CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: V SOUTHERN CALFORIA BY . - , i . . . g . . .. . c . . .. ... . . S , * t. * ; A PHILIP D1tIJCKS . . - . . ff ' s; * ' P c . *-E. . . e . * R 2t 0 fi S PL + I. \ . ' , . 7 . . . , 4 S . ' {{ J ffi .S. ' ' , , ' , ,'z' - ' .t _R iX W _ . - ',ffi, ' r: . _ . _ /, . . : . . ' . 44. - .1 '. .1 UJNIVERSITlY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA' 1937 44. tj'' . .- . I.. . 1 .1 .4. 'p . v . -1,1 ANNOUNCEMENT Hereafter the University of California publica- tions dealing with anthropological subjects will be in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Eth- nology, which was established in 1904, will con- tinue unchanged in format, but will be restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, will be issued in photolithography in a larger size. It will consist of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or. devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: V SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BY PHILIP DRUCKER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume I, No. I, PP. 1-52, I map Issued October 22, 1937 Price, 50 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND CONTENTS Page face, by A. L. Kroeber ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ture element distribution list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Infomants .5 Symbols used. 6 Subsistence, 1-214. 7 Houses, 215-318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Navigation, 318-335 .................................. . 13 Tools, utensils, processes, 336-413 .......................... . 13 Weapons, 414-506 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Pignents, 510-515 ................................... . 17 Body and dress, 516-614 ................................ . 17 Basketry, 615-683 ................................... . 19 Weaving and netting, 684-741 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cradles, 742-753 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Pottery, 754-783 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . 22 Games, 784-890 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Money, 891-896 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Pipes, 897-909 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Musical instruments, 910-939 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Calendars and counting, 940-946 ........................... . 25 Astronomy, etc., 947-1001 .......................... . 26 Social organization, 1002-1212 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Life crises, 1214-1775 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Tatahuila (whirling) dance, 1776-1796 ......................... . 39 Fire dance, 1797-1810 ................................. . 40 Pole-climbing rite, 1811-1815 ............................. . 40 Eagle sacrifice, 1816-1832 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 First-fruits rite, 1833-1842 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Rain ceremony, 1845-1848 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Shamanism, 1849 L965 ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Miscellaneous religious traits, 1966-1985 ....................... . 43 Rements denied by all informants .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Ithographic notes on the element list ................... 47 Map .1 ?. Groups represented in element list . . . . . . . . . I I i . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . Jacing 5 PREFACE BY A. L. KROEBER Gifford's field-collecting of culture elements -by list questioning among the Pomo in the summer of 1934 having established the feasibility of the ethod, a survey of the whole of California was lanned with the idea of obtaining strictly com- parable data from every possible surviving local ,group or tribe. Whatever the deficiencies of re- 'liability of the list technique might be--and nlysis of the Pomo materials seems to show the . deficiencies to be moderate--the method certain- ly yields data far more satisfactory for com- rparative purposes than the customary monographic 'studies with their large areal gaps, dissimi- 'larities of interest and approach, and poverty kof negative statements. It seemed that Califor- nia might be adequately covered in four or five ,regional surveys of half a year each; and the [University's Institute of Social Sciences made a grant for two trips during 1934-1935. The work was entrusted to Philip Drucker and Harold E. Driver, who threw themselves into the task with enthusiasm combined with judgment, respectively ,'in southern California and the San Joaquin val- ley environs. Drucker's results appear herewith; tDriver's are to follow. Each man spent somewhat t more than three months actually in the field, the average time for obtaining one tribal or lo- 'cal list, including travel and the finding of informants, being about five days. Something less than three months were required, first, for drawing up a list suitable to the region about to be entered, and afterward in ordering, anno- tating, and presenting the data. It should be added that the work is neither as simple nor as mechanical as it sounds. Every- thing depends first of all on appropriateness and intrinsic quality of the list; and second on the intelligent skill with which it is used. The list must be made up with reference to the par- ticular area to be investigated, from extant knowledge, in other words, with ethnographic in- sight. List preparation by logical possibilities leads to grief and failure in the field, as we found at several points where we yielded to the temptation of logical theorizing. The fundamen- tal quality of any sound element must be its i4olable definability. The list maker has con- stantly to put to himself these questions: Can I ask this item so that it will be completely free from ambiguity in the hearer's mind? and can he answer it unequivocally? Even with general knowledge of the ethnography to be investigated plus the experience of previous field work--the latter indispensable--it is impossible to frame two thousand items or questions so that all will be perfect. Both Drucker and Driver abandoned several hundred questions during their field work, and elaborated, remodeled, or added several hundred others, according to the responses ob- tained. The cardinal fault of a user of this technique, according to both men, is to proceed mechanically, to ask questions because or as they are written down in the list. Rapport with the informant is indispensable. Often an informant can be started on a topic and encouraged to de- velop it himself, while pluses and minuses are being jotted down on the appropriate lines, the filling of missing entries being reserved for a final mop-up review of the topic. A good many items go first into a notebook and only gradually get represented by a list entry. In short, the list is a plastic thing, which is constructed in larval form from knowledge of a specific ethnog- raphy, is constantly being remodeled, and emerges in print differing literally at a thousand points from its original content and shape. Drucker and I had hoped that the time allotted to him would suffice for data from all surviving groups south of Tehachapi. This proved impossible. The Mohave and the Serrano of the San Bernardino mountains had to be omitted for lack of time. For the Kitanemuk, Gabrielino, Fernandefio, and Chumash, the prospects for suitable informants seemed none too good, at this late date. We there- fore availed ourselves gratefully of the offer of J. P. Harrington of the Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy to fill a copy of our southern California list from his notes made in intensive studies of these groups ten, twenty, and thirty years ago--when perhaps most of the culture was already for- gotten by the scattering survivors, but far more remained in memory than now. Harrington gener- ously added Salinan and Costano to the more south- erly data, so that his contribution covers the coast-range region, or area of Franciscan mis- sionization, from Tejon pass and Los Angeles to San Francisco. His data will be published under his name in a forthcoming issue. A few comments with respect to Drucker's tri- bal identifications are in order. His Serrano are not the mixed group on Morongo reservation near Banning, where Gifford, Benedict, and Strong worked, but a group claiming to be native to Saboba or upper San Jacinto river. At any rate, his informant there gave him a Serrano vocabulary; and her assertion of a sharing of this valley by, or division between, Luisenio, Cahuilla, and Ser- rano fits with a number of previous statements and observations, though not recognized on our ethnic maps. The attribution of the Diegueiio local groups to their Northern and Southern, or Western and Eastern, divisions, in terms of the current maps, made trouble for Drucker, as it has for previous workers, because of group recombina- [1] i:. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS tions after mission secularization. He groups his six Dieguenio lists into three: Western, that is, hill country, the former coast dwellers being ex- tinct or merged; Mountain; and Desert, east of the higher mountains. These latter shade into the Kamia, some of their "clans" in fact, like the KwoL from whom the sixth Dieguefio list was re- corded, being Kamia so far as there were any Kamia. Drucker inclines to deny them separate identity, construing them as being only such of the Desert Dieguenio local groups as occasionally settled for a time on the Colorado and brought back with them certain Yuma habits. Except perhaps for some of the Desert Cahuilla, it is evident that memory of most of the old cultures is fading fast in southern California compared with nearly thirty years ago when I visited there, or even ten years since, when Strong collected the data for his "Aboriginal Society." A suimmary of the range of content of Drucker's southern California material may be of interest. Figures are in approximate hundreds. Subsistence Houses Body and Dress Other material culture and technology Games Knowledge, Beliefs Society: marriage, kinship, property, chiefs, war Birth, puberty, death, with related rites Shamanism, special ceremonies 2+ 1 1 4+ 1+ .6 2+ 5.6 8+ 2- 8- 2+ 2+ 20 There are some disproportions: more data on games, which have specific techniques and rules, than on knowledge, which quickly runs into vague- nesses. On the whole, however, the balance seems fair. The criticism sometimes made, that the ele- ment method may be satisfactory for material but must be largely inapplicable to socioreligious culture, does not hold: less than half the data are on material culture. Much the largest block of elements in fact is on life crises. This is swelled, to be sure, by the enormous mass of associated ritual and ceremonial items; but then, this is one of the salient characteristics of the culture, which possessed very little sense of property, relatively meager technologies, a rather simple set of social institutions relat- ing to marriage, kinship, and descent, an only fairly developed shamanism, but an intense re- ligious interest and activity concerning puberty and death. The surface or quantitative configu- ration of the list thus seems to reflect very aptly the essential qualities of the culture as a whole. Actually, for comparative purposes, the element list consists of more than the 2000 elements tabulated. The 500 odd "negative elements" which follow the formal list, in paragraph form for reasons of economy, really form a part. These are elements which occur somewhere in native California, might conceivably occur in southern California, and were inquired for, but were uni- formly denied among the 18 groups visited by Drucker. Statistical analyses being time-consuming, and with similar lots of areal material prospectively still to come in, it has seemed most practicable to apply no numerical treatment to Drucker's present data. Each lot will presumably require an analysis in terms of itself; but also in terms of all native California, or a still larger re- gion; and deferment therefore appears wiser until the larger set of data shall be in hand. Certain ethnographic inferences are, however, evident without any computations or even counts. Outstanding is the differentiation of the Yuma from all the other tribes. Compared with it, these form a unit. The Chemehuevi, it is true, often resemble the Yuma, as has been reported be- fore. This is a relatively recent influencing. As Kelly has shown, the Chemehuevi are histori- cally part of the Las Vegas band or division of the Southern Paiute, who within tribal memory drifted southward into relations with the Mohave --much like the Kamia-Diegueino with the Yuma and Cocopa. Like the Kamia also they accepted a patchy veneer of river Yuman culture. Where they remain different from the Yuma (and Mohave), they often agree with the southern California Sho- shoneans, but at other points with the Great Ba- sin or Southwestern peoples. Thus they wear hard- soled moccasins and twined basketry caps, and do -not dance but only sing at the girls' puberty rite. Except for their flooded farms and immediate bottom lands, the river Yumans live in true and low-lying desert. An ecologically similar environ- ment, without the great river but with mesquite trees where there are streams or ground water, extends through eastern Desert Dieguefno, Desert Cahuilla, and in part Pass Cahuilla territories, which all lie inland of the mountains. Subsist- ence items, and techniques adapted to these, therefore tend among these several groups to be similar to the nonagricultural ones of the Yuma and Chemehuevi. Along with the environmentally conditioned elements, others have crept in: the 3-stick food stirrer, fishtail arrowhead, per- cussion retouching, for instance, among the Ca- huilla; also absence of meat and bone pulveriza- tion, of joking relationships, of toloache initi- ation, of sand painting, of public rite at girls' puberty. Analogously, the Desert DiegueSo share with the river Yumans the earth-covered house, hair in pencils, color-direction association, ab- sence of the sweat house. How large a proportion of the total culture these sharings constitute, remains to be ascertained by computation; but the' factor is evidently far from negligible. 2 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA It would appear accordingly that from one point of view the southern California cultures oan be grouped in two divisions: (1) coast, coast-plain, hills, and mountains, versus (2) interior desert. Within the latter, the Colorado river afforded easy agriculture, leading to con- centration of population and special local de- velopments of the culture as a whole, as against the desert people off the river. In the coast- mountain area, the richer coastal lands evidently led to an analogous though different intensifi- cation, which we know best through the cults which the Gabrielino imparted to the other tribes. Unfortunately there seem to be no coastal Die- gueffo,Luisenio, Juaneno, or Gabrielino left, so that our picture of the mutual relation of the *coast and mountain groups within this division will always, even with Harrington's data, be somewhat inferential and lacking in full pre- cision. Another classificatory cleavage is historic instead of environmental. In general the Yuman- speaking Diegueio obviously adhere to the coast- mountain culture. In certain matters, however, they class with the Yuma and differ from all the Shoshoneans--Desert and Pass as well as Mountain Cahuilla, Serrano, Cupeiio, and Luisefno. In most 'of these points the two Yuman groups are char- acterized by lacking what the Shoshoneans pos- sess: thus, Olivella money and hand measuring of beads, ceremonial enclosure, first-fruits rite, hunting shamans, shamans' novice dance and pub- lic dance; but occasionally there is a positive element, as shamans' diagnosis by singing and dancing. The strength of this linguistically and therefore ethnically correlated factor again re- n.-amins to be computed. It is obviously far from dominant. Besides what may lie below the surface in the way of ancient strata or associations, plus the usual infinity of minor local growths and vari- ations, we have accordingly four cultural fac- 1 tors or determinants to reckon with in this part L1of California: the ecological distinction between subarid coast and mountains and arid interior; , within these, the intensification and amplifica- tion of culture on the immediate coast and river; Sthe original separat ness of the Yuman and Sho- 4honean peoples; and the populational shift of ,the Chemehuevi into closer river Yuman relations; ot to mention respective central Californian mArizonan-Sonoran influences at the two ends o0f the area. An illustration of the quality of ethnography tained by the comparative element method is forded by the sweat house, which is less im- rtant in the south than in most of California has therefore been but hazily known, both h respect to its structure and its function. ker gives us 31 items from 14 groups, where ave not had 31 on any one group before. The ersal features are the earth cover, squarish, rojecting entrance, direct-fire heating, Individual ownership, use for minor curing, of women as well as men, though former used infre- quently. This is a rather different picture from that of the remainder of California. With these traits uniformity ends. The construction varies from gabled rectangular to conical with center post to oval or circular sloping from four center posts; with earth laid sometimes directly on the many small roof poles and sometimes on an inter- mediate thickness of brush; excavation present or absent; entrance on side or at end; the fire- place usually but not always near the door, more often in a pit than on the floor; a smoke hole mostly lacking, but made by a few groups. A bath after sweating, occasional sleeping in the struc- ture, competitive heat trials by pairs or in- formal groups of men were practices of most com- munities, but were all denied by some. None of these appears to be distributed in definite blocks or associations according to region, en- vironment, or ethnic affiliation. We cannot pick out two or three subtypes of southern California sweat house characteristic of as many areas. In most if not all the features just mentioned there appears to be true local, unsystematic variabil- ity. Even with allowance for some of this irregu- larity occurring in memory rather than in former custom--the last sweat houses in the area were perhaps used from 25 to 75 years ago, according to the community involved--there is no ioubt that much of the local variation is historically authentic. The varying elements.were evidently not strongly fortified by sanctions or intrenched by custom, but were determined by expediency or fashion. They constitute superficial, easily changed features of a pattern whose salient out- lines, in the consciousness of the southern Cali- fornia culture, were contained in the seven or eight universal aspects of structure and function first mentioned. I submit that such a resolution of a distinc- tive complex or pattern of a culture into its ba- sic and its secondary constituents is very diffi- cult to attain by old-line ethnographic methods. The monograph never covers a wide enough area; in the monographic treatment the comparative per- spective is usually lacking which would allow the separation of the fundamental and stable from the historically superficial and transitory features. And as to building up by comparing monographs, we have all had the sad experience--or as we grow older we allow our students to have it--of learn- ing that the available material, on whatever sub- ject or area, is never thoroughly comparable. We therefore mostly refrain from the type of judg- ment just illustrated, or make it in sketchy, more or less guessed-at outline--as I did in deal- ing with sweat houses in the California Indian Handbook. A larger complex than the sweat house is the girls' puberty rite, which has long been known sufficiently to indicate that it possessed cer- tain distinctive aspects and emphases in southern California. Drucker has assembled fairly full data on 111 elements. Of these, only a half-doZen 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS prove to be universal among the 18 groups: the girl must refrain from meat, fat, and salt, use a scratching stick instead of her nails, and spend one to several days covered in an indoor or outdoor heated pit in the sand or earth. This, and only this, constitutes the universal pattern of the rite in the area. On it are embroidered, sometimes in a single locality only, sometimes over large districts, more than a hundred addi- tional features--positive and negative taboos, physiological treatments, ordeals, apparel, paint, singing, dancing, assistants, sand paintings, purifications, and the like. Sure- ly the constant and perhaps basic core could not have been extricated with anything ap- proaching reliable accuracy from the extant '1iterature. Our knowledge of southern California shamanism has hitherto been unusually hazy. Drucker's data make it clear that broadly speaking the main distinction from shamanism elsewhere in Califor- nia lies in the weakness of a specific guardian- spirit concept and in the correlated belief that the shaman is born with his power--either through an object in his bodyor through prenatal dream- ing. The other elements constant to the area are: the dreaming of the method of cure (one alleged exception), smoking, sucking, sickness owing to intruded objects, possibly also to soul loss, black magic by evil shamans. Everything el'se varies, to a total of fifty or more items and an elaboration of two or three dozen in any one group. Drucker's promised special paper on the subject will fill a lacuna of long standing in our knowledge. I have gone into these illustrations in order to make my position clear once more. The element niethod is.not primarily a device for juggling of statistics by those who would rather compute than think, nor for extricating the history of long-past culture waves and relations of distant peoples..This latter it will presumably also do; just how successfully, remains to be tested by repeated trials. The essential aspect of the method is its definition of isolable elements, which make possible the more accurate definition and the more penetrating description of cultures --the groundwork of all sound ethnography, old- line or novel. Anything beyond that, like quan- titative or historical interpretations, is a sort of unearned increment. In fact, the method ought to make impossible hereafter the sort of fantas- tic and aus der Luft gegriffenen historical re- constructions that anthropology has now and then been the prey of. And with regard to the kernel of the method--element definability--there is nothing radical or subversive about this. Boas dealt with mythological elements forty years ago, Nordenskiold with South American ones all his life, Spier dissected the Sun dance into them, the technologists and archaeologists have always had them in their typologies. All that we are trying to do that can claim to be novel is to ob- tain data systematically and in quantity--while they can still be obtained--instead of taking them spottily or waiting haphazardly as they come in. Moreover, if the organized and massed data invite more or less technical quantitative treat- ment, surely that is in the nature of an advan- tage rather than a defect. 