supporting frame, there being space enough be- tween to allow for the raised benches or bed platforms. Comox informant allowed this for "big potlatch houses." 836. That is, the planks were laid with their lengths up and down the incline of the roof. 837. 842. A loose roof plate which could be lifted with a pole and set aside. The more recent ad- justments were small sheds over the smoke holes. 84g.X SEMISUBTERRANE&N STRUCTURE 922. Such a structure, very similar to' Squamish description but apart from the hz was known at Slaiamun; the remains are di" ible today at Scuttle Bay. A later Klahusa formant described underground houses in use by his people at the head of Toba InI fore the white people came. Sweating.-- 940. 945. A bed of hot rocks on which is and fir boughs; no structure above. Furnishings and additional features.-- 859. Wholly enclosed, mats or otherwise. With the possible exception of one instance (Cowich- an), there was no information which would give a picture of a long segmented house with an aisle or corridor running down the center length. These booth or compartment partitions did not extend out into the floor space if my judgment is cor- rect. 866. At most, only one oval door was remem- bered. 870. The animal's mouth appears to swallow the entrant. 873. The plug was set into the door aperture and barred. 896. These were small posts within house, sup- porting the bed platform. It is impossible to say precisely what the nature of the carved represen- tations were or what their significance was. 898. A level area in front of house. 898b. They stood in front of the house, per- haps 10-12 ft. high, 4 ft. wide, and sometimes connected to interior of the house by runway over which the goods to be given away was carried. Naturally, they usually faced the beach. SUMMER CAMP HOUSE 915. 916. WEAPONS AND PROTECTION Arrows.-- 972. Double, nondetachable, one longer other. 994. I suspect this of having only magi potency. Clubs.-- 1009. From such descriptions as were gi take it that these, as well as nos. 1012 $ had much the same shape as those figured a scribed by Boas, AM1NH-MJ 4:404 seq. DRESS (NONCEREMONIAL) 1086. BODY ORAiAMENT 1113. This was often done when snow was able for use in numbing the flesh. 1121. This is again a matter of interpre and difficult to determine. 1122. That is, by pricking rather than a or threading. 1123. This term is used for lack of a be one to signify those enjoying more respect, tige, and power. They are spoken of by the ants as "rich men," 'big men," nchiefs," n tone men." 286 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH 16. See Boas, BAAS 1890:652, fig. 31. 17. The Comox deformed heads to some extent 6t as much (or same way ?) as the Cowichan. ised a Chinook word which meant 'ouPh" and lbd to their southern neighbors as dough s" The Klahuse did not make the head "broad Powichans." Somewhat the same pertains to *1lco, but whether these instances point to oer approximation to the Koskimo type I not decide. HAIRDRESSING t6. Rectangular, as opposed to fan shaped. btch have the same. BASKETRY 68-1185. See Mason, USNM-R 1902. 13. This technique was used frequently for i an openwork rectangular clam basket. 6. One gets the impression that anciently dbasketry was not made or was not charac- tic on Vancouver Island. Two informants ex- id themselves to this effect, assigning this of weaving to the Fraser River region. Even kere the baskets shown are almost always ad- I to have come from across the Gulf, though 0 same time accompanied by an affirmation the technique was known at home also. The Itch informant denied that his people knew khnique; his account coincides with the W 1h. )1. In this, the warp was not a continuous L band from bottom to top. Each "ring" con- tea a complete unit. L3. This sometimes comes to a ridge along the SMOKING 5. All recognized that tobacco was not pos- by them until "after Columbus came" as one I it, but those questioned believed that the smoked leaves before this. At Nanaimo I re- a graphic account of the introduction of r with the arrival of the first ship there and the natives' amazement over men who had to keep their mouths open with tubes so as to breathe. Amusing too was their introduction to hardtack, which they tried to use as floats, and of mo- lasses, which they attempted to use for pitching cracked canoes. CALENDAR, COUNTING, DIRECTION 1251. There was always disagreement on this point, naturally, some claiming 12 moons, others 13. The adjustment was made with the return of some periodic phenomenon, as the salmon run. 1253. The beginning of the year inferred from informants beginning their month enumerations with what corresponds to January. Whether this was so in ancient times or a well-ingrained ad- justment, questioning did not reveal. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1276. The Comox informant said the skin drum came from across the Gulf recently. 1284. Simply a long plank set up knee high in front of the seated chorus or spectators. 1285. Door drumming with pole seems to have had a rather special significance and may not have been common. 1288. The wooden rattle was used upon other occasions also, but it was not a shaman's appur- tenance. 1290. There is some doubt of any wide use of sheep horn for most of these groups, especially on the island. 1292. An attempt to differentiate between carving in the round or high relief (Niblack, pl. 53) and the etching found on all the plainer globular forms. 1297. Used in connection with the Hamatsa and said originally always to have been of this ma- terial. 1302. A stick in the hand, to which is at- tached the string and the bull-roarer. GAMES 1305. This fades out to the north giving place to the ball race (no. 1307), which is something like "keep-away. 1315. A lance was thrown at protruding kelp stems and bulbs, one of which represented the "chief." 1319. The idea being to guess the hand which holds the "ace," or, with two playing together, the pattern combinations of the two aces in the four hands of the two co-operating players. 1324. Ten disks including an ace manipulated under cover of cedar-bark tow. After the guess, the suspense was prolonged by rolling the disks out one by one from the guessed hand over a mat spread in front of the player. 1332. A double string threaded through two holes in the button which, when started, spins with the tension on the string. 287 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1337. Played only by young girls. Objects re- sembling shuttlecocks were kept bouncing in the air by individual efforts. The sport was enliv- ened by such fancies-as "the first to miss will be the first to marry." BIRTH Delivery.-- 1351. The rigor with which this was enforced depended upon the weather, since often, if not always, the hut was of mats. 1360. Magical treatment for ease in delivery. 1364. Also conceived to have a magical effect. The prospective mother drinks it. Some prepara- tions may have had sound therapeutic value. 1371. Ritual manipulating of the breast. 1380. Their own expression. I am not clear on the meaning. Child treatment.-- 1390. Before the child could take the mother's milk it was given this. 1393. The male baby's hips were pressed in, its shoulders spread outward; for females broad hips and narrow shotlders were admired, so that the manipulation was directed toward this end. 1395. Such women were believed to have super- natural gifts. Children were thought to be very sensitive about their earliest treatment and fre- quently not happy with their new existence. Their babbling together (no. 1397) might create a nos- talgia for their old home and cause them to die and retur.n to it. 1402. For the purpose of numbing the ear. Postnatal observances.-- 1413. A pantomime of wood cutting, cooking, etc., before the child. Ceremonies, naming, etc.-- 1433. When it was derived from the father-in- law at the time of marriage. 1442. See 1458, of which this is an example. 1450. Parallels the Kwakiutl situation in which a man secures privileges and names for his children from his father-in-law as part of the bride's dowry. 1456. That is, a male child need not take his name from the paternal side. 1458. In connection with all crises ceremonies, as well as upon other significant occasions, a man of rank was bound to make a distribution of prop- erty to do honor to himself and his relatives and to establish or reaffirm his social status. This action was the recognized mechanism for convening, apprising, and securing the approval of the people for some event of social importance--and the only one. Without access to it a man was socially nil. According to his circumstances and aspirations the affair might be modest and concern fellow villagers only, or it might assume grandiose proportions, but at any rate its central and essential feature was a circumspect giving away of wealth t sponsible members of the community in tob respect and propitiation. Therefore I ha* ter much deliberation, used the word pot] the present connection. For the Salish tI" its native equivalent had quite a special reserved as it was for that grand intervi? affair of mixed motives and functions, wh manded long preparation and ended in gloz material poverty. For the lesser occasioM though they revolved about and capitalize0 the same social facts--they used the Engli "presents" for the goods which were given Whether these presents implied a return t clearly formulated in the minds of those pressed for an answer. The inference may 1 lowed that the element of reciprocity in1 instances was more fluid, less rigorously ceptualized, than when it was a question potlatch proper. At the same time there cl little doubt that the giving was calculat4 long remembered by both donor and recipiei that a return was expected and gracefully' though I have not been able to bring out I terms of express statements in the list. 1676, 1750, 1752, 2025, 2026, etc. 1477. Under exceptionally pressing circ as deprivation, life forfeits, and famine 1479. That is, he would not enjoy the leges of his foster siblings and would be to assume more menial duties. Parenthese8 sent pure supposition on the part of infol Adoption by nonrelatives must have been mi Twins.