INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS The Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers publish articles in the general field of anthropology. In addition to articles of theoretical interest, the Papers will welcome descriptive studies putting factual information on record, as well as bibliographies and historical documents of anthropologi- cal interest. The Society welcomes student research papers of high quality. Manuscripts' must be typewritten, double-spaced throughout, and submitted in duplicate. Endnote (the Papers do not employ footnotes) and bibliography should be placed of separate sheets. Prospective contributors should consult recent issues of the Papers, or the American An- thropologist, for manuscript style. Authors will receive without charge twenty reprints of their articles. Additional reprints may be ordered at extra charge. Manuscripts should be sent to: Editor Kroeber Anthropological Society Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Kroeber Anthropological Society gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the Graduate Division of the University of California. Their support has made possible the continuing success of the Papers. Cover: Professor A.L. Kroeber in the lower Sacramento Valley, California at an excavation by R.F. Heizer in the early 1930's. (Photograph courtesy of the R.H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology). ? Kroeber Anthropological Society, 1977. All Rights Reserved. V 0 @0 U V 0o 0 0 a. 0 -o 0 0 L. THE KROEBER ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY PAPERS Number 50 BERKELEY PAPERS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Editors Noel T. Boaz John E. Cronin Published by the Kroeber Anthropological Society Berkeley, California 1977 Contents Foreword Noel T. Boaz and John E. Cronin ...............................................1 Patterns and Functions of Grooming Among the Common Indian Langur (Presbytis entellus) James J. McKenna ...............................................3 Metric Description and Analysis of Cranial Contours Yoel Z. Rak .............................................. 13 Molar Wear Stages of Theropithecus gelada W.E. Meikle .............................................. 21 Langur Social Behavior and Infant Mortality Richard A. Curtin .............................................. 27 Paleoecology of Early Hominidae in Africa Noel T. Boaz .............................................. 37 Hominids from the Lower Pleistocene Of South China Geoffrey G. Pope .............................................. 63 AnthI-opoid Evolution: The Molecular Evidence John E. Cronin .............................................. 75 Early Hominid Postcrania and Locomotor Adaptations Randall J. Thompkins .............................................. 85 Early Research on Pleistocene Races in Europe: Putting Neandertal Man's Head Together Stephen R. Holtzman .............................................. 105 Neural Correlates of Primate Social Behavior Michael J. Raleigh .............................................. 115 Postscript: Physical Anthropology at Berkeley Sherwood L. Washburn .............................................. 121 Forew4 Noel T. Boaz and The papers presented in the present volume have been written by physical anthropologists with a prim- ary connection, now or in the recent past, with the University of California, Berkeley. The spectrum of topics treated does not fully sample the range of varia- tion of interests in Berkeley physical anthropology but it is indicative of it. Such areas of current research as early primate paleontology, primate morphometric studies, hominid cranio-dental and mandibular func- tional anatomy, ecological/behavioral studies of wild primates and bio-social anthropology ("sociobiology") have not been dealt with here directly, although in some cases referred to or alluded to in the texts. The papers here represent lines of research, some of which have been undertaken in some form or another at Berkeley since the end of the last century, and some of which have come of age only within the last decade or so. The first "physical anthropology" course taught at Berkeley pre-dated the founding of the Anthropology Department in 1901. It was entitled "The Geological History of Man" and was taught by J.C. Merriam, Professor of Paleontology, who came to Berkeley in 1894. Excavations financed by Mrs. Phoebe Hearst also were begun prior to 1901 in Egypt (by G.A. Reisner), in Peru (by M. Uhle) and on Santa Rosa Island, California (by P.M. Jones) which supplied the skeletal collections now housed in the Lowie Museum. Some of these specimens formed the basis of Y.Z. Rak's contribution in the present volume. An advisory committee, composed of Franz Boas (of Columbia and the American Museum), Frederick W. Putnam (of Harvard and the American Museum), Merriam, Mrs. Hearst, (all of whom had a strong in- terest in the physical history and diversity of man), the President of the university and others, was responsible for setting up the Anthropology Department and the museum, and for bringing A.L. Kroeber to the univer- sity in 1901 (see McCown, 1961). The focus of the new department was California and thus much of the phys- ical anthropological research was on California In- dians or fossil man. Putnam, the first director of the museum and the first chairman of the department, cooperated with Merriam in the study of the Calaveras skull, found in the auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada (see Sinclair, 1908). Ales( Hrdlirka studied specimens in the museum and published his report in the newly established University of California Publica- tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology (1906, v. 4(2):49-64). He also had taken part in the study of the