ARChAEOLOGY ON THE CHINA MAINLAND SINCE 1949 John C. Jamieson Prior to the establishment of the Central People's Government in 1949, archaeology in China had little opportunity, to develop itself. Internal and external strife and the resulting unstable government made scientific investigation well nigh impossible. This is not to say that signif'icant treasures were not uncoveredo Anyang., Ch'ang-sha, and Tun-huang are only a few of the older sites well known to even the casual student of China's early history. The Academia Sinica did for a few years conduct systematic diggings, but were interrupted too soon and too often and the bulk of cultural objects known to the West was largely products of hit or miss findso Since 1949, in a situation of relative peace, the field of archaeology has had the opportunity to flourish. Flood control projects, the construction of railways, and other public works projects have sent men and machines into areas digging ground that has been appare'ntly untouched for centuries. Their diggings have unearthed a profusion of archaeological remains, and have been the impetus for work towards the solution of many problems regarding China's prehistory, Archaeological research is now entirely under governmental control. The old Academia Sinica, the Peiping Research Centre, and a few other research institutes were incororated into what is now kmown as the Chinese Academy of Sciences a , headed by Mro Kuo Mo-jo [bi. Speaking in terms of the organizational chart, it is a third level organization directly subordinate to The Government Administrative Council of the Cen- tral People's Government [c]. The Institute for Archaeological Research [d] -is a department within the Academy of Scienceso Another third level organization affecting archaeology Is the Department of Culture [el, with- in wh i ch i s the Bureau of Cultural Objects . t f I o The Bureau manages independently administrative work surrounding cultural objects, their display, preservation, etc. It is concerned more with propaganda--educat- ing peasants on the value of cultural objects, and the evils of selling them to 'private collectors, In this light, it publishes many cheap popu- larizing pamphlets on important sites.2 Cultural Objects Control Offices [g] have been established in the governments of the provinces and other political areas. -Museums throughout the country are all controlled by the government, and their staffs engage in excavation projects.3 The government has been faced with a great shortage of archaeologists. Many of the best archaeologists left upon the surrender of the Kuomintang (i.e., Li Chi, Tung Tso-pin, Cheng Te-k'un) an, stveral have since died (ioeo., Liang Ssu-yung, son of Liang.Ch'i-chlao4).' Several of the public works projects were halted for,fear of damagfng important material. In response, a special program in archaeology was established in the History Department of Peking University, and an introductory archaeology course was added to the curriculum of the history departments of many other uni- versitieso The course was designed to give History majors a general 71 knowledge of archaeological method. Long periods of training, however, would not answer the immediate problem, so the Academy of Sciences with Peking University in 1952 opened a summer course for the training of archaeological workers0 The course has been continued since that time0 Groups of students and museum workers attend a short period of lectures and are then led through excavation exercises at actual sites. As of the end of 1956, this program had produced about 300 students over four sum- mers, and these students have been divided into some twenty work units and sent to construction areas throughout the country. The Institute for Archaeological Research received the top twenty graduates of this program and gave them further training. The latest available figures showed approximately fifty research workers and assistant research workers with the Institute. Publications 1. Periodicals There are currently three periodicals pertaining to archaeology. Two are wholly devoted to archaeology, and in the third about two-thirds of the articles are archaeological, the rest pertaining to museumso They are listed below and explained in the order of their inception. A. Wen-wu ts'an-k' ao tzu-l iao,IThi; "Ref-rence - Materi a-l-onAuJultural Objects."0 This publication was announced in early 1950 as a monthly, but there were only seven volumes published durin9 that year. It is pub- lished by the Cultural Objects Publishing Soc iety4i] .