4 I I i I ,GiP J UA N E.NOr zalyalgl*{ AN JAN \tsv-etziWt\ tlll s e t APSTAN L ul I e ol on - A/ A~s/ I I - A--- t ,,e,,,qA{i ss" cii E-'''";, ".7"--,,+ t \\{f>t(t _L _} aD Xlfsvv///'S {'llu!Or C PANIN 0 "*^1M 5" ' 3 ,~% \ 19 O Vg -=.S js rr% , a * : , i . . , ~-I .I I , I I t6 ' IE, sw ,1 I . Fe *;' I -7 % - . I f, n a , "I s. a I i L^ ---* - lD k t. --4, t--- ,DDIy s\.- 2: doe% 49 . Ll--<-.,r -l I9 I 'I . 0 . It- . - -Z I Ov -. I I%, 0 1, 11 )D k . I ' 4 i i 'X (:RO T.JP 111h PRt EN'T LD 1 N E I hMEN T 1,L I-T - . - .- _ _-L- _~- . _- - - "% 5; Jr In, !, ,,,,, '~A~M / 00, v- 4 ILPs- 'I' CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: V SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BY PHILIP DRUCKER CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST INFORMNNTS The material presented in the following ele- -emt list was obtained from these informants: List 1, Serr. Soledad Mojado, Saboba Serrano.1 List 2, DCau. Casimiro Lodo, Desert Cahuilla, "itaatem clan. The prewhite home of this clan was on the site of the present Martinez reservation. List 3, DCwo. Ramon Razon, Desert Cahuilla, ontcaktamyahwic clan, formerly at Tuva (the site of Agua Dulce, or Oasis). List 4, PCka. Francisco Potencio, Pass Ca- :huilla, Kauisiktum clan, at Palm Springs. The in- ltormant is the present ceremonial head (net). List 5, MCte. Jolian Norte, Mountain Cahuilla, Wiwaiistam clan, Temahwonvitcem lineage. List 6, MCna. Perfecto Segundo, Mountain Ca- 'huilla, Nauhwo'otem clan. The informant lived at Wilakal, a mixed Cahuilla, Cupefno, and Dieguefno settlement near Cupa. th List 7, Cup. This list was given by two of the oldest Cupefno men at Pala reservation, for- .erly Luisenio territory: Juan Aulingwic and Juan Sivimout. The surnames are their clan names. List 8, LuSa. Teofilo Ba, Saboba Luisefio. The informant was the ceremonial leader of one of the three "parties" at Saboba. By descent he was really mostly Serrano, but he and his parents spoke LIuisefio exclusively, and culturally were luiseffo. List 9, LuTe. Miguela Kwili, Temecula Luisefno. The fact that there were several Serrano lin- ages resident at Saboba throws some light on the roblem of the moieties recorded by Gifford {W. . Gifford, Clans and Moieties in Southern alifornia, UC-PAAE 14:155-219, 1918), and ftrong (W. D. Strong, Aboriginal Society in outhern California, UC-PAAE 26:1-358, 1929). M Luisenio there, as elsewhere, had no moieties, Xt least within memory of informants. The Ser- o, however, though dominated culturally by - Luiseiio, and at the present almost extinct, L"bged to retain their moiety system. The people ose moiety affiliations are given by Gifford re of Serrano descent. This family of KwoL were Kamiai (Kamia), and tre often referred to as the KwoL-kamiai to stinguish them from other families who lived 'g Campo and in Baja California. The term ail" seems to mean "westerners"; at any rate Is so used by the Yuma to refer to any of the *guenio groups, and by the Desert Diegueno in erring to the extinct coastal groups. The * in reference to the Imperial valley people apparently from the Yuma. Some of the informa- List 10, LuPa. This list represents the com- bined efforts of two men of the few remaining Luisefio at Pala reservation, Ramon Lugo, and Ramon Severano. List 11, MDly. Petra Corta, Mountain (i.e., "Northern") Dieguefno, Letcap clan. List 12, MDku. Tomas Curo, same, KukuR clan. List 13, MDma. Maria Alto, Western (i.e., "Northern") Dieguefno, Matawir clan, from the old San Pasqual reservation. She and the next in- formant are almost the only survivors of groups near the coast. No truly coastal Dieguefio remain (except perhaps in Baja California). List 14, WDpa. Francisco Beltrano, Western (i.e., "Northern") Dieguefio. Supposed to have been of the Matawir clan, but he disclaimed them, or they him, for some reason. He also was from San Pasqual reservation. List 15, DDly. Lino Letcap, Desert (i.e., "Southern") Dieguefno, Letcap clan. His home was at Vallecitos, in the desert. List 16, DDkw. Santos Lopez, Desert (i.e., "Southern") Dieguefno; a half-breed, whose mother was of the KwoL clan.2 List 17, Yuma. Pat Miguel, Yuma. List 18, Chem. Tom Painter, Chemehuevi. At Parker reservation. Originally from the desert- mountain country to the west. tion given on the movements of the informant's family may be of interest as in identifying the "Kamia." The winter home of the family was in the foothills east of Campo, at a place called Wipuk. They were typically Diegueflo in culture and language. In the spring, they moved westward into the mountains, where they usually spent the summer. In fall, they moved down to Picacho, in Mexico, for pinion nuts, and then back to their winter home in the foothills. Sometimes several families would go to Yuma in the fall, after the harvests, where they were fed by the hospitable Yumas. Once in a while they would stay all win- ter. In years in which there was a big overflow in the Imperial valley, they might be given some seed by the Yumas, and farm a little. The infor- mant's maternal grandfather and mother's brother, with whom he lived, raised crops several differ- ent years at a place just south of Mexicali. If it was not a good planting year, or if wild crops were plentiful in the mountains and foothills, they would not take the trouble to plant, but stayed in their own country. Apparently most of the "Kamia" did the same. They seem to have all really been nothing but Desert Diegueno, who drifted back and forth between a gathering and an agricultural existence. [5] i ll? k- L , V.I V, ; i 1, "i I." P? ?t k, 1? I i v I t t I I ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Rating of Informants, A-E Serr. Somewhat resistant, not inclined to volunteer data. Knowledge of culture fair D DCau. (Information only on material cul- ture.) Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B DCwo. Knowledge good; reasonably intelli- gent. Hazy on some details .... . . .. B PCka. Knowledge fair; but oversuggestible . C MCte. Knowledge fair; but oversuggestible . C MCna. Knowledge fair. However, informant may have been somewhat confused at times dif- ferentiating between Wilakal (Cupefno) informa- tion (which he was supposed to be giving) and Mountain Cahuilla ........... . . . C Cup. Good. (This is a combined list of material from 2 informants, aided by an especially good interpreter.) .... . .. A LuSa. Fairly good; may have been slightly oversuggestible ..... . . . . . . .. B LuTe. Only fair knowledge. Knew general outlines of the culture, but hazy with re- spect to detail ..... . . . . . . .. C LuPa. Good, considering the early shat- tering of the culture. This list is the com- bined work of two men . . B MDly. Knowledge fair. Details somewhat hazy ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C MDku. Knowledge fair. Details somewhat hazy ...... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. C WDna. Knowledge slightly below par, and none too intelligent .... . . . . . .. D WDpa. Knowledge poor, and oversuggestible (to the point of lax truthfulness). This in- formant and the preceding one (WDha) were last survivors, or I should never have worked with either of them. Material from WlDma, as far as it goes, is probably much more reli- able than this one ........... E DDly. Knowledge good, intelligence good. Volunteered a great deal. May have misunder- stood some questions, but I would place more confidence in most of his unique pluses than in those of most of my other informants . . . A DDkw. Information on material culture good; on the rest, only fair. Had sort of inferiority complex about his culture, which led him to belittle it .... . . . . . . . B Yuma. Knowledge good; intelligence good. . A Chem. Knowledge good, but was slightly bored by the whole affair .... . . . . . . B SYM1BOLS USED + Element present - Element absent or denied (+)(-) Presence or absence information doubt- ful No information; or informant did not understand question, or I did not understand his answer S "Sometimes," nsome did and some didn't" R Recent O Absent because lacking or impossible in environment inhabited Blank Question not asked M,F Male, female; + = both R,W,B Red, white, black; + = all, any * See section Ethnographic Notes on the Element List t For statistical computations, the num- ber or letter entries under this element have been read as plus For statistical computations, the ele- ment has been broken into two or more; e.g., 1 foot or less; more than 1 foot 6 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 7 1 OCCURRENCE ELEIMENTS _- 0 o X o d _ Cd W d- h d > d U- Cs ? _ Lo C3 ?: X' 4- 0 g 9 Ea t r-- A! r--i B iI I~jo II 'a~oI cn ~ ~ anS cJ-Q IWWn SUBSISTENCE Hunting Individual 1.- Deer-head decoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 A + + + + + ++++ - - . + + _ 2. Whole skin ....... .. .. . .. . .. .. . + - . - + - _ + . - _ 3. Head only.. ............... + + + + - _ _ 5. Game calls . ......... ..... . . +) + + + + + + + +)+ + * + - - 6. Deer ....... ... . .+) + + - +)+ + )+ + * + - - 7. Rabbits . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . + + _+ ._() ....... 8. Running down (wearing down) ...... . .+++ + . . . 9. Deer ...................... . + ++ + . + +++ +(+)+ + 10. Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + +? - - - - - - - - - - - - '11. Quail ...... .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . + + + + + + + + _ + _ + 12. Traps. + + + + +++ + + + - 13. Spring pole snare for small gamei . . + ++ - + R R ? +++ 14. Deadfall for small game ... . .-..... . . . . _ + +++++ - + ++ + + + ++ - + *15. Acorn "trigger" ....... . . . . . .. - + . - + + + - . + + + + + + + _ _ 16. Small nets in trail, etc . ............ . + + + ++ + +++ +++ ++++ - - 17. Pot of water buried for rats, etc. . .+ + - + - - - - (+)+ - - ? - *18. Box trap for quail ..... . .. ...... . . + + + R + R R R R . + . - R (+- 19. Small game smoked out of holes .... . . ...-... . - - - + (+)- - - - + + - - + + - + 20. Stick twisted in fur to extract .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 21. Rats prodded out of nests ..... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 22. Flares for flying geese ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23. Club to kill . . .+ t23a.Flare for night shooting + -+ + + + - + --+) Communal Drive 24. With fire . . . .(+) ? . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + S + 25. With dogs . . . - + S + + + + _ + + + + + _ . 26. Rabbits driven into nets + + + + + + _ + + _ (-)+ + + + _ + 27. Long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + +++ - + - _ +(-)+ - + + - + 28. Short, in fence . _ + + - - - - t +(-)(+)+ + + _ S 29. Deer, etc., driven past stationed hunter + + + + + + _ + Fishing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nets 30. Seine, dragged or circled . . . . . . - - - - - _ 31. Sinkers, floats.- . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32. Vertical sticks to hold straight - - - - - - - -. ? - - - - - - - - 33. Scoop net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 34. On crossed-stick frame _ - _ _ _ . . _ . - -(+)(+)-(-+ - Weirs and Traps 35. Semicircular pen of brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ 36. Melon-seed bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ,37. Stone "fish pens" . +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 38. Basketry fish trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38a. Creek dammed, turned ... .. + * __. . ... _ _ _ _ Angling 39. Circular hook of Haliotis (or other shell) . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ 40. Cactus-spine hook . . ? . . . __---(+) . _ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Various 41. Fish shot with bow ............ 42. Ordinary arrow ........... 43. Featherless arrow. 44. Fish driven into net, trap ........ 44a.Fish poisoning. ............ Hunting and Fishing Observances Animals Not Eaten (+ = avoided) 45. Dog ................ 46. Coyote .............. 47. Fox ................ 48. Wolf ............... 49. Badger .............. 50. Skunk ............... 51. Raccoon. 52. Wildcat .............. 53. Mountain lion ........... 54. Bear ............... 55. Squirrel ............. 56. Gopher .............. 57. Mole ....... 58. Fur used for sore eyes. 59. Eagle ............... 60. Buzzard .............. 61. Crow ............... 62. Hawk ............... 63. Owl ................ 64. Dove ............... 65. Mockingbird. 67. Nonpoisonous snakes ........ 68. Rattlesnake. 69. Lizard .............. 70. Turtle .............. 71. Tortoise ............. 72. Gila monster ........... 73. Frog and toad ........... 75. Quail eggs taboo to young ..... 76. Fetuses taboo ........... 77. To young .......... 78. First game taboo to youth ..... 79. To parents also. 80. First few animals only taboo 81. To youth till head of family Various Hunting Observances 82. Singing before deer hunt (rite) ....... 83. Hunting shaman sings ......... 84. Deer-hoof rattles used ........ 85. Individual singing for hunting luck (shaman) 86. Fasting before hunting ........... 88. Sex, menstruation'hostile to hunt ...... 89. 90. 92. 94. Gathering (vegetable) Acorns (staple) Straight pole for knocking off acorns Sapling for tree climbing ..... 91. Only men climb ........ Acorns leached in sand basin . ... 93. In openwork basket ...... Mush cooked stiff, for bread . ... (+ +1 + + + + + + + + _-_ l 5 l l - - - - - - - - - - - - ? - - - - - - - + + - _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ + _ 00 + 0 +_ + + 0 - - + + +_ + + +7 + +++ + +_) + _ + + +++ + + +++ + + + + + + +++ + + + + ++ + +) + +) + + - - - + + + (+) + + + + .++ + +I. 1+ + + + + + 0 + + + (+) + 1+ + (+)+ + -_ + -+ + ++ ++ + ++ - 0++ + ++ + + + + + + ~+ + + ++++ S + + + +++ +(+ + + ++ + - ++ *+ _ - -+ + -+- +- O-*+ -+O ++ *+++ + + + + + + _++ 00 + + + + +0 00 00 + + ++O + + ++ ++ + + - + _-+ _-+ + ++ + ++ - - (- - + ++ + + ++ + + + - - - - - -I + + + + + + )(-)(-)(+) + - _+ _*+ ++ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _+ - - S + + R+ + + +++ ++ (+) 4- I-+ (-, 8 S + + + S + + + 0 0 + + 0 0 + + _ . + + I + X + I - I 4. 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Mesquite and Screw Bean (staples) -95. Straight pole for beating off pods . 4O. Hook for gathering (or crossbar on pole). 97. Whole pods stored in granary ....... -98 Flour hardened into "cakes" for pot storage 0. Screw beans "cured" in pit ........ Mescal 101. Mescal cutter ................ 2. Heads pit roasted. 03. Cooked heads pounded into "cakes" for storage 04. "Syrup" from flowers ............ Yucca (and related plants) 05. 07. 08. Flower eaten ............ Stalk eaten ............. Root eaten ............. Cactus Fruits 10. Tongs for gathering. 111. Shaken in sack or net. 112. Brushed off or rolled on ground Z18. Spines brushed off before picking 14. Fruit dried ............. Chia -115. Gathered with seed beater ...... 116. With plain stick ....... g17. Branches broken off, dried, shaken . I8. Patches burned over to improve . . . 'trass Seeds 9. Gathered with seed beater ...... 0. Stripped by hand .......... WI. Tops broken off, dried, shaken Piffon Nuts S. Cones broken off 123. Hook to pull down . 13a.Straight stick used. 124. Cones roasted to open. 125. Ripe nuts gathered from ground 27. 08. Wild-Plum Seed Meal Seeds leached whole .......... Seeds ground to leach ......... Tule (cattail, etc.) j. Pollen gathered ...... Roots eaten ....... Animal Products k Yellow-jacket larvae eaten ...... Grasshoppers eaten .......... 133. Caught in pits ......... .. Caterpillars eaten . . . . . . . . E 135. Dried .............. . Lizards eaten .......... . 138. Hook for pulling out of rocks F-.. o > o > @ 1 X O d X > > Z X W d S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c-:> -414.. 0 O + + + + + 0 0 -_ - _ * _ + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + A + + A + + A + + H + + q + + i + _- + + + + + + + + + +(+)+ + + t 0 + + + - + + + + - - + + + - + ++ -+ - - - _++ + + _+_ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + 0 _ . i- I- I-. I-. --4 -4 C + + + + + + + + 0 0 010 0 0 0 _ - -_ _ __ - + S + + + + - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - (+) + + 0 o o01 o o o + + + + + + + 0 + + + ++ + (-) + + + - + + + + + ++()+++++ - + + + +++ +(-) + + + - + +- + + + -+ +-+ S +-+ + S S 0 I- - - +- + + + t~ + + _ (+) - . + + + + + + + + S 0 _++ + (+) + 00O + - - (+) + + ++ 0 -+ + _ + + 0 0 + S + + - - - - - - - - - - + _ - + (-) _- S - + (-) + + S - + - + + S TI) _ _ _ - - - -+ + 1+1+ . I ,s-A l~:: v 1? 9 ~+ + . . . . . . 0 . . . - (+ 4 4 4 4 d + + +++ + _ _ _ + + (+ . 10 ANTHROPOIDGICAL RECORDS P- 0 o X o d d 0 d 0-b d hW w g> d1 - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - Condiments 139. Salt from mineral (deposit) .-.-.-...?. . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140. Alkali "salt" ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - _ * + + + ? + _ _ _ __+ _ _ 141. Collected from "fgrass" . +- - . +-+ + - + ? ? _ _ _ - - _ 142. Salt from grass (burned) .-.--........ ............... .. .. ---- - - - - - - - _ 143. Salt from ocean or salt lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + *- + - + + + + +S+ - - 144. Honey dew .4.-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +++++ + +-+ 4 ++ ++++ + + 145. Syrup from blossoms .................. + + ++ + 145a.Vegetable chewing gum ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . ++++ * + + Food Preparation and Storage (excluding acorn complex) 146. Meat pulverized ........ . .. .. . .. .. . . . + -__++ + ++ ++ +++ - + 147. For toothless only ..... . . .... . + -_ + + + ++ ++ +++ - + 148. Small mammals (bones and all) ... ....... . + _- _ + ++ + +++ + ++ - + 149. Venison . S _-_- +_ ++ S+ +++ - + 150. Bone pulverized (after cooking).. . . . + +++ + + + + + - + + + + 151. Vertebrae only ...... . . .. ........ . . ++. + . + . . . + + - + 152. Marrow extraction ................. +++ - ++++++ + . ++ + - + 154. For food . ......... .... . + ++-++ + +++ .+ .. +++ - + 155. For cosmetic ......... . . . . . .++-++ + ---. ........-....- -R+ - - 156. Blood drunk fresh by hunter ..... . . ....... . + + + + . S +-___ 157. Blood cooked in paunch or gut ..... . . . . ..... + + + - + _ + . - ++ + 158. Stone boiling in baskets .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + --S-- _-+++ __ - _ - _- 159. Cooking in pots (directly over fire) . ....... . . + + + + + + + + R + + + +++ + + 160. Earth oven ......... .. . .... . + +++++ + +++ ++ +++ + 161. For mescal, etc. .... -. . _ ++++++ - - + + +++ _ + 162. Communal (several use at once) ....... . + + ++ + + . - S + S - + 163. Meat cooked in . ...... ... . . _ +++ _+ 164. Parching (with hot coals) ..... ....... . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ + + 165. Pottery parching tray ..... . . . . . . . ... . - - - - - - - - - + - + + - 166. Bottom of broken pot ..... . . ........ . + + + +-S S - 167. Basketry tray ..... ++++++++____? +SS+ 168. Tortoise shell '. L69. Meat dried ....... . . .. . . . . .. .... . +_++++ S SSS + S-S - + 170. Partial drying before carrying home ... . . . . + 171. Sun drying ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - +++++ ++++ +-+ - + 172. Fish dried. . . ....... . _ ..... _ _-+ +4_ Granaries (outdoors) 173. Elevated . + +++++ + +4+-+ +4-4 + +++ + + 174. On platform'.+ + + ++++ + +++ + ++ ++ 175. On ramada ............... . .. + S 176. "Bird's nest coiling" ................... + +4++++ + +++ + + +++ + 177. Cylindrical ........+. .....+. .?.4. ..( .). . . . . . _+ _ +. + + 178. Conical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + + + + + +- (- - 179. Granary roofed .. . +++.+ + ++ +++ 4- ++ ++4 + + 180. Hole torn in bottom to extract seeds, etc. ...(. l(-) +-- - - _ 181. Pit storage . .. ........ - (+) ? ? (4 - )- - - + + 182. Melons, pumpkins, etc. .4.-.. . . . . . . . . . . - + +-+ 183. Low shade built over pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 184. Food covered with earth .-... . . . . . . . . . . _(+) ? (4-)- - - - - (+)- _ _ _+ - - 185. Storage in pots ..4-4-4-4-4-4-4-++ + + +++ + +++ +4 + 186. Cached in mountains. + +4+ +4+ + + + +4+ + 4 +++ S S 187. Covered with flat rock .... . . . . . . . . . . +(-)+ + + + + + + + 4 + 4-+ 4- - _ 188. Covered with pottery lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . -(+) - - - - - - - - - - - + - 189. Unfired 'pot" of mud and grass .... . . . . . . S S . 190. For beans, etc ............... . + + . V CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Agriculture 190a. Flood Agriculture "'191. Maize .................. 1:192. Number of colors ......... 193. Several sizes ........... 194. Ears stored in granary ...... 495.Beans n.. ................ 196. Teparies besides true beans .... t197. Number of kinds (besides teparies). 198. Stored in pots .......... Pumpkins ................ T 1200. Number of kinds .......... 201. Gourds grown .............. 202. For rattles ............ 203. For canteens ........... j04 Watermelons ............... 205. Muskmelons O6. Pumpkins and melons split, dried . F07. Pumpkins and melons stored in pits . . . 208. Wild seeds sown ............. t2O9- Number of kinds. 210. Sown broadcast .......... 211. Planter--dibble ............. S412. Weed cutter, chisel edge ........ 213. Bird scaring .............. 214. With sling HOUSES ijweliiin 215. Rectangular ................... 216. Walls vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217. Walls slanting 218. Double lean-to 219. Gabled roof ............ . . 220. Rafters crossed. 1221. Number corner posts. t222. Number center posts . . . t223. Number ridgepole supports (other than center [e2 224. Many side posts . 5. Circular (or nearly) .. 227. Walls slanting (hip roof) . 228. Conical . 230. Roof flat . 231. Center post (i.e., one, right in middle) t232. Number medial posts . 233. Many peripheral posts . . . . . . . . . . . Semisubterranean 1:235. Approximate depeth infeet. Covering of thatch only . 237. Tules .... . . 238. Arrowweed, etc. 239. Pole binders a. Yucca withes for tying 0. Covering of earth (all ovr).. 241. Overlayer of "brush" and "grass," etc. LlaRoof earth covered .... . . . . 