RELATIONSHIPS OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF COASTAL MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Arnold R. Pilling An initial report which may be used by field workers in adjacent areas is often worthwhile before an investigator considers his work com- plete. A preliminary statement seems particularly necessary in this case, for the writer is unlikely for some time to undertake further work in the area considered. The following paper is not intended to give a summary of field obser- vations. It deals instead with an lmportanit point concerning Central California archaeology, that is, the basic unity of the prehistoric cul- tures which occupied the littoral between northern Los Angeles and northern Monterey counties. Between 1947 and 1.950 the writer collected data concerning the archae- ology of the coastal region of northern Monterey County extending f'rom Monterey south to Postts near Big Su-. The area is that littoral zone which continues from 100 to 150 miles southeast of San Francisco. (1) This survey was aided by earlier manuscripts which had been prepared by Kroeber, Gifford, Golomshtok, Hill, Wedel, Wood, Edna Fisher, and Beardsley ,and Wallace (2), and by excavation notes on Mnt-108 (3) which have been published by Beardsley. (4) Further archaeology has been carried on since the termination of field observations by the writer in 1950. Mr. Robert Greengo, in August, 1950, took soil samples from several sites in the Elkhorn Sloulgh region of nor- thern Monterey County. His investigation of the relative percentages of marine shell species in coastal middens has been published (Greengo, 1951, p. 11). Miss Sylvia Broadbent resurveyed the Carmel region during the sum- mers of 1951 and 1952 and sampled two sites in the adjacent locale. More extensive excavations have been made recently in three areas of Monterey County. Two sites on Willow Creek In eouthern Monterey County (Mnt-281 and -282) were excavated by the University of California Archaeological Survey in the apring of 1951, by the Sumer Field Session class of the University of California under Dr. R. F. Heizer in the st1mer of 1951, and by the same class in the alumnmr of 1952 under the direction of Dr. Richard Beardsley. Adjacent regions were surveyed during the field periods at Willow Creek. A site (Mnt-250) in a second region was excavated in spring, 1953, by the University of Califorria Archaeological Survey (Meighan, 1955). Crews under Miss Broadbent dug part of the aboriginal habitation area at Carmel Mission (Mnt-18) during the summers of 1954 and 1955. The following paper refers to trait occurrences noted at these excavations, especi-ally at Mnt-281 and -282. The reader must await other publications which will conaider the mass of data collected by recent expeditions. 70 The writer did not carry out excavation between 1947 and 1950, when he was doing reconnaissance. The notes and artifacts which had been col- lected by early AuAgust, 1950, when the writer left the Monterey area, ap- peared to lack order. The lack of good published material on the Santa Barbara sequence had deterred comparative work. Olson's (1930) definition of a Santa Barbara sequence had been too generalized to be useful for com- parison, while David Banks Rogers (1929) had presented a weakly-defined culture sequence, with most details provided by photographs. Orr' s (1943) discussion of Mescalitan Island considered only the latest part of the Santa Barbara sequence. The Point Sal sequence (SBa-125), presented by Carter (1941), was unfortunately based on very limited excavation and is also poorly defined. In late August, 1950, the writer visited and active- ly participated in excavations at two sites in northern Santa Barbara County, at the margins of the region of the definition of Santa Barbara culture (5), and here gained a more detailed knowledge of Santa Barbara material. The writer then recognized parallels with the prehistory of the Monterey region. The artifact yield during archaeological reconnaissance in northern Monterey County was low compared to other Califfornia sites. The average daily surface yield in the Monterey region was about two artifact frag- ments per man. This low yield was not due to stripping by local collect- ing, for between 1946 and 1950 only about 50 man-days of surface collecting was conducted by known local collectors on the over 150 known sites in the 50-mile coastal stretch between Monterey and Post' s. Contrary to this observation of a. low yield, Dr. R. F. Heizer informed me that the artifact recovery per cubic yard at Willow Creek (Mnt-281 and Mht-282), 30 miles south of the area just mentioned, was relatively high. He suggested that the yield at larger sites adjacent to Willow Creek may be considerably lower, although exact data are not available. Monterey Traits Shared with Santa Barbara The total effect of the cultural influence of the Santa Barbara area upon the Monterey Coast will not be apparent until extensive and intensive excavation has been conducted in the Monterey region. However, the pre.- sent state of knowledge concerning Monterey Coast archaeology does point to a heavy influence from this southern focus. In this section of the paper the writer has restricted himself mainly to discussing Monterey traits shared with the Santa Barbara Coast and absent from the San Francisco Bay region. A few Monterey types are compared with traits of the San Joaquin Valley in a later section. Basin metate. A single motate fragment of sandstone (see Plate 1, e) was recovered from Mnt-197, a coastal site in a consolidated sand dune. The maximum external length of the metate was probably 20 inches; the approxi- mate width was 10 inches; the height, 3 1/2 inches. The basin measured about 10 inches by about 8 inches; the maximum depth could not be reconstruct- ed. Two other fragments of basin metates were recovered in an isolated cache (Mnt-30) during reconnaissance. These granite specimens were noted 71 Mpof Central California Coast Showing Archaeological Sites Abbreviations of County Namnos Ala Alameda SCI Santa Clara CCo Contra Costa SCr Santa C ru z Mnt Montoroy SLO San Luis Obispo Mmn Marin SMa San Matoo Nap Napa Sol Solano SBa Santai Barbanra Son Sonoma SBn San Bonito Von Ventura 236G Son " Nap 02379276mn 02741 275,27G~~~~~~~~~~~~~'-- N928 J ' ....... .. ~ ~ . . ... ... Mrn Sol~~~~~~~~~ ..... ..... 