- Pek4ng oThe- f.orat of the magazine has changed several times since its inceptiono The first issues are small, pocket-book size with poor reproductions if any. The later issues have increased in size and contain excellent photographs reproduced on glossy paper. It appears to-be the policy of the editors to devote an issue to a particular subject., such as architecture, sculp- ture, etc. Nos. 4 and 5 in 1951 were special issues on Tun-huang, pub- lished in accordance with an exhibition of Tum-huang relics being held in Peking at that time. Volume 3 in 1956 was dedicated to the first confer- ence of archaeological workers held in Peking on February 27 of that year. (One hundred eighty scholars and workers from all -over the country attended, and in the opening speech Mr. Kuo bemoaned the lack of workers and under- developed techniques.) The magazine contains many interesting and informa- tive articles and appears to be primarily intended for museum and archae- ological workers. Until 1955, no index of articles was published, but in that year a separate volume was issued with an index of all the articles published in the mmagazine during 1954 and 1955. Now the last issue of each year contains a complete index for that year. Bo E ao-ku hsu"eh-pao 0[]; iJcsAnal d Archaeology" (or as preferred by the publishers "Acta Archaeologica. Sinica")a Published by the Science Publishing Society of the Academy of Sciences, it was first issued in 1951 as a semi-annual. The East Asiatic Library copies start with issue #7, 195L4. This is the scholarly publication of the three, containing articles by the foremost scholars in the field, generally the results of research into recent finds. It also contains book reviews. It appears strangely 72 devoid of propaganda articles, a statement which cannot be made for the other two periodicals. AAong the articles is a long work by Ch'en Meng-chiialk]cn Western or Early Chou bronzes, spread over six issues in 1955 and 19560 There is another three chapter article by the same author on Yin bronzes, in volume 8, 19541. Beginning with the 1956 issues, the Journal was changed to a quarterly publicationo As with the "Reference Material on Cultural Objects" publication, there is an index of the year's publications in the final issue of each year. Beginming with the 1956 issues, the table of contents is in English and Russian as well as in Chinese. C. K'Ihao-ku tkung-hsunlil] Arbiwo1goca6l Bulletin."7 This journal started blic on in 1 , published by the Science Publishing Society of the Academy of Sciences. The following is a translation of part of the publisher's statement from the initial issue: There has been unprecedented activity in archaeology since the estab- lishment of the People's Government due to the serious weight attached to the science by the party and the government and also due to the establishment of public works projects all over the country. In these five years our work has been heavy, but the harvest gigantic. At the same- time we have run into a large number of problems in our work. Archaeologists left over from the old China are far from enough, and although new strength is being unceasingly built up, it is much less than- enough to shoulder the urgent responsibilities ahead. Further- more, these handicapped workers are scattered in various places, and it is difficult to discuss and penetrate promptly the finds from these widespread areas and problems resulting from themo What this problem needs- is a reliable periodical which can bring all the material together, aid, instruct, and facilitate the obtaining of solutions to all problems. Also with this sort of a publication a general knowledge of archaeology can be introduced along with introducing the greater experience of the Soviet Union. In this way, the scope of our knowl- edge will be broadened, the effectiveness of our work increased, and new workers will be encouraged to enter archaeology. . W We hope that through the printing of this magazine, by making it widely avail- able to all, we can improve field work methods and laboratory methods. We desire that this publication not publish long research articles, but rather 1) information that is practical and necessary to the archaeological worker, and 2) brief items with relation to excavations, clearing and organizing of sites, and investigation. This monthly publ-ication is smaller in format than the above two. The East Asiatic Library has a complete set0 Althougih mre propaganda material is- included, it is confined to the front section of the journal. Their policy of article selection has apparently continued as outlined in the initial