LTI%RJ ELE1ENT DISTRIBUTIONS: VI i+N _RSIERRA NEVADA *.!^"i' Jg Xjg?.-tVolume 1, No. 29 pp. 53-154, 1 map UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 'BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 193 7 ' K.'' i .i ls - ; 42 I(* 'tI* ''' . ;. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: VI SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA BY HAROLD E. DRIVER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume I, No. 2, pp. 53-154, I map Issued November 30, I937 Price, $I.OO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA st 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 85-399 . . . . . . . . ical processes, 400-506 ........ ing, cradles, cordage, 814-949. * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* bacco, musical instruments, 1175-1267 267a . . . omy and cosmology, 1268-1398 .. . ip avoidances, 1399-1529. efs and officials, 1530-1692 ... 1731. 3n, 1833-1888-.1 8.......... 1, 1889-1954. 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o and practices, 2295-2307 . . . . . . at list aship terms .. ......... PREFACE BY A. L. KROEBER Mr. Driver's ethnographic element survey of the region of the Southern Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Valley is wholly parallel to Drucker's survey of Southern California, which constitutes the preceding number of this series of Culture Element Distributions. Both undertakings, which included preparation of questionnaire list, field work, and editing of results, were made possible by a grant from the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of California. The work was done simultaneously. Because Driver's notes were some- what more voluminous, his report was completed slightly later. Both studies are to be viewed as part of a larger program in which Gifford's Yana and Pomo surveys were the first in- stallment, under which further field work is now in progress, and through which it is planned to resurvey the ethnography not only of California but of adjacent regions on a compa- rable basis as intensively as possible. Responsibility for the accomplishment of the larger part of this program lies with the Institute of Social Sciences, to which appreciation is herewith expressed. [53] CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: VI SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA BY HAROLD E. DRIVER OBJECTIVES AND METHODS INTRODUCTION The material presented here is the result of s hundred days of field work in south central lifornia, from January to April, 1935. This was e possible by my appointment as research as- tant in Anthropology, University of California, om January 1 to July 1, 1935. Previously pub- ed literature is given in the bibliography at end. The bulk of information is in the un- blished notes of Dr. Ann Gayton Spier, Dr. John Harrington, Dr. C. Hart Mierriam, Mrs. Erminie gelin, and Mr. F. F. Latta and far outweighs published literature and this modest addition abined. It is hoped that these persons will 1e their valuable material generally available 8oon as possible. Corrections on my present y are welcome; and I hope that my efforts 1 be of some help to those who follow. I am especially indebted to Professor A. L. 3sber for giving me the opportunity to conduct i8 research and for many valuable criticisms suggestions in all stages of the work. His ralleled knowledge of California has contrib- d to all good aspects of the paper. To Mr. E. Gifford I am grateful for my introduction to L type of field technique in the summer of 4, for supervising the assemblage of pictures d by me in the field, for access to his un- lished northern Yokuts notes, and for the gift a number of his publications on Californian tures. I wish further to express my gratitude Dr. Stanislaus Klimek for much stimulating panionship and discussion of common problems; Mr. F. F. Latta, of Shafter, for a profitable ernoon s conversation in a field of common in- rest; to the trustees of the Eastern California euem at Independence for access to the collec- n there; to Mrs. Black, of Big Pine, f-or the vilege of examining a number of specimens in private collection; to Mr. Richard Newmeyer, Bakersfield, for cashing checks in an hour of d; to Mr. and Mrs. Packer, of Tule River reser- ion, for lists of informants and pleasant times a guest in their home; to Mr. and Mrs. A. B. rholzer, of Squaw valley, for introductions to ormants, access to their unparalleled collec- n of Yokuts and Mono basketry, and many welcome delightful evenings; to Mr. and Mrs. Oscar Noren, of Reedley, who helped with informants, dly showed me their collections, mostly archae- gical, of Fresno and Tulare county specimens, kindly took me into their home as a guest the entire four days of my work with the inimni; to Miss Joyce Hackett for much-needed clerical and stenographic assistance at crucial stages of the work; and to some 40 native Cali- fornians who patiently served as informants and interpreters. The purpose of this paper is to present a new body of comparable ethnographical material. Inter- pretations have largely been left to a future date. Anyone who has ever made a comparative study from the monographic literature knows how uneven a number of good reports can be. No two authors begin or end at the same place for any topic. The systematic tabulation or conceptuali- zation of such material inevitably leads to seri- ous gaps in knowledge. The most common fault of nine out of ten ethnographies is that almost all the space is given over to describing cultural elements present and almost none to citing as- pects inquired into but found absent. As a re- sult, the comparative ethnologist is unable to distinguish between lack of inquiry and true ab- sence. The resulting confusion is fatal to seri- ous comparison. Although it is hoped that these comparative tables will serve as a welcome antidote to the monograph, no one connected with this type of work thinks it a panacea for ethnologic ills. It is obviously ancillary to full-length individual accounts of cultures. The element list itself must be compiled from previous literature. It con- sists partly of captions which have little meaning in themselves, which serve merely as mnemonic devices for the field worker and reader. However, certain sections are fuller or more specific than those of many of the smaller ethnographies. If the present plan is compared with other surveys made with the same amount of time and money it will not be found wanting. It cannot, of course, stand com- parison with work done at many times the time and expense. FIELD TECHNIQUE In order to work as rapialy as the plan de- manded, it was necessary to ask more or less di- rect questions of informants. However, these were usually preceded by a general question such as, "How did they hunt deer in the old times?" After a few essential aspects of the culture were volun- teered in this way and the informant had reached a stopping place, I began asking for more specific items: e.g., '"hat was the point of a deer arrow made of?" When such a completion type of question failed, the next alternative was multiple choice: "Did the arrow with which you shot a deer have a [55] r r c I , V I I i r ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS stone, bone, or wood point?" Sometimes informants were apparently unable to carry three or ev9,n two alternatives in their head at once, hence it was necessary to ask a single item at a time. Some in- formants at first imagined that I expected them to affirm every question. To correct such an impres- sion, it was only necessary to ask about something totally foreign to their culture such as, for the San Joaquin, a skin-covered tipi. After several denials of this kind, they began to understand the routine. It took from an hour or two to a day to wear the informant down to the point where he would confine his answer pretty much to the ques- tion asked. There was no pressure applied toward this end. The novelty usually wore off after a few hours and he was willing to submit to direct questioning. Pictures were a great help for ma- terial culture. An informant was often shown a plate with a half dozen variants. After he picked out the one nearest his own, further details, where necessary, were then inquired into. When an informant showed special interest in some topic he was given his head and allowed to volunteer in the usual way. With more time, this could have been worked to greater advantage. Cer- tain informants seemed to be more suggestible than others. On the whole, the comparative knowl- edge shown by the ethnographer in the course of questioning interested informants and increased their respect for him. Occasionally an informant developed an inferiority complex and seemed to think that I knew more than he did about his own culture. A little well-controlled flattery plus special encouragement of volunteer testimony seemed to be the best antidote for this condition. Whenever I doubted a response I simply inquired -urther concerning the point and its relation to others. The use of several hundred Yokuts and Mono nouns facilitated communication and in- creased the reliability of the answers. Often a rest or a return to the point in another context clarified the matter. The list was usually cov- ered in about the order presented here. It seemed best to ask more personal questions, such as those on sex and religion, toward the last. No hard and fast rule was observed, however, and probably on no two occasions did I stop at the same place at the end of each day. The fatigue factor is thus fairly randomly distributed over various sections of the list and has not influ- enced one section much more than another. RELIABILITY OF THE DATA Any study begins to become science only when the reliability of its data can be measured. No time or funds for this important matter were ap- propriated in this work. Consequently I have only a few scraps and indirect evidence to offer. The symbols of the table below are these: ++, af- firmed by both; --, denied by both; +-, affirmed by the first, denied by the second; -+, affirmed by the second, denied by the first. Subsistence (1-286) Entimbich: L.P. vs. D.S. Kawaiisu: F.C. vs. B.R. Koso: G.G. first vs. G.G. second Tools and Weapons(400-601) Entimbich: L.P. vs. D.S. Kawaiisu: F.C. vs. B.R. Koso: G.G. first vs. G.G. second Body and Dress (602-794) Entimbich: L.P. vs. D.S. Kawaiisu: F.C. vs. B.R. Koso: G.G. first vs. G.G. second ++ -_ 175 67 103 104 96 117 200 174 185 210 179 186 23 32 4 4 19 7 1 20 1 6 1 18 6 7 8 9 6 13 The subsistence count was made from the da in the element list below. The other two coun are from the raw field lists which doubtless tain slightly more error than the edited vers given here. Naively one might assume that the ror of a single informant is only half that o the disagreement between the two, since one i formant must necessarily be correct. On the o hand, there are likely to be some errors amon the agreements also. No precise statement con ing the error of a single informant can be sq from this information. A comparison of the frequencies in the two umns showing +- and -+ in the table above sho differences in informants some of which are p ably real. Whether a greater number of positi sponses indicates more knowledge or greater 8 gestibility cannot be determined for these da with any degree of certainty. I would guess t there are more errors among negative response than among positive. At least the number of n tive answers would tend to increase as knowle the culture decreased. If this were consisten true, the informant giving the greater numbel positive responses would be the more correct. A further notion of differences in respons and their causes can be gathered from the fol ing. The Paleuyami informant, D. W., was used the interpreter for the Bankalachi informant, M. S., after I had already obtained his res for the Paleuyami. The tribal territories are tiguous and the cultures doubtless highly S' Under the influence of M. S. 's remarks, D. W. "corrected" his former answers 59 times from section on Marriage to the end of the list 2307). He affirmed where he had formerly de 50 times, and denied former affirmations 9 ti The total number of elements was about 900, gives 6-7 per cent alteration. A still further notion concerning reliabi- can be obtained from a comparison of the res of informants from pairs of local groups cd gether geographically, virtually identical li guistically, and giving every other indicati having been highly similar culturally. Respo of two such pairs yield the following. The E element list as given here was counted. 56 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA ORTHOGRAPHY Agree Disagree Per cent of Disagr. ++ - _ +_ _+ -ukwadj-Hodogida 804 963 151 222 18 dependence- Big Pine 730 826 107 125 12 How many of the disagreements are real and how are errors is unknown. However, my guess is t the vast majority are errors on the part of o informant. In the 12 per cent disagreement I , fortified with Steward's monograph and was tter able to control both the questions and wers. Randomly distributed informants' errors in a y of data of this size are not serious from a ad point of view at 10 or even 15 per cent. e more or less cumulative error of the ethnog- Dher, arising from misconceptions which are nstantly being created and corrected in the old, impresses me as being of more importance. deliberately discarded a number of items in o course of the field work because I discov- ed some new point which made my former inquiry em inadequate or misleading. Such revision uld go on indefinitely. Wherever inquiry ceases, certain amount of error remains. No young dent, nor perhaps an older one, can possibly ye an equally even knowledge over as wide a ge of topics as that offered here. As a re- t, he takes great pains with certain pet items, lerates others, and asks still others only be- use the broader plan calls for them. In my own stance, I had no previous experience in the ecise area of the study. Five weeks among Wappo Pomo, some two or three hundred miles to the rth, plus several years' acquaintance with the terature, were my background. There was not a gle full-length report for the entire Yokuts MJono area to serve as a guide. Under such ditions the ethnographer introduces appreci- le error both in the questioning and recording responses. If this type of survey called for two inform- ts to be worked independently for each local up, the reliability of each element could be sured in terms of the consistency with which is reported by the various pairs of informants. eliable elements could be eliminated from the l form of the work or somehow distinguished mthe others. Needless to say the ideal plan d include all possible combinations and per- ations of numerous ethnographers and inform- s. I have checked the material given here against literature cited and from specimens in the versity Museum of Anthropology, cited UCMA the notes. Differences or additions are men- ned in the notes. Unless otherwise stated, exemplary wrords are in Americanized English. a, as in father a, as in ant, possibly a nasalized e a, as u in but e, near e in obey, but without terminal i as in met i, as in pique 1, as in sit o, near o in note, but without terminal u 6, as in cough o, as in German konig or as e in French je u, as in rule d, as in put u, as in German uiber or briicke a, 1, etc., nasalized ae, as a plus e above In all otner diphthongs, the letters have the same values as individual vowels above Length of vowels is indicated by doubling Raised vowels are whispered or pronounced softly c, as sh in shoe dj, as j in jump fl, as ng in sing tc, as ch in change tr, postalveolar t near English tr and to above x, as German ch Bilabial v appears more often as b, sometimes as v ', glottal stop All other consonants about as in English , stress accent ETHNOGEOGRAPHY (The chief source is Kroeber's Handbook. A few additional notes a-re here given.) Since the purpose of this survey was to local- ize information geographically, the distributions given may not hold for the entire area occupied by the larger tribes. The degree of localization of an informant's testimony is given, in part, in the section on informants belouw. In some instances I believe such localization was carried too far. For example, the absence of most fishing elements for the Mono-Waksachi is explained by the fact that Ash Springs cr. is only a seasonal stream almost uninhabited by fish. The chances are ten to one that the Waksachi on the Kaweah drainage did more fishing. Furthermore, it is certain that every local group knew of many cultural elements of neighboring tribes which were not used locally because of the geographical factor. The tule balsa is an example. On the other hand, such dif- ferences form the basis of geographical correla- tions which are always welcome. Here and there I have drawn attention to such facts in the notes but have not had time to discuss the matter seri- ously. W Mono.-According to three or four informants, it seems that l'oponuch territory did not include 57 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Mill cr., but the Kings r. above Big cr., and probably also Mill Flat cr. The town Shohonto was said to have belonged to the Kou'nitc who were equated to the wvoponuch. Big or. belonged to the Tu'hukwadj "tribe." Their chief village site was Tsu'inawetu. On Rush cr. lived the To'wintoi (Towincheba, Kroeber) "tribe"; on upper Syoamore cr. the Kogo'hiba (Kokeheba, Merriam, 1914); on loNer Syoamore cr. in Syoamore v. the Hodo'gida at a "town" called Pasiepta'kapiwed (pasiep, sand). None of my informants knew the name Holkoma. The above-mentioned four "tribes" were said each to have had its own chief. I have called the Entimbich Mono because the informants I used spoke Mono. Kroeber, Handbook, does not commit himself. Gayton (1930b, 59) says they are both Yokuts and Mono with the former preponderating. Merriam, 1930, is sure they are Mono. The North Fork Mono were called Pazo'utc and Yayantci by the Hodogida. The first is a subdi- vision of one of Gifford's moieties, the second a moiety. This is at least evidence that the Hodogida did not know the difference between social divisions and local groups and had no moieties themselves. It may add strength to Gif- ford' s theory that the North Fork moieties and their subdivisions were once local groups. Kawaiisu.-B. R. first called his tribe Ser- rano, then Paiute. F. C. gave Kohaizi'wa. Their territory extended E to the Panamint mts. There must have been several local groups over an area so large, although informants knew no names for them and insisted that there had never been more than one chief for the area. Steward, in conver- sation, July, 1935, reported Kawaiisu in the southern end of Death v. Informants knew the Chemehuevi by that name and were aware of their linguistic affinity to themselves. The Kawaiisu call the Panamint "Pavo'tabo." Panamint.-I obtained names and locations for five Panamint subgroups. The native names are said to designate both the territories and the peoples. (1) Pawo'nda. Called Koso in this study. Their territory included Koso mts., Koso v., and the modern towns Little Lake, Olancha, and Darwin. Roughly from the Sierra Nevada to the Argus, and the latitude of Walker pass to Owens lake. (2) Ko6'6. Saline v. (3) O'hya. The northern half of Death v. from about Stovepipe Wells north. (4) Th'mb!ca. The southern half of Death v., Furnace or. Called simply Death v. here. (5) Haita. Panamint v. Informants said that all five groups spoke languages so similar that children had no difficulty in communication. The numeral systems appended below and a few odd nouns confirm this opinion. TRIBAL ABBREVIATIONS M-Tuh: W Mono, Tuhukwadj. M-Hod: W Mono, Hodogida. M-Wop: 'V Mono, Woponuch. M-Ent: W Mono, Entimbich. M-lUak: W Mono, WJ0aksachi. Y-Chuk: Yokuts, Chukaimina. Y-Choi: Yokuts, Choinimni. Y-Koch: Yokuts, Kocheyali. Y-Nut: Yokuts, Nutunutu. Y-Tach: Yokuts, Tachi. Y-Chun: Yokuts, Chunut. Y-VWtk: Yokuts, Wtokchamni. Y-Yaud: Yokuts, Yaudanchi. Y-Yaul: Yokuts, Yauelmani. Y-Pal: Yokuts, Paleuyami. K-Bank: Kern River, Bankalachi. K-Tub: Kern River, Tiibatulabal. U-Kaw: Ute-Chemeheuvi, Kawaiisu. P-Dth: Panamint, of Death v. P-Sal: Panamint, of Saline v. P-Koso: Panamint, of Koso area. 0-Ind: Oviens Valley Paiute (E Mono), of Independence . O-B P: Owens Valley Paiute (E Mono), of Big P INFOMLANTS The arrangement is the following: Tribe. In formant's name, initials. Address in 1935; age health. Tribal affiliation of ancestors. Place of birth, childhood, and later life. Rating as informant. English. M-Tuh. Julia Jensen, J. J. Sycamore v.; 65 good health. Father Woponuch, from middle fork of Kings r. Mother from Tsu'inawetu. Raised t] on Big cr. Fair informant. Interpreter necess M-Hod. Frank Benson, F. B. Sycamore v.; 65 good health but totally blind. All known ances Hodogida. Raised at Sycamore v. Fairly good in formant. Poor English, interpreter preferable. M-Wop. Mary Samson, M. S. Dunlap; 80; goo health. Parents VWoponuch. Born and raised at located town on Kings r. called Utcibukwe'ta. Moved to Dunlap when grown. Fair informant, b oversuggestible. Interpreter necessary. M-Ent. lucy Pete, L. P. Dunlap; 70; good health. Born and raised at Kicheyu. Fair info ant, but oversuggestible. Interpreter require Also Dick Samson, D. S., used a little. Dunla 100; fair health but too deaf to be asked dir questions. Born and raised at Kicheyu. Probab impossible to get much from him any more. Goo English. M-W.ak. Sam Osborn, S. 0. Ash Springs cr.; fair health, but totally blind. All ancestors Waksachi. Lived all his life at Ash Springs o Very good informant. Excellent English. Y-Chuk. Doctor Bob, D. B. Squaw v.; 80; feeble, but clear head. Raised at Mashtinau. shaman. Good English. Y-Choi. Julia Davis, J. D. Sanger; 70; go health. All known ancestors Choinimni. Born raised at Tishechu. Fairly good informant. Daughter of chief. Interpreter required. Y-Koch. Lucey Charley, L. C. Squaw v.; 65 good health. Father and his parents Kocheyali Mother and her parents Michahai. Raised at Do 58 12 e e s 1% 1% c N N c \?, 40 Z, 7 S t o c p i p c w0e I k lo<< I N, I I " I I I I i i I I I I i 1 1 . Furndce C- re cik ,L - CS , oldnc ha I O o?, rw in W 36- D !gfre.e 0 lIo acW \ I_1 I i Ul I s \< I ,/1 / Man 1. Tribes of the Southern Sierra Nevadia Area. (Only the tribes described in this work and only the geograpohy relevant to informants' locations are s:hown.) Adapted from Kroeber, Hidbk., pl. 47. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA informant. She belongs to a chief's lineage Jknows best political and social organization. Ible to communicate in English but interpret- ieded for best results. a.Nut. Mary Tip, M. T. Squaw v.; 75; good th. All ancestors Nutunutu. Raised in Nutunutu itory, near Layton. Good informant. Interpret- necessary. t-Tach. Lucy Sisco, L. S. Assisted by her and, Nick Sisco. Both Lemoore. L. S. 65; good th. Father from Monterey. Mother Tachi. Raised moore. Much of her information obtained from lder deceased full-blood Tachi, called Bill. r informant. She probably did not consistently erentiate the Tachi from other Tulare lake Kings r. tribes. '-Chun. Josie Alonzo, Jo. A. Hanford; 79. her Chunut. Mother Wolwol. Raised on E side of are lake. Has since mixed with Tachi and Kings Yokuts. Probably did not consistently differ- ate the tribes about Tulare lake. Rated by on and Latta as the best remaining valley ts informant. I found her mediocre, or over- ious, or not adapted to direct questioning. lish fair, good for a woman. T&k. Sam Garfield, S. G. Tule River reser- ion; 74; good health. Parents Wokohamni. ed at TayK'pnucau, near Lemon Cove. Has d at Tule r. since 30 years of age. Excel- informant. Much of his information was ob- ed from his grandfather, who died about 1890 nd 100 years of age. Probably can distinguish hamni from other tribes in this study. Ex- ent English. Y-Yaud. Jose Vera, J. V. Tule River reserva- a; 67; good health. Father Mexican. Mother ti. Mother's father Bankalachi. Mother's her Koyeti. Raised mainly on the Porterville ervation. Also some knowledge of the Yauel- i, which he could not differentiate from r S San Joaquin tribes, from his stepfather. ispoke Koyeti himself. He was entirely unable differentiate Koyeti and Yaudanchi culture. hose the latter name because it is the best n. His wife is Yaudanchi and was used a lit- . A fairly good informant. English good. 'Y-Yaul. Jim Alto, J. A. Tule River re-serva- n; 80; good health. Father Yauelmani. Lived Tejon till about 6 years old, then the Por- ille reservation, later Tule River reserva- n. Fair informant, but probably cannot con- tently differentiate Yauelmani from other bes on the above-named reservations, or from metwoli and Tulamni in the southernmost San aquin v. Fair English. Also Jose Vera (see aud) . Y-Pal. Dan Williams, D. W. Tule River reser- tion; 73; good health. Father a Scotchman. ther and her parents Paleuyami. Raised at Shik- apau. He knew a few Bankalachi words. Moved to ile r. when grown. Fair informant. Good English. K-Bank. Mary Santiago, M. S. Tule River reser- tion; 70 (?); good health. Father Yauelmani. Mother Bankalachi. Mother's parents Bankalachi. Born near Bakersfield. Lived at or near Shikida- pau for awhile, also Deer cr., Porterville, and i'inally Tule r. Probably cannot differentiate Bankalachi from others. Fair informant. Inter- preter needed. K-Tub. Stephen Miranda, S. M. Weldon; 85; feeble. All known ancestors from South Fork of Kern r. Born near Weldon, but spent latter half of childhood at Tejon. Fairly good informant.Prob- ably confused his own tribe with Yokuts occasion- ally. (Good Spanish, literate.) Interpreter for Lnglish. U-Kaw. Bob Rabbit, B. R. Weldon; 60; good health. Father from "Panamint" mts. Mother from Kelso cr. Raised at Kelso or. Rather poor, erratic informant, but good on topics that interest him, such as deer hunting. Fair English. Also Mary Duarte, M. D. Wieldon, lives with B. R.; 70; good health. Ancestors apparently Kawaiisu. Lived at Tejon when young. Rather poor informant. Inter- preter for English. Probably Spanish adequate. Also Fred Collins, F. C. W1eldon; 40; excellent health. Father European. Mother Kawaiisu. Raised at Kelso cr. Remarkable knowledge for so young a man but oversuggestible. Wlould probably do better with volunteer methods than with direct question- ing. Excellent English. Also Martina Collins (not differentiated in schedules from F. C.), mother of F. C. Weldon; 75; fair health. Certainly the best of these Kawaiisu informants, but used only as check on F. C. Interpreter necessary. P-Dth. Bob Thompson, B. T. Furnace Creek camp; 59; good health. Parents from Death v. Father's father Tiibatulabal. Mother's parents from Death v. Raised at Death v. Fair informant. English fairly good. Joe Kennedy, J. K., used an hour or so. 65; good health. Parents, at least, Panamint speaking. Probably better informant than B. T. English good. P-Sal. Tom Joaquin, T. J. Furnace Creek camp; 65; good health. All known ancestors from Saline v. Raised at Saline v. Fair informant. Inter- preter necessary. P-Koso. George Gregory, G. G. Olancha; 75; good health. All known ancestors Koso. Raised in Koso territory. Fairly good informant, especi- ally material culture. English good. O-B P. Ben Tibbets, B. T. Big Pine; 80; feeble. All known ancestors from Big Pine. Poor informant. Probably well informed, but incoherent. Fair English. Also Tom Stone, T. S. Big Pine; 45; good health. All known ancestors from vicinity of Big Pine. Much of his information was gotten from his grandfather, who lived at Fish Springs, 7 mi. S of Big Pine. Excellent informant. Rated by Steward as the best he has ever worked. Ex- cellent English and exceptionally clear Paiute, which linguists will welcome. 0-Ind. George Robinson, G. R. Independence; 72; fair health. All known ancestors from Owens v. at least. Raised 2 mi. S of Independence.. Fair informant. Fair English. 59 CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST SYMBOLS USED In the element list the following symbols are used: +, present or affirmed by informants; (+), said to be present, but some doubt; -, ab- sent or denied by informant; (-), denied by in- formant, but some doubt; , inquired into, but uncertain; blanks, no inquiry made. Stars refer to the notes on the element list: starred head- ings to general notes on the headings; starred elements to notes on elements; starred symbols in the tables to notes on particular tribes. Other entries are explained in notes on the element list. When two or more seemingly con- tradictory entries occur, it means that there are alternatives which are practiced either by different persons or by the same persons at different times. [The dagger and double dagger, t and $, indi- cate certain ways in which entries other than + or - (such as M for males, S for South, 5 for 5 days) have been counted for statistical corre- lations which have been computed for Kroeber but which will be published separately. The dag. ger means that in these counts the letter or number entries have been all read as plus; thus, M, F, and + count as +. The double dagger means that the element has been broken into two or more statistical elements: thus, $752, shell nose ornament, with entries +, M, F, becomes, in the count, 752x, shell nose ornament worn by males (+, M), and 752y, shell nose ornament won by females (+, F). --A.L.K.] [60] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 61 OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS _ T ~~~~~~~0 i o o nd O 'o Cd Um d cd Cd d 4- Cd 0 Uo EI I I X I {D cI I I I q tA;A4 A;J; P-4 AR 00 SUBSISTENCE Hunting *Iriving and Trailing Into enclosure . ....?....?...?.?.?.. . - -+ - + - - - +- - - - +- - - - - - - - + 2. V-shaped chute .......... +-_+ +-_ _.?_______+?______+ iOver cliff . .+.-....?.. . . . . . . . . . . + - + _ - - + + Into water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + ?+) - - - - - . With fire . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. + + + ++ (-)(-)+( +(+??+ + + + + + + + To concealed hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7 Sheep to mt. top, trail, or canyon .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + 8. Deer along trail or canyon . ..... . . + + + + + + + + + + ++++++ - "Running down" =trailing) . ........ . . + + + + + + + + + +++ +)+ ++ + + + + + 10. Individually . . . . .+.+. . . . . . . . . ++ + + - - - - +)- + + + + + + + 11. In groups ....... .. .... . + _ +++ - + + - _ + + _ + + ? 12. With dog ..... . .... . . . . . . . + + -_ + + + - - - - - - *+ + + + Smoke signals ...... .. _ + + + + + - + + Traps, Nets, and Snares Spring pole + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15. For deer and large game . . ++++_ ++_ + - + ++++ 16. For small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + (+ + + + ( + + + + + + + + ++ + + + 17. For ducks, trigger under water . ..... + + + _ + Fences with nooses in gaps .... . . . . . . .. . - + + + - - - - - - + ? - - + 20. Rabbits ..... . .. . . . .. ... - -+ +- - + +- - + - - - - - - + ? - - - - 21. Quail ... -- + - -++- - ------- ? 21.Quil. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .._+++__++__+____________ Running noose on trail for deer . ...... . + + ++ . + + - - + ? + - + - + Nets, long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + + + + _ + + _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + 24. Deer ...... .. . .. .. . .. . ..?. - - + +- - -+ +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25. Rabbits ..... . .. . . . .. . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + 26. Quail ..?.?...?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?... . - - + +- - +- - - - - - - - - - - 27. Ducks or geese .-... . . . . . . . . . . - _ - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - __ Pocket nets for small game .... . . . . . . . - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Woodpecker net trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - (+) ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - KMaze-entrance enclosure for ducks, roofed - - - - - - - - - - - - + Basket traps .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 32. For quail, long - - ----.. . - - + + - - + +- - - - - - + ? - 33. For woodpeckers, shorter ... . . ... - + + _+ + - + Deadfalls ...... . .. ... . +. . . . . + + +(+ / +(+ ++++++ + + + + + 35. Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 36. For big game .... .... . . . . . .. - - - - - + ? - - - - - - - - - - - - t37. For small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +++ + + (-) + -+ + + + ++ + ++ + + 38. Meat bait ..... . . . ... . . . - - --+ ? - - - - + + + + + + + + + 39. Acorn bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + (-v- (-)+ ++++ + ++ ?Ptfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ _ -+) _ _ +? ? _ _ _ _ _ - - - 41. Depth in feet .... . . . . . .... 6 - - - - 5?- - - - - - - - - - - - 42. With crossbars (covered over) . . . ... + - - + - - +? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - *43. Stake at bottom for impalement .. ... - - -+ - - +? - - - - - - - - - - - -?- - 44. Noose at bottom .... . . . . . . . . .. . - - - +- - +? - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - Booths and blinds .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 46. Bird snaring, noose on stick . . .... + + . +++ + ++ - +++ + -+ + + + - ++ + - 47. Game shooting .... . ..... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + ++++ + + + + + + 48. On tule balsa . . .+? ?-. ..... . . . .-. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Decoys and Disguises *49. Deer (antelope) head, sometimes including most of the hide ................ 50. Grass, tule, or brush worn .......... 51. For deer ................ *52. For rodents *53. Stuffed bird skin, floating *54. Living birds ................. *55. Auditory, leaf or grass, for deer *56. Whistle, mouth. 57. Vocal *58. 59. *60. 61. *64. 65. 66. 67. *68. Various Fire at night for birds . . . Sharp stick for rodents . . . Single-bone-barbed rodent hook Rodents smoked out ...... 62. Feather fan . 63. Basket fan ....... Rodents drowned out ..... Rat nests burned ....... Rat nests prodded with stick Grasshoppers caught in trench Caterpillars caught in trench *Animal Foods Not Used (+, avoided; -, eaten; o, not in 69. Dog .............. 70. Wolf .............. 71. Coyote ............. *72. Fox .............. *73. Bear .............. *74. Puma .............. 75. Wildcat ............ '76. Skunk ............. *77. Mole .............. 78. Eagle ............. *79. Prairie falcon ......... 80. Buzzard ............ *81. Raven ............. 82. Crow .............. 83. Great horned owl ........ *54. Road runner .......... 85. Magpie ............. *86. Rattlesnake 87. Nonpoisonous land snakes . 88. Water snakes .......... *59. "Lizards " 89a.Chuckwalla lizard *9o. Tortoise ............ l51. Frogs ............. *2. Yellow-jacket larvae. *3. Grasshoppers .......... *54. Angleworms . *5. Caterpillars (chrysalids ) . 96. Mussels ............ *97. 98. 99. 100. 101. area ) .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 'Hunting Observances Deer heart taboo to young . . Deer heart taboo to women only Fetuses taboo generally . . . Fetuses taboo to young only . Quail eggs taboo to young only I I I I it 111111 111111111 ~: I,.P4P- + ++ ++ + ++ + + + + + ____ ++++++ + + ++ + ++ + + + + + +(-) ++ + + + + + __+ ++ _+ +++ + + + + + ++ .+ ++.+ + +++ + -) - - -+ + - - - -+ + - - - _+ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + - - - + (+) + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (?2 + ++ (-) + + (-. ++ + + ( + ( ++ + +- + +1+ +- - - + + + + + + + - + ) _ - (-2 _ + + ? - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + - +-+ + + + + + _-+ + + + + ++ - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + (-) + + - + +- _ _ - (+) - + ++-++++ + ++++ + + ( -) -_ + + - ++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + - + + - + + - + + + i + +( 2-) + + + + ++ + + + + + + ( .' + + + 0 + 0 + + +) + + ++ - - - - - - + - - - + + + - - + + + + 0 0 + + +0+ 00) + (-) O O - + + + +_) (-) + + + + o 0 + ++ + + + 000 + + +0 62 I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA First kill taboo to youth ....... 103. To parents also ......... Hunter eats no breakfast day of hunt Eats no game on day killed. ISex intercourse taboo before hunt . . . Sex intercourse taboo before fishing . . Bath before hunting .......... Root incense before hunting Deer believed immortal ......... Group ceremony night before hunt .... 112. In sweat house .......... Group ceremony after hunt ....... Hunter gets front quarters ....... Hunter gets hind quarters ....... fHunter gets head ............ .Hunter gets no special part ...... Hunter must offer meat to every visitor 'Visitor must accept Eagle dQwn offered slain deer ..... 121. Offered on ground for luck . . . Fishing 'Yets. 123. Seine, dragged or circled . 124. Sacklike ............. 125. Flat ............... $[26. "Gill" net, set 127. Dip net on circular pole. 128. Small bag net, dived with . FAll willow "seine," dragged ppurtenances: 131. Stone sinker ........... 132. Perforated ......... 133. Grooved .......... 134. Bone sinker . . . . . . . . . . . 135. Net floats ............ Weir. Basketry f ish traps [38. Long type ............ 1L39. Conical, open at apex .... L40O. Double cone Stone pens or dams ........... Stick pens ............... 143. Maze entrance .......... Fishing scaffold ............ Covered booth for gigging ....... 'Fish driven and stranded. Harpoon (detachable point). 148. Double pointed (2 toggles) .... ^:L49. Foreshaft(s) lashed on ...... 151. Toggle of bone or horn ...... 152. Pitch used in toggle ....... Fish spear (fixed point) ........ 154. Double pointed .......... 155. Wood point (or all wood) ..... 156. Bone point ............ Fish spear, 1 of 2 points detachable . . S pearing (harpooning) from balsa . . 'ite stones on bottom . ....... Angling 161. Acute-angled hook ........ *162. With one barb ....... *163. Two barbs ......... 164. Cactus-spine barb ..... 165. Bone barb ......... 166. Bipointed straight bone ..... rd -- [A4 0 z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r P4 4- O O 4-)= O 1- U- rl e-- to ed U 2 \wUR >~~~~~~~~~~~~ >4 P^s P.SSp P-,= PP-, 00 No- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cccI~c-co + ++ +(- +__ + + + +(- +-)+ + + ++ + + +(- _-_+ + + + ++ +*- + _ + +- _ _ + + + _ _+ +1 +_ + -+ + + _ + +- _--+ + _ _+_+ +_ + -_ + + + -1+ + + + - - - - -+- + + - - - - - (+)(+)- + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + + + -++ + +-_ +_ + + _ (+) _ + _ -+ *- + + (+ + ++++ ++ + (+,()+ + + - - (+) - + + ++ +1+ ++ + + ++ ++ -+ -*+ -1- + + +1+ -1+ + + +- + +(-)+ + + + + ++ + +V+ + .+ + - - - - - - + +1- - + + + + + + + +-++ + + +-+ + + + +1+ -+ + - - - - -+ + (-2 + + + + + 4 ) ---_--- - - - - - - - - - - - - -(1-)- + + - .. . . . . + + _ _- -+ + _ _ + _ + --+ + --+ + --+ + - -++ + + + +- +-- ++ + + + + +_ ++ _+ -1_ + + + + - (+) -+, 1-- 1-- ++ ++ +- ++- ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + _ - *+*+ + + + - - ( ) (+)(+) (+)(+) - - +- - ++ ++ + + ++ ++ 1-- +1- 63 - -1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS A A i I t4 :: :: :: .l~lH $>_ OH jH g_ $:q ~H~ H ~H , Hn .Hi Z , , : - O , U; ) O i ,9 ,>HX m I PE!t I UU)SH I;; I CA I;CA AAl D Iv t 167. Fly of deer hair ......... *168. Hair string for trout ...... *169. Fish creel, spindle-shaped. 170. Winnowing-type basket for scooping fish *171. Catching with bare hands ........ *172. Shooting with bow . . . 173. Driving into natural "pen" only .... 174. Fire for night fishing ......... 175. Fish poisoning ............. *176. Turkey mullein (dove weeds) . . . *177. Soaproot. *178. Buckeyes. 179. Killing of fish ............ 180. Club, shaped. 181. Biting neck ........... 182. Breaking neck .......... 183. Natural stone or stick only . . . *184. Stick through gills .......... Gathering, Preparation, Storage 185. Crook for acorns or pine nuts ......... 186. Straight pole for same ............. [87. Fork-top pole for same ............. 188. Single pole with crosspiece .......... 189. Sapling for tree climbing ........... 190. Mainly men climb. [91. Acorns leached in sand basin .......... 192. Lined with grass, etc. .......... 193. Water heated ............... *94. Acorn "coffee" 195. Acorn bread *196. Baked on top of stone. 197. In earth oven or ashes .......... 198. Mixed with earth (clay) . . . ... . . *:99. Mush chilled in water .......... 200. Mesquite 201. Pods beaten off tree with sticks ..... 202. Women gather ............... 205. Pods stored in granary .......... 206. Pods stored in pit ............ t2O8. Ground in deep wooden mortar ....... 210. Pods ground, water added, juice extracted and drunk ................ i11. Yucca " cabbages" eaten. *212. Buckeye nuts eaten ............... *13. Cactus fruit eaten .... ........... . t14. Agave cutter of wood .............. 215. "Sunflower" seeds eaten ............ 216. Digging stick for roots ............ *217. Soaproot. 218. Fish poisoning .............. 219. Washing ................. 220. Medicine (emetic or purgative). 221. Root eaten. 222. Green shoots eaten ............ 223. Adhesive for coating baskets ....... 225. Mineral salt .................. 226. "Grass" burned for salt 227. Small mammals roasted whole .......... 228. Pounded before cooking .......... 229. Dried mammal meat (jerky) . . . ....... . 230. Pulverized or pounded jerky .......... 231. Dried fish ................... + + ++ _ - - + + - + + + + (- +-+ + +(-: _ + + + - + + - +- - +-+ + - - + + + - +-+ + + + +-+++_ - -+ _+ - _-+ + + + + + + ++ + ++++ + + + + + - _-+ + + + ++++ ++ +++ + - + ~+ - + ++++ + +4 -+ +- - - + + - + + + + + -4 -4 4 4 -4. -4. + - - + - + + -+ - - + + - + + - + + + + +++ -+ -+_ + _-_ + + + t + + -- + -+ - -+ -+ + ++ ++ ++ + + + + (-()+ + t+) + - -+ + + + +++ + _ + + + + + + - ++ + --_ - _ (+) - - _ - + -_ + + + *+ + + + + + -++ + + q + ++ - - ++- - _ . . . . . _ _-_+ + + -+ + + + + + + -+ - -- + + ++ + + + + + + + + + ++ + 1+ + + + +.+ + +++++ ++++ + ++++++ + + (-) ++ - + + + 64 l .I I l i .I I 4. + + + *+ + + 4- )-4_ _ .I + ,++ + + +) + + + + + _-_ 4- 4.+ 4. 4 t +4s t +4t -4t * +4t _+_+ _+_+ + + i+ _ + r + + I I _ . I I I - 1. I F A ; -y 4 I I I I I I I I -4 p 1+ I A 4 4 i 4 4 +4 -4 +4 -4 - - l 4- F F F - - i -- 4 ++ 4 i-+ + - - - - ------ + + + + + . 4 CTJLTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA . Dried fish pulverized ......... I Fish cooked, boned, squeezed into balls Ground bone boiled ........... Marrow extraction Earth oven ............... 237. Vegetable food .......... 238. Animal food ... 239. Leaves or grass to cover food . 240. Water sprinkled into .. .. .. . Stone boiling in baskets ........ Stone boiling in pots ......... a.Boiling, pots directly on fire ..... Blood cooked in paunch ......... Parching with coals in basket ..... Drying of food ............. 246. Sun ............... 247. Smoke .............. 248. On frame ............. 249. On string or pole ........ 250. On shrubs or rocks only ..... . Granaries (outdoors). *252. On platform ........... 253. On ground ............ 254. On bedrock or stone foundation.. t55. Vertical posts .......... 56. Roughly coiled . . . . . . . . . . E257. Thatched. 258. Roofed. . Semisubterranean storage bin ...... . Pit storage .............. Agriculture . Maize. ....... . Beansn. ....... . Yellow fall pumpkin . Watermelons ..... . Planter dibble . .. . Harvest stored in pits Pet s . Dogs kept t............ 268. Named ........... 269. Named after owner's totem 270. Talked to ......... 271. Buried ........... . Eagles kept in cages ....... . Prairie falcons kept in cages . . Game birds kept. ......... t275. Wings of game birds plucked . Small mammals kept ........ Wildcat kittens Bear cubs ............ Various Chewing gum ........... 280. Milkweed. 281. Pine pitch ......... Irrigation of wild-food crops . . Burning for better wild-food crops First-acorn rite ......... 285. Fall of year ........ 286. Same public gathering as for * . . . . . . . . . * . * . . . * . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * bear dance. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 0 e) 4-) OimW r- 2H r- to rd o r . j O O U X $ = O 2 <3 t S d CK3 Cd d 2 Cd p d O dE- -) PL- | C) H3:; :|R, A >!l >SE '' >^ >^ X|A ESPj E- 1 I I I I I liii]~PL , 0~ (Z. + + + + + + ++ + + -++ ++ ++ +++ + + +-++ ++++ + + + ++ + + -++ ++ - -+ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + - -+_ + - + + + + ++ + _-+ -+ + ++ ++ + + + - + + ++ - + + - _++ --_ + + + - ++++ + + + + + + -++ ++ -+ + + -++ -+ - .+ - -+ - + + -- - -+ _+ - - + _1 ? - - - - 1+ -_ - - + - _I- - + + + + + + - $ ++- + + + + + + + + + + ++- + + + + (+(+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? - - - - + + *+ + + + - - + + + - - + +1 - - - - - ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ _++ + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + * + ? + + + + + + + + (+2 + + ++ + - - ++ + + + _++ + + + + +++- -+ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++@ + + + + + + + -((+ - - -1+ + + + - - - + + + + + + + + + *+ + 65 :l i - - - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS H o 1= A V : m 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _4__ _ _ _ A_A__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l I I _a E--4 p, M E--. HOUSES General (a, b, c's denote house types: see Notes) Frame t287. Ground plan rectangular ......... t288. Elliptical or elongated ...... $289. Circular or nearly ............ T290. Single ridgepole ................ 29l. Number of posts supporting ridge ........ $92. Hip-roofed. t'293. Double lean-to (gabled) t94. Conical or domed ................ t*295. 4-pole foundation ............ T295a.Single center post ............ $296. Semisubterranean, depth in feet ........ t*296a.One side raised in summer ........ Covering t297. Thatch. t298. Tules .................. t299. Other plants (e.g., grasses) t*300. Pole binders ............... t*301. Mats (technique under weaving) ......... t302. Double mat wall ............. t303. Bark, slab, pole, conifer boughs ........ $304. Earth all over ................. Entrance $305. Projecting . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . $306. Flush tO7. Direction (N,S,E,W)S.E............ $308. Rectangular (looking into). T309. Converging toward top ............. - - a s s s aa - b b b - - c s s - a b b sbI c- a - a a s s b b a s b b 5- - s b b a s b s a )s . ' I ~a s ' b Iz b b S S a b ss -s bb c- 5 c a s bI a- 5s 4 2a c s - --s-- s b )s b .3 s s - - - a - 2s2s o o 2ao 0 s s - - -a - - - - s s b b b b 2s 2s 2s 2 s s s s s aa a - a 2 2s 3s 2s 2 2a2ao 2 s s s s s a a - - - - - a - a b b b b b - - c c - bbbb_ 3s 2s 2s 2s 2 - la - - - - lblb - - - lc - - - - a - - a b 2s2 a- b b*b b b b b b b b b b - b b b - - a - a--- - - c c 8 s s s - a - - b b b a s bb _ 2 3-b b- b b b b a- a a - - a - o o 2s o o 5s 2a2ao o 2ao - - s - - s - - - - - - a a -- a- s s - s s - b b b b b b - s -s - - 36s 2s,% 2s 3s a a - - a- - - b - b - - b - b - - b - b b b b b - a - - a - b- - s s sss s s s s s s b b b b b b sss -sss sS5s- SsSs- SbSb -- - - Sa Sa - - - - s s s s(-) --a - - - - - (s) b b -b s b C S. bc a b a s c a - s s8 , - - a D o 2s,2s o o o2a - s a s s -s - b bb c c-c c cc-c 3 s - s sc- I- c- s 2s3sg - - - -I 2c 2c2A - b bb - b bb - b bb - b bbl - b bb --a c c - s s 8a (s)(s)(, b b b (c)(c) - FsEs s s s c)(c) - lb ib lb -a- b b b- bbb- b b-b- b bb- - b-b - a- - -b-b -a- s sss - b --b - a-- s sss b bb- -s s s -Sb S- -c b -b b a b c s b b b b - a a - - - --c c- a a- a Ss Ss Sss Ss SbSbSb- - Sa Sa -- s s s s s b b b b b a aa - -- --c c- --a s s b b a- Es*Es - Et Na - - Ec s s - b - c b- a - I.. i I 1- - I. I 4 a s 41 e 11 - - I 3s I' I I E E c I I a c 2 a s b s b b b b b I 5 .I .1 9 9 It - I i I 66 1- E L I E 3 c k I E I I b b b b 9. a 5 9, 3 s I d 3) I 1" ( 11 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 0. In side of house ................ 1. In end of house ................ 2. Mat covering .................. 3. Bark, slab, pole, conifer boughs ........ 4. Hide covering ................. Fireplace i. Between center and door, sweat house a.In center or nearly, all dwellings . . On surface or shallow depression, all I '. Smokehole, sweat house ........ 'a.Smokehole, all dwellings. Sweat House Chief the nominal owner ....... Communally owned ........... Direct-fire heat ........... Feather fire fan ........... Sweat-house singing Sweating in sweat house for curing . . Sweating before hunting ....... Clubhouse for males 326. Gambl ing. 327. Slept in occasionally ..... 328. Women not allowed in ...... 329. Women sometimes sweat with men . 330. Women sometimes sweat separately . Assembly house for both sexes .... . Competitive sweat groups ....... 334. Moieties ............ . Sweating daily. . Messenger makes fire ......... Each sweater has wood ........ Two sweaters only have wood Dwellings Furnishings Loose grass on floor or bed Mats on floor or bed ......... Whole skins for bedding ....... Rabbitskin blankets for bedding Arrangement in Town houses * . . * . . Rows. 344. Single .................. 345. Double, street between. 346. North and south ............. 347. East and west .............. [ 48. Common shade ............... Circular. Communal Houses Two or more families. Families related ................ Separa.te entrances. Separate fires ................. IH -H ?4 A 9 rd r =' zmgdQ i I I I I I I I Ioi I I I I I I I I I s a b s s + + + + 5 - + + ss aa bb -a -c s- ss -a bb -a c- _ _ 5 +1 ss+ + + _+_ + + + + - + + + + ++ + - - + + + - - + + (+) + + ++ + + + (-) +)- -+ + + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - (b) - - - b Nb) - - a b - c - s - - a - s - s b b - a s + + + s s + + + + - s + + b b _ _1 5 +1 +) -++ + + .++ + + .++ ++ .++ + + - - ++* ++_ + + ++ ++ +* ++ + + - (+) - + - (a) - b - (+) - + - (+) - (+) - (?) - + - a-- _ + _ _ a- s - bb aa S --a- bbbb --a- - - -b sss + +++ + ++ + - --5S S +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ .+ + + - ) + + ++- ++ a a ++ + + + + + + + - + - + -+ - + - + - - - - - - - (+) + s- bb a- _ _ S S ++ + + + + + ++ ++- + + + + a- b- - c a b a + + + + + + + + t a b c s s + + + + s s + + + - b c - I 5 + + + + + + + - + + + + + - - -a - - b c c -- c I- - -_ ss aa cc ss 5 + + 5 + S + + + + + ++ + + ++ ++ *+ _+_ +*+ ++ + + + + a C 67 I - - - - - - - _ _ + _ _ _ _ + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 354. Separate allotment of space .......... 355. Partitions . . . . . . . . . . Various 356. Flat shade before house .. ......... 357. Windbreak before house ............ 358. Flat shade for summer dwelling .. 359. Circular brush enclosure, roofless, for summer dwelling. 360. Conical or domed summer brush or bark house. Dog House 361. Made for dogs ................. 362. Domed, grass-covered ............. 363. Semisubterranean, earth-covered ........ 364. Circular ground plan ............. NAVIGATION t385. Balsa ..................... 386. Prow curved up ............. 387. Lashed together ............. 388. Maximum number of passengers ...... 389. Wog raft ................... *39O. Ferriage in baskets .............. 391. Paddles and poles ............... *392. Single-blade 1-piece "paddle" .. . 393. Poling rod ............... *394. Single log across stream as bridge ...... SWIMMING *395. *396. *397. *398. 399. Pseudo breast stroke Side stroke ............... Dog fashion ............... Double overhand ............. On back, frog stroke .......... TOOLS, UTENSILS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES Grinding 400. Bedrock mortar . . . . . . . . .. 401. Made by coyote or puma . . . 402. Made by humans ....... 403. Portable stone food-mortar .. *404. Made by coyote or puma . 405. Made by humans ....... *406. Outside natural. * 407. Outside ground 408. Small stone mortar for tobacco, etc. 409. Wood mortar ............ *410. Deep 411. Shallow ........... * 412. Sunk in ground ....... 413. Iopper basket ........... *414. Made for the purpose, coiled 415. Other basket types adapted 416. Stuck on with asphalt .. 417. Stuck on with pitch. 418. Stone pestle 0 0 0C1 ' A 0P; cod;P AA Ad A;A J. A4)C I I~~ 1 018 I~~00-4-'0~~~4 ~~r-1~~O ~Zr P-4U2kdP, ? ?(+)- - - - - _. + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + _- + _ _ _ _ _+ + + + _ __ + _ + _ * + ?++++ +++ * + ++ *.+ ++ *+ - - - - + + + + - -+ + _ + + + - -+ + + - + + - + -+ +-+ + - + + + + + + _ + *.+ _-+ *.+ -^2 * 2 - + ( -) - +* + _-+ *.+ ++ + + + + + + + + -++ +_ - + + + - + + + _ + + _-+ + + _-+ -++ + + + + + -_+ + + + - _- + 532 + + + + + + + + + + _ + + ++ + _+ - *+ + + _-+ + + + ++ + + -+ + + + -- - + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + *+ +++ + v *+ 4 + 4 + 4 + t +4t - + - + + _+ - + - - + _+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + -++ + -+ + -+ + ++ + + t + t + t + + + t - - - + - + . - - * + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 68 I j f f q ? a F r CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA *419. Natural, unshaped. *420. Cylindrical ............ 421. Tapering ............. 422. Long, slender, for deep wood mortar . Metates or grinding slabs ........ *424. Natural shape of rock ....... *425. Squared .............. 426. Used on one side only ....... 427. Used on both sides ........ . ullers ...... 429. Oval or natural. 430. Squared .............. 431. Back and forth motion. 432. Round or elliptical motion . Brushes . Soaproot ................ 434. Hair ............... 435. Mealing .............. Pine burr for hair ........... Porcupine tail for hair ......... Stirrers and Stone Lifters Paddle ................. Looped-stick food stirrer. 440. For lifting stones out of basket Two sticks to lift stones out of fire Spoons Shell, natural ............. Rabbit or squirrel foot swab ...... Receptacles Wood Wood platter for meat. Bark platter for meat .......... Wood bowls ............... Steatite Shallow dishes ............. 'Handled" shallow dish ......... Open cooking vessel. 450. Flat bottom ............ 451. Rounded bottom .......... 452. Placed directly over fire ..... Knives Flintt. 454. Horn handle. 455. Wood handle . 456. Buckskin-wrapped ......... 457. For butchering Cane for butchering. Shell .................. Awls and Needles , Bone awl .......... 461. Deer cannon ...... 462. Deer ulna ....... - _-+ + - -++ + + + + + + + + + ++- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + ++ + (_ +__ -+ (-)- + -+ - + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + (-)+ rd P4 4 d =9 A r gdUd U) rd P- p:;;:;:01 ACAO;J P%o w AA:~ A p4 0 E++++++4 P- P I I :iP4P4 L + + +(-)+++ ()-()+ + + + --. + + +_++++ + ++-++++ + ++-++++ _ - (_) - ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + *, + + + + +_ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + - (-) + - (-) + - (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (-) + (-) + (-) + + - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -(- (+)--- - +- * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( - J ()+ + + + ++ + + - - - ++ - ++++++++*++ + + + - + +-+ + + - + - + *+ + + + + + + + + + +-+ + - + - + + + + + + + + + + -I + + + + + + + + + + + + (-)(-) + (-J 69 - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 463. Cactus-spine awl .............. *464. Awl handles wrapped (buckskin or cord) . . . 465. Awl handles covered with asphalt ...... 466. AwUl handles covered with pine pitch. 467. Needles (with eye) . 468. Bone ................. 469. Wood ................. Drilling 470. With bone awl in fingers .......... 471. With tiny flint held in fingers with buckskin *472. Composite drill, shaft and point 473. Stone point. 474. Bone point 475. Rotated with both hands opposed .... 476. Rotated between hand and thigh .... "Vise" for drilling 478. One hand ............... 479. Knees ................. 480. Toes . ....... .. . .... *482. Perforated (adoughnut) stone Maul s 483. Natural cobble ....... 484. Wooden club for pounding . . 485. Shaped ........ Flint Flaking *486. Retouching by pressure . 487. Antler flaker ..... 489. Retouching by percussion Fire Making *490. Drill, hand rotated 491. 1-piece ........ * 492. Composite ....... 494. Percussion 495. Slow match ......... Skin Dressing 496. Ashes to aid in dehairing . . 497. Flesher of bone (usually deer) *498. Rib .......... 499. Scapula ........ 5O00. Ulna ......... 501. Brains applied to hide . . . 502. Blunt rubbing post ..... 503. Rubbing with stone or stick 504. Skin smoked or "roasted" 505. Dressing done by men 506. By women ....... WEAPONS Bows 507. Self bow .......... *508. Sinew-backed ........ 509. Made locally 510. Ends recurved. 511. Of juniper ...... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ + -9 o 4J 1o *o 4 -0 0 ;j cd ri cd Cs ,z _d ;J cd o e X E- =: :: CD CD Z1H E : Sd-l g> PL, 1 1 a U *+ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I + + )- + _-_ ( ) ) - - . + -_ + _- _ + _-_ +* + + + + + + + + _()+()_+ - + + + ++ ++ _+_ + + ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + - + +-+ +$ + + + + + + + + + + + _ + _+ + ++ + + + _ - (+) + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ (-) _+ + + (+) + (+) + + ++ + + *+ + + *+ + + *+ + + *. + + + *+ + + *+ + + (-) + S (-) + _++ + + + + + (-) + + + *++ + + + + - + 1 + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + +I t + + + + ++ t+ + +++ + + + + ++_ _++ + + + + + + _+_ + + _* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + (_ +_ (-+ ++ + -++ + + + __+ _++ + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + 70 I _4 t+ ++t + + + ++t * + t ++t + (+) ++_ + t, + +t + t~ +$ + t~ I (_, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -?+): I + .(-)+ - - - '+ +*+ + + + + + + ,7--) - - - ?(7) + . (-) + . . . + . + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + '7) + + (-) + + + + + + + + CULTURE ELEbI. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA Ir. ri 4 -) -1A *o - 1=i 'C ,9 rD ,--l 1 ,D1 014^ o 1 0 C) .)C) 41 :d : -1 Z C I-:' c c L I EkH- '-q UW== E ? m Ed fk : C/ Uz4 F-- m I A A ; I I; I 'I I I I I I , I I I I I I I I I _ _ _ _ _ _ II_ _ _ _ _ _I_ 1 512. Of oak .............. 14. Bow string of sinew ........... 515. Vegetable fiber. 516. For self bow only ...... * t7. Number of ply .. ......... 'osition when shooting tl8. Arrow on right side of bow .... 519. Horizontal or nearly, left palm up 520. Slanting, 30-60 degrees, palm up 521. Vertical, or nearly ........ 22. Bow unstrung when not in use ...... 23. Wood from special side of tree (N,S,E,W) 24. Wristguard on left arm ......... Arrows 25. Single shaft, no head ......... 526. For small game, including birds 527. For fish ............ 28. No foreshaft, but head ........ 29. Foreshafted, no other head ...... 30. Foreshafted, stone or bone head . 31. Of cane, hardwood foreshaft ...... 33. Ring-pointed (wrapped) arrow for water 34. Bird arrow with cross sticks 35. Harpoon arrow, bone point, for fish 36. Barbed small game arrow ........ 37. Two wooden points, for birds I* . . . I . . . . Arrowheads 38. Stone .......... ....... *539. Side multiple notched. t540. Base double notched. *541. Side notched, concave base . . . *542. Concave base, side not notched 543. Laurel leaf .... [4. Bone .......... 15. Horn ..... ............ Feathering [6. Radial ................ 547. 2 feathers *548. 3 feathers ........... 549. 4 feathers ........... *550. Spiral 52. Asphalt adhesive ........... 53. Gum or pitch adhesive ......... 54. Horn or hoof adhesive. Poisoning 55. Arrow poison ............. 556. Blood .............. 557. Liver or gall .......... 558. Rattlesnake poison ....... 559. Mineral ............. 560. Ashes. 'Arrow Straightening and Smoothing 3. 1-piece, grooved, stone ........ 564. 1 groove ............ 565. Multiple grooved 566. Transverse grooved ....... 2 2 + + - + +_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + 2 2 _++ + + 2 2 + + - -+ +_ + + ++ + + (-) + + + (-) + ++ + - + + .(, +3+ + 3.@ + + + + + -+ 3 2+2+ 2+ + +-+ +-++ - - + + + + + ++ + + + *(-)(-)(-)(-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? ? - - -?+ + - + - + _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + ( ) . . . . . + + + ++ + - - - +-+ + _-+ + + + + + + + -+ + + - + + + + + 2 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + () + () () -) + + 2+ + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + 3 + 3 ++_ 2 3 + + + + +-+ + + ++ ++ + + (+) - + + ++ _++ + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + *+ 3 3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ + + *+*+ ++ + + ++ + + + + + ?++++ + ++ +++ ++ + +h+ + +++ + +++ + + +4 + ++ + + + + +1+ + 1+1+ + + + + - - - ++ + 2 22 + + ++ ++ 71 ANTIHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS *57l. *572. *73. 567. Oval shape .. *568. More or less rectangula'r . . *569. Of steatite ......... *570. Incised design for pyrography 1-piece, perforated. 2-piece, single groove in each Abrasive stone (e.g., pumice) Scouring rush ........... Arrow Release '576. Primary . ... . . 577. Secondary or Tertiary 578. Mongolian. 579. Mediterranean ...... Quivers *580. Cased hide ....... *581. Woven tule, twined . . . 582. Carried on back ..... *583. Carried at side under arm 584. 585. 586. 587. 588. *589. 590. 591. 592. 593. Spears Stone point ........... Wooden point only. For war ............. For large game (especially bear). Thrust mainly .......... Slings Sling used For hunting birds ........ For hunting mammals ....... For war ............. As toy only ........... Clubs *594. Simple, other than rabbit club . 596. For war ............ 597. For game 598. Straight rabbit club ........ Bolas *599. Bolas used ............. 600. Deer and large game ......... 601. Rabbits and small game ....... *BODY AND DRESS (M, male; F, female; +, present for both; -, absent for both) *5itting Postures 1602. Cross-legged (Turkish) ..... T602a.One leg flexed inward, other extended $602b.One leg flexed inward, other knee up 1602c.Both legs flexed, feet same side . . 1602d.Knees drawn up, clasped ....... t602e.Both legs extended in front. t602f. Feet crossed ........ t602g.Feet sat on ............. I Iri A A 9 rcH rce cr 0 Eo- o 0 0 == o d A! p d Cd Cd e CO 4- Cd o d I1I 1I 1I1I I I I ~ I I 111111 I~ I I I I ":4 ' - : D : ~ SH a; E~>q o * >^ ~ X ~ m 4 Eq P1 0 u Ha i;; FA; iS A AA A It 1 * + _-_ (-) + + + + + + + _ + + _ + + + + + + _-+ + _-+ + + +-+ + + + _ + _ _ + _ _ + _ _ + _ ( ) + + + - - (+) _ _ + + - - - - --+ - - - - +-- F- VI VI VI +F+ F F F F F M M M F + M F M M + + I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -(+) + + + + + + +I + _ _ t+)*+ - - -+ - - - - - - + + +*+ t++ + + +_ + + + ++ + + +t+)+ - +1+ - + . * s +? + +? F + + ++ + + F+ - M F + + + F + + M- + ~+- F + F M -+ + M . + __-+ M . _ _ - + M + F -+ - MMM- M . + __ + M . + __-+ M I ~~~F + - + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + -++ + - +- - -_ - _ -_ - + + + + + + +++ - -++ - M M 72 CULTURE ELEMI. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA $602h. Toes in, ankles crossed - 602i. Toes in, not crossed 2j.Kneeling, buttocks on heels )2i.Squatting. 021.On one knee, buttock on heel, ot Hair Length )3. Long, past shoulders . )4. Bobbed, children only ..... X5. Bangs on forehead ....... 6. Singed off .......... Beard 7. Allowed to grow ....... )8. Plucked ......... t609. With fingernails . . t610. Stone flake opposed to t61l. Tweezers of shell t612. Tweezers of split cane Eyebrows L3. Depilation of eyebrows Coiffure 14. Parted in middle ....... 4a.Part painted red . . . 5. One tie at back of neck . 6. Knotted (done up) in back or on 17. Braided ............ 618. 1 down back. ...... f619. 2 down back .... 1620. 2 in front of shoulders Various 1. Mud or clay applied to head 2. Nettle roots to wash head . 3. Hair greased with animal fat * * * * . . *. . * . . .* . . . . . . . . . . her kne.e up. . * . . . . . . . . . fingernail or wood . . . . * a top * * . * * @ . . . . of head * . .* Mutilations 4. Ear lobe bored ................ 5. Nasal septum bored .............. 6. Intentional head defortnation or shaping .... 627. Frontooccipital flattening. 628. Shaping toward "normal ... . . . . . . . . 9.; Tattooing . .......... . 1630. Chin, vertical lines .......... 1631. Cheeks, horizontal or radiating across 1632. Forehead, vertical lines. 1633. Arms .................. T634. Legs. $635. Chest Powder 6. Powdered steatite to prevent chafing Clothing Headgear 7. Basketry cap (technique under Basketry) .... t638. For carrying only ........... ~~ 1111 I I 111,1~~~~~~~~~~)I -H _____ c .-A c EH m-1 4 n -S H 14 r -44) k I1 O- F A; ) s SA ;; ;:5 r- 1: r : A00 Ii M + + M N +F+ F F + + N N M Ivr NS2 M M F +F+ F F + + M M k M - M - M M N M - M MI M - - - - M - - - - M F+ + M+ + F -+ F -+ + + _+_ + + +* --_+ + + - _ + ?+ + + + + F + + F+ ++ + + + + F - + + +F+ + F +F + F + F + + + F + - F + I' - Mi N + F + + + + F F + +1 NlIv -M - M - - - I I - - M - - ++ --++ ++ --++ M+M + _ _+ + ++ + _-+ + - _-+ _-+ + + + + + F+ F + F F - -+(+-+ -- + F + M + F - - + F -- + + F - b! + + F F F + F yv + - + + + li Ni M I, N , ++ (+) * N+ M N N - + + + _ NF F + + + li *F + N N1 F . l,i lI F +I F F F + I , IN + + + + F F +M+ N N F I I IMM N Iv 1v - I - - - l - ki I - - 19, ti ih - - -I- -I- - - -_ + + + + + + M- + + + + F + M - +F+ F F - - - - F - N+) F F - (F) F - - (F) - - - (+) - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - F + + _-+ F F F F F F F F(- F F F F F F F F F F F F F F(- F F F F F F + + + + + + + + F + F F F F F F F F F (-) +p + F F1 (-) F _ _$ + F 1! IV-,r + F F + + (-) FF - - - F F+ F -+ l N + F F F F F F F (-)(-) F F F 73 + + F F + + + + *F - + + F F - F F 'F + + + + F F - _ *+*+ + + + + + F Mi F t] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I* 74 ANTHROPOLOGICAL 1639. Cap of animal fur (e.g., raccoon or fox).... 1640. Cap of buckskin ................. Robes and Capes (over shoulders) $641. Hide, hair on. T*642. Wildcat skins ............. 643. Puma .................. 1644. Bear .................. 645. Mt. sheep 646. Deer ... 647. Buckskin (dehaired) 648. Painted 649. Warps of bird skin, woven ........... *650. Woven rabbitskin blankets. 1652. Mats of whole tules .............. 1653. Woven inner bark (e.g., willow). .... Shirts and Gowns 1654. Buckskin shirt ................ t655. Buckskin gown ................. Loin Covering t656. Breechclout, between legs ........... 1657. Buckskin or fur ............ 1659. Shredded vegetable fiber ........ 660. Tule leaves, grass, etc. 1661. Woven rabbitskins ........... 662. Woven bird skins ............ 1663. Ends form apron ............ r664. Front apron. 1665. Buckskin ................ 1666. Fringed ............. 1667. Tule leaves, grass, etc. T:668. Shredded vegetable fiber ........ 1669. Woven rabbitskins 670. Woven bird skins ............ t671. Worn alone ............... 1672. Worn with back apron .......... 673. Back apron .................. 674. Buckskin ................ 675. Fringed ............. 676. Tule leaves, grass, etc. 677. Shredded vegetable fiber ........ 678. Woven rabbitskins ........... 679. Woven bird skins ............ 1:681. 1-piece "skirt . 1682. Tule leaves, grass, etc. 1683. Shredded vegetable fiber ........ 1684. Buckskin ................ 1685. Skin, hair on Hands and Arms t686. Muff t687. Of cased fur .............. t688. Of bird skins ............. ' ootgear r690. Low buckskin moccasin ............. 1691. Separate sole ............. L RECORDS CULTURE ELEIi. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 2. High buckskin moccasin, separate sole . . 3. Tule "moccasin ". 4. Yucca-fiber sandal ........... 5. Milkwveed-f iber sandal. S. Leather (hide) sandal .......... 7. Buckskin moccasins made by women .... B. Buckskin moccasins made by men ..... D. Snowshoes. *700. Circular type .......... 701. Lashings of thongs ........ 702. Lashings of vegetable fiber string 703. Lashings of withes ........ 704. "Handled" type. 5. Fur (e.g., bear) moccasin or snowshoe Adornment and Ceremonial Dress *Feather Regalia S. Eagle-down rope crown .......... 7. Down-feather strings or ropes ...... 708. In hair or to tie hair ...... 1709. Around arms ........... t710. Around legs ........... t711. Around neck ........... t712. Held in hands .......... B. Eagle-down rope skirt .......... 4. Yokuts djux . t714a. Erect feathers eagle. t715. Erect feathers magpie . ..... t716. Erect feathers road runner . t717. Base feathers crow ........ B. Feather garment on net foundationl .... t719. Short type ............ tt720. Full length, neck to ankles . . . 1. Yellowhammer (flicker) quill band . t:l722. Feather tips at intervals .... *723. Feathers solid, edge trimmed 1t24. Feathers solid, untrimmed . 1725. Worn across forehead ....... t726. Worn down back .......... 1727. Worn as belt ........... 1728. Worn as bandolier ........ $729. Worn as arm bands ........ Mallard-drake green belt ........ 1.Woodpecker scalps on band ........ 1732. Belt ............... 1733. Headband ........ .. . 1734. Glued on buckskin 1735. Sewed on woven vegetable fiber. 1736. Number of rows .......... Feather forks and darts ......... t738. Yellowhammer-quill attachment . . 3a.Hand-held bunches of feathers . .... Fur Regalia Mi stela (weasel, mink) fur F740. Worn on head or neck 1741. Worn on arms ..... t742. Worn on legs ..... *Ear Ornaments Wooden ear stick 1744. Painted 1I - F F - + +++ + - -+ + - - - + + - - - + + - + + ++ + +i + M: Mv + --' I , re gL@ ,9 1 2 *o = w = 2 X : 2 H A: , _ = c, Ic d P- o o 9 cd Kl 4 0 0 J 2 5 d : 0 54) ' 0 r E-- = ?3 r:T e3 u zD R4 ; E- cD Y3 s- sH P- m E-- R4 C: cn R4 " - I __ >~i >~ 12 ~>i S H i sH sH F> iS S4 s D PL P- P-q o o _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ + + N: +- -- + + + + + + . . _ _ - Mi - M - M mJ Ni I 14 Is m M N IY M - - - - - - - - - - --+ - - - - - - - - - - (-, _ _ + _ _ - + + - - + + - N: MN + -) K-) + + + +- + + M 1I N: M II N: Ivil M M N: M N: M: M: N M M (-)0 v ((-)-) + MN M M IV, - M M: M: N1: M N: MN M - M - - (-)(-) Ivi (-)(-)(-) (-)(-1(-) (-) (-)-(-1I M (-) MMI' V IM Ml N: Y iv 1: V N IJ iI I MI,I IvN MI N: li ' MNM MM : N: NM MM N N MI M I N MI M Mv - - - - M V ' m ,i N: I - N: N:N (-) M M M - MN: - MMM: - N:M- - MN:- M+ + + - M + + -+_ M M+ + -1 + + 11 0 M, M - N:+:- M M M N M + - M - - N N N: lv M Y MN: M N: Ivi M: + -+ - _+ + _+ _N: + + + _ _-+ _ - + + + - ++M + +++_ 11 1 0 -M-- N: + N: + N: Ill + + 0 _ M N: N: N: lv lvi M: M - lv - - - - -N: - - 00 *00 + ++ + + M M M - M NM M M Yi Yi MN: + N:, N: M- M, MN N - MN: N:- + Vi - N + M - M M M MN- M M MN- - Yi 3 2 M - M - m - F F + + F + F + + + + (-)(-)+ + . . . . . . . . . - - + + F - - - - - - - - - _ -- (-i MN IV" 'lv l 1v M _i 0 M M + - - M liv lvi + N:- + N: N: + N:- + M MN 0 0 + + 1 M N: M M - N _ Yi - lvI MN: _ _ _ - M - N - M M M - N:- 1i - 1 0 + + M M M M M N: M N: F + +I+ (-) 1+1- - Ml- - 75 MY - *m _ _ +l MM 76 ANITHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1-l rC e4 4- 1S 'r 4A |A g . r. I r-, 51: la { ,: A ?I cord A, dP004-d r o o 04-10 cdc C JCd4- C & c3 -) Z d I , E-- C) :>^- P. m: E- Z CO) I R rm 1 I I q I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1745. Feather ornamented stick or tube . . .. . . . F F + + F +*F I+ + + + - - + +-M 746. Bead ornamented stick or tube .-. . . . . . . . - - + + - - + + - + + ?+ - - 747. Bone ear tube, hollow . .... . .. . .. .. - - + + - - + - + + + - - - + + 1:748. Shell cylinder. F - ++-+M++ + F -F t:749. Haliotis pendants . . . . . . . . . F-FF -F+F - - - - - MF 1:t750. Cane or cane pipe .M........ M ++ + +M'++ MM+ +M -+ +1 1751. Feathers alone in ears ......... F M + + '1 + + _ + + +++ - + ++ + _ - _ + Nose Ornaments 1752. Shell cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-) + + F + M + + + F F F F + F F -F F FF 1753. Bone. F F - -- -F - - +(-) ? __ __ _ - F FF 1754. Hollow (bird). F F - - - - F - - + (-) - - - - - F F 1755. Solid, bipointed (mammal).F. - F t756. Cane or cane pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ 1757. Wood . . . . . . * - - - - - - M -_+ F 1758. Feather alone .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F Beads t759. Shell beads, strung . ... . . .. .... .. + + + + F + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + 1:760. Inhair or to tie hair. ........F F+.+.-.. .- t761. Small strings in ears. . . .... - F F F F F F - F F - F F F - -F 1761a.Necklace ... . . ... . ..... . .. F F + + F + + + + + ++ + + + + + +++ + + 1762. Belt.. .... . + + + + F + + + + M M F + - F ?F F Claws and Hoofs T764. Claws around neck. . . ... . - M M M - - M M + -)(-)M M - - M - -(-)(- Mu T765. Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - M M M - - M M + --M M - - M - - - _ _ M 1766. Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - M M M - - M M + - - - - - - mm 1767. Deer-hoof necklace .-.- -M. . .+.F . . . . - - - - - - - M _ p 'taint 769. Red spruce fungus. .. . ... . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 770. Red mineral, from ground ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +t 771. Red mineral, scum off pools ... . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 772. Blue mineral .+. . . ..... ..... ... . .-. .-. - - - - - - - - - + 773. White mineral .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + ++ 774. Yellow mineral .. . . . . ....................+ + ? + -- + + - - - + + + ++ 775. Black mineral .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + * + + - + + + + - + + 776. Charcoal for black .... . . . . . . ... . + + + + + + ++++++ + + + + + _ - + _ - 777. Ashes for gray or white . . . . . . . . . . . . ()(-) + () + - + 778. Grease mixed with pigments .+ ? . . . . . . . + + ++ + t1 779. Applied to face.+++++++++++++++++++ ++ + ++ 780. Applied to body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + (-)+ + + + + + + + + *781. According to inherited totem and/or guardian spirit ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 782. Applied by fingers .+.+.+.+. . . . . . . . . . + + + +++ + ++++ + + + + ++ 783. Applied by stick . . . . .........+.+. . . . . +-+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + (-)(-)+t 784. Grease on face .... . ....... . . . . - + + - - - + - + - + + + + + + + 785. Applied as paint base ...... . . . - - - - - - - - - _ + + _ + + + ++ 786. Applied alone as cosmetic .-.. . . . . + + - _ - + - + ????? +----- Various t787. Wood hairpins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ++ - - + + , M + + + *788. Bone hairpins ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + +_- 789. Bird, hollow .?.-.-.?.?.-. . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 790. Mammal, solid .+.?.?.?.-.-. . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _-- t*791. Head net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M M M M M 'M M M M My M M M M - M -_ t792. Down filled .... . . . . . . . . . . - - M M - M M - - M M - M-- _ t*793. Headdress of human hair .... . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - _ - M t794. Flowers in.hair or ear .... . . . . . . . . F F F F - F F F F F F - F - - F - ? F- 794a.Haliotis pendants .+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.?.+.+.. . + + + ++++ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r P-t 4-> -SO$ =9 10 2 r H co rd L- #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C rciA A' O - w sA;A Cd d oX d C o4-)C EI I T 9:C CD 2I E- IC 1 1>11 1 1 1 1 I P I- t I, ) I4 -I ~~794b.As charm against rattlesnake .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t-4' P- P1 0 794b.As charm against rattlesnake . .. .. . *?94c. Banjo-shaped. *CARRYING G. Pack strap, woven ............... 796. Twined ................. 797. Checker 798. Sewn .................. 799. 2-ply warp ............... . Pack strap, braided, 3-ply .......... L. Pack strap, twisted (rope) . ......... La.Pack strap, vegetable fiber .......... . Pack strap, buckskin ............. 3 Women wore pack strap across head ....... Men across shoulder chest .......... ;. Large back net, "hammock" type ........ .Cased skin bag (not quiver) .......... 809. Deer skin ............... .Head carrying, by women ............ 811. Grass, tule, bark, etc., ring F 12. Liquids mainly ............. . Litter for dead, ladder-like ......... 'BASKETRY Technique *Co iling . Clockwise (when looking into basket) . Counterclockwise ............... . To left of worker ............... . To right of worker . Awl enters inside of basket. . Awl enters outside of basket ......... . Bundle (Epicampes grass) foundation. . 3-rod triangular foundation .......... . Bottom (start) coiled ............. Twining . Counterclockwise (when looking into basket) . To right of worker .............. . Upward lean of outer weft, basket upright . . . . Plain, 2-strand ................ 827. Closework 828. Openwork ................ Diagonal, 2-strand .............. 830. Closework 831. Openwork. Ty-pes and Uses 6 Cat. Coiled. 834. Diagonal twine ..... E. Seed beater. *36. Oval or triangular . . . 838. Plain twine ...... *39. Parallel warp *4O. Hoop and sticks, unwoven - - - - - + -- + + _+_ + + + + + + + + _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ? + _++ + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + + + +?+ +~ ~ + ++ + ++ +++_ + + + +* * + (+ + * + - ++ ++ - + + + + ++ ++ +l+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ _+_ ++ + + ++ + + ++ ++ _+_ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + ? + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-+ + ++2_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + + + + ? + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + *++ + + + + + + _+_ + + + + ++t + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + _++ ++2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _*+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + +- + + + + + + + + +$ + + _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + Y)(+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + + + + + + ++ + *+* + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + +( + + ++ ++ 77 + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + I _ + ( _ (- _ _ _ + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS *841. Oval or triangular winnowing tray . . 842. Diagonally twined, cloaework . 846. Plain twined, openwork . 3848. Round flat tray ........... 849. Coiled 851. For "sifting" 852. For dice ........... 853. Boiling baskets ........... 854. Plain twined ......... *355. Diagonal twined ....... 856. Coiled. *858. Necked (small mouthed) water bottle 859. Pitched 860. Soaprooted. *861. Small, flat-bottomed. *862. Small, round-bottomed . '363. Large, pointed-bottomed . . . 364. Plain twined ......... 865. Diagonal twined ....... *866. Basket hopper, coiled ........ *867. "Tulare bottleneck," shouldered . 868. Coiled. 869. Diagonal twined. 872. Feathers at shoulder ..... '873. B den basket. 874. True conical, pointed bottom *875. Curved conical, rounded bottom 876. Plain twined, openwork . ... 877. Diagonal twined ....... 878. Openwork. 879. Closework *880. Bottom covered ........ 881. Coated with soaproot ..... *882. Berrying basket ........... 883. Plain twined ......... Mis cellaneous 885. Small globular basket . ... 886. Geometric designs ...... 887. Banded woven ornament .. 888. 3-colors (2 in pattern).. 889. Patterns painted on *890. Twined tule bags ....... Plants 890a. "Tule" leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . 890b.Bunch grass (Epicampes rigens) . 890c.Red bud (Cercis occidentalis) .. 890d. Bark . 890e.Whole stem. 890f.Willow (Salix).i.......... 890g.Whole stem. 890h. Split stem . 890i.Root. 890j.Bark. 890k. Fern roots 8901 Yucca roots. WEAVING AND NETTING '891. Rabbitskin blankets ........ 892. Warp 1-ply, of skin '.... 893. String twisted in warp 894. Warp 2-ply, of skin .... iO gdAO ffi A d d W W 6: d 4- X > 0 Q; I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ +++++ + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + +++++ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + +*+ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -++ - (+)_ - - + _ + + + + (-' + + + + 2 - - - 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + ( + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (+)(+)(+) (+) I/, (-)- (-) + + ++++ +*++ + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + + + (-)+ + + + _-(+) + - + + - + +- - - + (+) - + ++ ++*++++ ++ ++++(- + + ++ + + -++ + + + + -++-+ ? -+ (+) + -+ + + + +-+-) + ~+_ + + - +(+) + ++ (-2 + ++ ++ + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + + + ()+ (+ + + ++ _ +_(-)+ + + - - - - - + + - + + + +++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ _++ _++ _++ + + + + _++ + + + + + + + + _++ + + ++ + + + _ - + * (+) * + + +I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - ++ + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _. _ . + t +4t + t + t +4t + t + t +4t ++t +-+ + t t++ + + ++ ++ + + 78 t t t t - - - t t t - .. V : i i I - I 1+ + + 1+ t '~ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHMERN SIERRA NEVADA 79 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r se 4--) SH$G I -H A A H Ms rd rH o o~ o 0 Pi CAA o 0 05 o I X X w w cd 4- cd o 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I I I I 895. Wefts of skin . . 896. Wefts of string ....... *97. Stick to twist skins. 898. Perforated 899. Split 900. Hooked or notched . . . 901. Hand only to twist skins . . . 902. Frame horizontal ....... 903. Frame vertical. 906. Checker weaving 907. Twined ............ *98. Sewed ............ 909. Made by men ......... 910. Made by women ........ 11. Bird-skin blankets made same way . . 12. Blankets of shredded vegetable fiber 13. Mats of tule, whole stems ...... t14. Twined. 915. Sewn, whole stems pierced CRADLES 16. Lying type 17i. Y-frame t18. Soft tule bed on frame . t19. Soft tule bed, separate 920. Basketry, double warps .... *20a.Basketry, vertical warps . . . 21. Hood ................ 922. Basketry. 923. Twined .. 924. Parallel warp. S25. Vertical warp *26. Hoop or frame ........ 927. Pendants. 28. Lashing, buckskin .......... 929. Vegetable fiber 930. Woven ..... .... M1. Cradle strap across mother's breast 2. Cradle strap across mother's forehead 63. Sex of child indicated ....... 934. By hood design. 935. By bed design 05a.Buckskin covering .......... CORDAGE 6. Milkweed (Asclepias) 7. Reed (Phragmites) .) 8. Number of ply, 2 . ... a.Number of ply, 3 . . .Rolled on thigh, by hand 0. Stick for twisting . . . 941. Perforated . . 942. Notched ..... 3Made by men ....... .Made by women ...... .Braided rope ...... .Ropes or withes of grapev: 7. Coated ......... 948. Asphalt 949. Pitch * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . * * . . . . . * . . ine, willo,w , * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . * . . * . . *e*c. * . . - - - - - + ++++ -++ - ++ + +- - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + ++ + - + ++ - _-+ - + + + + + + + + ++- + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++- + + ++- + + + - - + + - - + + + + - (+) - _-+ + + ++_ + + ++_ + + + + + + + + + + + +-+ + + -+ +_ + -+ - -+ + + - 4--- - + + +++ - - + + - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - *+ - ++++++ ++ (+) + + + + ++_ ++ _++ + + + + ++ _+_ + + +++ +++ *+ + (-)t--) + + + + + + + + + + + ++- + + + + + + + + + +* + + + + + + (+ + + - + + + - - - - - - + _++ + + + + + + + + + + *+*+ + + + + ++ + +++ ++ *++ + ( +(+ ++ + + _++ ++ + b+ + - * + + (-) + )+ + (-)X-)(-.1 + + - + -+ +-++ + + ++- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - T. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 'POTTERY 949a. Informant has seen it made 949b. Informant has made it . . . 949c. Sex of informant Manufacture *950. Coiled 951. Without paddle, scraping. 952. With fingers ........... 953. With cobblestone (often steatite). 954. Coiling clockwise (looking into vessel). 955. Temper .................... 956. Sand. 957. Crushed rock. 958. Rim bound with fiber 959. Firing in open wood fire ........... Shapes. Uses, Decoration t60. Truncated cone, flat bottom. *961. Hemispheroid bowl, flat bottom *962. Lugs, straight type, two 963. Pottery spoon ................. t64. Incised decoration 965. Painted decoration .............. 'GAMES tBall or Stick Race (a, b, c denote game varieties: see Notes) 966. Men play ................... 967. Women play ...... .......... 968. Along a course, not returning ......... 969. Along a course and return ........... 970. Puck, wood ball ................ 970a. Tule ball 971. Stuffed buckskin ball ......... 972. Hoop. ................. 973. Stick 974. Propulsion, curved stick. Goal 975. Straight stick .. .. .. .. .. .. . 976. Feet .................. 978. Hole for home 978a. Stake for home. 979. Stake at far end of course. *979a.Home man catches on stick 980. Paired posts at end .......... 981. Bent over poles ............ 982. Speed wins .................. *983. Number on a side, a. b .............. t984. Number of sides ................ .L H ri 'c4 d k4 o 4 0 --~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~r P4 4-)-Ap0C -C9 "5r- or -9 o o r. cd Al o ;jc Am I Pd Wd d ra ,, 4- Cd o 0 E-- = ?: w ?: C- C- Z E-- C- ?: H -,- PA m E-4 tk, P cn g HI I I I I I I I I I I I O I I I I I I I I 1~ ~:415 1i H~- - H~q -I ~ L L + + + + F MF F M +-+ + + + + - - (+)- - + + + + + a b b a b a + + + + + + + a a b b c c -a b b a - c c b b c c a a *+ + + + aa bb cc bb a- cc bb cc aa * a a a - - b b b b b - c c - - - - - c c a a a - a b b b-b - - c - c + + + + + 3 34-4+4 1 3 3+4+3 4- 0 3+4+4 44- 2 2 2 2 2 + + +F+ MF F F + + ( + + ( + + ( + + + + + + M M M (+) - + + (+)(+ (+) - + + *( . + + (1 ++ + ( + + + + +(+ (+)- + +(+)(+ ++ +I+ + + + +-- +++ aa bb cc bb aa cc bb cc aa + + + + -a -c bb bb b a c b 0 a a a b b b b - - - c - c - - a a - - b b b b c c - - c - - - - - - a - - - - 6+ 2 4 3 6+ 2 0 3 2 2+2 2 (+ +- + + (+)(+) 1:+: + *.+ + + a a - a a b - -b - - - C C - -a- a a b - - b - a-- - - - - c c - b - -b - - - C a - a a - a a + c a a c 0 a O 0 *3* *1_ * * - a a a - - - b - - - - c c - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . c * 10 11 1 10 0 4 0 0 O O * 3+ 0 1+ 4*:* 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M + + t+) + - _ +. + + + + + + + + + +1+ + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ _ _ - -F o .~ o _~ 0 0 0 0 O O', o o 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -+ . - - - - . - - - - -1+ -1+1 _.i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA B5. Sides moieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B6. Sides districts ............... *Shinny (a, b, c denote game varieties: see Notes) 7. Men play ................... B. Women play .................. 9. Puck, wood ball ............... 990. Braided or knotted buckskin cord 991. Tule . .... ......... 992. Stuffed buckskin ball. 993. Stuffed buckskin "double ball" .... 994. Completely buried at start of game 995. In hole, not covered, at start .... 6. Propulsion, curved stick. 997. Straight stick 998. Feet ................. 999. Netted stick . 1000. Basket racket, 2 for each player . 1. Goals, paired posts 1002. Arch of branches or poles ....... 1003. Hole ...... ' 1004. Hoop ca. 1 foot diameter 1005. Single post . Running with puck on or in permitted. Grappling permitted stick St *: * .* . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Number on a side, a ........... b .. .. .. .. .. . c .. .. .. .. .. . D. Sides are moieties 0. Sides are districts ........... tIoop and Pole (a, b denote game varieties: see Notes) 1. Men play ................. la.Hoop. 1012. Plain hoop . . . . ... . . 1013. Cord-wrapped hoop ......... 1014. Bark-wrapped hoop .... . . . . . 1015. Buckskin-wrapped hoop . 6. Short stick thrown at 7. Pole through hoop scores . .8. Pole over hoop scores .9. Pole under hoop scores . 10. Pole over stick scores . 11. Closer wins points . '2. Number of counters . D3. Counters marks on ground . 4. Counters sticks B5. Counters rocks . 11 d P-4 4- , I o I .' Is IC C? I I ?> 1 4 4 81 A 4 p4w I,~' I I I~ FH -l ~4 4 i 0 +) +d - 0 rH- CO2 I o 1 1 P-4 R4 o, OG o 0 + I I I +- -+ a -- b (-) b - - - - - b b - b F b - t * b-i a j:44 :)I I >-4 b b b b * - a~ *)b b . - b 0 a (-) 0 a * a - c 0 c I I_ b t b b b I b I - - a - - - b b b b b b b ? - - a - - - b b b b b b b *b b b b b _ _ a - _ _ - - -a -- a. b b (-) b b ~-b -- - b -b - -- - _ - a- _- --a - -b - -b b - b- - - II : I 1; ? I 3 b b 4-) C I- a a + b b b -b- _ _ _ _ -a -b -a -b b - -c - c bb -c -c bb 12 1 4 a a 12 1 1 ,+ * -b 3 - O ( b4 t q lb La -a -c -c aa -b -c a- 0 0 a b c - - - - - - a- - - b - 4 0 6 0 0 0 6 3+ + _+ + a- b- .0 _ _ 0 0 3 0 + b 8 0 + + - - - b b - 4 0 0 3+ 6*S 0 0 0 - - - C b1- 0 0 0 :*0, I - 0 a 3a b- c c 0 _O cc 6- 6 0 - a 02 0 3 _ _ 0 * 0 3 I +- b-1 6 I 0 ( 6 +5 0 ( _ A b 12 + + a--a-++ a- a a a - - a- aa a -- __a - - a - - b b b b b 2 + 0 +11 + O +11 + O +2 2 1 2 b b b + b 5+12124 ****+11+0_ ****+2212 bbb* _+b_ -a-a+ - a-- - a - - - a - a b b b b 0 2 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 5 2 5 b b b + 6 201212 - + - + _+ + + - - - a a - - - _ a ---a - - - a - - - a a - - b'b 0 0 - + + 0 0 - + + O O - + + 0 0,2 2 - -b + 0 0 ]2]2 _ _ + _- -a -a 05 03 03 0 0]C 0 0 0 0 0 - I I i I -N, I Cd Ipq F 1. I I I I I II t: 1. I 1- I F 10 0 E- 1 ?14 11- - a D _ - 1 b 0 ? 0 0 0 - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1026. 1027. 1028. 1029. 1030. 1031. *1032. Counters in 1 pile at start . . . . . . . . . Counters in 2 piles at start . . . . . ... . . Sides cast simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . Sides cast in turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sides are moieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sides are districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number on a side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'Guessing, Hand, Grass, or Peon Game 1033. Yien play .................. 1034. Women play ................. "Bones" 1036. Bone . *1037. Hollow, cylindrical .. *1038. Solid, bitapered. 1039. Shell ................ 1040. Wood ................ 1041. Cane ................ 1042. 1 of each pair wrapped or marked . . 1044. Wrapped guessed for ......... 1045. Unwrapped guessed for . . . .... 1046. Called man and woman ........ 1047. Called black and white 1048. Separate terms ........... *1049. Finger loops ............ 1050. 1 pair per player. 1051. Each player holds 1, other hand empty 1053. Hiding in bare hand only .......... 1054. Shuffling under mat ............ 1055. Blanket ............... 1056. Grass. 1057. Basket ............... 