CULTURE ELEMET DISTRBUTIONS:V 'ORJGON COAST. BY. H. G. BARNETT ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS. Volume 1, ND. 3, pp. 15 5-204, 2 figures in te.tt, 1 map Volume 1, No. 3,~ pp. 15 5-204, 2 figures in teitt, 1 map IA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS AO BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 193 i , 1- - * " . I. 11 iwr VII 4, - r. A , t ?.Il . CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: VII OREGON COAST BY H. G. BARNETT ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume i, No. 3, PP I55-203, 2 figures in text, 2 tables, I map Issued December 13, 1937 Price, 50 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page oduction ....................... 155 tre element distribution list ....................... 160 Informants ....................... 160 Symbols used ....................... 160 Structures, elements 1-158 .161 Cordage, 159-165 .163 Fishing, 166-202 .163 Hunting, 203-255 .164 Food, 256-383 .165 Utensils, 384-459 .167 Tools, 460-483 169 Weapons, 484-531 .169 Navigation, 532-576 .170 Cradles, 576a-586 .171 Burdens, 587-603 .171 Basketry, 604-645 .171 Men's dress, 646-701 .172 Women's dress, 702-733 .173 Masical instruments, 734-755 .174 Money and wealth, 756-785 .174 Pipes, tobacco, etc., 786-805 .174 Games, 806-843 .175 Calendar, counting, direction, 844-861 .176 Marriage, 862-948 .176 Birth and childhood, 949-1082 .177 Girls' puberty, 1083-1186 .180 Boys' puberty, 1187-1201 .182 Mortuary customs, 1202-1312 .182 Mourning and post-mortem concepts, 1313-1366 .184 Social status, 1367-1386 .185 Socio-"political" organization, 1387-1414 .185 Property, 1415-1433 .186 War, 1434-1519 .186 Murder, 1520-1543 .188 Shamanism, 1544-1651 .188 Ritualist, 1652-1668 .190 Curing, 1669-1715 .190 Sickness, 1716-1730 .191 Dances , 1731-1797.192 Miscellaneous, 1798-1830 .193 tments denied by all informants .194 ographic notes on the element list .195 endix. By A. L. Kroeber .199 Figures in Text Tribal relationships, Q2 coefficients ........................... . 201 Tribal relationships, G percentages ............................ . 201 Map Ethnic groups treated .............................. 156 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: VII OREGON COAST BY H. G. BARNETT INTRODUCTION The information in the following list was col- cted during the summer of 1934, and, with the iception of Coos, all at Siletz reservation. ere for many years have been gathered in part he survivors of the almost extinct native groups f southwestern Oregon. Among those to be com- letely dispossessed in the middle of the last entury, these people retain scarcely a single ;tward manifestation of their old culture and ost have never witnessed the features they are le with some adequacy to describe. Almost noth- p.exists outside the memory of the oldest in- bitants and this in turn derives chiefly from e traditions of the old people before them; ao- Lturation and hybridization of originally ique complexes have proceeded to such a degree to reduce to the minimum the value of direct servations of an informant. Admitting the difficulties of even a general construction of the various cultural entities der such circumstances, it is the more remark- le that a detailed inventory such as is here esented should yield anything more than an in- fferent picture. That it does, I think, will pear from the analysis included in this intro- ,tion. That there are contradictions and frank ssions within accounts is only natural and es not detract from the validity of the materi- in its more fundamental aspects. The service such an approach to cultural facts is evident anyone who has attempted a simple distribu- nal study or an analysis of relationships m the contents of descriptive accounts. The present work had its inception in the ginal Gifford-Klimek trait field-list for cen- 1 California, which has since been expanded applied to a broader field. With this first t as a basis, more in regard to method than to tent, revision was undertaken along lines in- ated by a few weeks' previous familiarity with o Oregon situation. Lacking adequate literature the immediate area, I have used Kroeber's k data as a further aid to the establishment a framework; it also provided a good control much of the subsequent investigation. To this dation new traits were added as they came to t, some of them too late in the season to be value for comparative purposes, hence informa- n on many of the traits is totally absent. Fur- r, the effort at subdivision and refinement of given complex into its ultimate, irreducible ents has produced an isolated plus or minus e and there; some of these reductions were ically induced, others suggested in practice. [1 While it is true that minutiae of custom or tech- nology are of little intrinsic interest, at the same time, in the survey of a restricted and closely connected area they frequently are the measure of disparity or unity; from this point of view the procedure described above, in spite of the blanks it has occasioned, has sufficient justification. The ethnic groups are not arranged in the order in which they were studied but rather in geograph- ical sequence, proceeding northward along the coast (except for Galice Creek) from the Tolowa in California to the Tillamook just above present- day Siletz. Such a scheme has the obvious advan- tage of at once satisfying a natural order and making the material more readily intelligible. Since the peoples studied were primarily fisher- men, and lived invariably on rivers, I have found it most convenient where no other name has become attached to them to designate them by the appro- priate river names. Such is the situation with Chetco River and again with the small Athabascan group living on Galice creek, a tributary of Rogue river some distance above Agness. Tututni was the name of the largest village on Rogue river about two miles from its mouth. The next group was situated on Sixes river, which opens into the sea near Cape Blanco. The Coos or Kus held the terri- tory around Coos bay and the information here given refers to the old site near Empire. Next in order going north is the Siuslaw River, and then Alsea River. Salmon river, from which come the Tillamook data, is the next stream of any size above Siletz. (See map, p. 156.) The people of Smith River (Tolowa), Chetco River, Tututni, Galice Creek, and Sixes River all spoke dialects of the Athabascan stock. The Coos form a distinct linguistic entity according to the old Powell classification. The Siuslaw (plus Umpqua) and the Alsea (plus Yaquina) are also without affiliation either between themselves or with others about them, so far as we know. The Tillamook are the southernmost representatives of the Salishan family. With these facts in mind we are prepared to re- view some of the results of calculations relative to the trait list. A total of 1901 elements was operated with at one time or another during field work. For 59 of these, only minus was recorded. These have been taken out of the list, and are grouped in a solid block after it. In regard to their occurrence among the ten tribes, the remain- ing 1832 (net) elements distribute as follows: 155] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS SR Map 1. Ethnic groups treated 156 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST (+X-; X v + - blank % + Iowa *tco ice Cr. lice Cr. tutni Ies R. a islaw sea Ilamook To 767 Ch 1029 Gl 835 G2 802 Tu 635 SR 877 Ku 486 Si 892 Al 453 Ti 909 575 383 400 341 175 332 145 362 225 452 490 420 597 689 1022 623 1201 578 1154 471 73 68 70 78 73 77 71 67 67 These figures and their bearing upon rpretation of the list as a whole, re cussion. First of all, let it be not B total pluses and minuses for Galice es River, Siuslaw, and Tillamook are range of variation expectable from ormants interviewed with the same fw a in mind: 1143 to 1361. The Chetco o al of 1412 exceeds this range somewhE be explained, possibly because the re elaborately developed, but chiefly * informant was more competent and ha tiative, combined with the fact that * last to be questioned. Hence the nei fered by him lack any sort of treatme: us inquiries. Low totals for Tututni Alsea (631 to 810) are at once appa. cause is equally clear. For these tl zups the list was not used directly w ormant. Their inclusion here is due erosity of Mr. Philip Drucker, from oks the relevant items ware extracted the same field at the same time off e: rtunity to fill in the gaps of my stuz re it more of the representative qual needed. Moreover, he has been good e] ply the Tolowa data from his manuscr. is people; with them the information plete and provides a better basis fo: n, trait for trait, with the groups di ned with the list in hand. In fact iowa yield a greater number of traits m all but two other groups. This I al two causes: first, they doubtless ha( mplex culture; and second, if I am not ueker has supplied the information, n e informant (as data for the others hE thered), but from his knowledge of To: ved from several sources, so that what a composite total, an amalgamation o: known of them. To this there is no ol r it cannot be too vigorously insistex count of one individual, no matter hoi s memory or integrity, is not to be a e final word on his tribal life, and I graphies are not to be written on the he person's testimony. Nevertheless, t] this undertaking has been to segregal ch individual line of evidence, submit its own merits, and checking it when a second independent inquiry. Unforti time and the obvious inequality of informants left this latter aim unrealized, except with the Galice Creek, so far as it aided in the selection of the 43 best of the complete accounts which were obtained. 27 On this matter of the reliability and suggesti- 32 bility of informants, the figures relating to the 30 percentages of pluses and minuses throw some ob- 22 jective light. For Chetco, Galice Creek, Sixes 27 River, Siuslaw, and Tillamook--in other words 23 those directly dealt with--the average proportion 29 of positive statements to negative ones is 70 to 33 30, which would suggest a high degree of compara- 33 bility for the sources of the information, and inferentially of their validity. However, Coos and the in- Tututni depart somewhat from it (77-23, 78-22, quire some respectively) and conform in a fair measure with ed that each other. In actual practice as well as in ab- Creek, stracting from Drucker's notes I have not felt within justified in inferring a presence or an absence comparable even when substantiated by confirming evidence, ndamental nor have I accepted as absent a trait whose pos- + and - sible alternative is given as present unless a at and statement of absolute negation for it is also culture is forthcoming. In other words, a trait uninquired because about is always left a blank, and every symbol d greater represents the results of a specific inquiry about he was the trait, not always direct, of course. The con- w elements sequences are obvious. In any ordinary assemblage nt in pre- of facts the affirmative components are far in , Coos, excess of differentiating negatives. Taken objec- rent and tively, at face value and without presumption, we hree therefore might expect a preponderance of pluses. ith the This is definitely the situation with Coos and to the Tututni, and may be the cause of the equally strik- whose note- ing irregularity of the Tolowa (57-43). In tran- . His work scribing his Tolowa notes into my list, I am not red an op- sure that Drucker has adhered to the foregoing dy and to principle in all its strictness, and I suspect ity that that very likely he supplied minuses where he had nough to every reason to believe they belonged. The pro- ipt on portion is not far from half and half although is more the total of traits is even less than for Chetco. r compari- All this certainly does not make the Tolowa data irectly less trustworthy or valuable, but does, I think, the reveal their composite (and therefore good eth- (1342) nographic) character and their lack of strict ttribute comparability with others of the lists, and serves d a more to elucidate an isolation more pronounced than t mistaken, otherwise expectable. To this last and related ot from matters we may now turn. ave been At bottom, a distributional study has value in lowa de- that it gives evidence of cultural affiliations. t we have Some estimate of ethnic entities can be gained f all that from a careful perusal of a trait list but only bjection, with difficulty for one unfamiliar with this man- d that the ner of presentation. It is possible, however, with w excellent the raw data in this form, to arrive at a precise ccepted as definition of the measure and degree of interrela- that eth- tionship between any two or all of the entities basis of involved and it may be of some assistance to out- he method line the procedure and results of this approach. te entirely A simple plus or minus, being in the nature of an tting it abstract unit, lends itself readily to mathemati- possible cal treatment. The Yule Qs formula of "coefficient unately, of association" or similarity yields the coeffi- 157 i-. 158 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS cients shown in the adjoining table. The formula yields values between +1 (identity) and -1 (to- tal dissimilarity); approximations to +1 in terms of positive decimals indicating the degree of cultural affinity for the two groups under consideration. This value appears in the table at the intersection of their respective co6rdin- ates.' TABLE 1 Q2 Coefficients G2 Gl To Ch Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti G2 86 07 40 31 15 11 01 24 13 Gl 86 12 49 39 40 24 24 16 08 To 07 12 45 63 06 17 25 51 52 Ch 40 49 45 87 75 60 50 17 21 Tu 31 39 63 87 84 68 55 38 22 SR 15 40 06 75 84 72 62 16 19 Ku 11 24 17 60 68 72 83 79 42 Si 01 24 25 50 55 62 83 77 65 Al 24 16 51 17 38 16 79 77 79 Ti 13 08 52 21 22 19 42 65 79 The greatest coincidence (but one) occurs nat- urally between the two informants from Galice Creek (1 and 2), and together they are somewhat apart even from their neighbors Chetco and Tututni, and more so from all others. This dis- tinctness is more or less predictable because of their inland recessed position. On the northern end of the series the Alsea and Tillamook, al- though exhibiting differences, nonetheless form an association more closely related one to the other than to any people adjoining them on 3For the counts on which the computations for this table were based, the following were omitted throughout: all items for which only + entries were obtained (6 + and 4 blank, or 2 + and 8 blank, as well as 10 +); all for which only - was recorded; all items on which no clear-cut + or - was entered among any of the ten tribes. In any particular correlation, as of G2 and G1, there were also omitted elements in which either of the pair of tribes was represented by a doubt- ful or qualified entry, such as (+), +?, (-), -?. These deductions bring down the number of elements operated with. Thus, whereas G2 and Gl are represented by a total of 1143 and 1235 ele- ments respectively (besides 59 universal nega- tives), only 580 clean-cut + or - elements were used for computing Q. for G2-G1. These 580 dis- tributed as follows: a or ++, 242; b or+-, 71; c or -+, 56; d or --, 211. From these values the coefficient of .86 is derived by the formula Q2 = (ad-bc)/(ad+bc) . the south. A third fairly homogeneous bloc1s co prises Chetco, Tututni, and Sixes, no doubt in conformity with their common language and geo- graphical position. Less definitely segregated are the Coos-Siuslaw relationships. These two are closely similar (.83). They are about equa related to the Alsea-Tillamook on their north the Tututni-Sixes River on the south. A better understanding of the entire situa- tion may be had by reference to figure 1, page in which the table of coefficients is translat directly into a graphic representation. The importance of a few hundredths degree of' variation in a coefficient is left to the read- er 's own judgment; apart from its possible in- consequence for the totality of a culture, the irregularities which are more sharply delineate by this mathematical analysis have received an adequate explanation in the foregoing discussio of the source material. Its fragmentary and sec ond-hand character is sufficient to account for those items which offer problems. Furthermore, over and above the lesser conflicts, the genera conformity of the whole is not to be overlooked, for it is in fact quite satisfactory. The translation of diffuse, vaguely compre- hended culture complexes into precise mathemati- cal terms which can be readily manipulated has its attractions, but it also leaves much to be desired. For one thing, the fundamental units a not truly so, but are frequently somewhat vari- able and of unequal significance. A plus may be, and often is, qualified by some additional stat ment; there are emphatic, undeniable occurrences and occurrences in moderation or even some of questionable certainty. Again, the arts and crafts give little difficulty, being tangible and rigidly definable, whereas the recording of the social aspects of any culture immediately i troduces the interpretative element and inevi- tably embarrasses the objective quality of the testimony. It is impossible to ask an informant if the guardian spirit is inheritable. Aside from this more intensive internal ex- amination, a few generalizations are possible an will assist in a better understanding of Oregon's place in the broader picture of Northwestern coastal cultures. For there can be little doubt that throughout this long narrow strip, even to the Yurok, there exists a common substratum of intensive maritime pursuits, coupled with an in- sistence upon wealth and prestige of a nature peculiar to it. It is not to be supposed that southern Oregon with its pliable Athabascans should break the continuity, and indeed they do not; the flavor, the attenuated pattern, is cer tainly present even where no specific North Pacific elements are demonstrable. Moreover, they exhibit a special facet of this development which I conceive to be derived from the more striking secondary elaboration contrived by the Yurok and their immediate congeners. That is to say, for all their distinctive characteristics, the cul- tural flow as far as these less colorful people r i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST concerned has been not from the far north,, from the California hearth in an ever-fading prlay. This backwash extends as far as the Os, there to blend with the more precise mani- station of North Pacific Coast features. It is this cause also that I would assign part of 0 ambiguous character of the Coos-Siuslaw re- m, and in support of it I submit the appear- ee of such new traits (proceeding from south north) as a second type of boat, increased i of wood (cradles, dishes), steam sweating, Loe burial, less reliance upon the acorn, head deformation (Alsea), a change in the bas- ketry technique, and so forth. It is interesting too that this fusion should take place in the area of linguistic diversity, the Athabascans, as implied, being a fairly homo- geneous lot culturally. Further, that this di- versity should amount to subdivisions of such restricted areal extent as to occupy as a rule only the lower reaches of a single river. But in- to these matters I refrain from entering; a more extended survey is to be found in Drucker's The Tolowa (UC-PAAE 36:221-300, 1937). 