volume, most of the articles being written by field workers. There is a "twork-in-progress" report broken down by province toward the end of each issue. From 1955, an index of articles published during the year has been included in the last volume of that year. 73 20 Other Publications The Chinese government appears to be sparing no expense in archae- ological publicationso Quite a number of exquisitely bound excavation reports and studies of individual finds have been released that rival even their Japanese counterparts in workmanship. All direct publications of the Institute for Archaeological Research are included in either the Monograph Series [m] or the Special-Publications Series En]. No list of these publications (or for that matter, archaeologi- cal publications in general) has been published, so there are gaps in what I have been able to group together. There is no apparent reason for a par- ticular work being in one series of the Monographs rather than another, or for inclusion in the monograph series instead of the special editions. Monograph Series 1 A. [o0 /Explanation of Bronze Inscriptions from the Chi-wei Studio/, by Yang Shu-ta. 1952. B. [p] /A Collection and Description of Yin Oracular Texts/! by Chlen Meng-d7kia. 1956. C. [q) /Systematic Study and Explanation of Bronze Inscriptions of the Chou Dynasty, with Catalogue/, by Kuo Mo-joO -1957. 2. B6 Er] /ComiTmentary on a Collection of Han, Wei, 9and Northern Southern Dynasties Epitaphs/, by Chao Wan-li. '1956. C. [s] /Han Stone Classics/! by Ma Heng. 1957. D. [t] /Seal Characters from Stone Inscriptions!, Shang Ch'eng-tso, edi tor. 19570 E. Eu] /Finds from the Tomb of Prince Ts'ai in Shou-hsien/. 1956. F. [v] /Shang and Chou Bronze Inscriptions/. 1957. .0. [w] /Religious Stone Engravings of Ch 'uan-chou/. 1957. 3. A. [X]l /A Report on the Hand Written Ouighur Script Copy of the Biography of Hsuan-chuang/. 1957. 4h B. Ey] /Ch'ang-sha Excavation Report/. 19570 Speci al Editions CO E[zi /Archaeology at Turfan/, by Huang Wen-pi. 1954. D. Eaa) /Hsiao-t'un Volume 2 and Yin Bone Texts II/, 19530 Excavation Report The following report is based on an article from a Japanese journal.8 Although not comprehensive, it lists the important sites that have been discovered or excavatedo Cross references to articles in Chinese journals are not includedo If the reader should wish further material on a particu- lar site, it can most always be found by reference to the indexes of the three journals mentioned above. 74 At Choukoutien [bb], the site of Sinanthro pekinensis, in addition to the discovery of three Ape-man teeth and stone ools,-a certain number of fossilized bones have been discovered. In 1954 at Hsiang-fen prefec- ture [cc] in Shansi, a paleolithic site was uncovered, and three humanoid teeth, more than 2,000 stone tools, and a vast number of zoolites were found, In Tze-yang [ddi in Szedcuan, and Ssu-pin-hsia-ts'ao-wan [eel of Anhui province fossil man of a post-paleolithic period was discovered. As of 19569 approximately 300 neolithic sites had been discovered. The distribution of these sites is quite wide, from Inner Mongolia in the north to Kwangtung in the south, and from the east coast to Sinkiang in the west, What follows is a brief explanation of the few of this great number that have been thoroughly investigated. One Yang-shao culture site is being excavated at Pan-po ts'un [ff] in Hsian.9 In addition to vast remains, two types of earth constructed houses used as residences were discovered. One is a round house, approxi- mately 5 meters in diameter, and the other type is rectangular, 12.5 meters wide and about 20 meters deep. Surrounding the round house are the remains of an earth wall approximately 20 cm in height, and within the house were the traces of a cooking stove. Surrounding the rectangular house was an earthen wall approximately one meter thick and 50 cm in height. From the same place, up to.100 Yang-shao type graves have been discovered, and a large amount of pottery buried in the graves was preserved completely. Among these finds, one small pottery jar was discovered and in it were grains with husks preserved in their original state. According to the results of an initial appraisal the grain is a millet (Setaria italica [L] Beauv. ) . Past finds of neolithic sites in the Southeast China area were rather few, but within the past six years many artifacts of this period have been discovered* The important sites are: Chiangsu - Ch'ing-lien kang, Huai-yin prefecture [gg] Hu-shu chen, Chiang-ning prefecture [hhJ Chekiang - Lao-ho shan in Hang-chou [ii] Fukien - Yun-shih