1 Vertical double sand-filled front wall' L Entrance faces (N,S,E,W) ? Entrance faces downwind .............. 5. Entrance not project'ing 6. Entrance (more or less) rectangular. 7. Entrance in side rectangular house ........ * . . * .* * *i * .* * . . * . . * .* * . . post) * . . * . . * . . * . . * .* * .* * . . ;- 0o w o cD) d~j I c ~> :.c IL cd~--- - 4U -- -i-4A~ - 1 0 Du ) -) 0I -(~ Q m )C -4~.II-1u04 4~4Q 3 H : R + S + 4 1 2 + + E _ - H- - - - R - - - - + -- - - R - - 4 1 2 + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + _ - - -_ _ - 5 -_ + +++ S--S_ + ++ + 5 + - -+ S - + + _- + + _++ ? --S ? __+ ? --2 ?+ _ _ ? __+ ? __+ ?2 __ ?+ -- _ _ _ _ _+ ?3 __ ?+ _- ? __+ ? _ _+ ? __+ ? __+ ? __+ -+ __ ? __+ S?, -+ R+ --5 (+)-- + _-_ 4 - - (4 - _ - + (+) - + + + - -_ + _+ - +-+ - 4-- 2 - - - 34 + + + + _-_ _+ (+)_ + +- +++_ + -- _ + + _+ -- H- _++ + + R-- -+- H--- *(E)E E - (+) - E ,s: + 3 ++ 2 3 + 1- I I . . . . i . i i i i D, I-,o c ; e? 1, ?i. k. I 1?1 ?i I 11 Tn,, I I ; -n r ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 248. Entrance in end rectangular house . 249. Beside ridgepole support ...... 250. Entrance covered with mat ........ 251. Entrance covered with hide ........ 252. Entrance uncovered ............ 253. Fireplace on surface ........... 254. Fireplace center of floor ........ 255. Fireplace near door ........... 256. Smoke hole in roof ............ Various 257. Circular windbreak with dwelling 258. Used for cooking, etc. ....... 259. Flat shade (ramada) by dwelling ..... 260. Dwelling house communal ......... 261. Share same fire, entrances, etc. . . 262. No partitions 263. Families related .......... *264. Earth-covered winter sleeping house . . . 265. Double lean-to, brush, for temporary camp 267. Domed brush-covered temporary shelter 268. Mats for bedding ....... .... 269. Rabbitskin robes, hides, for bedding . . . 270. Sleeping on bare floor .......... Ceremonial House 271. Large rectangular structure ............ 272. Large circular structure .............. 273. Vertical walls ................ 274. Gabled roof ................. 275. Conical roof ................. 276. Thatched . . . . . . t277. Entrance ( N,S, E,W). 278. Circular enclosure in front ......... 279. Chief lives in ................ 280. Bundle kept in ................ 281. Bundle hidden, or kept in special structure 282. Shade roofs built around court ... . ....... 283. Shades walled . 284. Special "keruk" house for images, etc. (type under Mourning ceremony) ............. Sweat House 285. Rectangular floor plan ........... 286. Double lean-to ............ 287. Circular (to oval) floor plan ....... 288. Conical ............... 289. One center post ........... 290. 4-post frame, hip roof ........ 291. Semisubterranean. t292. Approximate depth in feet ...... 293. Earth covering ... 294. Directly on poles 295. Over brush etc., layer ....... t296. Entrance facing (N,S,E,W). ....... 297. Entrance flush. 298. Entrance (more or less) rectangular .'. 299. Entrance in end rectangular house 299a.Entrance on side .............. 300. Entrance covered .............. 301. Fireplace at doorway ............ 302. Door frame mud-plastered (to protect) 303. Fireplace in center ............ + + + + + + + - S -+ S + + - + (+) + + + + + + + + _ -_ __ - S+ + S S S + + + + + + () + + R + + + (+ + + + + + ;++ + + _++ + + + + + + + + (+) S (+) - - S + + + + (+) + - (+) -s -(+) + -+-+ + + + SSSS S ++++ + ++++ + ++++ + + + - + - + + - + - * + - -+ - - + __ - -+++--- + + _+_ + + + + -E_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + R -- + +-+ E - CE: + + + S + + - - - + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + --- -+ - - + + - - + + + R - R + + R- + + + + + + + + + . 1I I- I. ? _ _ _ _-_- - -1+ + + + + +1+1t + + + - + + + + --_ + -- + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + - - + - (+) _++ + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + ++ 2 1 - - - - - N - - - - ++ + +++ - + + + - - - + (+) + - + +(+) - - - + ++ + -- - - - - - - + + + + - - S (+) - - 12 P-4 0 o w o w w 0 w P-4 0 0 w ?*,A Cd I $L4 cd ?: -14 4-) r. P4 co E--i r-I -k4 0 C-3u u u u t Ro PL4":4 ":El u $:.,:I C::) sz 4 .4 .4 Q Q 0 0 r::) l i I I i c L i i i c L \ 1 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Fireplace on surface ....... Fireplace in pit ......... No smoke hole .......... Sweat house communally owned . . . Direct-fire heat ......... Sweating for minor curing .... Daily sweating .......... Women sweat ........... 312. Infrequently. Competitive sweating (individuals) Bathing after sweating ..... Men occasionally slept in . Other Structures Menstrual hut Ramada as summer dwelling .... Same type frame as winter dwelling, front wall, for summer dwelling . . . * . . .* . . . . . .* , brush-covered, . . . . . . . . NAVIGATION .Overhand stroke. . .Breast stroke . . 318c.Under water .Side stroke . . . 318e.Both hands tc 318f.Under water ,On back ..... .Dog fashion . . . Diving from height Swin . . . . . . . . . . oeh.r . ' ** . . .. . . . . . Boats and Rafts Tule balsas ............... 321. Longitudinal pole in bundles . 322. Bundles lashed together ...... 323. Bundles pinned together with sticks 324. Balsa rectangular (more or less) . . 325. Used on ocean 326. Used to cross river, etc. ..... Paddle for propulsion .......... Pole for propulsion ........... Swim alongside and push Log raf t .. .. .. .. .. . ..... ... 31a. Single log or pole to aid swimmer 332. Several logs lashed together .. 333. Cottonwood used Ferriage in pots (infants, etc.) ...... Ferriage in baskets (infants) TOOLS, UTENSILS, PROCESSES (except Basketry, Pottery, Weapons) Grinding Mortars Stone 337. Bedrock ............. 338. Used with hopper ...... 339. Portable .... 340. Used with hopper ...... *34l. Outside rough hewn ..... IL400wow Cd (1) Cd ?>* :3 Cd Cd ?>4 p Cd F? P-4 cd ?: A 4-) O ?, 13 E--l 1? r--l -?l 4 ?4 r--,, -11 9 11) 4) C.) C.) C? u u0 ap A U) p P PL4 ?? ?4 u ?-4 ?-4 .4 Q Q r5-. :,3: P P t>i U . . -r-l- ++_ _++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ .+ CI-' + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-I ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + . . no . . . . S + + ? ? + 'I- + + + + + + + + + + + + (-) - - (+) + + + + + ++ + + + -+1+- - (_F + + + + + + _ + + .+ +-+ + -+ + + _- _ - S S S (+) + + + + + + + S S + 13 I - - - - - - + - + + S - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +-I - - + + +1 +-I++ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ,zn an 4 :D ~4-J RR4 Wan Q O: ___________________________________ju~~~::4 PLOI ac1~I eilI4 cld 342. Made by humans ........... 343. Made by Coyote or myth people .... 344. Traded in, not made locally . ... 345. Special small mortar for toloache ..... 346. Decorated .............. 348. Special small mortar for tobacco, etc. . . 349. Pit mortars ................... 350. Rock at bottom .............. 351. Lined with arrowweed ........... 352. Lined with "plaster" of damp mesquite flour 353. Used to grind large amounts of mesquite . . 354. Used as makeshift only .......... t355. Used by (M,W) ............... 356. Wood mortars 357. Cavity in end of log . 358. Pointed, set in ground .......... 359. Hopper basket glued on ............. Pestles 360. Wood ...... 362. Used with pit mortar . . 363. Stone ............. 364. Natural . 364a.Long, slender, shaped, for wood 365. Pounding with both hands . . . mortar . . . . Metates 366. Rectangular (more or less) 367. Used on one side ...... 368. One end tilted on rocks . . . 370. Back and forth motion . .... Brushe s 371. Cylindrical. 372. Handle tied or woven 373. Handle gummed ..... 374. Soaproot ....... 375. Agave .......... 376. Same type brush for hair . . 377. Meal scraped from mortar with * . . * . . *t * - Stirrers and Stone Lifters 378. 3-stick food stirrer . ........ 379. Paddle ................ 380. 2 sticks for stone lifter. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. Receptacles Spoons Fingers for spoon ..... .,.. Rabbit foot or tail swab for sipping Ladle of pottery .. Ladle of tortoise shell ....... Ladle of gourd ........... Tools Knives 386. Flint for butchering .................. 387. Unhafted ........................ 388. Wrapped ........ ' 389. Thumbnail for cutting cooked food, etc.......... + + + + + + - - +(+)* + -+ + - + ++ + - + _ _ _ (-) + ?_____ _ _-+ + + + + + ( + + R + + + + + + + + t++ + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + M + +I + + +(, -(,1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + + +-_+ _-+ +() + + + + + + _+_ ++ + + + R + + + - I1 + + + + +.+ + - (+) - + ++ + + + + _ + + R R + (_ + + + + +4+ + + + + + + + + +.+ _++ + + + + + + -+ + .+ ++ + + + + + R - ++ _ (+) + + + + S + + + MM _ _ (-) + + + 5 - _ + + + + + ++ + + + + + +4+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ * + + - (-) S S + + + + + S * + + + 5-_ 14 + + + M + + + + + SI +S + F + + + S S t + + + + + + + + - +1 + 1+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA P-4 0w w w0 0- 0w1 iTl Cs 0 C.' u -)u 0 09: C.) 0 Awls j,Wooda....... $.Bone .. .. .. .. .. ... 392. Deer-leg bone ....... 393. Penis bone (coon or badger) 4. Horn .............. 6. Handle wrapped ......... i. Handle covered with gum. Drills and Drilling ?. Bone awl for shell or pottery .............. Woodworking 8. Wood cutting by fire only ................ Flint Flaking 5. Retouching by pressure ................. 400. Bone or horn flaker ................ 401. Hand protector . Retouching by percussion ................ e, By men, women (+ - 4. Bone scraper (rib) 5. Wooden end scraper 6. Rubbing post . . . 7. Rubbing stone . . . B. Brains ...... 0. Vegetable dye . . . Skin Dressing both) . Fire Mak i n g Fire Making ). Simple drill ......... 1. Fire borrowed ......... B. Torches . . . .. .. .. ... .Smoke signal 3, Sparks struck from flint(-like) : rocks WlEAPONS Bows and Arrows 4. Self bow F415. Length in feet 416. Tips sinew wrapped 417. Ends recurved 418. Painted . 419. Black . 420. Blood (of kill) smeared on. 1. Sinew backed $422. Length in feet 423. Made (locally) K 424. Imported 425. Ends recurved. 426. Ornamented tips (deer hoofs, etc.) 427. Painted red . Bowstring of vegetable fiber Sinew. Number of ply . Wristguard .. *Arrows of cane . 435. Hardwood foreshaft, no head . 436. Hardwood foreshaft, with head 437. Pyrographic ornament t7 + ++ + +-+_. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + MM * M + + 5+ 5 + 3 . ++ . + ++ R + ++ + + + + ++ + + R+. + + 4 4 S - 4.- +4+ S + + 4+4 5+ + (4.)+ 3 (4) 3 + (4.)+ - (-) - + . _ +4+ + + + S + 3 2 3 3 2 +++++ _+4.4.4.4 +++ + +(+.) + M + + + + 3. 3 + + + + + I (+, (+.' + + + + + + + + 4.- R + + - S + S S - + (+) . + +(+ + (+) * + . + M M1 + . + + (+) + +*_ M' *M+M 1 + * * + ++ i - * - S R- + + M +4 +- I + +* + . I i- i- t-. I.. .3 3 + 1+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + + + 4 + + + 1 + + - - R 4 + + 5+-5 4.. + 441 +4+ 3+31- ++. 4.- -4+ 2 2 +4_ +4+ +4. .4 S +1 - + ( - - - - - - R +I_4_ +4S4+ +_ + 3 + _ -+ I +- S '3) (3, + 4 _ -+4. S - - 1. I 15 II I A + . . - - - A ++ 5 4- 3 3 F F r 4- ANTHROPOLOGI CAL RECORDS 438. Arrows of arrowweed or hardwood ....... 439. Untipped, sharp, for small game .... 440. Untipped, sharp, for war 441. Untipped, sharp, featherless for fish 442. Untipped, sharp, featherless for close through brush ........... 443. Arrowheads of stone ............. 445. T*anged, side notched ......... 446. One notch each side ....... 447. Stemmed ................ 448. Spurred ................ *449. Fish tail (single base notch) . 451. Triangular to laurel leaf ....... 453. Feathering radial .............. 454. 3 ................... 455. 4 ..... ............. 456. Sometimes spiral 457. Feathers taper to front ........ 458. Feathers straight ........... 459. Tangential, double 460. Considered poorer ........... 462. Decoration painted between feathers . . 463. Arrow poison ................ 464. Snake blood or venom ......... * * r * * shot * r * @ * @ * @ * @ * - * @ * @ * * * @ * @ * @ * @ * - * @ * @ * @ * @ * @ Arrow Straightening, Release, etc. 465. Hands and teeth for arrowweed ........ 466. Stone arrow straighteners .......... 467. 1 groove .. .......... 467a.2 or more grooves ........... 468. Transverse groove ........... 468a. Ridged 469. Oval (more or less) .......... 470. For cane arrows ............ 471. Incised design ............ 472. For pyrography 473. Clay arrow straighteners .......... *474. Curved sherd (makeshift) for straightener . . 475. Ungrooved, etc. ............ 476. Primary release. 477. Thumb and 2 fingers (modified primary) 479. Bow held horizontally, back of hand up . . . 480. Bow held vertically, arrow to left . .... 481. 483. 484. 485. Quiver Cased skin (wildcat, coyote, etc.) *482. Cased from mouth ...... Open-skinned, sewn up middle . . . Carried on back .......... Carried at side .......... Spears, Shields 486. Thrust ......................... 487. Used for war ...................... 488. Wood point ....................... 489. Feathered staves ("flags") . 490. No-flight duty .................. 491. Ceremonial use also. 492. Round shields ...................... 493. Horsehide. (Q anS ) P L 4"E -4, p? a u + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . s + + + + + + + + + + + + _+_ + + _++ + + + _+_ + + + + _+_ ++ S+S + + + + + + + + + + + -+ + + + + + + + + .+ .+ .+ + + *+ + .- S +5S ,S S _++ *+ + + + *+ + *+ + + + - S + + ++_ + + + + + + .+ + + + (-)- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + * + * + + + 4- *++ + + + + -S- ++s + + ++- ++ ++ + + ++ + + + + + ++ ++ ++- + + + + ++ ++- 5- + + ++ ++ + + ++ *++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *+5 - S + + ++ + + + + *++ + + + + + + _++ + + _+_ + + + + + + + + -RS + +I S + + + + + + + + R + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + +1 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 17 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c CZ) P.A u )- aiS - ? -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Clubs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L |.|12 +++t+ | Clubs .Simle .........................+ + ++ + ++?+ + ++ ++ +- + 495. Thrown at small game, etc. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + 496. Used in war (makeshift) .S... . . . . . . . . . S .Curved rabbit club .+... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . +++ + + .++++++ +++ - - 498. Painted ..... .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . - +- S-?- -+ +? _ _ _ _ c499. Smeared with blood of kill ... . . . . . . . . . + . - - - S S + + + - - 1-ended (potato masher) .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- - - - -+ ? _ (+)(+) (+) (+)+ + - 502. For war .?.... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . - - - - ++ +++ + - Various ~3.Sling .................................. + RRRR+ R +RR R RR + + 504. To scare birds from crops. + + + + + + ;. D a g g e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + _ _ (+ _ - - - - - - - - - - 506. Bone .+. .+. .............. .--. . . . + - (+ - +? PIGMENTS O.Red mineral (from ground) ........... . . -_ +__ + + 1. Red mineral (scum off pools) . .. . . .. . . .. . . + - - + - + + . . + + - + - _ '.White mineral ..................... . + ++ .+ + . . ++ +++ + + . Y ellow m ineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ (+ + + M.Black mineral ..................... . + -+_+ + . . ++ +++ + + i. Vegetable black (" greasewood" gum, etc.) . . . . + + + _ + . + 'BODY AND DRESS Hair L. Long, past shoulders .+......... ...... + +M+++ + +F ++F ++ + ++ 1 . To neck or shoulders .-............... - -F?-- - -M- -M - - _ l 8. Bangs on forehead ................ . ._ - +_ _ + _+- +- -M +MM Coiffure . 9.Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++++ ++ + + + + M F M F F .Parted inmmiddle. S - + -M-- F F-F F F .Knotted in back ............... . . ++M M '++F+ + M---- . ne braid down back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - M +--MF -F- 8.Tied on top of head ................ . M-M M M M-+ M- RM . 4In pencils ................ . . . . . . - - _ - - - - -- - MM M 1:525. Side hair only '.............. . . - - - - __ - - _ Depilation .Plucking of beard ................... . + + + . . + +++ + + + + + 527. Fingernails .. ++. . . + -+ -++ + + 528. Tweezers (recent ?) .. - . . + + - + - + R - - - E Eyb ebrows plucked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - __ - S- - _ Miscellaneous . Head hair cut by singeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +++++ + + +++ + + + - (+) + . .Hair cut with knif e . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - . _ . M u d p las t er a g a in s t l ic e .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + +? _ _ _ _ . . . + . . Hair dye in mud plaster . -++_? - - _ __ -+ - + Whiite clay for "soap" .*+.+. . .. . .. . .. . . . ++ + +.+ + + + + + -- Yucca root or soaproot for "soap ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + _ + , Marrow for hair oil . -.. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . F F F F F F F F F F FR F -_ Mutilations . E ar lo b e b o red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + + + - - F - + + + . Nasal septum bored .--M M+....M.......... . ._ - + - V - M MmM 1. 1? i I i II ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 538. Intentional head deformation 539. Occipital ....... $540. Tat'tooing . . . . . . 1541. Vertical lines on chin $542. Horiz. or radiat. lines $543. On forehead ...... $544. Arms ......... $545. Chest ......... On * . . . . . cheeks Adornment $547. Necklaces worn ..................... 548. Shell beads, pendants ............... $549. Animal claws, deer hooves, etc. ............. 550. Hunting shamans only ...... $551. Wooden ear stick (or cane) $552. Bone ear stick ....... $553. Bead pendants for ear ...... $554. Nose stick of wood or cane ..... ...... 555. Bead pendants for nose. 556. Nonritual painting $557. Colors (R,B,W; + = all). 558. Designs on face .. . .. ...... $559. All over (cosmetic) on face ........ $560. Black around eyes for protection from sun. 561. Applied with fingers Clothing Headgear $562. Basketry cap (technique under Basketry) ......... $563. For carrying only .................... 564. Women wore regularly .................. Robes and Capes 565. Hide (hair on) 566. Wildcat, coyote (2 or more, sewed) ........ 567. Deerskin, single ................. 568. Buckskin (dehaired). $569. Woven rabbitskin (technique under Textiles) ....... Middle of Body 570. Belt of fiber. 571. Belt of hair t572. Breecholout of skin. t574. Breecholout of fiber .................. t575. 1-piece skirt . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . t576. Small front apron of (unfringed) buckskin ........ t576a.Small front apron of shredded fiber ........... t577. Small front apron of cords of fiber ........... t578. Worn with back apron of same material .......... Footgear 579. Yucca, Agave fiber sandal ................ 580. Leather sandal .. ................ 581. High moccasin, hard sole ................ 582. Commonly barefoot (i.e., at home) ............ Ceremonial Regalia 583. Owl-feather bunches on stick worn on head ........ 584. Owl-feather bunches on stick hand-held . . . . . . 585. Headband of down twined in string ............ 586. Flicker-feather bands, untrimmed ............ F F - m M _ JK M - MM- MM- + + F F + M M M + M M - F C+)(-)(+) F + ++) + + M + + F + _++ _ M _ + F + + + + FF + M + + + +1 F F F IF M + M + R F F F M M M MM F F F + F m _ _ (-) - - M - M M Ml - + + + + + + + + + + + F - - - - - - - - - - -+ - - + _ F F + + ++ -- + ++ - + + - + ++ + + + + + + + - - - F F FF+ FF F)-- - F -F + F F + + + + + + + + + (+) + + _-+ + + + R + + + + + S + - - M M - M F F F R ++ F _ + + + + + F + F + MM + + + + M + + F F + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- - + - - + + + + M - .4 (+) + - - - + + +1 + + + M R M - R F - F M F Fl + F F R M - F F R - S F F R + R+4 F- F) - F - + + F F F - - F + + - R + + + + + + + + + + t + + + + + - - + + - IL4 0 0 W 0 W cd 4) cd I>Z? ;j Cd ad ::,.b A cd 0 $Li 03 ?.' -W 4--l 04 E-4 P? ?? MG) C-') C-) C..3 C-) C) :j LA) al P PL4 ?? ',A o 1-4 ?-4 1=? p - I 18 A I i F - + + 4 + _ + + 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 _ _ + _ E v CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 587. Head band ... 588. Belt or bandolier. 589. Long, to decorate dance enclosure ) Single vertical eagle or hawk feathers . Two horizontal eagle or hawk feathers ' Radiating feather "war bonnet" on nettir I. Eagle-feather skirt on net foundation 594. Worn in "Tatahuila" dance . 595. Used to decorate dance enclosure . Hand-held wand (not no. 584). ..... 597. Crystal in end ......... 598. Painted .... 599. Snake rattles attached . 600. Carried by dance director . . . . 601. Carried by shamans ....... 602. Used in swallowing exhibitions 1. Face paint (R,B,W; + = all) . Body paint (R,B,W; + - all). White paint sprayed on with mouth Mis cellaneous Commonly naked ............ Body coated with grease for warmth . . Sitting Postures (common) Cross-legged (Turkish) )........ No prescribed postures for women Kneeling, buttocks on heels. One leg drawn back, other knee up . . . 613. To get up quickly". Squatting frequent BASKETRY (except cradles) Coiling Clockwise (looking into basket) .... Counterclockwise .......... . Awl enters inside of basket ...... 620. Small baskets worked from outside . Grass-bundle foundation ........ M Multiple-rod foundation (number of rods) . Coil of fiber to start bottom ..... Plain twining ...... Plain 2-strand weft . . . Diagonal twining (rows of 2-warp . . . . . . Closework. Openwork. insertedl "for * . . . . . . foundation' * . . . . . *. . . . . decoration" ) * . . . * . Basket Types Cap Flat top ...... Round to pointed top Coiled Twined Woven decoration . . Painted decoration Used as dipper, etc. 19 IQ) .) C') CZ) C.)Lu ,1 ~1 = 1 r pP P4 :4:4 J 14~ aijt> + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + + _-+ + _ + + + + + + +4++ +4+ +4++ 4++ + - F - - - F - S M M + M M + + + + +1 + + S + + + + + + 4++ 4++ 4++ S +4+ 4++ 4++ +4+ 4++ + + + + + M + + + + + + + ++* + + _++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + F-- + 4++ MIM + + M s + (4. s ( ) 4+ 4++ 4++ +4+ 4++ +4+ 4 4++ +4+ +4+ 4++ *4+ + - - - - - - * - S + + - ++ ++ + + + + + + F F 4+ M M 4++ + + +4+ + + + + + + + + + + F + + M + + S 4++ 4++ +4+ +4+ 4+ 4++ 4++ +4+ S + + + + + + 4 + S - - - - - - 4+4++4+++ +4+ 4++ +4+ +4+ 4++ 4++ 4._ + S (+ + + + 4 S 3 + S 1+ + + + + + + +1 ..+M+M++-+++-. 7 _ M - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Seed Beater 642. Hoop and sticks (twined together) 643. Twined parallel warp ...... 644. Stick used as seed beater .... (Hdbk., 695). * *' * * * * * *0 * * * ' Winnowing and Sifting Tray 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. Circular Coiled Decorated. Triangular Oval Twined Openwork Closework. Winnower used for parching Coiled parching, gambling, etc., tray * . . * . . . . * . . . . * I * *ted (impore Water Bottle 655. Rounded bottom (Hdbk., pl. 55e) . . . 