THE HISTORY OF THE GUAYQUERIs AN APFROACH TO THE ANThROPOLOGY OF. '*3,s s - , . ; . NORTHEASTERN VENEZUELA, Tho'mta- ;M ; -rk '- fIntrQduat ionf*........,;.....kb.. ...a.IL.. 60 .Hai.atb Stmt thQ Gayquerl.w. . 62 Archaeology. of' Uat ... *^..,-.*. 62 .iye itaJl Types - of the Gu qur. 63 iflme- and Languae .of theiuayqr d............... 63 Guayquerf Hisatory4 - .. -. First Spanish Contact.................... 65 F-'"4 irsi't Settlement Qflor llar6aritas *.. . . . ......................... 66 TIi. Guayqquer. in th9e'L7tECntiy.....ii- 6 ~. i Ce:ntur Mi'siona4e's. .. .. .. 70 fliej4ycle; in 72m.....i... 72 Federmann's Guayaries.. . ..... 74 Summary and Conolusions.o..........o.......... 75 hp ! 4 4 * 999 * 9 **- 9S # * **.e. *S 9 'P * * ~S9 .9 *9* .,* w** 78 -Bi-bliograpy .-E; ..... E..... .. i. . ... 3 Introduct4an A major problem in the atudy of SouthAmericanl ndian groups is that of determining who, they are, where. they liw, and what happened to them during the historio period-from the:time the.y are first mentioned to the present. A esatisfaQtory answer to thia problem, or series of problems, tells us soMething about the nature of the group& and of their relations with their neighbour., and leads ius *to- the additional problems of cultural history, the selution of which would be of great value in leading to an understanding of the particular region and of considerable benefit to the science of anthropology in general. This paper, based on materials in the University of California lib- rary, deals with some of the activities of the Indians of northeastern Venezuela-north of the Orinoco and east of lake Maracaibo-.-during the period between 1498 and the present. Northeastern Venezuela was the first mainland region of America to be visited by Spanish explorers and is the subject of a large body of literature, inoluding a considerable number of superior sources. Caulin, Herrera y Tordesillas, Oviedo y Banios, Gumilla, Rionegro, and Alexander von Humboldt have written large amounts of speoifio material about this area and its aboriginal peoples. The majority of these sources are .. 0.. 60; undigested, and are, not correlated with.those pertaining to the. surz'ound- ing areas, consequently ethnological knowledge o:.'the. region i in. a ogn_ siderable. gtate of. confusiong Northeastern Venezuela is, therefore,, one; of the areas least known to the professional anthropologist.- The chief difficulty ii dealing with the tribesJ of thin re,gion lies) not; in. the l&clc of informat141, but. ini the ]a ck of. precise information about any particular- group.- The historic pa.tioe in dealig wth the area has bepen to write down- the ngmes of,every. tribe known betwe.en Cgr.; acas and Guiana, and to try to write, a general descriptiot that will cover them all. Insuffioient attention is therefoe; giyv to. the lingii tic and cultural differences which; may have e'xisted, and to the changes which may have occurred within any given group over a period of time. Since some fifty tribes have been noticed in this area during the historic period, this sort of treatentm ;tedsto confuse rsther thie onlighten the reader. The authors of articles in volume 4 of the Handbook of South, American Indians, al-though they usually have attributed data to some particu-1ar tribe and, d&te, have not succeeded in: bringing order from;.this confusion. They have followed the old practice of discuxssing all tribes at, :once and haye also- associated material written..in all per- tiods.. )All tribes are mentioned, but none is adequately p1ae& as to time space, or culture. The resultant hundredd or two indretd scrap of information about twenty to fi-fty different tribes constitutes a useful index to the literature but scarcely presents ae coherent account of the ethnology of the region. A list of historic tribes may readily be assembled by referring to volume 4 of the Handbook' of South American Indians.