159 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST INFORMANTS (F, father; M, mother; Ff, father's father; Fm, father's mother, etc.) Tolowa (To), from Drucker's manuscript. Chetco River (Ch).--Tom McDonald. M from Brookings, Mm Burnt Ranch, Mf Winchuck. F from upper Chetco, Ff same, Fm southwest of Grant's pass. Galice Creek (Gl).--Hoxie Simmons. M from Galice cr., Mm ?, Mf Galice or., F from ?, Fm Yamhill, Ff white. Galice Creek (G2).--Nettie West. M from Galice cr., Ym Cow cr., Mf Galice cr. F from upper Rogue r., Ff same, Fm ?. Tututni (Tu).--Abe Logan. M from Chetco, Mf same, Mm ?. F from Tututni, Ff same, Fm ?. Sixes River (SR).--Oscar Brown. M from Sixes r., Mf same, Mm Bandon. F white. Coos (Ku).--Agnes Johnson. M ?. F from Empire, Ff same, Fm ?. Siuslaw River (Si) .--Spenser Scott. M from Siuslaw, Mf Ump qua, Mm Siuslaw. F white. Alsea River Al).--Mrs. Lotson. M from Yaquina r., Mf same (?), Mm ?. F from Alsea, Ff same (?) Fm ?. Tillamook of Salmon river (Ti).--Louis Full M from Siletz r., Mf Yaquina, Mm Siletz. F fro Salmon r., Ff same, Fm Clatsop. SYMBOLS USED + Presence of trait, or statement is true. - Absence or denial. Indicates ignorance of informant relative t the trait. Blank Information was not obtained. ? Signifies that there are reasons for doubt- ing the truth of the statement given. Indicates some reservation on the part of the informant; usually it means "sometimes, or "a few." Indentations are the result of trait splitti the subsumed features referring to captions dai rectly above. A running list of relevant traits which were not encountered in the area is given after the tabular lists, as well as a brief description of those (marked with an asterisk, *)which re- quire some explanation. [l60] I 1 I I .1 I ,7 i i I o CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS c a 0 0 .4-) CI) C 0 4- .H .H i CD X ) r-X rST UCT Ui RES0 P C r- STRUCTURES Wooden house--bark or plank ......... 2. Excavated ............... 3. Plank walls .............. *4. Horizontal full ......... 5. Vertical ............ 6. Horizontal half ......... 7. Bark walls (full and half). ...... 8. Dirt walls .............. 9. Mat lined ............ 10. Grass gable ends 11. Plank roofing ........ *12. Longitudinal .......... 13. Roof binders .......... 14. Center post. . . . 15. Corner posts 16. Connecting beams ........... 17. Two end posts (ridge support) ..... 18. Single ridgepole ........... 19. 2-pitch roof ............. t2O. Wall binders ............. 21. Adjustable smoke hole ......... *22. Round doorway ............. 23. Rectangular doorway .......... 24. Cut out ............. 25. Half plank omitted ....... 26. On ground level ......... 27. Sliding door ............. 28. Hanging door mat ........... 29. Door to side of end post ....... 30. Firewood under eaves ......... 31. Front--incomplete anteroom . . . 32. Side .............. 33. Anteroom ............... 34. Overhead drying frames ........ 35. Drying on roof 36. Overhead storage racks . .. .... 37. Storage around walls on raised planks . 38. Notched log ladder 39. Vertical plank ladder (triangular holes) 40. Tied-rung ladder .... 41. Bed mats on floor . 42. Pole frame on floor for b 43. Suspended plank bed . . . 44. Mat partitions ..... 45. Hide partitions ..... 46. For young girls . . 47. Stools ......... 48. Rocks. 49. Cylindrical blocks 50. Decorated 51. For men only . 52. Fire on floor level . . . () + + + (+) + bed + + + + + - + - - + - (+) - + + + + + + _ + + - + + + + + + + - + + + + + + - + + + + + + (+) + + + + (+) + + + + + +? + * + (+) (+) -9 - - (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + - + + (+) + (+) + + + + - + -? + ++ + + + + - (+) + (+) + (+) + + (+) + + (-) + - ++ + + + + + + + + +s + + + _ + + + (+) + +. + + + + + + _ (+) (+) + (+) (+) + + - +? + _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + +* (-) +? (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + _- (+) + + + 161 + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To 53. Stone bottom ............... 54. Clay bottom ................ 55. Stone ring around ............. 56. Packed earth floor ............... 57. Sloping to pit .............. 58. Plank floor ................... 59. Mats on floor .......... . ....... 60. Multifamily houses ............... 61. Separate fires 62. Houses named .................. 63. Completion ceremony ............... 64. Door toward river (or ocean) .......... 65. Door toward east (or south) ........... 66. Winter drying structure (not storage) ......... 67. Brush or grass ................. 68. Bark ...................... 69. Gabled ..................... 70. Mat or grass door ................ 71. On surface ................... 72. Individual ................... 73. Grass house ("river grass"). 74. Excavated .................... 75. Full height ................ 76. Rectangular, gabled. 77. Flat roof--fir boughs .............. 78. Grass walls with binders ............ 79. Grass roof, "shingled" 80. Plank roof ................... 81. Mats on walls .................. 82. Used all year round ............... 83. Poorer people ............... 84. All people ................ 85. As summer-camp structure ............ 86. Sweat house ...................... 87. Underground except roof. 88. Mostly in hillside ............... 89. Vertical plank walls .............. 90. Horizontal plank walls 91. Dirt walls ................... 92. Bark walls ................... 93. Plank gable (only) ............... 94. Plank roofing .................. 95. Transverse ................ 96. Longitudinal ............... 97. Earth-covered. 98. Corner posts .................. 99. Ridgepole. 100. Ridgepole posts ................. 101. Central post .................. 102. Earth floor ................... 103. Plank floor ................... 104. Fire pit in corner ............... 105. Fire pit to side center ............. 106. Round pit .................... 107. Square pit ................... 108. Stone-lined ................ 109. Mud-plastered ............... 110. Trench draft ........... . .... 111. Plug stop ................. 112. Loose-board cover ............. 113. Open trench outside ............ 114. Used to escape in war attack (-) + Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al T + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ . . _ _ _ - + - - + -9 + + + + + + + + + t~ _ . - + + + + + _ _ + - _ * - * + + + + t + + + . + + + - + + + + + +- + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + (+) _ - - - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + - (+) + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - +? - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + + + + . . + + + . . + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) + + + - +?- + - + _ + + _ + + + + + - - + . _ _ + - . + + _ _ - + _ + + + + + + - + 162 + I + + + + _+ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 163 To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 115. Tunnel-like ............ 116. Door on side .............. 117. Below surface ........... 118. Square . 119. Plug 120. Sliding 121. Hanging mat 122. Wind screen only. 123. Pole sill 124. Dirt step 125. Notched vertical steps . 126. Block step . 127. Platform in front 128. Sloping, not cobbled . 129. Pole pillow 130. Individual pillows. 131. Sleep heads to east or south . 132. Named and ranked places 132a.Owner only. 133. Poles setting off places. 134. Fir boughs to sleep on. 135. Got from east side of tree . 136. Young men gathered fuel 137. Anybody 138. Prescribed fuel 1,39. Maple or alder . 140. Got at night . 141. Direct fire 142. Steam 143. Praying to rocks . 144. Regular sweating, morning and evening 145. Before eating 146. Sweating for minor curing and purification 147. Men slept in sweat house . 148. Pray while sweating 149. Sing hunting and gambling songs there . . 149a.Danced or gambled in . 150. Head of family owned . 151. Several in village. 152. One large communal (chief 's). 153. Women's sweat house, same construction 154. Summer-camp sweat house - temporary . 155. Plains type (mat, brush). 156. For steam curing . 157. Individual type (2 or 3 men) . . 158. For women + - + + + + - + _+ + + + - (-)- + + + + + + (+) + + - + - + _+ ++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + _+ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ~(-) (-) (+) (+) + + -? + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CORDAGE 59. Rolled on bare knee ................. 60. 2-ply string ..................... 161. Iris ...................... 2. 2-ply cord and rope ................. 3. 4-ply string and rope (double the 2-ply). 4. Ropes or withes of grapevine, hazel, etc. '65. Made by both men and women .............. FISHING 66. Fish dam (weir) i ).................. 67. Double-trap dam ................... 68. Fishing scaffold ................... + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + +0 + + + - + + + +? + I + - (+) + - + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + * +_ * + + + + + + + + + (-)- + + + + + (+) (+) +? + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 169. In connection with dam ............ 170. Fish-spearing booth ................ 171. Basketry fish traps of willow or fir ........ *t72. Eel pot, invaginated conical mouth ...... *:73. Salmon basket, triangular base, open top . . . 174. Made by men ................. 175. Seine net ..................... *176. Gill net ...................... *177. Crab-claw rattle ............... *178. Net on pyriform frame ............... t79. Trapezoid bag net on A frame (lifting) ....... *180. Lifting net, oval frame, tangential handle. 181. Surf-fish net, triangular, braced frame ...... 182. Grooved sinker, oblong ............... 183. Transverse groove .............. 184. Nets made by' men. 185. Net floats, square blocks ............. 186. Net floats, triangular shingles $187. Sharp-angled fishhook ............... *188. Hair "hook" for jerking out fish .......... 189. Mud-cat bait .................... 190. Yellow-jacket larvae bait ............. 191. Crawfish bait ................... 192. Salmon-egg bait .................. 193. Bait basket .................... 194. Fish harpoon .................... 195. Toggle heads of antler (bone), pitch, and cord 196. Fish harpoon, fixed double foreshaft ........ 197. Fish harpoon, fixed single foreshaft ........ 198. Fish club ..................... 199. Carry salmon on back, 2 strings over shoulders . . . 200. Strung on forked limb ............ 201. Eel gaff ...................... 202. Fish poisoning ................... HUNTING 203. Collective hunting 204. Brush burning to drive game ........... 205. Rabbits .................. 206. Sex and menstrual functioning hostile to hunt and venison. 207. Deer-mask decoy ................. 208. Double-barb sea-lion harpoon, line to shaft . . . 209. Sea-lion disguise ................ 210. Sea lions clubbed ................ 211. Game pits (elk) ................. 212. Quail trap, slats, figure 4 213. Bird-snaring booth in connection with drop trap 214. Bird-shooting booth ............... 215. Pets--rabbits, chipmunks, etc.--not propagated 216. Big-game snaring (deer) 217. Spring snare with bent-over branch ........ 218. Quail fence of sticks with nooses in openings . . 219. Around ant hill for all birds ....... 220. Rabbit fence of sticks with nooses in openings . . 221. Woodpecker net trap ............... 222. Woodpecker shot ................. 223. Deadfall trap for big game ............ 224. Deadfall trap for small mammals ......... 225. Duck decoys (effigy of tule with skin over). ... 226. Game driven in enclosure ............. +1 + + + + + + + . + + + + + + + i + + + . _ + -? ++ W. +? -? + + + _ + _ + + + + _ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + - +? - +? + - + _ + + + + + _ + +? + - + + - *+ + - + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + () + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + -9 + + -?9 -9 + + + + + - + + + + + + + + ++ + +- + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + -? + +? + + *+ ++ + + + + + - + + + 164 .1 Ik I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 165 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 7. Game driven through narrow pass and shot . 8. Game driven over cliff .......... 9. Elk driven into river .......... 0. Game run down .............. 1. Game lured by call ............ 2. Shot geese, no flares .......... 3. Skin dressing by men. 234. By women . . ............ 235. Bladed scraper of stone (dehairing). 236. Mussel scraper ........... 237. Wooden scraper ........... 238. Deer- or elk-rib scraper ...... 239. Pointed, slanting post for rubbing 240. Stretching frame. 241. Stretched on wall 242. Buckskin .............. 243. Frame for smoking ......... 244. Brains for curing ......... 245. Water-soaked for dehairing . M6. Dogs for hunting ............. M7. Dogs sung to ............... ?8: Dogs kenneled .............. 4 Dogs buried ............... 250. Killed at owner's death ...... 251. Buried with him .......... ? Dogs scarce--trained one valuable .... $ Dogs kept inside house .......... 4 Dogs named ................ 5. Dog flesh poisonous ........... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -9 + + + + + _ + +~~~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + + - + + + + + + + + + TOOD 16. Food sold ............. 17. Elk meat, pulverized ........ 258. Deer-hide container ..... 69. Ground bone, cooked . . . . . . . 60. Dried salmon, pulverized ...... 1. Pulverized meat loaves ....... 62. Salmon eggs ............ M3. arrow extract ........... 264. Use of knife taboo ...... 265. Used for orphan baby rearing . 266. Used for cosmetic and hair oil 67. Eggs ................ B8. Sea-gull eggs ........... 69. Shag eggs ............. .Land-bird eggs ........... 11. Fetuses .............. 272. Taboo to young ........ 73. Blood ............... 274. Cooked ... 75. Salt from lick (springs or swamps) 76. Seaweed, eaten for salt 17. Salt, from ocean. 8. Crabs (stuck with pointed pole). . . 9. Octopus .............. 280. Chewed on one side of jaw only 31. Barnacles (cooked in ashes). B2. Honey ............... 33. Grasshoppers (parched) ....... 34. Angleworms (boiled) 35. Yellow-jackets' larvae (parched) * + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -I? + + +? - + + - -? + + + + + + -? + - + + + + + + + + + +~~~ + +~~~ + + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -9 + + _ - +9 (+) + + + + + + + + + + + - + + ++ + + + + - + + + + (+) + + ++ + + + + + (-) + - + + ++ 1? I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu 286. Caterpillars (boiled) ................ 287. Slugs ........................ 288. Seeds 289. Acorns ........................ 290. Important ................... 291. Buried in mud ................. 292. Moldy (dried and pounded or roasted) ...... 293. Leached in sand basin ............. 294. "Wild parsnip" .................... 295. Stalk ..................... 296. Root for external applications--swellings, rheumatism 297. Root crushed and steam inhaled for colds, catarrh. Preparat ion 298. Roasting of mussels on stick grate over open fire 299. Drying of sea foods ................ 300. Drying of river clams and mussels ......... 301. Broiling for cooking ................ 302. Split sticks (salmon) 303. Meat put on coals .............. 304. Pointed stick (meat) . 305. Meat twisted around stick .......... 306. Stomach case of elk used for water bag ....... 307. Parching ... 308. By scorching or burning over field. 309. In basket .................. 310. Stone rendering-"platters" ............. 311. Sea-lion bladder oil containers .......... 312. Wooden trough for rendering ......... 313. Canoe for rendering ............. 314. Hot rocks and water .......... 315. Stone boiling in baskets .............. 316. Elkhide sunk in pit for stone boiling ...... 317. Stomach case of elk in pit for boiling ....... 318. Sugar-pine nuts roasted in cone .......... 319. Earth oven ..................... 320. Mussels, camas, fern roots, etc. 321. Fern leaves to cover food .......... 322. Aromatic leaves 323. Ash leaves. 324. Maple leaves .............. 325. Steam cooking ................ 326. Fire on top ................. + + + + ++ + + + SR Ku Si Al Ti - - - + + + + + + + -? + + + * + e + + + + + + + + _ + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + - + + +-- + - +_ + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + +_ + + + + (+) + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + * + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + +_ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ * _~~~ + + + + + + + + ++ + + +t + + + + + +9 (-) (-) + + +, + + + +~ + - Whale s Beach "owned" by individuals Belong to person who finds Flukes claimed. Rest communal ....... + Sing and beat on log to bring in floating whale Taboos On shooting fish ............. On announcing intention to hunt deer . . . On relating of narrow escape from death on On drinking river water On giving parts of deer away ....... . * . * sam'e'day'. * . . . . * . . . . + - + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - + + (-) : (+) + + + t 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. + + + + I I I 166 . . 0 . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 167 To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 337. Heart... .............. 338. On women eating hearts ......... On giving away meat en route ......... On dropping bits of meat on the floor . On eating deer and whale together ...... On eating eels and ocean food together .... On fawn being eaten by children ....... On stepping on or over meat--especially women On cooked meat being taken out of house . . . On young people eating deer, elk tongue . . . On young people eating deer, elk liver .... On asking deer hunter what he is carrying . . On hunter bringing deer in house himself On copulation after eating steelhead ..... On eating first kill ............. On eating youth's first salmon ........ On eating first 10 (of all game) ....... *355. Woman's garment thrown over head .... Pre s cript ions 356. Hunter sang and talked to kill ........... 357. Deer lowered through smoke hole .......... 358. Ritual disposal of animal bones .......... 359. Salmon bones thrown back in river ...... 360. Hidden in woods (deer, etc.) ......... 361. Careful not urinated on 362. Blood caught on fern leaves and hidden in brush 363. Deer entrails to raven .. 364. Cooked heart, liver, eto. . 365. Deer eye (raw) eaten for luck ........... 366. Deer eyes punched out for luck .......... 67. Hunter rubbed by old man .............. 68. Bear ceremonialism. *369. Eaten in one house .............. 370. Ever dried meat?. 371. Young people may eat bear .......... 372. Bear called sister .............. 373. Announce intention to hunt bear ....... 374. Once a person ................ 375. Spoken to .................. 376. Hunter brushes the body with fir branches 77. Hands always washed after eating .......... 378. 1 common bowl or basket ........... 379. May wash in creek 80. Animals eaten 381. Bear ..................... 382. Grizzly ................... 383. Panther ................... 383a.Wildcat 383b.Raccoon ++ + + + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + + . . + + + +_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + _ + + + + + + - + +* _ _ + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (-) + + + + + _ _ - +? + + _ + _ - +?j - + + _ * + +_ + + + + + + + + + _ (-) + + + + +9 - +? + + + + (+) (+) + UTENSILS 84. Pestle, ring near top ................ 