656. Diagonal twine ........... 657. Pitched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658. Coiled ..... 659. Decorated . ... 660. Bottom cut out of Basket Hopper old basket to make Carrying Basket 661. Truncated cone .......... 662. Coiled .............. 663. Decorated. 664. Carried in net .......... 665. Sometimes used for cooking .. 666. True conical, pointed ....... 667. Twined .............. 668. Close. 669. Open ............... Trinket Basket 670. Coiled .............. 671. Globular ............. 672. Woven decoration ......... Mis cellaneous 673. Open-twined "bucket" (all-purpose basket) 673a.Open-twined leaching basket ....... 674. Roughly twined "fish baskets". Basketry Materials 675. Epicampes rigens ............ 676. Rush (Juncus sp.) .. 677. Stem split, for design . 678. Whole stem for twining 681. Willow .................. 682. Stem ............... t683. Basketry made by (M,F) .... .... +i+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + S +1+ - + + + R + + - + + - S + + _ S S - ++ + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++S + + (+ IS + + + + + + + + ++ - S S + + S + + + + + ++ + + ++ + F + + + + + + + + F F + + (+) + + + + + + + + F F F IF F F - S - - S - + + + + S-S + +++* + + ++ *.+ +++* + ++++ + * +. + + + ++*_ _-_ (+)-(+ + + + + + + + + F F F F F F F + - - . S _ + + * _ + + + ++ *S + S S - + F I 94 0 o w 0 0 Cs 0) cc$ ;>.b ';s Cs cd P., IC P-# Cd ?:: -'A 4-) 0 co E--f P? r-I r-i . cd 14 4 RI P ?l Ro C=l P PL.) ?A ?A U 34 i-04 ?4 Q P P ?-q u uo U C-) C gap I I I t I 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . : , , : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . : CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 21 94 o 0 w w~>b0 QI tb d ______-4 -)0 - ~ -i-k - A 4Zi) WEAVING AND NETTING Rabbitskin Blankets, Textiles String foundation, hand wrapped .+... . . . . . . . . . + + + + ++ + + + + - .;Perforated or split stick to twist skin (on self) - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 2-pole horizontal frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -)+ + ++++ ++ + - +++-+ 686a.Frame vertical .-................ . - -+)-?-- - - - - - _ Warp wrapped around pegs in ground . . . . . . . . . . . (+) }*Wefts of string ........... . + .++++ + +++.- +-+ +-++ . + Wefts of fur-wrapped string .. . + ? . . . ? . . . . . . Twined across . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (+) ++( ++ ++ ++ .+ 690a.Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +(-)- -(+ + .. Coiled....... ........... ____+ __._ _+._ Sex of maker (M,F) ................... . F tIviF 1MMM h+MlM M+F ? M Robes for sleeping ............... ... . + +++++++ ++++ +++ + + ;Robes for wear ..................... + +S+++++ +S+- +SSS+ i Twined sweat-pads of Yucca fiber (R) .-.-.-.?.?.+.?.?.?.?. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,Willow bark (mats, breecholoths, etc.), twined ... . . - - - - - - - -+ - (Willow bark (mats, breecholoths, etc.), checker . . . . . + Mats Of tule stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + R - - - .Of Juncus ...... . . (+) (-) (-) +.+ * R + Twined ......................... + -__++ +++ +. ++--- Sewn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For sleeping mat .+.-........... .... ... +++ + For sacred bundle ............. .... .. . + +++(-)+++ +R R +R - - - For private (shamans I)bundles ...... . ....... . + + ++ +- Cordage Apocynum ........................ . +++++ + +++ ++ +S+ Milkweed.. .. . + +++ ++ Nettle ... . . . . . .. . . _ . . Agave or Yucca . ... . . + + ++++ + + ++ S ,Himan hair .)..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . +.+ .+ + (+) + Whole Yucca, etc., leaves for tying (e.g., house) ... . + + ++ +++ + + ++++ + ++ Club for pounding Agave or Yucca leaves . . . . . . . . . + + +++ + Deer-rib scraper for Apocynum .-... . . . . . . . . . . + ++ . + + - ++ - _(+ - Stone scraper for same (makeshift). . ......................-.-+ ? - - - - - - - - - _ 2-ply string.. . ........... (+ +++++++++++ +++ + + 3-ply string ..... . (+. + + . + . . S + + . - --+ (+)+ 715. Bowstring only.. ............. (+ +++_ + + + Rolledonthigh .. ........... . + ++++++++ +++ +++++ Sex of maker (M,F;+= both) ............... . M M M +MMMM +MM M+ + M Nets 1 stick for net shuttle (like kite string) ........ . - - - . ? - - - - - - - - - - - 718a.Ball of string (no shuttle) ... . . . . . . . . . . + +++ -+--- 2 sticks for net shuttle (parallel) .. . (+. . . . . . . . + +_ + 2 sticks for net shuttle (crossed). . ..- . - - + + + Stick for mesh spacer ..... . . . . ... . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - _ Fingers for mesh spacer .......... ... . (+) +++++++ _ +++ +++++ Reversed slip knot. ............ . ++.+ + .-+ Square knot ............. . __._. - .......... - ._ _ ._. + - Men tie nets ................... . + ++++++++ +++ +++++ Burdens Large back net ("hammock") ............... . + + ++ + ++++++ +++++ Woven pack strap .................... + +++ +++++++ ++++- Buckskin pack strap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ Across head ................... . + +++ +++++++ +++ F Across shoulder, chest ............ . .. . _ - - - - - M T- I II ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 731. Netted bags ... ........... 732. Used for cleaning cactus fruits, etc. 733. Coolie yoke ................ 734. For strings of fish ......... T735. Carrying on head ............. 736. Fiber rings for ........... 737. Jars of water ............ 739. Carrying on shoulder ........... 740. Litter (ladder-like) for sick or dead 741. Net for sick or dead .......... CRADLES 742. U-ladder (Hdbk., pl. 39b). 743. Cross sticks extend out ....... 744. Cross sticks dowelled, wrapped 745. Twined basketry hood (horizontal warp). 746. Plaited, vegetable-fiber belt ...... 746a.Buckskin belt ............... 747. Belt laced back and forth ......... 748. Wrapped around ........... 749. Fiber mattress, woven. 749a.Fiber mattress, unwoven. 750. Sex of child indicated .......... 751. Colors of wrapping belt (recent ?). . 752. Hood design ............. 1753. Sex of maker (M,F; + = both) ). ...... 753a.Cradle strap across forehead 753b.Cradle balanced on head. 753c.Cradle held against hip .......... POTTERY 754. Temper for clay ........ 755. Sherd . 756. Crushed rock ...... 757. Ashes (8! ) '758. No tempering (already in 759. Coiled . . 760. Bottom molded over knee 761. Bottom molded over pot 762. Paddle and cobble .... 762a.Two cobbles ....... 763. Paddle and pottery anvil 764. Firing in open wood fire . . . 765. Firing in pit ......... * . . . . .. . Shapes 766. Rounded bottom ......... 767. Hemispheroid (sides rounded, max. 768. Flaring rim ........... 768a.Small-mouthed jar. 769. Spheroid (max. diam. at belly). 770. Vertical neck. 771. Vertical neck, flaring rim . 772. Shallow parching tray or dish 773. Oval parching tray ....... 774. Bottom of broken pot for parching 775. Oval dipper ........... 776. "Bird's-head handle" 777. Large bowl for ferrying. 778. Rim bound with fiber *779. Incising . . . . . . * ray . . . . . at mouth) .. . .. . .. . .. . J4,C-)c C- C) C-) C Q )I 0I- F + + F F(-)- + + _-_ + + ( ) - + +-+ + . + +-+ + - + M MF F S S -S- -+ - -+ + + + + + + +-+ + F + + + F F F - - - + +-+ - -(- + (+).X + + + ++ - -+ _ _ _ - (-) (I +++ + ++ + ++ + ++ ++++ + ++ . ++ + + ++ . ++ + + ++ *.++ + -++ + + _1+ (-)+ - + (+)+ - + + h + + + +(+ . + (+) + +(+ - (-2 _ k -+ F F (-(- + + + + _+_ ++ + + + + _+_ + + _+_ + + ++ R+ + + + + + F + + + + + + + + -S FF + + + + S R + +S S + + + + +_ _ _ - (+) + + + - + -+_ + + - + + + ++S _ ( +. - (-) + + + + + -S ++ +++ S+ S RS ++ S S F +1 + + + + + + + F (+) + + (+) + _b + S + + + + + + + + . + ~ + + I + + + 22 - - - - - - CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I. Painting (R,B; + = both). 781. Handprints . . . . t. Pot-rests of stone . . . t783. Number ...... v, >~~~~~~~~~~~ NA1 UAl1E :784. Bal] . To point and return . Wooden ball . . Stone ......... T. hrown with feet . . . . Speed wins ...... . One on a side . . Two on a side . 792. Kick alternately, . Number of sides 794. Any ....... . Sides are clans . Betting ........ 1 or Stick Race * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . orrela'y ea'ch' * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . 797. Shinny a.Wood ball ............. . Stuffed buckskin ball ....... p.Stick for propulsion ....... 799. Bent stick (slightly curved). 800. Curved stick ........ . Thrown with feet Completely buried at start of game . Ball hit on ground ........ Ball picked up and batted. Two separate games: "on ground" and 805a .1en and women play (separately) . Grappling permitted. .Goal one post each end field . . . .Goal 2 posts each end field . .Goal line on ground each end field .One goal wins ........... . Definite number on a side. Betting .............. I I * . * . . * . . * . . * *r * .* * .* other * @ * * * * - * w * w * * - * w * @ "in * @ * * * * * * * * * * * * . * . . * . . * .* * . . * .* air" . t814. Hoop and Pole Game 4.Plain hoop ........ 6. Cord- or bark-wrapped hoop 6. Plain poles ........ 7. Notched poles ....... B. Pole through hoop scores B. Pole under hoop scores Q. Pole over hoop scores . Successive points, only, col . Number of points . Number of sides ...... . Number on a side ..... . Cast poles in turns . . Cast poles simultaneously 7. Betting .......... I i 828. .One pin ........ :. One string of rings . . , With acorn cups .... . With squash rinds , With rabbit skull . . . Spiral scoring circuit V:. * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . .. . . * . . . . . unt . . . . * . . . . . * . . . .* * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . Ring and Pin * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . . . * . . . . .* H 3 M + + + + + + + R R ++ 3 3 R R +3+ 3 3 R 31 - MMMM -+ +-+ + - - - - - - + + + + - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - _ + + + +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + K ++ + + + + + + + + + ++ + I v] M lv v + +* + 3 R + + + + + + + + + + *.++**.+--.+ 15 4 2 2 1 1 + + (+) + + + + + + *12 *2 *1+ + + + + + + + 2 2 1 1 + +( I 23 I I R R +3+ 3 3 R S + 3 -- R + + + 3 3 3 M M R - - S ++ S 2 2 2 + ++ 222 + 3 M 2 H + 3 M + + + + + + + + + + 3 3 M R + + + + _++ ++ sSS sSS + + 2 2 + + + + + + _+_ + + + + + + ++ + + + + M MIV 5- + 5+ - 22 - - - + ++ + + + + + ++ + +-_ + + + + + + R (+ + + - - - + ++ + + + + ++ l M MEl + + ++ - 4 + + R + + + + + + R + - - -vi - - (5) _ _ +1 --2 --1 5 2 1 + + g cd r4 -W 4--) 0 In E--, PL4 ?-4 1-4 ?-4 i N I 114 ) iluo - - - - - -- - - - (-) - ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS _ a o X _ _ _d _ _ _d h_>_ Pt _d h_ 3 d _ | ) |Z u u u C) 0 0 | 41)1e 834. Cup and ball game ....... . . ... . . . 835. Feathers with weights of piflon gum. .......... t*836. Peon ............. 836a."Bones" hollow, cylindrical . . 837. Wildcat ......................... 838. Coyote ......................... 839. Bird ......................... 840. Both of bone ...................... 842. White of bone; black of wood, etc. ........... 843. White guessed for .................... 844. Position of pairs guessed for .............. 845. Wrist or finger loops .................. 846. 4 pairs ......................... 847. Each player holds 1 in 1 hand, other empty ....... 849. Arranged behind modern blanket (R) ........... 850. Hiding in hands, crossed, under armpits ......... t851. Number of players on side ................ $852. Number of counters ................... 853. Referee holds counters at start ............. 854. Referee called "koi'me" *855. Same game played by individuals, 1 arranging all 4 pairs under basket ..................... t856. Hidden Ball 856a.Stick, pebble, etc., hidden . 857. 4 sand heaps ........... 858. One guess only .......... 859. 3 guesses, last counts ...... $'*60. Number of counters ........ 861. In neutral pile at start ..... *Dice Games 862. 863. 864. 865. 1866. $867. 868. 869. 870. 871. 872. t873. 874. 875. 876. 877. Wood, split sticks Inside painted Wood tablets, painted Canes, split Number of dice Number of counters . . . Score marked on ground Scoring circuit; "kill" wi Dice thrown in air . . . Dice struck on stone . . Half walnut (?) shells, wi Number Thrown on basket . .. Foot-bone dice (bovine) Single die (faces count). Number of counters . . . h* 'm e * ' ** i* g*u a * d' he meet. . . * . . * . . * .* * . . * .* beads' * .* * .* . . .* * * . Games, Toys t878. Jacks ............... $879. Number ........... 880. Stones ........... 881. Acorns ........... 882. Acorn top ............. 883. Pottery disk top ......... 884. Cat's cradles . . 885. Played by (M,F; + = both). t886. Juggling with pebbles, acorns, etc. $887. Juggling with small gourds, etc. t888. Archery games ........... 889. Stationary marks 890. Mark thrown, shot ......... M + S S + + + 4 15 + + + R 8 + M M(+)M M + _-+ + ++ S ++ S + S - - S - + R + + + + _-_ 4 4 44 4 5 15151515 . + + + + + 4 + MM R + + + _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 4 4 15 * 15 R S M + + + + + + 4 4 1515 + + M RM + R + + R+ + R + + + + + I + + + (+)RIR - RI+ + ++ + + + + -++ + - + +-+ L515 15 1510 R+ R +- S +- S + R- 4 44 151515 R + 4 15 R R M + + +- + +- 7 * - 15b* - _ R - - R - R - - F 5 + FF *5 ++ RR ++ FF M + + F F F 8 * 5 - - - .FFF 8m 5 _+ + + + + + + + KMM +5S + + F 5 + 5 * 5 - - - + ++ F F F M M M + + + + . 4 * 10 + _ + +-+ (4) 4 4 204 - - - - - - - R R + + FF 10 5 + + + + F F MM + + + + () - R - + - - - R * + + *.+ * F- F + + + M I + + + M +- + IL + + + + + + + + + 4 J2 + + + R + + + I I I I I I 0 24 I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 25 _ 400ow d o d _ -- d w d X > A d Cd :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C N 9 -' 4- aX S > 9 E-1 S s MONEY 1. Olivella disk money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++)++++++. . ? - - - _- R. Ceremonial use only .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ + + + + ++ + B. Owned by ceremonial leader .?.?.-.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. . + + + + ++ + i."Measured around hand ....... + + + + ++ + 5. Measured by fathom, or 1/2 fathom .- - - - - +- - - - .. ? - - - $.Imported, not made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . PIPES 1. Tubular .................... . . . . .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3.Cane ............................... . ++ +++ R+ - - + ++- i,Wood ......................... . + ++ ++ R+ + _+ )a.Stone .. . . ...-.+.+.?.+.+.?.?......... -+ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ ).Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + S + L. Double-bowl pottery pipe .?.?.-.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?...?. _SS + . - _ |,Wild tobacco gathered ................. . + + + + ++++++++ + + + + + |. Mixed with herbs, etc., for smoking ... . + _ _ . + + - + + + * + _ I. Stored in jar. . . ...... + _+ +++ +++ +++ S .Stored in trinket basket ............... . + + _ + + + + + . + . Stored in canes (prepared cigarettes) ..... . . . . . + . Young men smoke .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. - - - - - - - - +? - - - - - - _ .Women smoke .............. . S - - - - - ( - - S + + - - - - - .Tobacco eaten as emetic .. ........... + .+ +.+. . + + _ _ _ ...............-.-.-_-+-_-_ MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 3.Gourd rattle with palm seeds . . . . . . . . . .). . . . R + + +- - - - - - - - - - . Gourd rattle with pebbles ... . .. (+, -). _ _ - R R R R R R - - - - + .Turtle-shell rattle ...... ..+. + _ _ _ . .+ + + + . + .... . . . . . . .. +.+ + _ Imported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .Deer-hoof rattle .... . . . . .. . . . + + + ++ + + _ - + + + + LHooves in bunch. . . ........ . _ ++++ ++++ -_ +++ +- 918. Loop handle. + .Split-stick rattle . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . _..... (+, .2 sticks tapped together . . . . ........ . . . . + + ++++ + + + + + Notched rasp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - _ *+ .Basket scraped ........... . . ........ + + + + + + + ++++ . Basket drummed . . .. . .. . ... . . ... . . . . . . - - - - - - _ *+ Bull-roarer ... + .+ + + ++ ++ + + R + + + R+ .Edges notched..+ _ + .+ . ++ + + Ceremonial use only (to assemble people, etc.). . + + + + +++++ ++ + - + CToy ._ . - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - + Musical bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - )+ S ;Hunting bow used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +)+ - -+ - _ Bone whistle (single) . . + ---_ + +(-? _ - - - - - - Wood whistle (cane or elder)l.. . . . . _ R- . (+ + - - + + - Gourd stem (?) .. .. + - ! Amusement (imitate bird calls, etc.) .+ + + _ Flute ............... . + R+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Wood or cane . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + + + + + (+) + ++ + ++ + + + + + Number of holes . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . 4 4+ 4 4 4 4 4 (4) 4 4 * 6 6 4 4 4 4 Mouth blown ........ ........ . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + End blown. ............... . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ( + Amusement only ...... . ......... +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .F1ageolet ........................ CALENDARS AND COUNTING 6-month calendar round .. . . . . ....... .... ... . . - - . - - - + (+ Solstices recognized (by natural landmarks) . .. . + (+ + .Seasonal names only (?) ................. + + + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 942. b43. 944. 945. 946. Stars as month markers ..... Stars as season markers (?). . . Numeral system decimal ..... Quinary: counting by fives only Quinary ASTRONOMY, ETC. 947. Orion - mountain sheep, left-handed hunter and 948. Pleiades G 3 (?) girls or women ....... 949. N. star = rump (of wildcat ? ) represented by tion which revolves about it ....... 950. N. star = one end of Coyote's net ...... 951. Milky Way = Dust (ashes) road ........ 952. Milky Way = Wildcat's road .... . .. . . 953. Milky Way = Sky's back, or backbone ..... 955. Hand, fingers . . . . . .. 956. Buzzard ................ 957. Coyote ................. 958. Coyote's cane 959. Coyote's ears 960. Coyote's testes 961. Lazy star ............... 962. Jealous star .............. 963. Falling stars = star feces .......... 964. Indifferent (not omen) ......... 965. Tobacco thrown by spirits ....... 966. Meteor cannibal spirit ............ 968. Bad omen or dangerous 969. Eclipse of moon caused by spirits eating moon 970. Dragonflies eating moon ........... 971. Shamans watch (to see who will die). ..... 972. Shamans try to call spirits back ....... 973. People sing, shout .............. 974. Turn vessels over .............. 974a.Children hidden ............... 975. 976. 977. *78. 979. 980. 981. 982. 983. 984. 985. 986. 987. 988. 989. 990. 991. 992. 993. 994. t995. t996. 997. arrow . * . . * & constella- * * * * * * * * * * * * . * * * * * * * . . . . * * * * * . . . * . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * . * * . . . . * . . * * . * * . . . . . . . . * * * * * * * * . * . * * . . . . * * * * New Moon Observances etc. Running Shouting (for health, long life, etc.) Bathing Position of horns significant Horizontal'- rain ............ Horizontal = drought ........... Vertical = rain ............. Vertical = drought. Various Rainbow shows where caterpillars fall Rainbow shows where wild seeds fall . . . Rainbow not pointed at .......... Rainbow = Wolf's guts (myth). Thunder male ............... Thunder small boy running Thunder (loud) old woman ......... Thunder caused by Wolf .......... Dislikes pregnant women (must hide) . Lightning = his throwing stick ...... Lightning = his arrow .......... Earthquake person under world turning over Sun (F lit . . .. Moon (M,F) ................ Sky, Earth = M,F ............. + + (+ (+ _ + + + ++++ +I + + + + + + +-+ + + - + + + + + + + + + + *+ + + + + + + + + + +-- + + (-I + + .MMMMM MM F F F F F F F 26 P- IC0 0 E 4 w -b :1b? $L d H: -44P I *(-) + (+) :?I2 ++_ (++ + + + + + + + + +1. + + + +I+I+ + + I-0 .4 4.) ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++ ++ + + + ( + .4 + .+ + .+ + + + (4 (4 4 + F + + --_+ + + + ++ * (+) + (+) . + + + + + ++ - + . * + i 14 + . + . 1+ . + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 27 $L ; 0Cd(1 d Cd ( d t> Cd d 0bX C |- CQI e: -W 4- N U|' PE4 t r- (L ) -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - )uC3; 9 p 1 8. Coyote in moon ..................... . + C9. 4 cardinal directions . + +++++ + +++ ++ +)+ + . 4-color direction symbolism .-... .. . . . . . . .. . - - - -(+) ? - . . + + + 1. 4 sacred mountains ............. . . + ? . . . . _ la.l sacred mountain (from which people dispersed) .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Marriage 2.Arranged by parents .. . . . ..+ + + +++ +++++_ _ Presents (indeterminate amount), for bride . ..... . + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + S - Food presents (only) for bride .. . . . . ..... . . S + + + + + + + ++ + + +++ - 5.No payments or presents .. . . . .. . SS- ---S ----s+ + Baskets, food, exchanged .. . . .+ + - - -(+)- _ _ . Marriage feast by groom's side . . . . . + ++ S S + S(S)+ + - S . First residence patrilocal . . . . ..... . . . . . . + +++++++++ + + + + - 1009. Husband's parents' house . . . .... + + + + 5 5+ ++ ++5 + 5 + + - O First residence matrilocal ...... . . . . .... S - S- -S - -S - S - S S - 1011. Ill-thought of . . . . . . . _ 1012. Wife's parents' house ... . . . ....-.. . . S - S + +_ + _ + + _ . Final residence patrilocal ... . . . . ....... . + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + - . Final residence matrilocal ... . . . . . . . ... . . . - S - S - _S - - - - S - S - _ .No definite rule .-. . -.-. .... ..-.. (+)?-? - - ______?+ .Polygyny . . . ...... . + -S + -S+ + + ++ + + + + + Sororate (simultaneous) .. . . . .. + _(-)(+)(_ +++ - *+++ ++++ Sororate (successive) .. . . . ..+ +++ + ++++ +++++++ S Sororate optional .. . .. .- + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + Levirate (any kinsman of husband) .... + ++++ + ++ +++ ++++ S 1023. Optional .... . ..+ ++ - + + *+ + - +++++ .Child betrothal . . . .. . .-.. . .... +-+. * .+_ +++ ++ _ Child betrothal: rare ......... .... .... . + - + + (+)++++ - . Moiety exogamy . . ..+ ++++ + . Moiety exogamy observed in marriages to other tribes . . (+) +(+)+ -+ . - - - - - - - - - . Clan exogamy (exclusive of no. 1026) ..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + Marriage into mother's clan permitted (if no kinship) - - - ++ +? - - - - - - _ - -+ S + . Marriage of (recognized) kin taboo ..... + + + ++++ + +++++ + + + *Baerdaches , Berdaches .* - @ @ - @ @ @ * * * - . _ _ _ . ._ _ _ _ + .+ 1042. Berdaches live with men . . . . . . . - - - - - _ - - S S + + 1043. Female berdaches .-.. . . . . . . . . . + 1044. Berdache-making ritual . ... . . . . . - + Divorce, Adultery, etc. .Divorce for laziness ........ . . .. . ..... + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + Divorce for incompatibility . . . ..... . . + + ++ + + + + ++(+-+ + + Divorce for barrenness . . . . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + .Divorce for infidelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + Adulterous wife and paramour not killed .. . . . .. .. S S + + + + + + + + (-)+ + + + Remarriage of widow (not levirate) without payments . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + No definite rule for custody of children .-.-. . . . . . _ _ + Woman takes children . .+ + Kinship Usages JMother-in-law, son-in-law restrictions . . . . . . . . . .- +++++ (+ - 1054. Respect ("no obscenity") .. . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + - - - - + + + R + - 1055. Speak little .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1056. For life .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + + . ++ + + +. + Father-in-law, daughter-in-law restrictions . .... . . . + - _ - + + + + + ++ - 1058. Respect ("no obscenity") .. . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - +- - - + + + + + + - Brother-sister restrictions .. . . . .... . . . . . . + )(-)(- + - - + + - 1060. Speak little .*? . . . . . _ + + + S + + + + + i I 28 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1061. Respect ("no obscenity"). 1062. Joking relationships .................. 1063. Anyone of opposite moiety ............ 1064. Mother's brother (recipr.) ............ 1065. Mother's sister (recipr.). 1066. Father's brother (recipr . . 1067. Father's sister (recipr.) . 1068. Cross-cousins same sex. 1069. Cross-cousins opposite sex ............ 1070. Grandparents ................... 1071. Brothers-in-law sisters-in-law .......... 1072. Brother-in-law may name dead ........... 1073. Adoption of captive children .............. 1074. Prisoner "slaves" (war captives)t.i .......... 1074a.Killed for revenge ................ 1075. Female war captives ................... 1076. Not violated ................... Sociopolitical Organizat ion 1077. Large tribes ...................... 1078. Wildcat-Coyote exogamous moieties. 1078a.Nonlocalized patrilineal clans ............. 1078b.Women carry clan names ................. 1079. Localized clan lineages (named). 1080. Ceremonial units ................. 1081. Priest-fetish-house complex ........... 1082. Linked ceremonial relationships ......... 1083. Parties (as ceremonial units) .............. 1084. Nonhereditary .................. 1085. Priest-fetish-house complex 1086. Nonexogamous ................... 1086a.Linked ceremonial relationships 1087. No change of affiliation at marriage (if into another party) ................ Chiefs and Officials 1088. Chief called net, nuut, nota .............. 1089. Chief called kiko .................... 1090. Chief called kwaipai .................. 1091. Chief called kwoxot ................... 1092. Chief called towintem .................. 1093. Hereditary ....................... 1094. Primogeniture .................. 1095. Any son (most able)l. e. ............ 1096. Brother (before son) ............... 1097. Woman could be .................. 1098. Nonhereditary ............... - 1099. Informally acknowledged ............. 1100. Dream power ................... 1101. Owned, lived in ceremonial house ............ 1102. Custodian of sacred bundle ............... 1103. Called and directed rituals ............... 1104. (Nominal) owner of wild-food tracts ........... 1105. Owned eagles ...................... 1106. Cared for captive eaglets ................ 1107. Prayed or sang first at rituals ............. 1108. Spoke, "counseled" people. 1109. Kept scalps and captives 1109a.Was expected to give feasts, be generous ........ 1110. One for tribe ...................... 1111. One for each clan .................... 1112. One for each clan lineage ................ 1113. One for each party ................... 1113a.One for each district .................. I CULTURE ELEMi. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA I A1 I B - P 199 >2 91@^X; e ^AkI _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ w r>b 0 Ib +4 Cd ~:: -"A 4+)' 0 19 E--l 1~ r-I -~l 0 ~4 r-I , 9 (L) CIQ))~~ PC.P) I5)~Au- - : Assistant Chief 4. Called takwa ( "a" in nos. 1122-1144). 1115. paha (= "b'") 1116. kutvavanavac ("c") 1117. kutvovac ( "d") . . . . . . 1118. pumutcvi ("e"). 1119. kaponyal ("f " ). 1120. kopitchitc, kwitchuip kwusesetcatc L Hereditary (+ = all; a-f, see 1114-1120) 1123. Primogeniture 1124. Any son (most able) . . Selected by chief ............. Woman could be .............. Chief's messenger . ). Chief 's announcer. Divided food (at rituals) ......... Rabbit-drive boss (lit fire to assemble men 1. Kept order at rites ............ Carried ceremonial wand at rites ..... i. "Clowning" at rites ............ $1136. Fire or water thrown on sleepers . . t1137. On poor dancers .......... Painted half red and half black ...... Led "blowing" (ritual grunting expiration). Used bull-roarer to assemble people . Fire tender at rituals .......... Burned dead ................ 'Ceremonial cannibalism" . One for each clan or party ........ . Separate war chief ............ By dream power . Keeper of scalps ............. . Special war regalia ............ 1150. Feathered stave ("banner") ... 1151. Two eagle feathers in hair ... 1152. Red paint on hair ......... 1153. All-black face (body) paint . 1154. Orators ...... I* . I* . I* . I. if if I io Office from dream power . . Temporary rabbit-drive boas (chief appoints). Temporarily appointed fire tender. Clan chiefs (not ceremonial leaders). .... `Property and Inheritance . Land held in commonalty ........... Clan-owned gathering tracts. Chief nominal owner of lands ........ Privately (household) owned tracts ..... Privately (household) owned fields i Boundaries recognized by natural landmark Boundaries marked with stones, etc...... Clan-owned eagle nests ........... Moiety-owned songs ............. Clan-owned songs .............. .,Privately owned (shamans') songs ...... . "All" property destroyed at (after) death . . . Wrestling match to settle boundary disputes . Warfare No real wars ..... . . . . Feuds over poaching, witchcraft, murder, etc. - - - - - - * + + + b b b b b b b b b b b *b b b a b b b t+- + +++ + +(- +.++++ g + f f (g) g f f f (g) g g ggg g g gbg f . f f ff f f *f-- f f *f-- b- f f f f f f f ff f f f f fg b b b b a + a ad _ + + + + + + b -j L b b e b (b) bb- bb- b (b I b e b b *be a e e a a e + + +4 -- + + (+) ++ + - 4 4 4 + + + + _-- F-- + + + + +- - - - +4++ +++ - - +4 + + + + + + + + + + S + + + + + + + +- + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + W)()()()() _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ +++++ _ _ _ _ _ (+) _ _ _ + + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 d d a d d d d d b b b d b d 29 i 4 .4 b b b f E E E Ln't E E . E -f i- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 1178. War for adventure ............. 1179. War dance of incitement .......... 1180. Feast, "good time" for departing warriors . 1181. War dreams by chief ............ 1182. By war leader ........... 1183. War omens: animal coming into camp bad . . 1184. Lunar eclipse bad ......... 1185. Solar eclipse good ......... 1186. War paint black .............. 1187. Red paint on hair ............. 1188. Feathers tied in hair ........... 1189. Radiating feather bonnet on net foundation 1190. Declaration of war, and prearranged battles 1192. Surprise attacks . . . . . . . . . . . 1193. Lone enemy ambushed ............ 1194. Divided armament (bowmen, clubmen, etc.) 1195. Scouts 1196. Owl calls ................. 1197. War chief office ............. 1198. Peace chief accompanies party ....... 1199. Peace chief does not fight ........ 1200. Scalps taken ............... 1201. Scalp: whole skin of head with ears . 1202. Special scalper (dreams power to scalp) 1203. Returned warriors purified ........ 1204. Fast (meat, salt taboo) . . . . . 1205. Bathe ............... 1206. Vomit (emetic or irritant) ..... 11207. Number of days of restrictions 1208. Victory dance with scalp on pole 1209. Women captives enslaved .......... 1210. Sometimes killed for revenge 1211. Children captives adopted. 1212. High esteem of bravery .......... LIFE CRISES Birth Medical Treatment 1214. Parturition in dwelling house ......... 1214a.Parturition outside (but no hut for) 1214b.Parturient sits at delivery .......... 1214c.Parturient kneels at delivery ......... 1214d.Supported from rear by midwife. 1214e.Holds to cords from roof ........ 1215. Holds to stake ............. 1216. Midwife assists ................ 1217. Shaman assists difficult births ........ -1218. Navel cord bitten off ............. 1219. Navel cord cut with stone knife ........ 1220. Navel cord buried ............... 1221. Navel cord placed in cave ........... 1222. Afterbirth buried ............... 1223. Afterbirth buried in house .......... 1224. Childbirth drink for mother . 41225. "Baking" in shallowA brush-lined pit. 1226. Child's head, face shaped" .......... 1227. Child laid on back of head to produce occipital ing . . .. . . . 1228. Mother and child bathed daily . r1229. Mother remains in pit . . . days s....... 11230. Mother remains in pit "month" ......... 1232. Navel cord detaches in . . . days ...... 1233. Mother's breasts "doctored" to cleanse . * . . * . .* . . . . * . . . . . . + + + +rk _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -+ -+ + + ++ + -4E + ++ + + ++ + 4+ -- - + + +1 1DO10 * wl4 - ;F B R _ _ 4 - - - - - - - - - ++. + ++ + + + + + + 3-3+-3 _? _ _?(_ ?._ ? .4 _ _ _ ? .4 _ _ _ ? C _ _ _( _ ? _ _ _ _( _- ? 4__ _ _- ? 4__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' - ? + _ _ _ _ ?___ S * +++++f- -+ + _ _ _ _ _ _ + + _ _ -*+ _ _ ++ _ _ + - _ + + _ + + _ _ R+ + + S + - _ + + - _ __- - -- + +_ 20+k+k+k4 4 4 _(+w)+wc 4 .4+ 30 4. S 4.o 4..1 I. 4..~ i. +. I t _ 4 + +- + + + + + 4 0 w :3 ?-b ?:: -W 0 PL CO r--i -'4 u CDC) u u 0 :3 Q Q PL4 1.4 1-4 C:) F I I I N 0 I -1 1 4 0 1 A - 1. 4 F .1 t . I j I i k I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA cd 1i0nv'1*c E-' a ____________________________________]j~~~~~~~~ 1 Pi V-4iP i- Restrictions on Mother r.1234. Cold water taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . 4235. Meat, fat taboo ............. W1236. Salt taboo ............... .1237. Scratching stick ............ 1238. Work taboo ............... t1240. Loud talk taboo ............. 1241. Purification rite to remove taboos 1242. Bathing ............. 1243. Emetic. t1244. Face painted (R,B,W) ....... F.244a.Duration of food, etc., taboos . . . days 1245. Duration of food, etc., taboos "month" Restrictions on Father Meat, fat taboo. Salt taboo ............ Cold water taboo ..... Scratching stick .................. Bathes daily for 4 days ............... Agricultural work taboo. ..... . . . Hunting, fishing taboo ............... Travel taboo .................... Lies down ............. ........ Gathers firewood, etc. (for woman's pit)....... Gambling taboo ................... Some men have good luck at this time ........ Runs for endurance ............. . . . Duration of restrictions (other than food)... days Duration of food taboos. Sex restrictions till child weaned. Sex restrictions . . . months ............ Various 263. Infanticide: deformed killed 264. Abortion: by binding . . . . . . 65. Abortion: by lifting . . . . . . 66. Abortion: by blows ....... 267. Twins not killed; esteemed 268. Twins visited by older twins 269. If one dies, other will follow 70. Twins have special power ("one or shaman'"). 71. Special heaven for souls of twins 72. Reincarnation of dead twins . . . 73. Presents giver to twins for luck * * ... * . . both'su're' * * * * * @ * * @ * * * * - * * @ * * e to be * * e * * e * * * * Mutilations 274. Ears pierced soon after birth (0-3 yrs.) . . . 274a.Ears pierced in childhood ........... 275. Ears pierced at puberty ... 276. Nose piercing soon after birth . 277. Nose piercing at puberty ........... 278. Piercer a kinsman ............... 279. Piercer paid I . . . . 182. Nose piercing "any time" . . 83. Girl's tattoo before puberty. ........ 184. Girl's tattoo at puberty ........... 185. Girl's tattoo after puberty i"any time") . |6 . Boy's tattoo after puberty ( any time') .. 7. Milk teeth thrown at rising sun ........ 188. Milk teeth thrown over child's head by relative 1- 4- 4- 1- 1- 4I w t- + + (+1 + ++ ++ ++ + ++ (-) + + + + + + + (+) + + (+) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++_ + + + + + + + - - - - - - +(-) 3+ 40 *30Ca - S ++ - E + + +~ S + - + + (+) + + + - + - - + - + ( - - - (+ (4) - + (4 + S() + (+; -4, + 40 * + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (-)- + + (+) + + + -+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + + + - - + + + + - - wk2+ 4 - wk - 303C 1 -3-2a-12 -(+) + +I+ + + + + +1- - - - + + - (_ - (4) +4+ - _ _ _ - _ t - - - - - - a - - 4 - - - _ + _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ + . _ * _ _ . + - - - + - + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + 4 L246. 1247. 1248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 53. 254. 55. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. I 4 4 + +- +- 4 + 4 4 + 4- _- A 1- F- + .q I f I .4 31 . (- 4 I I i i I 4 _ (+ 4 + + q + + t + _ _ s f- F 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I -liT [ ____________________________________i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~Th ~~~~ ~~ Names 1289. Naming soon after birth ......... 1290. Naming ca. puberty ........... 1291. Fiesta for naming ............ 1292. Family affair only ........... 1293. Naming at time of another ritual .... 1294. Naming by mother's brother ....... 1295. Naming by paternal kinsman ....... 1296. Ears and nose pierced same time ..... 1297. Enemy songs sung ............ 1298. Names used in address .......... Girls' Puberty Restrictions 1299. Meat taboo ............... 1300. Grease taboo .............. 1301. Salt taboo ............... 1302. Cold water taboo ..... T11303. Duration food taboos: . . . days . 1304. Duration food taboos: indefinite . 1305. Girl confined in house ......... 1306. Girl talks little ............ 1307. Girl sleeps little ........... 1308. Girl may not work ............ 1309. Girl covered or veiled to go outside 1310. Rabbitskin robe over head . 1311. Basket over head ......... 1312. "Brush" visor .......... 1313. Scratching stick of wood 1314. Face paint (R,B,W; + = all) ....... Public Rite with Pit Roasting 1315. 1317. 1318. 1319. 1320. t1321. 1322. 1323. ^1324. 1325. 1327. 11328. 1329. 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333. 1339. 1340. 1341. 1342. 1343. 1344. 1345. 1346. 1347. For all girls ............... One at a time (i.e., at first menses) ........ Several together, only one menstruating ....... Several together, all prepubescent ......... Prominent men's daughters only ........... Season (W,Sp,Su,F) No fixed season. Clan or party ceremony ............... Rite conducted by affiliated clan or party ..... Pit in ceremonial enclosure. Pit outdoors (no enclosure) ............. Girl(s) in pit . . . days .............. Rite conducted by paha ............... Rite conducted by ceremonial assistant (if different) Girls cared for by old woman ............ Each girl cared for by separate woman sponsor .. Girl(s) brought to pit ritually. 1334. Covered with mat or blanket ......... 1335. Face covered with "grass" or "brush" visor . . 1336. Girl(s) carried to pit by women ....... 1337. Tobacco drink as virtue test (before enter pit) 1338. Tobacco drink as emetic ........... Girls covered with "brush" in pit .......... Faces covered with cap ... Faces covered with openwork basket . Faces covered with brush visor Laid face down ... Girl(s) wore "crown" of "brush;" or flowers. Girl(s) wore flower garlands on arms, legs Girl(s) wore human-hair bands on arms, legs ..... Girl(s) wore hunger belts. + + + + + + 1 + + + + 4+303+594 + + + + + + -+ + ++ + +-+ Su - + + + + + +-+ 1 3 + + + 7 + - (-) + + + + + 3+ +f + + + + + + + + 7) + 7)- +3 ++ + + + + - -+ + +- 32 + + *+ S + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-+ ++ + wk-+3 + + + + + + ++ _ + _ 4 + + + + + + + + + 3 + - + + + + + + + + + + 3 + +++ (+ ++ _ - - (-) ( BuS SuSuSpOF _++_ _ +++ +++ .+ + - +++++ + + + -- - + ++ + (+ - + - - - + - + + I I * (+ * (_ * t * t * * CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 148. Faces painted (R,B,W). 149. White paint blown on with mouth ........ 150. Tattooed at this time ............. 51. Girl(s) fed in pit by old woman ........ 52. Girl(s) fed in pit by ceremonial assistant .53. Backs stepped on "to make straight". 154. Hot stone placed on belly ........... 156. Girl(s) taken out of pit by day. 1357. Make flower garlands in hills . 1358. Carried on women's back ........ 59. Girl(s) taken out of pit at night ....... 60. Girl(s) in pit not touched by hand, turned over Dancing at Rite 61. Women dance, in day time. 1362. Around pit, clockwise . . . . . . . . . 1363. Around pit, counterclockwise. 1364. Around pit, alternate directions . . . . 1365. In line ................ . Women wear "brush" crowns ........... . Women carry branches in hands ......... . Women paint (R,B,W; + = all). ......... r Special songs for women's dancing ....... . Enemy songs sung ............... No instruments . . . .s. .. Men dance with women (day time ). Men dance separately (day time) ........ . Men sing only (day time) ........... Men dance Toloache at night .......... Men use Toloache regalia ........... Men use turtle-shell rattles ......... Men use gourd rattles. Men use deer-hoof rattles ... ..... Men sing, dance enemy songs at night .... Singing, no dancing .............. Conclusion of Rite * . . * . .* * . . . * . . . in net. . Sand painting made .................. . Sky, constellations, etc., painted . Birds, animals .................... , Chungichnish represented ............... Painting made of colored earths, seeds, etc. ..... Girl(s) spit in center of sand painting ........ Each girl spits in separate place . Girl(s) spit in 3 holes, jump over them. Spitting is "to see if will live long' . ....... Girls "deloused" (leaves, etc.., combed from hair) Combings buried .................... Hunger belts, regalia, etc., buried .......... Hunger belts, regalia, etc., placed in tree ...... Seclusion, food restrictions, etc., after sand painting 1398. Till next new moon ............... 1399. Indefinite period ............... 1400. Bathing to remove taboos ......... ... . 1401. Emetic to remove taboos 1402. Family feast to remove taboos ......... . Girls painted (R,W,B; + = all)............ 1404. Moiety patterns: spots, Wildcat; lines, Coyote 1406. Daily patterns (i.e., varied) ......... Girls bathed ritually ................. Girls race ...................... Girls race anyone can join .............. .Girl runs (not race)e.)............... Rock painting ..................... Rite only once for each girl ............. I I I l + + + + + + + + + _+ 4 + -+ + - - - B + + + + + _- _ + + + _- _ () - + + -+ + + (+.) - + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + l i i i _ l ll - RBM- - B - + + - - - + + + -(+)- + + - - + - + + - - + _++ _++ + + + + + + (-2 + + + + ' + ( J + + + +++ + W + + W (+ + + + - + + ++ + - - + - - --+ - + + R- + (+) + + + + +-_ + + + +_ - -+ 4. I+ + (- + + + +++ + + + + + - + - + + - + (I 33 0) X~ + * + + + R + p-, 0 o cd Cd (1) Cd 0 Cd Cd ?>b 94 Cd ?: 1?4 -'I) "I A (1) C-) u u (??- C03 wo 1-0, t A e 8 C) w C21 CZ) PL4 ?4 ?4 1-4 ?4 ?4 lli? ?91- ig: c::) (:::) * - 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Menstrual Customs (mature women) 1412. Seclusion in dwelling house .... . . . . . . . . . . . + _ + ++ + + - _ +++ _ 1413. Seclusion in menstrual hut .+... . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1414. Scratching stick .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +++++ + ++ - ++++ + 1415. Meat, grease taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ 1416. Salt taboo ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + ++ + + + + + + -+ 1417. Cold water taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++++ + ++ +++++++ 1418. Cooking for others taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . + -+++ . (+)+ __+_++ 1419. Bathing taboo .. . . . . . . .. + - +++ . - ++++++ + + 1420. Basketmaking, etc. taboo ... + _ +++++++ + - +_+_ 1421. Use of face paint taboo. . . . . . . . . . . . L[422. Duration of restrictions .. . days ..................... 4+ 10 8 3 4+ 4 3+4+3+ 4 1422a."About a week" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1423. Bathing, fumigating self to remove taboos ... . . . . . + + + + + + ++++++ + + 1424. Emetic to remove taboo .... . . . ...... . . . . (+) + - + + (- +- +++ - - 1425. Restrictions extend to husband .... . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + - + + ++ + 1426. Meat, fat taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +(+)++ + ++(+ __+_++ 1427. Salt taboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++(+)+ + + + +(+ - + - + - - 1428. Cold water taboo .. . ... .. .. .. .. . . . + +(+)+ + + + +(+ _ _ + _ + _ 1429. Scratching stick + + - 1431. Hunting or fishing taboo .-... . . . . . . . . . - + + + + ++ + ++ - - + + - + 1432. Hunts for others .+.?.?.+.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - + Boys' Puberty Restrictions (at puberty or initiation) 1433. Meat, fat taboo .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + + ++ +++ + ++ + 1434. Salt taboo ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++++++++ + ++ + 1435. Cold water taboo .. ++ + - - 1436. Partial fasting (unsalted acorn gruel only) ... . . . . + + +++++++ + ++ + + + 1437. Head scratcher used .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + - + + - + - + - + ++ + *1437a.Boys taught ......... ..+. . . l Boys' Puberty Rite 1438. Nose piercing as boys' puberty rite .+... . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - + 1439. Separate fiesta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - ______ 1440. At mourning ceremony .5... . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S 1441. At time of girls' pit roasting .S.. . . . . . . . - - - - - - - ___ - - S 1442. Boys secluded .+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - + 1443. Boys fast (partially) .+.+............ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + 1444. Boys sleep face down "to heal nose". +- 1445. Boys instructed (moral lectures) + + 1446. Backs stepped on to make straight .+.. . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1447. Boys run (not race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Toloache Initiation 1452. At regular intervals .?.?.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. - - - - ______ 1453. At irregular intervals .