309 cco SLO~~~~ N N5 Es nNL Olp 012~N sma~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N Cruz ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 SLO// sci~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~* SnLusOip . . ............ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ eroding to the surface in the drip area beneath a small oak on the apex of a knoll; no other indication of aboriginal occupation was recognized in the immediate vicinity. One piece (Plate 1, f and g), about one quar- ter of a total specimen, has a fragmentary length of 10 inches, width of 9 inches, and is 3 3/4 inches high. The cavity of this metate was 7 by 6 inches with a depth of 1 3/4 inches. The other specimen (see Plate 1, h), about one tenth of a total metate, is 8 1/2 inches in radius and 5 1/2 inches high, with a cavity about 7 inches in radius and 3 1/2 inches deep. Basin metates are present in the early culture of Topanga Canyon (Treganza and Malamud, 1950, pp. 141-144 and p1. 16) of northern Los An- geles County, Oak Grove (Rogers, 1929, pl. 54) and Hunting (Orr, 1943, pp.-27 and 38) in southern Santa Barbara County, and presumably in strata I and II at Point Sal (Carter, 1941, p. 215) in northern Santa Barbara County. Further north, basin metates have been reported from Los Osos Valley in San Luis Obispo County (Pilling, 1951, p. 199). Cairn-covered burials. Beardeley (1946, pp. 209-210) reported the covering of part of a burial (Burial 2) by a rock cairn at the excavation of Mnt-108. Dr. R. F. Heizer informed the writer that recent excavations at Mnt-281 and -282, on the coast of southern Monterey County, have also produced the saee trait. Cairn-covered burials appear to be a Santa Barbara trait (Rogers, 1929, opp. p. 342; Orr, 1943, p.24). Excavation at Jalama, SBa-205, showed cairn burials as present at the western limit of the Channel Coast. Ruth (me.) reported cairn burials from the Lompoc and upper Santa Ynez Valley regions. (6) Cairn-covered burials have not been reported in the San Francisco Bay region. Their absence in this area of heavy archaeological activity leads one to consider that the trait is absent or very rare. Earth-bound mortars (7). Earth-bound mortars occur at about 25 0h of the sites known in northwestern Monterey County. They occur at about 75 0/0 of the sites where rock Is available. The Monterey earth-bound mortars have a rounded-apex, inverted-cone shape (see Plate 1, 1), and contain few holes per rock; ten is, in general, a maximum (Mnt-98) although one case of 40 (Mnt-6) is known. Many rocks have only one or two holes. This is in sharp contrast to the Southern Sierra earth-bound mortars where over 100 holes are often found together on a single rock. Reports available on earth-bound mortars of the Santa Barbara region indicate that they have few holes (Rogers, 1929, p. 390). In the inter- vening regions of the Los Osos Valley, San Luis Obispo County, and Jolon, Monterey County, the Santa Barbara-Monterey type of earth-bound mortars is known at SLO-5, SLO-l, SLO-12, SLO-25, Mht-237, Mht-260, Mht-274, Mkt-275, and Mnt-276. Earth-bound mortars are known also to the north of Monterey, in scattered occurrences up to the Carquinez Straits. Earth- bound mortars occurring north of San Francisco Bay are not con. In that area at least some earth-bound mortars lack the rounded-cone cavity. The earth-bounld mortars of the east shore of San francisco iBay possibly are related to those of the Monterey and Sata Barbara regions. 73 Ceremonial bowls. A single ceremonial bowl has been recovered from the PostOs on the Monterey Coast, probably at the site Mnt-88. (8) This bowl is finished to an exterior shape of an inverted., truncated cone. The interior shape is coni.cal. The bowl is 7 1/2 inches high with an ex- ternal diameter of 9 3/4 inches at the top. The rim is flat and ungrooved (see Plate 1, 1). This type is comparable to the most comon Santa Bar- bara form, but lacks the usual groove on the horizontal rim (see Plate 1, j). Mr. orrts (ms.) useful classification of ceremonial bowl types desig- nates the flat-rimmed., flaring bowl as "Mescalitan Island Type". The grooved-rimmed type is termed "Las Llagas". The Monterey Coast ceremonial bowl is of the Mescalitan Island type. Recently an aberrant Mescalitan Island type was found in the San Luis Obispo region (SLO-125). The Las Llagas type is known in this last area at SL-56 on San Luis Bay. The conical interior and flaring form of the Post specimen is in contrast to the shapes of the San francisco Bay and Marin County types of ceremonial bowls (see Plate 1, k). Hopper mortars. The hopper mortar is a comon portable mortar type in the Monterey region. This mortar is properly classed with the Santa Barbara region portable mortars on the basis of its large, shallow, saucer- shaped concavity (see Rogers, 1929, opp* p. 357). The Monterey hopper mor- tars are of two forms: an unshaped., flattish boulder with the concavity in one surface; and a shaped., semi-cylindrical stone mass with a concavity in one end. (9) The former form is pictured for the Santa Barbara region on Plate 58 of Rogers (1929). Hopper mortars made in unshaped boulders were recovered in excavation at SBa-485 on the Santa Ynez River and in the survey of areas adjacent to Mnt-281. For a Monterey example of the shaped, semi-cylindrical hopper mortar see Plate 1, m. This-type is com- mon from sites adjacent to SLO-5 (Spooner Collection, San Luis Obispo.). Use of asphalt=. Asphaltum was extensively used by the aboriginal peoples of the southern San Joaquin and Santa Barbara regions. In these areas asphaltum is an easily available raw material (Heizer and Treganza, 1944, p. 319). The nearest reported eource to the Monterey region is an off?shore seep at the southern end of Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo Coun- - ty (10); other sources approximately as near are known in the San Joaquin Valley. However, the importance of inland seeps as a source of asphaltum for coaetal peoples can be over emphasized. Asphaltum from ocean bottom seeps, which are present from the region of Orange County to Morro Bay, may have floated north on the coastal currents to provide Monterey peoples with asphaltum mastic, or natural tar from unknown offshore seeps nearer to Monterey may have floated on to Monterey Coast beaches. Regardless of its