DISSERTATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY In this issue the Kroeber Society continues its program of publishing abstracts of dissertations submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley. Theses filed at the University of California Library, Berkeley, through June 1958, are available on lnterlibrary loan and on microfilm, although microfilm copies may be distributed for the first two years after filing only at the discretion of the author. Theses filed after 1952 are available only on microfilm. This set of abstracts covers the period 1952-1953. GIRLS' PUBERTY OBSERVANCES AMONG NORTHERN ATHABASCANS Dorothy Libby The most commonly recorded customs that Northern Athabascan girls ob- served at the occurrence of their first menses were the following: Seclusion; restrictions on the eating of particular foods or drinking of much liquid; instruction in proper attitudes, behavior, and work techniques; bathing and changing clothes at the end of seclusion; avoidance of men., especially hunters; and avoidance of game animals. Similar activity restrictions were also expected of menstruating or parturient women. The observances, many of which reflect the harshness of the enviroment, were thought to protect the basic sources of food (game animals and hunters) against harm or destruction from the supernatural powers of the girl. Puberty customs also helped to integrate a girl into the life of the group as a responsible adult; to protect the girl, others in the community, and the natural environment from being harmed by her supernatural power; to influence her future health and moral welfare; and, sometimes, to raise her prestige in the group. None of the recorded puberty customs definitely differentiates Northern Athabascans from other American Indian groups., parallels in other cultures having been recorded for almost all of their practices. Because dlstributional evidence is incomplete for any particular trait listed for these peoples, problems of the origin or development of the observances cannot be solved at present. However, all of the Northern Atbabascan.groups for whom sufficient data has been recorded followed the customs listed abov and it seems probable that other puberty customs may have had a similar distrTbution. In recent years girls' puberty customs have changed along with other aspects of native practices, so that at the present time many of the recorded puberty customs have ceased to exist. 229 lvs. Berkeley, 1952. 103 ANCIENT PPERY FIGURINES AND TEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN THE STUDY CF PREHISTORY Clement Woodward Meighan Pottery images of humans and animals have been found associated with the remains of early agricultural societies in many parts of the world. They are abundantly recorded from archaeological sites in North and South America, Europe, the Near East, and Japan. Such figures have been commonly interpreted as religious in significance although an examination of the archaeological evidence shows this belief to be questionable in most cases. Of some 600 sites which contain pottery figurines in an early agricultural context. less than 3 per cent of the occurrences have been found under circumstances which permit inferences as to their use or cultural meang: there are two oc- currences suggesting witchcraft, five suggesting dolls or playthings, and eight which imply a religious significance of some sort. Nearly all of the thousands of reported specimens have been found in refuse middens without evidence of their former significance. Some w?iters have noticed a predominance of female representation in archaeological figurines. This predominance is confirmed in the present study, more than 90 per cent of the described figurines being indicated as feminine. The plurality of female Images is maintained throughout the world despite the great separation in time and space which exists between the various finds. The differential representation of the sexes has been sometimes referred to a universal concept of fertility, expressed in the manufacture of female Images. However, it is here shown that childrents dolls are also predominantly female, and the interpretation of female figurines as fertility symbols is thus laid open to serious question. The distribution of pottery figurines strongly suggests a multiple origin for these objects. They