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + + + + + + + + + + + *+ _ 1454. For all males (compulsory) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (+) -)+ +(+) ? - - - _- 1455. Open to all (voluntary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -() +) ++ + + + 1456. Those who have or want shamanistic power + + + + _ 1456a.Prominent men's sons only ... . + _ _ _ - .(.) ? ? _ __ 1457. Clan or party ceremony (from one only) .+........ . - + + + + + + + + _ . + _ _ 1459. Instruction of boys before toloache taking... -(+)(+) + + . _ _ _ + _ 1460. After toloache taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 1461. In special (secret) enclosure .+.. . . . . . . . - - - - - -+- - - - - - - - - 1462. Dances taught .-.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _+-+ ? ? ____+_ 1463. Songs taught ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +) - + + + + + + + - - + + + 1464. Only those who wanted to be singers taught + _ 1465. Sponsors teach boys individually .... . . . . . . . . + - + + + +++ - - + . + _ 1466. Boys fast (partial) ................... + - + + ++ +__+++ A400www w 0 w Olb 0 w w t>b ;?4 cd ?: -,A 4-3 0E-4pr-I -'A Ar-i A I 0 C.) u C-) C-) UM :3 ? Q Q ?:: gp 0 ul p P PL4 ?:4 ;:V4 u ?-4 1-4 ?-4 P- - - i I I I I I I I I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Toloache Giving 167. In ceremonial enclosure ................. 168. In specially built enclosure .............. 169. Initiates brought in en masse. 170. Initiates brought in 1 by 1 ............... 171. Initiates brought in walking (nornally) ......... -72. Initiates brought in running .............. 173. Initiates brought in crawling .............. 714. Initiates imitate bird, animal calls .......... 1475. Those who have power only ............ } 76. Shamans imitate bird, animal calls ........... 177. Regalia of initiates: plumed sticks on head ....... 1478. 2 vertical feathers 1479. 2 horizontal feathers .............. 1480. "Brush" crown .................. 1481. "Brush" visor .............. . 1482. Down rope 1483. Plumed sticks, hand-held. 1484. Hunger belts. 1485. Paint (R,B,W; + = all) . 1486. White blown on with mouth 1487. Moiety patterns: spots = Wildcat ......... 1488. Moiety patterns: lines = Coyote ......... " 9. Director of ceremony: paha ............... . Director of ceremony: takwa ............... . Director of ceremony: kutvovac ............. . Director of ceremony: kwaipai ("chief") ......... .Director: kaponyal . Director's regalia: down-string headband ........ 1494. Yellowhammer-feather band as belt or bandolier . . i L495. "Blinders" of yellowhammer feathers ....... 1496. Plumed sticks on head 1497. Plumed sticks hand-held 1498. Long erect eagle (?) feathers 1499. Erect stick (?) with snake rattles . 1500. Hunger belt ................... $1501. Paint (R,B,W; + = all) . 1502. Paint: half red, half black . . . . . . . . . . . 1503. Ceremonial wand, hand-held (not no. 1497). 1503a.Ceremonial wand: crystal in end 1504. Painted. 1505. Decorated with snake rattles 1506. Used to bewitch misbehavers, etc. Long yellowhammer bands hung on walls. .Eagle-feather skirt hung on walls. .Toloache mixed in sacred mortar. Toloache mixed by chief. Toloache mixed by ceremonial assistlant Tobacco mixed with toloache . Toloache infusion applied externally to small boys . . . Novices dance after drink. Novices dance assisted by sponsors Novices die if vomit Novices all become intoxicated Only some become intoxicated Only those who have shamanistic power become intoxicated. Novices acquire shamanistic power . Novices dance . . . nights Novices fast (during rite) n Ant fortitude ordeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whipping with nettles. Brushing with owl-feather bunches. Sand-painting altar. 1539. Content: direction cords of hair .... ..... 1540. Painting with colored earths, seeds, etc. -4 o d o d 4.-X d dw - - P-4cd~,--, 4- 0 ( E4 r- -4 35 Q) (-.') C-1) u u 3 0 PS q 2 C::~ 01 U C1 P4 '.44 ?!2 CD .. 24 ?4 0 p91 g1qC- j2 -1 4 4 4. 4f 4 4 4q +N + I- + + + + + + + +4 -+ + + - s - 3 + 3 3 + + +1 + + pj (+ 3 4- + + + ++ 4- 4- 4- -- -H + C .4 + - (+) - + + ++ ++- + + + + + + +++ +4--- RBRBI[ - - -+ +S + + + + + 4++ 3 3 4++ + + _.- ++ ++ + - ++ +++ +++ -4.+ ++ + B+)+ + - * + + - ++ - +- + + +---+ (+)- +++ + +RB - - - - - + - 5+ + + + - + - +- + * + + ++ ++ - + + - -+ - - - + +- SS ++ 3 . 3 3 3- +4+ ++-. + I + 7 I + *_ 35 1- i .4-1 A i i 4 4 4 4 + < + A + R u 4- F F F 3 7 t4. ? . 'I 36 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I-20 o w dO d a) d O > Ps h d Cd t> d : 1541. S, oind _ 4 _. + + .... + + + + (L) u u- i 0 z 1541. Sun, moon, stars painted . ............+- - - + + . ++++ - 1542. Milky Way painted ............... . + + .. . + +._ 1543. World painted ..-.-. . -. + + . . _ 1544. 4 sacred mts. (4 direotions ? ). ... . + ( .. _. 1545. 1 sacred mt ................... . + + .. . _ 1546. Animal s painted .++.+. . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. + + +.+._ 1547. Birds painted .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1548. Snakes painted .- . . ......... .+ ) + + + + . . 1549. Chungichnish painted.- _ _ + . ..... (-)(-)(-)(-).- 1550. Novices spit in sand painting ........ . . . . . . + + + 1551. Novioes jump over sand painting . .. . - - - - - - - - - _ + 1552. Novices jump over pit . ... . . .. .. . . ... . . . . + + + _ + _ _ _ 1553. Novices jump over pit; Wanawut figure in bottom ... . . . . - - . . . _ _ _ 1554. Novices jump over pit; sand painting in bottom . . . . + . .. _ _ 1555. Novices jump in pit ........... . . . .... .__ 1556. Novices jump on stones in pit .- ._. . . . + . - _ .. _ 1557. Novices jump on stones, not in pit . . . . . . . . . . . - - - _ 1558. Die if fall .+ - + + ++++ .. +++_ 1559. Novices ritually bathed. + + + + + + -- 1560. Novices ritually deloused ..-.-...... . _ _ + + . + -+___ 1561. Novices painted (R,B,W; + = all) .+... . + + + ++ + - + - . _ 1562. Hunger belts, etc., buried. ..............+ - + + +++ -(-). . . -) 1563. Hunger belts, etc., kept in bundle . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - * (-)- 1564. Ritual c rawling to conclude rite . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - _ 1565. Those with strongest power "die" + 1566. Pole climbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - 1567. Foot race .+. . . . . . . . - +++++ . + _ ++ +(-)+- 1568. Enclosure burned- + . _ 1569. Boys' noses pierced .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - ______ 1570. Girls' puberty rite .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + - - 1571. House burning .. .- + + -_ 1573. "Ceremonial road" (q.v.).. . + + + + + 1574. Image ceremony - --- -S+- 1575. Eagle killing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -+_ - +-+ ++_ . 1576. To cure snake bite .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - +++ + - + - 1577. To ward off disease, disaster: + + + + _ 1578. After bad dream .++'+ ._ 1579. When snake enters house ++ + . _ 1580. When skunk enters house + . + . _ . 1581. When wildcat enters house .... . .. ... + 1582. When regalia "talk" . . + + + + 1583. When Tatahuila dancer falls, etc. + + + + 1584. As shamans' demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+)(+)(+) *[584a.To cure sickness caused by ceremony .. . . . . . . . . . + + + + Death Treatment of Corpse 1585. Corpse immediately out of house ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + ++ + - _ + + - + + + *1586. Corpse kept in house overnight ... . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - -+ +)- - + - -- 1587. Corpse washed ...... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ?____ 1588. Corpse painted, dressed up ..... _ _ __ _ _ . . . . . . 1589. Corpse burned ...... .. .. .. .. . . . . .+ .++++ 1590. Corpse burned: pyre over pit . _ ++ + - (+) ............ + ++ 1591. Corpse burned: body inside pyre .... +) ++ + + +) + . .... + + 4 1592. Secondary urn burial .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ +__ ) ___ +++++_ 1594. Ashes buried in burning pit .... . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + -) + - + ? + - - - 1595. Corpse buried in cave in rocks ... . . . . . . . . . . - - ____ 1596. Destruction of property (at funeral) .-....... . . + +- - - - - - - - - - + 1597. House burned (at funeral) .... . . . . . . . . . . . . - - -_ + 1598. Undertaker member of family of deceased ........ . - _ _+ ++. . 1599. Undertaker ceremonial assistant . .-.-....... . .. . (+)+ + + . + 1599a.Undertaker nonkinsman ........... . . .. . . . . 1600. Undertaker paid .................... . + -+ +. . . + 1601. Purification of undertaker by bathing .... . . . . . + - + + + + * + +(+)+ 1602. Purification of undertaker by emetic .......... + - + + + + . . . - . + + + I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 3. Food restrictions for undertaker ........ 1604. Meat, fat taboo ............. 1605. Salt taboo ................ 1606. Cold water taboo . ..... . . .... 1607. Travel taboo .............. 608. Duration of restrictions . . . days . . . ,. Widow's hair cropped ). Widow's hair saved for images .......... L. Widow's hair made into mourning belt ...... #. Widow's hair burned (at cremation)a. ...... i. Widow's hair buried ............... I.Widow's head mud plastered ........... ;. Widow's face blackened (with burned mescal, etc.) ; Widow's face not washed ............. ' Widow doesn't eat meat I Widow doesn't eat salt ............. I Widow doesn't travel, gather food, etc...... Family (close kin) cut hair ........... Family (close kin) little speech ........ 1.Family close kin) bathe ............ Family (close kin) cannot eat meat ....... i. Family (close kin) cannot eat salt ....... . Duration of restrictions . . . days. Name of dead taboo indefinitely (permanent) . . . Name bestowed by deceased changed ........ Bits of food thrown in fire when think of dead Preliminary Mourning Rituals 2. Clothes washing .................. 3. Water drunk .................... 4. Feast given to ceremonially linked clan (or party). 5. Singing ...................... B. Duration . . . nights. 7. Clothes burning (separate rite) .......... B. Ceremonially linked clan(s) (or party) invited D. Feast given to linked clan (or party) ....... ). Presents given to linked clan (or party) )..... 1. Ashes of clothes mixed with water, drunk 2. Enemy songs sung ................. B. Might burn clothes for several dead at once . House Burning i. House, clothes, all property, burned (at one time). 1645a.Day of cremation. ; Soon after death K Month to year after death ............. I.'House burning as separate rite .......... 1. Ceremonially linked clan (or party) invited .... 1650. Linked clan (or party) given feast ..... 1651. Linked clan (or party) given presents "Ceremonial Road" Linked clan visits bereaved clan ......... i. Before house burning ............... Brings presents. Sing, dance for bereaved ............. Given feast. Given presents (food, clothes, etc.) ....... Duration of performance one night ......... 1-1 d : 4 4 4-)9 - 1~r- TiT h r-l: -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U A P P- >~ ;: U i- d-.. Q Ql S~ 0: ) I I i i I i i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S ++ S + + + + + + + + 's+ + S+ _s __ + + S S + + I-, -4 -4 I F- I-. (I (+) R + + i ++. + + + + _ 4 _-_ t + + - - - +++ +) ++ ++ + +I F- F- F- L-. + () + ++ . s . s + + - - - - - - - - - - -+ + + + + ++ + i- + + + + + - - - - - - _+_ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 I- t I- R i-, _).A 4 4 + + + 3+ + + + + + 4-) + + + + + 4 + 4 + (+) -) S _ I it + 37 - II 4 -i 4 4 4 4 4 4 c L. c L? F 4 A I A A + F + A - - - - -_ - - - - -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i- F + + + t- + ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECOD)S - [o123>@2iSii@?t&1ad~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ l $L I ~ :A - $4 ~IItEn P- r-I A P4-, A CI ___________________________________________.H~4) _)1?I:- 0 1~ , Varia 1661. Burned bones of dead dug up (at house burning ?). . . . . *+ - - - - - 1662. Ground in small mortar, mixed with water . . . . . . . . + - - - - - _- 1 6 6 3 . M i x t u r e p o u r e d b a c k i n p i t ( s i c! ) . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - - _- 1664. Hair of mourners recut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - - _- Mourning Ceremony 1665. At regular intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *+*+ 1666. At irregular intervals ........ .........+ - - + - + - + + . . . + + + 4+ 1667. For all dead . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . + ++++++ +++ + + R 1668. For prominent men only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ T1669. At fixed season (W,Sp,Su,F)... . W * W - W W W . . . . F F 1670. Day after clothes-burning (sic.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1671. Held in ceremonial house and enclosure . .+ + + + + + + + . . . 1672. Held in dance ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1673. Special structure to house images (awokeruk, Dieg.) ? ? ? ?. . . + + ++ 1674. Small hut (details unremembered). t1675. Number of center posts (tall) .... . . . 3 4 - 1676. Shorter secondary posts (rectangular arrangements) ? ? ? ?. . + + - 1677. Slanting wall(s) . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . + + 1678. Ground plan D-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++ 1679. Front open (unwalled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + _ 1680. Faces east . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . + + + 1681. Tule thatching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 1682. "Brush" thatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ 1683. Shade roof (ramada) (i.e., like above, no walls) . ? ? ? ?. . . . _ - + 1 [684. Central section erected first . . . . . . . . . . _ 1685. Corn put in post holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ + 1686. Rear section, slanting, low . . . . . . . . . . . + 1687. Rite directed by paha . . ............... . + - - ++_ .- 'L688. Rite directed by kutvovac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1L689. Rite directed by pumutcvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . 1690. Rite directed by clan chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ 1690a.Rite directed by "anyone who knows' . . . 1691. "Retreat" of clan (or party) chief . . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + + - . . . . - . - 1692. Clan chief fasts .+ + -(+)+ - + + _ . . . . - . - 1693. Clan chief wears hunger belt . . 1694. All participants abstain from meat, salt +. . . . . . . 1[695. Duration of rite . . . . days . . . . . . . . . . . . . k wkwkwk 3 i3 2 . . . . 4+wk 4 1696. Paraphernalia for rite: kept in sacred bundle . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + 1697. Yellowhanmer-feather headband . . . . . . . . . . + _ .- . 1698. Yellowhammer band as belt or bandolier..- . . . . + . + 1699. Long yellowhammer band hung on wall. . + + + + . . . . - - 1700. 2 owl-feather bunches worn in headband. . + + - + + + . . . . _ _ _ 1701. Owl-down rope" headband . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - + + . . . . 1703. Hand-held wand (no feathers) . . . . . . . . . . . + + - +++ . . . . _ 1704. Hand-held wand, crystal in end . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . 1705. Hand-held wand, with snake rattles . . . . . _ + - - +. . _ _ 1706. Hand-held wand, painted red . . . . . . . . . . . + - - + . _ . . . . _ _ _ 1707. Hand-held wand, carried by director of rite only . . + 1708. Dancers painted (R,WyB; + = all mixed). . + + + . . . . + - _ 1709. Dancers painted (some all red, some all white) .??. . . . _ - + 1710. Eagle-feather skirt hung on wall ..+.-.+.+. . . . . + + + + + 1711. Women's caps trimmed with eagle down . . . . . . . + _ 1712. Radiating feather 'bonnets" on net foundation, for warriors . . . . . S + 1713. Warriors' 'hoods," red and black _ 1714. Single erect eagle plumes.. -?. . . . . + + 1715. Feathered staves - - . - - - - - - .. 1716. Feathered sticks (Yuma, ts'u . - - .-. - . - . . - 1717. Feathered "shields" (cf. Forde, Yuma, p. 240). .??_ . . . 1718. Feathered "shields," extended crosspieces for handles . . ..... .... 1719. Feathered "shields," represent image . . . . . . . + 1721. Finery to be burned worn by dancers . . . . . . . (+)+ I 'i A --r -F I. 0 I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB. V. DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 39 *,Song cycles sung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ ++++ . ++ + + 1.Deer-hoof rattles ........ .. + . . . . . . . .... .... + + + - | .Gourd rattles ................. . ++ + RR R R + + + *Turtle-shell rattles.* * ++ ++ + 11 f ts~~ + + +-- + - -.. * Shamans dance "to sanction performance" first 3 nights . . .Toloache danced first 3 nights .+ - + + + _+ _ . .Tatahuila danced by day. ................+ ++ + +-+- s.... --- i Tatahuila danced only if one of dead had danced it . . . + . _ O.Fire dance . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - _ 1.Peon games by day ................ + + ++ _ _ . +. . ..Rabbit hunts by day ....... ..+ . . ++ + . + + F.Pole climbin at conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . ,"Keruk house built . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .+ - 1735. Faces painted on posts ... . . ..... . . . .. - - - - - - - - - - - -. - + - 1736. Feather bonnets hung on house ... . . .. ..... . _ .- - - - - - + - 1737. Feather sticks hung on house .... . . . . + + 1738. Baskets hung on house ......... . . . .. . . . + . Images made of (mat) wrapping of sacred bundle . . + +.+ ++ + - .... - _ _ - >. Matting cut, naming "'enemy-clan . .. . + . . . . _ - _ L. Images made of matting (newly made for purpose) . . . . . . . + + - _ 6. Images made of wood ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ -+ - |.One image for each of dead ... . ...... . . . . . + + + + + ++ ++ . + S R 1.Eagle feathers put on images .... . . . .. . . . _ + ? + + S _ Ja.Eagle feathers put on images if dead had worn. + .Mourners ' hair put on images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . + + .Images made by mourners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (-)(-) -+ + +. Images made by invited clans . .-.. . (+)(+)- + + - _ - . ...+ + - - Images made by (M,F; + = both) . . . . F F + F F + + M - Images made by special image makers .......... . ... . + _ Images danced with by mourners . ........ . + + _+ + _ _ . Images danced with by non-kin . .+ . .. + + + ++ + + + + + .Image carriers paid ( resents) . .+ . .. + + + ++ + + + . _ _ . Image carriers take oiferings placed on images _ + + _ _ _ _ ,Shambattle ................. ______ ............ _+_ 1756. Women take part . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . - - - - -.-.-.-..-.-.-. __-+-_ 1757. Scouts sent out -. - . .- - . . . - - - - _ t1758. Number of stops ("water holes") ... . . . . ... 4 - .Images burned with offerings . ............ . + + + + + ++ * + + + Images burned with "keruk" house . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - _ Keruk house burned separately ... . . . . . . . . . . . + t t Presents thrown to bystanders . ............ . + + +++++++ + + Clothes stripped from images, given away _ - + + _ _ _ _ .Corn thrown over bystanders . . . . . . . . . . . + + Feathered "shields" shot at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - + - Feathered "shields" burned ... . . .. _ .. _ _ _ _ . _ ++ - Chiefs of invited clans ceremonially paid + + + + ++ Ashes of images buried . . . . . . . . . .. . .+.... ++ + _ + ( Participants bathe . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . + + Special mourning rite for toloache initiates ..... . . + - + - + ++ + + * - _ 1771. Regalia buried in sand painting .... .... . - - + - _ - + + . . -- _ _ 1772. Regalia buried in dance place . . ...... . . + - - + + + + . . . .()- _ 1773. Regalia burned . .... . . .. . . . . . . . ... _ 1775. Toloache danced . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . 1776. TATAHUILA (WHIRLING) DANCE .... . . . + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + .New dancer chosen for light-footedness, swiftness . . . + - +-+ - - - - New dancer prominent man's son only .-... . . . . + ? . . - - - New dancer potential shaman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+) - New dancer taught in secret place . . . . . . . . .. . . + + + + (+)- _ _ New dancer fasts (partial; eats only unsalted acorns) . . ++ + (-)+ - _ Dancer's regalia: owl feather string headband .... . . + + ++++ + (-)+ + + + + + 1782. Eagle-feather skirt .... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1783. Paint (R,B,W; + = all) .... . ... . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + 1784. 2 sticks tapped to keep time .... . ..... . + + . . . . . . . . P. cd -'A -P 0 U) E--4 r--i -,A ID PL4 Or i i I I I i I 40 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS I I 12 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 1 $coow anJ3 cD wJ gg w >A P- cd -: -k - 7r 1785. Dancer 's assistant: paha. . + 1786. Ceremonial assistant (if other) _ + + + + + 1787. Uses bull-roarer to assemble people .. . . . . . + + + +++ - 1788. Dancer's family carry him into house after + 1789. Ill omen if dancer stumbles, falls ... . ..... + + + + + + - 1790. Ill omen if skirt tears. .. .. + - +_+ ++ 1791. Tatahuila dance used at: girl's puberty rite + 1792. Toloache initiation ... . . . . . . . . . .. . + + + + + 1794. Image ceremony ... . . . . .... . . . . . . . + + ++ + - + - S . . . 1795. Ceremonial road ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . + + - + + - - 1796. Eagle killing ................ + + + - + + . +(+)+ + + - 1797. FIRE DANCE ............. ... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - 1797a.Preliminary dancing by anyone (spec. M,F) .-... . . . . _ + + + + + - 1798. By toloache initiates only ...... ... .. . + 1799. By shamans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ t1800. Fire danced out by anyone (spec. M,F) .-.. . . . . . . . _ M M - - - - 1801. By toloache initiates only .?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. +- - - - - _ 1802. By shamans only ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++++ - __+++_ 1803. Shamans' songs "make fire cold' . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1804. Dance used at: girls' puberty rite 1805. Toloache initiation .. .+ + - - 1806. Toloache dance (other than above) . . . . . . . . . + +- - 1807. Image ceremony ... . ..... . . . . . . ... .... 1808. "Ceremonial road". . .. +_+___ 1809. Eagle killing .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . +.+ . . . - - - + S 1810. Dance used as shamans' exhibition (+)(+)(+)(+) + . 1811. POLE-CLIMBING RITE . ........... . . + --+ - - + + + - - - - _- 1811a.Valuables hung from top of poles . . . . . . . . . . . . + - -(+)- - + . . - - - - - - 1812. Dance around pole first (M,F).+ - - + - - + ..-..-.