1*1058. Number of counters ............. 1'09. Counters in 1 pile at start . *1060. Number of players on a side ........ 1060a. Sides are moieties. 1061. 1062. 1063. 1064. 1065. *1066. 1067. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 1072. 1074. 1075. t1076. 1077. 1078. 1079. 1080. 1081. t1082. 1083. 1084. Stick Game, Sticks Laid Down. Position on Ground Guessed Men play . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women play . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 sticks, 2 large and 2 small . . 2 sticks, same size . . . . . . . 1 of each pair wrapped . . . . . . Large guessed for . . . . . . . . Unwrapped guessed for . . . . . . Covered with basket . . . . . . . Covered with blanket . . . . . . . Number of counters . . . . . . . . Counters in one pile at start . . Guessing Marks on Ground Men play .............. Under basket ............ Under blanket ........... Maximum number of marks made .... Short and long marks. All combinations win points . One point every time opponent misses Number of guesses allowed Guesser marks guess ........ Number on a side .......... Number of counters ......... Counters in one pile at start . . . EI = I X I I I I H H 00 4-1 A o ;j I I I I A 0 t C) v -,Y r, D r- Ev A PS od as E- C A;A> ;q - I I Cfi ; PIH o Pe -- ce o 4 4 4 -4-4 .l l .l l a a b b + + 1*1 - a- a - - b b b 2 2 24 b + + 6 a- - - -a bb b + 2+ *2 2+*1 0 - b 0 3+ a b + + 1+ 2 b 2 a 0 1 2 - a _ . 0 - a 01+ ++ + + + ++++++++++++++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + +++*+ + ++ + ++++ +t _+_ + + ++_ + + ++- + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + ++ + + + + 10101012101011212 _ + + - + + -+ + - 10 ++ - ++ - 3 10 - * 2 - 1 1 - * 10 - + + - -_ f-- 4.- 1.- 6- + + .+ + _ + + ++_ + + + + _* + + + *+ ++ _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + (8)]2 12 1212 + + + + + 3 5 + + 6 + + *1 + + + + + + + 3 3 + + + + 1 1 * 12 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + p p p p - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ _++ ++_ _++ + + + + + + + t + t +t + + ++ + + ++ 2lEj12 101010 1010 -+ + _-+ + - + + -+ + _+ + ++ +-t -4t + t. + + - 3 _+ - 1 - + - 15 I 82 1+ 1+ 1 2 4+-12 1+ 2 2 bt 1 3+ 44- 2+ 4+12+ 2 12+- ?+ 1+ 1+ 12 1+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cd w Cd C -)C E-4 -,P E- cS F: S H>- R-i O rz cO dP ____________________________ 4 ______ __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b PL 0 E Fan-tan or Odd or Even 1085. Men play ........... 1086. Women play ... 1087. Take away 2 at a time (guess C 1088. Objects are sticks ...... o . . or 1) . i)ice, "Stick" Type 1089. Men play .............. 1090. Women play . L09l. Wood, split sticks or cane . L093. Number . L094. Burnt on curved side . 1095. Painted. L096. Number of designs in set . 097. Unmarked (flat vs. convex). 098. Points scored for all colored or flat 1099. Points scored for all down . 100. Number of combinations that score 1101. All combinations score . 1102. Negative points 1103. Number of counters . 1104. Counters in one pile at start 1104a.Scored with scoring circuit 1105. Played on hard ground 1105a.Sides are moieties. Dice, Disk Type 1106. Men play . 107. Women play . 109. Split acorn kernels, or shells 1110. Shell and pitch inlay 11. Half walnuts. 1112. Asphalt filled 1113. Pitch filled 1114. Shell inlay . 115. Wooden hemispheres . 116. Pottery hemispheres 117. Painted on flat side or inside 117a.Number of dice. 118. Points for all flat side up 119. Points for all flat side down 120. Number of scoring combinations 121. All combinations score. 122. Number of counters . 123. Counters in one pile at start 124. Played on basket tray 125. Played on blanket, hide, or mat. 126. Scored with scoring circuit. 26a.Sides are moieties. Various 127. Scoring circuit for dice. *1128. Curvilinear. 1129. Cross. 1130. Sticks in ground tll3l. Number of sticks 132. Foot-bone dice. 1133. Men play 1134. Women play 1135. Number thrown ........ 1136. Number of counters 137. Jacks 1140. Stones .... . . . . . . . . 1141. Footbones. I * I w I * s ide I* I @ * @ s * . @ @ * . . . up . * @ * @ * @ * @ . . * . @ * . . . _-+ + + _ -+ + + - 022 *0 0 0 4 10 0 0 0 4 10 0 0 8 4 4 0 0 10 * 27 0 - + + + - - + + + - I 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 8 O 0 1 - - - O 0 4 O 0 4 O 0 4 - - - - - - 0 0 24 0 0 001 004 _ _ _ + _ 88880 0 2 0 00 - -+ + - 2o * * -O 44.. * * 44 * *0 208**O + ++*_ 00 00 00 00 00 00 + + + _ _ _ + _ - - - - _ + + _ ++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ + ++ + + I_- + + *+*+ + + + + + + _ + + (+ + _-+ - 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 4 10 4 2 2 4 10 4 4 2 4 4 4 10 10 242710 + + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - + - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ++ + + t+(+) + + - -+) - - 5 8 8 8 0 4 4*4 4 4 42*4 3 4 4 *4 8 \220 24 + - - - - - - - - - - 48 - - - - - - - - 1++ + + _ - - - - - - + _ +- . _- _-_ 8 8 8 * *6 5 3 3 4 * 520 444 . 50 444 35 302812121020 +o+++ + *+ + + 0 0 0 --+ + + _4 . ? _ + + 6 8 *12 + + +0+ 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + + + 8 8 8 *l11 * 50 *.5 9 9 9 28 * +++ + + + 086 0 3 0 5l1~ _-+ + 28 -+ + 0 8 6 0 520 _ + +9+ ++ 8 8 + + 161 1616 1616 9 9 + + 32 2 _ ++ + + (-)(-) + + 8 8 1616 1616 9 9 + + + + ++_ + + + + + + ++ i 1. 83 5 84 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1f t v@ >I o = +>lM , r-- M 14, 0 1<< O O 0 3 Cd 'O I r d ad aS Cd MC 4- cd o d . E- m- 4 , E-i X w; E H > >_ - P-1-p - m ;;;1;; Fd; H Hi;P;S AA A AAA oL 1142. Juggling ......... ... ... .. . . - - - - - - + 1146. Rocks . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + t1147. Number .0.....0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 30 1148. Tops ...... . .............. + + + + + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + *1151. Acorn ....... .. .. .. . .. . + + + + + + + + +- - + + + ++++ - + - -_ *1152. Pitch lump .+.+.... . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + ++ 1153. Buzzer ....... . . + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *1156. Acorn .-.-.-.... .. .. .. . .. . - - - + -_ + + + ? ? ?_ _ 1157. Rawhide .+..... .. . .. .. . . . - - - - - - - - - + + + 1158. Bone or horn ..... . . . . . . . .. + + + + - + + - + _ _ . _ _ _ + + + + + 1160. Wood ....... .. .. . .. . . . _+_+++ + _ . + . . +. . + + 1161. Abalone ...... .. .. . .. .. . _ + + + __+ + + +_- .? ? ? 1162. Rattles of snake .... . . . . . . . + + + + - 1163. Archery ...... . ............ + + + +++++++ +++ (- ++ + + + ++ 1164. Stationary mark .+.++. .+.+. .+. .. .+. ++++ + +++ + ++ 1165. Mark rolled .+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+.+. .. . + + + + + + + + + 1166. Mark thrown in air .... . . . . . . + + + ++ - + ++++++ + (-)(-, *+ + + + + + 1167. For distance . . . . . +++++++++ +++ + + ++ + ++ + + + 1168. Gambling for arrows .+.++. .(..+.+. .+. + + + +(-)+ + + + + + + + +(-,+ + + + +t *1169. Cat's cradle ...... . . .. . . . .. . . + + + +_(-)+ + - - + + + + + - + +t 1170. Men play ..... . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ - _ + +++ - _ _ ++++++ ++ 1171. Women play ..... ........ . + + + + - (-)+ + - _- + + + +++ - - + + + 1172. Static figures .... . . . . . . . . + ++ + (-)+ + - _ _ + ++++ + + + +t 1173. Moving figures .-... . . . . . . . . - - + + _ -)+ * - _ _ _ + - + + + + + 1174. Toes worked in .+.+......... . - + + + )+ ? + - _ + MONEY AND BEADS 1175. Clamshell-disk beads . . . . . . . . . . -)(-)+ + ++ +(- + + (- - -)+ +- + + 1176. Haliotis disk beads .... . ........ + + + -+__ + _ *1177. Olivella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++++++++++ + ++ + + (- + +)(+)(+)+ + 1178. Whole shell as bead . . .. . . . . . . + + + + +++ + ++ + +(-) . + ++ (- ? + + 1179. Disk beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + . - + - + + (-X+) - - + + 1180. Squared beads .-..... . . . .. . . - + + . - + - - - +?_ + - + 1181. Shell cylinders as treasure ... . . ..... + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + ++ +(-)+ + + ~183. Steatite beads ..... . . .. . . . . . . . *+ + + + -(+) _ - -_ - 1184. Human-hair string ..-... . . . . . . . . . +__ +- *1185. Measured around palm .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + 1186. Loans at interest .-..... . . ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1187. 50 per cent . . - + + + + - + - - - + + + 1188. 100 per cent . .... . . ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -_ 1189. 200 per cent .... . . ...... . - + PIPES 1190. Tubular .+.+.... . .+ + . . . . + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +++++++ + + '1191. Wood . ........... . + *+ + + + + + +- - - + + ? - - - - - - - - - 1192. Cane ...... . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ '1193. Stone (chiefly steatite) .-...... . - - + + - - + + + - - + - . - - + - - - _ _ ) + '1194. Pottery. . . . . . + + + + (-)+ + + (+) - + - - - - - '+)+ + + + 1195. Mouthpiece of cane .... . . . . . . - + - - - + - + - - - - -. - - + - - - - __ 1196. Mouthpiece of bone .+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 'POBACCO '1197. Gathered wild only ....... .. .. .. . + - + - + + - + + + + + + + - - + - ++ + + 1198. Planted, sowed .-......... ... .. . +_- + - - +? + + - + __+ __ '1199. Pruned .................... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t 1200. Field burned over ....... .. .. .. . + + + + + + + + + + + - - + + t 1201. Irrigated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1203. Container, basket ........ .. .. .. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1204. "Straw" sack .......... . . . . - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - _ i CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 1205. Buckskin pouch .... 1206. Cased-fur pouch .... Uses, bedtime smoking . 1208. Also daytime smoking 1209. Eaten with pine nuts it210. Eaten with lime .... t1211. Eaten unmixed. *1212. As offering ...... 1213. Mixed for smoking, with * . . .* * . . * . . * . pine nuts MUSICAL INSTRUMdENTS Cocoon rattle *L215. Number of cocoons. 1216. Stick handle 1218. Handle feathered 1219. Used in curing only ........ .1220. Used in general .......... 1221. Used by shaman only. Split-stick clapper ... Snake rattles on stick .......... Gourd rattle ............... Fish "lung" rattle ............ Ear of artiodactyl rattle ........ Deer-hoof rattle ............. 1229. Stick handle 1230. Number of hooves ......... 1231. In bunch ......... .... 1232. General use ............ Bull-roarer ............... 1234. Wood ............... 1235. Horn or bone ........... 1237. Used by shamans, publicly ..... 1238. Used by shamans, privately . 1239. Used by men only ......... 1240. To assemble people for ceremony . . 1241. Produces storm .......... 1242. Produces health. 1243. Produces sickness. 1244. For amusement. Musical bow ............... 1246. Hunting bow ............ [247. Separate instrument. 1248. Modern, with peg ...... 1249. Played with finger 1250. Played with stick . . . . . . . . . 1251. Played with arrow ......... Whistles, single hole .......... 253. Bone 1254. Bird or rodent. 1255. Large mammal ........ 1256. Wood or cane ............ 1257. Stop of gum or pitch ........ 1258. Stop of asphalt ........... 1259. Single ... 1260. Double, 2 instruments bound together Flutes, multiple holes, without reed .... r1262. Number of holes ........... 1263. End blown .............. 1264. Mouth blown ............. 1265. Flattened (squared) around holes . . 1266. Of elderwood ............ 1267. Of cane ............... ,+ + + + + + + (-+++++ + (-) - (+) 2 3_ 2 _ 1 + + + + + +++ +-+ + + - + + + - - + + + -+ + +_. + + + - ++ ++_ (--++ + +_ + + + ++_ _+ _- + _-_ + + + + + + + + + (-)+ + + + (+) + + + + 2*3 3 2 - + + - _-+ + - + + + (-) + - - - - + + + - _ + _-+ + -+ + + + - - - - +*++ + + + - -+ + - 4 + + 6 + ++ + - + + - +++ + 44 *6 + + + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + (+) - + + (-) + + + 3+. *1 - -+ + + + - -+ + -_+ - - - - -+- 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - -_ + + (-) + +( + + 2 6 + + + + + + 0 8 . ++++++ +++ -) _ + + + + + + e p4@ S-om = H MMH s ? $ o 0 |r P-4- Sli ET 'Or BE| 4 X~ 9 .E rd e >H - I Pm ~: 4 r-i La rd m 0>> >>> Cds> 4: 14 >X bo dw0w4-3C 2 +F ++ F F F - - - - - - + + 0 0 - -1 + + 0 0 ++ + + + + + + + +-+ + -+ *+ - + + + + + + +++ +++ + + ++ + + + + _+_ + + _++ _++ 86_ + + ++_ + + + + + + + + + + 6 +I + + - - - + +-+ + +-+ + - - + ++ + ++_ 6 6 4 - - - _++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + 4. + + + + 85 ++ ++ + + (+)- _ + _ _ _ + _ _ _ + + + +) ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUUM 1267a . Charmstones 1267b.Plummet-shaped, asymmetrical *1267c.Spindle-shaped, symmetrical 1267cc.Used to make rain *1267d.Doughnut stones 1267e.For boiling. 1267f.Curved chipped-stone implements 1267g.Pictographs made by recent humans 1267h.By shamans ......... 1267i.By anybody ......... 1267j.Baby made pictographs ....... *CALENDAR $1268. Number of seasons ......... 1268a.Number of moons named 1269. Numeral or finger name. 1270. 2-solstice calendar ........ 1271. Winter solstice observed ...... 1272. 1273. 1274. COUNTING 'Numeral Systems Decimal above 10 ...... Quinary below 10 ...... 4 related to 2 ....... Mnemonic Devices 1276. Counting on fingers ....... 1277. Counting on toes ......... 1278. Stick for 1279. 1 (e.g., in games) ).... 1280. 10 ............ 1281. 100 ........... 1282. Scratch on ground for ...... 1283. 10 ............ 1284. 100 .. 1285. Beads over stick, feather, bone . 1286. For messages 1286a.As calendar mnemonic *1287. Knotted string for messages ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY 1289. Orion named 1290. Human beings 1291. Men chasing pleiades $1292. Number of men . . . 1293. Women, 3 ...... 1294. Babies, 3 1295. Bear chasing antelope 1296. Mt. sheep and arrow .... 1297. Rabbit drive with net . . . 1298. Coyote shooting man .... 1299. Coyote chasing pleiades . . 1300. Pleiades named. 1301. Coyote's family. 1302. Women or girls ...... 1302a.Men and women ....... e oG ri 0o j c 'C 4 C C -Cd o4 0 A E-- A : E- C) | ; - A- A ;;;A m A||n 4 +~~~~~~~~~~L - - + + + - + +-+ + -*+ 4 4 4 4 4 * 12 _ - - I(+~ 44444_ + t + ++ + + _-+ + - _ + _ -++ + - + 4444_ _2 _I_l_ + + + + + 4 4 3 4 12]A22 + + + . 3 34 . . .1L - - - - + 4 + + + + + * . . (8)(8)98; + + + 44 L212 _ _ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + +++++++ + + ++ - - + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + *++ * 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + ++_ + + + + .++ ++_ + + + + +++ + + _++ + + + + _++ _++ +++ + + + + + + + + *++ + + + + + + ++ ++ + + 36+ + + 3+6 +++ + + + ++ + + + + - - + - +++ + + + + - + + - - 7 - 0 + - - _ - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 30O _++ ++ + + ++t + + + + ++ + _ + + + + + +t * + 86 - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - - - .- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 3. Big dipper named .............. 1304. Rabbit net ............. 1306. Boys, 7. 7. North star named .............. 8. Milky way named .............. 1309. Smoke ................ 1310. From fire made by dove . 1311. From fire for driving rabbits 1312. Dust from race or travel 1313. Elk ............. 1314. Deer ............. 1315. Mt. sheep 1316. Bear (bear's road) . 1317. Frog ............. 1318. Prairie falcon ........ 1319. Ducks ............ 1320. Meal ................ 1321. Rabbit spilt pinole 1322. Pinon road .......... 1323. Frame or backbone of sky 1324. "Old timers'"' (ghosts'?) road . Various Objects Equated with Various Stars or Constellations 5. Buzzard .................. 6. Duck .................... 7. Hummingbird ................ B. Y-frame cradle ............... Falling Stars 9. Bad sign .......... 1330. Sickness or death . . 1331. Dead man's eyes . . . 2. Man (husband) going to see a sexual motive .... 3. Star movement, Ustar wants to .. . .. . .. . woman . .(wf) (wife' ),' I G -riom A A rSH r- -1 0Hot , -)d0PC4 ? 0 4- N 0 P r-Ir.~ Q Ar- L d PLdi m #: pq e L) -? >24 E-- d = : e Cd 'r" Pcd CM ml 4 2c s5 cd :2 Fo- P Ii I I IS I Pq I I I I I I I I I 1 i X o ~6~6A ~ , 4 , , ,~,~,~,~H~H~4~C ~)PL,P-4P0Oo + + + + - ++ ++ - -+ + + - - -+ + -_ - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + _ + (+)+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + ? - - - - - - + - . - I + change his place" - - ++ + - - - - Rainbow 4. Good sign, good wild crops ....... 5. Bad, finger will get sore or drop off if pointed at ........... Thunder 3. Anthropomorphic .......... 1337. 2 brothers ......... 1338. Old man and boy ....... 1339. Single man ......... 1340. Woman and 2 sons 1. Animal ............... 1342. Coyote 1343. Male and female fawn hides in intercourse. 1344. Hummingbird. B. Knocking sticks together. 3. Breaking tules ........... 7. Rolling a basket .......... . . . . . * . . . . . Lightning 1a.Fire from burning tules ........... |, Striking stones together ........... t. Rubbing or drilling with 2 sticks ...... + + + - _ + - _ _ _ (-) _ - -+ + I -+ + - + + + _ _ + +. + - - - - - - +- + - + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - _ - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _ + + + + + + + + + ()- + + - + + + + _ - + + + -+ +(-) _ - _ - - + 87 1+ 8ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1350. 1351. 1352. Man waving a "ribbon" .... Magpie flying fast ..... Static electricity from furs New Moon Observances 1353. Monthly birth and death theory ........ 1354. All go out to see ............... 1355. Only children go out to see .......... 1356. Racing .................... 1357. Face rubbing ................. 1358. Praying .................... 1359. Shouting or speaking ............. 1361. Babies tossed in air ............. *1362. Finger gets sore or drops off if pointed at . . 1363. Position of horns significant. 1364. Horizontal, full of water ....... 1365. Rain 1366. Dry weather ........... 1367. Vertical, death 1368. Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369. Dry weather ........... 1370. Cold .............. 1371. Eclipse of moon known ............. 1372. Eating theory 1373. Condor ............. 1374. "Bugs " 1375. Coyote 1377. Moon's husband lying on her ...... 1378. Coyote's tail in front of ....... 1379. Shouting. 1380. Eclipse of sun known ............. 1381. Eating theory ............. 1382. Gopher 1383. Condor ............. 1384. Coyote . .. ........ 1385. Coyote's tail in front of ...... 1386. Condor in front of ........... 1387. Shouting. 1388. Sun male ................... 1389. Sun female 1390. Moon male ................... 1391. Moon female .................. 1392. Coyote in moon n. .............. 1393. Tree and river in the moon .......... 1394. World a tree, roots north ........... 1397. Top of world in E, bottom W .......... t1398. Number of directions ............ 'MARRIAGE Polygamy *1399. Polygyny, unrelated wives .. .. . .... t1400. Maximum number of wives "paid" for . t1401. Maximum number in same house. 1402. Usually prominent men (not necessarily chief) 1403. Concubines in separate towns.. 1404. Polyandry, unrelated husbands ......... t1405. Maximum number who "paid" t1406. Maximum number in same house ...... 1407. Lovers in separate towns ........ -hdg, A co =|> = |Q!M II l , I ~I I I I I E~ ~ Q ':-) Z E-~ c' I E 4I . O 4IH + + + + + + -4+ + + - _-_ + _ ++_ + (- + ++ + - + + ++ + + _+ + + ____ ----+4+- - + + +-+ + +-+ + + -4 + + + _+ -+ ++++4 +-+ ++ + _* - - +-+ - - -+- + + - . - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - _-+ + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 3 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 + + + + ++ _ _ 1 1) 1 1 2111+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + +- - + + + +++++*++ - -+ .++ ++ -(+) - + -(+) - - - I + + - - + + - - - - - t + + ++- + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + 6)(6) 4 (6)(6) 4 4 (2)14 *4 4 4 + + _ t+)+ _ 11 1 1 (2) 1 1 ++ + - + 2 1 1 1 +2+ 2 2 + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 12 ++t +4t +4t + + 44 ++t 2, 11 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- l e AGa S-om 0 :j : Ud40c dCdC jCp Cd 0 r E-,= c : I- ,Z Er- 4C~ :)14- Pq &- ~4 CO c -i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~ I I I I I I I _ _ _ _ _ |: is x 4 B2 ;-5 eH $- 2- wi |E- =- # q Prl P|m M|S |nu ItatS I FFF IpH>pH>s MS: I AN I Ceremony 1408. Child betrothal, before puberty . 1409. With exchange of presents ...... 1410. Binding ............... 1411. Usually chief's or prominent families 412. Presents for bride. 413. Exchange of presents ............ 414. Marriage feast ............... 1415. Given by bride's side primarily . . . 1416. Given by groom's side primarily . . . 1417. Both contribute. Marriage of Affinal Relatives 418. Sororate . 1419. Simultaneous (polygynous). t1420. Maximum number of sisters paid" for t1421. Maximum number of sisters in same house *1422. Sister of barren wife . 1423. Successive (post-mortem) . 1424. Said to be obligatory . 1425. Depends on attitude of parents 1426. With additional "payment" 427. Levirate ........ 1428. Simultaneous (polyandrous) . t1429. Maximum number of brothers who paid t1430. Maximum number of brothers in same house 1431. Successive (post-mortem) . 1432. Said to be obligatory . 1433. Depends on attitude of parents 1434. With additional "payment" . . 435. Marriage of man to stepdaughter 1436. Man to wife's brother's daughter . . *Post-Nuptial Residence [437. First residence patrilocal .......... 1438. Husband's parents' house 1439. Own house ............... L440. First residence matrilocal .......... 11441. Time in months ............ 1442. Wife' parents' house ......... 1443. Own house ............... 444. Final residence patrilocal .......... 1445. Husband's parents' house 1446. Own house (later) ........... 447. Variable, informant gives no rule Adultery, L448. Unfaithful wife beaten ............ 449. Unfaithful wife killed ............ 450. Paramour assailed by husband. 451. Paramour killed ............... 452. Compensation for adultery Divorce 453. For infidelity. 454. Barrennes s. !455. Quarreling. 456. Laziness ...... 457. Repayment of bride price ........... + + + ++ + - - - +-+ + +-+ + (-) + + + + + + + + (-) + _+ _++ + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + + + + : + + + + ++ _++ 1 2 2 2 112 2 2 211 1 1 2 + + 2 2 + + + + * + + + + * 2 1 + + + 2 2 + + ++ 2 2 + + _+ +- + + + + *_ 1 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ ++ +() ++ + + + . -t 1 1 1 1 1 11 2 1 1 2 21 2 + + + + _+ _ + + 1 2 + + 2 + + + - - - *12 2 ++ + + + + + + + + + + + () + + + + + + + + + 6 - + + + + + + + (?) + + + + + )+ 2 2 +I 1 2 2111 11 1 1 +++ + (-)+ (-)+ -) + _ _ +I _ + + - + -+ + i 12 2\2 - - - - + _+ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* + + .++ + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + - - +-+ + (+ + + + + + + + + + ++ + 89 (-* ++ ++ _+1 + +++ (-) ( ) + 1 1 + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 2 2 + + ++_ +_ (-) + 11_ 1 1 (-) + (-) + 1 1i1 11111 (-) ++ + + + 1 1 2 + _-_ 1 1 1 1 + + - 12 *_4# II *++ + + + + + + + + ( . + + + (+ + + + t + + + + + + + + + + ( + + ( ++- ++ + + + + - =-,-- - - - - - - - i I km I. t II I I ? L A I ?l L I _ _ (+) _ AI1THROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS *Remarriage of w;Widow or Widower 1458. Former husband's parents paid by widow . 1459. Former wife's parents paid by widower . 1460. New husband pays for widow .......... *Remarriage of Divorcee 1461. Former husband's parents paid by female divorcee 1462. Former wife's parents paid by male divorc . 1463. New husband pays for divorcee ........ Prost itut ion 1464. Private, irregular, not any male accepted 1464a.Any male accepted .............. 1465. Pay or gifts given, but no negotiated or fixed price ................. 1465a.Negotiated price ............... 1466. At "big times" chiefly ............ 1467. Any time ................... BERDACHES 1483. Present 1483a.Sweat with males ............... 1484. Live with a normal man ............ 1485. Function at burial .............. 1486. Function at mourning ceremony ........ *KINSHIP AVOIDANCES 1487. Mother-in-law son-in-law ........... 1488. Speak little ............. 1489. Plural address in speech ....... 1490. Head covered (mother-in-law) )..... *1491. Turn aside on trail .......... 1492. Not eat together ........... 1493. Not laugh ............... 1494. Respect, no obscenity ......... 1495. For life ....... 1496. Temporary, when newly wed or until first child 1497. Mother-in-law daughter-in-law ........ 1498. Speak little ............. 1499. Plural address s 1500. Turn aside on trail .......... 1501. Not laugh ............... 1502. Respect, no obscenity. 1503. For life ............... 1504. Temporary, newly wed or until first child 1505. Father-in-law son-in-law ........... 1506. Speak little 1507. Plural address ............ 1508. Turn aside on trail .......... 1509. Not laugh. 1510. Respect, no obscenity. 1511. For life ............... 1512. Temporary, newly wed or until first child 1513. Father-in-law daughter-in-law ........ 1514. Speak little ............. 1515. Plural address ............ 1516. Head covered (daughter-in-law) . 1517. Turn aside on trail (daughter-in-law) 1518. Not eat together er.......... - +_+ + _ _ _ + + + *+ + - + - + - - *+ - + ? - - - - - - (+) - _ ? - - - - - (+) - - - (+) - (+) - - - -(+ + + ++_ ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + - + + - + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + 1- + + + + ++ * ++ ++ ++ ++ + _+_ + + +1 t1 12=~~~~~~ ~~~~ I 1=q |E=>>5| 21t I I I 1 8 ~6~,-6 ~ ,~,~ >A , ~ T > : P- - L4 11 - . . i i~~~~~~~ F+ + .+ + + - ++ - - (+) - - - - + + + + + ++_ (t) + + _+ +1+ *+I+ *+ +'+ I++ - (+) --- + + -+ + + _-+ - + + ++ + + + + - + * + + 1- + - + +++ + +- - + (-) + - + + - (+) - _-+ + (+)- - + + + - - (+) + (+) - - + + + - - + + + - (+) - + -+ + + + + + + + _; + + + + + + (+) _I- - + - + + - + + - (+) - _1_ ++ ++t ++t _++ ++t ++t +t *+*+ ++t -*t ++t ++ ++t ++t ++t ++' 90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (+) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I C+)(+)(+) CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 1519. Not laugh . 1520. Respect, no obscenity 1521. For life 1522. Temporary, newly wed or until child L523. Brother sister ........... 1524. Speak little i 1525. Plural address 1526. Head covered 1527. Not alone together 1528. Before marriage. 1529. After also ......... .. . .. . .. . .. . * .. MOIETIES AND LINEAGES L530. Moieties ................ *1531. Nutuwuts and Troxelhiwic . 1532. East and West .......... *1533. Moiety owned totems ....... 1533a.Moiety owned personal names 1533b.Moiety owned body paint designs 1533c.Moiety owned offices 1534. Paternal descent ........ 1534a.Exogamy 1535. Reciprocal functions 1536. Games 1537. Mourning ceremony .... 1538. Sweating. L539. Lineages ................ 1540. Paternal descent *1541. Single inherited totem ..... 1542. Taboo on killing ..... 1543. Taboo on eating *1544. Mother's totem taboo . . . 1545. Wife's totem taboo .... 1546. Bought from other lineages *1547. Exogamous . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548. Lineage owned names ....... 1549. From father's father . . . 1550. From mother's father . . . 1551. From father's mother 1552. From mother's mother . . . 1552a.Lineage owned offices. 1553. Lineage body paint designs *1554. Ceremonies conducted by. *CHIEFS AND OFFICIALS 655. Head chief ............... 1556. Hereditary ........... . ~ ~~~ 1, rEs P M LOO( . To son. . . . . . . 1558. To younger brother ....... 1559. To brother's son. 1560. To sister's son 1561. To son's son. 1562. To daughter's son 1563. Son outranks brother ...... 1564. Younger brother outranks son 1565. Brother's son outranks sister's son. 1566. Son's son outranks daughter's son 1567. Primogeniture ......... 1568. Oldest in paternal line . Titles 1570. Individual title for chief . . . 1571. Chief's paternal male blood kin called chief ........ 0 o P ad o ) d Z d Z - U 0 Cd 4 c 0 1 - P-i vQ cRz m E-H ++ ++ + + +(-)+ - ++ + . + + - -_ _ - -_ - - ++ - - - -_ + + + _ + + * +++++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + -+(+) +: + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + _+ +_ _ + + _++ ++_- + + - ++ - + + _-+ + + _-+ + --_+ + --_+ + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + +++ + + + + +++ + + + + + ++l ++l +y + -I + + + + + - + I*+ + + ++ ++ + + + + *+(+) + + + + + + + __ _ + + ?+) + +( + + (+) + ++ + +++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++++ ++ + + + +I ~*++*+++ + ++ ++ +*+ *+ r I + + (+) + + -+ (+) ++l + + ++ +l -+l + (-) ((-) (-) (-) _)+' + + + (-, + + +*- + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + +I+ +I+ I+ + i+) - - - - - - -?- - + + + + + + + + I+ I+ I+ I+ + +- +1 + + + + + + + I+ + I++ 91 + + + *+*+ + + ++ + + + + ++- 6 i. i 'vl i * .* * .* ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1573. Deposed only by killing ........ t*[575. Number of individual chiefs ...... t*l576. Number of lineages of chiefs 1577. Female chiefs. 1578. Same root term as male chief 1579. Nominal only, or male chief also 1580. Head chief, no male head chief . 1581. Sister of male chief ...... 1582. Daughter of male chief ..... 1583. Wife of male chief ....... 1584. Functions as steward ...... 1585. Gives orders to men or sends mes- senger (winatum) with orders Prerogatives and duties *1587. Does own hunting ........ 1588. Son or other relative hunts for him ........... 1589. Food bought by chief ...... 1590. Food given him free 1591. Fed visitors, impoverished . . . 1592. Provided more food for a feast than others ......... 1593. Provided more money or property for a ceremony than others. 1594. Approval necessary for every public ceremony . 1595. Makes speech (prayer) at public ceremony ....... 1596. Owned all eagles and aeries . . 1597. Buys captive eagles or pays to have them released 1598. Set-tles disputes. ^1599. Sanctioned killing of certain persons (e.g. poisoners). *1600. Paid to kill (or hire killed) certain persons ....... 1601. Goes to war .......... Chiefs of highest or equivalent status) for 603. Tribe . 1604. Moietyo.i .......... 1605. Assistant chief t1606. Number per tribe ........... 1607. Hereditary, paternal line ....... 1608. Lifelong office. 1609. Paternal male blood kin called by title 1610. Paternal female blood kin called by title 1611. Advises chief ....... .... 1612. Substitutes for head chief when latter absent. *L613. Provides money for public ceremony . 1614. Functions as steward *1615. Messenger 1616. Hereditary, paternal line ....... 1617. Lifelong t*1618. Number of individuals. t1619. Number of lineages .......... Functions 1621. Messenger for chief ...... 1622. Messenger for shaman. 1623. Messenger for anyone ...... 1624. Welcomes visitors 1625. Steward at feast ........ 1626. Orders hunting for chief . ... 1627. Builds fire for ceremony . . it 4 Hv A 0=J=H t Y ?ot .I I1 I I I I I I I 1I 11I1II1I1 .~ A ; sA; s AA, I ->_ 41 IP-P- P 00 1 - ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. I + + 1 1 + + + + _+_ + + + + ++ ++- + + 1 1 + + + +-+ + + +-+ + + + + + + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + -- + + + + + 1 + + + + + ? 3 2 2 + +-+ + -+ + + + + + + + + + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + *++ +( +_ + ' (+)-_ -- _ -- ?+) ? ( - + -_- _ *++ + + + + + - + _-+ + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + + + + + + + + + +1- + + + + +1+ +1+1- - -_- - + + + +I+*i + ++ + ++ +1+ +1- I- - - + - + ++ + + + +1+ + + + + +1+ + 1+1+ + +1+ + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - + + + - + + + ++ + + _ + _ + + + + _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ + + + + ++ - 1+ + + + 1+ + + + + + 1+ + 1+1- - + ++ +*+- -+ + - - + - _- - + + + - _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 1 + + + + ++. + + + + + + + + 2+ + + + + 4 + + + + _-+ _ + - - - 2 _ ---2_ 1 1- + 4- 1- 4- + + + + 3 2 ++ + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + - + - _ + + + + - _-+ + - _ + + - - + + _ _ + t _++ _-+ + - + + ++ + + + ++ + + + ++ + 2 2+ 2 1+ +-+ + + + 2 1 + + +1+ + + + + + + + + + ++t + I - 7 __- *+ + + + + 92 I I i I I I I ,I ?i I I'A I I+ i 1111 i ill i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + t *1+ +++ v CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA . i T 9 xio c ci A d r Q 0 d - o 9 E-1 = ?3 r-4 =3- u u t > E-- CD S3 s>- PL P m E- S4 9 z U) <4 m~P I ~~~~ ~~~I I I i _____________ ____________ A ;__ ____ __ __ A ; A __ Sb 1629. Cane (stick) as symbol of office. 1630. Painted 1631. Feathers attached 1632. Female messenger 1633. Term same root as male. 1634. Sister of male . 1635. Daughter of male. 1636. Wife of male . 1637. Welcomes female visitors 1638. Steward at feast. 1639. Goes alone as messeger .n '40. Crier, orator, or clown. 1641. Hereditary, paternal line ... *[642. Sister or daughter of male 1643. Lifelong ............... t1644. Number of individuals ......... 1645. Appointed by chief .......... 1646. Daily announcements around camp .... 1647. Only when there is "news" . . . . . .. 1648. Only at ceremonies .......... 1649. Moral lectures to children ...... 1650. Steward at feast ........... 1651. Dance manager functions ........ 1652. Clowns and ridicules '53. Clown, distinct from crier .......... 1654. Hereditary 1655. Lifelong 1656. Appointed by chief tl657. Number of individuals ......... 1658. Clowns at ceremonies, paid 59. Dance manager ................ 1660. Hereditary, paternal line ....... 1661. Lifelong ............... 1662. Appointed by chief . ......... 1663. Schedules dances ........... *1664. Shouts during dancing ......... 1666. Females also 67. War chief ......... 1668. Hereditary, paternal line. 1669. Lifelong ............... 1670. Appointed by chief .......... tt67l. Number of individuals ......... 1672. Leads whole tribe or village . 1673. Term same root as head chief . 74. "Judge" or counsellor ............ 1675. Hereditary, paternal line ....... 1676. Lifelong 1677. Consulted by chief 78. Divider of food (not messenger) )....... 1679. Hereditary, paternal line ....... 1680. Appointed by chief .......... 1681. Number ................ 82. Singer or song leader 1683. Hereditary, paternal line ....... tl683a.Number of individuals in tribe . ... 1684. Lifelong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685. Appointed by chief 1686. Chosen by people 1687. Sang solos 1688. Females ................ 1689. Same term as for males. 1690. Sister of male. 1691. Daughter of male ........ 92. Irrigator + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - -++ + + ++++ +__ + ++ -+ * ++_ + + + ++ +-+ - -+ - -+ + + + + ++ + + + + + +-+ + + + --+ - 1+ - - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + 1 1 ++ -4_ _-- _++ _+_ ++ + + 11 + + + + + + + + + + * + + + + + + + 1 1 ++- + + + + + +- ++ + + 31+ + + +-- 3-- 4-- ? _ _+ _ _ _ + 3+ +4+ +4 +4 4-- 4-- + +2++ + + -22+ 24 1* 4+44 + + +I++ +4- +4 *-- *-- + + + + + + +4- +4- +4- +4- +4+ + + + + + 93 + ++++? .+++ + + +-+- + ++ + ++++++ + + ++ + + + + + -++ 1 - l1 1 (+) - *(+) - + - + - - _ - + - + () +- _-- - + +I +I +*+l ++l ++ 1 1 + + + + I + + -(4. 1 1 + SI)- 2L 4 04. +*+ + 1 +1 (I-) - _ (+) - _ + (+)- - $ + _ (+2 1- * ++ + _+ 2+ - 2 + -+ + -+ 14 + $+4- _ _ _ _ + + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS rf P- 4- -'A ;j E-- = ~: PO =r U U1 Z E-- U : FH P 111 1111 Totems of Officials 1692a.Chief, eagle. 1692b.Prairie falcon 1692c.War chief, prairie falcon 1692d.Bear 1692e.Puma 1692f."Judge," magpie 1692h.Assistant chief, screech owl 1692i.Cooper's hawk 1692k.Messenger, dove 1692m..Road runner ...... 1692n.Crier, crow ......... 1692o.Raven. 1692p.Mockingbird. 1692q.Clown, coyote . LAND OWNERSHIP 1693. Tribal, everything in commonality 1694. Private, household. *1698. Tobacco land ............ 1699. Seed tracts or trees ........ '[700. Tree crop claimed by pole ....... 1701. Hunting tracts 1702. Fishing places ............ 1703. For a season only ........... 1704. Boundaries marked. *WAR 1706. Tribal wars ................. 1707. Cause, witchcraft 1708. Murder ................ 1709. Poaching ............... 1710. Abduction of women and children .... 1711. Slight on chiefs ........... 1712. Adventure ............... 1713. Dance of incitement ............. 1714. Dancers abreast (row). 1715. Dance of settlement, both tribes present . . . 1716. War paint .................. 1717. Black ................. 1718. Red .................. 1719. White .... 1720. According to totem or guardian spirit. 1721. Prearranged battles ............. 1722. Surprise attacks only ............ 1723. Scouts. 1725. Chiefs neutral in battle. 1726. Chiefs make peace *1727. Scalps or heads taken ............ 1728. Victory dance ................ 1729. Scalp on pole ............. 1730. Women captives taken ............. 1731. Neighboring tribes hired for war ....... BIRTH (Nos. = days after birth, unless otherwise specified; U, till umbilical drops off) Delivery 1732. Mother sits at delivery ........... 1733. Kneels *+ *+ - - - - + + -+ + + + + + + -+ + (J + + + -++ + -+ + + + + + ++- + + ++- + + + - + - + +- - ++ -++ + + *- + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+ - + + -+ - + -+ - + -+- - + -+- - + -+ + ++ + + + + + + (+ + + + + + +- + + +++ ++ + A + - - + - A - + - _+ - - ) ) ) I + + + - + A - - A + + + - + + + + + + + A - - - - -+ - - - - + - - + (A + - - + - - + 1 + - - + 0 4 r-i G r -4 Eq E C IHCo I4 I h c rR P., P.,H + + + + - + t +- + - --+ I + + + +~ + ++ _ _- ++ _,_ + - - + +_ + + __ - __ +-t - +_ _ + ++ _, +- +_ _ +++ _ _ + ++ + _ +- + - + + + + -+ +- + _ _- + +++++ + +' 94 U i - 4 -t 4 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 1734. Squats 1735. Lies flat on back. 1737. Holds to stake ........... 1738. Holds to cord from roof ........ 19. Midwife assists ............... 0. Shaman assists if difficulty ......... 2. Bear parts to hasten delivery ........ *1743. Paw or claws on abdomen ........ '1744. Concoction drunk W5. Puma parts on abdomen to hasten delivery . . . 6. Baking in pit after birth .......... 1747. Delivery in pit ............ 8. Afterbirth buried .............. 1749. Turned over to change sex of offspring. 1750. Turned over to prevent further off- spring. 1. Afterbirth burned or buried in ashes to prevent offspring ............. 3. Afterbirth dried and kept to prevent offspring 4. Child bathed at birth ............ 5. Mother and child steamed ........... el cord 1757. Cut with flint ............ 1758. Cut with cane ............. 1759. Cut with shell ............ 1760. Tied with mother's hair ........ 1761. Tied with vegetable-fiber string . . . 1762. Tied with buckskin string ....... 1763. Seared and pinched together, not tied '1764. Detaches in how many days?. 1765. Tied on cradle ............. 1766. Worn by child ............. 1767. Kept in the house ........... 1768. Put on an ant hill .......... 1769. Buried ....... 1770. Buried on the shady side of a bush . *Restrictions on Mother 71. Meat products taboo . . . 72. Salt taboo ........ 73. Cold water taboo ..... 74. Combing hair taboo . 75. Scratches with stick . 76. Scratches with bone . . . 77. Making baskets taboo . . . 78. Cooking for family taboo . 79. Travel taboo ....... BO. Loud talk taboo B1. Stays in pit, days .... B2. Special childbirth hut B3. Purification ceremony with . . . * . .. . . . . . . . . .ah . 'Restrictions on Father 34. Meat products taboo ...... 35. Salt taboo ........... 36. Cold water taboo ........ 37. Combing hair taboo ....... 38. Scratches with "stick". 39. Sweating mandatory ....... 30. Sweating taboo ......... 31. Must remain indoors ...... 32. Must lie down ......... )3. Loud talk taboo ........ 4. Wears hunger belt ....... 35. Smoking taboo ......... 36. Gambling taboo ......... I: Bs -H 'O -0 EH rd r- 'o r. X u _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ccA; sA; A s;A AS A AA; d dc d d4 o 0 I 1d I I IO O I I H I I I I I I I I I~~~~~~~~~ + -+ + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + _++ + + + + + +++ + + + + ++_ + + ++ + + + + + + _ + + - + + +I + + + + - - + - - -+ + + + - + + _-+ + 3+ 33+ 3+ 6& + + + + + 30 3060 90 - 10- 90 - 10- 10 12 I - 5 1012 -'5 - 12 - 30303090t3 10 30 30 30 30390a - 1- 20- 1010)012 - + + ++ + 10 10 10 12 U -10- 12- - - 1012- _-+ + - - 10 - - - 301012 U - - 1012- - -* 12 - - - 2 + - - - 1012 - 101012 U 10)010 12 U ++ 3 4+ + + 4 3 + + 306060t( 30+ 10BE 7 10 1( 1C 1410 )0 1k - 10 - 1C 7 660+ 2+ 6 6010 3D)0 601C - 2 - - - 6 + + 1 l0o*+ - 7 10- - " 10- .4- 10- 7 60 - - 710U - - - U - 2 - - 2I-7 10 3 7 6 1010 2 7 1010 + + + + + + _+_ + 3+ * 4+ 4+ -+ -+ + _3_ + + + +_ + + + + _+ 3+4 + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _ + + + 95 + + + + ++ + + + - + + + 7 + + 30*+ 30o 3 3d *+ +++ 9 + - 3030 + + + + 9*+- 60I303C + - - + 3C + +Y30'60 - 14 + + X0'60 - 30 + +*+*601421 + 30 306 146 306 + 7 7 7 + 7 + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +_ .3+ -++ + __ -++ ++ ++ + + + 3030 3030 *5 *5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - - 3 - + + 6 7 5 5 2+ 5 5 _ - + - - - + _ (+)(+) + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ r+ + +5* ++ + + + + +,+ + + UrJ U U U - U U + + U U 30 U U - - - -+ 5 5 - - - - - - - - - - - -_ 55 +++ + + 10 3+ - - - - + + + + + + + 60 + - + + + + 30 + + + + + + + + + + 96 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I e A4eYlt ' = vl ir- A A d r 1 r.I lBl r- ?l P OO~ or I c4 O g d Od Cd aS ct 2 o 4 = m P X u t Ic 4 ; E-- c 3 P, I m E-4I+4 I k C u 4 HP A 4III111 11 1 1 ll l li I I 1 I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~ ~ ~ ~, ~, ~ , - P- 4 P-4 O( I;; A;A A; > AAA.;A $1797. Travel taboo .......... 11798. Hunting deer taboo ....... 1799. Runs ........... 1800. East in morning ..... 1801. West in evening ..... 1802. And jumps over a big rock 1803. Purification ceremony, bath 1804. Swaps or changes clothing 1805. Washes own clothes . . . Abortion 1806. Medicine eaten or drunk ........... 1808. Blows .................... 1809. Pressure. 1810. Lifting Infanticide 1811. Infanticide practiced 1812. Chiefly bastards ............... 1813. Sometimes twins *[814. Deformed ................... Weanig r1S815. Years of age ................. 1816. Parents' sex restrictions till weaning .... 1817. Adultery of either parent sickens nursing child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Mutilations 1818. Ears pierced soon after birth ........ t1819. Age in years ............. 1820. Iose pierced soon after birth ........ fl821. Age in years ............. 1822. Girls tattooed, age in years ......... 1822a.Before puberty 1822b.About puberty. 1822c.After puberty ............. 1822d.Any time up to maturity. 1822e.Tattooed self ............. 1823. Boys tattooed, age in years . ........ 1823a.Before puberty 1823b.About puberty ............. 1823c.After puberty ............. 1823d.Any time up to maturity. 1823e.When adult .............. 1823f.Tattooed self ............. Milk Teeth 1824. Thrown away 1825. Toward sun .............. l826. Toward new moon ............ 11827. Direction (N,S,E,W). 1828. Back over shoulder .......... 1829. With eyes shut ............ *[830. Placed in excrement ............. 1831. Placed in clump of grass. .......... 1832. Buried on shady side of bush . 10101012U 147101C 1010 10 12 U R4 6010 30 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *l 2 1 2 2+ . 1 4 3 + - 5 6 lc 1212 ++ 12 2: ++_ + + E E + + + + + + + + 2 *- 6 2* 6 )2 6 ' 1915 + + + ++ - - -- + ++_ + +E+ + + + _ 1 - -t + _-+ - 1 3+ - *2 10 18 4 - + _-+ _ 10- 4 - + - + - -- + + +-+ + + - - - - -N- -S _ _ _ _ + + - + + 6C + 30*+ + 21 -_ - _ _ _ -_ - _ _ _ - - - - - -____ - - - - (-) + + + 1 - - - 1 *12 - 13 - - + + - - - 13 + + 1* + _- + + 7 - 7*3C + + *12 13 + + ? - - - - - - E - E - E -- ?+_ __ _ + + _- + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + $ + +43 -4t ++t 0-4 .4 4- . _, + _-_ - 2 1l 2 1C + + + +- + c 1 4 4 2 - 2 1 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - (-)(-) + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA I -r- AwYl 'o= o i ,:t lY,n 1c _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A A A A; Aw A, ;, A~ A; A, A~~PL A- P- Of f fiA 'GIRLS' PUBERTY (Nos. = days from commencement of menstri M, during menstruation) Restrict ions 3. Meat products taboo ......... 4. Salt taboo .. ........... 15. Cold water taboo ........... 6. Confined in house 7. Talks softly or little. 8. Covered or veiled when going outside. 1839. Skin or rabbit blanket .... 0. Combing own hair taboo ........ 1. Scratching stick used 2. Scratching bone used ......... 3. Looking at fire taboo ........ 4. Looking at sun, moon taboo. 5. Work in general taboo ........ 1846. Pounding acorns ........ 1847. Getting wood 1848. Making baskets ........ 1849. Gathering. 0. Work or exercise compulsory 1. Girl deloused ............ 2. Purification, bath. 1852a.Clothes changed. 1853. Clothes exchanged or given away 1854. Clothes washed ........ 1855. Clothes destroyed ....... uation; *'ublic Recognition C. Feast for neighbors i7. For all girls ............... 8. One girl at a time. i9. Duration, 1 day or less. O. Dancing .................. 1861. Night ................ 1862. Outdoors .... 1863. Men and women dance together . 1864..In circle. 1865. Girl dances. 1866. Singing without dancing . 1867. Cocoon rattle . 