source, the presence of asphaltum on about 50/0 of artifacts (11) (specifically, hopper mortars and projectile points) in the Monterey re- gion is significantly higher than its presence on artifacts in the San Francisco Bay area. Abalone dish. An abalone dish (Haliotis cracherodii) was recovered from an inland site, Mnt-250, about 20 miles cast of Post'e. The dish lacks asphaltum plugs, but has been used as a container for asphaltum; t,he Frnizix left by a hi-ugh lee4 .for asphalting are still present in the 74 bottom of the shell. The use of an abalone shell for a container or dish for asphaltum is an archaeological trait at Santa Barbara (Gifford, 1947, p. 7; Rogers, 1929, p. 396; Baumhoff, 1951, pp. 5-6; Orr, 1943, p.33). Abalone dishes or containers are not present at the more northern sites on San frncisco Bay. Abalone shells are known at San Francisco Bay and Manrn Coast sites, such as Son-299 and Ala-307, but none have been used as containers or dishes. Shell fishhooks. Two fragments of worked mussel shell found at Mnt- 12, by Fackenthal, appear to be se ents of Santa Barbara shell fishhooks (see Plate 1, a). The Identification of these pieces as shell fishhooks was made first by Beardeley and Wallace; the present writer, upon examina- tion of the specimens, concurred. This identification is considered to have been validated by the recent discovery of whole shell fishhooks at MWt-281 and -282 (Heizer, 1952, p. 12, f. 25). Shell fishhooka are known fro historic Luiseeno (Druckar, 1937, pp. 7 and 47; Sparkman, 1908, p. 200), the whole coastal stretch of the Santa Barbara Channel (Heizer, 1949a, p. 89), and the site SBa-205 at Jalama. They are not reported frcm the region between Jalam and. Mnt-282. Punctate bone decoration. Gifford illustrates several punctate bone pieces In his Bone Artifacts. (12) These and similar specimens pictured by Heye (1921, pl. LVII and LX) are from the Santa Barbara region. A single piece with punctated design Is known from the site Skt-131, about 20 miles south of Post's (see Plate 1, b). This bone specimen is the only one of the 17 pieces noted during reconnaissance which may not have had a utilitarian function; all other pieces are either awls, abalone pries, or rib-scrapers. The sole example of punctated bone design from the San Franoeisco Bay area (Ala-328: Davis, me. 1954, p. 56) was apparent- ly made by punching holes into the surface---a non-Santa Barbara type of decoration. Abalone pries, A further artifact type shared between Santa Barbara Channel sites and Monterey Coast sites is a long, thin wedge of sea manmal bone, apparently whalebone. The seven examples froa the Monterey Peninsu- la (one each from Mnt-3, Mnt--133, and Mat-157, and four frca a cache at Mnt-159) vary in length from 9 to 15 inches; their width is about two inches; their thickmess tapers from about 3/4 of an inch in the butt four- fifths to a straight chisel edge at the front (see Fig. 2, a). Other bone wedges of this type are pictured by Heye (1921, pls. XLI, IXLIII, and XLIX) for San Miguel Island and by Meighan and Eberhart (1953, fig. 40 and p. 122) -for San Nicolas Island. The University of California' s collections from Santa Rosa, San Clemente, and San Nicolas islands on the Santa Barbara Chanel also include them. Gifford (1940) reported long, thin whalebone wedges from the Channel Islands. At the Musem of Anthropology, Berkeley, the writer compared the pieces considered by Gifford with Monterey wedges. GiffordB classi- ficawtion appe&red to break down. Gifford (1940) put long whalebone wedges in type D7 of his bone artifact classification. Gifford lists in mauscript 75 (ma. 1937) the catalogue numbers of all specimens in each of his types. Bone wedges resembling those at Monterey are listed not only in type D7, but also in types D2 and D6. Gifford (1940, p. 171) says concerning the function of type D7: "Bar for prizing off abalones: *..Use hypothetical; based on such use of similar wooden objects by Coast Yuki of Mendocino Co. Also possible that some of the curved ones were used as boomerangs [throwing sticks], because they suggest wooden prototypes in use by S California Indians. Bone prob- ably more abundant than wood on SC [Southern Coast] islands." Elsewhere Gifford (1939, p. 327) describes the Coast Yuki abalone pry and its use. These were one foot long, of rhododendron or mahogany., with a square dis- tal end. A cobble was employed in driving this pry. The writer believes that Gifford accurately suggested the function of these long wedges. Some of the Monterey specimens show the splintering on the butt which would be expected if they had been driven with cobbles as were the Coast Yuki abalone pries. The shape of the abalone pry apparently is determined largely by the habits of the abalone. Maximum efficiency and safety for the collector are present only in the long, thin wedge. The most efficient modern aba- lone pries are made of either a "leaf" of a leaf spring or of an iron for removing tires from wheels. Both modern pries are of the same form as the prehistoric whalebone pry and the Coast Yuki wooden pry. Gifford suggests that bone was used as a substitute for wood due to the limited supply of this material on the Channel Islands. On the well- timbered Monterey Peninsula this suggestion is unwarranted. Although the abalone pry may have been an implement known along the whole coast of California, its manufacture of whalebone in an area where suitable wood is available indicates an introduction of the artifact type from outside. Stemed projectile points. Many projectile points from the Monterey area have an inslanting or incurving stem with a rounded butt (see Fig. 1, a-J). Specimens are known from sites Mnt-5, Mnt-12, Mnt-18, Mnt-57, Mnt- 90, Mnt-101, Mnt-108, Mnt-173, and uncertain localities in the Point Pi- nos ]Reserve and near Point Sur. Mnt-18 (Cannel Mission) is an historic site, probably without any proto-historic or prehistoric occupation. The occurrence of the stemed projectile point at this site proves that this point type lasted into the historic period in the Monterey region. Stemmed forms of this type are rare in the San Francisco Bay and Marin County areas (Beardsley, 1954, p. 9: typO S3), but occur commonly to the east of the Monterey region in the upper Santa Clara drainage of San Benito County (Pilling and others, ma.; UCAS, me. b), and in the Sacramento Delta (Heizer, 1949b, figs. 12, 13, and 11: type SAa). This type is common on the Santa Barbara Channel (Heye, 1921., pl. XXXVIII). Rogers (1929, pl. 59) designated it as a Hunting trait. At Point Sal Carter (1941, pp. 215 and 224) found the type in Strata II and III. The occurrence of this projectile point type at Monterey may be given several 76 interpretations: 1) This type is part of an early culture tradition repre- sented outside of the Monterey region by Early Horizon Central California and Santa Barbara Hunting. 