shan in Fuchou. [JjI At Kou-yu [11] of Ch'u-yang [mm] in Hopei province a neolithic site was discovered, where there were stone axes and stone rings, red and other colored pottery sherds, the leg of a pottery Oting,w etc. This is the first time that Yang-shao artifacts have been found in Hopel. Also, one neolithic site was discovered at Yangshan (nnl, Hsinyang [oo] in Honan. Characteristics of the pottery found here include painted but unglazed pot- tery fragments, glazed black pottery fragments, and many pieces of pottery "ting"; there were no pottery "li" fragments found. At Ch'u-chia ling, Ching-shan [pp] in Hupei province neolithic sites have been discovered. Features of the pottery found here were very similar to those discovered at Ch'ing-lien kang mentioned above. This is an indication that there were relationships at this time between the people of the Yangtze area and the Yellow River area. At Hsi-t'uan shan [qq] in Kirin, and at T'ang-shan [rr] in Hopei, cist graves were discovered,-and among the burial objects there was a great amount of stone and pottery vessels, and a few bronze. These sites appear to be of a transitional period between the neolithic and bronze ages. Heretofore, Hsiao-ttun [ss] near Anyang has been the only Yin site known to historians. Digging has been continued here and much more has been discovered. But a more valuable contribution to the study of Shang history was made with the discovery in 1952 of the site at Cheng-chou (ttJ. Digging is still in progress, but many important artifacts have already been discovered010 Among these, there was a rectangular shaped dwelling 5 meters long and about 4,5 meters wide, traces of cast bronze, artifacts of bone construction, the traces of a kiln where pottery was fired, and a com- plex of Yin period graves. Also oracle bones and bones engraved with a few characters were discovered1l From artifacts of cast bronze, bronze dregs and charcoal traces were noted; crucibles, containers, and the molds for weapons were also uncovered. From a bone vessel manufacturing area a large amount of bone material was found, including some human thigh bones. Yin sites have also been discovered at' Honan - Hui-hsien [uu], Loyang [vvw, Shan-hsien [wwj Shensi Shantung - Chinan [xx] Hopei Chl'u-yang (yyJ Since the war, many Chou dynasty graves have been discovered through- out the country. From Tou-men cheni z] of Hsian a grave of the Western Chou was discovrered, and bturied here-were bronze tting,R hbuo,." Ochungw bells, and pottery RtouW with grey glaze. On top-of the bronze Rhuo" was a 54 character inscription, which dates it from the period of Chou Mtu-wang [aaal (last half of the tenth century BoC.). From the Western Chou graves at Yen-tun shan [bbb] of Tan-ttu [ccci in Chiangsu province, bronze "tings," eli," "chiu," "ptanIt 1thuo9, Nkuang," and bronze horse fittings were dis- covered. On the surface of one of the bronze tchiu" there was a 146 char- acter inscription, which places the vessel's manufacture during the reign of Chou Chleng-wang [ddd] (eleventh century, B.C.)-. From Ying-tzu village [eee] on Ling-yuan island [fff] in Jehol, 16 bronzes were found, Western Chou graves have also been discovered at Fang-t'ui village [ggg] of Hung- chao [hhh) in Shansi province, and in the western outskirts of Loyang in Honan province. In many places graves of the Eastern Chou period have been discovered: Honan - Loyang [iii], Hui-hsien [jJj,I. Anyang tkkk] Cheng-chou (1111, YU-hsien (mmm], Shan-hsien mnnnj, Ling-pao tooo], Shensi-TH i4m [(pppJ, and Pao-chi [qqq] Anhui - Shou-hsien [rrr] Hunan - Ch'ang-sha LSS ], Heng-yang [ttt] Hopei - T'ang-shan [uuu], Hsing-t'ai [vvv], and the outskirts of Peking. At Shou-hsien in Anhui province, at the site of the grave of Prince Tstai discovered in 1956, there were more than one thousand items of bronze manufacture (many inscribed), and a large number of jade and lacquer objects. At Hui-hsien in Honan were found gold and silver inlaid bronzes, and a large number of iron tools. In pits discolored earth remains of what were once wooden carriages were found, and from these, models of the original 76 vehicles have been reconstructed0 At Chang-sha coffins placed in wooden outer coffins were discovered, and in these there were many bronze vessels, wooden vessels and silk fragments. Bamboo tablets, with writing, have also been discovered. Also, in a bamboo chest, a writing brush, a pair of scales, and weights were discovered. Arrows in a wooden quiver, a bam- boo bow, a wooden shield, and leather armor were also found here. In the vicinity of Loyang many