85. Pestle, ring near top, tapers somewhat again at butt 86. Pounding slab .................... 87. Wooden pounding block and club ............ B8. Natural portable mortar made by removing concretion 89. Mortar hopper, twined 390. Squirrel-tail brush for dusting meal ...... 391. Crane-wing brush for dusting meal ....... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 339. 340. 341. 342. 338. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. I -9I + + + + + + + + +? + + _ + + + - + I I I I I I I I 168 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch G1 G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al TiI 392. Hammerstone and anvils (nuts) )........... 393. Chipped "design" on hammerstone ....... 394. Paint, tobacco, etc., mortar. 395. Paint-grinding slab ................ 396. Shaped steatite vessels .............. 397. Steatite bowl, eating and catching grease 398. Clamshell oil containers and ladles ........ 399. Wooden bowls .................... 400. Wooden boat bailers--like spoon with handle tied on. 401. Wooden boat bailers,handle same piece (alder, maple) Household Utensils (Various, excluding baskets, pots, grinding) 402. Scraper or knife of split cobble (Eolithic) .... 403. Hafted knife .................... 404. Horn handle ................. 405. Buckskin-wrapped knife handle ........... 406. Double-edged salmon knife ............. 407. Semiovoid salmon knife, not wrapped or hafted . . . 408. Bone awl ...................... 409. Handle wrapped. 410. For taking out back string of lamprey . *411. Thumb guard of mussel for fiber drawing ...... 412. Split stick to draw fiber through ......... 413. Comb of salmon vertebrae .............. 414. Hairbrush a pine burr ............... 415. Hairbrush of porcupine tail ............ 416. Just a stick for drying hair ............ 417. Breaking sticks as mnemonic ............ 418. Notches on named or designated house poles. *419. Stick mat, as mnemonic (by addition) ........ 420. Stick "mat" by subtraction . .......... 421. Fire drill ..................... 422. Willow root ................. A23. Fire making by percussion ............. *424. Slow match ..................... 425. Burning willow stick. 426. Coals in green cedar bark .......... 427. Coiled-rope punk. 428. Fire with sticks shoved in as burned ........ 429. Bark burned .................... 430. Paddle food stirrer ................ 431. Ornamented acorn-gruel paddle stirrer ....... 432. 2 sticks to remove stones from cooking basket . . . 433. Split stick to remove stones from cooking basket . . 434. Digging stick--Straight .............. 435. Crosspiece handle .............. 436. Staff for aged ................... 437. No arrow straightener; hands and teeth used . ... 438. 2-piece arrow polisher of sandstone, grooved . ... 439. Scouring-rush arrow polisher ............ 440. Forked-stick arrow polisher and straightener . ... 441. Lower fish jaw as spoon .............. 442. Maple spoon .................... 443. Alderwood ladles .................. 444. Ornamented elkhorn spoon .............. 445. For use of men and visitors ......... 446. Ornamented wooden spoons .............. 447. Mussel-shell spoon ................ 448. Squirrel-tail swab (eating) . 449. Horn button, on cord of lifting net ........ 450. Wooden mesh spacer ................. + + + +- + + (+) + + (-) + + + + + +- + + + - - + () + + * - + - + + + + - - - ~~(+ +) + + + + + + - + + + + + + - + - + + + + - + * + - + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + - - + - - + - + + + - - + + e + + * + +e - - * - e~~~ + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + -+ + + + + + I + +| 0: + + - + +-' _ I- + I t1 + + +~ + +1 - +? I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t ++ + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + - + + - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) + + + - + + + - +? +? - + + + + - + + + + + + + + - + -?1 + + + + + + + + + +I + + + i I + + - M:) - + + +i + + . I ;t 'i I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 169 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti il. Net shuttle of elkhorn ....... B. Net shuttle of wood ... j3. Wooden net shuttle (2-piece) .... j4. Wooden meat platter (flat) ..... Wooden cooking trough ....... Bark cooking vessel (folded) .... 57. Maple-bark flat plates (or hemlock). 58. Cache pit in floor, rawhide lined . 69. Cylindrical box with lid ...... + +? _ + + + + + + + + + - - + + + - - - + - + -? - - - (+) - + - + + + + * + + + TOOLS 60. Drill, a tiny flint held in fingers with buckskin 61. Drill with stone point, wooden shaft ...... R. Awl as "drill" for shell work ......... ti . M ., 0 U , ..- A. VI 0AILL lv zl . . . . . . . 3. Wooden vise (cleft stick) ......... 54. Elkhorn chisel, curved (for cutting, digging 465. Rawhide loop handle ......... 6. Straight adz (Yurok type) ......... 7. Horn wedge ................. 58 Wooden wedge. B. Curved elkhorn wedge. !Q. Long'elkhorn wedge (1 ft.). l. Whalebone used ............... 472. Vertebrae as seats .......... 473. Whalebone figurines ......... 4. Maul stone, unshaped ............ 5. Pear-shaped maul stone ........... 76. Wooden club-shaped maul .......... 7. Flint flaker of antler (no wooden handle). 18. Retouching by pressure. 19. Retouching by percussion . . . . . . .... O0. Heating previous to retouching ....... 481. One man in village knew chipping . . . 32. Rung ladder, one vertical pole, hooked . . . 33. Hook for gathering pine nuts, berries, etc. out) . * . . * .* * . . * . . * . . * .* * . . * . . * . . * . . * * . + - + -? + + + + + + + + - + (+) (+)- + (-)- WEAPONS 84. Yew bow ................... 5. Bow wood from E or S side of tree (stormy side) BB. Vine-maple bow (inferior) . 7. Long self bow ................ 488. Painted (decorative). 489. Best for war .............. 90. Sinew-backed bow ............... 91. Fiber bowstring .............. 92. Bow broad, thin, short ............ 493. Painted black ............. 4. 2-ply bowstring ............... 5. Bow held horizontally ............ 96. Flint-tipped war arrow ............ 97. Arrow foreshaft ............ 98. Bird arrow, sharp (rabbit, squirrel, etc.) 99. Bird arrow, blunt wood ............ O0. Bird arrow, with cross sticks 01. Arrow feathering triple, radial ....... 502. Double, tangential, for small game, etc. 03. Feathers doubled back, sinew bound. 04. Arrowhead with barbs (tanged) ........ 05. Arrowhead without barbs (tanged) ....... )6. Bone and horn points ............. + + (+) (+) + + + + + - + + + - + + - + - + + + - + - + + + + +? + + +? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _ + + + *+ + + + + + + ++ + * + + + (+) + + + + + + + + * -?. . . + + * * * * * + + * + + * + _ - + + (+) - + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + +? (+) +? +? -?9 -? + (+) + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -9 + ++ + + + + + + + + I r I 170 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al 507. 508. 509. 510. *511. 512. 513. 515. 516. 517. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. Obsidian points ts.................. Arrow poison ..................... Butt wrapped with sinew ............... Nob on butt end of arrow ............... Arrow release of primary type ............ Arrows painted to identify .............. Arrows painted for decoration ............ 514. Negative spiral ................ Quiver of animal hide (otter, coon, etc.). ...... Quiver carried on back, arrows pulled over shoulders . Quiver carried at side. 518. For war .................... Sling in war or hunting ............... Sling for boys .................... Double-bladed knife, buckskin wrapped in middle . . . Pike used in warfare ................. Deer-hoof plated buckskin jacket ........... Elkhide armor--gown, sleeveless, 1 piece, hole for head Elkhide breast plate ................. Helmet of elkhide .................. Wide rawhide belt for protection ........... Simple club ..................... Straight-stick war club Hafted, triangular-headed stone club ......... Whalebone clubs NAVIGATION Canoe 532. Redwood dugout ............... 533. Cedar dugout ................ *534. Blunt ends rising to point ......... 535. Boats "nose . . . . 536. Carved seat ............. 537. Hollowed by burning and scraping . . . 538. Carved foot braces .......... 539. Finished by scorching inside and out 540. Carved "heart" ............ 541. Carved gunwale turned in ....... 541a.Attachable prow ornament. 542. 3 to 4 cross braces ......... 543. Double-pointed. 544. Cross braces ............. 545. Carved forward gunwales ....... 546. Wedged-in seats ........... 547. Carved steersman's seat ....... 548. Lashed rim facing . 549. High prow (carved) .......... 550. Named ................... 551. Hole through bow for tying up ....... 552. Tied to stake or dragged out ..... 553. Paddle, single . . . . . . . 554. Splayed-butt grip .......... 555. Cylindrical-butt grip ........ 556. Rounded paddle blade ............ 557. Pointed blade ............... 558. Square blade ................ 559. Notched blade ............... 560. Pointed poling rods 561. Split poling rods ............. 562. Launching ceremony ............. 563. Feast ................ Ti X II (+) + + + + +s + * + + +? - + + + + + + + (+) + (+) + _ +? + + + - + - + + + _ + + + + + I + + + + +? + + _+ _+ - +. -? + _ _ + + + + + (+) - - (+) - +? - + + (+) + + + + +9 + + + - + - + + + + + + + + + (+) - (+) + + + + + - + - + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + - + + _ - _- - + + + + + + (+) + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + - + + + + (-) + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + - + + + + + + + +~ + + Q + +~ ++ + + +~ + +~ * - + +1 H + + + + + - + - (+) - + + + (+) (+) + + - + - + - + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti t564. Doctoring of boat t............... Restrictions in use of boat t566. Jargon at sea ................. 567. Eat at sea.. ......... 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. Bearskin, dog, women taken on sea hunting Ate in boat (river) ........... Spots some people could not pass ..... Spots women could not pass ........ Spots propitiated ............ Spots corpse could not pass ....... Serpent in river ............. Sea serpent ............... Boat destroyed at death ......... CRADLES 6a.Cradle--conifer and hazel roots 7. Board cradle, triangular, blunted apex . . . 578. With circular headpiece added .... . Sitting cradle, toe type. . Sitting cradle, deep type ......... 1. Cradle hood, collapsible, of skin ..... 2. Cradle-hood pendants. 3. Cradle frame shape, indicating sex ..... Child laced in ............... Rabbitskin lining and covering ....... 6. Cradle carried on back ........... BURDENS 7. Pack strap, fiber ............. 588. Sewed weft .............. 589. Twined weft ............. 0. Pack strap, skin. 1. Women used pack strap on forehead ..... 2. Cap worn by women when carrying ...... 3. Shoulder-chest strap ............ 594. Usual for men 5. Square deerskin or buckskin, tied at corners 6. Circular flexible rawhide netting 7. Men's (double) snowshoe-shaped pack frame 8. Hand carrier of hide on frame ....... 9. Carrying basket, conical .......... 0. Carrying basket, openwork ......... 0. Wedge-shaped, tight weave, flexible carrying 0. Sick packed on back ............ 03. Litter for sick .............. BASKETRY (twined) i04. Hazel and conifer roots used ........ 105. Xerophyllum basketry complex ........ 606. Overlay twining 607. Normal Xerophyllum decoration . 608. Hemlock dye (red). 609. Alnus dye 610. Mud dye 611. Adiantum. '612. Mush cooking and eating baskets 613. Flat cap. 614. Flat basket plate ... 615. Flat sifter of close twining ........ + + + + + + + _ - + + + - - + + - + - _ + - + + +? + * * + - + + + (+) - (+) + B. 171 (-)- ++ + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + (+) + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + +? + + + +7 * . . . * . . . * . .* * . . . * . . . * . . . * . . . * . . . * . . . * . .* * . . . basket . * . . . + + + + + + + -I- + + +? +? + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) (-) + _ I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 616. Winnowing tray circularl. ...... 617. Tobacco storage basket, globular . . . 618. Wood basket (coarse burden basket) . . 619. "Finger bowl' ............ 620. Water basket ............. 621. Realistic pattern ....... 622. Camas adhesive ......... 623. Cylindrical storage basket. 624. With fitted lid ........ 625. Inverted basket lid ...... 626. Tight weave .......... 627. Open weave ........... 628. Patterns, geometric 629. Patterns, realistic 630. Tule sacks .............. 631. Twined ............. 632. Tule basketry 634. Storage basket (like 601) . 635. Twined tule mat ........... 636. Sewed tule mat ............ 637. Wooden "needle" 638. Rimless seed gatherer, round, flexible 639. Seed beater (hazel and spruce twined) 640. Seed beater, a stick frame, netted . . 641. Diagonal twining ........... 642. 3-strand twine reinforcing ...... 643. Water cup ........... 644. Used as dipper, food bowl, etc. 645. Water dipper (with handle) ...... MEN'S DRESS 646. Naked ............... 647. Deerskin breecholout ........ 648. Buckskin breecholout. 649. Only clothes in summer .... 650. Buckskin apron ........... 651. Deerskin apron ........... 652. Fiber fringed skirt ........ 653. Fiber cape ............. 654. Tule mat as cape in rain . . . 655. Otter cape. 656. Deerskin unsquared cape (single, unpe 657. Rabbit-fur robe, sewed ....... 658. Buckskin gown or shirt ....... 659. Short sleeves ........ 660. Knee leggings ........... 661. For travel and winter use . . 662. Buckskin ........... 663. Moccasins (1-piece). *664. Soled ............ 665. Bearskin ........... 666. Foot wrapped before putting on 667. Deerskin--hair inside .. 668. Commonly barefoot ...... 669. Skin mittens, fur inside ...... 670. Snowshoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671. Rawhide netting ....... 672. Circular ........... 673. Fur headband ............ 674. Fur cap .............. 675. Bird-skin headgear ......... + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + () + * * * * * **** @ **** @ * * * * * * * * @ * * * * * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * - * * * * @ Linted) . * * * * L * * * * L * * * * @ * * * * - * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * moccasin. * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * @ * * * * * * * * @ * * . * * * * * @ + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + I + ++ + + II - I + + -9 - - - + + + _ _ _ _ - - - + t - - - - + + - - - + +_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~+ + + + -? + + + + + - + + -? + + + + + + + + + + - + + - (+) - _ - +__ _ _ + + - - * * (+) * * * (+) (+) + * (+.) + + + + _ - + - +9 - + + + + - (+) + (+) + + (-)- - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) _- +? + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +I-? + + +? - - + + (+) + + +? () + + 172 aN a, .,4 .4 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 173 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 676. Face tattoo . .......... 677. Arm tattoo ............ 578. Chest tattoo. 579. Nose pierced (men and women) 180. Ear lobe pierced ......... 181. Nose and ear ornaments worn every 12. Hair cut to shoulder ....... 183. Long hair ............ 684. 2 side clubs. 685. Top knot .......... 686. For war, hunting, etc. 687. Pinned at back . 8. Hair oil of grease or root stuff 9. Hair singed off ......... 690. For mourning only ..... B1. Beard .............. p2. Beard plucked .......... 693. Flint chip and fingers . . . 694. Clamshell "tweezers" 5. Eyebrow plucked, thin line left 96. Body anointed with deer marrow 97. Heads flattened ......... 698. With stone ......... 699. Board ........... 700. Sand sack ......... 701. Sign of free birth ..... + + day. * . . * . . * . . * . . * . . * .* * .* * . . * . . * . . + (+) + t+) (+) + + (+-) (+) + + +e + (+) (+) -? + + + + - _ + _ - + _ - + + - (+) - + (+) (+) + (+) + + + - + + + (+) - + + + WOMEN'S DRESS 02. Pine-nut front apron ........ 03. Buckskin apron (knee length) .... 704. 1-piece ........... 705. Sewed ... . . 706. Fringed 707. 2-piece . . . . . . . . . . . 708. Slit back (fringed) 709. Decorated with shells 0. Fiber apron (1-piece) ....... 1. Fiber apron (2-piece) ....... 2. Fiber cape ............. 3. Deerskin cape .......... 4. Buckskin cape ........... 5. Tule-mat cape ........... 6. Unsleeved buckskin shirt ...... 7. Basketry cap ............ 8. Raccoonskin cap .......... 9. Hair in 2 side clubs ........ 720. Wrapped with mink strips, ottei 1. Leggings ......... .. 2. Moccasin (winter) ......... 3. Chin tattoo .. ...... 724. 1 vertical line ....... b 725. 3 vertical lines ....... 726. Cut with flint and soot rubbed 7. Ear lobe pierced ......... 8. Ear rim pierced ......... .Nonritual face paint ........ 730. Every day.. 731. As cosmetic 732. Old people chiefly ...... 733. Good-time dance ....... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * . . * . . * . . * . . * . . * .* * . . * . . * . . * .* rsk* * .* * .* * . . * . . rsin * . . * . . * . . * .* * .* in. + + (+) + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ *+ ++ ++ + + + _+ + + + + + + + + + - (+) + + - + - 9 + + + + + (+) + + + - (+) + + + + + + + - + _ + + + (+) + + + + - (+) + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - ++ + + I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS *734. Split-stick rattle ........ 735. Gambling ......... 736. Basket drummed. 737. With end of deer-hoof rattle 738. Deer-hoof rattle for dances . . . 739. For gambling ........ 740. Roof-plank drum ......... 741. For doctoring ....... 742. Foot drum--just plank that dancers 743. Dance on house floor (drum) . . . 744. Rawhide circular drum ...... '745. Rawhide rectangular drum ..... 746. Bull-roarer (boy's plaything). . . 747. Musical bow ........... 748. Whistle of bone (bird). 749. For purification (war, etc.) 750. Whistle of cane or elder ..... 751. Flute, blown at edge of end . . . 752. Held to side ........ 753. 4-holed ....... 754. 6-holed ... 755. Made of wild parsnip stalk. * . . * . . * . . * . . s tand * .* * . . dance * . . * .* * . . * * @ * @ * @ * - * * * - * * On + + + + MONEY AND WEALTH 756. Dentalium money ............... 757. Counted largest ............ 758. Graded on finger creases ..... 759. On forefinger .. ........ 760. Graded by length of string (10 to string) 761. Incised 762. Woodpecker scalp-feather tipped .... 763. Necklace size ............. 764. 1/2-fathom measure ........ 765. Fathom measure .......... 766. Roll purse of fur .............. 767. Cylindrical money box of horn, with lid 768. Wrapped with mink strips ........ 769. Wrapped with buckskin ......... 770. Triangular money box of horn. 771. Haliotis. *772. Pine-nut decoration ............. 773. "'Woman's money" 774. Olivella shell as bead. ... ...... *775. "Naset" (small bivalve) decoration ...... 776. "Woman's money" ............ 777. Clamshell-disk money ............ 778. Measured by string length on arm .... 779. High form of money ........... 780. Measured by fathom ........... 781. Men wore small ones .......... 782. Obsidian blades (red, black, greenish) .... 783. Stuffed deerskins with woodpecker decoration . 784. Woodpecker scalps, with beak ......... 785. Without beak .............. + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +? + + +? + + + - + + + + +- + + *+ + +- + + + + -_ + + +_ + + + _. _ ~~~ +- - +? +? _ + - + +-+ - +~~~ + + + -? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + - -? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + PIPES, TOBACCO, ETC. 786. Concave tubular pipe, plain wood ........... 787. Elbow pipe, wooden stem, stone bowl ......... 174 Ti + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 175 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti . Tobacco planted ................... 789. Specialization. 790. Hill crest and side .............. 791. "Protected from wind" ............. 792. Brush or log burned before planting ...... 793. Mixed with a beachweed ............. . Tobacco basket with lid ............... . Concave wood pipe with mortised steatite bowl. . Haliotis inlay in pipe ................ . Tobacco pouch of buckskin, standard size, sold .. . Pipe sack (tubular)--deerskin, esp. mink, mole, or weasel . Midday smoking .................... . Bedtime smoking ................... . After meals ..................... Pipe used by shamans, smoked ............. Smoked if visitor came or upon meeting of friends. . . . Tobacco offering--tossed into air before going hunting, etc. .................. . Tobacco smoke wafted up while praying ........ + + (+) + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + _ - + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + - + + + + * + *+ + + *+ - + + + + + - + + + + . + + + + + + + + * + GAMES . Throwing sticks at stake ............... . Throwing wooden spear at stake ............ . Throwing mud balls flicked from end of springy stick . Hoop-and-pole game .................. 810. Sex connotations, dreams. 811. Cord-wrapped hoop ............... 812. Block for hoop ................. . Ring-and-pin game ................. 814. With salmon vertebra .............. . Double ball by boys, with wrestling .Double ball played by women--2 sticks tied with cord .Simple shinny game .................. 818. Ball of hardwood ................ 819. Men's shinny game ............... 820. Women's shinny game . Guessing game .................... 822. 2 bones .................... 823. Bones called man and woman ........... 824. Hiding in bare hand .............. 825. Hiding in grass in hand ............ 826. 4-stick guessing game 827. Many-stick guessing game ............ 828. Stick peg in ground for each game 829. Begin with 12 sticks in center (counters). . Dice game ...................... 831. Women play ................... 832. Beaver-teeth dice 833. 4 teeth--l decorated ........... 834. 4 mussel-shell disks . 835. 4 split sticks ................. . Stretched deerskin for dice or guessing ....... . Women gamble ..................... . Jacks with stones .................. .Top ......................... . Spruce-bark top ................... . Acorn buzzer toy ................... . 2-holed button as buzzer . . . . . . . . . . . Cat's cradle .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + - + - +? - ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ +- + - + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + i-. 176 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al CALENDAR, COmIiTING, DIRECTION *844. Seasonally named moon calendar .... . . . . . . . . + - + + 845. 10 months calendar ..+ + *846. 12 months calendar .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 847. 13 months calendar . . + 848. Numeral or finger-name calendar .... . . . . . . . + + + + * -9 - 849. Winter solstice observed in calendar .... . . . . . + + * + + + 850. Summer solstice observed .... . . . . . . . . . - . + * + 851. Stars as month markers .... . . . . . . . . (-) + + *852. Stars as time indicators .... . . ..... . . . . + + + + 853. Constellation names .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + +? 854. "Man" in moon ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + - - - + 855. Coyote in moon ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - - + 856. Frog in moon ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + 857. Decimal numeral system .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 858. 4 cardinal directions .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + 859. Upriver called head; down called tail .... . . . . - + + 860. South called bottom; North called top ... . . . . . + *861. North called head; South called tail .... . . . . . + + MARRIAGE 862. Negotiated marriage price by intermediary ... . . . + + + + + + + + + 863. Failing father, price to his brother .... . . . (+) + + + + - 864. Failing father, price to his son .... . . . . . (+) (+) (+) + 865. Bride's parents bring gifts .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 866. Bride's parents given gifts upon departure ... . . . + + + + + + + + + 867. Bride gives wedding dress to mother-in-law or sister-in-law .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + *868. Sister exchange .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + * + + 869. Money transfer requisite .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + *870. Half marriage ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 871. Stigma attaching to .... . . . . . . . . . . + + - - + * + 872. Permanent condition .... . . . . . . . (+) + + + * + (-) + 873. Further payment made full marriage . . . . + 874. Rich man, poor boy situation .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 875. Levirate ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 876. Further payment for the widow .... . . . . . + (+) + + + -? * (+) () 877. Optional but assures respect for children. + + 878. Failing brother to any male at option of husband's group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + 879. Payment to husband's group, not to widow's parents ... . ...... . . + + + + + + + 880. Payment to both .... . . . . . . + 881. Immediately effective .... . . . . . . . . . + 882. Sororate ..... . . . . ....... . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 883. After death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 884. Immediately effective ... . ...... . . . - + + - 885. Further payment to father-in-law .+ + + + + + (+) () 886. Return payment by him .... . ..... . . . + + + 887. Return payment by husband + 888. Obviated if children by 1st sister .. .. . - - - - - 889. More binding because of such children . + + 890. Simultaneous .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 891. Prerogative on all sisters .... . . . . . . . + + + + + + 892. Wife free on bearing children . .. .. . 893. Divorce for barrenness .. . (+) - (+).(+) .. . .. 894. Sister of childless wife married instead .. . + + + + + + 895. Partial return of money . .* - - - 896. Divorce for incompatibility (contingent upon willing- ness to refund bride price) .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BAR Children to husband upon divorce ......... 898. If not repaid ............... Repayment upon divorce .............. 900. Partial only ................ Adultery punishment ............... 902. 3d degree by fire to elicit confession 903. Woman's hair cut. 904. Paramour half scalped ........... 905. Killed if doesn't pay ........ 906. Paramour pays husband ........... 907. Father-in-law also pays husband some .... Fine for constructive adultery ......... Maltreatment constitutes claim vs. husband .... 910. Wife returned if claim paid 911. Paid father-in-law if he killed wife . , Wife's blood money to husband .......... Wife's blood money to father also ........ Offense to wife paid for to husband ....... Father-in-law makes payment to husband upon death of 1st child ................. 916. Every child ................ 917. Husband gives some in return ........ Polygamy optional ................ 919. Separate housing of wives ......... 920. 1st wife head of household . .Man could marry his wife's brother's daughter Man could marry his wife's daughter ....... Man could marry his mother's sister Man could marry his classificatory mother's sister Man could marry his maternal cross-cousin . 926. His paternal cross-cousin . . . . . . . . . Any preferential mating 1st cousin only if premarital relations ..... Local marriage if no kinship ........... KMarriages into other villages preferred ..... 931. Indicates wealth ... .. ...... 932. To insure help in event of trouble ..... I First residence in paternal household 934. House usually built before marriage . ... k Final residence patrilocal (except half marriage). 936. House of own with coming of children . ... Unchaste girl killed. 938. Married if she confesses man's 939. At his option ..... 940. He can pay damage and be 941. Makes further payment to 942. Wife without further pay 943. Makes double payment and Child betrothal .......... 945. Payment immediately 946. To help in financial pinch 947. Good-will pledge ....... 948. Seldom ............ identity . . . . . . . free . . get her as wi has to marry * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . if RNETT: OREGON COAST 177 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti + -? * + + + (+) + + + + + - + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + _ _ + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + e + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + _ + *+ + *+ _+ + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? (+) + (+) + (+) + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD D. Feast ................. 950. Year or two later ............... 951. Remains taken home ............... 2. Presents to guests (relatives) ............ B. Presents to childc L. Reciprocal giving between maternal and paternal grandparents + - + + + + + + + + (-)- ++ + + + + + + + + + + + - + ~~+ + + _ + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al T 955. At birth of first child only ......... 956. Men excluded .................... 957. Woman's relatives as midwife ............ 958. Midwife has dream power, understands baby talk, etc. 959. Given things mother and child used, and paid . 960. Mother reclines holding to ceiling cords ...... 961. Ritualist present and hired (besides midwife) . . . 962. Recitation .................. 963. Stroking ................... *964. Mother's milk doctored ............ 965. Only if difficult birth ........... 966. Navel string kept till death ............ 967. Tied on cradle in fancy pouch ........ 968. Worn in pouch, around neck .......... 969. Buried at different spot than body ...... 970. Buried with body. 971. Afterbirth hidden in tree fork ........... 972. Children dance around tree .......... 973. East side 974. By older person ............... 975. By father .................. 976. By ritualist or doctor ............ 977. Afterbirth buried ................. 978. If afterbirth destroyed, woman would have no more children 979. Afterbirth put in rotten tree trunk ........ 980. Person would live as long as tree had .. 981. Ground warmed for mother to lie on ......... 982. Warm rock sitting pit after delivery ........ 983. Mother bathes in cold water immediately after . . . 984. Drink for child .................. 985. Scraped shell--"milk" 986. Lily-of-the-valley crushed roots ....... 987. Child nursed immediately .............. 988. Child bathed in wooden tub--"canoe" ........ 989. Child bathed in cold water immediately ....... 3990. Child steamed (5 days) ............... 991. By mothert.h ................ 992. By ritualist ................. 993. Medicated water on hot rocks ......... 994. Child's legs, face, shaped with hands ....... 995. For female child hips rubbed out, shoulders in 996. Ceremony at 10th (or 5th) day ........... 997. Child "baptized" in river .......... 998. Prayed or sang over ............. 999..By ritualist or doctor ......... *1000. Semicouvade .................... 1001. Mother. 1002. For 5 to 10 days ............ 1003. Confined to house ........... 1004. Permitted to cook or work ....... 1005. Cold water taboo ............ 1006. Scratcher used ............. 1007. Eats apart, separate dishes 1008. Fresh food taboo ............ 1009. Sturgeon and rock cod taboo ...... 1010. Permitted to drink outside of house . . *1011. "Wet" food taboo ............ 1012. Bathed in dug-out log ......... 1013. Released by ritualist on 10th day . . . 1014. By formula over food ....... 1015. Ceremonial feeding. (-)- + + + + (+) - + + + + (+) + + + (-) + + - + - - + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + - + + + _ (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + + + m - +_ _ + _ + + - - + + - + + - + (+) _- + + + _ - + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + - + + *+ *+ + + + + + + + -1 + i + + + _ + + + + J + + + i 178 I + - + + +~ ++ + +1 -? +K + + + + . + + ++ + + + t t + 'I + + + + + i . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 179 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 1016. Father .................... 1017. Sweats and prays ........... 1018. Stays in sweat house ......... 1019. Hunting, fishing taboo ........ 1020. Taboo on fresh meat, sturgeon, etc. 1021. Released by ritualist (5 or 10 days) as above .............. 1022. For 1st child only .............. 023. Never let 2 infants "talk" to each other (might leave) 1024. Twins only .................. 025. Never scold infants (might leave) .......... 026. Fear of twins .................... 1027. 1 killed ................... 1028. "One sure to die" if of opposite sex ..... 1029. If one died other would follow ........ 1030. Special heaven for twins ........... 1031. Wanted, or proud of ............. 1032. Felt opposite twins might be incestuous . . . Isfortune to child if: 1033. Parents see, or hear, or eat pheasant . 1034. Parents have intercourse while nursling 1035. Wildcat skin in house at birth . 1036. Parents look on death or suffering . 1037. Pregnant woman eats rock od. 1038. Pregnant woman stands in doorway and looks out 039. Baby's ears pierced. 1040. Paid woman specialist ............ 1041. Recites ................ 1043. Feast .................... 1044. At about 2 years ............... 1045. At about 10 years .............. 046. Abortion 1047. Paid abortionists .............. 1048. Buried tinder rock pile--avoided ....... 049. Babies live in a lake before birth ......... 050. Baby named at birth (or on 10th day). ........ 1051. After a few months .............. 1052. After few years 1053. Named from dead kin ............. 1054. Ceremony with ritualist ........ 1055. Present exchange ........... 1056. Feast ................... 1057. Remains taken home .......... 1058. Remains thrown in fire 1059. Whale oil burned ........... 1060. Travels, swims, etc., in woods after feast and naming ............... 1061. Given name of living relative ........ 1062. Paid for it . 1063. Gives baby present and name ...... 064. Nicknames. 1065. Derogatory .................. 1066. Used to face ................. 1067. Geographical nicknames in address ...... 1068. Used after puberty .............. 069. True names reserved ................. 1070. Offense at use ................ 1071. Used relationship term, or geographical . . . 072. Waited till dead kin's name vacant ......... 073. Youth may change name several times ......... 074. Adult may "pick up dead name" ............ 075. Adoption of orphans ................. + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + (+) + + + + - I? + + + -? - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + (+) - + (+) + (+) + (+) + - + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + (-) (-) t + + + * + + + (+) + + + ~~~~~(-) * - - + + - - - - e e~ e e + + - + @ - @ - ~~+ + + + + + + (-) + + + 0 + - + - - + - + + - + + + + + * - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + - - + + + (+l) - + + + (+) + + (+) + + (+) + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + (+) (-) ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku First teeth thrown in river ........... First teeth thrown over house. Child nursed till 2-3 yrs. ........... 1079. Blue jays laugh at suoh a nursling .... Young girl always aooompanied .......... Boys began sleeping in sweat house 6-7 years old 1082. At 14-16 years .............. GIRLS ' PUBERTY ^1083. Curtained oouoh ...... 1084. Decorated hangings ............. 1085. Elevated ................... 1086. Suspended ............... 1087. On poles ............... 1088. Day and night ................ 1089. Avoids oentral fire. 1090. Old woman proctor. 1091. Relative .............. 1092. Reoeives girl's clothes, eto., at end 1093. Paid ..................... 1094. Coals or fire of own to eat by ........... 1095. Feather in hair ................... 1096. Eats once a day ................... 1096a.Twice *[097. Nose feather (yellowhammer) ............. 1098. Fresh meat, berries, etc., taboo .......... 1099. Own drinking cup .................. 1100. To woman proctor later ............ 1101. May eat outside house ................ 1102. After 4 menstruations ............ 1103. Eats before sunup and before sundown 1104. Sturgeon taboo ................... 1105. Cold water taboo .................. 1106. Painted red ..................... 1107. Painted with black marks .............. 1108. Painted before eating only ............. 1109. Face ..................... 1110. Arms and legs ................ 1111. Nose and ear decoration worn ............ 1112. Bathes daily .................... 1113. Warm water inside house 1114. Can wet hair ................. 1115. Small child as companion .... ...... 1116. In river or ocean .............. 1117. Old woman proctor goes ............ [1118. Travels at night alone ............... 1119. Sleeps little, talks little. 1120. Valuables worn, money in hair ............ 1121. Maple-bark skirt .................. 1122. Shell skirt for eating ............... 1123. Buckskin dress 1124. Deerskin blanket cover ............... 1125. Head covered indoors ............. 1126. Head covered when going out ......... 1127. Blue-jay visor ............... . 1128. Bone head scratcher, 1 prong ............ 1129. Haliotis head scratcher. 1130. Wooden head scratcher, 1 prong ........... 1131. Taboo on looking at sun ............... 1132. Taboo on looking at people ............. 1133. Hair cut (bangs) .................. (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + 1- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + (+ + + + + + + + + - + - + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + *. + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + * + + 180 1076. 1077. 1078. 1080. 1081. - + - + - + + + + + ++ + + (+) - (+) Si Al ? + + 4 + 4 - _ + + + + + + + + + + 4 + t + t + 4 + t + + + + - + + + + + + + 4 + 41 + + -? + + + 4 + 4 4 -4-e + 4 (t (+ t + + (+)1 (+) -1 + _ + _ 0 I V V v I I I . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST To Ch Gl G2 181 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 1134. After 4th menstruation . . . 5. Thighs, arms, breast cut 6. 10 days' duration. 7. 5 days' duration B. Taken to women's sweat house (Plains type) at 5th day--makes baskets, etc., there D. Ceremonial feeding at conclusion by old proctor or ritualist . . . . . 1140. Pap of food and fir placed in girl's mouth . . 1. Ducked in water 5 times on 10th day ......... 2. Entire ceremony repeated .............. 3. Food restrictions after 1st menses ......... 1144. Eats inside by fire for 10 months ...... 1145. For 4 months ............. 1146. May eat and use fresh meat .......... 1147. May use own produce ............. B. Tattooed ...................... 1149. Dots on back of hand ............. 1150. So can touch fire ........... 1151. Inner wrists and legs ............ e. Public recognition ................. 