-- 1484. But it appears also that the effe contact were pernicious to the twins also that the segregation was as much for their for others. See no. 1488. Cradle.-- 1511. At times this approaches a more o shape, as in the southern part of the isIa 1531. A bent-over limb, from the end of the cradle was suspended. GIRL'S PUBERTY 1604. The point here is that the girl w by looking at other people. This response - 288 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH all upon the direct question. For the most art the taboos were a schooling in demure beha- aor. A brazen or flippant attitude at this cri- cal period would set its stamp upon the girl. 1614. With sticks and stones at some secluded tot. blic recognition.-- 1626. This was very informal and strikes one Vembodying the minimum of ritual and necessity conformance. The "cry" signalized the loss of e girl or the change in her status. 1640. Compare Gunther's Klallam Ethnography, 240. The proctors were privileged performers o could be hired by anyone. The girl took no tive part in the ritual. She did not sing or ace and had no rattle. Many people attended, ing in and out as they pleased, sitting on the d platforms, and joining in the singing. Men ectators were present but did not take part. 1657. One type of wooden mask only, called ihwe, was known at Cowichan Bay and Nanaimo. sprotruding eyes and other features are distinc- re. The exhibition was not an integral part of jceremony, but it was an added feature which hers of the privilege could make use of at any Btribution of property by them. All such owners a community (perhaps from 4 to 6 to 8) acted tether, though in part the dances were individ- Their function in the present instance was tionalized as a purificatory one. They were spo- of as "washers." The Klahuse masks differed, rwing affiliation with the north, and the idea pirification was absent. 1669. These "washers" were without masks but |oyed the prerogatives to certain antics, songs, costumes of an individual character. A man and brothers, for example, might own the right to ,iven dance to be used at a puberty celebration. ave recorded two such in one of the villages at lchan Bay. 1674. Water was heated by hot stones in a bas- for the ceremonial washing. Young men were cho- to get these and the requisite ferns in a regu- aed foot race. At Nanaimo several boys raced over ertain course, picked up the stones placed there them, and raced back to the first point. The rse was not very long, perhaps 100 yards. BOY'S PUBERTY 1696. This was bound up with vision seeking. At Ichan Bay one or two men took it upon themselves thout pay) to rout out all the eligible youths 1y each morning and see to it that they went to river for a bath and scouring with conifer sh; this was but one aspect of the training. 11706. L feel that there is a confusion with tiation practices in this seclusion report. MARRIAGE Leure.-- 1713. Sometimes the appearance of this entourage at the bride's door was unexpected or at least unannounced, although, it may be argued, not al- together a surprise. A description of this type of wooing is also to be found in Gunther's Klal- lam. 1720. Each of the fathers if he had any regard for his dignity at all did not speak directly to the other party but only indirectly through the medium of his speaker. The suitor took no part in these preliminary harangues. 1722. A suspicion of myth dramatization may be permitted on the basis of the trials to which the suitor was subjected, but there are no specific elements and no direct testimony to this effect. 1734. The only instance among those marked (-) is the privilege of performing with the masked dancers. 1740. "Scrambled," meaning torn in strips (usually) and flung to the crowd, the ablest mem- ber of which wrested it away from the others. Sometimes, at a signal, all rushed into a pile of blankets and got away with what they could. Such scrambles frequently resulted in injuries and hence in "face-saving" potlatches. 1747. She invited other young women in her newly adopted village or house for a sort of housewarming. Types.