John E. Cronin Calaveras skull. Interest in fossil man thus extends back to the earliest days of the Berkeley Anthropology Department. Studies of California Indian skeletal biology, paleodemography and anthropometric population studies probably dates from research on California crania by Lucien Carr at Harvard in 1879-80. The first such study undertaken at Berkeley was "Californian Anthropometry" published in 1926 by E.W. Gifford who had joined the department in 1912. The study followed Kroeber's Handbook of the Indians of California (1925) and included measurements by Gifford, Kroeber, E.A. Hooton (whose student, S.L. Washburn, was to come to Berkeley some years later) and L.L. Loud. A general survey course in anthropology, including physical, was first offered by Kroeber in the 1905-06 school year. His interest in and emphasis on physical anthropological topics can be seen in his textbook, Anthropology (1923), in which the first three chapters are entitled, "Fossil Man," "Living Races," and "Prob- lems of Race." Ronald Olson came to the department in 1931 and instituted the Anthropology 1 system in which the first semester was devoted to physical an- thropology. Theodore McCown, a former Berkeley student, in 1938 became the first physical anthropologist hired in the department. McCown started the department's re- search interest in Old World paleoanthropology with excavations at Skh-ul and Tabun Caves (now in Israel). He and Sir Arthur Keith described the skeletal mate- rial in the well known Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol- ume 2 (1939). Also indicative of an increasing interest in early man abroad was research by Ralph Chaney of the Paleontology Department at Choukoutien, north- ern China in the late 1930's (see Pope, this volume for a related article on the Plio-Pleistocene of China.) Chaney's interests centered on paleoecology and on the diet of Peking Man. The University of California Expedition to South Africa, mounted in 1947 to 1948, re-investigated the type locality of Australopithecus africanus at Taung (see following article by Boaz) and the Bolt's Farm locality. The expedition was headed by Prof. Charles Camp of the Paleontology Department and it extended its ac- tivities to western Lake Turkana, Kenya (just south of the area presently being investigated by the Berkeley Omo Research Expedition) and to the Fayum Depres- sion, Egypt. Even during this period of increasing fieldwork ab- I road research on California Indians and collections in the Lowie Museum continued. R.F. Heizer and McCown published a report on the Stanford skull in 1950, and S. Cook, T.D. Stewart, J.L. Angel and others, including many doctoral students, undertook significant studies during this time. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin visited the university for one quarter during 1952. While in Berkeley he col- laborated with R. Stirton of the Paleontology Depart- ment in a major work on biostratigraphy. Sherwood L. Washburn moved to Berkeley from Chicago in 1958. Shortly thereafter Washburn and I. DeVore carried out a landmark field study of the East African baboon. A primate behavior station was estab- lished at Berkeley under Washburn's direction and in 1966 Phyllis Dolhinow, whose primary research had been on langurs, joined the faculty. Primate studies today remain a viable and rewarding area of research (see McKenna, himself a recent addition to the An- thropology faculty, and Curtin, this volume). Molecular anthropology is a promising area of phylogenetic research (see Cronin, this volume). In 1967 Vincent Sarich, who had received a doctorate from Berkeley in the same year, added this area of investigation to Berkeley physical anthropology. F. Clark Howell (a former student of Washburn's), after a distinguished career in paleoanthropology at Chicago, came to Berkeley in 1970. Howell's recent long-term research in Ethiopia has yielded valuable hominid and other primate remains and contexts (see Meikle, Boaz and Thompkins, this volume). J. Michael Hoffman, who recently has come to the Berkeley faculty, continues in the long tradition of skeletal biology and paleodemography. The papers presented here are expositions of new data, of interpretations based thereon or of original syntheses of data. In a general sense the papers con- tinue a commitment to empirical and data-oriented anthropology which has been a hallmark of Berkeley physical anthropology since its inception. The editors wish to extend their appreciation to the editorial staff of the K.A.S. Papers, especially Randy Thompkins, who assisted in the editing of manus- cripts. Several Berkeley colleagues read the manus- cripts and made helpful suggestions; among these Eric Meikle is to be especially thanked. Much of the forego- ing history of the department was organized by Elizabeth McCown, who graciously lent her time to the endeavor. Drs. Al Elsasser, John Rowe and Clark Howell are also thanked for their help in compiling this history. (A short history of the department can be found in Rowe 1967). Judith Ogden did most of the graphics in the volume and their quality is a reflection of the interest she showed in the various articles. The K.A.S. Papers has been assisted by a grant from the Graduate Division of the University of California REFERENCES CITED McCown, T.D. 1961 Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876- 1960). In Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropol- ogy, Annual Report for 1961. Pp. 29-37. Rowe, J.H. 1967 Anthropology Department. In The Centennial Record of the University of California. P. 78. Berkeley: Univ. California Press. Sinclair, W.J. 1908 Recent Investigations Bearing on the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. Ethnol. 7(2):108-131. to whom the editors express their gratitude. 2