-. - . - - - - __ 1813. Used at toloache initiation .-.-. .-.. . . . . . + . - +(.) __ - - _ _ 1814. Used at image ceremony. ...... . + +_ ++ . ___ 1815. Used as separate rite "to put out the sun'" -. .. . . . . . _ + - - -(+)* EAGLE SACRIFICE 1816. Purpose: "in memory of all dead' .... . . . + . - .. ...+ - 1817. Purpose: in preparation for mourning ceremony .._ . . .+ 1818. Purpose: to get feathers for regalia ... . . . . . . . + + + ++ - . +. . - _ t1819. Duration of ceremony . . . days .1 3vk 1 6 1 2 3 1 3 3 3 1 1820. Ceremony in big house and enclosure ... . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + - . . . . . 1821. Ceremony in "dance ground' ...... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + 1822. Eagle carried by ceremonial assistant ... . . . . . . . + + + - _ . + - - + + - . 1823. Eagle choked by carrier ............................... -(-) +- --+ +- _____+ 1824. Eagle killed bywitchcraft. ..............(+) + ++ - -++ + ++ + + 1825. Special songs for eagle killing ... . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . + - - -_ +- 1826. Mourning ceremony songs for eagle killing .-. . . . _ . + + + . - + 1827. Enemy songs sung .+ + + + + 1828. Eagle skinned .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - + + - - - -. 1829. Eagle plucked .-... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - +++ - - - +++ ( 1830. Eagle burned with offerings .?.?.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?.?. - - - - - - +- - - - - - - 1831. Eagle buried with offerings. ..............+ + + ++ + - - + ++ + + + 1832. Eagle buried in dance place or "corral ..... . . . + + + + + - - + + FIRST-FRUITS RITE 1833. First fruits brought to ceremonial house ... . . . . . + + + - + + ? 1834. First fruits sung for .+.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + -+ - +- + ?____ 1835. beer-hoof rattle ................ . + _ _ _ + + I CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 41 IW SL0o O w d d a) Cd t> ; d d !W- :eC :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P4c 1n1 -kA -9 R9 1 ;Efi2r- Q S4A L; rs____________________________H b~I TI 1836. Turtle-shell rattle .-.............. . -_ 1837. Gourd rattle .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + - - - - - - - - - - - _ . Dancing by (M,F) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . + M + - M+ . Dancing by shamans ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Duration of rite ... nights . 1.. 3 3 - 3 1 ? .Brings rain and plenty ++ -+ + - - - - - - - _ Sickness from eating fruits before rite. + -+ - - + + - - - - - - - RAIN CEREMONY i.Gourd rattles used + + + + + . _ .Feast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . _ .No dancing. ..... .... . + + + + + . _ .Held in winter. . .... . +++++ _ SHAMANISM ,MJen shamans. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .Women shamans . ... . . . . . . . . S S-- - - - +-+ + Power from object in body ...... ... .. ... . + + + + + + + + + + S + S S - Object may be crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (+ + + *(+ + (+) - (+) - 1853. Seed, acorn, cactus spine ... . . o o . . . . . . + +++++ . + + + + + . 1854. Lizard, snake, insect ..... . .. .. . .. . . ++ + + .+ . .. + . + + . _ .Object sent to cause disease . + + + + + + + + + + .Shaman born with object in body ... . o . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ++ + S + S S ,Shaman dreams from childhood ..... . + + + + + + + ++ S Shaman dreams of guardian spirit + .Shaman'dreams songs . . + + + ++ ++. - ++ - + !Shaman dreams curing methods. + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + ,Shaman dreams what can cure ....... . (+ + + + +-++ ++++ Shaman dreams sleight-of-hand .. .. . . . + + + + + + +_ + + + . + ,Shaman dreams of sacred mountain .. . _ - - - - - - - - - - - - (+)* + ,Shaman dreams of creation . . .... ......... - - - - - - - - - - - - - -S Prenatal dreaming ........ o . _ ..... ... - - - + Power from dreams later in life . - - - - - - (+) - - - - - - (+) S Telling dream ("before completed") causes loss of power . + + + + + . . . + + Power from toloache taking as puberty rite . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - S S + + (+) _ , Power from toloache taking as individual affair . .. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ S Power from toloache not as strong as "born kind" . . _ . - + + + + Older shamans "put 'power' into toloache drink" .. - - - - - - - ++ +- + Novice's dance ...... o . . . . . . . + + + + + ++++-- + Purpose: to reveal self to public as shaman .+ + + + + ++++ - + . - _ _ '"Power" tells when to dance .. . . + . + + + + ++_ - - Dance in ceremonial house ........ . . . . . . . + + + + + + + ++ - - ,Number of nights ............ . . 3 1 33333 31 - - 3 - - - .Novice sings, dances .. . . . . . . . . . . . + +++ + + ++ - + _ Novice extracts "power objects" from body, displays them; exhibits sleight-of-hand, etc . .. ..... . + + + + + + + . + _ _ _ _ - Older shamans may try to bewitch novice .. . . . . . o . S + + + + + + . + Novice reveals his power in toloache rite, etc ..... . + + - - - + + +-+ - - Novice reveals his power by curing .+.+. . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Shaman's Paraphernalia, etc. Plumed sticks ( "owl-feather bunches") worn on head . . + + ++ + + (- - - - - - - Hand-held wand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + +++++++ + + + + 1884. Painted; one end pointed; snake rattles, etc., on end . ............+ + +++ ++ ++_ - 1885. Crystal (?) in end . ................+. + S . - - - - _ 1886. Swallowed to extract power objects for display + + ++++++++ + + - - 1887. "Pointed" to bewitch . . . .+ + + S S + + + - - [888. Used for divination (?) .. + + + + - - Shamans use toloache regalia . . . . . . . . . ....... + + + + (+)+ - - Shamans have individual "bundles" of regalia . . . + + ++- Shamans wear feathers, etc., according to dreams . .. I + s + + + S + S + - qT r I i .4 4 42OANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Cas of Tm I 4QEP r-i -14 1 I1 I u I CD CD C. Imcf E--4 7F Classes of Shamans 1892. Curing (sucking) shamans ................ . + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1893. Dream of future events, etc . .......... . . + + + + . - + S 1895. Told of future events by owls, coyotes, etc. + + + + + + 1896. Dreamers (do not cure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++++ . + - + - - -_ 1897. Diagnose sickness (i.e., dream if curable) . . + + + + ++ . + . - + . - - - 1898. Find lost property . . . . . . . . . ... . . + - + . . . _ 1899. Weather shamans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ++++ + ++++ + +-- +-+ 1900. Make storm . . . . . . . . . . .. . + ++ +++ + +-- +-+ 1901. Make stop .keto.p . . . . . ... ..... . . + .+ +++ + +-- +-+ 1902. Dance in ceremonial house .. . + +- . . . . . 1903. Dance privately . . . . . . . . . . ...+. . . . . __ 1904. Cure also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ++ + + +_ + -( _ 1905. Power from elements (wind, rain, clouds, etc.) . . + . . _ _ _ 1906. W ere-beasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. + ++++ + +-+ + _+ _+- 1907. Turn into bear . . . . . . . . . .. .+ + S + +_++- ++_- 1908. Turn into mt. lion . . . . . . . . . . . ... - + .+ * + . + - - - _ _ 1909. Turn into other animals, birds, etc + + - + - - + _ _ 1910. Rapid travel . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . (+) ++++ +_ +- _+_- -+ 1911. Cure also . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . + ++++ ++ ++_ - _ 1912. Rattlesnake shamans . . . . . . . . . .. .-... . . _ ++++ + +++ +++ + ++ + 1913. Cure snake bite ............ ......- ++ + +++ . -+ + + - + +4 1914. Cure other . . . . . . . . . . .. . _ - - - + - + + * +S + + - - - 191 5. Handle rattlers . . . . . . . . . ..-.. . . _ ++++ + ++ +++ +-+ + 1916. Know (in advance) when someone is bitten ..... - .+... . . +.. -. + 1917. Dance, sing, plug up holes, to prevent snakes from biting people . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + 1918. Hunting shaman . . ...... . + ++ + +.+ + + . . _ -- 1921. Cures also. . . _ + + _ - _ _?- 1923. Shamans' public dance (not novice dance). . . + + + ++++ . + 1924. To ward off dreamed disaster . . . . .... . . + + + ++++ _ _???? 1925. In ceremonial house .. .. .. . ..... . . + + ++ + ? ? ? - 1926. Shamans use own songs, dances . . . . . . . . . . + + ++ +- - - -- * 927. Assistant to "interpret . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + 1928. Toloache danced afterward ..... . . ... + . + + _ _ _ _ Curing Methods 1929. Diagnosing by singing, dancing (ordinary sickness) .. . + _ + ++ 1930. By singing, dancing, for snake bite. ......+ + + - + ++- S + + 1931. By singing, dancing, for witchcraft . . . .. . _- - - - - - - - ? + + 1932. Shaman smokes . . . . . . . . . .. + + + ++++++ ++ + ++ + +4 1933. Shaman blows smoke over patient . . . . .... . . . . . + ++++ S+ + S+ - 5 S + + +4 1934. Shaman blows saliva over patient . . . .... . . . . + - - - - S + + +- - S + + +4 1935. Shaman "sees" disease object in patient . . . . . . . . .. - + + - + + + + + + .4 1936. Locates by feeling with hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + - + - -+ S - -+ 1937. Disease object sucked out with mouth . . ....+ + + + + ++ + ++ + + + + + 1938. Disease object extracted with hands . . . ..... .. _ _ . --+ - - - - - - - - 1939. Brushed away with hands . . . . . . . . . . . .. - -+ - - +- - + + + _ - - 1941. Brushed away with feathers . . . . .-... . . . . - + + +++++ + + - - - 1942. Sickness from intrusion of disease object . . . . . ...+ + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + + 1943. Disease object displayed ................ . + + +(+)+ + + + + + + + + S + 1944. Disease object buried . . . . . ..... ....... .. + + ++ . ++ ++ - . - -(+ - 1945. Disease object burned ................. . + ++_. + ++ _ + . ++(+)+ 1946. Burning kills sender (in witchcraft) . .... . . + . ++ + .(+ 1947. Shaman keeps disease object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 1948. Sickness from soul loss (i.e., before death). . + +++ + ...... + + + + + + 1949. Curable by shaman .. . . . . . . ..-.. . . . . . . . . +++. . + + - + . + 1951. Recovery of soul and extraction of object at same time . + . + 1952. Shamans given presents (no set price) for cure. . -) + ++++++++ + + + + R 1953. Black magic by evil shamans .. . . . . .+ +++ + + + +++ + + + + 1954. Black magic: regular practitioners . . ..... . . . . + + + ++ ++ S S + (-) + S S S 1955. Black magic: "secret shamans" . .............. . + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + S 1956. Send power to kill ............... . . . .. + . . +++ S + '++ + + 1957. Contagious magic to kill . . .+.+. . ++ + - - S- S S .(+ + 1958. Contagious magic by nonshamans . . . . . . . . . . . . .+ + ++ + + . (+1 - I + + + + I. 42 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 4 w _ > o d O X _ X O d X > f d h _ _0 w cnC2 rl PL "E >1X44 C.)a18 led for black magic ........... . . . . . . + + + + ++1+ + + 1- + + +++ Varia boache taken sporadically for luck .. . . + . . oache taken sporadically by gamblers .... . . . . + + + . oache taken to find lost objects + eding to cure ... .. .. ... ........ . + + + + . + + + + + + + + + eeding "to make legs light ........ . . . . . . . . + + +-++ +- + ++ tG, nettles, to alleviate pain ........... . + + + + + + + MISCELLANEOUS RELIGIOUS TRAITS ungichnish supreme deity .+.?.?.+.+.?.?.?.?.?.?.... - - - - - - - - - - - _ ron identified with Chungichnish ....... ...+- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ ingichnish is "evil spirit" (sic) .......... . - - - - - - - - _ teor cannibal spirit . ............. + ++++ + +++ ++++++ . tual grunting expiration .?... . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +__ ha begin at Awikame mt. (+) + terings of tobacco for hunting luck . . . . . . . . . . + + + - + ferings of corn at mourning ceremony + + loache mortars "f ed" . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . + il offering-places: rocks piled to keep from getting . tired....................... . + + + . + + + + + + + Ooats visible.. .......... . . . . + S + + Soul leaves body before death ...... . . . . . .. . (+) ++ + ++ + + + + S + + soul starts to land of dead at cremation ...... +++ ++ 4hosts in whirlwind . . . . . + +-+ +. . . + + $pirit.(mot ghost) in whirlwind . . + - _ . . - + . . - _ _ Land of dead (N,S,E,W) .. . . . . . . . . . ... . (E)E - - E - -(E) S S S S S S N and of dead below, underworld . . . . . . . . . .? . . . .? - - - - - - - - - - - - - Land of dead for twins, above .... . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ Dream of dead ill omen . . . . . . . . + _- + --+ + Told, to neutralize. . + + + A n ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS HUNTING Driving into enclosure; or over cliff. Spring pole for deer. Spring pole for ducks, trigger under water. Running noose for deer. Pitfalls for big game. Nets for deer. Nets for ducks, geese. Pocket nets for small game. Woodpecker net trap. Quail, woodpecker trap of basketry. Deadfalls for big game. Bird snaring from booth or blind. Bird decoys. Grass or brush deer dis- guise. Bolas for birds, etc. Fan for smoking out game. FI SHI NG Kite-shaped scoop net. Dip net on "A-frame." Casting net. Net on semicircular pole. Net on circular pole. Grooved-stone sinker. Holed sinker. Tule-wrapped clay sinker. Net floats. Double-fence weir. Converging weir. Weir with falling doors, string trigger. "Eel pot" bas- ketry trap. Fishing scaffold. CHarpoons? Fish spears. Spearing booth. Eel hook or gaff. Sharp- angled hooks of bone. Fly. Hair hook for trout. Creel. Leaf for bait carrier. Large fish scoop of sticks. Fish club. Breaking neck to kill. Biting to kill. Night fishing with torch or bonfire. HUNTING CONCEPTS Root incense before hunt. Ritual disposal of deer bones. Ritual disposal of fish bones. Game believed immortal. Game under spirit control. Shell beads tied to fish trap for luck. GATHERING Acorns Crook for gathering. Fork or cross-stick climbing pole. Acorns leached on conifer boughs. Acorns buried whole in mud. "Moldy" acorns. Acorn bread cooked in earth oven. Acorn bread, dyed red. Acorn "biscuits" (gruel chilled in water). Pine-bark winnower for meal. Animal Products Octopus eaten. Mussels eaten. Angleworms eaten. Seaweed eaten. Salt from grass (burned). M6is cellaneous cDigging stick with stone-ring weight. Dig- ging stick with footrest. Soaproot for fish poison. Soaproot for coating basket. Soaproot eaten. Dried meat pulverized. Ground bone cooked. Granaries on ground. 4-post, unwoven granary. Smoke drying of meat. Irrigation of wild crops. 3The symbol, c, preceding an element description, indicates elements known by archaeology to have been once present in the Gabrielino-Chumash region. HOUSES Ceremonial house: semisubterranean; earth- covered; mat covered; mud and wattle walls; bai or slab walls; plank walls; tunnel entrance; smoke-hole entrance and ladder; secondary or Si entrance; round doorway; pit fireplace; foot screen for performers; named sides, and seat a lotment. Sweat house: small steam-heated type; plank. covered, tunnel entrance; smoke-hole entrance; men's sleeping place; men's clubhouse; plank, slab, mat-covered floor; ladder; fire fan; swea house singing; competitive sweat groups; sweat" house fuel-gathering ritual. Dwelling: plank-house complex; semisubter- ranean; earth-covered; mat-covered; mud and wa tle walls; bark or slab walls; skins for wall tunnel entrance; smoke-hole entrance ladder; secondary or side entrance; pit fireplace; par titions, separate fires, separate entrances in communal houses; beds on raised scaffold; dryi frame inside; wooden stools, etc.; earth oven indoors; houses arranged in rows, or circle. Brush-fence ceremonial structure: used only in summer; rectangular; center post or pole; screen for performers; named sides and seat al lotment. Menstrual-childbirth hut; dog house; (speci drying house for food; grinding house. WEAPONS Self bow, ends recurved. Bow wood from one side of tree. Bird arrow blunt. Bird arrow with cross sticks. Ring-pointed arrow for water skip ping. Arrowheads of bone. Feather adhesive. 4 feathers. 2-piece stone arrow straighteners. Holed wood, horn arrow straightener. Secondary, tertiary, Mediterranean (sic), Mongolian releai Tule quiver. Thrown spears. cSpear thrower. Cur tain shield. Quiver as shield. Armor. Clay shot for slings. Slings used for war. "Slave killer" shaped club. Stone club. Daggers of horn or wool TOOLS, UTENSILS, PROCESSES Portable mortar, outside shaped and ground. CSlab mortar. Small nortar used by poisoner. Wood mortar, cavity in side of log. CHopper basket set on. CStone pestle, ringed top. Stone pestle, ring near bottom. True circular metate. Metate set in ground. Looped mullers. 2-horned mullers. Round grinding motion (sic). Pine burr for hairbrush. Porcupine tail for hairbrush. OD stick stirrer. Ornamented paddle. Looped-stick stirrer. Looped-stick stone lifter. Split stick for stone lifter. [44] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Vessels, etc. s hell, wood, pottery. Wooden meat ikmeat &latter. Wooden bowls. Cylin- on box. Steatite "frying-pan. p2la." Steatite cooking pot. Tools ifted. Cane for butchering. Cactus uls. Handle of awl wrapped. Adzes. us. Chipped-stone skin scraper, i, scapula, shell scraper. Oil or tanning. Smoking for tanning (color- DY AND DRESS, NONCEREMONIAL se cropped. Hair cut with stone; flake for plucking beard. Shaving flake. Depilation of body hair, eye- in 2 braids; 1 braid. Chin tattoo Ia. 0Shell beads made. Clamshell bead pecker scalp belts. Feather-ornamented Shell-ornamented ear stick. Nose stick or feather. Face painting by roller ainting with brush. Mud as cosmetic; for coolness. Flowers in hair or ear. 1 fur. Hair net. Eyeshade. Painted rskin robe. Painted buckskin cape. Rpe with quail tips. Feather robes. ird skin twisted with cord. Buckskin lgw. Men's 1-piece skin skirt (kilt). sna of: fringed buckskin; tules; net- g8 of seeds. Women's 1-piece skirt. Leggings. Tule moccasin. Snowshoe. CEREMONIAL DRESS 6t feather headdress. Spliced condor 6 Feather forks and darts. Yellowhammer- Ode, all trimmed; or tips at intervals. yr-scalp headdresses of any kind. Fur gn-hair headdress. Visors of feathers. to face. Masks. Head net. Hairpins iwood (?). Feather garments on net foun- Cagle-down rope skirt. Human-hair i, anklets. Tule bundle, hand-held. Nope, hand-held. Olivella shell rope. BASKETRY i-rod coiling. Checker bottom to start Lsket. Wrapped weft twining. Lattice hing. 3-strand or 3-braided weft. Over- ration. Circular seed beater, spoke warp. innowing basket, spoke warp. Boiling -Water bottle asphalted. cWater bottle, Iointed bottom. Water bottle, coiled. Lsket hopper. 'Bottleneck trinket basket. hsket, attached decoration. Carrying bounded bottom, or bell-shaped. Tule , twined or coiled. Rabbitskin blankets, Lout foundation. Perforated stick to Le. Bird-skin blankets. CORDAGE, NETS 4-ply string or cord. Spinning stick with crosspiece. Spindle whorl. Thumb guard of shell for fiber drawing. Mesh spacer of horn or wood. Split-end net shuttle. Bowline netting knot. BURDENS Spreading woven pack strap. Carrying frame of hide, or sticks and cord (sic). Rolled case of twined stems. Folded case of skin. Whole cased skin bag. CRADLES Sitting cradles. Lying cradles: board; Y- frame; kite frame; Y-kite frame; hooked ladder frame; soft tule; basketry; oval ladder; U-frame vertical warp. Skin covering. Skin toe. Cradle strap across breast. POTTERY Molded. Scraped (i.e., without paddle). Shell, bone temper. Flat-bottomed vessels. Pointed- bottomed vessels. Incised decoration. Slip. Pot rests of pottery. GAMES Moieties compete (as such), in games. Ball or stick race: buckskin "ball"; stick; hoop; propul- sion with stick; hole for goal; paired posts for goal; fewest strokes wins. Shinny: bone for puck; 2-sticks on cord; braided or knotted cord; rope ring; propulsion by netted stick; basket racquet; seed beater. "Hoop and pole" with sliding block; buckskin-wrapped hoop; sides cast poles in turn. Ring and pin: with more than one pin, or more than one string of rings; vertebrae rings; single tule ball; with hooves, etc. Many-stick guessing game. 4-stick (2 long and 2 short)guessing game. Fan- tan or odd-or-even game. Hidden-ball game: hiding in 4 holes; hiding in 4 canes or tubes. Disk dice: shell, split acorns. MONEY CAny form of money other than ceremonially used strings of Olivella disks. PIPES AND TOBACCO L-shaped pipe. cObtuse-angled pipe. Disk bowl. Tubular wood pipe, steatite bowl. 'Mouthpiece of cane or bone. Tobacco planted. Tobacco container: basket with lid. Tobacco eating with line. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Cocoon rattles. Pottery rattles. Multiple split sticks. Drums. Bull-roarer used by shaman. Musical bow. %'histles of bone. Flute: nose blown. Flute of bone. 45 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Marriage, etc. Negotiated bride price. Service for bride. "Half-marriage." Polyandry. Wife sharing by male namesakes. Additional payment in sororate. Addi- tional payment in levirate. Preferential mar- riages of blood kin; man to wife's daughter; man to wife's brother's daughter. Alternating resi- dence. Compensation for adultery. Fine for se- duction. Repayment on divorce. Payment on re- marriage of divorc6e. Prostitution (i.e., for pay). Kinship Usages Aspects of kin avoidances: parents-in-law child-in-law, brother sister: don't speak; plural address; head covered; turn aside on trail; re- strictions only when newly wed. Teknonymy. Social Status, etc. Social rating by wealth. Debt slavery. Os- tracism of: slaves, bastards, berdaches. Special functions of berdaches at burial, mourning, sha- manism. Sociopolitical Organization Named tribes of 300-400. Land and water moie- ties. Upstream-downstream moieties. Moiety names of totemic implication. Chiefs and Officials Chiefs with individual titles. Titles for chief's kin (sic). Chiefs equated to birds. Property and Inheritance Owned burial places. Claiming trees by pole, etc. Inheritance of property (pat. or mat.). In- heritance of shamanistic power. Compounding of injuries. Warfare War for slight on chiefs (sic). War dance of settlement. War dreams by shaman. War paint white. Chiefs make peace. Neighbors take brave warrior's property. Captives tortured. LIFE CRISES Birth, etc. Special hut at childbirth. Parturient lies flat. Delivery in pit. Afterbirth burned. Father bathed. Miother and child steamed. Navel cord: cut with cane (?); tied on cradle; thrown certain direction; burned; worn by child. Medicine for abortion (?). Restrictions on father: sweating (neither taboo nor mandatory); running (for en- durance, luck); retires to childbirth hut. Twins killed. Parents' sex restrictions till weaning. Milk teeth: put in gopher hole; put in excremen thrown over house. Girls' Puberty Fresh meat only taboo. Confinement in men- strual hut. Girl may not sleep; talk. Girl runs works, etc. Taboos on looking at fire; sun or moon; people; snakes; wild crops. Girl's hair cut. Girl takes toloache. Public rite.