-- 1758. A term for the situation in which a young man, unable to meet the requirements of a bride price, went to live with his father-in-law, and in a sense served out the indebtedness. 1762. Collusion to satisfy the demands of dig- nity, whereby a wealthy farmer secretly loaned a sufficient sum to his prospective son-in-law. I was told, in one instance at least, that the son then went to live with his father-in-law. This would seem to defeat the purpose of the collusion, though not necessarily, since even half-marriage, which this would suggest, entails some exchange of wealth. 1776. As a token of friendship and a wish to bring two families closer. 1779. That is, marriage was not automatic or a foregone conclusion. 1782. All the ceremony, or most of it, but no bride. Another device for the transfer of privilege. Divorce.-- 1791. The delicately adjusted and graduated sys- tem of injury and compensation known in northwest- ern California, and to some degree in Oregon, was not ingrained in the consciousness of these people. The concept of a fine or penalization as such was foreign to them, though it occurred in some degree in connection with murder. An ostentatious, though essentially empty, exchange sometimes supplied the machinery for the adjustment of grievances. 1798. This seems to be the essential legal fact, for,in the normal course of events,a year or two af- ter the marriage the two families stood about even so far as financial outlay was concerneod. With di- vorce the equalization was made complete if it was not so already. In fact, among the Comox, so little I 289 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS were the bride's people the gainers after the re- turn visit that she was said to be staying with her husband "for nothing" and to secure her he usually (if he wished) further obligated his father-in-law, this play continuing theoretically without end, since the latter was not to be out- done in munificence. 1801. "Wishers" were certain persons accred- ited with magical powers to preserve the marriage union. Remarriage.-- 1813. Which is good reason why neither of these forms, the levirate and sororate, were thought of as obligations. 1825. First and second cousins were not per- mitted to marry; third cousins were, on both sides. 1835. The two groups marked affirmatively rec- ognized the differences in their culture as com- pared with those to the south and noted their af- filiations with the people to the north. The same division was remarked upon by the southern in- formants. 1837. The mother's native village was another "home" for her children, and the accumulation of such ties over a period of generations brought prestige and backing from abroad. el DEATH Corpse treatment.-- 1852. Those who come to view the body are given a blanket "to dry their faces." 1875. This must be accomplished before rigor mortis makes it too difficult. 1876. Another performance exactly like that given for the pubescent girl and having no in- trinsic relationship with either rite. Purifications.-- 1922. One who was called upon in such extrem- ities to act for others; in other words, one who filled a recognized office. 1934. A ritual procedure at night, in which the family lined up along the beach. Small lighted wands were stuck in the hair of each one to be ex- tinguished by a concerted dive into the salt water. 1960. On the fourth time the food was actually taken into the mouth and eaten; from then on it was without danger for the relict. Disposal of remains.-- 1963. As mementos of the deceased upon an oc- casion in his honor. Within the family relics might change hands often. Subsequent observances.-- 2009. Perhaps grave poles should be given the name mortuary columns and be compared with Ni- black's plate 69. Among the Klahuse they were called by the same name as the totem pole and the front post supporting the ridgepole. Both we carved with likenesses of seals and sea lioA (sometimes mask figures). So far as the infr ant knew seals and sea lions were the only a mals so employed. 2010. Refers to figures carved on the g structure itself, recalling Niblack's fig. In the south of the area the figures (some still to be seen at Sanetch) are of one var only, namely the half-mythical minklike an, shown by Boas (1890: 565, fig. 4), and the of which was claimed by my Sanetch informant a prerogative of his family, who acquired through marriage connections with the Frase River people. 2021. The soiled and decayed wrapping of. corpse or its bones were removed and replac with new. This might take place any time death. 2026. May, but need not, coincide with i 2025, which is for the redressing. The two. servances were distinct. 