2) This projectile point type spread from a more northern center south to Monterey, the San Joaquin Valley (Wodel, 1941, p. 64; Gifford and Schenck, 1926, p. 82), and Santa Barbara. 3) This type of projectile point roflects a basic form of hafting which may be often duplicated without historical connection. The Delta, Monterey Coast, San Benito County, San Joaquin Valley, and Santa Barbara occurrences are of several origins. 4) There is no direct historical connection between the Santa Barbara and Delta occurrences, and the Monterey occurrence is the result of the trait spreading southward from the Delta to the San Joaquin and then westward to Monterey. 5) There is no direct historical connection between the Santa Barbara and Delta occurrences, but the Mon- terey occurrence derives from the south. The correct interpretation can- not be established as yet. Painted petro h o. Steward (1929, pp. 96-109) considered the petro- glyphe of Monterey and Santa Barbara as a single unit. About 25 painted petroglyph sites have been discovered recently in the interior area of Monterey County, near Mnt-250. These petroglyphs parallel in mmy details those of the Santa Barbara region. The detailed study (Pilling, in. 1948a) necessary to show this parallelism has not been published. Painted petro- glyphe are unknown between the upper Canmel Valley and Clear Lake, Lake County. At Clear Lake the style is different. Summary. Many traits noted during the archaeological reconnaissance of coastal Monterey County occur also on the Santa Barbara Channel. These items include the basin metate, cairn-covered burials, earth-bound mortars, the Mescalitan Island type ceremonial bowl, the hopper mortar, the extensive use of asphaltum, abalone dishes, shell fishhooks, punctate bone decora- tion, abalone pries, a specific type of stermed projectile point, and painted petroglyph motifs. The occurrence of the basin metate in the Monterey County region suggests considerable antiquity; this parallels its known dating at Santa Barbara. The Monterey traits which have been listed do not occur to the north of Monterey in the San Francisco Bay region. They indicate the southern orientation of the aboriginal cultures of Monterey County. Monterey Traits Shared with the San Joaquin Valley The diagnostic artifacts which were recovered during survey were, aside from Santa Barbara traits, either European (and Mexican) or types shared with the San Joaquin Valley. Traits shared with the San Francisco Bay region are generalized or non-characteristic., such as abalone ornaments, bone awls, pestles, and mortars; while several of those shared with the San Joaquin Valley were specific. The traits which are discussed below are known in both the San Joa- quin. Valley and the Monterey Peninsula. These types are of a late date 77 YIGUIRE I Artifacts from Monterey Counsty (a) outlino of greon flint projectile point from Mht-90. Rob- con Collection. (b) Outline of Monterey shale projoctile point frc Mnt-57. L, S. Calhun Collection, (c) Outlino of brown and white chert projoctile point from Mnt- 18. Harry Downie-Mission Collection. (d) Outline of 6reen chert projectile point from Mnt-18. (e) Outline of grey flint projectile point frma Mht-101,. '! Hatched. areas on atem indicate areas showing traces of asphaltum. James Martin Collection. (f) Outline of yellow flint projoctile point from Mnt-173. Fackenthal Collectimn. (S) Outline of projectile point of black and white flint from the Point Pinos region, Fackonthal Collectimn. (h) Outline of projectilo point of tan-spocked brown flint from the Point Pinlos region. Fackentha Collectimn. (i) Outline of projectile point of red chert frc m Mnt-12. Fack- enthal Collectimn. ()Outline of Monterey shale projectile point fr m Mnt-5. (k) Outline of grey flint hafted scraper from Mnt-18. Jamea Martin Collection* (1) Outlineof hafted scraper of blue and white porcelain from Mnt-18. James Mrtin Colledtimn. in the Valley, and their occurrence in the Monterey region may result from the visits of Yokuts and Plains Miwok to the coast in the historic, and possibly the proto-historic, period. The travel of small bands of his- toric groups to the shore near Monterey to obtain abalone shell and salt has been discussed recently by Treganza (1952, p. 22) for the Plains Mi- wok, and by the present writer (Pilling, 1950, p. 438) for the Yokuts. Possibly all specific archaeological traits which are shared between the San Joaquin Valley and the Monterey Peninsula are reflections of this historic pattern. Side-notched, triangular arrow pgints. Three sites on the Monterey Coast have produced small, side-notched., concave-based projectile points. Two occurrences are clearly historic; the date of the third cannot be ac- curately established. Prior to Broadbent's excavation eight of these points (seo Fig. 2, b-i) were known from the historic Mnt-18, the Carmel Mission. Five wore of a tan or beeswax-colored flint; one, of grey flint; one, of bottle glass; and one, of blue and white porcelain. A tan flint specimen (see Fig. 2, i) has an area of asphaltum at its concave base, indicating the use of adhesive in hafting. A fragmentary piece of window glass (see Fig. 2, n) from Mnt-18 likewise may be of the type mentioned above. A single point of the described outline and flaked from a sherd of white porcelain decorated in black (see Fig. 2, m) comes from an uniden- tified sito between ten and twenty miles south of Carmel. The third and undated occurrence of the small, side-notched., concave-based projectile point is at Mnt-157, where Fackenthal recovered three specimens of flint (see Fig. 2, J-1). The occurrence of similar stone heads on two of the arrows collected by Hewett (13) at Monterey in the early 1790' s suggests that this typo may not have been an historic introduction. Two specimens from historic Mnt-18 (see Fig. 1, k and 1) are not ar- rowheads, but have the same expanding stem and side-notches. They were probably hafted scrapers, for they have blunt points possibly too curved to penetrate deeply into flesh. The date of this type is also probably solely historic. To the south of Post' s, the concave-based., side-notched arrowhead has not boen reported; it is likewise absent from the San Francisco Bay region. Several chert specimens have been recovered from historic Mnt-233, the Soledad Mission, but otherwise the nearest known occurrences are from the San Joaquin Valley. Wedel (1941, pi. 39) rports this type from the Buona Vista Lake region. Soaewhat further north Gifford and Schonck (1926, p. 84) may have encountered the same type. In the Stockton-Lodi region 66.60/0 of afl "arrow" points recovered are of this type (Schenck and Dawson, 1929, p. 380 and p1. 