appear to have been "invented" in at least three areas: the New World, the Near East, and the Far Easto Further, knowledge of pottery is not an essential prerequisite to the manufacture of pottery figurines, for the latter are found in the Aurignacian of Europe and in California. Both contexts completely lack pottery vessels of any sort* Finally, the chronological evidence does not support the idea that there is a direct connection between figurines and developmental agriculture. It has been proposed that clay figurines arose more or less with the development of agriculture. However, since many of the earliest agricultural sites appear to have few or no figurines, the belief in an agricultural complex which includes figurines is no longer plausible. 258 1Y. Berkeley, 1953. 104 INDIAN FUR TRADE OF NEW FRANCE IN THSE SEVENENTli CENTURY Mary Woody Herman In New France in the seventeenth century there developed a lucrative trade in furs between the aboriginal inhabitants and the French. Furs were collected by native middlemen from Algonkian hunters in terurn for maize, tobacco, and French mer dandise. Among the factors affecting this trading arrangement were the cultural values and customs of the Indian tribes concerned and the rapidly changing political situation in the area. Before 1650 the Huron sent flotillas of a hundred or more canoes to the French settlements each year to exchange furs for European goods. This occasion was marked by assemblies between the two peoples in which a distinctive type of oratory, characteristic of the Huron, took place, and gifts were exchanged. Rights to tribal ownership of territory were recognized by the Indians of New France by paying a toll for the right to pass through alien territory. and the Huron allowed the family which discovered a new trading market monopoly rights to its exploitation0 The Huron had well-developed concepts of valuation, although their patterns of utilization of property differed from those of the French. This was particularly notceable in their sense of.community responsiblity, and attitudes toward hospita- lity, theft, and gambling. Wampum, which was highly valued by the Huron, was the foremost present in formal exchanges of gifts. It was also used as ornament and as a stake in gamblingj buried with the dead, and exchanged for other goods. The behavior of the Huron traders was also conditioned by their beliefs about the su.pEiatural. Of great importance were the guardian spirit dreams and charms which assured success in trading. In 1650, the Iroquois dispersed the Huron and overran many other tribes in the area. Remnants of the Huron later settled with the Petun and Ottowa at Lake Superior and after a few years renewed the trade from there. French traders also began going directly to the Indians to trade, and other tribes entered the market. Some of the changes which occurred in Huron culture in the seventeenth century in the realm of trade and related activities were: development of trade into a full-time occupation, development of wampum into a widely circulated medium of exchange, substitution-of iron for stone tools and the gun for bow and arrow, and the breakdown of the persuasive powers of the chiefs. Only a few Huron fully accepted the Christian religion, and Huron concepts regarding the use of property showed strong powers of persistance throughout the century. The trading assemblies between the Huron and French were maintained in the Indian manner throughout the century and therefore represent an adoption of Indian customs by a European people. 207 lvs. Berkeley, 19530 105 THE ARMENIAN FAMILY: CHANGING PATTERNS OF FAMILY LIFE IN A CALIFORNIA COMMUNITY Harold Nelson Armenians left Turkey in large numbers during the ending years of the nineteenth century and emigrated to other parts of the world, many of them set- tling in the United States. Of those who came to this country, a sizable group settle in the San Joaquin Valley of California, especially in Fresno and its surrounding area, where they followed their Old World pursuits of farming as well as urban occupations and professions. In the years which followed their arrival in Fresno, the Armenian community has been subjected to the acculturative influences of the American culture. The greatest effect of American culture has been manifested not merely in the second generation, but in the