2028. Bundle dolls to represent the dec were made of blankets. They were clothed iA deceased's hat or other possessions. In re years photographs were used, the whole sun by the blankets to be given away. 2029. That is, for later memorial potla 2035. This is the result of one attempt determine whether the kinds of obligation' differentiated and kept account of separat whether the blankets a man received at a were repaid only when death took some memb his family, or whether they simply consti generic obligation which could be met at true potlatch as well as upon any other oc sion. Mourning. -- 2047. In the anguish of the wailingmou exhibited these signs of grief. 2062. For the most part response to thi definitely negative, but it is difficult lieve that it was absent. The Nanaimo and ichan account goes like this: If a man, fo ample at a potlatch calling of names, unwi spoke the name of one recently dead, he Ml a measure save his face or "shame" by giv "maybe fifty cents" to some relative of th ceased who happened to be present. Nonethe this relative were a person of consequence retaliate by giving back the money plus If the offender, in the first instance, f realize his error the relative might rise it known to him in a galling fashion by g; something. In either situation the offend had the controlling hand and made the moo "shaming" the offender. It is to be noted, the payment was not in the nature of a f assessment upon an affront but rather, cba istically, as a means of relief from an ment. 2064. Refers to ceremonies other than. having to do with death. 290 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH t-mortem observances.-- 2071. Wailing refrains of a eulogistic or aished character, sung usually during the pe- a of the potlatch congregation, whether or it was of one's own calling. 2074. Another, and rather abortive, attempt get at the bottom of "presents" and their re- i implications. tiny of souls.-- 2092. This is obviously connected with no. 7, though not so clearly in the minds of in- pants as the record of no. 2087 reveals. Lr responses for that trait offered little t was tangible and I have taken the liberty filling in in accordance with the present plex. WARFARE; MURDER In spite of the prominence of war exploits in ormants'minds and the numerous "stories" they ia to tell upon the least provocation, I found A singularly and curiously ignorant of the tinent details. 2108. This may be so interpreted, but certain- aot conceptualized as such by any of the in- pnts. The preliminaries were usually as se- tiye and unobtrusive as possible. 1110. This consisted of belligerent antics by ,leader of the war party. No ritual was in- red. |145. This took place as a part of a proud war- r's dance in wintertime along with the other rileged performances. 2150. This represents, I believe, a first re- ion rather than an actual rule of behavior. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION tification of society.-- |154. Actually, it is not feasible to, attempt lative evaluation of the factors which make -ocial status, because they are intimately ifunctionally interrelated, but most inform- felt that, of the two, good birth counts for .than the amassing of wealth. In reality a Qn of high birth, like everyone else, had to financial outlays at every step to validate otatus, and a person beginning life with a heritage had little opportunity of accumu- goods. A noble ancestry meant the posses- of privileges and in good part these were th-creating prerogatives. Personal qualities, played no small share among the Salish in 'ning a man s rating and his acceptance his society. Discrimination among lega- ;was a real possibility on the basis of per- worth, even though primogeniture was the , and nephews and nieces were commonly fa- if deemed worthy but poor and stalemated so- ly. One gets the impression that these peonle ed and subsidized industry and seriousness rpose, no matter in whom it was to be found. , qualities, enhancing wealth possession and good birth, made the successful man; deficiencies in any one factor Jeopardized his chances propor- tionately; no one of them would win a man his way to the top. 2156. "Chief" is not a good rendition because it conveys meanings foreign to the situation. By it is meant the lineage head, who amounted to a house governor, among a number of whom in one vil- lage settlement there was likely to be one who was dominant by reason of his personal abilities and achievements. He lacked real authority outside the family and maintained his position by his good sense, generosity, and diplomacy. 