1153. Round dance, men and women together 1154. Begun and concluded with an abreast dance 1155. Outside near fire . 1156. Girl in center ............ 1157. Covered with blanket ...... 1158. Girl dances each night ........ 1159. Girl dances at finish of dance . ... 1160. Deer-hoof rattle ........ 1161. Sings with others ....... 1162. Counterclockwise dancing ....... 1163. Men dance with girl from behind .. 1164. Change of dancer's dress each night 1165. Dance for wealthy girl only . 1166. 1 night's duration. 1167. 10 nights' duration . 1167a.To avert disaster to community . . 1168. Repeated, 1st and 5th dances for 10 nights, others 5. 1169. Repeated once . 1170. Tolowa-type dance 1171. Given if "only a few people" participate 1172. Antics by old men at pubescent girl's bedside. 1173. Clowning by them 1174. Whistles used . + + - + + + + + * + + * + - + + - _ _ _ _ _ - + + + + + - + - + + + + + + * + + - + _ _ -? + + + .~~~~ + + - +~~~~~ + (+) (+) + + - - (+) - + + + - + + + + + + - + + + - + * + - - + - +_ - + + - + + + - + + + - *-? + - + *. + + + - (+) . + - + + + + +? + - + I - - +? - - + - - + - - + _ - + - - + - * +?_ _ * +?_ + + Subsequent Menstruation Observances Eats apart ................. Fresh meat taboo .............. Eats dry food ......... . Sits down, doesn't move around, especially not in front of men ........... Confined or segregated ........... Cooks for husband ............. Scratcher used ............... Menstrual hut ... . ........ Makes baskets, strings beads, etc. ..... Husband may go hunting ........... Touching hunting or fishing implements taboo 1186. Must not step over at any time . . . + + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + * + + + + + + - + + + + 1175. 1176. 1177. 1178. 1179. 1180. 1181. 1182. 1183. 1184. 1185. + + (+) + (+) + + + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti BOYS' PUBERTY Vision seeking other than prospective doctors 1188. Guardian-spirit concept ........ Training, individual, any time ........ Training period for boys (8-14 yrs.) ..... 1191. Sent out in hills at night ....... 1192. Sent after marked stick--10 nights 1193. Swims in fearsome spots ........ 1194. Sweats and fasts ........... 1195. Underwater training .......... 1196. Climbs hills; runs ........... 1197. Twists hazel switches ......... 1198. Rubbed with nettles 1199. Wlhipped with spruce boughs ....... 1200. Ears pierced .............. 1201. Tattooed ... . ............ + + ** + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + MORTUARY CUSTOMS 1202. Corpse left in house ................ 1203. Sat up with ................. 1204. Wake ..................... 1205. Alternate crying and talking (comfort- ing). 1206. Cry only in early morning ....... 1207. Wash face after each "cry"...... 1208. "Cry songs " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209. Tell of words or actions of deceased 1210. Repetition of relationship term. 1211. Smoking ................ 1212. 1 night ................ 1213. Until kin assemble .......... 1214. Corpse taken from house immediately ......... 1215. Sometimes out before dead--put in brush shed which is later burned. 1216. Taken through wall or roof .......... 1217. Bearer passes corpse through ......... 1218. Ashes thrown after corpse. 1219. Corpse's body or face painted red. 1220. Corpse's left side painted black (face and body). . . 1221. Corpse washed .................... 1222. Corpse wrapped in deerskin ............. 1223. In tule mat ................. 1224. Rabbitskin wrapping for babies. 1225. Corpse bound tightly ................ *1226. Corpse's fists unclenched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227. Corpse's head to west or faced west ......... 1228. Head to north ................ 1229. Corpse extended on back ............... 1230. Corpse flexed, sitting ............... 1231. Corpse flexed, lying 1232. Grave planks .................... 1233. Grass lining. 1234. Body lifted 5 times ................. 1235. Grapevine cord for lowering ............. 1236. Fiber cord .................. 1237. Tumpline ................... 1238. Widow lies down beside grave ............ 1239. One man only handles corpse ............. 1240. Ritualist who purifies self ......... + + + - + + - + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + * + + + + + + + -_ + (+) + + (+) + . + -? + + + * + + + + + - - +_ + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t + - _ + + .+ + _ (+) + + - * ~~+ + + + + + + -? + + -? + + - + - + + _ + + + _ - + - + + + . _ - _ (-) + + _ _ * + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - + - 182 1187. ~[189. 1190. -? + + + + -1 + + + + + + + + + + + I 1! ?i -1 4 4 i I I 1. i r i I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al 11. More than one handler and all purified. ...... 1242. Father or brother may at as suh 1243. Other relative usually 1244. Must be ceremonially (sexually) pure for 5 days preceding 1245. Bathes immediately after funeral . 1246. Sweats immediately after funeral . 1247. Must stay in sweat house 1248. Hunting and fishing taboo 1250. May eat the following day but no fresh meat 1251. Sits in corner or apart at mealtime 1252. Dishes given to the dootor 1253. Builds fire on grave each night 1254. Purification ritual or prayer . . 1255. Immediately after funeral . 1256. Paid for 1257. Repeated after 5 days . 1258. Ceremonially fed fresh meat after 5 days . . . 09. Money and valuables buried ... ......... 1260. "Killed" (i.e., destroyed). 1261. To wear in spirit-world dances ........ 1262. Some money, etc., smashed and thrown in fire 13. Gifts of relatives deposited with corpse ...... 14. Gifts to those who attend funeral .......... I5. Gravedigger's taboos ................ 1266. Faces to east while digging ......... 1267. Goes directly to sweat house 1268. Bathes first ............. 1269. Cleansed with fir boughs ....... 1270. Segregated, food taboos, etc. ........ 1271. Feeds dead over shoulder ........... 1272. Refrains from touching nets, bows, etc. ... 1273. Purification ritual 1274. Ceremonial feeding of fresh meat and fir on 5th day .................. '5. Gravedigger paid .................. 6. All who look upon dead wash or sweat before eating. . 1277. Cleansed with river water, sand, or fir boughs 8. Children kept away from funeral ........... 9. Children made to touch clothes of deceased ..... O. House exorcised or purified ............. 1281. Ritualist with song ............. 1282. Fir bough burned .............. 1283. Angelica burned ............... 1284. Root mixed with tobacco and smoked in corners, etc . 5. Ceremonial feeding of bereaved family or hunter on 5th day ............. B. House of deceased burned 7. Canoe punctured ................... B. Clothes burned ................... D. Buried in canoe ................... 1290. Subsequent burials in same canoe ....... 1291. Second canoe on top ............. 1292. Canoe "killed" ............... 1293. Dirt inside ................. 1294. Raised on fallen logs ............ 1295. Head to bow and turned toward river ;. Grave masts at head ................. Grave offerings .................. 1298. On stakes .................. 1299. Canoe over grave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (-) (+) + + + + + + + + - + + -? + (+) + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + + + -? + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + _ _ _ + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + .+ + + * + + + v + + -? + + + * + + + * 0+ + + + + + + + + + + _ +* _ + + (+) (+I) + + + (+) + + + + + (+) + -? + + + _+ (+) (+) (+) + + + (+) + + + + + + + + (+) (+)(+ 183 Ti (+) ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 1300. Later offerings to appease spirit. ..... 1301. Food offerings .................. 1302. Grave mound .................... 1303. Stioks or laths laid over ......... 1304. Grave flat, smoothed ............... 1305. Tracks of evil shaman watohed for *306. Tracks of wildoat watohed for ....... 1307. Family plots ................... *1308. Husband and wife together ......... 1309. Body always brought home when possible 1310. Cemetery within settlement ............ 1311. Cremation if far away . .......... 1312. Amputated leg or arm burned then buried ...... MOURNING AND POST-MORTEM CONCEPTS 1313. Widow's hair cut upon return to house ....... 1314. Singed off ................. 1315. Hair saved ................. 1316. Thrown in fire .............. 1317. Headband of hair worn ........... 1318. Hair singed after outting ......... 1319. Daubs face and hair with pitoh ....... 1320. Widower sweats and bleeds self .......... 1321. Widower pitches hair and face ........... 1322. Weeping at grave early each morning ........ 1323. By chief mourner and gravedigger ...... 1324. All wash and bathe before breakfast . ... 1325. Taboo on name of dead--offender liable for damages. *1326. Namesake drops his ............. 1327. No namesakes ................ 1328. Deceased wife's name offense to husband *1329. Mourners' claims satisfied before a dance. 1330. If plans already made ........... 1331. Only if they are asked to participate . . . 1332. Permission asked before planning ...... 1333. If dance held in other village ....... 1334. If deceased killed by violence ....... 1335. Remarriage--not sleep back to spouse ....... 1336. Tobacco smoked when dream of dead ........ 1337. Root smoked if dream of dead ........... 1338. Ritualist hired to exorcise dreamer ........ 1339. Offerings for dead person after dream. 1340. Altered terms for kin-in-law after death of spouse. 1341. Altered terms for blood relation after death . 1342. Milky way is ghost's road ............. 1343. Milky way is sky's backbone . . . .. . . . .. . Nature of souls: 1344. Ghosts (visible). 1345. Breath . 1346. "Heart " 1347. Leave body before it expires . Destiny of souls: 1348. Rise from grave on 5th day. 1349. Cross the ocean 1350. Cross "some river" 1351. Spirit ferryman .... . . . . . . . . 1352. In broken canoe ... . . . . . 1353. 1 destination for all ............ 1354. Sleep during day, dance all night . . . 1355. To north ..... ........... . 1356. Restless, unsatisfied souls haunt village . . (-) + + + + + + (+) + (+) + () + + + + + (+) + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + (+) + (+) + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + - +9 * _ +'j - + + + + - + +? +_ + + + + + + + + + + + _ + * + (+) * + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + * +_ + + + + + + + + + + + +. + + + + + . + . - + _ _ ~~~~~~~~~+ + + + + + + + + * + + + + +i + + - + + + + + +~ * + + + _ _ * ~ ~+ + + + . * _~~~~ + + + * + + + + + + + . *1 + - +? + + + * ~ ~ ~~+ + + * * * + +9? - * + _ + - _ + _ + + (+) (+ + ++ + ++ + + + + + + +1 I 184 +9 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 185 To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 1357. These evil persons' souls ....... 1358. Feared 1359. Torment mortals in sleep .... 1360. Valuables buried with dead so satisfied and won't come back 1361. Come back for other (old, etc.) people 1362. Ghost in whirlwind .............. 1363. Stuck with sharp stick to help sick person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364. Water thrown on whirlwind. 1365. Contact with whirlwind contaminating Orpheus myth .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + _ _ * + + + _ * * + + + + * + + + + + + + + + * m + + SOCIAL STATUS (+) + (+) + . Social rating by wealth ............ .Damage compensation by social rank ...... .Parents' marriage price determines wergild . . .Intent minor factor in damage ......... Slaves few .................. 1372. By purchase .............. 1373. By capture ............... 1374. Debt slavery .............. 1375. No slavery ............... 1376. Woman could still exact bride price from master (owned services only). 1377. Issue of slaves were slaves ...... 1378. Slave wergild to master ........ 1379. Slaves made of orphans or bastards . . . 1380. Slaves separately housed ........ 1. Berdaches (transvestites). 1382. Female ................. Appellations from house or marital status . . . .Ostracism for illegitimacy .......... 5. Specialization in labor. 1386. Hunters, fishers, canoe-builders, etc. (-) (+) + (+) (+) (+) + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + I ? -? + + + -?2 + + + + + * + t + + (+) + + (+) + * * + + + -qnr.TCn"nPfTTmTr.AT t ('D(-A\TT7.ArTCTn J8 Gou- ps desIi e bty villaUgLenam U . Village the political unit ...... . Groups designated by village names 9. Village game rivalry (shinny). O. Chief eauivalent to wealthy man .. 1. 2 plus chiefs" in village possible 1392. Assistant chief, named as such 1393. Both called same .. . . . 1394. Closely related ........ 5. Almost every man related to his chief . 6. Chiefs decide on war ......... 7. Council of all men decide on war . 1398. Unanimous consent necessary 1399. Conform to chiefs' decision 00. All men obliged to go to war ..... M. Chief leads .............. 1402. Conducts battle from rear . . . 1403. 2d chief leads ......... 104. Chief is arbitrator in village disputes 1405. Gets a share of adjustments 106. Chief champions village members .. 1407. Subscribes to, or gets share of, 1408. Can disavow a member--no redress * * * * * * F * * * * * * F * * * * * . * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * @ * * * * * * e * * * * * * e * * * * * * e **** .. * * * * * * e * * * . * . . * * * * * * e * * * * * * e * * * * * * - compensation . + + (+) + (+) + (+) (+) + (+) + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + () + + + + + + + + + j, ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 ' 1409. Usually tries to make individual responsible first. 1410. Inheritance of office determined by wealth and personality 1411. Requires village approval .......... 1412. Tacitly acknowledged ............ 1413. Successor named by chief ........... 1414. Villages arise from division of older ones ..... PROPERTY [41l5. Dams owned by builders ............ 1416. Rented dams, nets, traps, etc., on share 1417. Liability of owner for injury 1418. Liability to hired hand. *[419. Free hooking and baiting ........ 1420. Have to pay if from alien village *1421. Fishing places individually owned ....... 1422. Riffle claims acknowledged ....... 1423. Inherited ............... 1424. Hunting land free to all, not owned. 1425. Tobacco patch owned .............. 1426. Land free within village ........... 1427. Build house anywhere .......... 1428. Kin help--fed, not paid ..... 1429. Reciprocity claim only 1430. Special group of house builders Inheritance of Property 1431. To eldest son who divides ........ 1432. Apportioned informally between grown sons father's brother . . . . . . . 1433. Woman's personal effects to daughter . . * . . . . . and * . . . . . * . . . . . + + + + + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * * _~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+ _+ + + + + + + + + + .1 +- ++ + +1* ++ . + + + + + + + + + WAR To avenge witchcraft To avenge unadjusted murder or injury ........ Mercenary warriors ................. Recruited relatives from other villages ....... Dance of incitement. 1439. Preceded by training--sweating, bleeding, etc. 1440. All night till daybreak when they attack . . . 1441. War songs, used only at this time ...... 1442. Away from village 1443. Circle .................... 1444. Abreast ................... 1445. Circled around fire 1446. Effigy of proposed victim. 1447. Carried by shaman ........... 1448. War-antics dance in front by good warrior 1449. Strikes and stabs the effigy 1450. Shamans present (may be women) ........ 1451. Throw baskets of ashes at enemy .. 1452. Make death signs at enemy ....... 1453. Draw bow at enemy ........... 1454. Examine warriors' hands for blood stains. 1455. Attempt to divine who will be killed. . 1456. Those advised not to participate + + + + + + + + - + - + (+) + + * + + + + _ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -? + ++ + + + * +~~ _ - - + + - + +_ + + + + + +9 + + + . ? - + * + + + + + + + + + + + + 186 1434. 1435. 1436. 1437. *1438. + I' + I + + + + - + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 187 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti 1457. Count mistaken steps to know who is to die .............. 1458. Outcome prognosticated-tobacco in- fusion peered into ........ . Good fighters and chiefs disguise selves . Good warriors have guardian spirits (dreamed) 1461. Tattooed on arm .............. . War dreams by shaman ... 1463. Advised chief with respect to strategy, etc. 1464. Foretells outcome 5. War dreams by chief or leader--aots acoordingly ns--unfavorable: 1466. "Cedar owl" very bad ............ 1467. Owl .................... 1468. Falling tree ................ 1469. Indicates victim .......... 1470. Wildcat cry ... 1471. Crow actions as interpreted by doctor . 2. War paint black .................. 3. War paint red ................... 4. Set dead line for peaceful settlement ....... 5. Surprise attacks on sweat house .......... 6. Women participate--recovered arrows, etc . 7. Shaman goes to war (as shaman) .......... 8. Shaman stays in village and doctors ........ ?9. Scouts ...................... ,0. Owl calls ..................... 31. Grass whistle signal 32. Trail signals ................... ttlement 1484. Intermediary ................ 1485. From neutral village 1486. Any good talker, usually chiefs 1487. Employed by one side ........ 1488. 1 for each side, go together .... *1489. Arbitrary claims for each offense *1490. Whole sums exchanged, no subtraction. 1491. Whether deaths suffered or not . . . 1492. Accepted and distributed by chief *1493. Victim's kin got more than others 1494. Every fighter got some ....... 1495. Property damage paid for ...... 1496. Payment exchange made by intermediaries . . 1497. Settlement dance .............. 1498. Lined up abreast and armed 1499. Intermediary negotiates between the 2 dancing groups .......... 1500. Money in baskets 1501. Formally counted. *1502. Money "cooked" ......... 1503. Formula over it ....... 1504. Advance, exchange payment at arm's length, draw back ........ 1505. Advance, pass through opposing rank . 1506. Ritualist present .......... 1507. Purification dance. 1508. Before eating-twice a day 1509. 1 or 2 nights ............ 1510. 10 nights .............. 1511. Until settlement effected ...... 1512. Abreast, fire in front ....... 1513. Circle ............... + + + + + + (+) + (-t + + + + (+) (+) + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + - + + + + + + * ~ ~+ + - - + + + + + + + + *+ + + + - + + + - + + + + + + + + _ - + - + + + + + * - * * ~+ _ * + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + -? + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + * + * + * + ++ + + * + + *+ + _ + + (+) - (+) + + + I + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + -9 + + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR 1514. Effigy of dead ........... 1515. All carry baskets of ashes and throw 1516. Ritualist officiates ........ 1517. Spews water on killers .... 1518. Dance with weapons ......... 1519. Weapons doctored ....... + MURDER *1520. Murderer departs in direction of victim's head . . . 1521. Goes directly to sweat house 1522. Stays in sweat house ......... 1523. Sprayed with chewed angelica root by ritualist . 1524. Fir bough crushed in water and applied. Ct525. Body slashed to let out bad blood . . . 1526. Dances the purification dance ........ 1527. Fasting ................ 1528. Bird-bone whistle used ........ 1529. 5 or 10 nights ............ 