91). The high percentage of the type in the Stockton-Lodi region shows an interesting corrolation with data concerning the place of origin of groups visiting Montorey: one from the Merced River of Merced County (Pilling, 1950, p. 438), and one from the Farming- ton region of San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties (Treganza, 1952, p. 22)--both from the Sierra foothills adjacent to Stockton and Lodi. 80 Incised clam shell beads. Two clam shell beads in the Fackenthal Collection were recovered on the Monterey Peninsula (see Plate 1, c and d). Their edges bear the fine incised decorations most characteristic of the San Joaquin Valley. One, 9/16 inches in diameter, has three hatchod X' s on its odge; the other, 5/8 inches in diametor, bears two hatched X' s and two blocks of parallel lines arrangod alterntely between a border of ver- tical lines. Similar specimens are known from the most recent period in the San Joaquin Valley. Wedel (1941, p. 50 and pl. 27, n) reports a single speci- men from a level less than a foot deep in his Site 1, which is known to range into the historic period. Notes on the D. M. Witt Collection (Pil- ling, ma. 1948b) show similar specimens from a site near Corcoran, Kings County, of late and possibly historic dato. (14) F. Riddell (1951, fig. 1) gives-us considerablo information concorning incised boads from Ker-74, near Delano, an historic site lasting into the post-1850 period. Gifford and Schenck (1926, p. 58 and ple. 14, I and 15) mention specimons from the southern San Joaquin Valley, but they givo no information concerning the context of discovery. Schenck and Dawson (1929) lack notes on the presence of this trait in the northern San Joaquin Valley, while a cruder type of incised edge clam shell disc bead is reported by Heye (1921, pl. CXVI) from San Miguel Island. The latter occurrence suggests that this San Joaquin Valley trait may havo derived frm the Santa Barbara rogion, pos- sibly in historic times. In the San Joaquin Valloy edge incising of clam shells became a more skillful art. The specimens found on the Monterey Peninsula probably came from the San Joaquin Valley. Unglazed ceramics. Three occurronces of unglazed pottery on the Monterey Peninsula are of disputable origin. Unfortunately, specimens from two of the sites are not available to the writer at the present time; thus, detailed description is impossible. However, the presence of.unglazed pottery at Monterey Poninsula sites is noteworthy. Fackenthal recovered several unglazed, oarthenware sherds from a site, which has since been covered by sand dunes, near Point Pinos, the northern point of the Monteroy Peninsula. Golomshtok (ma. 1921-1922) recovered another lot on the surface of Mnt-159. The manufacture of this earthen- ware by Yokuts and Western Mono (15) has beon suggested in an earlier paper (Pilling, 1950., pp. 439-440). Extensive excavation at Carmel Mis- sion by Harry Downie and more recently by Sylvia Broadbont have established tho probability of the local manufacture of unglazed earthenware at that site. Miss Broadbent's analysis (ms. 1955) indicated that the unglazed earthenware fro Mnt-18 is distingiuishable from the historic pottery of the Yokuts on the basis of vessel form. These occurronces reflect either the manufacture of unglazed ceramics at the Carmel Mission or reflect both that manufacture and the utilization of sites on the Monterey Peninsula by the pottery-making Yokuts, Western Mono, and Northern Paiuto. In either event the presonce of unglazed pot- tery on the Monterey Peninsula must be interpreted as a late proto-historic or his-toric trait. 81 FIGURE II Artifacts from Monterey County (a) Top view and cross-soction of abalono pry frem Mnt-3. Rob- son Collection. (b ) Reconstructed outline of tan flint arrowhead frma Mt-18. James Martin Collection. (c) Outline of tan and white flint amowhead from MSt-18. James Martin Collection# (d) Reconstructed outlino of grey chert arrowhe3ad frma Mnt-18. James Y?tin Collectilon. (e) Outline of arrowhead of bottle glass fro Mt-18. Ja= blrtin Collection. (f) Reconstructed outlino of arrowhead of bluo and whito por- celain frcm Mnt-18. James Martin Collection. (g) Outline of arrowhead of beeswax flint from Mat-18. Harry Downie-Carmel Mission Collection,. (h) Reconstructed outlino of arrowhead of boe?rax flint from Mnt-18. Harry Downio-Carmel Mission Collection. (i) Reconstructed outline of tan flint arrowhead from Mnt-18. Hatched aroa of base indicates presence of asphaltum. James Martin Collection. (J-1) Outlines of arrowheads from Mnt-157. Fackonthal Collection. (m) Outline of arrowhoad of glazed ceramics from site on bluff abovo ocean south of Carmel. pattern in black on white back- ground. Fackenthal Collection. Outline taken frem sketch in Boardsley' a notes in Pilling anld Beardsley., ma. (n) Outline of arrowhead of window glass from S-18., james Martin Collection. _- X - - f - A :' X X~~~~ : I l\d W ri at~~~~~b i I i11 f? X V~~~~~~~~~~~ Conclusions Tho large number of archaeological traits sharod by the Monteroy and Santa Barbara regions suggests that the outside cultural ties of the Mon- terey region lie primarily to the south toward tho Santa Barbara Channel, not to the north. The southern l1.mit of known Central California culture sites is about 20 miles northwost of San Jose at SCl-l and northeast at Ala-328 and Ala-329. (16) The gap botween Monterey and theso lattor sites is only about 90 miles. A major transitional area betwoon the Santa