2158. These are real titles analagous, I was told, to "Queen" and "Prince of Wales," and not merely "chief's son" or "chief's wife." At the same time it should be stressed that there were no critical lines of separation between the so- called "nobility" and the "commoners." These are misleading terms in their categorical implications. Distinctions were made, ceremonially and other- wise, but they were distinctions to be expected in a continuous graded scale of free men. No no- ble dared be generally aloof or arbitrary in the practical business of living; commoners--perhaps own brothers or cousins--were treated with con- sideration and often such differences as existed were of their own choosing: either social in- compatibility or an honest self-respect kept them out of situations with which they were not fitted to cope. 2160. Meaning that the misfortunes of lowly birth, luck, supernatural power, marriage, or lack of ambition has deprived them of the best their society affords. 2171. Where positive answers are given it is still difficult to see how, with so many of the wealth sources pre-empted, with so little of a foothold to be gained, that any material prog- ress upward could be made. Both birth and pot- latching were necessary to rank, and even assum- ing the former, no small advantage was requisite to set out on a career of lavish entertaining and giving. Poor-boy-makes-good stories were current. 2176. Usually the most influential men, being the oldest, were too inactive or unaggressive to actually undertake a war raid themselves. The house or group chief was not obliged to go; it was a personal matter and the party was organized by one with a fighting reputation or by one who wished to prove himself. The advice and the warn- ings from the older men of importance undoubtedly carried weight, and war preparations for whatever purpose took due cognizance of this. Village organization.-- 2195, 2196. This, I am certain, depended upon the circumstances; age, character, ambition, and marriage relations were major factors in the de- termination. 2197. These men were eloquent masters of cere- mony and were at the disposal of anyone who could afford to employ them. They did not hold an of- fice and were not attached to any "chief." 291 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2202. A disaffected leader with his followers would begin a new settlement. 2204. The extended family itself might be large enough to warrant the name of village and in that sense the winter retreats of all these groups oould be called "larger entities than the village (summer)." I have interpreted the situ- ation otherwise, however, and so there appears only one possible exception, Considering the Ho- malco, Klahuse, and Slaiamun aggregations as something more than extended families, there exists reason for speaking of a sort of an in- tertribal political body, for these three, though widely apart in summer, convened at Grace Harbor for their winters and there erected their large ceremonial houses. 2205. Extended families are meant. The male head, his sons, his brothers, and their sons formed the nucleus. 2214-2216. Within the extended family there were lineage differentiations with respect to these features,since marriage with bilateral in- heritance provided the means. PROPERTY 2235. This is my own interpretation, but I think a correct one for any of the property men- tioned here. POTLATCH 2241. A messenger was sent in kdvance from the temporary camp where preparations were made for the approach. Etiquette demanded that this take place early in the day. 2249. These debts were the obligations the vis- itor had been laid under by the potlatch donor at a previous date, in prospect of a twofold return at this time which enabled the host to put over the potlatch as planned. 2254. Some informants maintained these were re- cent features. 2255. Anyone present could take advantage of the congregation to commemorate a birth, a death, a naming, etc.,by a distribution of property on his own account. 2259. This was the central and concluding fea- ture of the entire potlatch. 2270. Any prominent man (or several) from among the visitors made a reply in acknowledg- ment of the virtues extolled by the speaker. 2286. I have since learned that the Slaiamun, Klahuse, and Homalco did not use this platform. 2288. Not a duplicate of the men's; household utensils were distributed. 2292. Among the Salish this was not a means of increasing one's material wealth, for it is clear that a gift inaugurated a never-ending series of transactions directed toward equalization of obli- gations. A gift of two blankets obliged a return of four: two in cancellation of the gift and two more as "thanks for coming," these last two being repaid and two (perhaps) added when the first donor made his return. It was a gracious di of generosity without material loss, but r initial capital. See Barnett, Ak v. 40, 1l 2295. Given to "wipe one's face," to em the shame of some injury, affront, or indi suffered before others, as an injury in a -or falling down while dancing. RELIGION Guardian-spirit concept.