1868. Gourd rattle 9. Rite conducted by chief .... . . . . . . . 0. Girl ceremonially washed. 1. Girl ceremonially painted 2. Girl tattooed ................ MENSTRUATION (Nos. = days from commencement of menstruation; M, during menstruation) 3. Meat products taboo ............. 4; Salt taboo. 5. Cold water taboo. 6. Confined in house .............. 7. Combing hair taboo ............. 3. Scratching "stick .............. 9. Cooking for others taboo ........... O. Cooking meat taboo .............. 1. Bathing taboo . ............... 2. Purification (bathing) compulsory at end . . . 1010 30 6 *+ 5 - 6- --2 6- - - 10 - + +- - - ++ + -- ++ ++ _- + ++ + +-+ ++ +- + + + _ *+ 10 6 (-)lo - - - 6 6 M 6 - 6 - 10106 6 M ++ +++ 30 3D456C 30+ - 6C 30- 45(-~ 30- 4562 + _ +___ 306 6C + _-_- + (-)(-) + + --_+ + _ _+ + - (-) + (-) + _-+ + + +++ + -+ + + + --_+ _-+ + + -++ + _+ + + + 6 7 - 3 - 6 6 - 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 + + +30M M + + - - - - + + + + + M 106 M M - M + - - - - - - - - - - - + ? _ _ -+ - + - + -_ + + 7 6 7 + 7 6 + + + * - M 7 + * - M 7 -- - - _- + - - - - - - - * - - - - -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MMMMMM + + - - (_) - + + + + + M + + _-+ _ + + (_ - ++ ++_+ (-) - + + + + + + M + + + + + +I M 6 M + 7 + + - +I + + M M- + M + + M - + + + + + 5 7 + + 14 + + + + 5 + + + + + + + + + + 7 M + + + 6 3+ 5 5 5 5 + + *+*+ M 3 + + *+*+ _++ + + + + i i i i i 97 _ _ . (-. (-) 98 ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS 0 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dP P- Ol10-- 00r - I I- 4: A r- rI 9 A: 0 0 a A A A| A; Cd I 00 ad I l I I I I I I I I I I I 1 ,b1 1883. Restrictions extend to husband .+... . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1884. Hunting taboo .... . . . . . . . . . - - _ - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1885. Fishing taboo .... . . . . . . . . . -- - -- - 6 - - --- - -- - - - - -- -- 1886. Gambling taboo .... . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 6 - -? U1887. Intercourse taboo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101014110 1414 14 'DATURA Group Drinking 1889. Annual . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I + - + + - _ + - + . - + + + _ _ _ _ 1890. Springtime ............ + - ++ + + + + + . . . . . . . 1890a.Fall - . .- - - - - - + 1891. Wintertime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - + _ + 1892. Males only .-.-............... . - - - - - - - - - 1893. Both sexes ................. . + - + + + - + - + + + + + + + + 1894. Sexes separated ........... . + - _ _ + + - + ++ _ 1895. Before sexual experience .-......... . - - - - - - - - + . + + + l896. For all persons as defined above ... . . . . + _ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + 1897. Number of drinkers .. . .... .... . . . + _]O+ + 6 3 + 2+ 6 1898. Age of drinkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 - 209 24400 * 18 20L I18 11900. Meat products taboo, days .90-308D3 6O 6+ ++ +*0 301230 30i 1 1 + + +-_ t1901. Cold water taboo, days . . . . . . . . . - - 114 rL902. All water taboo, days . 1 1 1- 2 6 4 3 1 2 3 - - 1 1 1903. Mixed in sacred mortar . + . - - - - - - - 1904. In basket .... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1905. In pot .... . . . . . . . . . . . . ____+ _+__ 1906. Plant in cold water .... . . . . . . . . . + -+ - + + - + _ _ 1907. Steeped ..-.-. . . . . . ... . . . . +___ + - + + *_+ ?_ _ 1908. Boiled .-.-.-.-.. . . . . +. . . . . . _ _ + _ + 1909. Only juice, no water ... . . . . . . - - - - - - - _ + 1910. Drunk in sweat house .... . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - 1912. Dwelling-house type . . . . .. . . . . + *+ + + *+ + + + *+ + . _ _ + + + -+ 1913. Outdoors .... . . . . . . . . . . . -+ - - - _ 1914. Vomiting may cause death .-... . . . . . . . - _ + ++ - + ++ - + + + + + + - - - 1915. Foot race .+ - + + + + + -)(-)+ + - + + _ 1916. Before drink. + - +)+)+ + +) + - 1917. After drink .- _+)(+)_ +)_ + t1918. Around house or camp, times ... . . 2 - 3 1 3 6 4 3 3+ 3 3 1919. Drinkers dance after drink ... . . . . . + - + + - + +?+ + - - - _ + ++ 1920. According to totem. + _$+ _ + + 1921. Drinkers painted .... . . . . . . . . . . . + -_+ + - --- *1922. According to totem ... . . . . . . . + - + - - - - - - - - - - - _ -- *1923. Ant fortitude ordeal .... . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ 1924. Ants swallowed ... . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ + - - - - 1925. External biting ... . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ 1926. Drinkers sing while drinking . .. ... + ---+ - + - +-+- 1927. Drinkers sleep one night ... . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + 1928. Singing to awaken drinkers .-.. . . . . . . . _ _ + + - + *+ + 1929. Whipping with nettles to awaken ... . . . . + - + - - - + - + 1930. Whipping with stick to awaken .-.. . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ + + - 1930a.Whistling to call intoxicated, wandering drinker . + _ + _+ ? - - - -+ + + ++ '1931. Vision obtained. + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1932. All get visions .... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + '+ + + + ++ . - . + + + + ++ + . + .- 1933. Only some get visions . .........+ . . . . . - - .........................-.--.- _ * t 1934. Rapport with totem or guardian spirit . . . . + + + - ++++++ + ++++ + + + + t1935. Instruction of drinkers .-... . . . . . . . + - - + 1936. Sponsor for each drinker . . . . . . . . + - + - - - + + - _(+)+ - - + _ _ - + ++ 7937. Rite conducted by chief .... . . . . + _ + . _ + + _ 1938. Rite conducted by old man .-...... . . . + + + - + + + + + ++ [ndividual Drinking 1939. For broken bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + ++ + - + + + + ++ + (+)+ (+) 1940. Anaesthetic, bone set ... . . . . . . - + ++ . - + - - + - - + I -I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI-DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1~~~~~~~~~o o1 11 1 1 1 10111 1 ___C 4- __0 I tm4JowIto=w1=ZEi. ,% 4 PM 1.a:,4 P- 2=; ;m m E<= ?; >: z m: X suz z m P 4 0 1941. Charm, bone sets itself . . 1942. Applied externally .... 943. To cure sickness ......... 944. For vision or power ....... 4[945. Shamans mainly ...... ANT ORDEAL (Note: separate from Datura) 946. Ants swallowed, number . . . 1948. With eagle down . . . 1949. Ants crawl through to 950. External biting ...... 951. Individual affair ..... 952. For vision or power .... 953. For sickness ........ 954. For sick child, by parent surfa,ce * . .* * . .* * . . . of body * . . . * . . . * . . . * . .* DEATH Treatment of Corpse 955. Corpse in house, days or nights 1956. Taken out of house immediately 1957. Disposed of, days. 1958. Washed 1959. Painted. 960. Burial . 1961. Modern . ^1962. Flexed 1963. Extended t1964. Head to (N,S,E,W). 1966. Corpse interred in basket. 1967. Grave masts . 1968. Cemetery outside town . 1969. Cremation 1970. Doctors especially 1971. Away from home especially. 1972. Death from disease especially . 1972a.General. 1973. Pyre over pit. 1974. Corpse inside pyre 1975. Corpse on top of pyre . 1976. Corpse burned inside house [977. Secondary basket burial . 978. Destruietion of property at funeral . 1979. Dogs sacrificed .......... 1980. House burned ............ 1981. Unburnables (e.g.,pots) broken Undertaker 1982. Undertaker a blood kinsman ......... 1983. Nonrelative. 1984. Berdache .............. 1984a.Normal individual. 1985. Same term as berdache in other tribes 1986. Same term for normal undertaker and berdache. 1987. Inherits position, patrilineal. 1988. Chosen by chief. 1989. Paid ................ 990. Meat products taboo, days ......... 991. Work taboo, days .............. 992. Travel taboo, days ............. 993. Purification by sweating .......... "1994. Purification by bathing * - 4 +*+++ + _-+ + + + + + _-+ + + ++ *+ - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 + 2 1 2 1 + + 1 1 1 1 *+ + + -+_ + + --4 + + b+ ++_ + + + ++_ + + 4-+ 4++ t+) +4+ + + + - - - 6 _ I 1 2 1 2 + + 2 1 2 1 + + +- - - - + + + +++ + + - - - - W N WS + -+4-- + - + - + _-_ + -+ + (_ + + (+ + (-)+ + + +4+ +4+ 4++ + + - - + ---4_ 4+ + 4+++ 2 10 2 6 24 - - 2 -2- - - 2 -2 +4+4__+ - + 6 6 2+6 3 - - 3 + - 3 4+ ++ 99 + + .++ + + + +++ +++ (+) 12 + + + + _+ ++ + 6 ++ + + + 2 1 2 1 + _ + + W W + lE + + + + + + + + + + 3 0 t + 3 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 0 - +I 1 2 + + 11 1 1 I - 1 1 I- I - W NwNwW W 4) (- I- I-' W. --4 -4 _- + + ++ ++ * ++ + + 1 1 1 1 + + + + (_)+ (-)+- (-)+ (-) - (-) - (-+ (-) + + -4_ + + + ----4_ + ++++ + +- _? _ ) - - + + + F + + 4+ + 4 + + + + + + ++- + + + + + + + + 4 -t 4 4 +4+ +4+ - + 1+ ++_ + + + + ++ ++ + + 4++ + _1 +4+ 7 7 7 +I +4+ + ++ +_ 4-_ 4-_ + + * + + + II A I -1- I -1- .4- _ + i A i -4 X ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Mourners (Nos. refer to days; M, until tribal mourning ceremony; LM, until little mourning ceremony) Widow 1995. Hair cut ................... 1996. Ends saved .............. l997. Made into mourning belt ........ 1998. Thrown in river ............ 1999. Burned ................ 2000. Face not washed ............... 2000a.Head or face pitched ............. 2001. Dirt or ashes on head ............ 2002. Meat products taboo 2002a.Paid parents-in-law before eating 2003. Confined, or stayed at home ......... Blood Relatives 2004. Touching corpse taboo ............ t005. Women cut hair ................ 2006. Meat products taboo ............. 2007. Salt taboo .................. 2008. Hunting taboo 2009. Gathering taboo ............... Name Taboo 2010. Name of dead taboo . ........... 2011. Indefinitely (permanent ). 2012. Till formally regiven 2013. Till mourning ceremony ............ 2014. Only in presence of kin ........... 2015. Change name at death of namesake ....... 2016. Circumlocution at death of namesake 2018. 2019. t2020. T2021. 2022. 2024. 2034. 12035. 2036. 2037. 2038. 2039. 2040. Ghosts Visible Audible . . . . . . . . Leaves grave, days after death ....... Direction (N,S,E,W) . Soul flight and return . . ......... Dream of dead (appearance of ghost) ill omen 2025. Bay leaves on door 2026. Tobacco on door. 2027. Datura on door ........... 2028. Angelica chewed and spit on door . . 2030. Tell ghost to leave ......... 2031. Drink Datura ............ 2032. And spit it on door 2033. Go to doctor if sick ........ 0MOURNING CEREMONY little Mourning Ceremony Present Time after death, days Lasts, days For one dead ........... Chief sanctions For members of own tribe only Mourners washed by blood relatives 2041. Nonrelative. rdAA P4 A 4-);S -"A I 0 o -I 4ri I dP~~~~-4-~~~~~ .H~~~~~ 1 1 0~~~~1 L I ro4-I M ULMmIMU - - - - - - - IMl 1 5 LMLMlML1 - - - - _ - - - _ _, _ +++ LML- - - LMLMX.Lh - LML1 LML- 14 - _-+ + + 5 LMIMLVaLM MLLMLM - 7 UILMLMTI - - . 1 + + ++ + + + --_+ _ - (+) - + + + +-+ + + + + + 3 3 N'N + + _+ + + _+ + + ++ - 30 6030C - 1+ 1 1 6t _- + + + --+ -+_+ _-+ + *+ + _ * + + + + T MTNIMIN LM - LN LMLMLI 1- 3 1 I M LM - + _-+ - - + + + + + -_ + + +++ N * 3 3 N N NS + - + + - + - + - 7^303O 7 +- + + + +- + + + _ + + +~ + LMLMM LN LM+ - + + LMLMM11v + LM+ + + + LM LM- 2- + LMLMMLix LMIM M L1l 7 + + + + + + i1- LM LMM + + LM- + + + LMM LM+ + + + + + ++ .vI + _ - - LMM I +)(+)(+ I + M *m *m + + - ++t ++t L1SI _ I' + + + + + ++ - - + + _-++ + + + + + - -(+)+ -_- -_-_- - +t + + + + +j+ +1+ _- - +1+ + ,N 3 3 3 3 3 6 . O Nw N y -) E EWE E _ - + + + - - - - I -I I ?_ - _ _ _ + + + +- + E + + - - -_- -_-_ - 30 1 + 1+ 1+ S S 1 1 100 I _ _ +1 . I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA rod P4 4) g -1 -. t . s _ e o A 4- ) od 0d d )d r 4 d o d Ip 11111 p1 11 2042. Opposite moiety ..... 2042a.Member of another tribe . 2043. Anyone of own tribe . . . iribal Mourning Ceremony 044. Individual, each dead separate ........ 045. Group, for several dead together ....... '046. For all dead, as above ............ '047. For prominent persons only .......... 048. Number of years after death ......... '049. Annual .................... '050. Irregular . ........... . . . '050a. Spring. 1050b. Summer. 1050c. Fall. ,051. Other tribes invited. ,053. Lasted, days ................. 1054. Sanctioned by chief ............. 1055. Loans by mourners .............. 2056. To another tribe 2057. Paired tribe only. 2058. Opposite moiety 2059. Anybody. 2060. Interest 100 per cent ......... 061. Structure, round or elliptical 2062. Rectangular 2063. Brush fence, roofless. 2064. Flat shade .. ........ 2065. Fence plus flat shade. 2066. Dance in or under structure ...... 2067. Dance in open . 2068. Center pole .............. 2068a.Bought from another tribe T2069. Main entrance(s) face(s) (N,S,E,W) . 2070. Many entrances 71. Seating or eating allotment, dual ...... 2072. Multiple 2073. According to geography 2074. Tribes 2075. Moieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2076. Lineages 2077. Husband and wife of different tribes separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2078. Husband and wife of different moieties separated 2079. Two "tables " D80. Professional performers 2081. Paid in beads . 2082. Paid in other property 2083. Allowed to choose from offerings . . . 2084. Shamans . 2085. Berdaches . 86. Oratory ("preaching") . 2087. By chief Z087a.By doctor (shaman) . 2088. By orator. B9. Images . 2090. Made by relatives of dead . 2091. Made by chief . 2092. All burnt with offerings 2093. Some burnt with offerings. 2093a.Burned at cemetery 4. Images given to individuals 2095. Of paired tribe specifically - + - - - + - + 3 5 + 3 + 2 4 - + 3+ 5 + 3+ + 2+ 4 ] 2 *2 2 2 2+ (+)- -__ + _ + + + + + _-_- + + ++ + _*+ + + + _-+ + + + - _-+ + _-+ + + *+ + + ++ - -+-+ + - + ++ + (- - -+ + + - _-+ + - +++ + +-_ + + + -+ (-) + + + -++. - _ + - - +() + + -+ - + + +-+ + 1121+2 + + + _ - _ + + + + + + + ++ + - _-+ + + + - + - -+ - +- ++ + - + +- 4 -++ + + -+ + + _-+ + - I 101 12- _ _ - (+) - + ++ +() ++*+ + + + 1 - - - (4 + -_+ + -1+ + - I I 11 6 4+2 _ I _+_ + + + + + + +*+ 2 . + ++ ++ _+ + + + + +_ +_ +_ + 4 +- ++()+ + _.+ _+++ + ++ 6 6*6*46 6 6 + + +-+ - +-+ + .-+) -- - - -+ + + - + - .-_+ --_+ + + + _-_ . _*+*+ .+ + + - EW- - + --_ - ++ + (+) + + +-+ + + -+ + + + +- + + +*+ + + *++++ + + + + + + + ++++ E E 2I * *X -1 .-4 -4 +i + + +4t +4t +4t + 1(4 + + + +_ + ++ _++ + + + t I - - I 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F + _ -(-(- ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~I 14 A rd r- -1' ' ' ' 0? E-- m~: r4 ::C--) t-4~4E-i . ~ : - t - ---4pq 4 -4pC it 1G teo I t2rX Hc 2096. Chief of paired tribe specifically . 2096a.Chief of opposite moiety . 2097. Visiting tribes only ........ 2098. Irrespective of tribe ........ 2099. Performers only ........... 2100. All images given 2101. Some images given. 2102. Images throvm to crowd ........... 2102a.Opposite moiety ........... 2103. Paired tribe, specifically 2104. Visiting tribes. 2105. Irrespective of tribe 2106. Performers only. .......... 2107. All images thrown to crowd . 2108. Some images thrown to crowd ..... 2109. Hut for offerings ............. 2110. Hole (grave) for offerings ......... 2111. Poles for offerings, carried. 2112. Single stationary pole for offerings .... 2113. Sham battle ................ 2114. For admittance to enclosure ..... 2115. For sticks of images ........ 2116. Mourners washed ... 2117. By opposite moiety. *ll8. Visiting tribe 2119. Paired tribe, specifically . *120. Nonrelative. 2121. Washers paid 2122. Washer gives clothes to washed . 2123. Everyone in mourners' moiety or tribe washed. 2123a.Gambling and merriment after ceremony . . . 2124. "War" dance ................ 2125. At end of festivities ....... 2126. In circle, both sexes together . . . 2127. 2128. 2129. 2130. 2131. 2132. *2133. 2134. 2135. 2136. 2137. 2138. SHAMANISM Doctors 'Ierb Doctor Hereditary, patrilineal . ........ Instruction given ............. Supernatural experience required. Mostly men ................. Mostly women ................ Both sexes ................. *"Spirit Doctor" Hereditary, patrilineal .......... Instruction given Men only .................. Mostly men, some women ........... Supernatural experience required. Dreams in normal sleep . ...... .. 2138a.In childhood (before puberty) .. 2139. WIhen adult (after puberty). 12140. Age of first dreams ......... 2141. Guardian spirit or totem . 2142. Songs (no. = age acquired). ..... 2143. Curing methods (no. - age acquired) 2143a.General, not confined to prospective doctors _ + (+) -_ _- + + -+ _ _+ _+- + - -+ + - (_ ++__++ + _+ -+ - _-+ +_ _ _-_ + - _+ _+ + + -+_ _-+ _-+ -+ -+_+ + + + _++ + - -+ + + - + _+ - -+ + +++ + + +-* _-_- + (+) + + - + + -+ + - - - - + ++ + _-+ + + + _ _ _ + + + + + + 40[0O15- 1- + 15 + - + + 20+ - + + _-_ + + + + + + + + + -+ - + -+ - + - 20 - 16 - + _-+ _-+ _-+ 102 . + (- . (+ *++ + + + + +(++ + _ _ * - - (+) - .+*+ + + _ _-_I - - - - - - - - + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + t+) + t++ + + I+ + * (-) + + + +___ + + _+ + + - + ++ (+) -I (-(),+ +-()- _ _ _I _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .+ '(+) _ _; +t -4t ++t +t +t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4-+ +++ 20(20 + ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + ++ + 1+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 44. Eats part of corpse for power ....... 2146. Liver ... V7. Vision quest with isolation . p*2148. Age of first quest (P = ca. puberty) 2149. Repeated later in life ....... t*2150. Isolation, days or nights ...... 2152. Repeated until power comes t12l53. Fasts from food, days ........ t12l54. Fasts from water, days . 2155. Fasts till power comes ....... 2156. Ants eaten 2157. Tobacco eaten .. *2158. Datura drunk in isolation. 42159. Bathes in lake or stream ...... 2160. Under water ......... 2161. Sees guardian spirit or totem .... 2162. Hears guardian spirit or totem . . . 2163. Feels guardian spirit or totem . . . 2164. Gets song. 2165. Curing technique 2166. Vision quest general, not confined to prospective doctors ....... 168. Power from sun .. 169. Power from trance or faint. 2170. Sick, days or nights . . . . .... 2171. Nose or mouth bleeds ........ 2172. Guardian spirit or totem ...... 2173. Songs ................ 2173a.Curing technique .......... 174. Diagnoses by singing and dancing ...... 2175. Split-stick clapper ......... 2176. Cocoon rattle ............ 2177. Whistle ............... 2178. Rubs Datura on eyes to see poison . . t178a.Drinks Datura. 2179. Guardian spirit tells location of poison. 180. Cures by sucking .............. 2180a.Through pipe 2l8l. Scarification or blood letting.... 2182. Extracted poisonous object always exhibited 182a.Recovers lost soul ............. 2182b.Shaman recovers. 2182c.Sends guardian spirit. 2183. Brushes or fans away disease. 2184. With feathers ........ 2185..Weasel skin ......... 2186. Sprays water or saliva from mouth . . 2187. Blows tobacco smoke ......... 2188. Ashes applied to patient ...... 2190. Uses quartz crystal ......... 2191. Uses charmstone ........... 192. Assistant(s), number. 193. Patient decides amount of fee 2194. Paid before cure .......... 2195. Paid after cure ........... 2196. Instalments throughout the night . . t297. Returned or not taken if unsuccessful 197a."Fetish sack" or outfit bundle. 98. Liability for declining case ........ 2199. Financial .............. 2200. May be accused of poisoning. 01. Poisoning by doctors ............ 2201a."Bullets " shot ~3 .PY c4 E4 >d PL 0QE ~4 2 ) P I x I X I 1111 1 II z IH IW I^ t I EI > i C) cH ) tS; A;SAs AANtA _ + + + _-_+ + + - -202015 - - 2 1 _--+ + - - 2 . - -+ + + + ++ + + + + + _ + + + 1 + 10 40151E + + + + 1 1 1*1 4... +++ + + + + + + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + +1+ + + + - - - - - - -+ - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ + + _++ + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + _ t+)t+)- _ _---_- + + + + + + ++ + + - + + - _ _ - + I 1 3+ 2 1 3 (+)*-+ (+) - -+-+++ _- + + + _-+ + + + ++ + (+) -- (+)+ ++ +++ + _-+ + + _+ + + ++++ + +++ +. + + ++ + 2020 20 + + A+ti 1 + 1 1 + 2+ 2+ 1 + + ++ + + *. + +. + + + + + + + + + + + 30 1 2+ + + + + + + + + + + + (+)(+)+ (+)(+ (+ + + + (+_ + - - - - - - - - - - - + +-+ + - + - - - - - + + -+ --1+ + + + + + + II 2+ + + + (- - - + + _ _+ + IF * +-+ - -+ + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ +_ + -+ + + - P PP + + - - - + + - - (+ 0 ( ++ t + t ++ _++ + + + + + + ,*+++++ + + + - _-+ + 103 _ (+) (+) _ I_ (+) _ _ 104 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1LeAS >1l O eA 9 $d 5 r-1 -L4 1 rc1 r-- 0 ;S 0 0 0 d Al rc 0 :J Cd Pi I cd Pd od d 0 ~l 4.; A3 X2 o II I I I I , I I III I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 2202. Unsuccessful doctor killed .... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + +++++++ -(+(+)- * t 2203. Burned to death. + + + + 2204. Class of doctor killers . .......... + + + *+I- *I + 1-+ 2205. Men .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +(+)+ + + + + + + + 2206. Hired by chief ..... . . . . . . . + +(+)+ + + + + + + 2207. Hired by anyone .... . . . . . . . . + + + + + 2208. Kill by natural means .... . . . . . + +(+)+ + + + + *+ + + `Public Competitions ~2209. By"spirit doctor".+++ + ++ +?++ + + + - 42210. At mourning ceremony ............ . + + + + + ++++ + + + - - - - - - - - '2211. "Bullets" shot .............. + + + + + + + ++ ++ +- - - - - 2212. With circular basket tray . + + + + + + +++ -+ +-+ - - - - 2213. Visible to all .+........?... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _- 2214. Visible only to doctor. + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - 2215. From fire, ultimately sun ... . + + + + + ++++ + + + - - - - - - -- 2216. Recipient may return ...... . + + + + + + + + + + + + - _ _ _ _ _ - 2217. Contortions by performers ........ . . + + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ - *2218. Losers cured by winners .......... . + + + + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2219. Losers sometimes die .-.......... . - - + + - - + - + + + - - - - - - _- 2220. Performers paid .............. . + + + + + ++ + + + - - - - - - _-- `attlesnake Shamans 2221. Hereditary, patrilineal .......... . _ + + + _ + + + - + + + -_ 2222. Instruction given .............. - + + + - + + + - + + +- - - - - - - -- 2223. Supernatural experience required .-.... . . - + ++ - + ++ - + + +- - - - - - - - 2224. Rattlesnake guardian spirit or totem - + ++ - + ++ - + + - 2225. Immune to rattlesnake bite .-.... . - + ++ - + ++ - + + + - 2226. Power from sun . .+. . . . . . ... . .. . . - + + + + -+ +(+). ? 2227. Mostly men, some women ......... . .. - - + - -- + ?_ 2228. All men.++-.+.?. .?........... . + + + _+ + - + *2229. Bone whistle to call snakes .+.+. . . . + . + + ++ - + + + 2230. Snake kept in bottleneck basket . . . . . . . -+ + + _ + + + - - - - - - - - - -- 2231. Cures snake bite .............. +++ + + + - + + - - - 2232. Other curing ....... ....... . + + + + + - +-__ 2233. Rattlesnake ceremony .-............ _ + + + ++ - + ++ - 2234. Annual .............. . - + + _+ + + - --_ _ 2235. Spring ... . .... . + + . +.+ +. . + _ _ _ _ - _ 2236. Sumner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - + - - - - - 12237. Entire gathering lasts, days .... . -- 6 6 -7 6 1- 7 7 ?_ t2238. Actual ceremony lasts, days .... . . -- 1 1 -1 1 1- 1? - 2239. Chief supplies food .... . . . . . . - - - - + + -_ 2240. Shamans supply food .+. . .-. . . .. . -- + + _ + + - _ _ 2241. Sham curing rite .... . . . . . . . -+ + + - + + - +-_ 2242. Stepping rite, snake in hole .-... . _ + + _+ - + + - _++ - _---- - 2243. Snakes handled ..... . . . . . . . -+ + + + + + - + + + + + 2244. Similar performance at mourning ceremony - + - _ _ _ _ - Other Shamans leather Shamans 2245. From other tribes ...... ..-. . . .. * + *- + *+ 2245a.Hereditary, patrilineal . .-. . . ..-. . . + ++ 2246. Instruction given .-.-..... . . ... . . + 2247. Supernatural experience required . . ..-. . + * t+)_ 2248. Men mostly.-. .-...... . . (+)- + +__ 2249. Both sexes .-.... . - . (-)- - + ++ + _ _ _ 2250. Make rain..+. . ........ . . + - + ++ - + + ++ + ++ + + - - - 2251. Crystal ......... . . . . . . _ + + 2252. Charmstone .._ . . . . .... ... -. * . 2253. Sprinkle or blow water ..-.-.....-. .-.. - + + . +- 2254. Sprinkle or throw dirt .. . . . . . . -- + 2255. Contortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - 2256. Shouting.. ......... + .+_ + + + - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 105 i 0 0 i3 'o = d= d cd cd; d 4-- d 0 0 II IE= ; Z[ II' 11111111111n1111X - 157. Make rain stop................ .-+ + + + + + . + + ++ + ? 158. Perform at mourning ceremony._ + _ _ _ + + - '59. No particular occasion .-.. . . . . . . . . . + + _ _ _ + _ + + 60. Separate public ceremony .......... . - - - - - - - - - *+ 161. Paid for performing . ......... - + + - -+ +_i- + ++ '62. Bet on outcome ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - - - + - *Bear Shamans 63. From other tribes, not local ... . . . . . 63a.Hereditary, patrilineal . . .+.+.+.. . + - + +++ + - - - - - - - _ _ 64. Instruction given . . ........... . + + + + - + + + + + - - - - - - - _ 65. Supernatural experience . .+.+.+...... . + - + + + ++ - - - - - - - - - + + 2266. Bear guardian spirit or totem . ... . + + ++ - + +++ + + + ++ 67. Mostly men ........ . . ... . . . . . - + ? - - - - _ _ + 68. Both sexes ................ . .. -++ + + + + _ _ 69. dear bear skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - + (+)- - - . + ? - - - - - - - + + 70. Wear bear claws ..... .. .... . + + + + _ + - . + - - - - - - ++ 71. Transformation to bear . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + (+)- +_(+) + + . - - - - - - - + 72. Invulnerability ...... .. . +.+ ... . . - + - + + +.? _ - - - - - ? + ? 73. Power of rapid travel . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + -_ + + - + .? - - - - - (+ 74. Public bear dance . . .+...+........ ++ + + - +- + + - - - - - 2275. Fall ................ . - - - + - ++++ + - - - - - - - - - 2276. Winter . .?.-.+.?.?. - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - _ T2277. Whole gathering lasts, days . . - - 6 6 - 7 6 1 . - - - - - - - - t2278. Actual bear dance, days ....... . - - 1 1 -1 1* . - - - - - - - 2279. Bear lineage supplies food . .+.+.. . - - + + + + . - - - - - - - _ 2280. Performers paid ........... . _ + + + _ + + - - - - - - - - - - - 81. Perform at mourning ceremony .... . .. . + + - - - - - - + Money Finders 82. From other tribes, not local . . . . . . . . . + *+ * *+ *- *+ + - 82a.Hereditary, patrilineal .-. . . . . . . . . . 83. Instruction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84. Supernatural experience . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + - - - - - 85. Full-length feather cloak .-.?....... . _ + ++-+++ + + + + + - 2286. Condor feathers . . . ...... . . . -+)++ .+ + + + + + _ _ 87. Carry long stick or two . . . . . . . . . . +. + ++ -+++ + + + + + - - - - - 88. t5ney hidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + + + + + _ + + + ........ + + + +. + - - - - - 289. Shaman whistles .-.......... . + + + + + - + + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ 2290. Shakes cocoon rattle. - _ . . ....... + + - - - _ 2291. Listens to hear money rattle .-.+.+.+. + + + + + + ++ + + + + + - - - - - 93. Function at mourning ceremony .-....... + +?++ + _ + + + + *+ + + + 34. Function at any public gathering ...... . - - - - - - - - - + - + + ? - - - - Various 3 4a.Fire handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - + - + + - - - 3 4b.Fire eating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + +_ VARIOUS RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS Offerings )5. Eagle down .......... . .+ + _+++ ++ ++ + + ___ )6. Meal or seeds .......... . . . _ + - - + -+ + + +. + + + +? 3 7. Tobacco (not smoked) . . . . . . . . . . . . . -(+ + (+ + + +(- ( )8. Shell beads .......... . .__+++ ++ + ++++ ++ _ + Whirlwind )9. Ghost in . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + _ + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '0. Spirit (not ghost) in ..+............ . - - - - - - _ + _ _ _ + _ + + + + )1 . Snake in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - (-_ - - - - - +? - - - '2. Caused by cbarmstone ........ .+ + - - - - - - - - )3. Spit at to stop .+.-............ . _ _ + +- - + - ---+ ? - - - - - - - - 106 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2304. 2305. 2306. Throw water at ................ Point at or motion to go away ........ Dodge it ................... Bird CeremonSi *2307. Present ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS SUBSISTENCE untine observances. Own kill taboo until iage. Ritual disposal: of deer bones; of fish s. All-night ceremony for deer after kill. . Nets: on A-frame, poles vertical eber, Hdbk., pl. 7); kite-shaped (Hdbk., pl. A-frame, poles horizontal; on semicircular tule-wrapped clay sinker. Weir: "double "; with fall doors, string triggers. Har- (detachable point): single toggle; triple e, feathers in toggle; toggle barbed. Fish r (fixed point): single point; stone point; a spread by ring. Eel hook (raking gaff). ing: circular hook of Haliotis; circular hook ussels; fly of mouse hair; fly of wood duck. o fish scoop of sticks, handled. Shell beads to fish basket or weir for luck. First- n rite. Gathering, preparation, storage. s leached in openwork basket. Acorns buried e in mud. "Moldy" acorns (whole kernel). Acorn dyed with red-spruce fungus. Pine bark wer for meal. Mesquite: pods stored in ollas. en knife for harvesting. Cactus tongs. Stone- weighted digging stick. Digging stick with rest. Seaweed eaten in place of salt. Salt ocean. Parching with coals in pot. Storage ors in baskets the only method. Agriculture. ad agriculture. Maize: several colors; sev- sizes; popcorn. Teparies besides true beans. or squash, green. Gourds grown. Melons, not rmelon. Weed cutter. HOUSES (Note: Unless otherwise stated, the trait is nt for all types of houses.) eneral. Frame: Ground plan--L-shaped; tra- idal; rectangular for sweat houses. Four-post ral frame, top of roof flat, 4 pitches to Perpendicular walls on all sides. Perpen- ar corner or side posts. Flat roof with 'ular ground plan. No posts, end plank notched ridge pole(s). Medial posts besides center (s). Vertical, double, sand-filled, front Covering: Planks. Skins. Entrance: Shape d. Smoke hole as entrance. Hide covering ing. Sliding door. Stone platform outside r. Second side or back entrance in earth- red house. Fireplace: In pit. Smoke hole in t house. Sweat house. Cobble-lined exit pit. vidual wooden pillow. Pole pillow. Named and ed places. Plank or slab floor. Ladder. Spe- location in town. Fuel-gathering ritual. (vapor) heat. Hide fire fan. Slept in regu- y by males. Dwellings. Furnishings: Beds on ed scaffold. Wooden stool, cylinder or mush- . Ladder. Central pit. Various. House names. ng house for fish and meat. Grinding house town, with portable mortars and metates. NAVIGATION Simple dug-out boats. Redwood dug-out canoe. Plank boat. Grooved anchor. Paddles and poles: crutch handle; notched blade; single blade, com- pound; double blade. Ferriage in pots. TOOLS, UTENSILS, PROCESSES Grinding. Stone slab food mortar. Wood slab mortar. Small mortars only for poisoners. Wood pestle. Ringed-stone pestle. Bulb-ended stone pestle. Looped muller. Two-horned muller. Brushes. Agave fiber. Roots (?) for hair (exclud- ing soaproot). Swab for sipping. Stirrers and stone lifters. One-stick food stirrer. Three- stick food stirrer. Split-stick stone lifter. Spoons. Horn. Wood. Pottery. Gourd dipper. Recep- tacles. Wood: Cylindrical box with lid. Steatite: Small mouthed vessels (ollas). Knives. Only split cobble. Awls and needles. Bone awl for lamprey splitting. Adzes. Curved stone, mussel blade. Wedges. Of bone or horn. Mauls. Pear shaped, of stone. Fire making. Bow drill. Pump drill. Skin dressing. Horn flesher. WEAPONS Bows. Self bow tips sinew wrapped; ends re- curved. Sinew-backed bow of yew. Arrows. Single shaft, no head, for war (affirmed by Kroeber, Hdbk., 530; Powers, 374, agrees with me). Arrow straightener of sandstone; of clay (pottery); of wood. Arrow release. Mongolian (thumb). Spears. Thrown mainly. Spear thrower. Shields. Armor. Slings. Clay shot. Clubs. Cone-ended (potato masher). Of stone, edged. Curved rabbit club. Daggers. BODY AND DRESS Hair. Neck or shoulder length for adults. Cut with stone, bone, or shell. Beard: Shaving with obsidian flake. Various: Hair dye. Depilation of body hair. Mutilations. Special fate of soul of untattooed. Clothing. Headgear: Eye shade. Robes and capes (over shoulders): Sea otter; buffalo. Leggings. Adornment and special dress. Feather regalia: Two feathered sticks, one on each side of head, on band. Spliced condor-feather head- dress trimmed with woodpecker scalps. Three rods, woodpecker covered, headdress. Head hoop, wood- pecker scalps. "Big head" radiating feather- tipped sticks. Visors of all kinds. Masks of all kinds. Down stuck to face. Palut skirt (Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 42c). Woodpecker scalp headband, 2 or 3 rows of scalps. Paint: Applied by roller print- ing; brush. Mud as cosmetic. Various: Abalone rim "horns." Sea-lion tooth headdress. Flat wands on forehead. [107] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS CARRYING Spreading pack strap. Nets: small net sack, often in hand; large back sack. Frames on back: sticks and cord (Mohave); hide on frame. Coolie yoke. Dog packing. BASKETRY Technique. Coiling: To left of worker. Single- rod. 5-rod. 3-rod, vertical. Bottom (start) checker. Bottom wood or rawhide. Twining: Clock- wise (when looking into basket). To left of worker. Downward lean of outer weft, basket up- right. Wrapped (1 weft around slat). Lattice (2 wefts around slat). 3-strand or 3-braided. Over- lay. Types and uses. Cap: pointed top; plain twine. Seed beater: circular; radiating warp; wicker. Leaching basket. Asphalted water bottle. Basket hopper, twined. Carrying basket: trun- cated cone; bell-shaped. Various. Entire basket covered with feathers. Pattern in feathers. Shell-bead decoration. Haliotis pendants. Normal Xerophyllum decoration. Adantia, Woodwardia, Alnus, Evernia decoration. Alnus (alder) red dye. Porcupine-quill decoration. Break in banded woven ornament. Ownership marks. Plants. Squaw grass (Xerophyllum tenax). Hazel (Corylus rostrata). WEAVING AND NETTING Rabbitskin blankets coiled without foundation. Mats: of tule skin; of shredded tule fiber; of mescal fiber; checker weave. CRADLES Sitting type. Lying type: board; kite-frame (Hdbk., pl. 40n); hooked-ladder-frame (Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 39f); U-ladder; oval-ladder; U-frame, vertical warp. Hood: radiating warp, twined; wicker. Sex of child indicated by cradle shape. CORDAGE Materials: Iris; nettle; human hair. Manufac- ture: spinning stick with crosspiece; spindle whorl. Thumbguard of mussel for fiber drawing. POTTERY Manufacture. Shaped only. Coiled with paddle. Temper: sherd; shell. Shapes and uses. Small- mouthed olla. Shallow dishes. Plate. Lip. Eyed lugs. Pointed bottom. Pointed parching tray. Oval plate. Quail spoon, rattling. Duck jar, asymmetri- cal. Small-mouthed water jar. Large bowl for ferrying. Various. Pot rests of pottery. Painted decoration. GAMES Ball and stick race. Stone puck. Looped stick, rawhide mesh. Fewest number of strokes wins. Shinny. Puck: bone, e.g., elk astragalus; 2 sticks tied to ends of buckskin cord; rope ring9 Propulsion with seed beater. Goal a single post at each end of field. Hoop and pole. Pole male, hoop female. Ring and pin, or cup and ball. Gue ing,hand, grass, or peon game. Bones called te and wei. Hiding in sand. Counters: divided betv sides at start; all held by guessing side, tran, ferred. Many stick guessing game. Stick game, sticks laid down, position on ground guessed. Long wrapped. Short wrapped. Counters divideda start. Fan-tan or odd or even. Take away 4 at a time, guess 0, 1, 2, 3. Hidden-ball game. Dice, stick type. Wood tablets. Bone, beaver teeth. Counters divided at start. Played on: basket; blanket, hide, or mat; stone. Dice, disk type. Counters equally divided at start. Played on stone. MONEY, BEADS, PIPES, TOBACCO, MUSICAL INSTRUJEI (Money and Beads.) Dentalia. Clam-disk beada cheapest form of money. Miagnesite cylinders (burnt red) as treasure. Mlethods of measure: counting (sometimes done but not the standard method); true fathom; 4-fathom string; sternum to end of arm; breast nipple to end of opposit arm. (Pipes.) L-shaped. Obtuse-angled. Tubular: wood, double bowl end; wood, mortised steatite bowl, Haliotis inlay. Disk bowl, stone. (Tobacco.) Mixed with bark for smoking.- (Musical Instruments.) Cocoon rattle as garb or belt. Turtle-shell rattle. Notched rasp. DeO hoof rattle: hoofs in line; at girl's puberty;i ear piercing. Drums. Bull-roarer associated wit] initiation. Flutes: side blown; nose blown; of bone. Flageolet, with reed. CALENDAR, ASTRO(iUMY, AND COSMOLOGY Stars as month markers. Hand or arm in sky. Rainbow coyote's penis. Thunder a "dragon." Lightning from eye. New moon observances: chil spanked; moon dance. Eclipse of the moon: turn vessels over; dogs beaten; bear eats moon; rac eats moon. Frog in moon. World a tree, roots World an animal, head north. Color symbolism a sociated with directions. Water flow insteado cardinal directions. MARRIAGE Ceremony. Negotiated marriage price. Servic for bride. "Half-marriage." No payment or pres Wife sharing by unrelated male namesakes. Marrv of relatives. Mail to wife's sister's daughter; man to mother's sister; man to all first cous8 man to all first cousin's daughters. Post-nupti residence. First residence matrilocal. Adultet Slain adulterer paid for. Fine for constructiv adultery. Fine for seduction. Unchaste girl kU p I I I I i j II 108 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA BERDACHES, KINSHIP AVOIDANCES, JOKING RELATIONSHIP, SOCIAL RANK (Berdaches.) Berdache-making ritual. Berdaches amans. Female berdaches. (Kinship Avoidances.) Mother-in-law son-in- : don't speak at all. Mother-in-law daughter- law: don't speak at all; head covered; not together. Father-in-law son-in-law: don't ak at all; head covered; not eat together. her-in-law daughter-in-law: don't speak at . Brother sister: don't speak at all. Joking relationship. (Social Rank.) Slavery. Ostracism of bastards. elations from house or marital status. &NS, MOIETIES, LINEAGES, CHIEFS, AND OFFICIALS Clans. Lineages: territory; name; chief. Head chief: chief's affinal kin (other than Re) called chief; chief's paternal male blood , separate title; chief 's affinal kin separate te; wealth influence only; chief for clan, eage, ceremonial party. Fire tender (excep- ns in Notes under this major heading). Kohota tival chiefs. Assistant cult chief (paha). bbit drive official. LAND OWNERSHIP, WAR (Land Ownership.) Clan owned. Private, house- d owned: pushing match to settle disputes; ck fight to settle disputes; compounding of ury. (War.) Women captives violated. Captives irtured. BIRTH Delivery. Mother bathed at birth (I am not tain of this). Navel cord: cut with bone; rown in a certain direction; thrown by spring ~ling. Restrictions on mother. Fresh meat only, boo. Drinking tube. Restrictions on father. 'inking tube. Retired to childbirth hut with ther. Twins. Fear of twins. Killed: youngest y; only if of opposite sex. Favored or sig- ized: special heaven; reincarnation of dead ns. Milk teeth. Put in gopher's hole. Thrown er house. GIRLS' PUBERTY, MENSTRUATION Restrictions. Confined in menstrual hut. Girl r not sleep, nor talk. Covered or veiled when lng outside: basket hopper; feather visor. king at people taboo; at snakes taboo; at Dsne (crops) taboo. Girl's hair cut. Girl takes ura. Hair mud-plastered. Haliotis looked into. blic recognition. Several girls together. Only Dminent families' daughters. Coincides with ye initiation in time. Dancing: day time; se dance separately; abreast; girl dances with visor; held in ceremonial enclosure; in ceremonial house; song cycles used. General sexual license. Instruction of girl(s). Instruments used: deer- hoof rattle; split-stick clapper; pottery rattle; turtle-shell rattle; drum; whistles. Rite aith pit roasting (see note on element 1852). Fire ring at girl's rite. Trench at girl's rite. Race at conclusion of rite. Rock painting. Girl painted with moiety patterns. Menstrual hut. Menstrual penthouse against dwelling. Taboo: basketmaking; wood-gathering; smoking by husband. BOYS' PUBERTY RITE, DATURA Boys ' puberty rite. (Datura.) Group drinking. Only for persons of prominent families. Instruction of initiates: 'clan" songs; songs of other "clans"; enemy songs; dances; fire dance; wand swallowing. Ritual crawl- ing to enclosure. Sand-painting altar. VWanaviut figure rite. Initiates painted moiety patterns. Pole climbing. Song cycles used. Horloi ( "war dance") . DEATH Treatment of corpse. Corpse passed through wall. Burial: cemeteries within town; sand in grave; string from grave, to insure arrival of next child. Cremation: partial cremation when relatives separated; ceremonial eating of flesh; secondary urn burial. Presents sent by related clans. Undertaker. Undertaker of opposite moiety. Mourners. Widow: In remarriage must not sleep with back to spouse. Blood relatives: Sweating. Scratch selves. Braided mourning necklace. Pitch lump mourning necklace. Mourner's claims satisfi- able before dance. Mourner pays to waive his taboos. Ghosts. Goes: to ocean after death; above, skyland; below, underworld. Dream of dead, or appearance of ghost, gives power. MOURNING CEREMONY Tribal mourning ceremony. For warriors only. Images made by opposite moiety; by nonrelatives; by another tribe. Eagle sacrifice. "War dance" for rain; for sickness. Special ceremony for Datura initiates: regalia burned in sand paint- ing. SHAMANISM Doctors. "Spirit doctor": Mostly women. Suck- ing doctor distinguished from singing doctor. Public "doctor making" dance. Power from material "pains." Sucks through pipe. Assistant(s) to"in- terpret." Gives Datura. Gives ants. Possessional shamanism. VARIOUS RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS Offerings. Feather wands; arrows; tule pollen. Trail offering places. I ml q 109 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST The numbers below correspond to those of the 26. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. element list. General notes on numbered captions 27. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. Y-Tach: A net on come first. Specific notes on single tribes af- hoop 2 ft. in diameter, doubtless handled, was terward. The tribes follow the order of the used to catch waterfowl flying overhead. Lat tables. Notes on centered headings are identified 32. by a repetition of the heading. References are 28. atc M. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. given in full in the terminal bibliography. Meas- 30. Ducks swam into this enclosure, could urements are usually in feet and inches: 2? 2": find their way out. Volunteered by one Y-Yaul 2 feet, 2 inches. Y and M after native nouns re- informant, confirmed by the other. Practicedo fer to Yokuts and W Mono respectively. Kern and Buena Vista lakes where the Y-Yaul o went. Probably also on Tulare lake, but no id SUBSISTENCE mation. Y-Tach: Informants said seeds supplied larger 34. I obtained all affirmative answers froa part of diet; land animals next; fish and water- illustration of stone deadfall in Steward, fig fowl least important. 2. There may have been other types, e.g., log. 37. From mice to foxes and wildcats. Woodra mentioned most often. to'mlc Y. Hunting 40. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. Driving and Trailing 41. These do not seem deep enough, but per An important method in the San Joaquin v. but stake and noose were essential features. Certa not listed or questioned on was the surround, ly the M-Tuh pit is impractical without them. Hdbk., 528-9. 44. Kroeber, Hdbk., 528, mentions a similaIr 3. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. device for Yokuts, but does not specify the tr 4. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 46. Apparently only for wild pigeons. See 5. Y-Tach: No particular species of small game Kroeber, Hdbk., 529 and pl. 46. Besides, pigeo hunted separately. Rabbits, squirrels, rats, were often "lassoed" around the neck, and as etc., lived among tules, which were set afire and many as eight live decoys used. Decoys were pe all species present burned to death, clubbed, or odically startled with a stick so that their shot. fluttering made them conspicuous to the wild 7. Steward, 253. P-Dth: Stone walls to hide birds. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. P-Koso: Denied on behind were built along runways in the hills. In one occasion, affirmed later. 1891 thirty mt. sheep were thus killed in one 47. P-Dth: A string was attached to bird ar- drive. Chalfant, 1930, 92. row, so as to recover it without much alarm to 9. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. V. The reference at birds. Chalfant, 1930, 92. least in most accounts is to following the ani- 48. Y-Yaul: On Kern and Buena Vista lakes. mal's trail until a shot can be obtained, not to K-Tub: I doubt this absence. Duck decoys (53) the special method of continuous pursuit by a spearing from balsa (158) were known. single hunter until the animal collapses in com- plete exhaustion. 10. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. V. Decoys and Disguises 12. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. P-Dth, P-Sal: In- 49. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 8, 528. P-Dth: No d formation from G. G., Koso informant. in territory. 13. By hunters to show each other where they 52. The hunter tied, e.g., a bunch of grass are when separated in pursuit of game. Fire to his head and crawled along toward the rodent built on hill or ridge. No blanket or the like chiefly ground squirrels. to cover fire. 53. Usually a duck decoy. Loud and Harringto pls. 32-34, 59. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. A. Affir Traps, Nets, and Snares by J. V. for Kern and Buena Vista lakes. K-Tub: 14. Barrett and Gifford, 185. makwa't M. Denied by S. M. Affirmed by U-Kaw informant F. 15. P-Sal, 0-Ind: For mt. sheep, not deer. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 0-Ind: Probably on Owena. 18. Barrett and Gifford, 183. U-Kaw: Denied lake. Denied by Steward, 255. by B. R. 54. Associated with snaring of wild pigeons 23. Flat like a tennis net. tapi'ha M; with noose on stick. wa'na Y. 55. Leaf held between base of thumbs and 25. Y-Tach: Dimensions: 30 x 4 ft. Stretched blown. between two sage bushes. Two lines of Indians 56. Many animals, including deer and rabbits, extended from its ends at obtuse angles, the will stop an instant when fleeing if they hear whole arrangement forming a truncated V-shaped a strange sound such as a whistle. Although the chute into which rabbits were driven and clubbed. whistle was usually from the mouth, an instru- Animals could not see net and would run into it ment may have been used sometimes. Hunter is in their effort to escape. From Latta, 33. thus enabled to get a pot shot at animal. [110] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA Various . Kroeber, Hdbk., 529. Also for quail. . U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. . A stick about 3 ft. long with a single gbt piece of mammal bone about 1 in. long to the end at an angle of some 45 degrees to form a hook was observed in the Eastern ornia Museum at Independence. From Saline . P-Sal, P-Koso, 0-Ind: Absence of any kind n here must be an error. Smoke does not au- ically go down holes. . Y-Choi: Also a hide fan, Latta, 27. 4. DWiring a rain small channels were dug in rto run water down holes. 5. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. B. Steward, 256. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. Animal Foods Not Used aimals marked plus were not eaten sometimes use they were definitely considered poisonous, times because of religious reasons, and some- B simply because they were not palatable. epts involving totems or personal guardian Its may have crept into some of the responses, Dugh I tried to rule out such limited usages. common food species, e.g., deer, were pur- ly left out of the list. Certain species, Las eagles and hawks, were the totems of !fs and officials, and could not be killed that reason. Although the dove was the totem he messenger (wina'ttm Y MI), it was uni- ally eaten where it occurred. Native nouns animals not given here may be found in the [lists. 0. iwe'ylt Y; tiwo'ya M. M-Ent: Denied by '1. 0-Ind: Contradicted by Steward, 256. 2. au'tsa Y M. 8. Unfortunately I did not distinguish brown lack bear (Ursus americanus) from grizzly ,us horribilis). The chances are that horri- s was eaten less often--for both religious practical reasons. 0-Ind: Contradicted by ard, 253. 4. wdhe's"t Y IA. B. tcox Y; pohu tc M. Kroeber, Hdbk., 526, S. Yokuts ate the skunk. Powers, 379, af- s it for Yokuts generally. 7. toyo'x Y; a'tckYl Y J1; po'mohiyo'dE M. t: Affirmed by L. P. B. Y-Yaud: A local group has one man who may an eagle, eat its meat, and sell its feathers. tion inherited from father to son. Man must be chief, although my notes do not specify. 1. fl'm1k Y; k?ni' M. 1. hoto'i Y; kadapt'dj M. M-Ent: Denied by D.S. 9. MA-Ent: Denied by D. S. 4. oi'ui Y; oi'oina M. 6. musege'T M; tcamxana Y-Chun. 9. dje'nak Y; pokwe' I. 0. atca' Y; aya'ko M. 1. ugu'ku Y M. 92. pa'unai Y; pena M. 93. pomi M. 94. itowa'iu Y; kiwa' M. 95. ba'ntuk Y; piyag M. Hunting Observances Y-Wuk: A deer must always be butchered on branches, not on bare ground. A piece of heart is thrown to east for sun's breakfast, another to west for sun's supper. After butchering, hunter must turn brush over before leaving. This means that the deer will rise in three days. Its spirit goes to a cave where the dead deer live. It tells the others who killed it. If hunter performed butchering ritual correctly, deer spirits are pleased and communicate to living deer who then allow hunter to kill them more easily. U-Kaw: Same kind of rationalization for deer rituals. Deer ap- preciate care being bestowed upon their dead bod- ies and are glad to die thus nobly, according to B. R. 97. The most common rationalization is that the heart produces an undue amount of sexual de- sire. Y-Wuk: Heart meat causes the eater's heart to palpitate. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. A. 106. Usually only for deer, and for only one night before the hunt. 109. The root is Angelica, metck1c, l1'pItc, Y. 111. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 112. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 113. Deer butchered and distributed the next day. Held outdoors. 114. P-Dth, P-Sal: Information from G. G., Koso informant. Fishing 122. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 11. M-Wak: Few fish in Ash Springs cr. Y-Wuk: Informant says all true nets are modern. Y-Yaul: On Kern and Buena Vista lakes. 124. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. Y-Choi: The mouth was held open by a willow hoop, and faced upstream. Wings of willow sticks converged to the net. Fish were driven down stream into it. Latta, 25. 125. 0-Ind, O-B P: Apparently something of this kind was used in Owens v., Steward, 252. 126. tuwdnwa'dU M. M-Hod: This net served as a barrier so that fish could be driven into either a natural or a constructed "pen" to one side of stream. It was not supposed to catch fish by the gills. 128. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 129. Powers, 376, affirms this for the Yokuts on streams emptying into Tulare lake. Parenthetical entries from this statement. 135. M-Ent: Affirmed by L. P. 136. wlsi Y. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 137. The presence of basketry fish traps where weirs are absent suggests that some may have been carrying-baskets used occasionally for such a purpose or some other makeshift device. However, all affirmative answers were obtained by showing ill ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Hdbk., pl. 33. See Steward, 251. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 138. Kroeber , Hdbk., pl. 33a. 139. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 33c. Y-Choi: About 3 ft. max. diam., 18 in. high, 8 in. min. diam. at truncated apex. It was thrust down over the fish which was then pulled out the opening at the apex. Latta, 27. 140. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 33b. 142. Y-Tach: A weir 50 or 60 yds. long was built at an angle from shore of lake, so that weir and shore formed a converging chute. A large number of persons would wade out into the lake and drive fish into this chute and toward shallow water near shore. From Latta, 32. 144, 145. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 7. I used this illustration in the field but am not certain that scaffolds in this area were all like it. Y-Choi: Latta, 26, describes a fishing scaffold almost identical to one in Hdbk., pl. 7. Two converging poles perhaps 15 ft. long, bottoms set 10 ft. apart in the river, were the support for another pair of converging poles running horizontally from the bank. Other poles laid across latter formed platform, which was covered with a dense shade. Darkening within booth, plus elimination of reflection from water, greatly increased visibility. The fisherman lay prone, and thrust his gig through an opening in the floor. 146. A dam, mainly of stones, was built. When water had risen enough to overflow bank and form a pond, fish were driven into pond. Then dam was broken so as to lower water level and strand fish. 147. plidjek'mlTni Y M, specifically the toggle. M-Tuh: Said to be modern; I doubt it. Y-Tach, Y-Chun: Latta, 32, says fish were gigged from a tule balsa on Tulare lake. He does not specify whether the point of the gig was de- tachable. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 151. Barrett, 1910, pl. 22, 4. Usually the cannon bone of the deer, which was the most com- mon source of bone for all implements. Y-Wuk: The toggle was bipointed with string tied to groove in middle. This may explain some of the problematical bipointed pins found archaeologi- cally. See Beals, fig. 1. Other informants agreed that the toggles were of straight unbarbed bone, but said only the front end was pointed; the butt end formed a socket in which the point of the foreshaft rested, as in Barrett. 153. kotcls M; pakwa't?nu M. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 157. One point is bound fast to the shaft; the other detaches like a harpoon. A typological transition between a spear and harpoon. Y-Choi: Described in detail by Latta, 26. The fixed point made contact more sure, preventing the detach- able point from slipping off the fish. 159. To form a white background, thus increas- ing the visibility of the fish. 160. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 162. Loud and Harrington, pl. 51, bottom. 163. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 28. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 166. Barrett., 1910, pl. 22, 3. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 167. Y-Wuk: S. G. has used this, but says it is modern. I failed to ask for the type of hook associated with it. 168. Bait is tied to a human-hair string at the end of a line. WVhen a trout strikes the line the angler gives a jerk, the hairs catch in the trout's mouth, and it is hurled onto the bank. 169. Twined openwork, similar to basketry fish traps, with a small opening in the side, suggestive of native bird cages. O-B P: I sawa single specimen about 2 ft. long and 18 in. in diam. in Mrs. Black's collection at Big Pine, but could not determine to what local group it belonged. 170. Probably other types of openwork baskets were so used. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 171. This is possible when the fish is in a hole, in or under the bank of a stream, or has been stranded. It must have been practiced to some degree by all tribes. Y-Yaul: Affirmed by J. V. from his stepfather's testimony. Denied bj J. A. 172. Certainly an uncommon or incidental method. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 261-2, describes a special 2-wood- pointed featherless arrow for fish. 175. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward,251, says slim solomon (Smilacina ses- silifolia) was used to poison fish. 176. yau'ha Y M. 177. tcene'cll Y; tcokciba M; coho'cib Mi. 178. weyo'no, woyo'no'p, topiu'n, M. 180. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 181. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. A. Affirmed by J. I from stepfather's testimony. 182. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 184. Modern anglers run a string through the gills. Stick serves same purpose. It also elimi nates the necessity of killing fish to prevent them from flopping back into the water. Gathering, Preparation, Storage 185. A stick intentionally bent at one end. Doubtless sometimes confused with 187 and 188. M-Ent: Denied by D. S,. 186. Y-Yaud: Trips were made to Kernville, o the Kern r., K-Tub territory, for pine nuts. 187. Either a Y fork or a single acute angle like the number 7. P-Sal: Number 7 type with c0o reinforcement near vertex of angle. Only women gathered, at least in 1891. Coville, 377. 188. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 190. P-Sal: See 187, P-Sal. 191. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 14. Y-Tach: Informa: said there were no acorn trees in Tachi territo Fish were traded for acorns with the tribes to the east. 192. Also pine needles, bark, depending on 1 cality. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. Y-Choi: A bundle 112 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA grass, djabas, was used to break fall of water en pouring on meal. Barrett, notes. U-Kaw: nied by B. R. 194. Acorns were roasted, ground, boiled, and quid drunk. Probably modern. J. V., Y-Yaud, ys it is modern. D. B., Y-Chuk, thinks it original. 196. This was often the shape of a hot cake tortilla. Informants differed concerning cent vs. aboriginal origin of this shape but re certain it was made from acorn flour. If original it may be anciently related to the iki bread of the Southwest and ultimately the xican tortilla. 199. ho'lu Y; honowoi' M. 205. See 251, seq. 208. See 410. 211. The flower, or head, if I understood in- rmant correctly. 212. Only when acorns scarce. Considered in- rior to acorns. 213. Prickly pear. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. Dth: Joints of the stalk also. Coville. 214. Stick, bladed at one end. 215. Probably other genera besides Helianthus cluded. I first used the word "sunflower" to ormants, and later on used unidentified native rms said to mean "sunflower." da'x-al- Y; kiib M. 217. See 433-5. I doubt the total absence in ens v. 221. M-Ent: Denied by L. P.. 225. M-Hod: Imported from E. Mono (N. Paiute) Bishop. 226. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 230, 231. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 234. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 236. The small earth oven. Diameters varied om 1-5 ft., averaging 2 or 3; depths less. Dth: 10 in. deep, 3 ft. diam. Coville, 354. 241. U-Kaw: Contradicted by 853. 248. Most often 4 forked posts with cross- eces. Typologically related to the flat shade amada). 249. Between trees or stakes; a foetal frame. 252. Gifford, 1932, pl. 4. Powers, fig. 32. 255. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 38. M-Ent: Denied by S. 256. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 60. Kroeber, 1908, 1. 2. 257. Gifford, 1932, pl. 4. Powers, fig. 32. -Tach, Y-Chun: Of tules. 259. Hole dug a few feet deep, conical thatch- rth-covered roof. Typologically related to *eat house as informant pointed out. Possibly nmetimes confused with 260 which lacks a pitched 0of. 260. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. Agriculture See Tobacco. P-Dth: B. T. said his great-grandfather Isited the Mohave and brought back domestic plants to Death v. I estimate the date to have been about 1840. The presence of agriculture in 1849 is confirmed by Chalfant, 1933, 77. P-Koso: When G. G. was about fifteen years old, around 1875, agriculture was present in Koso area. He does not know where it came from. Modern shovels, etc., were being used at the time, but formerly a plain digging-stick (265) was used in planting. Maize was planted in irregularly placed hills, not rows. The canyons of the Sierras were most commonly chosen. There was one communal patch of 2 or 3 acres near Little lake. Steward, 334, confirms presence of maize and squash, with beans lacking. 265. A plain digging-stick, Hdbk., pl. 67b. Pets 267. Powers, 379, says Yokuts kept dogs large- ly for their flesh. 273. O-B P: From Steward, 257. 274. Quail, doves, or pigeons, and possibly others. Pigeons associated with pigeon snaring (46). Sometimes in cages. 275. One or two primaries plucked to prevent their flying away. 276. Rabbits, squirrels, coons, etc. 277. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. Various 282. Steward, 247. 283. For tobacco (see no. 1200). 284. M-Ent: Only observed by those with bear totem, L. P. 286. M-Wop: Only bear lineage refrained from eating acorns until after this rite. Gayton, 1930, 380. HOUSES Most of structural features are to be found under "General"; hence classificatory priority is given to structure rather than function. Letters refer to individual types within a single tribe, and at same time have been more or less equated from tribe to tribe in order to facilitate com- parison. Thus, "s" is the sweat house; "a" a dwell- ing with a single ridgepole, either a double lean- to with gabled ends, or with ends rounded and slanting (hip-roofed); "b" a conical or domed dwelling, thatched or mat covered; "c" a conical dwelling of poles, bark, and conifer boughs. Kroeber, Hdbk., 521-522, describes for the Wechibit and Tachi "small tule houses of another type, elliptical or oblong with rounded but verti- cal ends." It may or may not have a ridgepole. This would fall under a or b in my classification, depending on the ridge. The published illustrations in the area of this work are the following. Sweat house: Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 56; Steward, fig. 4, pl. 6a. Dwelling a: Powers, fig. 39; Barrett, 1910, pl. 11. Dwelling b: Steward, pl. 3c. Dwelling c: Gifford 113 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1932, pls. 2, 3a; Gifford and Barrett, pl. 30, 2. Verbal descriptions are abundant in these sources. Besides, Krause has assembled some 25 illustrations, mainly from the northern half of California. Garces, in the year 1775-1776, observed at Poso or., Y-Pal territory, sweat houses with a single entrance, either in the side or roof. A ladder was used with the roof entrance. Men sweated in the morning or evening. Coues, 284. Native terms and notes follow. Terms for sweat house are in the noun lists. M-Hod: a, toonobi (probably tomo nobi, winter house); b, towa'no nobi, spring house. M-Wop: a, kawi (a Yokuts word). I doubt the occurrence of this type here. b, pa'unop; c, wo kob. M-Wak: a, mapu xi ta'nobi, bark house; b, num nobl tc., round house, or cunaba nobi, grass house. Bark house, a, only in the higher altitudes. Y-Koch: b, tomox. Y-Nut: No type a, but informant knew of it for Y-Tach. Y-Tach: a, kawi; b, tumulus. Generic name for house, tci; optionally suffixed to term for a. Y-Chun: a, kawitci; b, tci. Y-Wuk: b, tci or tri. Type a was made in recent times but not anciently. Y-Yaud: b, ti. Flat shade said to be Mexican influence, recent. Kroeber, Hdbk., 522, describes a type"d' house. Y-Yaul: a, wa 'atci; b, co'toltci, round house, or pomomkotci. K-Bank: a or b, hanil, equivalent to Yokuts tci. K-Tub: b or c, m6host. This is the K-Bank word for sweat house, possibly an error here. S-Kit: a or b, xups. U-Kaw: a, asi ga'ni, bark house; b, tomo kani, winter house. P-Dth: c, to'mo kati, winter house; s, moo'sa. P-Sal: b or c, toti. P-Koso: b, tothi. 0-Ind: b, toni or toonobi; a or c, woga'ni, mountain house (wo means "head" or "top"). Sex dichotomy in wogani, as described by Steward, denied to me. Men might, however, erect a clubhouse of same construction. Toni type also served as a men's clubhouse in the valley. Floor was about 2 ft. below surface. As a dwelling it may also have been excavated. Women sometimes went inside toni or sweat house for a general gathering. Per- formers danced or sang in center with audience on all sides. No dichotomous seating arrangement. Place of honor was, as usual, opposite door. O-B P: Identical with 0-Ind. General 287. This shape is doubtless sometimes con- fused with 288, which in turn grades into 289. When a house had a ridgepole, I found myself as- suming it to be elliptical or elongated. Inform- ants used the word round for all curvilinear shapes. The distinction between 288 and 289 is most tenuous, and I have arbitrarily decided to call only those houses without a ridfepole "cir- cular or nearly." Y-Tach: Some were 'at least one hundred feet long." Latta, 31. I doubt it. 291. Two is, of course, the minimum number. Three or more were probably used more often than here indicated. I 292. As described by Steward, 265, fig. 4, 6a. 293. The ends are triangular. The roof slan down to the ground; no vertical side walls. Se Powers, fig. 39. 294. In theory it is easy to distinguish be- tween conical and domed houses. In practice ev gradation occurs. True domed dwellings apparen occur on the coast from the Pomo to the Chumas Going east these become more conical until the Plains tipi is reached. 295. An echo from the Plains. Steward, 264, ports it from Mono lake, and Lowie, 1924, gives several instances elsewhere in the Basin. 296a. The mat covering was loosened at bott and propped up to form a flat shade. 297. M-Wop: Informants said also for type a. doubt it. 300. Steward, pl. 3c. 301. Gifford and Schenck, pls. 5, 6. See 914 915. Y-Tach: Latta, 31, says the shore line of Tulare lake shifted noticeably, necessitating frequent moving. Mats could be rolled up and to gether with the poles loaded on a tule balsa. 307. Those who denied any orientation usuall said entrance faced stream. Since town location on north side of a stream predominate on weste slope of Sierras, door would face south. The fa that east and west moieties (1530, seq.) occur where sweat-house entrances face south is proba not an accident. M-Ent: Or north, L. P. Y-Choi: See note 311. K-Tub: To avoid wind, to get sun. O-B P: T. S. said the same. 310. This applies only to oblong or ellipti houses. 311. Y-Choi: Informant constructed sweat-ho frame out of twigs. Ridgepole ran east and west, Door was made just south of east post supporti ridge; hence it faced southeast. At my suggesti she admitted that it might be in the side of th house facing directly south. 315. For the sweat house, the fire was some- times so near the door that the sweaters almost got burned in exit. Where the sweat house was sometimes used for the assembly of both sexes (no. 331), this could not have been the situati For dwellings the fire was said to be in the ce ter but was usually nearer the door than the op. posite side. Sweat House 321. Not used to fan the heat toward the op. posing side in Pomo fashion. Apparently only to start the fire. 328. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. 331. O-B P: The toti was also so used. 333. Y-Choi: Chief sat opposite door "in the middle," Nutuwuts moiety on E side, Troxelhiwite on W. The latter always went out last, hence no competitive sweating. Y-Yaul: A leader for each side put wood on other side to make it hot for other group. No names for sides other than east and west (notu, troxil). Although sweaters felt 114 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA ense of competition in seeing who could stand t heat, a given individual did not consistent- join up with same side each time, and for this son there were no real sweating groups. 335. Y-Ent: Denied by D. S. Y-Nut: The sweat se was used daily, but a given individual did sweat every day. 336. Y-Tach: A fireman (hotoo'net), appointed a chief, made the fire. U-Kaw: A separate of- le of "fireman" for sweat-house and public emonial fires. Dwellings 339. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 343. Y-Yaud: Affirmed by Kroeber, Hdbk., 522. Yaul: Affirmed by Kroeber, Hdbk., 521. 348. Powers, fig. 39. 349. See no. 2061. I am not certain whether is holds for more permanent winter dwellings well as summer shelters. I inquired half- artedly without putting the question in a per context. It may be only a ceremonial ar- gement. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 350. Y-Yaul: Denied by Kroeber, Hdbk., 521. data may apply to Hometwoli or Tulamni since informants thought of entire southern end of Joaquin as a unit. 357. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 358. K-Tub: kuma'l. P-Koso: huigi. 0-Ind: onobi. 359. P-Dth, P-Koso: undablco gani; dabl or ae means sun; hence a house in which to sun eself. P-Sal: 8 or 10 ft. in diam. One for each lily. The walls were of pine branches on brush rely piled into a loose row 2 or 3 ft. thick d about same height. "Their uses seemed to be ow--to secure a little privacy for the occu- nts; to serve as a slight wind-break during the i ght, when the family slept inside, and during he day to serve as a rack in holding out of the irt the blankets, extra clothes, cooking uten- Ils," etc. Fire was in center. From Coville. Koso: kati. Apparently a more or less generic ioot for house. 360. P-Dth: hopa or hogi. 0-Ind: toonobi. NAVIGATION 385. Lowie, 1924, fig. 32. Y-Choi: Ordinary balsa carried only one or two passengers, but for nual trips to Tulare lake in spring they were 'Rt least fifty feet long." I doubt it. Made of *hree bundles, middle one lower. Ends pointed in al manner, and two or three feet above "deck." uplies including mortars and pestles, baskets f acorns, acorn bread, seeds, meat, skins for >edding and many other things (some of which were ubtless traded for shell money and other arti- ,les made only at the lake) were piled in the middle. Three such large balsas were built one rear, one or two families for each. Trip was Bade in late spring when river was highest. From Latta, 29-30. Y-Tach: Prow was not raised but 115 both ends were pointed. There was a hole in cen- ter through which fish were gigged. A few feet in front of hole was earthen hearth on which fire for cooking (and also doubtless to keep the hands warm for shooting in cold weather) was built. Loose tules were thrown over balsa and passengers to form a blind. Sometimes three or four men would live a week on a single balsa. From Latta, 32. Y-Yaud: Used by Koyeti. 0-Ind, O-B P: Length 10 ft. From Steward, 258. Denied to me. 388. Y-Choi: See 385. 390. Principally children. Men waded across stream pushing basket. Probably more common than this distribution shows. 392. This implement hardly deserves to be called a paddle, but was sometimes flattened at broad end to form dull blade. Used also for pol- ing. Perhaps equivalent to 393. 394. A tree was felled, probably with fire, for this purpose. Kings River Mono informants knew of incident of stretching a rope across the San Joaquin r. and somehow pulling persons across on it by means of another rope. River at this point was about 20 ft. across. SWIMMNG 395. Arms and legs used at the same time in "frog" fashion. The arms and legs work alternate- ly in the European breast stroke. The body in both is prone. 396. Usually with both arms under the water. Y-Wuk: Specifically the overarm side stroke, one arm lifted out of water. 397. Prone, arms working alternately entirely under water or hands just breaking the surface. 398. Prone, arms working alternately, drawn completely out of water. The crawl requires a special kick, the existence of which I doubt for any primitive group. Y-Choi: From Latta, 12. Denied to me. 399. Arms and legs worked together. TOOLS, UTENSILS, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES Grinding 400. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 45. 401. Mythological. I do not think any inform- ants believe it now, if ever. 403. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. 404. See no. 401. 406. Mason, pl. 25, fig. 1. By far the ma- jority of about fifty specimens from Kings r. district east of Reedley observed in private collections are nothing more than a river boulder with a hole in it. The sides are thick, the workmanship clumsy, the shape asymmetrical. 407. Definitely shaped. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 34; Schenck, pl. 50. These are most common in the floor of the San Joaquin v. or on the west side. In the foothills, where the bedrock mortar was common, little care was given to portable mortars. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 408. Some were of steatite, which is too soft for serious grinding, were symmetrically made, polished, and more on the order of bowls. A con- coction of tobacco was eaten directly from them by licking it off the pestle. See no. 1210. 410. Three specimens observed at Stovepipe Wells, Inyo co., Panamint territory, were about 1 ft. in diam., and 2 ft. high, with cavity in the end of the log. 411. dlhl"n Y; tsoko M. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 45. Some specimens are definitely rectangular, probably owing rather to the fact that the sides of the oak log are already straight than to de- liberate stylism. All are greater in diameter or length than in height. Y-Choi: di'hYn. 413. UCMA 1-1408 is a coiled hopper basket, 22 in. max. diam., without any hoop reinforce- ment around the rim, asphalted onto a stone mor- tar, 12 in. max. outside diam. by 6 1/2 in. out- side height by 5 in. inside depth. From Three Rivers, Kaweah r., W. Mono territory. Although this mortar is relatively shallow, it certainly could not be called a slab mortar. Two other S. California UCMA mortar and hopper specimens (Cahuilla, Dieguefno) are made of boulders of about the same outer proportions but only an inch or two deep. Except for the bottom, the Yokuts and southern California hopper baskets are iden- tical with those put to other uses. N. California specimens are more specialized. 414. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 24a, 44a, 60. I ob- served a Kitanemuk specimen, max. diam. only 12 in.., min. diam. 10 in., height, 6 in. 415. The bottom was cut out of an old basket or allowed to wear out with pounding. A coiled hopper basket can be made without a bottom. This is impossible in twining technique. Bottom must be cut out after basket is finished. 420. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 32, 10. There is obviously a correlation in grade of workman- ship between mortars and pestles. These inade- quate distributions fail to show it. 421. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 32, 5. 422. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 58a. K-Tub: Largest specimen at UCMA, 1-19791, is 15 3/4 in. long. Not used with wooden mortar. 423. n'lca'nlt Y. 424. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 66, Kings River Yokuts. 425. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 66, Cupeno. I showed this illustration to informants. However, in the archaeological collection of Mr. Oscar P. Noren of Reedley, which consists mainly of Fresno co. specimens, there were a number of metates with 1, 2, or 3 straight sides. Very few were com- pletely "squared." I suspect some of the positive instances here refer to relatively crude speci- mens of such transitional character, although Loud and Harrington, pl. 60 M,P, show completely squared specimens farther north in Humboldt v., Nevada. 427. Lowie, 204-215, says one side is used for hulling, the other for complete grinding. I merely asked a categorical question. I doubt if my data mean anything. 428. M-Tuh: Rubbed on a bedrock. 429. Gifford-Schenck, pl. 31. 430. Perhaps merely worn on ends from use as hammerstone. Manufacture uncertain. 431. It might be supposed that back and forth motion is associated with squared metate, but schedules show several negative instances. I sue pect that the material being ground has somethi to do with it. L. P., M-Ent, says that manzanit berries were ground with a circular motion, per- haps with one hand, and only mashed a little to make cider. Fine grinding of hard seeds would re quire both hands and a pressure that could best be maintained with a straight push away from the body. Although this motion is usually associated with the grinding of maize, the large number of occurrences in a nonmaize area shown here cannot all be errors. I demonstrated the motions myself and often witnessed the informant do likewise. Lowie, 1924, 204, reports back and forth motion for nonagricultural Basin tribes associated with fine grinding. He also describes a hulling proce with a sidewise motion added, which shows the re lation between the kind of grinding and the moti Brushes, Stirrers, Stone Lifters 433. Gifford, 1932, pl. 13c, d. 437. Kelly, pl. 32a. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 438. tala pa Y; tl cayau M. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 38, pl. 44. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 439. caya'u Y; tclko'on M. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 38. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. 441. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 30, 1. Spoons, Receptacles 443. Especially for acorn mush. 446. Oak was the most common wood. Gifford, 1932, pls. 14b, 15f. 447. Gifford, 1932, pls. 14c, 15b. 448. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 16, 'salmon grease dish." K-Tub: Specimens observed. Brought from Tejon by informant. Knives, Awls, Needles 458. See 1758. 460. Y-Choi: pa'wuk. 461. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 67c, d, f, g. Ce tainly universal. 462. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 67a, b. 463. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 464. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 67h. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 39, 1, 2, 3, 9. Drilling 471. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 472. See 1181. 473. 0-Ind, 0-B P: Steward, 277, says they are common archaeologically. 482. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 17. For other uses of such stones see 571; 1165, Y-Choi; 1267da II I II 4 II.,, .I i ? er? i 116 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA Flint Flaking, Fire Making, Skin Dressing 486. Pope, 1918, pls. 27, 29. M-Ent: Denied D. S. Y-Yaul, K-Bank: Also a stone flaker. 487. M-Ent: A cannon-bone flaker was used. h: Imported. No deer in Death v. Possibly tain sheep was used. 490. Steward, pls. 3a; 4d, e. 492. Lowie, fig. 10. O-B P: Steward found y the 1-piece drill. 494. Two stones were used; steel was ruled . 'Whether this is Spanish influence or truly riginal, I do not know. Informants' opinions ied. 498. Schenck, pl. 40E. 499. Schenck, pl. 40. 500. Since this is most common type, it is range archaeologists have not mentioned it. has 15 or 20 artiodactyl ulna artifacts th an unnotched but ground edge and blunted Lnt (distal end), as in Schenck, pl. 38C. ause informants often spoke of the ulna flesher a knife, I believe most of them were unnotched, which event the UCMA artifacts would be the e. But most informants said the flesher was d in both hands and pulled toward the body ea draw knife. Used thus, there would be no t in working the distal end at all. 502. M-Wop: The stump of a tree, some 6 in. diam. and 4 ft. in height, used thus, was ob- ed. 504. 0-Ind, O-B P: Denied by Steward, 276. 505. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 276, says by women. WEAPONS Harpoon under Fishing. Bows 507. M-Ent: A specimen 46 in. long, 1 3/4 in. Ie in middle, 5/8 in. thick in middle was ob- ed. It was new and the maker may have been tending to put on sinew backing later. Middle , constricted. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 508. Estimated lengths were between 3 and 4 for all tribes. Latta, 16-17, says sinew- *ked juniper bows were made in the mountains, ticularly by Mono. Valley tribes got them in ade. Powers, 373, confirms this. 510. I made motions to show the shape to in- mants but could not determine this element ;h accuracy. I had no picture. K-Tub: A bow the process of manufacture was very definite- recurved about 6 in. from the ends. 511. tcee'pln Y. Y-Tach: Mountain mahogany 8 volunteered. P-Dth: Desert Juniper, Juni- rus californica. Coville, 360. 515. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 517. Y-Yaud, Y-Yaul, Y-Pal, U-Kaw: Plus after try number indicates it is an approximation hteen that and one more. In a few instances 8ewhere in the list, 3-5, or like figures, are eated similarly. 117 518. More exactly, the opposite side from which the bow is grasped, Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 18, upper, and 78. Plate 18, lower, shows arrow on left side, or side from which bow is grasped. This seems to me a more significant variation than the angle at which the bow is held. 519. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 520. These angles were estimated by me from demonstrations by informants with bows or sticks. 521. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. Arrows 525. Y-Yaul: Used for war, Kroeber, Hdbk., 530. Denied to me. 531. Cane: clk?l1 Y; haobi M. 533. Steward, fig. 3d. 534. Pope, 1923, pl. 55, no. 8. Steward, fig. 3c. ta natc Y; djana M. Latta, 41, says it was in- tended only to stun the bird. I supposed the pur- pose was to increase chance of hitting such small game by enlarging the arrow point. 535. With detachable toggle and cord. 536. A single barb, of bone or carved in the wood point. Prevented escape of rodent down a hole and facilitated pulling animal out after it got in a hole. Typologically suggestive of the rodent hook (no. 60). 538. Imported from mountains, not made. 539. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 93c, d, g, h. 540. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 94f, h. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 541. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 94b, c. 542. Schenck and Dawson, pls. 93j; 94d. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 543. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 93a, b. 548. By far the most common number. Two were used especially for large game arrows where speed at close range was more desirable than extreme accuracy. 550. The natural curve in wing primaries was utilized to produce a spiral. It was necessary to use feathers from same side of bird so curva- ture would be in same direction. The twist was sometimes as much as a quarter of a turn, 90 de- grees. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 260,says "occasional feather spiraling seems accidental." All 6 E. Mono specimens at UCMA are spiraled. Some 30 specimens of other tribes in this study are all spiraled. It seems to me that it is certainly intentional in Owens v. and elsewhere. 557. 0-Ind, O-B P: Probably, if I interpret Steward, 263, correctly. Arrow Straightening and Smoothing Y-Choi: Also with hands and teeth. UCMA 1-10769 shows teeth marks. Barrett, Notes. 563. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 49. M-Wop: tuipa'dano. P-Dth: Coville, 360, says green cane arrowshaft was heated on stone arrow straightener, but ac- tual straightening done in hands and teeth. 567. K-Tub: UCMA 1-19802,3 are both oval. I 118 ANTHROPOLOGIC 568. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 49c. UCMA 1-14056,7 are two such, labeled Mono (?), Tule r. M-Wop: UCMA 1-10911 is definitely squared. 569. puko'yidn Y. 570. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 49d. 571. See no. 482. 572. Associated with 573. It is doubtful that this shape was manufactured. The grooves were probably merely worn with use. 573. tce'xln Y M. 574. co'goocu'kulitc Y. Arrow Release Terminology as in Kroeber, 1927. 576. I doubt if this release is as exclusive- ly frequent as shown here. It is the most natural release and would most likely be given when the informant did not know the facts. 0-Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 263. I was given no. 578, which he does not mention. 577-578. These releases were inferred by me from notes on the grips on the butt of the arrow. For 577 the arrow was held by thumb, index, and third fingers; for 578, by thumb, index knuckle, and third knuckle, as figured in Pope, 1918, 120. 579. Y-Choi: From Latta, 40. String grasped by index and middle fingers, arrow held belween them. 4th finger was used on string of a heavy bow. Quivers 580. Pope, 1918, pl. 23, no. 5. 581. Barrett, 1910, pl. 20, no. 1. 582. Arrows pulled from over left shoulder by right arm. 583. Usually slung from left shoulder. Spears, Slings, Clubs. Bolas 589. Loeb, pl. 2, B. tuku'i'na, yo'kyuk, yoko'hi, Y; ma'dadaihwl da M. Y-Wuk: Recent. S. G. has used it for ducks. Y-Yaud: At my sug- gestion informant admitted it might be Mexican influence. 592. 0-Ind, O-B P: "...in brawls over pine- nut land," Steward, 263. 594. ho'wdtc Y. Probably universal in some form. 598. Y-Wuk: YModern. I doubt it. 599. tox6'hui Y; ma'utakwlcikidu' M. Stones were tied on ends of a cord and thrown at legs of a running animal. Possibly brought by Spanish from South America. Y-Pal: Informant has heard of its use on horseback somewhere in the San Joaquin v. Y-Koch: tukiiuna. This is the word for sling and may indicate a confusion of the two. BODY AND DRESS M, male only; F, female only; +, present for both; -, absent for both. Sitting Postures I demonstrated the positions myself, hence it `AL RECORDS is certain the informants understood. I think is hopeless to treat sitting postures generica If put in an occupational context, such as po ing acorns, playing dice, etc., better results might be obtained. At Squaw v. six women obse throwing walnut-shell dice sat in five positio 602, 602a, c, e, f. There is certainly no con- sistent behavior here. A proof of a culturally determined pattern, here as elsewhere, demands, enough instances for each local group to over- ride individual preferences or idiosyncrasies. 602. Y-Koch: Volunteered. 602i. Y-Pal, K-Bank: Volunteered. 602k. Y-Pal: Volunteered. 6021. Y-Pal: Volunteered. Hair 603. 0-Ind, O-B P: One of Steward's informa said men bobbed their hair. (Steward, 275.) 605. atca'lwas Y. Most of the old W. Mono women at Sycamore v. still wore bangs, with hai parted in middle and tied at back of neck with string or cloth. Most wore it shoulder length, possibly from mourning. Y-Viuk: Modern. I doubt 606. Usually hair was held between two stic and burnt off at that point with a glowing stick 607. Y-Pal: Garces, in the year 1775-1776, o served bearded Indians a few miles north of PFo08 cr., Y-Pal territory. Coues, 285. 608. M-Hod: Beard was burned off. 614a. 0-Ind: Steward observed one instance at Lone Pine, a few miles south of Independence. Denied to me. 615. With string, string of beads, down- feather string, etc. Hair hung down back. Y-Choi Tied with a milkweed string into which eagle dol had been twisted. This string was also wrapped several times around the head at level of fore- head. Feathers were stuck inside this band or in hair. Latta, 38. 616. Garces in the year 1775-1776 observed men's hair done up in a topknot (copete). He called the tribe Noche. They were southern valle Yokuts. Coues, 282. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. O-B P: Denied by T. S. Steward, 275, says it w sometimes bundled up under a basket hat by womae or "knotted behind holding sticks bearing feath4 by men. 617. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 619. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 620. O-B P: By men, according to Steward, 2? 621. h'epe'ki Y. 622. coxo' Y. 623. Including marrow which was the most comr mon form. Mutilations 629. Kroeber, Hdbk., figs. 45, 46. Y-Wuk: Moa- ern. I doubt it. Y-Pal: Only a few women were tattooed. However, this may only be the inform- ant's recent observation. 0-Ind, O-B P: Deniedbl Steward, 275. r5 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 630. U-Kaw: Women only, B. R. O-B P: Women sly, T. S. 631. M-Hod: The male informant had short olid lines, perhaps an inch long, from corners f his mouth toward his ears. 632. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 633. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. Powder 636. Chiefly for babies. M-Tuh: Pulverized ellow-pine bark used as body powder. Clothing 642. Pope, 1918, pl. 35. 644-6. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 647. M-Hod: Single hide with hole for head, ncho style. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 649. Technique under weaving. 650. Technique under weaving. 654. kamii'ca Y; mana'was M. M-Wop, M-Ent: irts and gowns said to have been painted in ome way. L. P. denied paint for M-Ent but con- imed presence of garments. Possibly recent astern influence. 0-Ind, O-B P: Affirmed by teward, 274. Denied to me. 655. na'was?mTn Y; mana'was M. 656. ku'yu, ku'ytl Y; ta'bitan M. Y-Choi: reecholout was 10 in. wide, the full length of he deerskin, but folded in the middle to half hat length when worn. A buckskin thong around aist ran inside fold in rear, and held both ,ends in front. Ends hung down to form a small ront apron. From Latta, 38. 0-Ind, O-B P: Men lny, Steward, 274. F 664. I doubt all absences of double apron est of Sierras, and that men wore it anywhere in the area. Y-Choi: Front apron was larger than hat behind. Both reached about to knees. Latta, 88. Y-Yaud: All data on 2 aprons from Kroeber, dbk., 519. Denied to me. 668. Loud and Harrington, pl. 19. 681. tcuntl'c Y; makwas M. 686. Primarily to keep hunter's hands warm in cold weather so he could shoot efficiently. -Tuh, M-Hod: Two cased furs, usually fox, were orn, one over each arm. A buckskin cape was ften worn with them. Footgear Although some kind of footgear was probably universally known, majority of population went barefoot most of time. 690. lahai'tc Y. 692. M-Tuh: Worn for protection against sJnakes. M-Ent: Denied by L. P. 693. Loud and Harrington, pls. 22, 23. Steward, 274, mentions such types made of bark nd used in the snow. Unfortunately I limited he query to tule material. 694. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 62. 695. Volunteered after seeing photograph of ucca fiber sandal (no. 694). Details unknown. 119 696. Affirmed by Powers, 375, for Yokuts generally. 700. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 68. U-Kaw: Affirmed by F. C. Adornment and Ceremonial Dress Except for Nose Ornaments, Ear Ornaments, and Various, this section is classified primarily ac- cording to materials, not functions. Feather Regalia 0: Steward, 321, suggests that certain of these regalia were introduced recently from "South fork," almost certainly.Tuibatulabal. 706. Steward, pls. 7a; 8e, f. piwi'bi M. 707. ptce'ctin Y. 709. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 713. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 42a, b. 714. Kroeber, Hdbk., 508. Steward, pl. 7b. djux, djuxa, Y. 716. M-Tuh: Erect feathers crow also. 717. Y-Choi: Base feathers eagle. 719. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 80; Barrett and Gifford, pls. 64, 65. M-Wop, M-Ent: Tied around waist. Y-Chuk: Tied over shoulders or under arms. 720. Barrett, 1919, pl. 22, figs. 3, 4. See no. 2285. M-Ent: Denied by D. S. 722. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 59, 267. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 723. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 58, Luiseno, bottom Miwok. 724. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 58, Koso, top Miwok. 726. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 77 middle. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 727. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 732. M-Wop, M-Ent: Informants said for women only on another occasion. 737. Kroeber, Hdbk., 268. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 72. Fur Regalia 739. The weasel was often a shaman's source of power (2185). 740. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 59. Ear Ornaments See 761. 743. bo'wo Y; tcl'pitap M. Loeb, pl. 3. Specimens observed at Squaw v. were about 1/8 in. in diam., feathered only on one end. Probably wooden sticks of some kind were worn universally. UCMA 1-10919 are matchlike sticks worn when ears are first pierced. The size of these is gradually increased until full size is reached. 745. Drum v., Y-Chuk or Y-Koch: UCMA 1-10880, 1 have feathers about 3 in. long on one end. Y-Choi: UCMA 1-10739, 40 have two feathers 8 in. long at one end. 748. huma'na Y. See nos. 752, 1181. 749. Haliotis, tconee'ki Y. 750. Cane, cTlkll Y; haobi X. I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 751. M-Wak: The feather of one's guardian spirit. Usually by shamans. Nose Ornaments 752. See nos. 748, 1181. U-Kaw: Denied by F.C. 755. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 757. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. Beads 761. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 275, says both sexes. Paint M-Hod, M-Tuh: All mineral paint imported from E. Mono (N. Paiute) of Bishop. Y-Choi: Mineral paint from E. Mono. 780. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 781. See nos. 1553, 1922. Various 787. Probably universal. Y-Choi: UCMA 1- 10763 pointed only on one end, 250 by 6 mm. P-Dth, P-Sal: Hair tied up with string. P-Koso: Of cactus spine. 788. Certainly more common than given here. 791. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 55a; 72; wa'lak Y; tapi'ha M. Y-Choi: djodl'x. UCMA 1-10765 about 3 1/2 ft. square when spread out, but ends are gathered on a loop like Cahuilla, Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 59. UCMA 1-27001 a bag, some 4 ft. deep, with a drawstring at the mouth; called a head- net by Gayton, catalogue. 793. See no. 1997. Y-Tach: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 500. K-Bank: Hangs forward in front of face. Used in connection with death and mourning. 794b. Usually worn around neck. 794c. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 90h. K-Tub: Specimen observed. Four holes in base. Brought from Tejon by informant. Probably not common, if present at all, anciently. CARRYING Carrying baskets under Basketry. A load was suspended from a pole carried on the shoulders of two persons by M-oVop, M-Ent, Y-Choi. A net of strips of buckskin was used by U-Kaw, 0-Ind, O-B P. Some sort of folded case of skin, perhaps remotely related typologically and historically to the parfleche, was affirmed by the P-Koso and 0-Ind. Descriptions vague. It was painted, how- ever, Burdens were doubtless rolled up in tule mats when moving camp wherever mats were known. 795. I doubt occurrence of twined and checker weaves for pack straps, in spite of fact that informants demonstrated the weaves with cords. Every specimen examined in Museum and field was sewn (see no. 798). However, I did observe in Squaw v. a single modern cradle strap of yarn which was checker weave. 798. UCMA 1-10851, from Drum v., Y-Chuk or Y-Koch territory. Length 7 ft. Warp of 5 2-ply milkweed cords, sewn together with smaller 2-ply weft cord. Warp cords, twisted in usual way on thigh, are stretched on a frame. Weft is sewn back and forth between 2 plies of warp and can only be seen from sides of band or by spreading warp. A needle, eyed or grooved, was probably used; an awl and hand threading would be clumsy. A loop at one end is formed by the 5 warp cords being doubled back on themselves to make a total width of 10 warp for the band. Ends of warp are tied at other end of strap to form a second loop. UCMA 1-10825, from Dunlap, M-Ent territory; same weave; warp of 4 milkweed cords doubled back for a width of 8 in.; both ends looped; length 5 ft. UCMA 1-10856, also from Drum v.; warp of 4 milk- weed cords doubled back to make width of 8 in.; one end looped, other frayed, uncertain; length 7 ft. This method of weaving was first drawn to my attention by Latta. I later confirmed it in the field. Other descriptions are by Dr. O'Neale in Gifford, 1932, 28, and Gifford and Barrett, 247. She seems to imply that the 2-ply warp cord8 are twisted in the process of weaving. I was told that the twisting was done previously. 800. The braiding may have been on ends of a woven strap, but is here supposed to constitute entire strap. See no. 945. 801a. Y-Chuk: Besides, a strip of bark, not spun, or woven, was used. 806. Kroeber, Hdbk., figs. 53, 59. tcuti'a Y. Unfortunately I confused the Cahuilla type of adjustable loop with other loops. M-Hod: Observed specimen of 2-ply milkweed string mesh about 4 in. square, length of net (from loop to loop) about 2 1/2 ft. Strap as described above. Y-Wuk: A stra alone was used for packing wood, game, etc., ac- cording to informant. This may often have occurre but I doubt absence of net. Y-Pal: Same as Y-Wuk. O-B P: Denied by B. T. 808. Probably universal in some form. 812. E.g., acorn mush at a feast, or water. M-Tuh, M-Hod, Y-Choi: Liquids carried on shoulder, BASKETRY Cradles under separate heading below. Technique Terminology based on Weltfish. Coiling Y-Nut: Informant said coiling is recent for Y-Nut, Y-Tach, and Y-Chun. Formerly only twining. I doubt her. 814-815. The E. Mono (0-Ind, O-B P) are the only group to show any definite difference from the area as a whole in working position. Field observations are supplemented by the following data from UCMA specimens. See no. 818. Yokuts: II I I I I 0 120 c c IC I E i I I I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 45 open bowls and truncated cones, 39 are ckwise, 6 counterclockwise. Of the latter 6, tre Chukohansi Yokuts, 2 Madera County Yokuts, from Dunlap Yokuts. Since all counterclockwise cimens are northern Yokuts, this looks like a ze areal difference. Of 16 flat trays, 15 are )ckwise. Five bottlenecks are all counterclock- e. K-Tub: Of 13 open bowls and truncated cones, Fare clockwise. Of 7 flat trays, 6 are clock- se. Of 4 "bottlenecks" all are counterclockwise. .aw: Of 12 bowls or truncated cones, 11 are ckwise. All 10 flat trays are clockwise. Two itlenecks and a small globular basket are coun- iclockwise. P-Dth, P-Sal, P-Koso: Of 8 bowls truncated cones, 4 are clockwise. Both (2) ~t trays are clockwise. All 9 "bottlenecks" counterclockwise. One globular basket is Ockwise. 0-Ind, O-B P (E. Mono): 56 out of 57 icimens are clockwise. This includes 3 bottle- 6ks, about 20 globular shapes too small to be eked from inside, larger globular baskets, open ls and truncated cones, but no flat trays. e of these specimens are from Bishop and other nts north of Big Pine. 816. Gifford, 1932, pl. 16. 817. Steward, pl. 6b. 818. For open bowls, truncated cones, and t trays at least. See no.814. Reasons for king from inside or outside are far from clear ept where basket is too small to be worked m inside. Y-Wuk: A bottleneck basket might be rted from inside, but necessarily finished m outside. Willy Curtis, M-Wop interpreter, athat the side from which basket is worked is better workmanship because hole made by awl be controlled better where point enters side basket than where it protrudes. Hence flat kets, such as dice-throwing trays, which show ide surface the more, are worked from inside; p baskets with outside more conspicuous are ked from outside. Other informants seemed to ly that inside of basket was ideal surface to k because it was easier to pull on foundation produce proper curvature than to push on it. side was worked only when basket was too small get awl and hand inside. This last point is istent with direction of coiling (no. 814) informant's statements concerning right and t direction from worker (nos. 816-817). 819. Steward, pl. 6b, at least for bottle- ks and other small and constricted forms. 820. P-Dth: Specifically a "bundle of 2 or rass stems and one very slender withe." ille, 359. Types and Uses 832. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 53a; 55c, d; 73d. led caps are usually flat-topped, diagonally ned never. This is explained by weaves and ap- es also to receptacle basketry. Coiling per- a an abrupt change of contour; twining does 836. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 29, Chumash; 50d. Steward, pl. 9c. 839. In contrast to radiating warp, Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 29, Nongatl, Yuki. 840. Kroeber, Hdbk., 695. 841. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 50b, e. Steward, pl. lOd, e. pama'na, tamo'ya Y; too'tuiwa, patso, puan M. Distinction between triangular and oval shapes can be made with a few specimens, but a large number show continuous series of variation. 842. All plain twined specimens observed (in- cluding UCMA) are openwork. Most diagonally twined are close, but some open. 848. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 52. Y-Vvuk: kayoo'tu. 849. Y-Choi: e'wen. 853. U-Kaw: Contradicted by no. 241. 855. Gifford, 1932, pl. 11, po''ni M. 858. This shape extends from Chumash east in- to Basin. Plain twining west of Sierras; diagonal east. The few diagonal twined specimens west of Sierras were probably imported. 861. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 53c. Lowie, fig. 20b. Shapes 861-863 are arbitrarily selected types from continuous series. I doubt both the reli- ability and the reality of these types. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 862. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 55e. 863. Gifford, 1932, pl. 14. Lowie, fig. 20a, c. 864. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 53. Y-Nut: Of tules. 865. Y-Choi: Probably imported. 866. See no. 413. 867. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 50a. Called o'sa, probably by all Yokuts. This is E and W Mono word for small-necked pitched water bottle, Steward, 273, and Gifford, 1932, 26. This con- vinces me that "bottleneck" type is derived his- torically from Basin type water bottle. The oc- currence of round-shouldered, relatively tall "bottleneck" types in E California may be influ- ence from Yokuts as Kroeber, Hdbk., 531-532, be- lieves, but if so, it looks more like a backwash of a fundamentally Basin shape rather than a dif- fusion of an independent Yokuts type. 873. a'nac Y. 874. Steward, pl. lOa, b, c. 875. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 73a. U-Kaw: 2 speci- mens, identical to that referred to, were observed. 880. Usually with buckskin. 881. U-Kaw: Two specimens observed were heavily coated with pine pitch, but informants said this was from use in pine nutting rather than inten- tional application. Shape as shown by Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 73a. P-Dth, P-Koso: Some root, doubt- less a Brodiae, was used to coat basket. 882. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 73b. Steward, pl. lOf. wo'no Y; pom;k, pomlgi' M. This type is a vague conceptualization. Some specimens approach water jugs or "bottlenecks" in shape and are diagonal twine, others as in Steward. They vary in size from a capacity of a pint or so to a burden bas- ket. Probably universal in some form. 889. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 890. Probably nearly universal. See no. 913. 121 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS WEAVING AND NETTING Pack strap technique under Carrying. 891. Including blankets of any twisted fur. See Loud and Harrington, pls. 17-19. Latta, 33, describes a weave which I quote in full. "In making the blanket, two of the strings (strips of fur) were twisted together for a distance of about six feet. Then the ends were doubled back and looped through the twists of the first por- tion. Working back and forth across the blanket in this way it was woven into a square about six feet on each side." 895. 0-Ind, O-B P: Strips of buckskin, Steward, 270. Denied to me. 897. See no. 940. 903. M-Tuh, M-Hod: Weaving upward. 0-Ind, O-B P: Weaving downward. 908. Weft is inserted between twisted warp (2-ply), or by piercing warp. 914. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 5. 915. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 6. CRADLES Basketry cradles, of course, were made by women. For Y-frame cradles, men usually cut frame and sometimes made entire cradle. 917. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40m. takla'la Y. Bottom was sharpened, and was stuck in ground while the mother gathered seeds, etc. It was often tilted backward so that movement of child or hand of mother would make it rock back and forth. 918. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40m. Fur was used for cradle bed by Y-Yaud and K-Bank. 919. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40g. Typologically related to vertical warp basketry cradles, Hdbk., pl. 39a, c, d, e. Y-Tach: Used when child is small, or at night when asleep. 920. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40h, i, j, k. Gifford, 1932, pl. 8. Both horizontal and verti- cal warps, twined together with a third weft element. Y-Choi: Latta, 40, reports a U-ladder type with the cross sticks projecting 2 in. (otherwise like Hdbk., pl. 39b). No hood is men- tioned. P-Dth: This type was observed, but may be recent. 920a. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 39a, c, d, e. P-Sal: For girls only. I doubt such sex dichotomy. M-Ent: Hdbk., pl. 40,1, is used for the first 10 days after birth. A hood is unnecessary because such a young child is not taken outside. 924. Kroeber, Hdbk., pls. 39, 40. In contrast to radiating warp, Hdbk., pl. 35, Northern Wintun. 925. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40h, i, j, k. In con- trast to horizontal, Hdbk., pls. 39b; 40o. 926. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 39c. 930. Y-Pal, K-Tub, U-Kaw: 3-strand braid. 933. Gifford, 1932, pl. 8. Also Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 40h (girl), i (girl), j (boy), k (girl). De- signs on lashing probably conformed to those on hood and bed. M-Wop and Y-Nut said Y-frame cradle was painted somehow to distinguish sex. 935a. Kelly, pls. 29, 30, 31. Certainly not a complete covering, as in Kelly. Use of buckskin as a blanket in which to bundle child may have been what informants were thinking of sometimes. 940. See 897. 946. Grapevine, cana'tapa Y. The inner bark of a tall shrub, hoh Y, was used for "rope" by Y-Wuk, Y-Yaud, K-Bank, and certainly others. POTTERY Pottery was culturally more important east of Sierras where stone boiling in baskets was denied (no. 241). This strengthens opinion of Kroeber, Gayton, and Steward, that diffusion was from east to west. Connection with Pueblos must have been via Nevada and Utah, rather than Yuman area, as Gifford's map, 1928, and Kroeber, 1928, 382-383, show. For pottery pipe see no. 1194. Y-Tach: I place little reliance on this information. It contradicts Gayton, 1929, fig. 3. Y-Yaul: Both my informants affirmed presence of pottery, J. V. from his stepfather and J. A. probably also from hearsay since he was about 6 years old when he left Tejon and moved to Tule r. Nevertheless I thi it doubtful. Sherds are almost absent archaeo- logically in the S. San Joaquin. Y-Pal: Denied by Gayton, 1929, fig. 3, but I lean toward accepting it. The informant said he had seen it made at Poso Flats. The K-Bank informant confirmed him also. P-Dth: Two pots from Death v. were observed in the collection of Mrs. Black at Big Pine. Both were truncated cones, but better made than San Joaquin ware. The sides were not more than 1/4 in. thick and edge of rim was flat and in one plane, not irregular and rounding. Steward, pl. 5a, shows a round-bottomed, slightly necked pot from Death v. Coville failed to see any pottery there in 1891. 950. Adequate descriptions are given by Gif- ford, 1928, and Gayton, 1929. 951. P-Dth: Pot was also laid on its side on a large flat stone and tapped on inside with a small stone. This is paddling principle, but ap- plied differently than by Shoshoneans and Yumans to south. See Gifford, 1928. 960. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 51, upper middle. Gayton, 1929, pls. 99, 101 (except c). This isby far most common shape. M-Hod: Pot observed most similar to Gayton, 1929, pl. lOle. 961. Gayton, 1929, pl. 102f. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 51, upper right. 962. Gayton, 1929, pl. lOOa. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 51, lower left. M-Ent: Also 3 and 4 lugs, L. P. I doubt it. 964. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 51, upper right. 965. O-B P: The swastika ("Indian cross," T. S.) was painted on in black or red. GAMES Y-Chuk: Informant qualified all statements about number of counters in games with "sometimes, I 122 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--D esting variation. When he gave two alterna- 8, I recorded only the first mentioned. oi: "Each rancheria had a gaming court at, ear, its center. This court was made by thing the earth and tamping it solid. It was red with fine sand, and many games were ed upon it. Here was always an excited, shout- yelling, laughing group, generally including women, and children, all intent upon their and as carefree and happy as it is possible human beings to be." Latta, 19. "On the same t they used to roll round stones at a hole in ground and throw flat rocks at a line." a, 20. Ball or Stick Race e point is to kick or strike a ball or k along a course faster than one's competi- Each side has its own puck. Barrett and ord, fig. 87. Three varieties have been dis- ished: a, ball kicked with feet; b, ball ok with stick; c, hoop thrown with stick. refers to all three varieties. Where two or players are on a single side, I failed to inguish whether they all followed the puck or ed it to one another. My belief is that the was usually relayed, especially when it was ok with a stick. In the true southwestern all on a side followed the puck. West of ras, distance of course was often only a few ed yards. There were courses in southwest of miles. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward describes a race of several miles, but does not localize data geographically. M-Wak: a, nasittkwi 'rwd; b, nohi we'daTyig to'o'no; c, natslr)wlna 'jw6. Y-Choi: a, tala'wac; b, koo'nitca; c, i'w1tca. Y-Tach: a, patni'wltc; b, awl' sxo. c, w;'pklwls. Y-Yaud: a, ta'lwats; c, wits. Y-Yaul: a, ta'low'ls. 67. Y-Choi: Mostly men, some women. Y-Tach: variety b. 969. Y-Yaud, b: Round trip about 1200 yds. 70. M-Wak: Buckeye nut, or pottery ball, for game a. 74. Y-Yaud: Specifically a looped end like a stirrer. Culin, fig. 767. 978. M-Ent: Hoop for home, game a. 979. M-Hod: Hole at far end, game a. 979a. "Goal keeper" must catch the hoop on his ok. 83. Cf. note 517. Y-Wuk: Variable. 984. Cf. note 517. Y-Tach, Y-Chun, Y-Wuk, w: Variable. Shinny This game is played with one puck, on a defi- e field, with 2 goals, one at each end. The It is to drive the puck through the enemy's L. Modern ice hockey is homologous in princi- . Three varieties have been distinguished: a, king the puck along; b, propelling it with a )RIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 123 stick; c, an exclusively women's game. Plus re- fers to all present. Similarity between this game and coexisting forms of ball or stick race de- serves mention. Although principles of games re- main different, pucks, sticks, and goals are often identical. In fact, the two may have become con- fused a time or two in these data. For illustra- tion of c, see Barrett and Gifford, fig. 86. M-Wak: b, tiiwo'no da'T)w nohi'we. Y-Choi: All in- formation from Latta, 20. The game was denied to me. Y-Tach: b, konwitsho. Y-Chun: b, katli'wlts. Y-Wuk: a, ta'lwas; b, katli'wls. Y-Yaud: b, katli'wlts. Y-Yaul: b, katli'wls. K-Tub: b, pawacTl. P-Sal: b, w'tsimu'. P-Koso: a or b, tikwi'ya. 0-Ind: a, b, c, wltslmu'. 989. M-Tuh: Wooden hoop for puck. Y-Choi: A spherical stone 2 or 2 1/2 in. in diam. Latta, 20. U-Kaw: Covered with buckskin. 994. Y-Nut: On top of pile of dirt at start. 996. Y-Chun: talwats. 1001. M-Hod: Goal a line across end of field. Y-Yaud: b, goals about 400 yards apart. Culin, 630. 1005. Y-Choi: Goals were about 200 yds. apart. Latta, 20. 1008. Cf. note 517. Y-Yaul: 5-10. Y-Tach, Y-Chun, U-Kaw, P-Sal, P-Koso, O-B P: Variable. Hoop and Pole Commonly called pitching pole. Two varieties are distinguished: a, pole pitched at hoop; b, pole pitched at short stick, 2 or 3 in. long. Plus in the tables applies to both games. Typo- logically this game is analogous to modern quoits or horseshoes. Equipment is sometimes shared by forms of ball race and shinny. Pole ias usually grasped with both hands, somewhat like a shovel is held, and pitched or tossed underarm; not thrown like a javelin. See no. 1165, Y-Choi. Barrett, Notes, gives following description of game as played at Dunlap, M-Ent territory. "This game called aiki'uca, is played, usually by four people though any number from 2 up may partici- pate, upon a ground about 20 paces in length, at each end of which is placed a small block (wo'nok). At a distance of about 6 feet in front of this block a line is drawn, and the players may not, in throwing their poles at the block at the op- posite end of the ground, step over or upon this line without losing their chance to throw upon that occasion. The players always choose sides and the points won by a player are not for him- self but for his side. Points are counted upon the nearness of the pole to the block, the near- est pole not directly over the block counting one, but a pole directly over the block counting two. In case poles belonging to men of opposite sides come side by side directly over the block, or in case the poles fall at equal distances from this block, no score is counted; but in case their poles cross over the block, only the lowest pole, that is, the one nearest the block, counts the ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS full number of points, two. In case two poles be- longing to men of the same side fall side by side over the block or at equal distances from it, each pole counts the full number of points, namely 2 and 1 respectively, for that side. Six points constitute a score, the winning side tak- ing the whole of the bet." M-Wak: b, na'he weda'r)w6. There were two kinds of poles, long and short. Pitching short pole was more diffi- cult. Players decided at beginning which kind to use. Michahai, Yokuts: b, tawa'wici. Pole, aiiuik; block, witco't. Barrett, Notes. Y-Wuk: b, ai'k'w?s. Y-Yaud: a, hutuu's; b, aikiiwlts. A variation of b in vhich pole thrown must strike ground and end over was called watti'wls. Y-Choi: b, aiki'wltc. Supplementary data from Latta, 19: Sides chosen and 1 player from each selected to roll hoop. These 2 stood 20 or 30 yds. apart at each end of game court and rolled hoop back and forth between them. Players lined up on opposite sides of line along which hoop was rolled. 1011. U-Kaw: The entire game was denied by F. C. M. D. lived at Tejon for awhile and may have confused localities. 1012. Y-Choi: "Of bark coiled into a flat disk and held together with slender willow shoots." About 1 1/2 ft. in diam. with hole in center 2 or 3 in. in diam. Latta, 19. 1016. Nine UCMA specimens from Kings River Yokuts and Mono have these ranges: length 47-76 mm.; diam. 10-22 mm. Cylindrical shape. Y-Yaud: Stick in the ground; Culin, 501. Lying loose on the ground; Culin 484. The latter agrees with my findings. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 288, describes a game in which poles were pitched at a stake in the ground, but does not localize it. 1018. O-B P: Steward, 287, says contact counted 1. 1021. Y-Wuk: One point. 1022. Cf. note 517. 1028. Y-Choi: 30 or 40 poles (1 by each player) cast at once, Latta, 19. 1032. Cf. note 517. M-Hod: 1-4. Y-Nut: 1-3. Y-Choi: Latta, 19, says 30 or 40 for variety a. My data must be for variety b. P-Sal: Variable. Guessing, Hand, Grass, or Peon Game M-Wak: naya' w6 weda' w6. Y-Tach: wehelo'wltc. Y-Yaud: ali'w'ls. Y-Yaul: ali'was. 1034. Y-Yaul: Women and men play separately and have different songs. 1037. Barrett and Gifford, pls. 57; 71, figs. 2, 3. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 285, says swan bone, which would certainly be hollow, but he doesn't localize statement. 1038. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 71, fig. 1. 1041. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1042. Y-Yaul: Men only. 1045. Y-Chuk, Y-Koch: Either guessed for; de- cided at start of game. Y-Yaul: Men only. 1048. Y-Chun: Wrapped, kapmats; unwrapped, wo 'nots. 1047. Y-Yaul: Men only. 1049. Culin, fig. 382. Y-Yaul: Men only. 1050. Y-Yaul: Men only. 1051. Y-Yaul: Women only. 1053. Affirmed by F. C. U-Kaw: Affirmed by F. C. Denied by B. R. 1054. U-Kaw: Affirmed by B. R. Denied by F. C. 1055. U-Kaw: Affirmed by B. R. Denied by F. C. 1057. U-Kaw: Affirmed by B. R. Denied by F. C. 1058. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 58. Y-Tach: 10 or 12. 1060. This was intended to mean the number holding the bones. Numbers above 2 probably in- clude singers and bettors who did not hold bones. Cf. note 517. 1065. M-Hod: The small stick is wrapped. 1066. Scoring is identical with that of hand game. Guessing Marks on Ground Y-Yaud; Y-Yaul: tca'mwas. 1083. Y-Wuk: 8 or 12. Dice, "Stick" Ty-pe I suspect numerous errors in the distribution of these dice. 1091. Y-Yaud: tatsni'wls. 1098, 1118. Dice scoring: For 8 dice Stick type ..... Disk type ..... 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 up, 0 down up, 1 down up, 2 down up, 3 down up, 4 down up, 5 down up, 6 down up, 7 down up, 8 down r- e - 4-) a2 ? O 4-- r d e =0~~~~~~ 0oO?== _ _ + + - _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +t 0 0 4 10 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 000000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4104 4 4 co For 6 dice ,,m? Stick type . . . - Disk type . ... + + + 6 up, 5 up, 4 up, 3 up, 2 up, 1 up, 0 up, 0 down. 1 down. 2 down. 3 down. 4 down. 5 down. 6 down. 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 8161 0 11 0 22 1 33 0 4 4 0 55 1 66 0 714 4 1618 For 5 dice $: Stick type . . -- Disk type . . t + 5 up, O down . . 020 4 up, 1 down . . 0 4 3 up, 2 down . . 3 3 2 up, 3 down . .22 1 up, 4 down . . 0 1 O up, 5 down . . 4 0 j i I j I 0 0 I I 124 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 1102. M-Hod: Four of the dice are painted th ore design, 4 with another. When dice are own, number having one design is subtracted m number having the other. If former prepon- rate, player loses on the throw. Dice, Disk Type 1109. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 70, figs. 7, 8. 1111. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 54. Gifford and rrett, pl. 71. M-Tuh, M-Hod, M-Wop, M-Ent: dern. Y-Choi: ho'watc. Modern. I observed an a Y-Choi woman chewing a lump of asphalt to ften it, and pressing it into the shells. Yaud: hutsus. Y-Yaul: huutsus. 1113. UCMA 1-10783 are pitch filled. From rum v., Y-Chuk or Y-Koch territory. 1115. Y-Nut: Made of a ball on roots of ash ree. Walnut shells are recent. 1117a. Y-Nut: Only 4 with circuit (no. 1127). ~Yaul: Scoring taken from Culin, 139. 1118. See 1098. Y-Nut: Only 1 with circuit lo. 1127). 1119. Y-Nut: Only 1 with circuit (no. 1127). 1120. Y-Nut: Only 2 with circuit (no. 1127). 1122. Y-Choi: Barrett, Notes, says 14. 1125. Y-Choi: A mat; Latta, 20. Denied to me. Various 1127. Culin, 140-141, describes a scoring rouit of 25 sticks associated with split cane ce for Tule r. Y-Yaud territory. The scoring same as Owens v. scoring. I suspect it is re- pnt at Tule r. Y-Nut: Central square of 4 x 4 A squares, flanked by 4 rectangles each of x 4= 8 squares; total 48 squares arranged in Igure of a Greek cross. 1128. About a 900 arc. 1132. Distribution probably unreliable. 1135. Cf. note 517. Y-Chun: Scoring with 2 ice; both standing up (on end), 2 points; one , 1 point; none up, 0. 1136. Y-Pal: Variable. 1137. A stone was tossed in air, another lioked from a pile with same hand, and first aught before it hit ground. One who made longest un of successful catches won. Y-Yaud: imtu'wlts. 1151. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 41. 1152. Lump of pitch in place of acorn on itchlike shaft. 1153. Y-Wuk, Y-Yaud: Recent. Y-Yaul: Recent rpe of leather. 1156. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 15. 1160. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1165. Y-Choi: A perforated stone, 3 or 4 in. adiam. with a hole in center 1 in. in diam., Is rolled across game court like hoop of hoop- d-pole game. It was shot at with wood-pointed Prows. From Latta, 19-20. Y-Yaud: A buckskin- rapped hoop is rolled. See no. 482. 1166. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1169. Barrett and Gifford, pls. 67-69. 1173. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. MONEY AND BEADS 1175. These were measured around hand, and were thus true money. I am not certain about other kinds of beads. However, all kinds were worn as ornaments or for wealth display. 1177. Schenck, pl. 45d-o. 1181. See nos. 748, 752. Made only about Tulare lake with a slender bone-pointed drill, from marine clam. Barrett, Notep. 1183. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 16. Y-Choi: Made by drilling into end of a steatite cylinder ("pencil") held in a "doughnut" stone vise. Every so often the perforated part was broken off and the ragged surface ground smooth to form a bead. Y-Yaul: kotoo't. 1185.-Kroeber, Hdbk., 565. Vaguely akin to N.W. California, Hdbk., pl. 11. Y-Chun: From tip of middle finger to distal ends of radius and ulna; recently valued at 10 cents. K-Tub: From base of middle finger to tip, around palm and back to tip; recently, 5 cents. Twice length of middle finger, 1 cent. 1186. Discussed under Notes 2055-2060. PIPES 1191. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 30. Barrett and Gif- ford, pl. 56. M-Hod: Recent. Y-Choi: ctu'kmai. 1193. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 101. Schenck, pl. 52. O-B P: From Steward, 319. Denied to me. 1194. Gayton, 1929, pl. 102d, h. Steward, pl.4. TOBACCO Y-Choi: The seed, not the leaves, was ground and used. Latta, 21. 1197. See no. 1698. 1199. Young plants were pruned to increase size of remaining leaves. 1200. For burning for food crops, see no. 283. 1207. Usually, only men smoked. 1210. Often just to "feel good." Also associ- ated with vision quest (no. 2157). The lime was from burnt fresh-water mussel shells. It was mixed in the small tobacco mortar (no. 408). P-Dth, P-Sal, P-Koso, 0-Ind, O-B P: VWomen appar- ently chewed it without swallowing the quid. Steward, 320, confirms this and adds that men took it as an emetic in Owens v. 1212. Parenthetical entries contradicted by no. 2297. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1214. Kroeber, Hdbk., fig. 37. 1215. Cf. note 517. M-Ent: UCMA 1-10792, from Dunlap, has 2. Y-Choi: UCMA 1-10747 has only 2 cocoons. Variation likely. I 125 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1220. As an accompaniment for any singing and dancing. As shamans were chief performers, this concept does not differ radically from Kroeber's association of cocoon rattle with shaman, Hdbk., 509. See nos. 2175-2176. 1222. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 67e. See no. 2175. Often of cane. 1225. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1233. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 44. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1242. Y-Wuk: The bull-roarer was rotated in hands as in making fire and point applied to af- flicted part of body. Supposed to extract poison. Steward, 316, says that in Owens v. a firedrill was rotated until a spark appeared and the point then applied to the aching part. 1243. Y-Wuk: Poison might be placed on the bull-roarer and shot at someone by whirling the instrument. 1247. Powers, fig. 33 (called guitars). Y-Choi: ma'wo. Of elderwood, natural round cross- section; 3 ft. 3 in. long; sinew string tied to longitudinally oriented pegs in the hollow ends. The aboriginal form according to Barrett, Notes, but I doubt this. 1253. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 57. 1260. Powers, fig. 33. 1261. Kroeber, Hdbk., pl. 43. Steward, fig. 9. 1262. I doubt the 3 occurrences of 8 holes. It is almost impossible for the hands to cover so many unless 2 are out of line for the little fingers or underneath for the thumbs. M-Ent: 4-8. Y-Chun: 4-6. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUUM 1267b. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 20A, B, C, D. 1267c. Gifford and Schenck, pl. 23. 1267d. See no. 482. 1267e. Particularly a baby's bath water. 1267f. Schenck and Dawson, pl. 95. 1267h. M-Wak: Specifically doctors, po'hage. They painted their "spirits" (anlt) on rocks to "show themselves, to let people see what they had done." The spirit must first come in a dream. The informant said he was certain that the Yokuts from Tule r. north and the other W Mono had the same belief and practice. 1267j. The Shoshonean water baby, pau'ha, M-Hodl. CALENDAR Several informants volunteered information on the week. M-Wop: nafai tada'be, 6 days or suns; or stmt1 ciman, 1 week; ciman Spanish. M-Ent: Seven-day time period called sUmui taatsui, one seven. Modern. M-Wak: nafai tada'be. The invita- tion period. The messenger invited neighboring tribes to attend a ceremony to start 6 days hence. Y-Chuk: Terms for 7 days in the week same as Y-Koch. Y-Koch: Days of the week in order, start- ing with Monday: woulau, pone'xo, cope'xo, hate'pxo, yite'cxo, cawa'dxo, koto. Based on numerals; cawa'dxo Sp. sabado; koto means to si down. Obviously modern. Y-Pal: wou'lau, po'neat co'peato, ho'tebato, itesa'daf, savalo, holsau. 1268a. M-Hod: March, koowo'wa; Oct. or Nov.,o siinlnlh''mowa; Dec. wa'sasohimo'wa. Y-Chuk: Ja lul'ci; Feb., tanlai'u, big wind comes. Y-Koch: Mar., yocoo 'to; Apr., ya'mha. Y-Wuk: Nov., kala'sa, "knock the leaves off." 0-Ind: Feb., pipoci mna, red insect moon; Mar., tutci mna, small moon; Apr., icaro'aa mua, coyote going t have pups. 1269. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. P-Koso: Four enumerated moons in winter, 4 in summer. 1271. See note 1891. COUNTING Numeral Systems All the numeral systems of the area are deci mal: 11 is 10-1 (or 10 + 1, or 1-over), 20 is 2 10, etc. The actual words are given in the Appe dix, as part of the identifying vocabularies ob tained. Some earlier lists will be found in Dixon-Kroeber, Num. Systems of Calif., AA 9:663 690, 1907. For 11-19 there is a suffix method among the Yokuts (like Engl. "four-teen") besides the 10- or 10-plus-1 method. This occurs among the Tach and Choinimni: Tachi 13-19, so'piAm, ha'tspom, y"'tcam, tso'lpam, no'mtsam, mo'ntsam, triy,'u sapo'nhot; Choinimni, co'pitim, ta'tcpam, yT'toI tco'lpam, no'mtcKm, mo'ntcam, no'npam. The Koch yali inft. gave an alternative for 11 like the Choinimni form; the Choinimni said the compound ing method was in use as well as the suffixing one. According to Kroeber, Yokuts Language, UC-PAAE 2, 1907, the suffix form occurs in Yaudanchi (p. 230), Chukaimina-Michahai (p. 351 Choinimni (p. 352), Gashowu (p. 353), Dumna (p. 354), Tachi (p. 361). Y-Yaul: There is a separate word for 12 cor- responding to English dozen, si'yukai, used als by the Koyeti. Some large number, either 1000 o 1200, was alsQ designated by an isolated root, pe 'eta. In P-Koso and P-Dth there is a phonetic vari tion in the initial of the second element of 11 19: P-Koso, toi'T?in, except 12 and 13 roi'rd; P-Dth, roi'r)lin except 17 toi'"run. These seem to be occurrences of the spirantizing-unspirantis law of Shoshonean. The E Mono and Panamint all possess a fuller, form for the teens in which the term for ten forms the initial word. Thus in E Mono "suU wo nu'na suiiu'ma tsibu'"it" literally means "one ten and one over." (Cf. Steward, 331.) In the form given in the tables (Appendix) eleven means o over." This contraction is only applied to the teens, the higher numbers following the formo twenty-one in the tables. These remarks probab also apply to the W Mono, although they only volunteered the contracted forms. 126 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--I Terms for 40, 50, etc., up to 90 are based on n preceded by a unit number indicating how ny times ten the number is. The numbers 20 30 in the tables illustrate this. Several Yokuts informants volunteered ponoi ts for two hundred, coopln plts for three dred, etc., but were not certain what one ousand would be. They thought tiyeu plts, ten hundred," might be correct. The term p'lts ans 'count." I often heard interpreters use it o informants when asking for the numeral system. 1272. Y-Choi: The 8 dice were counted by lacing them in pairs between the fingers with he hand palm down on a flat surface. This sug- sts an octonary system: it is exactly the thod by which the Yuki count by eights with airs of twigs. 1286a. Y-Tach: Beads on a pelican primary to ep track of moons. 1287. Barrett and Gifford, pl. 62, fig. 1. ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY 1289. Y-Chun: ko'tol. 1300. Y-Chun: kae'ti, "girls." 1302. O-B P: Called dancing girls at Bishop, steward, 288. 1303. Y-Chun: tsaitas kaleta; tsaitas means orth star. 1335. See no. 1362. Y-Tach, Y-Chun: A woman's reasts may also fall off. 1338. Some sort of bodily contact makes the oise. 1362. See no. 1335. 1364. Y-Wuk: The moon is taking a bath. 1371. 0-Ind, O-B P: The moon's death, Steward, 89. 1397. M-Hod: Because the Sierras are east and the valley west. 1398. I am doubtful about the reports of 6 directions. All informants gave up and down when sked. It is difficult to tell whether up and down had the same status as N, S, E, W. P-Dth: X, kwtyahai'po; S, pita'po; E, tawe'dokw; 1, pana'r]we; up, tuguna rwa ; down, ttina. MARRIAGE S. G., M-Wak informant, was told by Bob Bautista, a former Y-Tach chief, that the Y-Tach narried "oousins." All other informants denied L11 cousin marriages. I used native kinship terms in the questions. Y-Choi: 20 was the average age )f marriage, 15 the minimum. Latta, 21. 0-Ind, D-B P: Steward, 294, says local exogamy was the rule, plus exogamy with respect to the father's community which was normally not one's own be- Dause of matrilocal residence. "Villages com- prised enlarged families plus a few others, all regarded as relatives." Thus local exogamy is iere a special instance of forbidden marriage of relatives. Similar tendencies probably existed in the entire area of this study wherever local groups were small. DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 127 1399. Gayton, 1930, 374, says "polygamy" was infrequent among Yokuts and W'estern Mono, the chief more often than others having two wives. Y-Yaud: The informant's aunt once learned that her husband had another "wife." When her parents got the news they ordered the husband to leave her. Monogamy was obviously preferred here. The possession of a second wife was grounds for di- vorce. An account was given of a Koyeti man who was married to a Koyeti and a Paleuyami woman at the same time. The 2 women were not related. Sometimes when a man's "wives" lived in 2 differ- ent localities he might have children from both of them, and apparently was considered the father in both families. I believe that polygamy was un- common for the Yokuts generally and that inform- ants often confused it with brittle monogamy. 1403. M-Ent: A man often left them gifts, hence this borders on prostitution (no. 1464). M-Wak: Not true marriage, but mere sexual looseness. Y-Chuk: Not paid for. 1407. M-Ent: Social fatherhood of the child, including inheritance of tribal affiliation and totem, was always from the "first man," the one who legitimately married the mother. 1408. Y-Tach, Y-Yaud, Y-Yaul, 0-Ind: Said to have been the common practice. 1412. The groom or his family took the initi- ative by offering presents to the bride or her family. These gifts might be articles of cloth- ing, beads, and other treasure. If the bride and her family were in accord with the plan they in turn would give baskets, food, and other products of woman's labors. Powers, 381, says the Yokuts paid $20 to $30 in gold for a wife in 1877, but only for a virgin. 1413. I.e., the giving of additional return gifts by the bride's family. I doubt all nega- tives here. Y-Yaul: Gifts were returned only when the suitor was rejected. This probably means that groom's offerings were returned if marriage did not meet approval of bride's family. Steward, 295, says that in Owens v. returning money meant disapproval. 1414. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1422. Sometimes. Barrenness of first wife not necessary to acquiring a second. It was an addi- tional or sufficient incentive, however. 1424. The younger sister might be obligated, especially if there were children. M-Wvop: Mildly preferred, no real obligation. 1425. Y-Wuk: If parents like their son-in-law, they ask him to marry a younger daughter. 1426. 0-Ind, O-B P: But not as much as for the first sister. Steward, 296, denies additional payment. 1428. M-Hod: "Not right, don't last long," but known to have existed. M-Ent: D. S.'s sister had two husbands who were brothers. She had a reputa- tion for sexual looseness, however, according to other informants. Y-Koch: Informant's two brothers shared a single wife, at Dochiu. Considered le- gitimate. Y-Yaud: A man sometimes would allow a ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS brother to have sexual relations with his wife, but the relationship was temporary. P-Sal: Joe Kennedy knew of an occurrence in area of Gold- f ield, Nevada. 1432. M-Wop: Mildly preferred, no real obli- gation. 1435. M-Wop: A single occurrence was cited by L. C., Y-Koch informant. 1436. Doubtless both the levirate and sororate were everywhere extended to more remote affinal relatives than spouse's sibling. Steward, 296, confirms this for Owens v. Post-Nuptial Residence Residence is specified with reference to local groups, not to houses in same community. Without census data there is no way of determining how correct generalizations of informants are. Almost all informants admitted many exceptions to these rules. However, the fact that tribal, moietal, and lineage affiliation west of the Sierras were all three patrilineal, supports the patrilocal bias of this area. Tribal affiliation is the most significant here because tribes were localized geographically. The absence of strict local exog- amy and the many marriages within the larger local groups prevented the crystallization of such tendencies into hard and fast residence rules. Kroeber, Hdbk., 493, states generically that the Yokuts were matrilocal. Probably he is referring to initial temporary abode. M-Wak: Ap- parently no rules. At discretion of couple, but husband's opinion was given more weight. A lazy man might live with his wife's parents to avoid supporting (hunting for) her. Proper procedure was to set up a new household. I suspect that the informant was more cautious than others and that there was actually no essential difference between the M-Wak and their neighbors. The same may be true of other informants. 1440. M-Hod: During first year or so of mar- ried life, a couple often alternated between wife's and husband's parents' homes. Y-Chuk: Also with reference to house when couple were both from same local group. 