ypunger siblings of that group. Old World culture in the family was too strongly entrenched for the older siblings to have accepted-American culture to the degree possible for their younger brothers and sisters. Older siblings, though certainly acculturated, were unable to accept much of the adolescent behavior traits of their non-Armenian contemporaries because of parental opposition; on the other hand, they interceded with their parents on bebalf of their younger siblings who were thus freer to accept American, and reject Armenian, family values. Changes in the Armenian family patter occur more rapidly in those areas of behavior which clash least with traditional values or where social pressure from Americn society is especially .intense. Emphasis on parental control and paternal dominance have been maintained, modified by the acculturative influence of American individualism., Changes in family values have occurred most noticeably at two time periods, first in the early nineteen-thlrties when the first large group of second-generation younger siblings were reaching maturity, and second, the period follow World War II as the third generation began to approach maturi- ty. Conta.ct between Armenians and the general American culture has not resulted in the complete acceptance by Armenians of American family ways. A strong Old World tradition of family values remains, and it may be said that present-day Fresno-Armenian culture is neither American nor old-world Armenian, but a syn- thesis of both, resulting in a different emergent culture pattern. 333 lvs. Berkeley, 1953. 106 IFOWRTIOW MEGARDING SUBSCRIPTCS AMND B:K NUMERS The Xroeber Antrological Society offers four classes of subscriptions to Its rs (1) Individual ae rship; (2) Institutional membership; (3) dual mmbership .ad (X) honorary m bership. Holders of class 1 subscriptions pay a subscription fee of three dollars per amut. Holders of class 3 subscriptions (two individuals receiving a joint copy, but casting one ballot each) pay four dollars per annum. Holders of clas 1 and 4 subscription have one vote. Holders of class 2 subscriptions have no vote. Single nubers of the Papers a avallable to non-eers at the listed prices. Mebers may purchase ik mbers at $1.50 each. Holders of Class 2 subscriptions pay $4.00 per aum and may purchase back nmbers at listed prices. 1_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PAPERS OF THE IREE.R ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY 199) No. 1 Pre-Columblan Trade between North and South America, by Chester S. Chard. Observations on Early Man in California, by Robert F. Heizer. The Id est Unknown Indian of the Choco Coat, by John Howlad Roe. A Reconstruction of Aboriginal Delaware Culture from Contemporary Sources, bty NW . Hermn. Black Market In Prerogative mong the Northern Kwakiutl, by Ronald L. Olson. Nepenthe in Aboriginal America, by Franklin Fenga. 86 pp...out of print No. 2 Animistic and Rational Thouht, by Sol Tax. Thoughts on Knowledge ad Ignorance, by John Howland Rove. Southern Dietguo Use and Knowledge of Lithic Materials, by W. D. lohenthal, Jr. The Present Distribution of Indian Languages in Highland Bolivia, by John F. Goins. Rutsavi, a Great Bain Indian Food, by Robert F. Heizer. Current Theories on Incest Prohibition In the Light of Ceremonial Kinship, by Charles J. raus. The Indian Tribes of North Aerica, by David G. Mnelbaua. A Jourmey up the Smmbu River to Visit the Choco Indians, by Arna Arbin. A Provisional Phonic Analysis of Kisi, by William J. Smarin. 102 pp .. $2.00 No. 3 Lost Lakes A study of an agricultural comunity established on reclaimd land, by Alan R. Deals md Thomas McCorkle. 91 pp .. ........$2.00 1951 No. Olive Oatmants Return, by A. L. Eroeber A Glance at Statistical Procedure, by Thoma W. McKern. Linguistic Elements in Bird Vocalization, by David Nichols. Piro Myh, by Esther Natteson. 87 pp ......$2.00 No. 5 ,.0ugestions for Field Recording of Infomation on the Hippocratic Clssification of Diseases t and Remedies, by George M. Foster and John H. Roe. Paprs Relating to the Trial of Feodor Basheakoff for Sorcery at Sitka In 1892. Translated from the Russian by Ivan Petrov, with Ethnographic Coments by Dorothy Nen1. New Light on the Racial Cotposition of Northeastern Siberia, by Chester S. Chard. A Tentative Analysis of the Pluralization of Kisi Nouns, by Willima J. Smarin. 