-- 2306. A distinction must be made here be the sincere guardian-spirit seeking, which- volved a constant alertness to possibilitie; a conscious desire to obtain a supernatura helper, and the purely formal system of ki ing and induction into a secret society,or Salish winter dancing organization called t "New Dancers." The traits given have to doi the former. True, the externals of spirit m4 tion and its expression may coincide in the types, but this was not necessarily or even mally so. 2326. The song, the dance, and the anima were of course also features of the initiatl into the societies, whether they were taugh the novice or elaborated and crystallized oi his delicious fancies by his attendants. 2328. Refers to a delusion or hallucinatl a semiconscious state, as distinct from a a: experience in the waking, active state (vil' 2346. Power is used synonymously with gw spirit or supernatural assistant. It is the dian's English equivalent. 2347. The dance, song, and cry revealeda nature of the power, as well as the fact of possession. 2350. Again, as distinct from rattles ani like gained by inheritance or marriage anda stituting what I have chosen to call crests lieve it can be made clear from my notes tlU session of crests was not dependent upon Su' ural sanction, nor does the person owning t have visions of their supernatural essences represented a purely formal institution. 2363. Subsequent information gives plus Klahuse and, inferentially, for Cowichan. I this may have been generally quite true for tors, though not for the ordinary person. TI to say, a doctor could throw his power into son and so start him off as a shaman. The s would have to continue training to secure pC himself, however. 2366. But there is no record of those ha! same power forming ceremonial groups, as wa4 with the secret societies. 2367. This was the activity which gave at stance to most of the winter ceremonial, es in the south. They were individual performs controlled and regulated except for spontani occurrences of possession. 2368. That is, in his capacity as shaman. denied shamans' contests, except that the CC informant claimed to have seen such a perfoi - at Cowichan Bay. 292 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: IX--BARNETT: GULF OF GEORGIA SALISH of Powers.-- pg875. In contradistinction to the shaman. See Itualist" below. 2380. A person having this power was aware of ktAnt happenings. >2420. These all have their native names. I the characteristic feature of their man- stations as revealed in the dance exhibi- as of sickness.-- 475. Sympathetic magic performed on parts of ing, saliva, hair, etc. b0y shamanism.-- 495. In the light of the other data the af- tives for both this and no. 2494 seem er- list.-- 55. This individual was regarded differently the shaman. He was called by a different and had different functions. His behavior not sanctioned by a guardian spirit or a onal supernatural helper. 553. One individual did officiate upon all 1 occasions. His knowledge of the-proper might restrict him to one, or it might per- im to function at several. CEREMONIAL GROUPS 562. The nuances and the interdependences in winter-ceremonial complexes of these groups or a plus and minus treatment extremely dif- t. In the first place, the concept of a t society" stands in need of a sharper ition to allow for questions of presence and ce. According to ordinary Northwest Coast this phrasing would apply only to the Co- whose ceremonial patterns parallel to a re- ble degree those of the Kwakiutl. They had ebr of masked performances (see no. 2682 seq.) g the sacred winter season which involved a etely formalized initiation procedure and a parody of spirit acquisition and posses- The winter ceremonial activities of the island and mainland, which have been spoken I "spirit singing" (the novices locally are d "New Dancers"), really did require, in the instance at least, a possessed state of but this simple fact has been distorted and lished by an elaborate fomed pattern of tion, which recalls particularly the hamatsa o north. Into this picture the Slaiamun, Kla- Homalco, and Sechelt barely entered. The 1 initiation so familiar to their northern neighbors was only vaguely known to them, as was any consistent induction behavior. At the other end of the area the Sanetch participated in the "hunhunitin" as described by Gunther for the Klal- lam, and wooden masks were used by them. The list does not attempt to take this into account. For the Cowichan, Nanaimo, Sechelt, and Squamish, winter-dance wooden masks were unknown. 