Bar- bara and San Francisco culture types should be found between Monterey and the southern ond of tho San Francisco Bay; this zone probably lios in the lower and mtddle Santa Clara Valley. No accurate statement can bo made now concerning the Monterey sequence, for oxcavation has been limited and surface yield low. Indications that the Santa Barbara sequence may apply further north have been noted. One site, Mnt-197, produced metates from a consolidated sand dune, a possible indication of an early culture similar to Oak Grove. Another site, Mnt- 18 (Carmel Mission), has yielded small projectile points. Similar concave- based, side-notched stone tips were present on arrows collected by Hewett at Monterey. These occurrences act only as a suggestion of a possible para- llel to the general Santa Barbara culture sequence in the Montorey region. Detailed excavation at Mht-3, Mnt-12, Mnt-63, Mht-88, Mnt-lol, and Mnt-157 should help clarify the outside ties of the cultures on the Monterey Coast. However, most tentatively, a rosu.me of the history of the Monterey Coast may be suggested. An early people lived on coastal dunes at Mnt- 197, used basin metates, and subsisted by some hunting and considorable gathering of vegetable products, but little if any gathering of shell- fish. A subsequent diffusion of traits including the cairn-covered burial, the hopper mortar, the earth-bound mortar, the coremon ial bowl, the shell fishhook, and the whalobone abalone pry, from the Santa Barbara focus, caused alterations in Monterey Coast cultures. Occasional occupation of sand dunes continued, but settlements were more commonly away from sand blown areas and were on the banks of creeks within easy walking distance of the rocky points which produced abalone and mussel shell-fish. Tho culture changed considerably during this long period. Single new southern traits were added from time to timo without causing the sudden change char- acteristic of migration. Finally, possibly solely within the historic period, Yokuts and Plains Miwok people of the San Joaquin Valley intro- duced a fow new traits such as stone-tipped arrows. Some of these annual visitors permanontly joined the neophytes at Camel Mission, while others, apparently unmolested by the Spanish and Mexican residents of the Coast, made their camps on the &and dunes, collocted salt and abalone shell for omnament manufactaro, and departed for the Valley and Sierra Foothills. 84 NOTES (1) The investigation considered in this papor was aidod by research fLunds from the University of California, Departmont of Anthropology, to cov- or four weeks site survey during tho summir of 1948. A similar period in 1947 and wook-<'nd trips from 1947 Into 1950 produced other artifacts and allowed notes to be made on local colloctions. Tho notes are now deposited with tho University of California Archaoological Survey (UCAS). The artifacts are at the Museum of Anthropology of the Univer- sity of California (WCMA). Spocial gratitude is due the local collect- ors of the Monterey Coast and several proporty owners: Mr. Ernest Fackenthal of Robles Del Rio, Mr, Bruce Church of Salinas, Mr. Francis Johnson of Salinas, the late Joseph Post of Big Sur, Mr. E. B. Robson of Carmel, Mr. Jamos Martin of Monterey, Mr. William Martin of the Cannel Valley, the late Dr. Walter Fishor and his widow Anne Fisher of Pacific Grove, Miss Fnny Molera of San Francisco, the lato Edward Doud of Montoroy, Mr. Harry Downie of Carmol, Mr. William Colby of the Sierra Club, San Francisco, and Mr. L. S. Calhun of tho Carmnl Valloy. Further, the writor would like to express his gratitude for constructive critism of this paper to Dr. R. F. Heizer, Mr. James Bennyhoff, Miss Cherie Gregoire, and Miss Sylvia Broadbcnt, all of the Department of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley, and Dr. C. W. Ivkighan, of the Dopartment of Anthropology aid Sociology, University of California at Los Angeles. (2) Beardeley and Wallace' s notes on the Faokenthal Colloction (in Pilling and Boardeley, ms.) made in 1946 are ospecially worthwhile, for they woro taken before the destruction of tho cataloguo system used in recording the original collection. By tho time the writer viowed the collection, the catalogue was gone. (3) The sito numbers used in this paper will be thoso of the University of California Archaeological Survoy. Soo Heizer, 1948, p. 7. (4) These excavations were briofly discussod by Beardsloy, 1946, pp. 209- 210. No intensive study of this small sample was attompted by Boards- (5) The excavation of SBa-205, at Jalcua, 50 milos west of Santa Barbara, was undor the diroction of Dr. Norman Gabel of the University of Cali- fornia,. Santa Barbara College, assisted by Mr. Donald Lathrap thon of the University of California Archaeological Survey. Excavation in the Cachuma Reservoir, in the Santa Ynez Valley, was conductod by Martin Baumhoff (1951) and Albert Mohr for tho Smitheonian Insti- tution. (6) The Ruth manuscript mentions oxcavations in the upper Santa Ynoz. Mrs. Ruth in personal conversation with the writer during Februc'"ry, 1949, discussed details of the occurrence of cairn-burials near Loin- poc . (7) This term, suggested by F. F. Latta in conversation with tho writer in June, 1950, is used because of Its greater accuracy. D. B. Rogers, 1929, p. 390, also used tho term "oarth-bound mortar". The more com- mon term "bedrock mortar" is usually a misnomer, for most cooroly these mortare, made In a non-portable rock, are in float rock, not bedrock. They are anchored in the oarth, not part of a great single mass of stone. (8) The Josoph Post Colloction, at Big Sur. (9) The first mentioned typo is known frm Mnt-157 (UCMA), Mnt-236 (Rob- son Collection), Mrt-5 (ranch house colloction), and Mnt-l9 (UCMA). The second type is represented by three specimons at Mnt-91 (Colby Colloction) . (10) Mr. Carl Spooner of San Luis Obispo mentioned to the writer in August, 1947, that about 1900 he and other members of his family occasionally rowed to a point in the ocean about one-fourth mile offshore where they collected raw asphaltum. The natural tar, which was used unro- fined on the ranch, bubbled to tho surface of the ocean a few miles south of Morro Bay* (11) This figure is based on the occurrence of asphaltum on the artifacts from the Monterey Coast in the Robson Collection. The total sample included over 250 