87 pp .... o$2.00 1952 Jr76 The Tapajo, by Cut Nimuendaju. Tranlated and edited by John Howland Row. A Daily Journal Kept by the Rev. Father Juvenal, One of the Earliest Missionaris to Alaska. Translated by Ivan Petrov. The History of the Guayqueri, an Approach to the Anthropology of Northeastern Venezuela, by Thms McCorkle. 87 pp ... $2.00 No. 7 The Montagais Indians,, 1600-1640, by Kenneth S. Lane. Shellfish Foods of the California Indians, by Robert S. Greengo. 113 pp ... $2.00 1953 No 8-9 The Walter B. Cline Memorial Volume Population Control and the Family In Feudal and Post-Restoratlon Japan, by Gordon T. Bowles. The amhadal: A Synthetic Sketch, by Chester S. Chard. Clans and the Joking-Relationship among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia, by R. Colson. A Dualism in the POmo Cosmology, by A. N. Halpern. Acculturation In California Awl Forms, by Clement W. Neighan. The Relation between Slit-Gonge and Renown in a Solomon Islands Culture, by Douglas L. Oliver. (continued Inside back cover) Mic .s 4 NuiW fleietrnit Cult In Japan, by Ronad L. Olson. Ela n n Ptr from the Zithuu Ria , by John Howla Rovwe. Cul - -ture Lows andul.tAt Change iong the Micmac of the Canadian Maritime Provinces, 191t4195i0, by Wlson .D. Vlis mnd Ruh Satll Vallis. Hot C1 imate ld g Civiliationst, by Frederick R. Vulsin. 161 pp..........$4.00 191; oo 10 Racial Typss In Northeatern Asia, by Chester S. Chard. The Selection of PRcording Equipment for Field Use, by Alan P. Marries. Notes on the Panare Indians of Venezuela, by Carroll L. Riley. The Piro of the Urubamba, by Esther Matteson. 99 pp. .....t...$2.00 No. 11 The Travels of Coyotes A Krok Nyth, by William Bright. Piro Phonemes med Morphology, by Esther Matteson. Climate and the Aboriginal Occupation of the Pacific Coast of Alaska, by Francis A. Riddeli. 121 pp......... $2.00 195 No. 12 Aspects of Andean Native Life, by Oscar N6Iez del Prado. Analyzed Piro Texts A Boy and a Jaguar, by Esther Matteson. Executions by Stoning maong the Sierra Mivok and Northern Patute, by Robert F. Heizer. Time Perspective In Ethnography, by John Howland Rowe. Trans-Pacific Siailarities in Folkloret A Research Lead, by Edward Norbeck. Relationships of Prehistoric Cultures of Coastal Monterey County, California, by Arnold R. Pilling. 94s ppese***40$,2.00 No. 13 Primitive Man as an Ecologic Factor, by PRobert F. Heizer. The Mesolithic Combare Culture of Finland, by Pertti J. Pelto. The Problem of Race In the Mesolithic of Europe, by Robert J. Squier. Phical Types of the Amur-Sahalin Region, by Chester S. Chard. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, ty V. E. H. Stanner. 121 pp..... $2.00 1956 llo.14 Sonoma Missions An Archaeological Reconstruction of the Mission San Francisco de Solano Quadrangle, by Man E. Treganza. A Survey of Balkan Houses and Farm Buildings, by Majda Thurnher. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations, University of California, 1946-1949. 108 pp .... ....$2.00 No. 15 A Survey of Italian Godparenthood, by Gallatin Anderson. Dissertations in Anthropology: Titles of M.A. and Ph.b. Theses Accepted in the United States in the Academic Year 1955-1956. 120 pp ..... ...$2.00 o. 16 Ronald Leroy Olson, Retired 1956, by A. L. Kroeber. .The Closed Commity and Its Friends, by Jullan A. Pitt-Rivers. Some Ascts of Peasant Society In Middle America and India, by Pedro Carrasco. Archaeology In Soviet Asia, 195041951, by Chester S. Chard. Serbo-Croatian Kinship Terminology, by Eugene A. Ha_el. Abstracts of Ph.D. Dissertations, University of Californla, 1950-1951. Report on the First Annual Anthropologlcal Meeting, sponsored by the Kroeer Anthropological Society, by Lucille Steelrman. 94 pp.sessecess.$2*00 No. 17 Harvard Middle American Archaeological Seminar, 1955-56. An Introduction bW Gordon R. Willey. Pre-Classic Cultures in Mesoamerica: A Cmparative Survey, by Michael D. C*s. The Classic Stage in Mesoamerica, by Donald W. Lathrap. The Postclassic Stage in Mesoamerica, by Jane Holden. 108 pp ...S.....$2.00 1958 ro1.18 An Area Co-tradition for Mesoa'erica, by Morton H. Levine. A Survey of Ethnohistoric Sources, by James H. Gunnerson. An "Indigenousw New Guinea Cult, by Richard F. Salisbury. The Romtic Role of Older Womn in a Culture of the Pacific Northwst Cout, by Melville Jacobs. Dissertations In Anthropolo.-- 93 p........ .Q200