Eastern Chou graves have been excavated and bronze vessels as well as an abundance of pottery vessels have been found. Over a rather wide area near these tombs at Loyang, many Eastern Chou artifacts have been fod, including- iron tools, pottery fragments, and roof tiles. From Chao-hua [www] in Szechuan province a boat-shaped coffin made from a scooped out log was discovered, and among the grave objects was a large quantity of bronze pots and coins0 Many Han relics have come to light since 19490 Excavated tombs alone number close to 2g,000. In the western suburbs of Loyang, the site of a Han for-t is being excavated. The foundation of this fort is approximately 1,L400 meters square, and the wall had been built with boards. Within the walls of the fort, remains of dwellings, and remains of wells and store- houses built with- bricks were discovered. In addition, many pottery frag- ments, roof tiles, and coins were found. There have been many Han dynasty tombs discovered at Loyang. In Shao-kou [xxx] of Loyang alone, they number 260. Tombs with painted walls were discovered at Chiang-.ning [y] in Kiangsu, Hao-hsien in Anhui [zzz], and at several places in other provinces. There are many cliff graves being excavated in-Szechuan province. In Wang-tu of Hopei province [A] (Bibliography 118),- one tomb with wall paintings of humans and animals was discovered. At Ch'ang-sha, the Liu-chiao [B] royal tombs were discovered, and in these tombs there were lacquer containers, pottery, Rhorseshoe gold" money, and wooden tablets. From other Han tombs, wooden grave fig- ures, wooden chariots, and models of wooden ships were excavated. An unexpected discovery in the suburbs of Kuangchou in Kuangtung province was of Western Han coffins with wooden outer coffins. In these were bronze vessels, pottery vessels both glazed and unglazed, and bowls, beads, belt- hooks, and necklaces made of glass. From brick tombs discovered in Chao- t'ung and Lu-tien [C], Yunnan province, bronze RhdiR and Hyti" iron vessels, pottery grave figures, coins, and also one stone coffin with the figures of Fu-hsi. and Ndi-kua carved on the top were found. From Lan-hu kou [DI of Sui-tung [El in Imer Mongolia, Ordos bronzes and bronze mirrors from the end of the Western Han period have been discovered. At Shih-han shan of Chin-ning [F] in Yunnan, a grave with bronze vessels, bronze drums, weapons and mirrors from the Western Han period veW.- discovered. The stone grottoes of Ping-ling Temple [GI at Yung-ching [H], and the T'ien-shih shan cave temple [I] of Wu-wei Uj], both in Kansu province have been discovered in the last few years. At Ping-ling, 35 stone caves and 87 idol niches dating from the Northern Wei to the T'ang were found, the oldest inscribed piece being from Yen-ch'ang 2 [K] (513 A.D.)* At T'ien-shui (L] in Kansu the stone caves of Mai-chi shan [MJ (see Bibli- ography 148) have been investigated. From the ruins of Te-hsiu Temple [N] in Chlii-yang [0] of Hopei prov- ince, more than 2,200 stone Buddha were discovered, of which 230 are dated. 77 The oldest is inscribed Shen-kui 3 IP] of the Northern Wei (520 A.D.), and the latest, T'ien-pao 9 [Q] of the T'ang dynasty (750 AoD.)* Many stone figures dating from the Six Dynasties period to the T'ang dynasty were discovered in the ruins of Wan-fo Temple [RI in Ch'eng-tu, Szechuan. From the western suburbs of T'ai-yuan in Shansi province Is], 30 Buddha fi ures were discovered, ad- two of these were dated: one Hsing-ho 2 [T] (540 A.DO). and the other Wu-ting 3 [U] (545 AQDo). Tsin tombs discovered at Tzu-kang [VI of Kuan chou city had inscribed on the bricks the dates Yung-chia 5, 6,.and 7 [WI (311-312 A.D.), In the tombs were lacquer vessels, gold and silver necklaces, yellow-green glazed pottery "4-ear Hu," and different types of coins0 On the bricks of the Tsin graves at Yan9tzeshan in Cheng-tu, Szechuan, there was incribed the date T'ai-shih 10 LX] (274 A.Do)o At Yi-hsing LY] in Kiangsu province, the grave of the famous general Chou Ch'u [Z] of the Tsin period was dis- covered. At Loyang, the grave of Hs'U mel-Jen [AA], the wetnurse for Etapress Chia [BB] was uncovered, In it there was a stone tablet on which 10,000 characters were inscribed. Six Dynasties period graves were dis- covered in Kiangsu, Fukien., and Hunan provinces, and in all of these there were ceramic grave objects. Many tombs from the Sui , T'ang, Sung, and Yuan dynasties have also been found. At ChIeng-tu a Sung crematorium was discovered where there were color-glazed pottery tomb figurines, pottery vessels, and even land title deeds. In Sumg tombs at T'ien-hsi chen [CC] near Anyang in Honan, and in Yuan tombs at Plihng-ting. EnD] in Shansi-province wall paintings have been found. At Loyang over-500 Sung and Kin tombs were discavered, and in these were many ceramics. Lastly, many pottery kilns have been discovered since 1949. Since systematic work on these sites is just beginning, only a list of them is available at present: Tsin dynasty: Chekiang - Shang-chin of Su-shan [EE] T'ang dynasty: Hunan - T'ieh-kuan tsui of Hsiang-yin [FF] Kiangsi - Shih-hu wan and Sheng-mei t'ing of Ching-te chen [GG] Chekiang Wenchou [mH] Sung dynasty:. *Fukien - Chinkiang [II', Shui-chi [JJ],i Tehua [KKJ Kuangtung - Shih-wan tstun of Yang-chiang [LL]. Conclus ions Obvious from the above is that with the encouragement, or perhaps demands, of the government, archaeological field work is gradually improv- ing. In the past when a site was discovered, it was cleared of the relics of that particular period for which the excavators happened to be search- ing, but in only a few cases was attempt made to delve deeper into possible sublayers of earlier cultures. Now, a site is not abandoned until the ex- cavators are convinced that further search would prove fruitlesso 78 As to laboratory work, improvemnent will probably be slower. When the wealth of new material is fully analyzed, many current theories will be changed or abandoned. It is a dynamic field, but unless scholars in this field can exchange ideas internationally, one wonders how reliable the con- clusions of mainland archaeologists will be9 The income once available to peasants living in archaeologically rich areas from the sale of an occasional relic is now gone. The policy of the government is to 'make the piblic archae'logically aware. Any finds must be reported. If one were discovered illegally selling a relic, he would be denounced by his comrtades, and his 1ife made misedrible until he somehow repented. Articles are often printed in the t"Archaeo logical Bulletint con- demning such unfortunates. It is often said that archaeology In China flourishes now because it is a rather neutral haven for the scholar--here he is free from ideological cares. This statement is quite true, but the increased acti-vity in archae- ology as we have seen has come about first, by construction workers uncover- ing the material, and 'e6ond' by_the nationa istic spirit pervading the country which would not see these relics destroyed. The spirit is fortified by -this abundance of material evidence of China's past. The haven may exist, but it is by no means crowded.; On the contrary, the dearth of archaeologists is the difficult problem the governmnt mus t face. NOTES (1) This paper was composed in the spring of 1958 for a course taken with Prof. Ed H. SchLftr of the Department of Oriental Languages. Some more recent writings on Chinese archae6logy (in English) may interest the reader. They includeo a) Cheng. Te-k'un, Prehistoric China, Heffer, Cambridge, l959 This book-is Volume 1 of a projected four volume series entitled "Archaeology in China"; b) A report by Miss Margaret Medley in Oriental Art, Spring 1959, ppo 3738, on a recent exhibition in London entitled T"Achaeology in- Modern China-. The exhibition was sponsored by the Britain-China Friendship. Association.. (2) See Biblio rapby n6s4 46,, 47, 489 et - (3) For list of museums, see Wen-wu ts1an..ktao, volo 3, 19580 (4) K'ao-kl hsueh-pao, volo 7, 1954h Necrology by Hsia Nai, (5) Another famous contributor to the archaeological field, Cheng Chen-to, died in a plane crash, October 1958. Necrology in K'ao-ku hsueh-pao, vol. 4L, 1958, by RPuo Mo-jo. (6) The name of thi.s publication has recently been shortened to Klao-ku, "Archaeology." (7) This publication is now known simply as Wen-wu, "Cultural Objects." (8) Yin Ta, "tChinals Archaeology in the Past Six Years," Journal of Oriental Researches9 July, 1956, 5767, [MM (9) For further research on this site, see John Haskins, "Pan-po, A Chinese Neolithic Village," Artibus Asiaes" Vol. XX 2/3, 151-158. (10) See Cheng Te-k'un' "The Origins of Shang Culture," Asia Mor, 1956. A site distribution map is included in this article. (11) So far as I know, no photogratphs of these have been published. 79 BIBLIOGRARPY The following list was compiled with the aid of catalogues, advertise- ments and reviews in the periodicals mentioned above, and through a search of pertinent volumes contained in the East Asiatic Library of the University of California0 Wherever possible, a short comment on the nature of the volume is included. An asterisk (*) indicates that the book is available in the East Asiatic Library. (RH) indicates a publication of the Science Publishing Society, Peking. Anthropology and Paleontology 1. tk /Fossilized Dinosaur Bones of Lai-yang in Shan ung/by 4,j.4# _Yahgc Chung-chien. Peking, 1958. (EH) Study of dThot ones found at this site in 1951. 