1530. Until settlement effected 1531. Until the victim's face is seen . 1532. Eats by self ................. 1533. Eats little bits tossed by doctor ...... 1534. Fresh meat taboo ............... 1535. Blood of victim drunk (a drop in water) 1536. Throws food over shoulder .......... 1537. Throws some food in fire ........... 1538. Own dishes--segregated . 1539. Destroyed later ............ 1540. Travels at night ... 1541. Draws bow and arrow to keep away dead spirit . . . . 1542. Blows warning whistle on approach to house in the morning ..... 1543. His house purified with salal and fir .... 1544. 41545. 1546. 1547. 1548. 1550. *[551. 1553. 1554. *[557. 1558. $[560. SHAMANISM Sweats and trains .................. Seeks vision .................... Receives dreams ................... Travels at night .................. Seeks power or guardian spirit at definite localities 1549. Dances in mountains ............. Builds rock piles .................. Seeking at puberty (usually) . . 1552. Any time ................... Refrains from opposite sex--more the better ..... Dreams of dead person ................ 1555. Of shamans .................. 1556. Of animal, mountain, bird, etc. ....... Bad power rejected at this time ........... Gets song in dream ................. 1559. Only minor doctors .............. Doctor-making dance ................. 1561. In sweat house ................ 1562. In living house ............... 1563. Face painted red . . . . . . . . . . . . 1564. Gashes body 1565. 5-day fasting, night dancing ......... 1566. 10-day fasting, night dancing. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + * . + * + _ - + 4- + + + + + + - + + + + +_ +_ + + + + + -? + + + * +? ~+_ + (-) + + + + + + + _ + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - (+) - + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + (+) - + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + +: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + 188 Ku + + + + ++ + + + + + Si Al Ti + + + + + +?+ + + + V p CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 189 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti *1567. 1568. 1569. 1570. 1571. l 572. 1573. l .574. Only till pain received ed. ........ Directed by older shamans Drum on ceiling with 2 poles ........ Novice inhales angelica-root fumes. Family and friends present. Shot by pain giver ... ........ Only close relatives told kind of power Old shaman announces kind of power . 1575. Try to send back bad power ..... 1576. Sends other pains into novice to test him 1577. Cataleptic manifestations 1578. Just good doctor ........... *L579. Thrown up in air "or bounces up on rope" . . . 1580. Novice exhibits pain ............. 1581. Sponsor doctor takes it out ...... 1582. Restores to body ........... 1583. Swallows it .............. 1584. Living object, as worm 1585. Inanimate object--bone, hair, etc. 1586. Resides in shaman's body ....... 7. Blood letting and sweating after dance ....... Further training for novice necessary ........ *[589. Second dance to fix or 'deaden" the pain . . . 0. Often continues to train for more power ....... 1. Shaman calls on power for help ........... 2. Pain giver (or power) present at each curing .... 3. Pain giver drives pain to surface in curing ..... 4. Persons other than shamans seek guardians ...... 4a.Guardian-spirit concept absent . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Spirit must address the seeker ........... 6. Mostly women shamans ................ 7. Men doctors strongest. 8. Berdaches esteemed as ................ 9. Unmarried shamans esteemed more. . Wished to be shamans ................ 1. Dreams come unsought ................ . Young and doesn't have much to say ......... *1603. Urged by chief ................ *1604. Urged by male kin .............. Unconfessed shaman evil. 1606. Has gone through doctor making secretly *607. Because of risk to doctor's life 1608. Patient gets better if such a one is killed. 1609. Sometimes obligea to doctor own victim 1610. Killed if victim dies 1611. Life paid for (little). 1612. Kin can take revenge 1613. Pays for having made person sick . 1614. Pays patient's people 1615. Can or does cure in own home or family . 16. Shaman wears yellowhammer tail feather in hair . . . 17. Has bundle of yellowhammer feathers, each represent- ing a power p8. Hair long and done up in minkskin . 19. Shaman wears yellowhammer feather in nose . . . 1620. When doctoring only 1. Both good and evil acknowledged shamans . 2. Good ones might be evil for gain 3. Good ones might become evil. 1624. Power demands blood and must be satisfied + (+) + + + (+) + + + + + + + - + +? + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ - + - + - + - - - + + - - + + + + + + + - - - + _ _ - +? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (-) (+) (+) (+) (+ + + + _ + + + (+) + + -? + (+) (+) + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) *+ + +(-) .+ + + + + + + + + + +? (+) + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + -? (+) ++ (+) (-) (-) + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + +????????_ _+ + (+) (+) . + + _ + + + - + * - - + + + + - + + + + - _- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + - + + + + + + + + 1 - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti *625. Kinds of Power Evil: 1626. Any man-eater or carrion-eater . . . . . . . . 1627. Fire power (fire eating) . . . . . . . . . . . 1628. Yellow jacket ................ *:629. Grizzly bear ... .. ...... .. 1630. Shaman has oontrol over grizzlies . . . 1632. Secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633. Metamorphosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1634. Disguised as . . . . . . . . . . . . . *635. Rattlesnake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636. Secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637. Shaman able to cure bites . . . . . . . 1638. Spits on wound or sucks . . . . 1639. Shaman has control over rattlers, handles them . . . . . . . . . . . . 1640. Orders it to bite someone . . . *641. Soothsaying by means of rattlers 1642. "Indian devil' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *643. "Unicorn" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1644. Water dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645. Thunder and lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645a.Good: 1646. Divination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647. Combined with curing function 1648. Birds, mountains, trees . . . . . . 1649. Weather power . . . . . . . . . . . 1650. Dreams of ocean . . . . . . . 1651. Seaweed used to bring or stop + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? +2 + + + + + -? +9 + + + + - + + - + + - _ - - +?' - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * . . * . . ra in RITUALIST 1652. "Talking doctor" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653. Dreams .................... 1654. Power by dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655. Dreams of bird, animal, etc. 1656. Power by inheritance or purchase of ritual 1657. Sings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1658. Recites long creation-growth myths . . . . . . 1659. Curing functions chiefly diagnostic . . . . . 1660. Smokes and offers tobacco . . . . . . . . . . 1661. Calls upon power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1662. Calls upon creator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663. Stronger than sucking shaman . . . . . . . . . 1664. Treats children especially . . . . . . . . . . 1665. Treats minor ills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666. Officiates at first-salmon rites, life crises, purifications, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . 1667. Fee voluntary, no demand . . . . . . . . . . . 1668. Mostly men .................. CURING 1669. Shaman paints (fierce aspect) . . . . . . . 1670. Woman wears maple-bark skirt . . . . 1671. For doctor-making dance only 1672. Dances and sings with aides . . . . 1673. Aides paid . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674. Shaman has interpreter . . . . . . . . . . 1675. Smokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676. Before starting (often at home). . . (+) + +? (+) + -? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + -? + + + + + + + + + + - + + + * + + + + + + + * + + + + - + + +? (+) + * + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + -2 -? + (+) + + +i (+) + --+ -? +t + + + + + + L 190 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII-BARNET' 1677. Talks to power while smoking ......... B Sleight of hand ................... 1679. Exhibitions in winter at time of novice initiation 1680. Eats ground flint .............. 1681. Eats fire 1682. Handles hot rocks .............. 1683. Hands in hot water or drinks it ....... Herbs used ..................... Names shaman responsible for sickness ........ 1686. Clairvoyance--"to see cause of illness" . . . 1687. Tells whether can cure or not ........ 1688. Spews water, angelica root, etc. ...... Sucks pain ..................... 1690. Direct .................... 1691. With pipe .................. 1692. With minkskin ................ 1693. With yellowhammer quill *L694. Sucks to relieve tumid condition . . .... . Removes pain with hands ............... *I696. Empowered by a seizure. 1697. Held and helped by assistants. 1698. Puts pain in bowl of water .......... 9. Destroys pain .................... 1700. Burns in pitch ball ............. k 1701. Throws in air, i.e., away 1702. Cuts it up . 1703. Kills sender thereby 1704. Swallows 1705. Bites 1706. Sends it east 1707. Presses into chest to enhance own power and weaken the sender's . . . . . . . . . . . . D8. Returns pain to sender ............... 1709. At option of patient's kin .......... 1710. Kills evil doctor (sender) if his power is stronger .1. Money taken to doctor when asked to come ...... 12. Paid if cure not effected ............. 1713. Gives some back if fails ........... .4. Must try if asked (easy to alibi though).. ..... L5. Part of fee to "chief" ............... 'T: OREGON COAST 191 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti _ + (+) + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + + + + +? - + _ + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + - + + + + - + + + + + + ) (+)- + + SICKNESS sed by: 6. Pains given by hateful shaman ............ 7. Persons not shamans or devils ............ 8. Breach of taboo-or crimes ............. 1719. Pain concept involved ............ 1720. Confession helps ............... 1. Poisoning by "Indian devil" ............. 1722. By pointing ................. 3. Soul's loss through fright ............ 1724. Ritualist employed .............. 1725. Petitions, prays for its return . ... 1726. Shaman's spirit goes after. 1726a.Sends his power ............ 7. Contagious magic, by doctor only .......... 1728. Bury hair or olothes by grave ........ 1729. Hang article on pole in wind on mountain to cause insanity + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + - *+ + + + + _ + _ _ + _ + + - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ANTHROPOI1GI CAL RECORDS To Ch Gi G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al 1730. Creator commonly prayed to for luck, health, good weather, etc., with offering of tobacco smoke . . + + + + + + DANCES 1731. "Good time" dance ................. 1732. Annual ...................... 1733. Usually in winter ............... 1734. Danced in living house, without sacred connotations 1735. 1 night .................. 1736. 10 nights ................. 1737. Given by rich man. 1738. Other villages invited .............. 1739. 2 nights then ............... 1740. Reciprocate ................ 1741. To ward off disease or evil ............ 1742. To insure abundance ................ 1743. To forget unhappiness. 1744. Dance all night .................. 1745. Fire in front of dancers ............. 1746. Single line men and women (chorus)r. ....... 1747. Hold hands or arms ................ 1748. Dance on plank .................. 1749. In house with plank floor ......... 1750. Song leader at end of line (corner) ........ *1751. Sings then "lends" songs to others 1752. Behind and at ends are the specialty performers *[753. Any dancer called on ............ 1754. Song-leading groups at ends ............ 1755. Competitive ................ 1756. "Chief" presides and directs ........... 1757. Spectators call on singers ............ 1758. All smoke during rests .............. 1759. Imitative dances in front ............. 1760. Men do dance with otterskin quiver, bow and arrows *1761. Knife dance--man and girl ......... 1762. Two girls do quick side-step dance. 1763. Animals and hunters imitated ........ *[764. Reciter or "talker" present ............ 1765. May be one of the dancers and singers . . . 1766. Speaks after specialty dances ....... 1767. Fixed, formulaic procedure ......... 1768. Anybody, good talker, appointed ...... 1769. Anybody, good talker, volunteers ...... 1770. Skin drum used .................. 1771. Deer-hoof rattle used ............... 1772. Weeping of spectators ............... 1773. Wealth display keynote .............. *1774. Climactic increase ............. *1775. Loans from one to anothert.he.... 1776. Rival displays ............... Regalia for Dance 1777. Men carry otter quivers with arrows . 1778. Some hold small hafted blades . . 1779. Women carry feather bundles ..... 1780. Haliotis-decorated headbands (men) 1781. "Horns" made of Haliotis rim . 1782. Woodpecker headbands (men) secured at 1783. 1 row of woodpecker scalps . . (+) + + (+) (+) (+) + + + + + + (-) + (+) * . . back * . . + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +? + (+) +s + + + (+ +s + - + + + - + (+) + (+) + (+) + + + + (+) + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + ? + + + + ; + + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 192 + ; I I + 4. + 4; + + + + 4. 4. 4. +. +. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--1 1784. 2 plus rows s.............. 1785. 3 rows ................. 1786. Sinew rods with woodpecker feathers Women in shell-fringe skirt. 1788. Money strings on upper body RWomen in.buckskin dress ............ Eagle feathers in hair (men and women). .... -Deerskin or fur apron for men ......... Red and white decorative face painting . Unadorned white deerskins carried ....... Stuffed deerskins, decorated with woodpecker scalps and on a pole ............ Stuffed otterskins carried .......... Obsidian dancers ............... 1797. Headdress of woodpecker like rest NI[ SCELLANEOUS Communal salmon weir 1799. Late spring .............. 1800. Made in prescribed fashion. 1801. Formula for first two stakes ...... 1802. Prayed over at finish ......... 1803. Fished in at night for first salmon rFirst-salmon rite. 1805. Ceremonial feeding ........... F L806. Individuals marked ........... 1807. Ritualist officiates .......... First-acorn, berry, etc., rite 1809. Body of first gatherer marked ..... 1810. Head of family officiates ....... Winter praying for acorns ........... Winter praying for snow, rain, hail ...... S8. houtinr at eclipse. L 1814. gPrayer" by talking doctor. 1815. Bear eating sun 1816. Frog eating sun 1817. Raccoon eating moon 1818. Birds attacking moon . 1819. Snake attacking moon. *1820. Vessels turned upside down. R1. New-moon praying or talking .......... ?2. Attempts to make salmon run better ...... 1823. No salmon caused by evil doctor . 1824. Pain extracted from river . 1825. No salmon caused by human bones in river 1826. Night dances on planks between 2 boats floating downstream ........ 7. Shamanistic performance in lean times. ?8. Fermented juices ............... B9. Clutched fingers equivalent to a curse .... 30. Water dogs poisonous (tails make sores) .... BARNETT: OREGON COAST 193 To Ch Gl G2 Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti + + + + + + + + (+) (+) + + + + + (+) (+) (- + + _+ + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+) + 49i + + + + + + + + + + + - (+) + v + + + + + + + - + + ++ + ++ + + + + + -? + + + - + +l? +? - + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS All the following elements or complexes are Pipes, tobacco, etc lacking: lar pipes; bone mouthpi Structures. Wooden houses: interior shelf; pipes; disk bowl; tobac plank partitions; mushroom-shaped stools. Sweat Games. Ball race; wc house: ventilation hole cobble-lined or used as ball with wrestling; di exit. knee-cap game; odd-or-e Cordage. 3-ply cord; human-hair cord. acorn spun as top. Fishing. Fish dam with falling door, holed Calendar, counting sinker, straight "hook," creel, double-pointed endar (apparently); wat "fishhook," fishing fly, clay-ball sinker, spear direction designation; with spread prongs, crab pot. Marriage. Brother-si Hunting. Communal (collective present); bas- avoidance; village exog ketry game trap; game net; living decoy; bird Birth and childhood. cage; arrow for water skipping; rabbit club. childbirth drink for mc Food. Eating of dog, coyote, sea gull, buzzard, Girls' puberty. Secl raven, dove, eagle, owl, wolf, shark, pelican, (except for reported us rodents, and reptiles. Head of bear set up; Alsea); wood carrying c taboo on presence of children at cooking of deer menstruant; drinking tu head. Acorn leaching on conifer boughs or in bas- double circle of men an kets; acorn bread or biscuits; use of manzanita men only; split-stick r berries, salt from burned grass. Boys' puberty. Ceres Utensils. Shaped pestle (other than those men- Mortuary customs. Co tioned); steatite bowl or fry plate; knotted belt of widow's hair; m string mnemonic; jointed fire drill; root or beginning before death; fiber hairbrush; weighted digging stick; granary. breast, etc., by mourne Weapons. Shield, rod-jacket armor, spear mourning anniversary; g thrower, untipped war arrow; "slave killer" grave plot bought in al shaped club. Spear or sling doubtful except for Social status. Berda use by boys. cious slave killing; de Navigation. Simple dug-out and balsa; split display; potlaching (un poling rod; anchor; double paddle. wedding and births so c Cradles. Basketry hood; designs indicating Property. Wife inher sex. War. White paint; pr Burdens. Net sack; back carrier of hide on tle; formal declaration frame; carrying case of sticks; reinforced and torturing prisoners; re coated carrying basket. cept by alien groups se Basketry. Obtuse cone sifter; bone tapper; of dead (except those b basketry spoon; pitched water basket. Evidence of on armor in warfare rat use of Woodwardia and Evernia dyeing lacking. Shaman. Pains receiv Coiled basketry (except for a suggestion of its able; ritualist undergo inmportation from the north by the Alsea). dances to remove pains. Dress. Hair net, dye, or plaster; eyeshade; Dances. Localized, a shaving of beard; body mud-coating and anointing specific items of the Y with salmon oil. as head nets, civet apr Pictographs. teeth headbands); obsid Miusical instruments. Notched scraper; multiple flapping, broad, woodpe split-stick rattle (single doubtful); basket Tolowa); cylindrical da scraped; flute played through nose; flageolet; ing or esoteric prelimi cocoon, gourd, and shell rattle. Roof may not whistle or wooden drum; have been drummed on until after introduction of outdoor dances (except Ghost Dance. men alone participate; Money and wealth. Money graded on forearm tat- Miscellaneous. New f too and by number on arm-length string; Dentalia of doctor's building fi personified and loaned at interest; Olivella-shell Rogue river); new-moon disks and squares. Convex and straight tu lece; clay and all-stone cco eating. oman's lacrosse; men's d ice game with stone mark even and guessing remain direction. 