2571. Klahuse and Homalco should be plus also. 2603. Novices were said to be killed when first set upon. Some features seem to indicate a rebirth, though I should not stress the point. 2641. Neophytes were teased and provoked to fly into a frenzy by those who had never been initiated. Cowichan and Nanaimo should definitely be plus, since these harassed members sometimes do considerable physical damage with their sharp- ened sticks. 2658. Two distinct types of masked dancers are included; both are to be distinguished from the "societies," for that term has been reserved for the winter (sacred) ceremonial groups. The Squa- mish, (also Musqwium), Sanetch, Nanaimo, Cowichan, and Comox all had the type of mask known as swaihwe; only a few families among the Slaiamun, Klahuse, and Homalco had the right to use it and they recognized a Nanaimo-Cowichan source, from whence probably it came quite late. Curiously, all indications point to an origin either at the mouth of the Fraser River or somewhere up its course. The Kwakiutl got the mask from the Comox (see Boas, USNM-R 1895: 497 and AMNH-MJ v. 8, pl. 49, fig. 5). The other type was known to its own- ers (Slaiann, Klahuse, and Homalco) as "tal" and was a representation of the Kwakiutl tsonoqoa. Both types were used in their respective locales to enhance the impressiveness of an intrinsically profane occasion such as a marriage, a potlatch, or the reception of visitors. The swaihwe func- tioned as purificationiists. Ownership was Jealously regulated but there was no idea of an initiation. More recent information has made it doubtful whether the Sechelt had the swaihwe, and there is only a faint suggestion that they may have had the "tal" mask. 2673. This masked character, dressed in a bear- skin, is an exclusive Musqwium (Point Grey) priv- ilege and may have nothing intrinsically to do with swaihwe. I have a picture of him in this asso- ciation at Nanaimo, however, and he was so remem- bered. 2673a. That is, "tal," and the doubtful "clown" mask of Musqwium. 2674. Variations in the nose of swaihwe made it "owl," "beaver," "raven," etc. Cowichan and Nanaimo should be plus; Sechelt doubtful. 2675. See Boas (USNM-R 1895) for an account of most of the following dances. 2691. Cowichan, Nanaimo, and Sanetch should certainly be plus; the others are uncertain. 293 APPENDIX 1 FOUR-CELL VALUES UNDERLYING COEFFICIENTS In the order: a ES-Cw: ES-Na: ES-Pe: ES-Kw: ES-Cx: ES-Sl: ES-S2: ES-Kl: ES-Ho: ES-Se: ES-Sq: ES-WS: Cw-Na: Cw-Pe: Cw-Kw: Cw-Cx: Cw-Sl; Cw-S2: Cw-Kl: Cw-Ho: Cw-Se: Ciw-Sq: Cw-WS: Na-Pe: Na-Kw: Na-Cx: Na-Sl: Na-S2: Na.-Kl: Na-Ho: Na-Se: Na-Sq: Na-WS: Pe-Kw: Pe-Cx: Pe-Sl: Pe-S2: Pe-Kl: Pe-Ho: 68 43 45 15 50 14 23 35 41 36 37 69 481 276 25 362 24 54 275 151 220 327 338 251 20 350 13 45 266 132 205 323 286 39 507 18 81 290 151 b 25 42 35 31 33 20 47 60 55 61 59 27 128 287 33 233 29 64 344 178 404 306 57 242 17 193 12 52 299 156 359 243 117 16 53 15 79 252 156 C 26 15 36 15 49 10 39 43 40 37 32 26 57 221 27 286 8 78 256 126 184 193 130 251 28 827 16 87 278 160 271 216 166 21 156 17 51 221 114 a 65 78 50 17 41 16 39 49 49 59 59 58 459 217 25 204 11 82 243 168 315 304 236 279 45 247 28 104 306 216 322 376 291 52 360 30 69 303 152 In the order: a Pe-Se: Pe-Sq: Pe-WS: Kw-Cx: Kw-S1: KW-S2: Kw-K1: Kw-Ho: Kw-Se: Kw-Sq: Kw-WS: Cx-S1: CX-S2: Cx-Kl: Cx-Ho: Cx-Se: Cx-Sq: Cx-WS: S1-S2: Sl-Kl: Sl-Ho: Sl-Se: Sl-Sq: S1-WS: S2-Kl: S2-Ho: S2-Se: S2-Sq: S2-WS: Kl-Ho: Kl-Se: Kl-Sq: K1-WS: Ho-Se: Ho-Sq: Ho-WS: Se-Sq: Se-WS: Sq-WS: 218 254 231 46 20 22 33 33 26 27 36 28 .106 411 216 290 341 309 13 34 38 36 27 32 131 121 107 81 89 250 282 278 234 216 198 204 292 213 323 [294] b 330 302 183 19 5 20 35 31 43 39 32 9 89 328 208 372 395 239 4 15 11 14 25 19 34 32 53 78 65 76 304 302 174 111 137 112 191 142 112 C 196 243 178 28 13 24 29 42 35 22 31 12 29 161 80 140 207 171 0 10 15 10 14 20 42 43 45 46 77 85 180 305 273 71 143 189 274 298 186' BIBLIOGRAPHY viations: American Anthropologist. 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AMNH-MJ 4: 403-412 (pt. 6). 1909. The Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island. AMNH- MJ 8:307-522 (pt.2). Curtis, E. S. 1913. The North American Indian. Vol. 9. Gunther, Erna 1927. Klallam Ethnography. 13W-PA 1:171-314. Klimek, Stanislaus 1935. Culture Element Distributions: I-- Structure of California Indian Culture. UC-PAAE 37:1-70. Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. RBE-B 78. Mason, 0. T. 1902. Aboriginal American Basketry. USNM-R. Niblack, A. P. 1888. Coast Indians of Southern Alaska and Northern British Columbia. USNM-R, pp. 275-386. Olson, Ronald L. 1927. Adz, Canoe, and House Types of the Northwest Goast. UW-PA 2:13-17. Sapir, E. 1915. Noun Reduplication in Comox.... CGS 63: 1-53. Waterman, T. T., and Coffin, G. 1920. Types of Canoes on Puget Sound. MkIHF- INM, pp. 1-43. [2951