1441. Y-Nut: Up to 12. Y-Pal: 6 to 12. K-Bank: Up to 12. 1442. Y-Choi: Latta, 21, says groom built a new house from a short distance to a half mile or more from bride's parents' house. 1444. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 295, gives ini- tial matrilocal residence for one year, followed by a year of patrilocal, then independent, the place chosen by the girl, the house built by the boy's family. Elsewhere, 294, he favors permanent matrilocal. The first statement doubtless refers to house, the latter explicitly to local group. Adultery 1449. Legitimately and without reprisal by her family. Although this is affirmed by many in- formants, occurrences must have been rare in light of sexual looseness characteristic of the area. 1451. Legitimately and without redress from his family. 1457. 0-Ind, O-B P: Affirmed by Steward, 296, Remarriage of Widow or Widower The levirate and sororate are excluded here. See 2002a, 2040, 2089-2091. There seem to be 3 4 partly distinct motives here for making payme or gifts to one's dead spouse's family. 1458. In N. W. California this would be the return of the bride price. Here purchase is less developed and this payment less crystallized. Y-Wuk: Only if widow's parents are still living, See 1459. Y-Pal: A widow or widower pays former parents-in-law as a contribution to expense of mourning ceremony. The association of this pay- ment with remarriage is doubtless owing to the fact that one does not remarry until after the mourning ceremony for the dead spouse. 1459. Y-Choi: He pays because he is afraidof his parents-in-law. They may think he poisoned his first wife unless he proves his good will by making her family a gift. Y-Koch: To "make it right." Y-Wuk: Merely to help out his former parents-in-law. When asked if these payments we compensation for failure to meet sororate and levirate obligations, informant denied such an explanation. Probably a contribution to mourning ceremony expense. Y-Yaud: The widower pays at time of mourning ceremony so that his former parl ents-in-law won't "feel bad" if he marries againm` The informant's explanation is that property ac* quired jointly by a married couple does not all belong to surviving spouse; hence part of it should be returned to dead spouse's parents. On another occasion the same informant said that the payment was to prevent the former parents-in-law from being jealous or feeling insulted. It was made at the little mourning ceremony. I suspect variation and the partial correctness of both statements. It also seems likely that payments represented widower's family's contribution to mourning ceremonies. On the contrary, I find another statement that the widower gives the little mourning ceremony for his dead wife. 0-In O-B P: Steward, 296, says a widower returned his dead wife's parents' marriage gifts when about te marry into another family. This may have been thi situation cited above. 1460. Y-Choi: But less than for a previously unmarried girl. Remarriage of Divorcee Y-Yaud, U-Kaw: The husband pays his parents- in-law when he leaves his wife. This may also be a return of marriage gifts. 1463. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 128 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DI BERDACHES 1483. Y-Chun: tonootci'tim. Y-Yaul: tonoo'- cim. U-Kaw: hwipiddzi. P-Dth: toiye mp. J. K.'s ather's older brother was "just like a woman." made baskets and gathered seeds. He never rried and continued to live with his parents. -Koso: hu'yu. KINSHIP AVOIDANCES MA-Wop: Although confined to two pairs of latives, avoidances were more marked in quality B well as in quantity than among the majority f tribes studied. M-Wak: Parent-in-law avoid- ces are the result of shame at having first exual intercourse. Not all newlyweds were hamed. The informant S. G. was not ashamed en first married. O-B P: Avoidance between par- tas-in-law and children-in-law of opposite sex as more intense. 1487. Y-Choi: Denied by Latta, 21. U-Kaw: nied by Kroeber, Hdbk., 603. 1488. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1489. Including avoidance of personal name in dress. Cf. 1525. Y-Yaud: Plural address, and at east a feeling of mutual respect is extended to 11 one-step affinal relatives, i.e., the blood latives of one's spouse. Also to one's child's ouse's parents, and doubtless other more com- Lex relationships. An obvious explanation is at one addresses certain affinal relatives in plural because he thinks of each as a member f a group. Marriage is a compact between two roups of blood relatives rather than two indi- iduals, as Tylor emphasized some sixty years ago. satisfactory solution of such problems is im- ossible from arbitrarily limited data such as ese schedules contain. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1491. Y-Yaul, O-B P: The son-in-law leaves he trail. i 1497. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. P-Dth: J. K. says n industrious daughter-in-law is not bashful round her parents-in-law. Only lazy ones feel shamed. 1498. U-Kaw, 0-Ind, O-B P: More than with ather-in-law. 1500. O-B P: The daughter-in-law leaves the rail. 1505. Y-Wuk: This pair is the mnost bashful of he four. They speak to one another "easy," good," and "slow." U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. )RIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 129 1506. 0-Ind, O-B P: More than with mother-in- law. 1513. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1525. This is obviously a difficult item on which to obtain information without going some distance into linguistic forms. If M-Wop under- stood correctly before answering yes, there would be considerable presumption that the trait oc- curred also in neighboring dialects. Of course the only proof would be cited phrases from the idiom itself. MOIETIES AND LINEAGES 1530. M-Wop: Informant recognized moietal names of N. Fork Mono but denied any such for Whoponuch. Y-Tach: Informant's father from Mon- terey, possibly Costanoan. She was certain that "Monterey Indians" had the same moiety organiza- tion. So far as I know, this is the only evidence on record for Costanoan moieties. However, his- tory records that Yokuts from Tulare lake were literally lassoed by the church and taken to the missions on the coast. Whether the Costanoans had moieties or the Yokuts organization was main- tained at the missions is problematical. 1531. Kroeber, Hdbk., 494, says tohil (troxil) means "downstream." My informants flatly said it means "eagle" and "west." Notu was said to mean merely "east." See noun lists in Appendix. Since all streams flow in a general westerly direction from the Sierra, the difference is one of defini- tion rather than of fact. 1532. Y-Chuk: Nutu'wltc equated to N, troxelhi'wltc to S. I doubt it: Squaw Valley cr. flows N, Mill cr. a little N of W, so that if there is a stream-flow correlation, nutu'wltc should = S. 1533. Totems and their moiety affiliation. No distinction between inherited totem and super- naturally acquired guardian spirit is made. In- formants were asked if an animal might serve as one's "pet" or "dog." Plus indicates affirmative answer, minus negative. N refers to Nutuwuts moiety, T to Troxelhiwic, M to middle. In many places where minus signs occur the informant said the animal was meat, meaning that everyone could eat it. Native terms not given here will be found under Subsistence and in the noun lists. Aster- isks refer to notes below. 130 ANTHROPOJJDGICAL RECORDS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Mammals Coyote. Fox Bear. Puma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wildcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deer. Elk (soyid'l, Y) ................. Beaver (nde'blg, Y-Tach; tee'blg, Y; t 'e'blk, Y, M; Otter (waki'as, Y; tetci't-, M; dj iku'letc, M) Jackrabbit. Cottontail (tci'ux, Y-Chun). Wood rat (hitslt, Y-Chun; ho'mtca, Y; ka'wa, M). . Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skunk Raccoon (kitsi, Y-Chun; kltyl, Y-Tach; kOtsiIt"', M) Birds Eagle . Condor (wllts, Y-Tach; wetc, Y, M; huhu'na, Y-Nut) ..... Buzzard or turkey vulture ................. Prairie falcon ....................... Cooper's hawk (po'hiyan, Y-Tach; poho'yon, M; makoya'na, M). Sharp-shinned hawk (kohuiye, Y-Tach) ............ Marsh hawk (tlstls, Y-Tach)a. c .............. Great horned owl ........ ............. Screech owl (tokale'li, Y; mopo'po, M) ........... Billy or ground owl (wetcita, Y-Tach; wetiti, Y-Chun) Unidentified owl (solili, Y-Tach) . Unidentified owl (cootwiya, Y-Chun)h. u .......... Crow . . . . . . . . . Raven Mountain quail (tc?pti, V; tc?pit, M). ........... Valley quail (tsakaa'ka, Y; hu'mnnl, Y, M; hiTmo'nwa, M). . . Dove. . . . . . . . . . . . Mallard duck (wa'twat, Y; oxuTh'm, Y; iyeyltc, Y)...... Carvasback duck (wa'u, Y).................. Goose (la" ala, Y). Swan (hohu'imns, Y; nu'na'tstci, M). Crane (ulats, Y-Chun; waxits, wa'hat, M) .......... Kingfisher (tsutott'kul's, Y; kowi'td, M). Pelican (xaha'l, Y) .................... Woodpecker (palataa'te, Y; palaa'tat, Y, M). Yellowhamner (triw?'ca, Y; atsaba'na, M) .......... Bluejay (tcaitcai, Y-Chuk; tcaitci, Y; tsai'gtn, M)..... Road runner ........................ Magpie. Hummingbird (peumnintu' ltc, Y-Tach; kumku'mna, Y; piidj'lg, M) Reptiles and Amphibians Rattlesnake (tcamxama, Y-Chun) . Gopher snake (waklhk, Y-Tach; hoto'nic, Y, M). King snake (kolwantei, Y-Tach; kolongi, Y, M)..... Lizard. Frog. Tortoise. Horned toad (tsitUboo'bi, Y-Tach; tcatoo'boitc, Y, M). + + ++ + -+ + + -++ + + -+_ + - + - + + - + + + - + - - - - + - + + + + - + + - - + - - _ - + + ? _ _ _+ + ? + _ + + - + + + + -+ + - - - + + - - + + N N N N N T - N NN N N NNN N N N NN T T T T Ti - - T TT - - T TT T N T NN T N T T N, - -1 N T N T N N N N N N- NNN + + + + +++ T T T\J( - *.*+ + + + - T Nv IJ --+ -+++- N N NN NN + + + + + +++ NNNN NJ ++++ + + N NN N N N N N N + + + + ++++ N NNN NN +.* + + + + N T NN N N N N NN + + + + +++ T N T TT + + + + + + ++ T T T T T N-- , - - - - - - - - - - N N -+ + + + T N T T -+ ++-- -T TT- + + - - T N- - - - - - - N - - - T NT- _ + +_ t -+ - -T T T T - + *- + - - + NN- - TNN +*+ + -+- T N T TT N N NT D ----- + + N-*NNNN - - -- - + +N - N N N + ++++ ++ T N N T + + +-+++ N T T T + + + + - * + - T T + + _ _ _ + _ _ _ + _ + + + + + _ + _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + T T N N N N NN N - T N T TT - TT' - TTT T TTN N TTN I 0 0 r 1 0 ~2; = ~ T u z ~ 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 0 4- O j Q Q Z E-4 c I I I I 130 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS . . . . . . . c... . . i y?b?g, m j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA eoity oea der Moiety Leadership ad of Nutuwuts, coyote . . . . Bear Prairie falcon ......................... Buzzard . . . . . . . oad of Troxelhiwic, eagle. ates: agle, Y-Tach: Or T. Condor, Y-Tach: Or N. ve, Y-Chuk: Or M. ttlesnake, Y-Chuk: Two kinds of rattlesnakes, "white" and "black." White in one moiety, black in the other. Kroeber, Hdbk., 494, says "only a limited num- or of animals are associated with each division." r list of 52 species or genera seems to indi- ate that almost all animals possessed moiety ffiliation. Pressure of time prevented me from 1ereasing the number of forms to exhaust the ridence. 1534a. Y-Tach: Gifford, 1916, 293, affirms zogamy. My informant said that marriage within le moiety was permitted as long as no actual lood relationship existed between the couple. light occurrences recorded were distributed among $e two moieties thus: T to T 2; T to N 2; N to 4; N to N 0. The chance figures in the same or- Ler would be: 3; 1; 3; 1. Obviously no conclusion an be drawn from so few occurrences. 1539. I use the term "lineage" deliberately, lthough these groups were usually without lhiefs, territories, names, or exogamy. Some ere local groups. Rigid rules of descent were rften lacking. See 1547 and note on Owens v. un- or Marriage. Y-Wuk: "Everything gotten from your arents" but there is little or no differentia- ion between the paternal and maternal lines. I oubt the latter. Concerning the relation of hiefs to lineages, the informant first said that be head chief, tiyaa, and the second or assist- nt chiefs, tuyei, each had a separately named lollowing which ate at separate tables" at pub- ic ceremonies. He could not remember names for bese groups. Later he said that there were two ables, one for the hosts and one for the visi- tors, and that the particular visiting tribe hat washed the mourners at the mourning ceremony as always served first. I believe the above- lamed (?) groups, each with its own chief, may ave been lineages, in spite of the failure of be informant to make a very clear distinction etween paternal and maternal lines. 1541. A supernatural experience (dream) was necessary before any power or help could be de- rived from the "pet" or totem. See 1920, 1934, 2138-73. Contrary to Kroeber, Hdbk., 495, and Gayton, 1930, 368, my Yokuts and Mono informants did not clearly distinguish between inherited totem and supernaturally acquired guardian spirit. Although the pairs of nouns below suggest a dis- tinction, almost all informants used them synony- mously and agreed that supernatural experience with one's inherited totem was the rule. Even shamanism was partly determined by heredity (2133, 2221, 2263a). However, it seems reasonable to believe that one might have both an inherited totem and some other spiritual helper at the same time; and in speaking of his totem he might refer to it generically or to its body as "dog," but for its spirit or soul use another term. Gayton, 1930, 367, says that the number of lin- eage-owned totems are today (1925-8) not more than a dozen. My bare lists of animals (note 1533) seem to indicate more. However, some of my animals may not have been inherited, and I have no census material for proof. M-Hod: Not every- one had a totem, but chiefs, officials, shamans, and successful persons generally did. The rela- tively full list of totem animals (1533) inclines me to doubt any great restriction. However, if such a limitation is true, it is probably owing to the fact that a supernatural experience is necessary, and such did not always come; or else that some of the animals in the list were not lineage-owned. M-Wop: Two terms were given: puk, literally dog, equivalent to Yokuts tc'eclc; and iwln, spirit, equivalent to Yokuts anltc. I could not determine any difference in meaning corre- sponding to inherited totem vs. individually ac- quired guardian spirit. M-Ent: No distinction be- tween puk, and 6nIt or iw'n. The latter apparently means spirit or soul, of oneself or another in- dividual. M-Wak: Spirits, iiwiina, cannot be seen, _ _ + + _ _ _ + + + _ _ + + + I 11" I I 131 132 ANTHROPOLOGIC but totems, puus, can. Possibly informant means that spirits have no corporeal existence. Doubt- less when one's totem appears to him in a dream, it is considered to be the totem's spirit. Y-Chuk: In response to totemistic functions of animals listed in note 1533, informant often said a certain animal was "pretty hard to get." I recorded minus for such answers although some may have been totems. This may account for the relatively small number of positive responses. Informant wavered concerning universality of to- tems, but ended up by saying all persons had them. Willy Curtis, a Woponuch bystander about 45 years old, was positive all Woponuch had to- tems. Y-Choi: gapa'wlc. Y-Koch: A dream is also necessary. If one dreams of an animal different from his father's he "doesn't believe it and lets it go." When the right one comes, he accepts it. Y-Nut: One dreams of both his inherited totem and noninherited guardian spirit. The latter is called inats-an"tc. Y-Yaud: Knlt. Some children get their father's anit, some their mother's, but the former seems to be the more common. Y-Yaul: Knlt. Inheritance is uncertain. Y-Pal: Inherit- ance denied but otherwise like other Yokuts. Called K'lt. 1544. This was probably owing to respect for one's mother or her totem rather than to inherit- ance and possession of totem. Extension of taboos to one's wife's totem supports this interpreta- tion. Gayton, 1930, 367, says that sometimes a woman transmitted her totem to her offspring for that generation only, which I interpret as mean- ing that in such instances her children also took their father's totem so that the males would have one to transmit to their offspring. 1547. Gayton, 1930, 367: "Except in those tribes in which moiety exogamy prevailed persons having the same totem might marry provided they were not more closely related than by third or fourth cousinship. In fact, the marriage of a boy and girl both having eagle or dove totem (the chief's and winatum's totems, respectively) was an occasion for rejoicing." Nevertheless the great majority of marriages must have been with- out one's lineage. This would happen even if spouses were chosen at random for the simple rea- son that the vast majority of the available mates would be outside any one of a dozen or more lin- eages. See note on Owens v. under Marriage. 1548. "Although names had no totemic reference they were said to belong to the lineage: two people could not have the same name unless they were related." Gayton, 1930, 367. She found no interlineage duplicates in more than 200 Yokuts and W. Mono names. The four relatives chosen here represent common sources of names rather than the only sources. I present the following informants' generalizations without instances to support them. M-Wak: Namers and namesakes were always from the paternal line. A child was usually named after a dead paternal relative but sometimes a living one would give a child his own name. Many AL RECORDS persons had two names, both patrilineal. Y-Chuk Persons often had two names, both from the pa- ternal line. Often from father's brother, never mother's brother. Y-Choi: Same as Y-Chuk above. Y-Koch: Same as Y-Chuk above. At least some n were the exclusive property of a lineage. The formant's name (macu'let) was inherited fromhe father's sister. Y-Nut: Same as Y-Chuk above. Y-Wuk: The first-born male was named from the father's father, and father's brother was vol teered as another source of names. The nameri usually the father. Apparently, for the younger children, there was more freedom of choice, al- most any deceased ascendant relative serving as a namesake. Some persons had two names, one paw ternal, the other maternal. Anyway, there were at least some lineage-owned names. Y-Yaud: The father named a child. Father's father's and father's mother's names were given to the eldes boy and girl, and other paternal relatives ser as sources of names for the other children. If there were not enough close paternal ancestors, those on the maternal side were chosen. Y-Yaul: Most names from paternal line. Y-Pal: Often two' personal names, but one from each line, matern and paternal. K-Bank: Same as Y-Pal above. K-To Most names from paternal line. U-Kaw: Any dece ascending relative might serve as namesake. A parent named a child. 1552a. See 1556-68, 1607, 1616, 1641, 1654, 1660, 1668, 1675, 1679, 1683, 2133. Y-Wuk: Per- sonal names went with offices and were inherite Since the father's father was the preferred n sake, names must have often appeared in altermat generations. 1553. See 1922. 1554. Probably confined to the rattlesnake and bear ceremonies, 2233, 2274. CHIEFS AND OFFICIAIS Although I have not listed it, some supernatum ral rapport with totem of office (1692a-n) was necessary for eligibility for all inherited of- fices. Y-Tach: Besides officials given below, there was a fireman, hotoo'net, said to have bees appointed by chief, whose job was to build fire for sweating and for gatherings of both sexes. This is messenger's job elsewhere. U-Kaw: Besida B. R. said there was a single individual to temi the sweat-house fire. Acquisition of position u known. Y-Yaud: An interesting description of the viability of certain personality types was volh teered. A man must be mediocre, or depart onlyia little way from the norm, in order to be success ful. A man who was too generous and held open house with plenty of food too often would incit the jealousy of the chief and most likely suffer death. A bad man would ultimately be killed by someone. A stingy man was also likely to be killed, apparently just for spite. 1555. M-Wak: Called old chief, nanap pogina'b See 1568. Y-Tach: tiya or troxil. The latter met CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA ile. Y-Wuk: Called old chief, poha ta tiyaa, cording to S. G., M-Wak informant. S. G. said it tiya. K-Tub: t1miwa l. There were two chiefs r two local groups on the two forks of Kern rer. U-Kaw: niya'giatdm. In part contrary to ieber, Hdbk., 603, I obtained the impression it heredity, without differentiation of pater- I and maternal lines, played a definite part succession of chieftainship. Perhaps, as )eber suggests, it was secondary to wealth. Dth: tiyiu'ga. J. K. said each of the 5 Panamint Dal groups had its own chief. The chief chooses 5"best" son as successor, subject to a vague pular approval. P-Koso: G. G. insists there 3only one chief for the five local groups. Ind, 0-B P: pogina'bi. 1556. Gayton states generically for the Yokuts lMono, 1930, 373, that an enfeebled chief se his own successor, subject to approval of ier chiefs and elders of the village. A gift money was sent to the nominee, but he did not re to accept the office. Y-Wuk: The individual's ?abilities were taken into consideration by ochief's lineage. Assuming personal factors to about equal, the rank of the chief's relatives regard to selection of the next chief was: ther, son, wife, daughter, sister, then neph- sand nieces or grandchildren. Brother out- Lking son reflects the principle of age- lority within the paternal line. It is strange it an affinal relative such as a wife should eligible at all. Y-Yaud: The formal trans- ttal of office to a succeeding heir took place the little mourning ceremony for the dead .ef . 1564. M-Ent, M-Wak: Gayton, 1930, 373, found am actual occurrences that the brother usually tranked the son, but that the office reverted the elder brother's eldest son. This is prob- .y because a chief's brother would normally be ler than a son. My M-Ent informant was on the ice. My M-Wak favored the son. 1567. Y-Koch: Volunteered. 1568. M-Wak: The older of two equally distant ternal relatives had the better chance for an erited office. See 1555. 1571. Y-Chuk: The husband of a woman in the Lef's paternal lineage is called chief. The iof a woman in the chief's lineage is a half ief. An affinal connection apparently outranks 3 of blood. I doubt the first statement. 'hoi: Same term for both moiety chiefs. Y-Pal: 3chief's paternal relatives (maternal uncer- Ln) were called tiiyan yokuts, "chief people." 1573. The office was lifelong. K-Tub: See ;e on 1555. 1575-1576. In tribe or local group or village. figures probably are almost worthless. The itinction between a head chief and other males the paternal line is feeble. It seems likely it any local group of any size had its own Lef since he was so essential to the social lceremonial life of the area. When a single tribe had several villages or local groups, prob- ably the chief of the largest of these, or the chief with the most overbearing personality, was consiaered the leader of the tribe as a whole, if ever and whenever the tribe functioned as a unit. Y-Wuk: Gayton, 1930, 377, says 5. 1577. K-Tub: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 609. Denied to me. 1578. Y-Chun: Called mokela tiya, "woman chief." Y-Pal: Called tiiya kayena, "chief woman." K-Bank: Called tiiya kaina, "chief woman." 1587. If young enough and so inclined. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. 1589. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1591. Y-Chuk: Theoretically, at least, chief cannot refuse any request for money or property from a "subject." E.g., the chief would loan a man money with which to get married. I did not ask about interest in this context. 1593. Y-Choi: But got his cut out of money made by performers at public ceremonies, and possibly curing fees also. 1599. The victim's family could not retaliate if the chief sanctioned the killing. Gayton, 1930, 400. 1600. Bribes were often given chief to obtain his consent to a murder. See Gayton, 1930, 400. M-Ent: Chief might kill or have killed a person without redress from the offender's relatives. 1601. U-Kaw: Denied by F. C. 1603. Where a tribe had several permanent villages, each of these probably had its own chief. 1604. Y-Nut: Chief of Troxelhiwic moiety was called tiya. Nutuwuts chief was apparently called either tiya or limik, prairie falcon. Former out- ranked latter. A tribal council consisting of the two chiefs, two assistant chiefs, two messengers, and two doctors (antru) met and discussed tribal matters. One of each pair belonged to one moiety, the other to the other moiety. Anyone might attend such meetings, and the 8 officers sometimes bribed an eavesdropper not to divulge their secrets. He might be killed if he did. Informant gave two to- tems each for assistant chief and messenger, one in each moiety (1692h-m, note 1533). Y-Tach: A hypothetical setup consisting of a tribal chief plus two moiety chiefs, all called tiya, was given. Head chief notified moiety chiefs when a public ceremony was to take place and they took charge of details, told hunters to get game, etc. Gifford, 1916, 294, affirms moiety chiefs. 1605. M-Wop, M-Ent: Called tuyei, same as Yokuts. Gayton, 1930, 386, says there was no title; he was the chief's brother. Y-Nut: tuyei. 1606. Y-Wuk: 3 to 12, tuyei. Y-Yaud: There was a second chief, toiyei, and also a third chief with separate title. 1613. Especially the mourning ceremony. M-Ent: More than the chief. 1615. Latta told me that each Yokuts house- hold appointed a certain child as its winatum; he answered the door and ran errands for the 133 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS family. Those Yokuts whose houses were arranged in rows (343) had a winatum living at each end. He was first to greet a stranger, ask him his business, and introduce him to chief who theo- retically lived in center of row. Several in- formants compared this official (wina'ttim Y, nite'nap M for all tribes in each group) to a modern officer of the law, at least when in the services of a chief. M-Hod: "Next to chief" in rank but acts as messenger and aid to chief. K-Tub: tu'litgil. U-Kaw: pagdat'. Apparently not an office. The chief might choose a different person for every message. 0-Ind, 0-B P: tTbih' ganiwe'dii, "person who goes between." 1618. Cf. note 517. 0-Ind: Both for a single local group near Independence. 1621. M-Tuh: This official also acts as under- taker. Y-Chuk: Chiefs' and shamans' messengers said to be "different kinds." Chiefs and shamans both asked other's permission before using other's messenger. At a feast both kinds assisted with the food, however. 0-Ind: Besides functions listed here, messenger leads singing and clowns at gatherings. 1625. Buys food with chief's money or sees that it is donated. Ushers guests to "table" and gives orders to women preparing food. Sometimes acts as a waiter by bringing food to guests. M-Wak: At mourning ceremony, and perhaps other intertribal gatherings, visiting "messengers," both men and women, assisted in distribution of food. They were paid for their services. 1640. M-Ent: Called tiya dii ha'kutii, chief of talk. Tiya, at least, is a Yokuts word, and sug- gests that this office was derived from Yokuts example. M-Wak: takwanii'dii. Y-Koch: hohoo't?tc. 1-Chun: hilee'tlk. Y-Wuk: hilee'tfts. Y-Yaul: hilee'tfts. Paid by chief to talk for him. Y-Yaud: Hired privately to make an announcement such as the name of a recently born child. K-Tub: h?li'dats. 1642. Called by term for crier or sometimes functioned as such. 1649. M-Ent: Merely a part of moral lecture given to everyone at a public ceremony to prevent quarreling and ultimately murder. 1653. Coyote was inherited totem. K-Tub: ici'l. Coyote is lct. 1657. Cf. note 517. 1659. M-Tuh: A single individual for tribe. M-Hod: Several persons so functioned. They also ridiculed errors of dancers. Y-Wuk: Gayton, 1930, 387, describes a dance manager. From functions and totem, he seems to be equivalent to my crier (1640). 1664. So-called Indian yel], voice in falsetto and hand alternately opening and closing mouth. 1667. Y-Chun: Called toti hiyauta. A war leader, without status of chief. Y-Wuk: "A bad, tough man" was called trany 'tft. He was not a war chief. Y-Yaud: Called tranyl tft. Perhaps not a war chief but at least heredity played a part. However, hunters and gamblers were also said to have inherited their vocations, which may mean merely that a son often pursued the occupation of his father without any crystallized rule involved Y-Yaul: tra'nyflt?t. K-Bank: Called lo'owa' sin tiiya, "war chief." K-Tub: nogoyil. Drink Datura for power. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. Affirmed by F. C. who called him kdtstpuge'p. 1671. Cf. note 517. 1674. Y-Tach: ots' ts, magpie. A wise man who knows everything. He is or has mana (tclpni). Also a clairvoyant. No political authority. Paid for his advice. Power from supernatural experi- ence: a spirit comes at night and tells him to bathe in the lake. Thus it appears that this per- son is a shaman rather than a true official. 1678. U-Kaw: Apparently chosen by chief for a period of 3 or 4 months at a time, hence not comparable to a permanent office. Called numa'- gada. 1682. M-Ent: hobia'ge. Also accompanied a doctor on a case and sang while he danced and treated patient. M-Wak: Visiting song leaders took part in mourning ceremony, etc., and were paid for services. Y-Tach: wipel?t. Y-Wuk: Not an office comparable to those above. Y-Yaul: aha'- naho. K-Tub: ya'nibtl. 1683a. Cf. note 517. M-Tuh, Y-Choi: Many. 1692. 0-Ind: t1baidjutlmi. 0-B P: tTlbaidju. 1692b. M-Wop, M-Wak: From Gayton, 1930, 367. A bird ceremony (2307) was performed for both eagle and prairie falcon by the M-Wak. 1692m. M-Tuh: Also Cooper's hawk. LAND OWNERSHIP 1698. See 1197-1201. 1700. A gatherer left his pole used in gather- ing acorns or pine nuts leaning against or hang- ing from a limb of the tree. 1704. Y-Chuk, Y-Koch: Something was tied on a tree. WAR War was of little consequence. Informants seemed to know little and care little about it. Tribal wars and local feuds between families, shamans, and even chiefs, were probably not dis- tinguished in the native mind. These abominably scrappy data perhaps convey such a notion. 1706. M-Hod: Fought against N. Fork Mono. M-Wop: Fought with M-Hod and Y-Wuk. Y-Choi: Fought Yokuts at Table mt. Y-Yaul: At one time a "Mohave" war party invaded the Y-Yaul territory and murdered some women. The Y-Yaul hired some of their neighbors and together drove the Mohave out of the valley. I can't vouch for the presence of the Mohave in the San Joaquin. 1712. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1726. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 1727. Near Tulare lake two Spanish soldiers apparently raped two Indian women. The Indians cut off their hands, laid open their breast,tore I I 134 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA hem asunder and scattered the remains. Coues, 88. Y-Yaul: J. V., quoting his stepfather, said hand was sometimes cut off and carried home as trophy. 1728. Y-Yaul: Denied by J. A. U-Kaw: Denied B. R. 1729. Y-Yaul: Hand on pole. BIRTH 1733. Y-Wuk: On one knee, the other knee aised. Intermediate between kneeling and squat- ing. 1737. M-Hod: Held by midwife. 1742-5. The fetus is frightened by parts of uch ferocious animals and tries to flee out of he womb. 1745. Y-Wuk: Puma tallow. 1746. O-B P: The father of the child makes he fire in the pit. 1755. Probably in pit. Water is poured on hot ones. This is analogous to earth-oven technique 286) . 1757. P-Koso: Also bitten off (?). Restrictions on Mother MA-Tuh: A small group, perhaps only housemates, asted when some of the taboos were waived on e tenth day. A larger feast was given one nth after birth when rest of taboos ceased. Koch: For first-born, all 60-day restrictions e increased to 90. At least some of the re- rictions were observed during pregnancy. 1764. Cf. note 517. 1771. M-Wak: Or 60. Y-Nut: Or 60. Y-Yaud: 35 42 days. Y-Yaul: Or 60. K-Tub: Or 60. U-Kaw: to 30 days. P-Koso: 7 to 21 days. 1772. Y-Nut: Or 60. 1773. Y-Yaul: 7 to 14 days. 1775. 0-Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 290. Denied me. M-Hod: Actually the soaproot brush. 1777. M-Wak: Or 60. Y-Wuk: The use of the bone l in making coiled baskets would be equivalent punchin.g baby's viscera. Y-Yaud: Or 90. 1778. Cf. note 517. M-Wak: Or 60. Y-Yaud: Or D. 1779. M-Wak: Or 60. Y-Wuk: 15 to 20 days. -Yaud: Or 90. 1781. Cf. note 517. 1783. When mother permanently leaves pit, for pose tribes which used it (1781). Probably about me length of time after birth for the others. Ind, O-B P: On the 6th morning, Steward, 290. ther's clothes given to one who washes her. Restrictions on Father 1784. Y-Choi: Or till umbilical drops off. Nut: 7 to 30 days. 1785. Y-Choi: Or till umbilical drops off. 1786. Y-Choi: Or until umbilical drops off. Ind: From Steward, 290. Denied to me. 1788. M-Hod: Actually the soaproot brush. 1792. Y-Chun: Or six days. 1794-1796. Cf. note 517. 1795. Y-Choi: For first child taboo lasted un- til child grown, about fifteen years. 1797. Y-Pal: Or 90. Both seem too high. 1798. Y-Yaud: An entire year. I doubt it. K-Tub: Or 60. 1803. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 290, says on the 6th morning after birth. In paragraph above, same page, he says the next morning after birth. Ap- parently variation. Clothes, weapons, and other personal possessions are given to the washer. Abortion; Weaning 1806. K-Tub: Concoction of pitch drunk. 1808. O-B P: Abortion delivered in pit, same as normal childbirth (1747). 1814. Powers, 382, says Yokuts practiced in- fanticide in event of deformity. Most of my in- formants seemed to know nothing about deformed infants, hence denied killing them. I have the impression that any infant would be killed if it were not wanted, regardless of specific reasons. It was an affair of the parents, especially the mother. There was no moral issue involved. 1815. Cf. note 517. M-Tuh: Babies were ducked in cold water to make them stop crying. Mutilations; Milk Teeth 1819. M-Ent: "Any time"; apparently up to ma- turity. Y-Nut: 2-8. 1821. Cf. note 517. Y-Nut: 2-8. 1825. M-Hod: To make second teeth grow. 1826. Based on the belief that the moon is born and dies every month. The child's second teeth will grow like the new moon. 1830. The child is instructed, and goes alone to relieve himself, afterward dropping the tooth in the excrement. I suspect this is connected with the idea of growth; the excrement making plants grow. GIRLS ' PUBERTY Numbers refer to days from the beginning of menstruation; M, during menstruation. Probably tribes where M is entered had a theoretical num- ber of days for the menstrual period. 1833. Cf. note 517. M-Wak: 14 to 30. O-B P: No fixed time. Steward, 293, says five days for Owens v. generally. 1838. Y-Chun: Wears basket on head. 1844. U-Kaw: Moon only. 1850. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 293, says "she ran westward (see 1799) to avoid later indolence, and her grandmother made her carry wood and a water basket daily." 1852. 0-Ind, O-B P: "The first and two follow- ing days her parents bathed her as she stood in cold water, then steamed her in a pit." Steward, 135 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 293. T. S. denied this to Steward, saying her only bath was on the 5th morning. Public Recognition Sponsored by one family for its own girl. Not a tribal affair. K-Tub: Affirmed by Kroeber, Hdbk., 609. Denied to me. 1857. Y-Yaud: Apparently only the more promi- nent families. 1865. Y-Choi: With shamans of some kind. 1869. Y-Koch: I doubt this. He probably was invited as the guest of honor. 1870. Y-Koch: By her older sister's husband's sister. MENSTRUATION 1873. M-Tuh: 5 or 10. 1878. 0-Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 293. Denied to me. DATUJRA Universally called tanai by Yokuts in this study. All W. Mono in this study, tana'bi. P-Dth, P-Sal, P-Koso: moip. Y-Choi: About a half gallon drunk. Unconsciousness complete in an hour, con- tinues from 12 to 24 hours. When recovering, drinker sees visions, events at a great distance, events in the future. Thus he can foretell sick- ness, death, etc. Often drunk by doctors who then announce names of those who will become ill or die. They doctor the unfortunate in advance to prevent ill befalling them. UCMA 1-10753-4 are red solid-painted walking sticks used to walk when awakening from the stupor, doubtless to steady the half-conscious drinker. From Barrett, Notes. J. D.'s two brothers died from drinking Datura a few years ago. Group Drinking Not an initiation or a puberty rite. The gen- eric reason for drinking Datura was to give one a good life, success in health, wealth (gambling), love, doctoring, etc. Gayton, 1928, M-Ent, says it was drunk by the sick, by those whose children were sick, or by those who 'just wanted to see the country to find out something." She cites a drinking where drinkers from three tribes joined together for the purpose. Y-Chun: Ceremony called tanyu'wlc. P-Dth, P-Sal, P-Koso, 0-Ind, O-B P: No- group drinking or public rite. I have entered specific traits associated with individual drink- ing in this section to save space. 1891. U-Kaw: At winter solstice. 1896. There was no compulsion. I am under the impression that the majority drank it some time in life, but Gayton, 1928, says "the majority of men and women never took it, and their social status was in no way impaired." It is certain that the drinking was not confined to any special I group such as officials' or shamans' families, certain lineages, etc. See 1938. M-Ent: Sham drank Datura ten successive seasons if they wanted to be very powerful. Gayton, 1928. 1897. Where both sexes participated, usual half were males and half females. Cf. note 517 M-Tuh: 4-10. M-Ent: 8 or 10. Y-Chuk: 6 or 8. Y-Nut: 8 or 10. U-Kaw: F. C. said only two, a boy and a girl. 1898. Usually the age when it was first d Repetition later in life was common. See 1895. Kroeber's estimated age of 12 to 15 years, Hdb 503, is lower than mine. However, Gayton, 1928 says "usually about eighteen years or older.' Y-Koch: Any older person who wished might dri it at the same time. Y-Wuk: 18 to 25. 1900. M-Ent: Grease taboo for 1-3 months. "Went on" acorn mush six days before. No meat til six days after drinking. From Gayton, 1928. M-Wak: Or 60. Y-Chuk: Or 90. Y-Koch: 180. Y-Nu 180. Y-Wuk: Also sexual intercourse taboo. 1902. Acorn soup was, of course, eaten. 1908. U-Kaw: Plant somehow " roasted" before being pounded, mixed with water and boiled. 1912. I am uncertain whether this was a hous used as a dwelling, temporarily appropriated f the drinking, or a special structure erected fo the purpose. It may have sometimes been only a flat shade or a brush-fence enclosure, which would be more in keeping with Kroeber's genera zation, Hdbk., 503, that it was drunk outdoors the Yokuts. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: Drinkers sta in a camp away from village for six days. Each night drinkers went to secluded spot to talk ta their maiwin (supernatural helper previously ao quired by dreaming). Gayton, 1928. Y-Wuk: Initi~ ates and the giver of the drink "camp out" in a brush house or shade. 1916. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: According to Ga ton, 1928, but my informants said after the dr There may have been variation or my data may re to a different part of the ceremony. 1918. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: Gayton, 1928, sa that on the morning of the 6th day the giver of, the drink picked up the Datura plant and carry-i ing it "ran a complete circuit of the village back to the temporary camp." "All the boys and girls ran with him and every one in the villag whether they were going to drink the tanabi or not (informant did not know purpose of this).' am under the impression that this race was usu around the house or camp where the drinkers we secluded rather than the whole village. Anyway,~ most of my informants said the circuit was com pleted several times. Some of my informants (u fortunately I don't remember which) said the p pose of the race was to hasten the effect of t drug. This is certainly plausible but would re- quire race to be staged close to time of actual drinking and not twelve hours or so before, as given by Gayton for the three tribes above. Sh adds in a note, however, that all other tribes in the San Joaquin valley drank Datura in the 136 U CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA ning, apparently close to the time of the e. Y-Yaud: The estimated distance of a single cuit was 200 yards. 1920. Either a sort of imitation or impersona- n of one's totem or in the manner prescribed the totem in a previous supernatural experi- e. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: From Gayton, 1928: e members of different lineages had to dance different speeds: Coyote the hardest, Chicken k next, Eagle and Snake both slow." 1922. See 1553. 1923. A large red ant, kakau Y. 1926. M-Tuh: Songs concerned with totem or rdian spirit. K-Bank: Sing next morning. 1928. Y-Koch: L. C. has sung these songs on ee occasions herself and volunteered to sing E for me. 1931. The content of some of these visions is en by Gayton, 1928, from a M-Ent informant. ) A person looked as if he were covered with od, or maggots or vermin (these were regarded ,causes of sickness and were invisible under inary conditions) and the seer would brush a sick person off with his eagle-feather brush. microcosms would swarm all over the ground could then be brushed into the fire and de- oyed. In discovering sickness the seer had an le bone whistle which he blew and then lis- d; he could hear the sickness (informant does know how). (2) If some man had poison you ad see where it was. (3) You could see people a house no matter how far distant, and see a dying there. (4) They could see what medi- e-man had killed people (by witchcraft) and on them. (5) And regarding wealth; if a man lost his money they could hear it rattling find it for him; gold mines were like sparks Lck up out of the ground; a medicine-man's bret cache could be seen." 1932. M-Ent: "Some men do not have visions. s is because some medicine-man fears his bad ds will be discovered. He renders tanabi harm- s (by magic) and 'covers up' those people." ton, 1928. 1934. Some may acquire their totem or guardian rit for the first time. Others may already e it. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: Guardian spirit viously acquired, Gayton, 1928. 1935. Probably more common than shown here. eber, Hdbk., 503, speaks generically for the kuts of instruction in the origin of the world advice "regarding their own future." 1937. I failed to determine the functions here. y were probably nothing more than tacit sanc- n or at most a speech. 1938. Untitled. He mixed and gave the drink. kept Datura seeds and "administered them, dered, at any time during the year to anyone wanted to find out something. The same taboos e observed then." Gayton, 1928. The tribal, etal, or lineage affiliation of this person or the drinkers in no way affected their partici- ion. Lineage affiliation manifested itself in the painting, dancing, and singing of drinkers (1920, 1922, 1926), and often in the content of the vision itself. Individual Drinking Drink probably mixed by a professional. See 1938. 1943. M-Hod: First drink at about 25 years of age. 1945. In general the distinction between shamans and nonshamans seems to me not to exist natively. Shamanism or shamanistic power is a matter of degree. However, the drug permitted the shaman to predict disease in advance and then cure it before it occurred or ward it off. See note under Datura, Y-Choi; note 1931; Hdbk., 505. ANT ORDEAL 1946. U-Kaw: Supposed to be retained 24 hours, then vomited up. If the ants were still alive, the patient would recover. 1950. 0-Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 316. DEATH 1956. Y-Yaul: According to J. G., from his stepfather's account. 1960. M-Tuh: Post-European. U-Kaw: Rocks piled over body. Probably true of other arid regions. 1962. There is no religious motive here. Most corpses were packed to grave on back of a single undertaker in a carrying net, carrying basket, or perhaps with the aid of only a pack strap. Flex- ing made this a lighter task and permitted digging of smaller grave. M-Wop, Y-Nut: To save digging a large grave and to make packing of corpse easier. Y-Wuk, Y-Yaud, Y-Pal, K-Bank: To make packing easier. 0-Ind: To save digging a large grave. 1964. Although the head usually is to the west, the reason is often so the face or eyes may be turned toward the rising sun in the east. It may also be connected with the belief that the ghost of the dead travels northwest, although I most frequently recorded north. See 2021. Y-Nut: South formerly but more recently west. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 297, also gives east and west. 1969. Y-Koch: Especially in suimmer when ground was too hard to dig a hole big enough for a grave. Y-Tach: Kroeber, Hdbk., 499, says the Tachi "burned every one of any account" to prevent the remains being used in sympathetic magic. My plus for 1970 is a partial confirmation of Kroeber. 1970. 0-Ind, O-B P: Affirmed by Steward, 298, but not localized. 1977. Remains from cremation buried in basket. 1978. In regard to the disposal of nonreal corporeal property, most informants first said it was all burned or otherwise destroyed at death of owner. Further inquiry usually revealed that some articles were hidden away for awhile and then later distributed to close relatives of deceased. 137 138 Distribution immediately a. it occurred at all. M-Ent: tributed to "friends." Man's Property To s .......... To b .......... To b s ......... To ss s ......... To s s ......... To d s ......... S outranks b ...... B outranks s B s outranks ss s S s outranks d s Primogeniture. Older outrank younger To w .......... W outranks ch Woman's Property To d ..... To ss .... To b d .... To ss d .... D outranks ss . Ss outranks d . B d outranks ss Ss d outranks b * . . . . * . . . . * . . . . d . .. . d . .. . 1979. M-Hod: Nonrelativ ceased cooked and ate dog. 1983. Usually relatives touch corpse. 1984. M-Ent, Y-Nut: Und and had children, accordin in another context. They c berdaches. I am not certai the nonberdache undertaker women. 1986. Y-Koch: tonoo'tc ? 1990-1992. Cf. note 517 1991. U-Kaw: Denied by 1993. U-Kaw: Denied by 1994. U-Kaw: Denied by 1997. Kroeber, Hdbk., 5 used by the Yokuts." 1999. U-Kaw: Denied by 2000a. Y-Choi: A mixtur coal on hair and face. Lat 2002a. Same for widower a contribution toward mour or tribal. See 1458-59, 2C 2003. Cf. note 517. 2005. At least mothers, Total extent not inquired Men cut it "a little bit." ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS fter death was rare if 2006. Kroeber, Hdbk., 500, says that for Some property dis- Yokuts generally, parents and spouses were sub- ject to this fast, and children and grandparent exempt. 2007. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. 4 < 0 2008. U-Kaw: Denied by B. R. o , r O d P d 2014. 0-Ind, O-B P: Steward, 298, says only I I~ 1|~l I Rin presence of acquaintances. > 4 >1 >_i kPL P X P-0 ?2021. Gayton, 1930b, 78, gives NW for all th + + + + + + + ++ Yokuts and Mono. M-Wak: NW. Y-Pal, K-Bank: AboW + + + + + ++ + into sky. Perhaps modern. + + + + ++ 2028. K-Tub: Angelica called pa'n'ot. _-+ + + + + + + + + + MOURNING CEREMONY + - + + Barrett, Notes, speaks of a mourning ceremo - + - among the Yokuts of Dunlap, probably M-Ent or + + - - - + Y-Chuk. Mourners washed about 9 a.m. by another + + family. Washers gave washed new clothes and a ? - - - - - - little money. The latter also kept the basket + which contained the water. Probably a "little" + + + ceremony. + _-+ Little Mourning Ceremony This was always in addition to the tribal + + + + + + + + mourning ceremony. It was a simple feast to cele + + + + + + + brate the waiving of mourners' taboos. No proper + + + + + + + was burned and no images were made. The same dea + + + + + ++ would be feted later at the tribal mourning cere' + + - + mony. Y-Chuk: eplau'ca or epla'wlca, literally - - + 'wash." Y-Koch: epla'wica. Sponsored by a single + - - - + family. Y-Wuk: epla'wls. No structure was built - + - - - and nothing burned. Y-Pal: looni'wls. 2034. 0-Ind, O-B P: A private affair, held atn time, according to my notes. es but friends of de- 2035. M-Wak: To 60. Y-Choi: 7 to 60. K-Bank: A few months. were not supposed to 2036. Cf. note 517. 2039. M-Hod: Only relatives of dead attend. Lertakers were married M-Ent: Besides relatives of dead, one family of Lg to information got nonrelatives was invited. They washed the relat ould not have been true tives (2041). Y-Wuk: All tribal members were in- n of the sex of any of oluded. as but guess they were 2040. M-Wak: Parents of dead wash and supply new clothes for spouse of dead. Spouse gives 'm. beads and other gifts to parents-in-law for thi8 service, and is then free to marry again. Y-Yaudl B. R. See 2118. B. R. 2042a. Y-Koch: Washed by Y-Choi and vice versi B. R. Y-Choi also brought meat and sold it to Y-Koch '08, says this was 'much for the occasion. B. R. e of pitch and char- ta, 39. Denied to me. . This may have been ,ning ceremony, little )89. , sisters, and daughters. into. Y-Wuk, 0-Ind: Tribal Mourning Ceremony Actually an intertribal affair. M-Wak: The mourning ceremony, lakina'nlt, was given so the mourners would cease to "feel sorry" over a death. The term is Yokuts and contains the word for spirit or soul, anit. Y-Chuk: Called "big time" wati loonii'wlca. Y-Choi: lakl'na or daali' w?ca. Y-Koch: lak?lna. Y-Chun: lakl'nanlt. Y-WuK lakl'nawas. Y-Yaud, Y-Yaul, Y-Pal: lak'lna. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 'Tub: tsa'mi'nll. 0-Ind: tlneiwei. 0-Ind, O-B P: teward, 320, calls this an "Annual social dance 'fandango'." Most of my informants called it ig time," "fandango," or "fiesta." Steward, 2, says occasionally individuals wailed for Le dead, and that one evening was given over to urning. This fandango certainly differs only degree from other mourning ceremonies to the uth and west. Strong believes that the fan- ngo atmosphere of mourning ceremonies is recent r southern California, and that they were ear- er limited to actual mourning rites. Owens v. ffers from Yokuts and W. Mono in tolerating Nfane or common dancing and merrymaking before e specific ceremony for the dead. 2044. U-Kaw: Not a tribal affair. Merely a re- kning a year after death by the mourners. 2045. Cf. note 517. 2046. U-VWuk: Children, and even babies, were ~.rned the same as adults. While I was staying the Tule River reservation a baby not more ian a year old died. S. G. said that perhaps the rents would give a dinner in about a month for (the little mourning ceremony). In aboriginal mes this would certainly have been done. Tribal ~urning ceremonies are no longer given. See 34-43. 2047. K-Tub: Primarily, according to Kroeber, k., 609. 2048. Cf. note 517. Y-Wuk: If a person died in fall, his relatives would join in the mourn- ceremony the following summer. If he died in spring they would wait until the summer of follovwing year. Y-Yaud: "As soon as they e relatives of the dead) get enough money." 2049. M-Hod: One might attend three or four rning ceremonies of other tribes in a single r, but his own tribe gave only one. 2050. Often held in successive years but some- es a year skipped, depending on number of ths, financial condition of the relatives, Gc. Everyone attended at least one every year, some years only as a guest of another tribe. Jak: Mourners waited until three or four deaths occurred before giving tribal mourning cere- ey. Apparently they needed mutual financial port. 0-Ind, O-B P: Annual for Owens v. as a le, but less often for each local group. Also ended on wealth of mourners. 2050b. Y-Wuk: July or August. 2053. Cf. note 517. Many informants said a k, but closer inquiry showed that it usually an Monday evening and ended following Saturday t or by dawn Sunday morning, i.e., in recent nes. Y-Wuk: Some of the visitors might stay two three days longer to gamble. 0-Ind, O-B P: eward, 322, says five days or a week. 2054. Y-Yaud: Chief sets date for ceremony and ls mourners to be ready. 2055. M-Hod: Not confined to mourning ceremony. ns might be made any time and for any reason always to a member of another tribe; paid k any time or whenever agreed. Y-Koch: Y-Choi brought meat which they sold to Y-Koch to feed visitors. Y-Nut: Apparently chiefs, either moi- etal or tribal, made negotiations. Wealth involved came from a number of persons. In another context I find a statement that relatives of dead made loans at little mourning ceremony, epla'wlca, and were paid back at tribal mourning ceremony, lakl'na. Y-Wuk: 50 per cent, tu'nwtis; 100 per cent, iti'lwts. Loaner group supposed to buy any- thing loanee group has to sell, e.g., game. En- tire host tribe contributed food for ceremony. Visitors do not contribute, but sell to hosts. Y-Yaul: Loaner group supposed to buy anything loanee group has to sell, e.g., meat. Y-Yaud: 50 per cent, tu'nwas; a personal loan for any pur- pose. 100 per cent, iti'liwas; a loan to another tribe, or local group, to raise money for a mourning ceremony, negotiated by chiefs of two tribes. Loan with interest must be repaid at be- ginning of mourning ceremony. Money is used by host tribe to pay performers and to provide food for all visitors. Hosts are obligated to buy anything visiting tribe has to sell, particularly food. Thus visitors recover some of their interest immediately. Y-Pal: 100 per cent, iti'luwas. 0-Ind, O-B P: A borrower re- turned a little more but no fixed interest rate. Steward, 258. He does not mention loans in con- nection with mourning ceremony. 2057. M-Wop: To M-Ent and vice versa. Y-Vluk: For all reciprocal functions, such as loaning money and washing the mourners, Mi-Wak tribe was "main one." There was open house to everyone, but important functions were performed mainly, if not wholly, by a single neighboring tribe. 2060. M-lWak: 100 per cent, iti'liwac, negoti- ated one to three months before a mourning cere- mony, payable then. 50 per cent, tu'nwac, not con- nected with mourning ceremony, negotiated and re- turned any time. A poor person might borrow money for a mourning ceremony without interest. Messen- ger delivers itiliwas loans to another tribe. Y-Nut: 100 per cent loan, iti'liwas, only in con- nection with mourning ceremony; 200 per cent (?), tu'nwas, for gambling, etc. 2061. This structure served as a shelter for visiting tribes. It was camped in and constituted both living and ceremonial quarters. Vlhere ele- ment list shows a total absence, it means that informant denied systematic arrangement of shades and fences camped in or under, as well as con- struction of a single large fence or shade. Gifford, 1932, 20, cites a circular fenceless ar- rangement of huts with a dance space in middle, but as a normal plan instead of a special one for a mourning ceremony. Two of my informants, 349, responded affirmatively concerning a circular ar- rangement for everyday use. 2063. M-Tuh, Y-Yaul: Top was bent inward to make more shade. Perhaps a kind of lean-to. Y-Yaud: An elliptical enclosure some 100 yds. long by 50 yds. wide, open at both ends. Long axis ran east and west. Fence was about 6 ft. high I i I 139 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS and bent inward at top to form shade. Visitors camped under this shade and cooked over small fires around periphery of ellipse. A large fire was built at night near center in front of sec- tion occupied by host tribe. This was center of activity. 0-Ind, O-B P: I was told about 150 ft. in diam. Steward, 320, says 300-400 ft. 2065. Y-Wuk: A flat shade, with a brush fence or wall on one side, about 300 ft. long and 16 ft. wide. Wall was on back side, and open front faced a stream. Entire structure formed about a 200 arc with ends curving toward stream, doubt- less so that those near ends would have an unob- structed view of dancing, etc., between shade and stream. Hut where images were kept, and later burnt, stood in middle of arc between shade and stream. Chief purpose of shade was to provide shelter for visitors who camped under it the en- tire week. 2068. Y-Chuk: Messenger (winatum) responsible for center pole. Y-Yaud: Brought by visitors and sold to hosts. Y-Yaul: Same as Y-Yaud. 2070. Y-Wuk: See no. 2065. 2071-9. A visiting tribe often sat or camped on that part of circular or elliptical enclosure which corresponded to its geographical position from tribe giving ceremony. Those from N sat on N side or arc, those from S on S side, etc. In some enclosures the diameter (or long axis, if elliptical) from main entrance to opposite side, or from one entrance to the other when there were two, served as a dividing line between two sides. Where tables give seating as both dual and mul- tiple, it means that enclosure was divided on a dual plan with the washer tribe sitting on the opposite side from the hosts (washed), and visi- tors from still other tribes situated in groups more or less in accord with their home geographi- cal position. Localization of lineages within enclosure is more doubtful, but if true, lin- eages merely formed further subdivisions of tri- bal or moietal groups. How strictly any of these groupings were adhered to and whether they were definitely formalized or only vague, almost op- tional, customs, I do not know. I suspect that what I have called the pairing of tribes may sometimes mean nothing more than that nearest neighbors attended in greatest numbers and hence were most often washers, etc., for hosts. M-Hod: Woponuch, Entimbich, Waksachi on the E side, N. Fork Mono and other tribes to the N or W on the W side. The Hodogida, as hosts, slept and ate in their usual houses, not in enclosure. They might sit "any place" in enclosure during festivities. The duality apparently affected only the visiting tribes. Usually it is between host tribe and one of visiting tribes. See no. 2119. M-Wop: M-Ent sat on S side and M-Wop on N. Other tribes also according to geography: M-Wak on S; Y-Tach W; Chukchansi N; since M-Ent were the washers (2119) and loanees (2057), duality is also present. 0-Ind, O-B P: When these two local groups were paired, 0-Ind took the S side, O-B P the N. When 0-Ind paired with Lonepine (S of Independence) 0-Ind became the N side, Lonepine the S. A spi of competition prevailed throughout the perfo ances, each side trying to outdo the other. Th performed alternately. The chiefs of the two groups sat in the rear opposite the "gate" eac on his own side of the E-W dividing line. This dual alignment did not extend to competitive games or sweating. 2080. Y-Yaud: Only visiting performers paid No real professional mourners, but rather ente tainers. 2081. Y-Wuk: Paid 5 or 10 cents worth by th relatives of the dead each time they danced. 2085. Y-Yaud: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 500. ML- Nonberdache undertakers. 2087a. a ntru Y; puha'ge M. 2089. Gayton, 1930, 377, says entire tribe contributed to mourning ceremony, noncontribut not attending. Main contributors were chiefs, subchiefs, and bereaved families. Noncontribut were likely to be poisoned by shaman friends o chief. An image for each dead. See 1458-9, 2 M-Tuh: When a woman dies, both her own and her husband's relatives contribute for mourning ce mony. M-Hod: A deceased woman's affinal relati supply bulk of money, food, etc. M-Wiop: Patern and maternal blood and affinal relatives all three contribute money and other property. Y- Both paternal and maternal blood relatives and also affinal relatives of dead contribute towa mourning ceremony. Y-Tach: Denied by Kroeber, Hdbk., 501. 2090. M-Tuh: Mother of dead, if living, make image. 2091. I do not know whether mourners supplie clothes, etc. 2092. Y-Nut: Only stick frames burnt. Clothe, given away to individuals or thrown to crowd. 2093. Y-Wuk: About half burned. Mourners de- cide which ones. Rest are thrown to crowd. Burn- ing takes place about 3 a.m. Sunday, and throw an hour or so later. 2094. M-Tuh: Spouse of dead, if still living 2106. Y-Yaud: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 500. Specifically berdaches. 2109. Y-Wuk: Of brush, rectangular ground plan, flat roofed, sides uncertain. Images bur in hut. See 2065. Y-Yaul: Round ground plan, domed, of brush. Y-Pal, K-Bank: Of brush, rount: ground plan, flat roof, probably walled. 2112. Y-Yaud: In center of enclosure (2068).rj Offerings burnt at cemetery, not in enclosure. 2113. Y-Tach: Visitors despoil mourners of property, according to Kroeber, Hdbk., 501. 2114. 0-Ind, O-B P: Visitors arrive and camp first night a short distance away. Next day the attack hosts and gain admittance to enclosure where they camp for rest of week. 2115. Y-Koch: Members of visiting tribes de- mand sticks of images, are given them, whereupo: the original owners buy them back. 2116. Y-Nut: This washing rite was called 140 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--I iwis. Apparently either another tribe, Y-Tach, the other moiety, washed mourners. I don't W whether at same oeremony or on a different asion, or why. All the mourners' moiety were lied by the other, but a visiting tribe washed actual mourners (?). 2117. Y-Chuk: Washer must be of opposite ety, and may or may not be from a visiting be. Paternal blood relatives would be barred aecount of moieties, but perhaps distant ma- rnal relatives would be considered nonrela- yes, and nonmourners. :2118. Individuals, or individual families or ternal lineages, often formed reciprocating irs within reciprocating tribes and moieties. eber, Hdbk., 499, confirms reciprocity of in- riduals for Y-Yaud but in connection with money yments and only a month after death, doubtless the little mourning ceremony. Payment must ye been to washer. Y-Choi: Washed by Y-Chuk, Koch, and H6cmlicK or Hocomg, an unidentified ibe. Y-Nut: Washed by Y-Tach. K-Tub: See eber, Hdbk., 609. 0-Ind: Usually, but not al- s a member of the visiting tribe. 2119. M-Tuh: Washed by Tointci and vice versa, cording to F. B., M-Hod informant. Washed by older paternal relative according to J. J. t her mother-in-law bathed her when her husband ed. This suggests that the relation of the urner to the deceased may have determined the lation of washer to washed. Contradicted by Hod informant, below. M-Hod: At first informant ated that any of several tribes, Yayanchi (N rk of San Joaquin, one of Gifford's moieties), lop, and M-Tuh might wash M-Hod. Reciprocally, Hod might wash any of them. Later he said only e tribe acted as washers, usually nearest ighbor, in this instance Kogohiba. See 2071-9. Iop: Washed by M-Ent and vice versa. M-Wak: shed by Y-Wuk and vice versa. The washer tribe it at the first table,; i.e., they are served fore other visitors and members of host tribe. 2120. Probably equivalent to nonmourner. 2122. Y-Wuk: As compensation for free food ich hosts have supplied for the week. 2123. Minus means that only actual mourners, iefly blood relatives of dead, were washed. ak: Infants able to walk were even included. 2123a. Y-Yaud: A "happy dance" but the mourn- s do not take part. 2124. The 1870 Ghost Dance, Gayton, 1930b, 81. informants agreed with hers that the W. Mono, ceifically Woponuch and Entimbich, were the rriers of the dance W and S. Men chose women rtners and all joined hands and danced in a rcle. Y-Tach: Information from S. G., a M-Wak. Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 321, who suggests batulabal origin. I am not sure that my data fer to the same dance. SHAMANISM The doctor's power and the supernatural ex- DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 141 perience necessary to acquire it differed only in degree from that of an ordinary person. That shamans had any organization or sanctioned pub- lic ceremonies, other than the rattlesnake rite or bear dance, is doubtful. The Y-Yaud informant said a spirit would appear before a doctor in a dream and tell him to give a tribal feast. Herb Doctor M-Wiak: The herb doctor, tUspasa'de' nat6soo'plt, gives medicine; the spirit doctor, pohag6, never. The former learns his art from ancestors, prob- ably patrilineal. Y-Yaul: toiyo'h'ts. K-Tub: tibV'h'ckanan. 0-Ind, O-B P: natizu'ka. "Spirit Doctor" Requisites for position, as with chiefs and officials, are multiple. Although supernatural experience is perhaps the most obvious requisite, this was often obtained with an inherited totem. Instruction probably had more to do with methods of acquiring power than with actual curing tech- nique. Owls were most common totems or spirit helpers of doctors. For doctors, the terms puha'ge M, a'ntru Y, are universal for the two linguistic groups within the area of this study. Kroeber, Hdbk., 511, gives tuponot for the Tachi. Y-Wuk: A tcl'pni is one who knows a little of everything because of supernatural power. All doctors, a'ntru, are or have some tcipni, but all those who are or have tcipni are not necessarily doctors. Apparently tcipni is a generic concept that runs through all shamanism or supernatural- ism. See Kroeber, Hdbk., 512-3. K-Tub: adzawa'l. All doctors sang and sucked, although another term was given for sucking doctor, holo'inanapUl. U-Kaw: pohaga'ta. P-Dth: pua'ganda. P-Sal: pua ' - ganda. P-Koso: pua'ganda. 0-Ind, O-B P: puha'ga. A poisoner was called sida puha'ga, bad doctor. Another kind was called moip puhaga, Datura doc- tor. 2133. One did not inherit curing power direct- ly. He obtained it from a dream helper which was often a hereditary totem. In spite of the fact that Gayton, 1930, 389, 413, denies the heredi- tary factor, I am convinced that it was a partial determiner although not a necessary and obviously not a sufficient one. As Steward suggests, 311, a psychopathic biological inheritance may be a contributing factor. However it may be, several of my Yokuts informants volunteered patrilineal succession of shamanistic power and I see no rea- son to soft-pedal it. 0-Ind, O-B P: Most of Steward's informants said doctor's power "ran in families" (p. 311). Steward seems to think this is inconsistent with supernatural experience and tries to explain it away. 2140. M-Hod: Acquisition of power was a grad- ual process. It starts at about 10 years of age but the power is not "felt" till about 20. 0-Ind, O-B P: From Steward, 312, who also adds that the ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS acquisition of power was a gradual process con- summated at 30 or 40 years of age. 2141. 0-Ind, O-B P: Sources of power were as often inanimate objects or forces of nature as they were animals, Steward, 308-16. West of the Sierras they are mostly animals. 2147. Usually on a hill at night, alone. Bath- ing often took place before the visionary as- cended the hill. Since this occasion with the eating of tobacco was an individual affair, it was probably set off in the native mind from Datura drinking which was a group affair. How- ever, the purpose of both was similar. 2148. P means about puberty. 2150. Cf. note 517. In most instances where 1 is recorded, the visionary went out only at night, returning home before morning and perhaps sleeping during the day. This was repeated, some- times intermittently, until power came. See 2152. Y-Yaud: The vision may come the first night, more often the second. The visionary converses with the spirit. He continues to fast the next day after the vision, and by night "has" his spirit. He then returns home, apparently having stayed away the whole time. Y-Yaul: A person often went out and returned home three times in one night. 2152. M-Wop, Y-Choi, Y-Nut: It might be re- peated "all winter." 2153. Cf. note 517. I asked about food gen- erically in this question, but I believe it was the usual meat fast with acorn gruel permitted. 2154. Cf. note 517. Acorn gruel permitted. 2157. Excepting M-Tuh, which is probably in- formant's error, all tribes ate tobacco (1209-11). Minus here means it was not eaten in association `th a vision quest. 2158. See 1944, which does not specify isola- t ion. 2159. Gayton, 1930b, 76, says all foothill Yokuts and Mono bathed every morning. "It had a salutary effect, especially in the acquisition of supernatural power by both shamans and laymen. A boy or girl approaching puberty was roused from sleep and made to swim three times during the night for six days, usually in the coldest months. This was supposed to give them a long life as well as to harden their characters. Water was venerated and regarded as immortal." 2177. Whistled and listened for the sickness. See 2229, 2289, 2291, and Gayton in my note 1931. 2178a. Probably all Yokuts and Mono doctors drank Datura. See nos. 1945, 1931. 2180a. From Steward, 313. Denied to me. 2181. Probably universal in association with sucking. 2182a. M-Wop, M-Ent, Y-Choi: I doubt the presence of this concept here. 2184. Several informants said the object brushed with depended on the doctor's guardian spirit. This was often a bird but might be almost any other animal; hence negative statements dif- fer perhaps only in this respect from the posi- I tive. The theory behind this brushing is that disease is caused by invisible organisms on the surface of the body. Compare Gayton, in my note 1931. 2190. M-Wak: Only if it is part of his visio ary experience. This qualification probably ap- plies to this whole section. However, the infori ant himself possessed two such crystals and was said to be a doctor by others although he denie4 it to me. Y-Choi: Barrett, Notes, says obsidian spearpoints, katca, found by doctors, were used in curing. UCMA 1-10774 is one such. 2192. Cf. note 517. Y-Choi: The doctor's mes- senger. See no. 1622. 2197. Parentheses indicate that only some doce tors returned the fee. 2197a. Usually a cased hide. M-Hod, Y-Tach, Y-Chun: Some kind of woven tule bag. Both are like quivers, nos. 580-581, and were a common receptacle. 2201. Y-Wuk: A certain poison, a'ntcawa, might be put in food. Only a few persons knew how to manipulate it. Acquisition of the power uncertain. Doctors poison laymen because they are jealous, and each other to eliminate compe- tition. K-Tub: Poisoners, macma'ganan, were per- haps malicious doctors. 2201a. This is the usual poisoning technique. Three or four years ago at Squaw v., a Kocheyali accused a Chukaimina of shooting poison at him. A warrant was sworn out and the offender arreste The court, obviously, dismissed the case. This notion flatly contradicts Kroeber's generic state ment, Hdbk., 513: the "concept that sickness is produced by an injected substance is not evenin rudiment a part of the San Joaquin Valley cul- ture." See 2178, 2179, 2182. Gayton, 1930, 390, confirms my data: "The most common cause of ill- ness was believed to be the intrusion into the body of some foreign object which had been pro- jected by the evil magic of a doctor." 2204. M-Wak: Probably not a distinct class of individuals but at least their activity was well enough established to be described by a single noun. Y-Chuk: Only supposed to kill 'bad" doc- tors. Y-Tach: plne'wlts. Said to mean "poisoner,' but same noun as for doctor killers among other Yokuts. Y-Chun: pine'wlts. "Kills a doctor." Y-Wuk: plne'wlts. An "outlaw." Definitely no su- pernatural experience necessary. "Anybody can be one." Y-Yaud: plne'wlts. Positively not a poison-, er. Kills with weapons. Y-Pal: kuyo'hots or pine w'ts. Kills only doctors, i.e., poisoners. 2208. Y-Yaul: Also kills by poisoning. Public Competitions Y-Wak: Four doctors stand on E side of dance grounds, four on W. A doctor first catches a bul- let from the sun, rubs it in his hands, and drops3 it on a basket tray. It looks black, like a num- ber 7 shot. Then he rubs it on basket and it dis- appears. He tells spectators to watch leaves on a 142 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA -by cottonwood tree. He strikes basket three s on the ground, and shoots the invisible let through the air. It knocks leaves off the e. Then the contest begins in earnest. The ans shoot back and forth at one another, the tims going into contortions like a wounded al. Those who are unable to extract bullet se into unconsciousness, but are usually re- ed in about ten minutes by winners. Doctors' ose in having contest is to make immediate ey, which the crowd offers them, and to ad- ise their powers for acquisition of further th and prestige. The spectators are content pay for show. Gayton, 1930, 375, says generi- ly that the majority of shamans in such a con- t were outsiders invited for the occasion. 2209. Absences in starred columns are in- red from one or two generic questions. This tion was added later in the field work. 2210. This was the chief occasion at least. eparate ceremonial occasion was universally ied. 2218. Gayton, 1930, 401: "Only the doctor who jected the fatal shot into a fallen opponent ld withdraw it." Rattlesnake Shamans At least some, probably most, were also called the general term for doctor, a'ntru Y, a'ge M, and functioned as such. They were ely specialists for rattlesnake bites. Y-Chuk: Called tcilldm. They might also be eral curing doctors, a'ntru. Y-Koch: A single 3on was often both a general doctor, antru, a rattlesnake doctor. Y-Tach: laya'ats. a means mash. Y-Chun: Called antru laya ama, "doctor mash rattlesnake" or simply l'ats. Y-Wuk: lai'was. 2222. Y-Yaud: Martha Alto's father was a tlesnake shaman. When she was a mere child used to put snakes around her neck as part of o training toward full status of shaman. She i also said to have had or been tcipni. 2226. Same for other shamans. See 2168. si8 probably extended to nonshamans as well and equivalent to an animal guardian spirit. ward, 288, says the sun was sometimes an in- idual' s "power." 2229. See 2177. Y-Chuk: At sound of whistle, kes come out from their dens in rocks. Shaman ks which of them wish to see the people. Snakes sewer affirmatively by moving tongue and shak- rattles. Shaman grasps one of the willing se and places it in a large "bottleneck" basket least a foot high and perhaps 18 inches maxi- w diameter. 2233. M-Tuh: Attended rattlesnake ceremony of ighboring tribes. Y-Chuk: For the specific remony, spectators form a circle. Rattlesnake amans and their sons dance once around the ,rcle. Then hole is dug and spectators file by, iking a feint at stepping on snake with left leg. They pay the shamans' messengers as they file by. Kroeber, Hdbk., 505-6, says the Y-Yaud shamans pay the people as they file by. Y-Yaud: la ela . Y-Yaul: lai' la . 2237. Often began on Monday and ended on Saturday in recent times. The actual rattlesnake ceremony is given on Saturday. 2238. Actually a few hours. 2240. M-Ent: Whole tribe contributed. There was open house with visitors from other tribes welcome as in the mourning ceremony. Weather Shamans Y-Tach, Y-Chun: xoto. Y-Wuk: hoto'o. K-Tub: poha'm. U-Kaw: opoha'bi. 2245. M-Wop: From Tejon. M-Ent: From the S. Y-Chuk: From the S. Y-Choi: From Tule r., per- haps ultimately farther S. Y-Wuk: From the K-Tub. From 2 to 6 traveled together during the summer; went as far N as Kings r., W to the Y-Tach, and S to Tejon. 2245a. Y-Tach: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 518. 2247. Powers, 380, for Yokuts in general, says Datura seeds were chewed. Y-V%ik: Power from tules. Compare 1346. Y-Yaul: At least fasting was neces- sary. Y-Pal: From Y-Tub. 2252. Y-Tach, Y-Chun: Black stone for rain, white for wind. Y-Yaul, Y-Pal: Some stone used. 2253. U-Kaw: Seeds in water in a steatite bowl were somehow used. 2260. Y-Wuk: Lasted for only one day. 2261. Y-Koch: Collects money in a swan skin. 2262. The shaman bets on his own ability to produce rain. Bear Shamans Y-Tach, Y-Chun: pifiwasa, literally, grizzly bear. Y-Yaud: Affirmed by Kroeber, Hdbk., 517. Denied to me. All data for this tribe in this section are from Kroeber. 2263. M-Wop: Bear shamans from Lemoore, Y-Tach, sometimes came to attend performance of local ones. S. G., M-Wak, said bear people" were all those whose totem was the bear; they were not shamans in the sense of being a group with spe- cial supernatural experience. 2272. Y-Tach: From Kroeber, Hdbk., 517. Denied to me. 2277. M-Wop: Gayton, 1930, 380, gives three days. 2278. Y-Nut: Only about ten minutes. 2280. M-Hod: At the mourning ceremony. 2281. M-Tuh: No public ceremony, but if a per- son of the bear lineage dreamed that a certain other person was to be killed by a bear, he danced over future victim in order to save him. 2282. M-Wop, M-Ent: From Y-Tach. M-Wak: From Tule r. Y-Koch: Informant has seen two perform, but does not know from what tribe they came. Y-Nut: Called huhu'na, which means condor. See 2286. Y-Wuk: From Tule r. Y-Yaud: Called huhuu'na. 143 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Y-Pal: huhu'na. From N, probably Y-Yaud. K-Tub: I find in my notes a generic statement that find- ers of lost objects were known. U-Kaw, P-Dth, P-Sal, P-Koso, 0-Ind: The absences in these col- umns are inferred from the fact that informants denied the occurrence of finders of lost objects. O-B P: Lost objects were found with the aid of Datura. 2285. M-Wop: Also wears wooden "horns" on his head. 2286. M-Ent, Y-Chuk: Eagle, raven, magpie, and blue jay feathers also used. Perhaps other tribes had such alternatives. 2289. See 2177. 2293. Y-Yaud: Saturday morning. 2294a,b. I do not know by what kind of shaman or on what occasion these are done. 2297. See 1212. 2300. Informants said the Devil. 2307. This is merely a special instance of the treatment anyone would give to his totem. Tribal participation results from fact that eagle or prairie falcon is totem of chief. Bird Ceremony Lasts, days .......... Feast only ......... For eagle. For prairie falcon ...... Chief captures bird ...... Chief pays for bird ...... Whole tribe contributes . ... Bird carried in cradle . . Bird killed at ceremony . ... By shaman's tactics . ... Natural means ....... When caught, not at ceremony Plucked Head saved and stuffed . Buried like human Bird released by chief . . .. * + + +_ Y-Wuk: The chief orders the bird captured and killed. Y-Pal: Called troxili tautan tiiya, " eagle chief kill." The chief kills the eagle. It may have been captured by anyone. 144 APPENDIX 1: YOKUTS KOCHEYALI KINSHIP TERMS Abbreviations as in Gifford, 1922. The terms given exhaust all blood relationships from gg p to gg ch, and collaterally to 1st c. Affinal terms given are more restricted lineally, stop- ping with g p and g ch. St relations include only p, offspring, and sb. These include only sp blood relatives and blood relatives' sp, there being no 3-step affinal terms (blood relatives' sp blood relatives or sp blood relatives' sp), except ch sp p. So far as I could determine all terms are used for both address and reference. Possessive pronouns such as nim (nopopnim, "'father my") have been eliminated. When a some- what generic English term, such as g f, is used, it implies the equating of all relatives within the class, in this case m f and f f, or mn m f, inm m f, etc. A genealogy was used in obtaining about half of the relationships and the others were gotten from hypothetical examples based on the genealogy. Only one informant was used, but Bhe spoke without hesitation and withstood re- peated checking. no'pop: f no 'om: m bt'tcon: s, mn b s, wm ss s, wm g d s, mn g s s, wm f ss s, w f ss s, st s, w ss s, h b s a'xll: d, wm ss d, mn b d, wm g d d, mn g s d, st d, w ss d, h b d ng'bltc: o b, male // c o than speaker n0'6c: y b, male!! c y than speaker na'at: o ss, female //c o than speaker no'ot: y ss, female // c y than speaker 'nac: g f paa pic: f m mMu' ya: m m ng'cdc: f g m, f ss n6g6t: m g m, m ss, st m, f b w, m b d, m b s d, and all other descending females in one's mother's paternal lineage komo'Tc: f g f, f b, st f, m ss h a'gts: m g f, m b, m b s, m b s s, and all other descending males in one's mother's paternal lineage na'patc: g ch, wm b ch, wm g s ch, wm f ss d, h f ss ch, h ss ch tcayax: mn ss ch, mn g d ch, mn f ss ch kapac: st sb, literally "companion" loo'ttp: h iwi nmm: w kapci'wic: c sp, when on friendly terms, liter- ally "partners" aucu'wtis: c sp, when "mad at each other" o'nttp: sp m, sp p ss, sp m b d naxa m?c: sp f, sp p b, sp m b s napa'tvm: d h, sb d h, mn ss h, mn f ss h, mn female // c h onmfil: s w, sb s w nipe: w b, w male //c, w b s, w g f onpoi: w ss, w female //c, h b, h male // c wm ss h, wm female //c h, mn b w, mn male7 c w, wm f ss h, w b d, h g f, w g m, w f ss d kawa"ic: m b w kltwl'nltc: h ss, h female // c, h g m ni'itiwb: wm b w, wm male // c w ma'ksi: ch sp p [145] t 9 I II I t I I r4i 0 4-) 4) C ) A: 0 C) ) H r- bO ao % a3si w A C) 4) rd P r- q *-H A ?: %; C) *4- Cd Cd Cd Cd b 4.) C 9 @ @3 (Cl 4'3 ' 4 r @3 @3 @ @ t @3 Fl Fl Fl F ' ta ' l .H *4 )H ),1 .H .H * C) C) C) go go 0 0 )4 CD 0 o 0 0 0 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) C) oa 4.) @3 CD A3 4.') CM 0 I H -2 : N :0 - ~4.) Q .H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 0 ' H 'H . rc) C oH 4 C) C) C) Fl ~~~~~~o ~~0 4.) 4) 4. )o 0 rc0 )H @ 4 4- 4-) 4) 4.) P4 P4 P4 P 'H *' C) "- N 8 a) 4-3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P. r3 r 4N @ N 4-3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ C) C) C.) C) C) )-I > )H )H )>- )H )H )>- )H CD )H ~bo Z H *H 4. z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C.) H , i2 2 2 > r i C) eLo~~~~~~~~~~4)~ P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 .4.) ,0 N' 0:S0SSS'' c) X X l N K g X g, C) :@3 C) C) CD @3 4@3 0 :c :9 v ' wd Fl 4.) 4.) 4.) 4.) Fl O H :o :3 ?Z *H 'H fr :2 *H n )S i ffi i j )d )d '^3 0 ) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4-) cD P4 Dq P4 to C) '-4 N PI 0 P4 4.) a) 4.) 4.) H rd rHi 4.) 4.) 4. 4Fl Ac AF .,, *H *H t0 )0 ZO r- rpi I . l ' 4.) 4.)l 4.) )0 o c 0 * - Q O *4 *H d Fl P4 P4 0 o 0 ')0 A - A$ 0 0 )0 WI Fl F .,{i N 0 Ia 4.) '-4 0 4.-) 0 0 0 .F 0 0 Fl *H H 'H P4 P4 P4 N Xr- : rH- r-4 r- P4 P4 P4 .,1 .H 0 0 K X rHi rd r-i *-i )H *-i K X K )O )O )0 4.) 4) 4) r4i rd r-H Fl Fl F 4. . 49 'O 14 rO CQ d0 o Cl @3o 4) *H 0 P4 F 0 0 'H _ - 0 0 0 'Ol O O '0 0 0 .,1 *H 'H to o CD N to _ P4 4) 4) P4 P4 XO )0 0 4-) 4-) 4)I .-I 'H? *H *H *H1 0 0 0 0 N4 N N4 A 0 Wi 4-) P4 rd Fl P.4 rd co @3 Fl 0 0 -9 Wl ; @ i3 r4 M E- mq H g2 | E. I I I I I I I I Op )H )s-I H H 4 )H )d 4) )H ).- 4.) 4.)' 4-) 4.) X XH x o 0 )O C) s4 s 4)3 4-) 4.) r-4 H o o 0 4) 4C) 4.) @3 o o' 0 0~ :r3 o OH H P4 0 ~ . o 0 0 .4) Cd )- *H )H H 4-) C) C.) C)Q C) C) o -4.) 4- 4 .,1 H H o 0 0 X = N gil Fl ad @ 4) Al I 0 I fr4 X fr C) E-4 P4 rI I I11 fr4 fr r A *H X C) O 1. u 6 f A [146] 7 A cU A )20) )a )a) 02 4-) P4 P4 P4 P4 A ' ' ' ' 4 QH: :H H: :H :: * 'H 'H 'H 4- 4-' 0 o 0 Z 0 ., 0 .-H 10 0 JLTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA )H P'4 rH r0 r-q - rd 4-1~ ~0 0 0 4-' 1-0 H. rH 14- :cd o )o 2-4 0^ _- P4 H :d 4-' H 0 PH A oq .H C) 4-' I :cd I % Cs -d C d I C as H GS as as CS a. as aS Ht Ht c ) c Il-i 0 4-' ,< 04 C) o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ,< .H 0 4-' rW C.) 4-' H ')H 41- C.) ,4 H 0 4-P g4 4-' ,4 3H 0 4,- C.) 0 N 14 -4 A'S .S4 A'S as as as a as a HI H H H H H -4 g4 bLo as as ias H H H 1-0 H 4-' 4-' g4 -~ -14 .14 .W 4 -W H H YO 2 0o 0 0 4-' 4-' 4- 4-' 4-' 4-' 4-' 'H *H 2 02 0 s 2 .C P4 P4 la 'a 0 0 2) *H 0 0 :d ~: r la :d P4 P4 0 0 20o 0 0 0 N- * 'H .H 4--' .r 0 :d 0 'H -H 'H'H20 *H * g3 m 0 5d -i Nr- -i 0 .r,i 0 'H r-H 0 0 Pa 'H rid 3H 1- N *H1 'H 'H 02 co 4-' 20 4-) as "H P4 0 0 4-' rQ 0 4-' H as H as 0 H P4 0 4-' 1)H I-- N '9 H 0 4-' 20 0 P4 4-' as 02 :0 co 02 02 co 0 Cd :ad 02 0 0 4-' 4-' 2O 2O 0 4--' 0 0 C) 4-' 0 0 0 4-' '4-' 2O 20 rH 4-' 4-' 202) 0 0 H 4-' cd 02 'O 4-' 0) 4- Ea 02 0 4-' 'O 0 4-' 2o 'r-4 p-4 20 02 4-' )o 4-' 20O 02 -' CQ 4-' 20O :d 02 :0 0 _s s as aS 0d 0 2d 02 CM C.) Ea Ea 0s :d :ad :ad 02 02 02 02 '--i 0 0 4-' 4-') 0 IO 20O 4-' r- 0 4-' 0 co 4-- I 0 0 0 0 0 C0) 0 4-' 4-' 4-' 4-' 4- 2O 2O 20 0 0 *H a) 02 4-' YO 4-') 20O 0o 4-' 4-'- 20 'H 02 0o 4-' ')O 4-' 20 0 4-' c) 4-' 2o 02 *H P4 0 0 4-' c) 4-' 20 C) -P 0 2) .-a r -Q -ap N- )H :d X5 :Hd ) I p4 'Hd P4' rP4 :H 'd - d '- 'H H % p 4 g ,Y g _ _ 4-1 4-1 1 0 0 0 A A A 0 2.I Il g 0 0 147 as l a) 0 .H Qas 0 H 0 m -H 0 "H N ID ? 02 4) ( ) I:d a) 0. 20 0 .d A. 0 4-)G o as o as 0 Cd N Cd P4 H aS m -P W.H 4-) 0 P4 ad .,A N A-4 :d :cd 4-' as 4-' rHq Cs 02 as H4 aS 'H N t'H :0 H P4 as 'H as 'H 0 'H H 0d 4-' 4-') 4-' 20 20 H H H ' H r- 4 % -4 as as as 0 'H 4-') H 4-) C) )H )H P4 P)4 g4 aS Hd 4-) co P4 I Cd 0 0 02 0 CO 0 HPr In I 4-' '-4 aS as 4-' Po a) 4-' 0 a) 4-' 0 0 1. o H P4 I0A 0 aSH 0~ 4- aS t) :cd 10 Pa 4-' C)O 2o 20 as 4-' 4-' aS 4-' 0 4-' 0s 4-' 0 H .4 H as 02 . H r-I ., I 0 I) H- o A Pq4 R- u 0 C) E- C.) )o 0 0 C) 0q 'H 4-' r-1 H H ad ad. I I t; X4 p'-4 'H 0 C' Uq .I I I I I :d 4-) Fh 3d od C3 -'4 -'4 I ' 'N 4--) 4-) C) C) N N 1 i 1-1 I--, A A A A w N 'N tao a) - r- A as a1) ao ) C) A-H b. .- 4-- :c md P ho ~ ~~~~~ ~~ *H *H- qww d :cd md ? C C 4-) 4-) C)das O~~~~~~~~~C - od -)- '- n n Ea^^ ) ) :as :U P * 0 N 4- 4- *H o3.H as N N R )H ta N I.Cd a0 a0 gS A C C ) O = C) O 0 ot to c N O N3 co N N ad 94 A 94 aS 94 aS aS :ai ? as ? :as :Sd N h d N N; N N N :A N *H N C) co co Nt co ,D ,2 la P C.) tao 0 4-) aS N as N N taO C) O) o) o) o o :as 4-) 4-) 4-) 4-) - s aS ad o d 5a d a C.) N) *H *H-l s v - - as s N) N) SC) C) 4- 'N 4G :as ' N 'N ' :: N 'N 'N a as as A:M N 4-' > ' S * *oLo oh A * * N N N NN~~~~A 0 C) C) N 'N N1 N0 4--) C) >-I 0 C) I gal 'N 5 9.4 94 gal ' rd S N C) C) 94 94 r4 .H 0 94 as as C) gad O 4--) ),1-I 4-) 0 Fl C 0 C) C) N N r 4 Pal N %: XS C) Cd4- 4-) *H *H N Nt 94 94 as as gal 54 N No 0 F4 F N N N F F C C) I5 o ) C 0 0~N~N~ 0 d C) 4-: :ad C) 4-) C) A :ad 94 Ca >4 4rI 4-)~ 94 4-) as 94 C) 4-) aS 94 Cs 94 as N4 R' 'N 4-) N 94 4-) as 94 as 4-' 4-) ')-I 4-J) f .H 4P C) 9 4-) OH N 4) 0H ' *H o OS r 4 5' 4-) 4-) *H :oi ')O 0 d Cd a3 4-) - 4-) 4-) - 4-) N NtU co )H co ' C) C) C) )H g> )H - )-4 )-I )- )H >H )H )H N )H )H >H 1=d Fd Ei Hd od rd ta to to to to N )N '0 '0 '0 4-) P4 I. 0 C) as C) C) C) O O X P RaO c C) 0 0 I-- 0094 ~ 4 SZ as a j 4-') 4-) r-4 *HI 5 4. 4- 4-) 4-) g A) CN aS {4 E4 4--) r- N N as OS z Ps q I, I % I to 4-) Cd 11 I Cd . I o No 4-' 4-), Ii 4-) r- 4 Cd as asi a 4-' 4- 4-' N =N 'H Xa C) 4al C) 4O N N NA C) 0N :j (1 54 U~ tu I I I I F- fr P 4 5,- * 148 4--) C) C) ANTHROPOILOGICAL RECORDS 4-) as 4-) as 4-) N. F 4-)~ 4-) 4-) 4--) rd rid 4-) 4-) N Nt as aS r-4l r-4 as as r4i r-4 *H *H- P4 P4 C) C) aS aS N N :cd :ad :cai :d :d :d C)O C)O )C) C) 0 4--) e% C r- ' C) 4-) 4-)~ 4-) 4-)3 as 4-) as 4-) 4-) as gal as N as rid Cal N :Qd C) 0 C) as to as as gal 4-' C) 4-) a1) g5 4-' C) N O ., N l4 0 0 % I 0 0 4-) 4-) as as 0 0 4-) as 9L4 as *H *Hj Cal as .as 4-) 4-) 10 la C) C)) :c cS N N 0 C) I4 .C 4-) 4?'N *Wa G 4 o o od od C) C) aL) E-4 M -9 -9 co M CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: VI--DRIVER: SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA 'a) 4-) Cs P4 Cd Cd o Pz 9 1o P4 Po bo Cd5 0 4-) 4-)3 4-) Cd Cd 94 94 Cd o bf o C 4--) 4-) Cd I b~o 4D zc ~~~~Cd ~ ~ ~ c 4-) 94 Cd d Cd ),-4 )H .*- 94 94 94 )- )H .*H C) C) C) 4-) 4-)3 4--) ,)a4 )4 I)H ),-l P4 P4 94 94 .4 4-)H 4H 4,- 4- 4- 4-- 4-) :9 4-)~~~~~~- 4) 4 d % C 0 Cd 4 94 4-) 4-)~ :9 2 Cd -i Ud Cd Cd ad *a da 94- 4-) bO O . *H *H bOz z (1 4-) 4- >li A % :cd 44 *H 4-) * tH *H H r 0 A A A 4--) 4-) :cd %i :C d 4-)3 Cd 4-) 94 94 4-) 4-) i1 i1 % Cd 94 d 4-3 Cd 4-) 4-) .H *H *H 94 94 94 0 94 AZ jrI tH 0 iH tH tH . 0 0 0 . :Cd Cd t Cd O Cd 0 I co) I N) .4 0 a) c d co co C C j 0 Ci )0r )0 Cd rl 0A d C d Cd C dC 02 0 0 o bo O 0O iE- C) 01 01 pq o Xo 0 0 o vo 0 0 co co Cl) o o o ao tao o a 4--) 4--) Cd Cd rid ad 0 0 - taO 0 ta o Cd 4-) 4-) ad ad 4-) 4-) .H 0 ad .H a) aD 'Cd 4-) 0 ad :Cd 4-) . 1- Cd :cd .,, 4D :cd :ad 0 0 El) 0 0 4-) ad ad o o o o 4-) 4-) Cd ad ad ad .r-A ~~~~~~~4-) - . H 4-) *H *H 'H 4-) 4-) 4-) 4- 4-4 4-' )0 0 4-) o 0 0 )O C a a 3 9 9 Fi o 'o o A 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 84 8 8 84 8 8 84 8 o) U) 0 0 X X 4-) ad 0 o ;j 4--) Cd Cd ')0 )0 0 4-) to Co AZ Cd 4-) :cd Cd b0 0 0 .H Cl) co 0 8 Cl) E0 0 >4 El X) 0 8 C) to 0 84 Cl 0 8 Cll to 0 8 Cl Cl) 0) C) Cl 00 ? ) 0 )O Cd Cd C Cd d Wd ,o )o co co Cl) C) I 0 0 co 4-)3 4-) )H )H F4 r 0 0 Cd Cd 4-) -4--) ad Cd ad ad Cd ad 4-)~ 4-) 94 ad 4-) I 0 0 to) 4-) 0 0 Cd Co M :cd 0 4-) :cd 4-) 0 rl 0 Cd :cd 4-) VC 0 0 0 -o C) F 4-) xi xi 0 0 8 0 0 C) 0 0 o AZ ad ad I 0 0 0 ad Cd Cd Cd C d ad C d C d Cd Cd Cd Cd ad rd 4--; 4-) :cd Cd tao tcd ad 9-4 m 0I :Cd 1 :d Cd tD tao g- tcd :Cd ad ad 0 ad a) H 0 O PI 0 9-~4 Cd WI Cd 4-) AZ aH .H P D C d 4-o) C C d C d C d ) A Z E- I I 0 ~aI 4 149 H 4-) 4-)' 'C o) ) )H )H 4-) 4-) Cd Cd C 94 94 9 )H ),- 11-1 IOH ,^1- ,o C) C) 4-) 4-) 4-) o aH Cd rH ad *a4 a)Cd I co d . r- 4--) 94 eLo r-4 ~ Jo Cd A 4-) aH -H ),-I .H X X 0 o b 4-) 4--) Cd .r. )Cd 94 Cd Id0 )U) Cd 4-) Cd 94 4-) ad ad :cd )C 4-) 4-)~ a) >H Cd Cd )H 4H a-H .,, . H . x4 x 8 o zo 0 4-) 4-4 4-) 4-) 4-) 4-) o o 0 d Cd Cd d Cd 4-) 0 94 0 0 bfl Cd Cd 4-) Cd Cd Ea 4-) Cd Cd 4--) 9d Cd 94 C) I a-H Cd 4-)D .H .H C0 *a4 .AZ *H I] 0 ad .,i Cd 4-)3 .H V. P, d Cd Cd 4-) 4-)3 4-) o 0 0 Cd Cd C ;j 44 0 0 d 4-) 0 Cd 0 4-) o :ad d ad 4-) 0 4 'd 0 C.) 0 8 4-) 0 0 AZ 'Cd 0 a Ao C. co C) -Cl )O )O )O Cd C C 4 0 0 O 0 0 0 4-) IH 0 Cd 4-)~ 0 Cd Cd :Cd to 4-) tao to 4-)3 4-) P4 o a ri I9- o I M E-- '4 :S 4-) xi a) o o AZ4 AZ 4-) *H Ea 0 0 AZ 4-) .-4 0 AZ 4-) z CH 94 ')0 Cl) 0 94 AZ C.) P2 .H to 94 )o a) .- ~0 10 A C) AZ 0 Cd E I Cd a) 0) co 0 94 AZ ad Cd Cd P-4 ~H F t: .I I 41 I I .I I i I ~ANTHROPOLOJGICAL RECORDS :0 4-3 4-3 yl: 0 0 ~4 r41 ai , r- d C Cd I la r 43) 0 0 0 0 0 49 Il c o Co as Cs :0 70 43) 4-3 0 0 0 0 0 a s C a s a a s C s a s 4-) N N I N N CO) ~ 0 d Cd aS as as as a as 4-) 4- 4-3 4-3 43) 43I Pi 0 ~0 4- 1 0 CIS: _a, 4- s 4- as 0 0 H 4-3 0 0 > )H 43- 43- 43-' 43) 0 0 0 0 as as as a I as Cs C a as as as as a 433 4J 43 43) 4+-3 0 0 0 0 ,0 %S 0 0 0 0 43- 43) 43J 43 43' 'Hi 'H *H aS aS as aS ~R P4 P4 P34 Ic. Ic. Ic. 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