specimens. (12) Gifford, 1940., typos Ll, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, QQ2b, as contrastod to a single spocimen from Ala-309 of type N5. See also Orr, 1947, types N66, P2c, PlOb, Qil, EE2o, EE2g, and UU8. (13) British Musoum, 1891. Van 17 is tho catalogue number of the arrows collectod by Mr. Howett at Monterey in the 1790' s. (14) Aside from incised edge clam shell disc beads, this site noar Corcor- an produced incised Haliotis rim pendants (see Gifford, 1947, p. 107, AP4bIII, second from left of illustrated specimens of type), a stemmed ring typo Haliotis ornament (see Gifford, 1947, P. 72, J7aI, extreme right illustrated spocimon of typo), an incised tubular clam shell bead, a spirally marked columolla (soo Gifford., 1947, p. 111, AU2), a smooth tubular clam sholl boad, a butterfly-shaped chipped stone piece, a whorl-shaped baked clay object, and a small, triangular, con- cave-based, side-notched. obsidian projectile point. The above traits aro all considered to be late in the Corcoran area; howeverr, only a few types are identifiably late. The smooth tubular clam shell beads are late on the Santa Barbara Channel (Rogers, 1929, p. 71). In the Delta they are present at Sac-6 in the only historic region of the site dug previous to 1934, and at Sac-127 they were on Burial 9, Come- tery 1, and Burial 8, Cemetery 2, associated in both cases with strung clam shell disc beads and in the former case with a small, trianigular, concave-based, side-notched point (Heizer, ins. 1934; Lillard, in. 1934) . 86 (l5) Recent material concerning the lato prehistoric occurrence of pottory among the Yokuts, Western Mono, and Northern Paiute has been presented by H. Riddell (1951, fig. 1) and Fenenga (1952, pp. 343-344). An ethnographic account of the manufacture of pottery by Yokuts and West- ern Mono has been written by Gayton (1929). (16) Recent excavation at SC01- has been under the direction of Warren Caldwell (ms. 1949), formerly a student at Stanford University. Recont work at Ala-328 and Ala-329 has been done by Dr. Adan Treganza and his students from San Francisco Stato College, augmented at times by students from the University of California, at Berkeley. This excavation has been simnarized by J. Davis (me. 1954). (A distinction is deen in this paper between 'flints? and "chert The term "flint" has bee used fOr translucent silica; cher silica* -- ARP) cetfroau BIBLIOGRAPHY Baulioff, Martin A. 1951 Preliminary statement on the excavations at the Cachuma Demn site, CaI.fornia, in 1951. Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Survep, Washington. Beardeley, Richard K. 1946 The Monterey Custom House flag pole: archaeological find- ings. California Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 204-218. San Francisco. 1948 Culture eequence in Central California archaeology. Ameri- can Antiquity, vol. XIV, no. 1, pp. 1-28. Menasha. 1954 Temporal and areal relationships in Central California archaeology. University of California Archaeological Survey, Reports nos. 24-25. Berkeley. British Museum ms. 1891 Objects obtained during Vancouver's voyages by Mr. Howett. Manuscript catalogue in the British Museum, London. ins. 1900 The British Museum catalogue of the Freer Collection. Manuscript catalogue; acquisition dated 6th Sept. 1900. Broadbent, Sylvia ms. 1955 Carmel Mission (Mnt-18): a preliminary report on excavated material. Copies in the possession of T. D. McCown, S. Broadbent, and A. Pilling. Caldwell, Warren Wondell ms. 1949 The archaeology of the Palo Alto-Stanford region. Manuscript M. A. thesis at Stanford University, Stanford, California. Carter, Goorge F. 1941 Archaeol.ogical notes on a midden at Point Sal. American Antiquity, vol. VI, no. 3, pp. 214-226. Menasha. Davis, James Thomas me. 1954 The Patterson mound: a comparative analysis of the archaeo- logy of site Alameda 328. Manuscript M. A. thesis at the University of Cali:fornia, Berkeley. 88 Drucker, Philip 1937 Culture element distributions: V, Southern California. University of California Anthropological Records, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-52. Berkeley. Fenenga, Franklin 1952 The orchaeology of the Slick Rock Village, Tularo County, Callfornia. American Antiquity, vol. II, no. 4, pp. 339-347. Salt Lako City. Fisher, Edna me. 1935 Shell deposits of the Monteroy Peninaula. University of California Archaoological Survey, Manuscript no. 17. Gayton, A. H. 1929 Yokuts and Weste=n Mono pottery-making. Univorsity of California Publications in Amorican Archaeology and Eth- nology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 239-255. Berkeley. Gifford, Edward W. me. 1913 Monterey County dholl mounds. University of California Museum of Anthropology, Mauscript no. 22. mW. 1937 List of California bono artifacts arroaged by typos as of December 31, 1937. Handwritten manuscript on doposit at University of California Musoum of Anthropology in June, 1952. 1939 The Coast Yuki. Anthropos, Band IV, pp. 293-375. Wien. 1940 California bono artifacts. University of California Anthro- pological Records, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 153-237. Berkoloy and Los Anigeles. 1947 California sholl artifacts. University of California Anthro- pological Records, vol. 9, no. 1,- pp. 1-132. Berkeley ad Los Angeolos. Gifford? 7kwaxd W,, and Schenck, W. Egbert 1926 Archaeology of the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Univeraity of California Publications in American Archaeo- logy and Ethnology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-122. Berkeloy. 89 Golcamshtok, Eugene mes. 1982- Monterey, Pacific Grope, and Salinas mounds. University 1922 of CaliforrWa Mseoum gf Anthropology, Manuscript no. 30. Greengo, Robert E. 1951 MollUscan species In California sholl middens. University of California Arehaeological Survey, Report no. 13. Berkeley. Reizor, Robert P. 15, '1934 Q'lamshoA disc-boad burial. Zxcavation of Sac-127, notes assombled by Fenenga, 1941. Univerity. of California Arcb1a ologtcal Survey, Manuticipt no. 42. 1948 The Cqliforni; Archaeological Suzwoy; ostablishment, aims, and mothodee Univeraity of Ca1Afornia Archaeological Surrey, Ro3Wort no. 1. Borkoleyj 1949a Curv4oct Bing3l-piece fisbhooks of *ell ad bone in California. American A}itiquity, vol. 15, no. f, pp. 89-97. Menasha. 