2. t ) i * ' M /The Discovery and Study of Sinanthropus/ by Kuo Mo-jo et al. Architecture 3. `ftj- f jti)/Ming Dynasty Houses of Huichow/ by ?i 8j ! Chang Chung-i et al. Peking, 1957. Results of investigation of 20 some Ming houses discovered in 1952 in Anhui. Illustrated. 4 %k 4fr $J /A Short Study of the Chinese House/ by Liu Tun-chen. Peking, 1957. General discussion of the evolution of Chinese dwellings from the neolithic age on. Many illustrations. Bibliography. Art, General 5. I A4% i4Jvo iIi /A Collection of Ancient Decorative Patterns/ Published The Shensi People's Publishing Society. 6. 4 /Collection of Han Painting/ by ?1gT Ch'ang Jen-hsia. Peking, 1955. 170 4 ;I ) /The Great Heritages of Chinese Art/ 4r I Aj Ch ng en-too, ed. Shanghai, 1955. "1 26T. Covers various art forms from earliest to Chl ing. Black and white reproductions fair. Color excellent, separately mounted. Chinese binding. 8. ! 1{1 . {t /Material on Warring States Painting/ by Yang Tsung-sung. Peking, 19570 Inexpensive pamphleto 9. Z 04:1)Z Hjt /A Study of the Arts of Han/ $i* Ch'ang Jenh- sia, ed. Shanghai, 19550 13 pp. text. 69 plates. Sociological interpretation. 80 10. @ j* 3/Tibetan Buddhist Art/. Peking, 1957. 9 pp. text0 81 plates. Sections on architecture, painting, and sculpture. Ch'ang.-sha *110 -W. L /The Art of the Ch'u Tribes/ by ft,4#4~ Chiang Hsiian-t'ai. plo I Lacquer, 1949. Vol. -II Wood Sculpture, 1950. Published by Kunstarchaologie Societyo Projected as a 7 volume series, but stopped at 2. *12. 'At )4 VA Catalogue of the ChIu Cultural Objects Titon eking, 1954h Exhibition held in Peking from June to November, 1953. *13. 4. ; ;1L 14 i)4 /Catalogue of Ch'u Lacquer Objects Excavated at Ch'ang-sha/. Shanghai, 1955. Reproductions of hand drawing of decor on Ch'ang-sha lacquers. *14, * ' &4'o PM4i ti )iJj/An Illustrated Catalogue of Ancient Lacquer Ware Excava at Ch'ang-sha/. Peking, 1955. *15. 441j IV" a 1i /A Study oi Bamboo Texts Uncovered at Yang-ttien hu in Ch'ang-sha/ by t5f4' Shih Shu-chling. Results of study of 43 bamboo t be(ifbund in 1953 in a Ch'u Warring States grave. First study of Warring States tablets; others have been found,but in poor condition. Pictures of originals, inscriptions, study of inscriptions, and translations. Excavation Reports 160 Catalogue of An Exhibition of Cu al Obje ts Unc ered hru Pbc orks Projects over the Whole Country/ 1i' g4 Cheng Chen-to, ed. Shanghai, 1955. New archaeo1F6 icalntirds from 1949-54; date, size, site, etc. *17. * J /Ch'ang-sha Excavation Report/ Institute for Arch. Research Monograph IV:.2 (KR) Peking, 1957. 160 tombs, Qmstly Warring States, uncovered in 1951. Outer coffins, lacquer ware, wooden burial figures, bronze weapons, etco Chariot and boat models discovered in a late Western Han tombo *18. i ;/Excavation of the Han Tomb at Wang-tu/ by att $Chieh-min, Yao Chin, and Li Hsi-ching. Ded fwestern Hopei, 1953. Muralso Plates good, some color. *19. I-L /Excavations of the "Waste of Yin'/. Shanghai, 1955. Gener survey, 149 ppo text. Western sources usedo 81 *20, ? It" A /Excavation Report on Two Royal Tombs of the Southern TPang!. Nanking, 1957. 146 plates, 15 color. Excellent volume. Kings Li Ching and Li Pien. *21. 4 h 3 :L 4I /Finds from the Tomb of Prince Ts'ai in Shou-hsien/ Institute for Arch. Research Monograph, I1:5. Valuable find at Shou-hsien, Honan. *22. ; /Hui-hsien Excavation Report/ (KH). Peking, 1956. 165 illus. 11 plates, maps. Excavation work in 1950-52 at the well-known Hui-hsien site in northern Honan province. Excellent volume, *23. tlf 9 4 4 /Report of Ancient Stone Engravings Found in a Tomb ear Yinan/. Shanghai, 19560 Detailed explanation of tomb, tomb construction; many rubbings and details of rubbings. Richly bound. *24, Y $xjl 4h /Report of the Yen-pei Cultural Objects Investigation Team/o Peking, 1951. Oracle Bones and Other Inscri2tion Studies *25, /Piecing Together and Cataloguing of Bone Fragments/ Peking, 1955 (Mi 241 pp. Lavish publicationo *26. $. 4 /A Collection and Description of Yin Oracular Texts/ by * Chen Meng-chiao Peking, 1956 (KU), Monograph I:2IT Begins with general description of bones, their history and prob- lems involved in studyo Main body of book contains characters, grammar, chronology, Categories on agriculture, religion, etc. Extensive bibl-iography at end. 270 .