--Men, women dance together. Gii, dances. Sexual license at rite. Fire ring at girls' rite. Trench at girls' rite. Menstrual Customs Seclusion in menstrual hut. Boys' Puberty Complete fast. Whipping with bowstring. Pil rocks. Vision quest without narcotic. Vision quest with narcotic (no society). Death Body taken out before death. Body passed through wall. Interment of dead. Body burned i hut. Undertaker a berdache. Undertaker purifie self by sweating; by singing; by formula. Mourners ' ritual.--Widow 's head mud plaster Widow's head pitched. Widow's face pitched. Mourners sweat. Mourners scratch faces, bodies Braided mourning necklace. Necklace of pitch lumps. Name of dead formally regiven to descen ant. Mourners pay to waive taboos. Mourning Ceremony Poles for offerings. Pole mourning rite, of ferings at foot. "Pota" ceremony. Professional (paid) mourners. Shamanism Shamans mostly women. Grizzly-bear shamans wear bearskin. Vision quest at puberty. Vision quest when adult. Dream when adult. Guardian spirit in trance or faint. Novices trained by older shamans. Bathing for power. Shamans' pub competitions. Shamans' society (?). Sucking through pipe. Shaman uses portable mortar; cha stone (?). Wound cross charm. Sucking doctor drinks through bark tube. Unsuccessful shaman killed. "Brush" dance for minor curing. Negoti price for curing. Possessional shamanism. Miscellaneous Cults, Beliefs etc. World-renewing rites, etc. First-salmon rit Snake in whirlwind. Water thrown at whirlwind. 5, 6, cardinal directions. "Man" in moon. Tree in moon. Frog in moon. Dogs beaten at eclipse. Eclipse is Bear, Birds, or Raccoon eating moon I I. 46 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST iReference is to elements or entries marked by an asterisk(*) in the tabular list 'il were run down in wet cold weather, feathers were too wet for them to fly roasted acorn on which a twig was set to prop up a stone; when a rat nibbled orn the weight fell on him. o "box" was made of sticks laid up ion, in pyramidal form. A figure-4 re- said to have been used most commonly, ome informants said a simple twig prop, a string by a hidden watcher, was used. Quail were said to have been shot at ,y torchlight, as they roosted in trees. *.--Fishing was of little importance of the area except on Colorado river ts from coastal groups can no longer a). Even where some fishing was formerly on, the precise methods or implements vaguely known now. g.--Chem. Informant asserted "No one but eat fish," perhaps referring to the "old before his people occupied the river bot- Famed "stone fish pens" near Martinez- r eservation are well above level of valley If they were really fish traps, which doubtful, they must have been used before chella valley itself was habitable. LuPa. Circular Haliotis hook was said to heen used by coastal Luiseno, not inform- 'people. Statement is noteworthy as a cul- memory rather than as a trait. L. uPa. Plant used for fish poisoning was ibed, but could not be identified. It was oaproot. D,. Screw beans must be artificially ripened pit before they are edible. This seems to Age sometimes referred to as pit storage of beans. Several weeks or a month are neces- to ripen them properly; they are then stored ordinary granary. ass seeds.--Just what seeds were used could e determined. Luisefno, Mountain and Western iflo referred to them as "wild oats" (avenas, roz), which are not aboriginal. 7. Lizards eaten were large desert-dwelling kawallas" (Cah. tcaxhwu'l). Swifts, and small varieties found in mountains, were dered too small (and too difficult to catch?) of value in the dietary. 8. Serr, all Luisefio. Knowledge of stone .g in baskets may indicate recency of pot- making among these groups (possibly from on times ?). 9. Drying of meat must have been rare among at perhaps the Chemehuevi, aboriginally. informants admitted that usually when a deer was killed it was divided among the people to be eaten almost immediately--there was nothing left to dry. 191. PCka. Informant insisted that maize grow- ing, although recent, was practiced on a small scale by his people before white times. "They got their seed from the Yumas." This is not utterly impossible, though one would expect the desert groups also to have cultivated small plots around their watering places. 209. Yuma. The following names were recorded for the "grass" seeds planted: ukutai', ukcu'm, ukyi's, un.ki:', sukwo:'tus. Houses.--I am dubious of the accuracy of the information on houses. The rectangular gabled houses described (and used at present on many reservations) have too modern a look, and it would be exceedingly difficult to obtain the posts, beams, and rafters necessary to build them with as few cutting tools as the people claim to have possessed ("woodoutting by fire only" was the sole method reported). It scarcely need be pointed out that the desert trees are knotty and cross grained. The other elements of the house group, i.e., the ramada and the circular wind- break, are associated eastward as far as the Gila river with a domed house or hut (the Colorado river dwelling is a specialized form, but appears closer akin to a domed than a gabled structure). With all due reserve, one might suggest that the informants who asserted the gabled house "recent" are likely to have been correct. One would expect a small conical or domed hut, such as might be constructed of light poles and branches. If this hypothesis be true, the large ceremonial house may also be of recent origin. This would not nec- essarily mean that the idea of a sacred house, in which the bundle, etc., is kept, is also recent, but only that a house large enough for ritual performances is an historic feature. The circular enclosure would be used for rituals. 264. The earth-covered winter sleeping house apparently was a Colorado river house, perhaps recent, and not commonly used by Cahuilla and Desert Dieguefio. The details are but vaguely re- membered. 271. WDpa. Informant may have had in mind the ceremonial houses at Pala and Rincon (Luisefno), where he had visited often. The "ceremonial house" was not a Dieguefio trait. 278. WDma, VWDpa. Not Dieguefno (see note 271). 280. VVDmna, WDpa. Not Diegueffo (see note 271). Sweat house.--Several aspects, chiefly the lack of a native term for a sweat house in Die- guefio, suggest its recency in their culture. The Desert groups, unmissionized and more remote from the Shoshoneans, lacked it entirely. [47] ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 305. The "pit" for the fire was- merely a shal- low depression in floor to keep ashes from scat- tering. 320. LuPa, WDma, WDpa. Tule balsas were not used by informants' groups, but were described on basis of hearsay information as being type used by coastal people. 341. All portable mortars seen (which were in- variably declared to have been "the kind the old people used") appeared to have been made of water-rounded boulders of desired size. Small protuberances were sometimes pecked away. 397. Most informants maintained that beads, etc., were imported, not made locally. No one was very sure of the process of making such ob- jects. 398. No informant knew of any means of cutting or splitting wood with wedges, chisels, etc. Some suggested, e.g., a bow would be ground down to the desired thickness with a piece of sand- stone. 406. This is described as a post or pole with a flat blade at the upper end, set in the ground. Over this end scraper a hide was rubbed back and forth. 412a. Smoke signals were used either to assem- ble people for a communal hunt, or by a hunter to notify his friends that he needed assistance to carry his quarry home. A fire was built, and the column of smoke showed the place. 415. Serr, PCka, MCna, Cup, LuSa, LuPa, MDly, MDku. Plus following entries means they are ap- proximations between that number and one more. In a few instances elsewhere in the list 3-5, or like figures, have been indicated similarly. 446-449. Arrowhead shapes: 446 447 448 449 446. Tanged, one notch each side. 447. Stemmed. 448. Spurred. 449. Fish tail, single base notch. 474. Heated, arrow bent over curved surface. 482. Cut made from mouth instead of up hind legs. 499. Blood was smeared on throwing clubs "to keep them from cracking." 501. The type of war club used by various Dieguefno was not well known. It may have been a cruder, less carefully finished edition of that of River Yumans. Body and dress.--Sex of wearer is indicated by: M, male; F, female; +, both; -, neither. 596. This is the Luisenio paviut wand. Twined bask .--Most of the entries having to do with manufacturing technique were made by observing and pointing out aspects of specimens seen. Without aid of specimens it was almost im- possible to obtain intelligible answers. 631, 638. This contradicts the Handbook, p. 700 and pl. 73d, which attributes diagonally twined caps to both Cahuilla and Diegueno; al- though that form of cap is typical of the Cheme. huevi and Great Basin Shoshoneans. 703. Mt. and W. Diegueflo. The "bundle" in these examples is the Toloache cult regalia--a recent introduction. Cf. note 1102. 711. Outer layers of stalks were scraped off, stalks were pounded, and fibers drawn. 758. The positive entries may indicate a lac of knowledge on the part of informants. The dry, lumps of clay were pounded fine in a mortar and coarse particles removed with a winnowing tray. Any tempering material such as sand, etc., in t clay would probably be removed in the process. 779. Incising may have been a more widesprea practice formerly. A number of small vessels se in local collections in Dieguefio territory had incised decoration around rim. Games.--The sex of the players is entered fo each game where a distinction was made. The s symbols are used as under "Dress." 784. The kickball race may be an historic troduction over part of the area. Cupefno, Luis and Dieguefno informants seemed to have no name (other than the Spanish "la bola") for it. Un- fortunately, I did not record the presence or sence of a name for the race. 822, 824. Cf. note 415. 836. Peon in its present form is apparently late game. Certain variants (cf. no. 847, DCwo, DDly; no. 855, etc.) were stated by some info ants to have been the old style of playing. The distribution of the name for the referee (koime see no. 854) also suggests some recency. 860. Cf. note 415. Dice games.--Information on dice games is badly confused. There seem to have been two o three games played, which have been confused w games introduced in Spanish times. Informants themselves could not differentiate between dif ent games. 895. Yuma, Chem. Beads were measured off by fathoms or half-fathoms, but they were not use as "money" by these groups. 920. Tapping of two sticks is not properly "musical instrument," but is a device used by Tatahuila dancer to indicate to singers when increase tempo of their songs. 921. Yuma. The notched rasp was used with o song cycle (stinkbug, uxhumusnun), which is no, longer sung. 922. Baskets were scraped by the Cahuilla w Quail songs, said to have been a Chemehuevi so cycle. But the Chemehuevi did not scrape baske to accompany this song. 923. DDly, Chem. The positive entries may b misunderstandings on my or the informant's par on 922. 48 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA f. note 415. lendars. Cup "Jan.") tovakic, tovakmul tasmuill, tasmQimul taupaxic, taupaxmul tausunvaxic, tausunvaxmal paxhomoll, paxhomo lmal nimil, nimuiimul novanio il, novanomul so6: muil,1 s omul mu l 'ika (?) ? (?) nuL 1: remoap DDly4 Cold begins 2: 2: 2:- 8 In 1: Cold ends Grass turns green Edible greens ripen Manzanita (?) berries ripen iWtenya 2: Piflon nuts ripen itea 1: Hot weather begins The positive entries here may result from of month or moon names. Interpretations of significance of new lve a Caucasian cast, and may well be D. DDly: N, white; S, yellow; E, red; ik. DDkw: N, white; S, "yellow-brown"; W, black. Yuma: N, white; S, black; i; W, yellow. 1aghes.--Most of the informants were in- to be reticent about sexual matters, ap- Ly feeling that they would be putting them- in a bad light by discussing such things. ttitude accounts for most of the denials of Lstence of berdaches aboriginally (no. I was told repeatedly that such individ- 3Jotes") were to be found "only among L8.B i. WDna. Being a devout Catholic, informant htly denied that separation was ever per- , even aboriginally. la. ILDly, MDku, WDma, WDpa, DDly, DDkw. >n of basis of social organization among gueno has not been made clear, and time available to make such a study in con- n with obtaining these trait lists. It is Fe to do more than make inferences with to the Mountain and Western groups. After -ization of the Mission San Diego the drifted back toward the mountains in groups mnt was not able to equate the month consistently with those of our own containing members of many clans, and thus they are found today. But even among the Desert groups, it is not clear that the same sort of localization of clans was to be found as, e.g., among the Cahuilla. 1081. Cf. Strong, 1927. 1082. Cf. Strong, 1929. 1085. Cf. Strong, 1929. 1102. NDly, NDku. The clan (or, really, party) head in some groups was custodian of the toloache- ceremony regalia. 1110. Yuma. There was not, strictly speaking, a real single tribal "chief," but one or two of the district chiefs would be more esteemed than the rest. 1112. MCte. The net came from one of a group of related lineages, the assistants from others. Cf. Strong, 1929. 1114. LuPa. "The pumutcvi was called takwa when he drank the water the clothes of the dead had been washed in." 1115. DDly. Paha (paha'ut) directed toloache rite only; all traits assigned him were present only during this ceremony (nos. 1133, 1134, 1138) 1116. MCte. Paha was called kutvavanavac ("he makes fire" ?) when he lit fire to assemble men for rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). -- MCna. Takwa was called kutvavanavac when he lit fire before rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). -- LuSa, LuTe. Paha was called kumuc, or komukut ("makes smoke" ?) when he lit fire for rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). 1131. LuTe. Takwa also had something to do with distribution of food. 1144. "Ceremonial cannibalism" is represented by a number of different practices. LuSa under- stood that "takwa" had to drink first water in which a newborn child had been bathed--a novel recombination of ideas. LuTe said that at clothes- burning the takwa had to drink some ashes (mixed with water) of a bit of deceased's clothing. For LuPa, see note 1114. It is possible, of course, that practices substituted for real cannibalism of Juanefio type really varied as much as this from one reservation to next. Property and inheritance.--Informants' gen- eralizations on land tenure are probably none too reliable, but time did not permit an intensive investigation of the situation. The fairly simple state of affairs among the Cahuilla is made com- plex among the Luiseflo by the "party" organiza- tion, and among the Dieguefno by the lack of knowl- edge about their aboriginal social organization. 1200. Cup. Informant believed "the old people used to take scalps because it's mentioned in a story." -- WfVDma. Informant gave the information on scalping, etc., also on the basis of a legen- dary account. 1214e-15. MCna. Parturient might support her- self by holding to cords or stakes if there were no one there to aid her. 1218. I am somewhat skeptical of this trait. It may indicate only a lack of knowledge of the implements of former times. 49 ANTHROPOILGICAL RECORDS 1225. Entire treatment given women at child- birth, menstruation, etc., revolved about belief that they must be kept warm, to prevent blood from coagulating within their bodies. 1227. Soft fine earth from a fresh gopher work- ing was put around child's head to keep him from turning, in order to flatten occiput. 1227. Chem. Child's head was continually turned from one side to the other to prevent its becoming flat. 1229, 1232, 1259, 1262. Cf. note 415. 1269. Some informants admitted this belief, but added that they themselves did not believe it, citing instances to show it was not true. Others, apparently with the same idea in mind, denied it flatly. 1286. Cup. Informant thought that boys were tattooed at the end of the toloache initiation. 1294. DDly. Giving of a name by mother's brother is not in this entry an instance of an avuncular relationship, but rather a carry-over from the joking between brothers-in-law. The maternal kinsman would give a "funny" obscene name. Girls' puberty.--Yuma. Informant stated that only occasionally was there any ritual perform- ance at a girl's puberty. Usually she fasted (partially), drank little water, used a scratch- ing stick, and gathered mesquite gum for hair dye. When there was a ceremonial, it is said to have been a "pit roasting"; but the informant did not know details, except that the girl's back was "stepped on to make it straight" somewhere in the course of events (cf. 1315, Yuma; 1353, Yuma). 1303. Cf. note 415. 1323. Girls from one clan or party only went through the ceremony. 1324. The ceremonial assistant of the affili- ated clan or party assumed active supervision of the ritual. 1328. Cf. note 415. DDly. A 5-day rite was said to have been a recent practice. 1422. Cf. note 415. 1382. PCka. Entries having to do with sand paintings were given by informant on basis of songs which mention the various items. It is per- fectly possible that this group had the songs and not the ritual. Strong (1929) makes no mention of any sand paintings made for the girls. 1420. Yuma. The period of seclusion of men- struants was said to have been only time they made basketry. 1437a. DCwo. This was the time boys were taught clan songs. It seems at least possible that this was an old trait incorporated into the toloache initiation. Strong (1929) says the Pass Cahuilla had same custom. Toloache initiation.--PCka. The following en- tries of this informant are based on descriptions in songs (cf. note 1382). Strong (1929) states that the toloache initiation never reached Palm Springs, and Cupeno and Luisenio informants also denied its introduction there. Toloache initiation.--DDkw. Informant state that some Mountain people came once or twice t dance toloache and initiate some of his people' but the latter never danced it themselves. 1452. Serr. The initiation was stated to ha been performed every 3 years. 1453. DDly. This ceremony was a recent intr duction to the desert people. Informant's fatk brother seems to have been initiated somewhere' and acquired regalia for the performances. Whe he died, regalia were burned with him, and dar was never used thereafter. It was obviously 8h lowly rooted in the culture. 1456. To the Diegueio alone the taking of toloache was a means of acquiring or strengthe ing supernatural power. Among the other groups sharing in the complex, shamanistic power coul not be obtained in this fashion. (See further under Shamanism.) 1457. Boys from one clan or party only were initiated together. 1489. DDly. Director of ceremony was called "paha''ut," apparently a word taken from Shosh nean speakers who introduced rite. 1495. This may have been a yellowhammer-fea headband, the ends of which lapped over alongs of wearer's face. I was unable to understand t description. 1527. (See note 1456.) I doubt the positive statement of PCka (see also note on Toloache initiation PCka). 1555. MDly, MDkw. The informants knew that novices " jumped over something," but did nota what it was. I suspect some of my other inform ants were equally vague. 1569. MCna. The informant stated that nose piercing was final act of initiation, which is be doubted. 1584a. Small children (who were supposed to keep away from rituals) and people who miscon- ducted themselves during performances became i and could be cured only by a performance of t. dance. 1586. This is probably the modern wake, and not an aboriginal usage. 1608. Cf. note 415. 1609. PCka. Only old women cut their hair. 1633. This seems a variant of "ceremonial nibalism." (Cf. nos. 1641 and 1661.) 1661. Cup. This may be a trace of ceremoni cannibalism, though informant denied that bon were ever consumed. Procedure (nos. 1662, 1663 seems rather pointless otherwise. Mourning ceremony.--MDly, MDku, WDma, WDpa. In none of these groups had the mourning cer been performed within memory of the informant What little they knew of a mourning rite turn out to be from Luisenio: La Jolla, Rincon, and Pala. 1665. DCwo, annually. PCka, every 2 years. MCna, annually. LuSa, each of 3 parties gave ceremony once every 3 years, alternately. 1667. Yuma. (See Forde on recency of Yuma images in rite.) i 50 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA lYuma, Chem. Ceremony was made after har- food was plentiful. Cf. Forde, Yuma, p. 228. Ceremonial assistant actively di- ormance, while clan chief sat by Cf. note 415. DDkw. Objects which were clearly of same those which Forde calls "ceremonial of Yuma were sometimes used instead of [nformant thought they were a kind of l of which represented all the dead. ,Iuma. The dead in whose memory ritual could be identified by painted tattoo * LuTe, LuPa. Clothes, etc., of images bloved and given to bystanders. iism.--WDma. Informant, for some reason, 1 knowledge of anything concerning The dreaming of the potential shaman was (except for Yuma, Chem by the fact that the object ("hechiceria") within his body. 1 Except among the Yuma and Chemehuevi .rdian-spirit concept is vague and ill de- hroughout the area. There are hints that shamans had familiar spirits, but they apparently would never speak of these matters. I hope to discuss the shamanistic complex of southern Cali- fornia at more length soon. 1859. LuPa. Informant was a pragmatic-minded individual who insisted that shamans were taught their songs, curing methods, sleight-of-hand, etc., from older shamans. The fact that they had "power" made it possible for them to use this knowledge. 1864. Yuma. Curing shamans did not dream of creation. Other supernatural power was acquired in this way. 1880. See trait 1526. 1888. The manner in which the wands were used is not clear. Some informants believed the wands themselves spoke to their owners, informing them of future events. Others believed shamans could interpret, from the appearance, etc., of the wands, what was to happen. 1918. Chem. This person is one who has a Deer guardian spirit. I am not sure that he is to be equated with the Cahuilla-Cupeno-Luisenio Deer shamans. 1927. The shaman told his dream, singing, probably mumbling; the ceremonial assistant ex- plained significance of dream to people. 51