2-solstice a ter flow instead of cardi tree in moon. ister and parent-in-law gamy as such; prostitutio . Special hut at birth; other; infanticide. lusion in menstrual hut ses of brush sweat house Dr similar exertion for t ube; dance performed by a ad women, or by circle of rattle. nonial recognition. Dntamination scapegoat; nourning necklace; mourni ; scratching face, beatin er; face left unwashed; gravedigger, a berdache; lien village. iche-making ritual; capri estruction of wealth for aless reciprocal giving a construed). rited. rearranged or pitched bat- a of war; spies; scalping;., etention of prisoners (ex- eeking slaves); mutilation bitterly hated); dependen ther than ability to dodge ved in dream; power sale- Des doctor-making dance, ;nd with sacred connotati Yurok Deerskin Dance (such rons, wolf fur, and sea-li Lian dancers in any numbe zcker-scalp headband ( exc .nce basket; incense offe inaries required of "talke sexual license tolerateai puberty); dance in which public dance for curing. fire (except some account ire to cook first salmon oE racing. [194] I 1. I should not insist upon the discontinuity house type which is apparent from the Siuslaw Alsea data. Drucker has volunteered later ormation from a second Alsea, now living at kville, Washington, who described houses with walls and roofs. This, it is suggested, B the weight of probability, supported as it by the general impression that there is no ial reason for an anomalous condition in this pect for the Alsea and Tillamook. 7. Full, meaning below ground surface as well above; half is above only. 12. I.e., in a horizontal plane. 20. Strips inside and out, lashed together to e walls. 22. See also items 64 and 65. 167. Enclosing a strip across the stream. 168. Platform for spearing, netting, etc. 172. Basketry cylinder laid on river bottom, quently at opening in dam. 173. At opening in dam, above lower water tel, salmon stranded. 176. Mesh large enough to admit head and gills, reat impossible. 177. Attached to gill net, vibrates when fish caught, notifies waiting fisherman. 178. Very similar to tennis-racket frame with handle. 179. The Yurok type, cf., Kroeber's Handbook the Indians of California. 180. Like all "lifting" nets lowered into the ter, plane of frame perpendicular to surface, t bag drifting downstream, usually steadied by right posts driven in river bed. The handle on ai net is horizontal or nearly so when in sition. 187. Wood or bone stem to which is lashed at acute angle a short, pointed bone spur. 188. Short strands of hair bound together at s and baited. 247. To train them for hunting. Food. See also items 380-383b. 255. That is, not eaten because said to be isonous (cf. Yurok in Kroeber, Handbook). 261. Mixed with tallow and stored. 355. This takes place when boy returns with a game and is subjected to this and other rit- 1 treatment. 369. Refers to the prescription that it must consumed at once, all in one dwelling. 377. There is some doubt whether this is a sscription of magical import. 411-412. To strip fibrous material for rdage, etc. 419. A hazel stick added each day by simple ine weave, forming small pad or mat. 418 also mnemonic. 424. Slow burning substance for carrying fire short distance in moving camp, etc. 466. Straight as compared with the more north- ern types (Puget Sound, etc.). Actually it has a pointed upturned tip. It should have occurred in most of this area but the results are inconclu- sive. A perfect specimen was dug up in the Chetco River bed and is now in the possession of a local collector at Brooking, Oregon. 511. Held between thumb and, forefinger. 534. This is the Yurok type; see Kroeber, Handbook. 564. Ceremony by ritualist to ensure good fortune to boat. 566. All members of fishing or hunting crew pretended to play shinny, etc., and only made references to their occupation in these terms-- for good luck and fear of offense to sea lion, fish, etc. 579. A toe, or pocket filled with padding on which the child sits when cradle is upright, in distinction with 580 in which no toe. 600. Openwork or open weave refers to large interstices between the elements of the basket. 664. Drucker's remarks seem to convey that Tolowa sole (extra) is recent. My Galice Creek notes indicate informants regard it as aboriginal. 695. Mostly women. 696-697. Both men and women. 734. Definitely asserted by most to have come in late with one of the southern cult dances. 745. Recent for Tolowa. 772-775. These two Drucker has labeled "woman's money." If not explicitly so this attitude toward them is probably implicit in the description "decoration" for the rest of these people. 844. As "white moon," "dead leaf moon," etc. 846. There is some uncertainty with respect to the question: Should there be 12 or 13 moons throughout this area? 852. Knowing the season, the star position gives the hour. 861. This refers to "the way the world lies" and has no connection with river flow. 868. Two men exchange their respective sisuers in marriage, the transaction always involving a monetary exchange also. 870. In which indigent suitor pays only small amount for bride and goes to live with his par- ent s-in-law. 881. Bereaved spouse goes directly to live with new mate. 902. Holding woman close to hot fire to make her confess. 908. Purely accidental or innocent contact re- garded as an adulterous offense. 914. If by another woman, she paid the offended one with "woman's money." (Tolowa) 929. The real blood group, not a fictitious segment to which a name rigidly adhered, deter- mined the exogamic unit. Consequently, in spite [195] ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST Traits here discussed are marked by an asterisk(*)in the lists I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS of the fact that the village was for the most part a patrilineal group, neither village exog- amy, so conceived, nor clan exogamy can properly be said to have existed. Both notions are for- eign to these peoples' minds. 964. Magically, by formula, gesture, etc. 990. Ceremonial treatment each day--in vapor rising from dampened hot rocks. 1000. Not true couvade, and refers here to both mother and father. Restrictions of magical significance. 1011. Any but dried fish, meat, etc. (un- cooked). 1023. Could talk of land from which they came and would become nostalgic. 1072. That is, until a dead name in the fam- ily could be revived again. 1083. The following items refer to observ- ances at time of girl's first menstruation. 1097. Inserted in septum perforation. 1118. "Travels"--wandering through the woods on foot. 1133-1135. These take place among the rest of the groups (besides Tolowa) at varying times after conclusion of 1st menstruation--usually some multiple of 5 in terms of days or months. 1170. In living house, men hold to wall, women to men's belts, girl dances with rattle and visor, and is in care of ritualist. 1189. "Training"--abstinence, exercise, taboo observances, etc. 1208. These are quite formalized and have a definite character--not mere weeping. 1226. To prevent his hanging on to anyone in this world. 1234. Before finally lowering it to rest in grave. 1286-1287. If there were no direct heirs. "People didn't like to see strangers use them" (Drucker). 1306. This I believe to be same as 1305 since in the accounts pertaining to that element, the evil shaman often left animal tracks. 1308. Not in same grave, of course. 1326. Namesake in the sense of one who has the same name. I am not sure of Drucker's con- cept (1327). 1329. Among the Yurok the recently bereaved must be paid by those organizing or participat- ing in a dance if they have not already been compensated, as by murderer of kin. 1383. As "Lives-on-river-bend," "Mlarried- to-the-south," etc. 1395. The village is essentially a group of male relatives and their wives, bound together by blood and common interests. 1400. This is a moral obligation involving the responsibility which is incumbent upon one who receives protection for his allegiance. 141S-1421. This may seem a gratuitous dis- tinction but was designed to show the nature of property individually owned and inherited, that communally claimed, and that produced by joint effort. It is not inconceivable that a dam, though erected by several men, should belong t the owner of the site. In fact, it is true tha here a prominent man nominally may own the dam~ but at the same time his aids and subordinates share its products and so in effect own it too The circumstances are elusive and are really n? amenable to a facile plus and minus diagnosis., 1421 need not be dam sites. 1419. Means use of gaff, harpoon, and line.' May be the sole resort of those without dam, nets, traps, or canoes. 1438. "The purification dance (Tolowa) was used as dance of incitement and apparently of settlement as well" (Drucker). 1459. Because they are the primary objectiv of the enemy. 1460. Usually some bird or animal with attr butes of ferocity or agility valuable in dodgi arrows or hand-to-hand encounters. 1483. A formal adjustment of differences af the fight, on the field, by the warriors, in- volving the exchange of payments for losses su: fered. 1489. That is, no standard values for lives or property, and no lump sum demands. 1490. The more aggrieved side does not simpl receive the excess of its demands over that of, the other side. 1493. With likely exception of chief, on whd the burden of war and indemnity mainly fell. 1502. A Yurok trait. It is steamed and a fo mula recited over it. 1520. Turns head toward him, or departs di- rectly from that point. 1525. "Bad blood"--impure by reason of the 1545. Here vision and dream are differenti- ated, the first partaking in the nature of an hallucination, the latter used in the ordinary sense of the word. 1551. The training of the youth during ado- lescence contributed to this and usually if he had inclinations toward shamanistic pursuits they were at least manifested at this time. 1557. That is, when first dreamed or seen. 1560. The Yurok idea of initiations and gai ing control of one's supernatural assistant. The term given to this being, which is sometiM a natural object, but more often a living crea ture, is "power." Doctor and shaman are synony mous in this paper. 1567. The possession of a "pain" is the pre requisite of a shaman. When made visible it ta various forms--a hair, worm, bone, or some wriggling, nondescript likeness of these thing At the same time it has a supernatural existen and maintains vital contact with its possessor' even transmitting injury of itself to its owne It is still more intimately related to the sup natural who bestowed it--in fact, they are one- and the native term for "pain" is also that of the pain-giver, otherwise called in English a "power." The possession of a "pain" (the direc cause of sickness and death) within the shaman body makes him capable of curing by virtue of I 196 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST .1572. The explanatory gestures of the inform- ts were those of one shooting an arrow. -1574. He is able to see or know what the na- e of the power is--whether bird, bear, yellow cket, etc. 1579. Refers to novice and obviously suggests e deception of the spectators. 1589. A Yurok feature. 1594. As such, the guardian-spirit concept is oubtedly weak in this region, but one or two cts tend to deny its total absence. As shown fore (1460) warriors of consequence had attend- and protecting supernaturals, and these did t, so far as I was able to determine, pertain shamans. Then too, not only was a shaman's er felt to be actually present and assisting a curing seance, but it could be called upon time of stress, though rarely was that done. [all instances it was called a power. 1595. That is, merely seeing an apparition or ring a dream is not sufficient. 1600-1602. These elements illustrate an at- t to determine the essential cause at the tset of a shamanistic career, whether volun- fy, involuntary, or externally induced. As in- pated, the wage is probably compounded of all fee factors. 1603-1604. Either of which might profit from earnings of one of their number. 1605. These are called by a distinct term. 1607. Doctors frequently killed if suspected evil machinations or for repeated failures. 1625. The possession of certain powers made at least potentially a menace to health and piness. At the same time these powers made most powerful doctors when they were dis- ed to cure. 1620-1653. Not to be found on coast. 1641. On the occasion of an assembly for the pose of recovering lost articles the snake released by the shaman and makes its way to- a the thief, or toward the article itself. 1642-1643. These are not "powers" in the same se as the rest. They represent bodily trans- mations of certain persons who had this power ;sorcery and capability for evil which was ac- red, at least by some shamans, by purchase. account of the 'Indian Devil" is given in eber's Handbook account of the Yurok. The icorn" ran about at night on two legs, pierc- people in the back with his single horn. One aped him by jumping behind a rotten stump into ch the onrushing unicorn rammed his horn and lwas stuck. 1652. This is the individual whom I have al- led to throughout the list as ritualist (or haps inadvertently as a priest) in contra- tinction to shaman or doctor. The two are un- iably different, both in function and in the ner of their induction. Furthermore they are arated in the minds of the people, who use ferent names for the two, and, in English, ak of the ritualist as a "talking doctor" ce his business and the efficacy of his office lie in the recitation of the appropriate ritual words. These may be derived from a dream, by purchase, or by inheritance, which last is never, or only to the slightest degree, true of the shaman, who must receive direct contact with the supernatural and even exhibit at the time of this contact the characteristic manifestations of spirit possession. The ritualist has no such formal initiation but does hold a sort of office in the community, being appealed to in all situ- ations which involve a formal religious procedure, the essence of which is learned (not revealed) formulaic recitals which often recount the origin and history of the relevant ceremony. These, as said, may be dreamed and so become established in time, but the insistence is upon inheritance. 1694. This was spoken of by Tillamook as "bad blood," but I interpret it as a physical condi- tion, not the result of a taboo transgression, because blood was actually withdrawn from a lo- calized area. 1696. At the moment he extracts the pain, the doctor displays unnatural strength in quelling its powerful efforts to escape from his hands. He flings himself about in violent fashion so that it sometimes requires the aid of two men to hold him on the ground--all in consequence of the "pain's" strength, of course. I am inclined to interpret this behavior, if not feigned, as evi- dence of a seizure of some kind, perhaps of possession. 1718. This is usually treated by the ritualist by means of formulae. 1721. Not actual poisoning but so spoken of by informants. 1750. The foundation for many of the elements of regalia as well as the dance itself is to be found in the Yurok pattern (q.v.). Being pri- marily an opportunity for the display of wealth, the participants naturally made all possible use of their (or their patron's) valuables, such as otterskins and white deerskins, obsidian blades, dentalia, and woodpecker scalps. 1751. Songs were individually owned, so after leader started one he "loaned" it to the rest to sing, in consequence of which they joined in. 1753. The very good dancers were called upon at will by the spectators to step out in front and assume the spotlight with an individual per- formance. These persons, according to my informa- tion, were to be found to the rear or sides of the routine dances (chorus), not among them. 1761. A sort of "apache dance" requiring agility and precision of movement on the part of the two dancers. 1764. This does not seem to be of a ritualistic character. The speech of this person recurrently introduces a solemn note compounded of feelings of thanksgiving, sadness, etc. 1774. Increasing amounts and rarities of wealth on each succeeding night. Sometimes the most prominent men refrained from attending until the last nights. 1775. The entire village pooled its valuables 197 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS to outdo the visitors, or the adherents of one rich man aided him thus to eclipse the efforts of a rival group. 1796. Carried large obsidian blades, as long as 1 foot or more and up to 6 inches wide. 1806. The ritualist in some way puts a mark on each of the communicants as a symbol of his having eaten of the ceremonially prepared fish and henceforth for the year may eat it at his pleasure. 