1949b The arckaolo}gy of Central Californ I: the Early Hori- zon. Uroersity of Caltfornia Antoological Records, vol. 12# no. 1, pp. 1-56. Berkeley and Los Angoles. 1952 A revicy of problems .in the antiquity *f man in California. Univosiity of California Archaeologiol Swrvey, Report no. 14 PP. 3-17. Berkeley. RHizerir Robert F., and Ireganza, Adan 1944 California Indian mines and quarries. California Jourmal of Mir4s and Geology, vol. 4Q, no. 3, pp. 291-359. Sacra- mento k Heye, George G. 1921 Certain *rtifaots frqm San Mguel Island, California. Indian Notos and Monographs, vol. VII, no. 4. Now York. Hill, we W. in. 1929 Montepy Courzty sites, general. University of California MUS of Anthropology, Mnuscript no. 38. 90 Kroober, A. L. ms. 1915 Monterey Bay mounds, general. University of California Museu of Anthropology, Manuscript no. 27. Lillard, Jeremiah B. ma. 1934 Augustine site. Excavation of Sac-127, notes assembled by Fenenga, 1941. University of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 42. Meighan, Clement W. 1955 Excavation of Isabella Meadows Cave, Monteroy County, Cali- fornia. University of California Archaeological Survey, Report no. 29, pp. 1-30. Berkeloy. Moighan, Cloment W., and Eborhart, Hal 1953 Archaeological resources of San Nicolas Island, California. American Antiquity, vol. XIX, no. 2, pp. 109-220. Salt Lake City. Olson, R. L. 1930 Chumash prehistory. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Berkeley. Orr, Phil C. ma. Classification of ceremonial bowls. Diagram on display at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. 1943 Archaeology of Mescalitan Island and customs of the Cana- lino. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Occasional Papers, No. 5. Santa Barbara. 1947 Additional bone artifacts. Appendix to Gifford' California Shell Artifacts. University of California Anthropological Records, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 115-132. Berkeley. Pilling, Arnold R. mS. Notes on various collections from San Luis Obispo. Univer- sity of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 6. ma. 1948a Archaoological survey of northern Monterey County. Univor- sity of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 106. 91 Pilling, Arnold R. ma. 1948b Notes on tho D. M. Witt Collection. University of Cali- fornia Archaoological Survey, Manuscript no. 56. 1950 The archaeological implications of an annual coastal visit for certain Yokuts groups. American Anthropologist, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 438-440. Monasha. 1951 Surface archeology of the Pocho Coast, San Luis Obispo Coun- ty, California. I.terkey, vol. XYV, no. 6, pp. 196-200. Los Angeles. Pilling, Arnold. R., and Beardaley, Richard K. ms. Notes on various collections from Monterey County. Univer- sity of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 26. Pilling, Arnold R., and others ma. Notos on the archaeology of San Benito County. University of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 82. Riddell, Francis A. [1951] Tho archaeology of site Ker-74. University of California Archaeological Survoy, Report no. 10, pp. 1-25. Borkeley. Riddell, Harry S. 1951 The archaeology of a Paiuto village site. University of California Archaeological Survey, Report no. 12, pp. 14-29. Berkeloy. Rogers, David. Banks 1929 Prehistoric man of tha Santa Barbara Coast. The Santa Barbara Museu of Natural History, Santa Barbara. Ruth, Claronce *B. The archaeology of northwestern Santa Barbara County. Uni- tersity of California Archaeological Survey, Manuscript no. 1. Schenok,, W. Egbert, andi Dawson, Elmor J. 1929 Archaeology of tho northern San Joaquin Valley. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 289-413. Berkeley. 92 Spar, Philip Stedman 1908 The culture of the Luiseilo Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 187-234. Berkeley. Steward, Julian H. 1929 Petroglyphe of California and adjoining states. University of California Publications in American Archaoology and Ethnology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 47-238. Berkeley. Treganza, Adan E. 1952 Archaeological investigations in the Frmington Reservoir area, Stanislaus County, California. University of Cali- fornia Archaoological Survey,. Roport no. 14. Berkeley. Treganza, Adan E., and Malamud, C. G. 1950 The Topanga Culture: first season's oxcavation of the Tank site, 1947. University of California Anthropological Records, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 129-157. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Archaeological Survoy ms. a Monterey County: archaeological sito records. in. b San Benito County: archaeological site records. ms. c San Luis Obispo County: archaeological site records. Wedel, Waldo Rudolph me. 1936 Archaeological reconnaissance of Point Lobos Reserve. Cali- fornia State Park Advisory Comnittee, Point Lobos Reserve, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 629-658. Manuscript on deposit at tho * ~~Bancroft Library, Berkeley. 1941 Archaeological investigations at Buena Vista, Korn County, California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 130. Washington. Wood, Avrery E. ma. 1930 Monterey Bay mounds, general. Uni.ersity of California MusaiUm of Anthropology, Manuscript no. 39. 93 PIATE: I Artifacts fro Coastal California (a) Rocomstructed outline of mussel shell flshhook fro Mt-12. Fackonthal Collection, (b) Illustration of punctato bono fragment from Mrnt-131. UCMA 1-73100. Blackenod corner shows a reduced carbonation of the bones (c-d) Side and top viow of incised edge cla shell disc beads fraom the Monterey Peninsula. Fackenthal Collection, (e) Cross-section of fragment of metate from MSt-197. UCMA 1-84532 . (f-B) Cross-secti m of motate fragmnt fr mcache Mnt-30. UCMA 1-81645. (h) Cross-socti m of metate fra mnt from cacho MSt-30. UCMA i-81644. (i) Cross-soctimn of ceremonial bowl frmn Post's , probably Mnt- 88. Post Collection. (J) Cross-section of Orr's8 "Las Llagas" typo cerononial bowl. The specimen used as the basis for this diagram is froma SLO-2. Spomeor Collection# (k) Cross-section of Marin County type of ceremonial bowl, After :Beardeley., 1948., Plate I. (1) Cross-section of usual type of earth-bound mortar hole on the M$onterey Coast* (m) Cross-eection of semi-cylinldrical hopper mortar from Mnt-91. Black arourd top of saucer-cavity indicates asphaltum covered area. Colby Collection. a ~~ ~~b cd }3~~~