$ /Collection of New Oracle Bones Received at Peking and Tientsin Since the War/ by4jra Hu Hou-hsiuan. Shanghai, 195l40vFIf~. 28. 4 5 j )^ t /Explanation of Bone Characters, from Chi-wei (tutdio). and Notes on Oracular Text Fragments! by Yang Shu-ta. Peking, 1954 (KRH). 4 Inexpensive pamphlet, 29. ;4 1jW - t /Explanation of Bone Characters from Naai-lin chl ng, and Translation of Oracular Texts/ by 4j t44 Yang Shu-ta.. Shanghai., 1954. r" 84 30. * j i7 t V? /Hsiao-t'un Volume 2 and Yin Bone Texts II/. Peking, 1953 (KH)o Institute for Arch. Research Special Publication #4. 82 *31. ff /Series on Oracle Bones/ by p q Shanghai, 1955. 3 volumes. 320 / )i1 /Further Research Kuo Mo-j0 Peking, 1954. 33, /The Plan of Kuo Scale prints of rubbings of Museum0 tu Houu-hsuian. on Bronze Inscriptions/ by 4XT4 Chi-tzu/. Peking, 1955. the famous pIan now in the Palace 340 il 'i{LF j /Shang and ChouBronze Inscriptions/. Peking, 1957. Insto for Arch. Research Monograph II:6 (KH)i 350 , A 4 > /Study of Yin and Chou Bronze Inscriptions/ by Kuo Mo-jo. Peking, 1954. A reprint. 36. 1 fj4}< / /Systematic Study and Explanation of Bronze riptlons of e Chou Dynasty, with Catalogue, by Kuo Mo-jo. Peking, 1957 (KR) Inst. for Arch, Research Monograp i I:3. Originally published in two volumes, 1935 and 1934 respectively, now published in one set. Chinese binding. 370 Engraving! by $. /A Collection of ChIna's AncentStone Engravings/ by Wang Tzu-yUn, Peking, 1957e Introduction, one page. 34 plates with explanationso *38. 4 '& /Commentary on a Collection of Han, Wel, and Northern and Southern Dynasties Epitaphs/ by Chao Wan-li. 19560 *39. IOJ i - 1 6 /Collection the Vernacular of the Yuan Dynasty;. of Stone Tablets Engraved in Peking, 1955 (KR). 40. 4I I& /Han Stone Classics/ by,.*A 19 . Insto for Arch. Research Monograph II:30 Ma Heng. Peking, 41. /Religious Stone Engravings of Ch'uian-cl Peking, 1957 (RH). Inst. for Arch. Research Monograph II: 42. Z 1 * L uk, /Seal Characters from Stone Inscriptions/ Shang Ch'eng-tso,9 ed. Peking, 1957 (RH). Insto for Arch Monograph II4- Arranged in Shuowen order with details of origin, etc. characters, indexo houI 7. Lo Research 2934 Pottery and Porcelain 43, tIf 24 /Catalogue of Yao Porcelain/ Shensi Museum, ed. Peking, 1956. Excavations of Sung Porcelain at Yao-chou, Shensi. 44o PRS r , /China's Ancient Ceramic Modeling Art, by +i,^' Ch'in T'ing-yu. Shanghai, 1954. plates, introduction, Detailed captions with plateso 83 45. t 4MA /Pottery Tomb Figures/ Ch'en Wan-li, editor. Peking, 1957. Rock Grottoes 46. (J 8 g i /Art of the Rock Grottoes of the Northern Dynasties/ by + Lo ?-tzu. Shanghai, 1955. excpens ive pamvphle t 470 .; /The Caves of Yun-kang/. Peking, 1957. 12 pp. text, 72 plates0 Inexpensive pamphlet. 48. > 4IV;g /Rock Caves of Ping-ling Monastery/0 Peking, 1953. 33 pp. p ates, introduction, charts, map. Inexpensive pamphlet. 49. A ) /Rock Grottoes of Maichi Mountain/ 42i C1en Chen-to, edo Peking, 19541 Important material for the study of Chinese sculpture. Sculpture 50. i , V , /Catalogue of Wooden Sculptures of the Kuang-hsiao-Temple in Canton/ 1 ; Shang Ch'eng-tso, editor. Shanghai, 1955. T'ang or earlier. 17 sculptures, 40 plates. 51i0 / !Collection of Ancient Sculpture/ by $1 i Liu K'a -chtuo Peking, 1957. 52. /5 'f( 1* !A Collection of Selected Sculptures from the T'ang Dynas b Wang Tzu-yun. Peking, 1955. 530 / I A + /Images of the __-chu Temple in Yunnan/1>t Liao Ying,-editor. Peking, 1956. Ning and Ch'ing. Inexpensive pamphlet. Tunhuang 54It /Art of Mo-kao Cave at Tun-huang/ by Fan C 'i-ssuo Shanghai, 1957. pp. Cheap pa phlet. 550 /3 t i !Illustrations of Tun-huang Ceilings/. Peking, 56., /Phonetic Dictionaries of Ying-yai, Tunhuang/ .ttIZ. Chiang Liang-fu, ed. Shanghai, 1955. Photolith. reproductions of documents, manuscripts, etc. of the phonetic dictionaries from Tunhuang. 57. h4 /Tun-huang/ by Chiang Liang-fu. Shanghai, 1956. Summary of past 50 years research and knowledge pertaining to Tunhuang. About 60 plates. Some propagandao Incluies Western sourceso 84 CHINESE CHARACTERS a iN; s J: tt\ a b d~~~~~~~~~ b -9t 14/, U iti d t I3 I J e T jt f f A i 5(/X, W 1 't G 4 m -T I' nr ,1 v lk llitW X~q K , 7 j aa (J' j'2 d bb IZ dd TIj ee ;y 2>. / P 6LV- It$I s' ;7t' 9 9 -,tt1f %I I p , __ g gf i h Ih I f] . -I It 85 o I J? ff ii Xb t\ nn v7t > ~~ oo AS PP\ t'A SW qq i k)N\ rr~ 1 > S ss d' 4~4 ttjtVr xx5Vx yy1~ zz aaaI~i bbb ? ? ccc ddd eee fff:' hhh iii AJi 2 kkk4 mm4im nnn ppp~4- qqq rrr I l sss 86 ttt vvv? VW yyy zzz l4 z B 4'J s.S "A4 D F Hjr JA ) L t1 N vM I 41 Q T t$ w4 AAk BB~ vcc+ 87 DD t tt JJ EE fi KK ,A' 4 FF 4j LL4 tf4 GG ?mm HH 88