1820. This was to prevent their catching of the blood of the injured moon. 1821. Usually for good luck or long life at the moment of seeing the new moon. 198 APPENDIX BY A. L. KROEBER t seems worth while to comment further on comparative significance of some of Barnett's ings, especially with respect to reliability the element-survey method, as previously ex- ed in connection with Gifford's Pomo data in IV of this series of studies.2 e antecedents and circumstances of Barnett's lecting were these. In 1933 Drucker spent part the summer making a strictly old-fashioned ographic field study of the Tolowa, a coastal abascan group in California just inside the gon line. In regard to territorial continuity, Tolowa form the southerly member of a block Athabascan "tribes" who held nearly half the at of Oregon, but were cut off by the Yurok Wiyot from all other Athabascans in Califor- In short, ethnographically the Tolowa pre- bly belonged with Oregon, not in California, which modern political boundaries happened to them. Presumably because they participated vily in the Oregon Athabascan culture, the owa culture, as obtained from several good ormants, showed so many differences from that the Yurok, that some knowledge of the Oregon bascan was seen to be urgent, and Drucker ed to spend the summer of 1934 in trying to in it. Because the culture of the Oregon st Indians was known to have been violently deliberately shattered by the whites seventy rs before, and because none of the several hropologists who for thirty years past had ked at Siletz or Grande Ronde reservations brought back any coherent report on the gen- 1 ethnography of even one tribe, it was evi- tly useless to hope for too much. Drucker refore planned not to repeat his intensive owa approach, which would presumably have been itless, but instead to gather what he could on Tututni of Rogue river, on other Athabascans, on non-Athabascans of the coast, as far as prtunity allowed. The Takelma were included in o program because Sapir's linguistic informant, had manifested also appreciable ethnological lue in Sapir's hands, was reported still alive. ortunately, she had died, the last survivor able of giving information on her people, a months before Drucker's arrival; but there b e Kus and Alsea informants still available, p well as Athabascan ones. Barnett accompanied Drucker as assistant on s 1934 trip to Oregon. By midsummer, Gifford's o element survey had shown the list method as practicable that we decided to apply it in nother area; and Barnett was asked to make the tifford and Kroeber, Culture Element Distribu- tons: IV--Pomo, UC-PAAE 37:117-254, 1937. attempt during the remainder of the summer. He had first to build up a list. This he did by comi- bining and selecting from the old Kroeber list of 1928, the Klimek list of No. 1 of this series (both these being built wholly on literature), the list just used in the field by Gifford among the Pomo, and his own and Drucker's experience in Oregon. This was a difficult task for a man who had never tried to use a formal list, in fact had not even seen a list purporting to cover a whole culture, and who was only in the beginning of his apprenticeship as a field ethnographer. The eminent success with which Barnett construct- ed a pertinent, workable, and soundly descriptive list under these formidable circumstances, cer- tainly is proof that he possesses ethnographic insight. Having made his list, he filled it six times through informants of three Athabascan tribes: Chetco, Sixes River, and Galice Creek (two in- formants); and through informants of two non- Athabascan tribes: Siuslaw and Tillamook. To these he added, at Drucker's suggestion, three lists compiled from Drucker's ethnographic- sketch notebooks: for the Athabascan Tututni, and the non-Athabascan Coos (Kus) and Alsea. This difference in manner of obtaining informa- tion is emphasized because it affects the statis- tical and therefore the ethnographic results. Finally, after the nine lists had been put together, at his own suggestion Drucker filled a tenth column with pluses and minuses for the Tolowa of his previous more intensive summer. It is plain that the ten lists represent three somewhat different types of source, and may there- fore be comparably similar, not identical. In the previous Pomo contribution it was found that the intrinsic reliability of lists collected by seem- ingly entirely parallel method appeared to vary according to several easily ascertained criteria, including the total size of list filled and the ratio of plus and minus answers within it. Bar- nett has already commented on differences in these two respects shown by his three different types of list. For the sake of readier clarity I have regrouped part of his figures in the ad- joining table. In average, the lists taken from ethnographic sketches obtained in the old-line way average only about 740 entries with only 26 per cent of negative answers; those filled in interviews having to do directly with the list, around 1270, with 29.7 per cent of negatives; the one extracted from an intensive old-line study by the author himself, 1350 and 43 per cent. Further, the table shows that there is no overlapping between these three classes, except that the single Alsea list, with 33 per cent of [1991 L 200 minuses, falls in the range oc middle group.3 CLASSIFICATION OF LISTS ACC From full standard ethnographi on several informants: Tolowa. From list used directly with E Chetco. Tillamook Siuslaw Galice 1 ......... Sixes River ....... Galice 2 ......... From ethnographic sketch, sinE Tututni Alsea Kus . Although it may seem stranE filled by list questioning shc middle place between the two t notebooks of "standard" ethnoE for this fact is easily discei ethnographers record presenceE absences. The scantier their n er is the disproportion likel1 Drucker's sketches, Barnett he line and entered a minus only was specifically recorded in ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I C negatives of the Barnett's tabulation, it will be seen that the specialization of the Tolowa material lies pr cisely in its negatives, which are from two a 1ORDING TO SOURCE a half to three and a half times as numerous a those for the three other notebook tribes, whe ic monograph, based in positive items it exceeds them only from a sixth to two-thirds. (Incidentally, the Tolowa Ttl Prcn list also has fewer positive entries than all Tota Per cent the six lists filled by direct questioning, al 1342 43 though it again far exceeds all of them in ne tives.) We may infer accordingly that the Tolo list differs from the Tututni, Kus, and Alsea single informant: only in being based on fuller data on a richer 1412 27 culture, but in having been extracted by the c 1361 33 lector of the data on a somewhat different basi 1361 2 of judgment. 1254 29 It has been necessary to go into these matt 1235 32 of qualitative list differences because they at 1209 27 fect the ethnographic conclusions to be drawn 1143 30 from the lists. A glance at Barnett's map shows gle informant: that all but one of the groups represented were coastal, living either on a bay, like the Kus, ] 810 22 or on the lower reaches of a stream entering t 778 33 ocean, like all the others except the Galice 631 23 Athabascans. These eight tribes thus lived in a 631 23 linear order from the Tolowa in the south to th Tillamook in the north. Everything we have in ge that the lists way of many years ! experience in these matters )uld occupy the would lead us to expect that the sequence of types extracted from tural similarity would be the same,' namely, graphy, the reason Tolowa, Chetco, Tututni, Sixes, Kus, Siuslaw, rned. In general, Alsea, Tillamook, the only problem being: At w s more fully than points did the major cleavages or changes of c naterial, the great- ture occur? The ninth tribe, that of Galice crei y to be. In using is the only interior one. It might therefore be awed straight to the expected to stand somewhat apart from the seria. where an absence tion of the others, especially as the two lists the notes., and re- representing it show definite resemblances to tb frained from inferring an unspecified absence even where he had reason to suspect it. However, when Drucker filled in the Tolowa column from his own far fuller notes plus observation and memory, he was able to enter with assurance some 125-250 more minuses than Barnett had felt war- ranted in extracting from Drucker's Tututni, Kus, and Alsea notebooks. Wvith reference back to 5A similar examination of + and - frequencies was made of Pomo lists in No. IV. There it was found that the best lists showed an excess of + over - of 0 to 20 per cent, those with a higher or lower excess tending to be less reliable. (The excess was reckoned in terms of the total: thus, NE Pomo, +221, -423, total 644, excess -202, m -31 per cent of 644.) This means that in the better lists positive answers tended to constitute from 50 to 60 per cent, negative answers from 40 to 50 per cent of the total. This is about the proportion of the Tolowa list, and it is far higher for negatives than Barnett's informant-filled lists, which average around 70 per cent +, 30 per cent -. The results differ evidently because different men handled different lists in a somewhat different way. Obviously there can be no outright transfer of absolute values of reliability from one body of work to another. By Gifford's standards all Barnett's Shasta culture of inland northern California. group to which presumably the Galice Athabascan would most closely attach among the eight coast ones would be the Tututni of the mouth of Rogue3 river into which their Galice creek drains; and' next, to adjoining Chetco and Sixes River. Such is the picture of relationships inferab from the geography. Now let us match against tb informant-collected lists would be highly unre- liable, and vice versa. We can only say that a Barnett Oregon list which shows appreciably fe than 25 per cent or more than 35 per cent of minuses is out of step with the rest and not wholly comparable with them; and that for Gif- ford's Pomo lists the corresponding limits are per cent and 50 per cent. This raises a problem. for the future when the several areal blocks of lists shall be compared for interpretations with respect to culture relations within the wider area embracing them all. 4Such an inference might not hold in the east; it has held universally in experience on the Pacific coast, where everything known indicates the high sessility of groups, an almost com- plete absence of migrations or shifts of popu- lations in recent centuries, and a gradation of culture continuous according to distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V . 0 G2 j 00 0 o :-Gl n"o 0 To ? Wm Ch MED Tu m *E*E* ii SR 0 oDE 1 * Si 0 [X1 X * flfl Al BoomM Ti 0 0 0]** KEY 179-87.9, 100 tmL 61-69.9 0170-78.9 0 01.4-15.9 Fig. 1. Tribal relationships, Q2 coefficients. relationships indicated by the Q2 coefficients similarity as already tabulated by Barnett, represented graphically in figure 1. n general, the geographical order along the t is pretty regularly followed by the coef- ients. There are occasional exceptions as when inal Tillamook shows a somewhat higher coef- ient with Chetco and Sixes River than nearer ea shows with them. But in the main Tillamook the lower coefficients and Alsea the higher s with southerly tribes; and so all through list for the coast. Second, with regard to the Tolowa. These appear stand much farther apart from all the other n coastal tribes than any of these from the t. They show the only intercoastal coefficient ow .15 (Tolowa-Sixes River .06), and their nium is .63 (with Tututni), whereas all other astal tribes run to maxima of .79 to .87. It is irely probable that the Tolowa have taken over ss of Yurok (or Yurok-Karok-Hupa) specializa- gons, many of which did not succeed in filtering orthward beyond them. However, this is almost brtainly not the only factor involved. The ab- mally high percentage of minuses in the Tolowa 1st may not be left out of the reckoning. The per cent of negative entries in the Tolowa ist, as compared with a range from 22 to 33 in i others, undoubtedly accounts for the prepon- erance of Tolowa low coefficients. Another aspect fthe Tolowa coefficients is their irregularity. nstead of decreasing regularly northward, they am: .45 with the Chetco, their immediate neigh- )rs, but up to .63 with the Tututni; then down gain to .06 for the next Athabascan tribe, Sixes iver; still low for Kus and Siuslaw,.17 and .25; it up again to .51 and .52 for the most distant Lsea and Tillamook. We may conclude therefore Lat the aloofness of the Tolowa caused by the ifluence upon them of the specialized Yurok who [join them but are outside the frame of this ;udy, is less great than the figures indicate, III--BARNETT: OREGON COAST 201 0 0 E- C EC cn C/) cn E- G 2 ii1 0 G 1 UN!o 0 To oof 00 0 0 0 Ch N EoE Tu 1 0W SR o013*W Ku 0 * llf Si 0 0 0 Al 00 0 Ti 0 m[Jl* KEY * 80-84.4, 100 mI 70-74.9 75-79.9 0 29.7-49.9 Fig. 2. Tribal relationships, G percentages. part of the aloofness or cultural separateness being fictitious and resulting from the different method in which the Tolowa list was filled.5 Third, with respect to the inland Galice Creek Athabascans. Here we have lists from two inform- ants of the same tribe. This raises another prob- lem of reliability, soon to be considered; but for the present we must find some way of treating the two lists as representative of a single tribe. Galice 2 shows lower coefficients 6 times out of 8; the two exceptions are with the most remote Alsea and Tillamook. The means of their coeffi- cients run: To .10, Ch .45, Tu .35, SR .27, Ku .17, Si .13, Al .20, Ti .11. As we have seen, Tu ought to be highest, SR and Ch next. Actually Ch is a little higher than Tu. In the main, however, the coefficients place Galice culturally about as is expectable from geography. All in all, apart from the Tolowa, the fit of the coefficient table to expectability is rather good--somewhat better perhaps than for the Pomo area lists. There are unexplained displacements of expectable order; but none of them is very se- rious in codfficient quantity. Considering how long the cultures have been dead, and the impos- sibility of choosing informants among the almost extinct survivors, the fit is in fact surprising indeed. For comparison I add also the G coefficients, which are derived from a formula, a/,r(a+b)(a+c), which makes no use of common absences of traits (d, or - -). It will be seen that the diagram (fig. 2) yields a grouping closely similar to the Q2 diagram (fig. 1). The principal differences are: the G2-Gl coefficient is not so high as it should be, being surpassed by five intertribal ones; the G2-Ch relation seems abnormally high; 5Further information on this point will be avail- able on publication of a new Tolowa list obtained in the autumn of 1935 by Driver as part of an element survey of northwestern California. 202 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS and Tolowa is set apart from the rest even more than are G2 and Gi, in fact, it provides all but two of the lowest coefficients under 50. TABLE 2 G Percentages G2 Gl To Ch Tu SR Ku Si Al Ti G2 79 47 83 66 69 59 53 46 50 Gl 79 42 67 64 65 58 57 46 54 To 47 42 58 67 50 48 40 30 30 Ch 83 67 58 84 84 69 69 57 61 Tu 66 64 67 84 82 75 70 64 52 SR 69 65 50 84 82 77 71 57 61 Ku 59 58 48 69 75 77 81 76 67 Si 53 57 40 69 70 71 81 75 71 Al 46 46 30 57 64 57 76 75 76 Ti 50 54 30 61 52 61 67 71 76 The question next arises: Where does the major cleavage come in the line of cultures on the coast? Inspection of the Q2 coefficient table shows three major breaks: between Tolowa and Chetco; between Sixes River and Kus; and between Siuslaw and Alsea. The first is much the largest, but cannot be wholly relied on because of the aberrant nature of the Tolowa list. However, it cannot be ruled out because we do not know the strength of the aberrance as expressible in co- efficients. Of the two other breaks, that between Sixes River and Kus, in other words between Ath- abascans on the south and non-Athabascans on the north, seems the greater: coefficient .72, versus .77 for Siuslaw-Alsea. As against these, we have, still in linear geographic order: within the Athabascan block: Ch-Tu, .87; Tu-SR, .84; within the next block, Ku-Si, .83; within the northern block, Al-Ti, .79. With these two provincial borderlines within the linear coastal culture may be compared the abruptness of the frontier between coast and in- terior. Here we can compute the mean of all co- efficients of the Galice and two adjacent coastal tribes.' These means run: Galice 2, .18; Galice 1, .265; Chetco, .49; Tututni, .57. Even the marginal coast tribes run higher mean coefficients than Galice: Tolowa, .33; Tillamook, .39. In other Omitting the G2-Gl coefficient, and including only G value in the means for other tribes. 7The absolute values are: a,-t+, 607; b, +-, 63; c, -+, 55; d,- -, 190; N = 915 (as against 580 for the Q5 of the table). Besides, there are 73 I words, our one inland tribe shows lower average coefficients than any coastal tribe, even tho half of these share Athabascan speech with it. We have here then an approximate indication of the strength of the environmental influence of coastal versus inland habitat in the Oregon are It is only approximate because we do not know how much of the cultural separateness of the i land tribes is attributable to their specific environment and how much to their position in contact with other tribes still farther inland and from contact with whom they themselves cut off the coast dwellers. However, whatever the r spective strength of these two factors--natural environment as such and geographical position a such--their combined influence seems to have be sufficient, in this area, to differentiate inl neighbors from coast neighbors more than any co neighbors from each other. In short, in Oregon west of the Cascades the actual coastal culture apparently tended to form one block or primary stratum, the inland cultures another. There is another matter which bears on the r liability of lists-on the problem of how far one list is authentically representative of the culture of the "tribe" or social unit of which it purports to give a picture. Here we have som check in the fact that Barnett was able to fill independent lists from two survivors of the Ga- lice Creek Athabascan group. How well do these agree? Their Qs coefficient is the second highe obtained: .86, as against .87 for Chetco-Tututn1 and from .84 to .01 for others. The two Galice lists are also similar in size: 1235 and 1143 items; and in percentage of negative answers: 32. and 30. However, with ideal informants question by an ideal ethnographer on an ideally appropri- ate list, two informants of the same social unit: should give identical answers throughout, and their Q2 would then be 1.00. The difference of the actual coefficient of .86 from the ideal one, of 1.00 serves as a sample indication--it hardly is a measure, I assume, statistically speaking-1 of the lack of reliability in the sum of data obtained. The possible causes of the differences in the two theoretically identical lists will b obvious: questions so worded as to be ambiguous construable; indifference, fatigue, partial ig- norance, or loss of memory by one or the other informant; lack of concreteness or cross-checki by the recorder, etc. Actually, the reliability is better than the Q, of .86 would indicate, because this Q2 is based on figures excluding all pluses and minussi universal or uncontradicted in the area. With these included, the percentage of agreements in the two Galice lists rises from 78 to 87; and the Q2 from .86 to .94.7 items for which one or both Galice lists contain (+), (-), +?, or -?, that is, a more or less du- bious entry. Fifteen of these are agreements, 58 disagreements. In other words, when doubt was raised in the collecting, 4 times out of 5 the two Galice informants were giving conflicting answers. I 1. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VII--BARNETT: OREGON COAST en this would be a disconcertingly high fig- of disagreements where the cultures had sur- td until recently and there was ample choice informants for checking. Under such more fa- ible conditions it seems that the percentage clean-cut agreements could reasonably be ex- ed to approach 95 per cent. Whether this de- , of accuracy can be attained with lists con- Uoted on the basis of larger experience and * skilfully used with informants, or whether ,,list method of collecting ethnography will ays remain subject to a 10 per cent or larger orepancy, remains to be seen. The question can rly be raised whether the old-line, individual, hazard method of field study ever yields as h as 90 per cent of noncontradicted statements. cannot tell, because in most monographs there little indication whether a given statement to on the authority of one or several or many omants and whether it represents their unani- mous or their majority opinion. Where conflicting evidence is given at all, it is usually rather variable in detail. A final word with respect to the value of Barnett's data. They are expected to be read by anthropologists--read down the columns, with ap- preciable time saving--when and as anthropolo- gists concern themselves with Oregon ethnology. For use by the layman, the local historian, and those who like their data predigested, they can easily be transmuted into conventional literary form whenever it seems worth while. I believe that in the present work Barnett has probably assembled more new concrete information on the na- tive cultures of the Oregon coast than was avail- able in all previous sources put together. If this opinion is correct, it would seem to estab- lish both Barnett's ethnographic competence and the value of the culture element distribution survey as a field method. 203