(1) This -aboriginal population is. today represepted by- iera l igrr o ps of survivors, including -a good. ny Warrau- (iGuarauno) in-. he Orinoco delta, a few Chaimes in the- highla-nds coutheast of the aity of Cumann4 scattered groups of, "Caribs". in the llanos north of the Orlnoco and, probably, Spanish. apeaking Guayquer' on the. .ipsland of lkrg-prita. Recent. studies of the .Wrrau. have been made by PtEni14a and. by Turra4d Moreno.;.Cruxent has paid.some attektion to t.h "!Caribs"; the Chaimas are best knmom from Humboldt's account written at the beginning of tthei. iteethentury.(2t These three groups seem .t warrant further -study.. , . - -The archaeology of the ..regrion is bi,ng worked out by Cruxent, oward, Kidder II, Osgood, 4nd Rouse.() 'That i;-4 ohiefly ..lacking at, present;is a more eohe3rent accounet of the olture history of the tribes n$. ;th8 area. this paper suggests a method- by which.. such an account- may be achieved, and pre.senta some mate.rial - illustratiag the. rmethod 5ugoete4., The method proposed is to select "Icy" triXbe (i.o., those thiat seem to have played important parts ip. the hiAtory of the region , and to trace the activities -of such "key" tribes from .the first Eat rpan contact to thelr extinction,or to tiwr present habitat and..cMiQtion. It.would be; logical tQ.f'ollow; Up such treatment .with et hgraphia and linguistic studies of. surv+iing ggpups and, where possible,, wi th tempts to link the historic tr.ibe,s with the. arohaeolog&cal recotd.. 61.6 Th6 "ke y" tribei seleotod for ad firrst t ril !Of thi 8 method i'8d GUMyquer. of the is1and of Mzgirita, a-- hundred miles west of -Triidad (d6 map);*-'Alt-hough eth ographioa1rm teh -l 1s exceedingly scant#j &nd it appears that -1inguistic data are e'nt'iely la'cirrg,f othr factors make the Guayquerf a useful group to consider. They appear in the his- t6-nic aoureeis -rbm '1498 to 1916; they Uoobperated with the 'Sp6riiard' and play d timp6rtatt h57torio role in the regioriV'they illustrate some- of the ki n x&' migrations und-Stiaken by South' Amerio&n tri'bes; arid the ii" tinieb.spa', -A-;stributiton present's 'at' least one-piitlin'g'problem- Let us, therefore, try to find but whe-ther -an'orderly presentation ofthe known 'hi~iy of' one Iklxe~tt ibe may guide ui tdiward oYdering the data for the little-.known northeastern' Vene zuela regin. -- "Habitat-* of the" Guquerf 'the ea-rliest- eexplorer's 6f 'tTi'drra F'ire left no reoord" d'. the use of tei tribal name "Cyque? . Th& to'rs first appears in t*o separate regions, oh 't'tth island of Mtrgbr?ta, in the year 1557;' and on the river "6oaheri"' pr rby thi to3ede & or 'the Portugue*a) where Guayoar{!t were encount;eru d by'4 i'clrlnfx F'e'derma ti 150.M(4) Federmann's z Guayoar.T( (note 'di'terezit:pel ligY may hVC been ^ diff&rent people ond will be; treated provisionallgl as a separate &gro.p.': r Archaeology of Margarita the ' ; i-bn; col'leted: by d&sQy' ind iost.e ' that '-the nat'ives of Marga'rite iusually did not l'ive &n "Pirmrint n lnagee. Only oie large- shell-moid was unct at"Gil-jgi-re; this diffb*' in oontent from sur- face s ites' elaewhre on the isl-and. Th-, poples o*the Biland wer6 fieh - ermen arid gathrSi' of shall-fish. They al.:a-be ttles, and pectar and ieer", whidc may 'ha9; was and is very?sterile. .There- were few trees and no "iervas," no birds except sea birds, and no animals except a few rabbits. The island was "all plain and no vwater." The nati-ves painted .themselves ("andaban los Na.turia.les mui pintados".) and ate oysters.. Water was brought a. 'distance of. seven leagues, from Cumane, in. canoas, and wood had to.be.friedone. league from Margarit. g* The S:panih se.ttlers imported Lucayen Indiaris fromr the Bahamas for the pearl-fishing, "because they were such good -swimme-re." - These -Lucayezs were valued at 150 ducatsw each.( 16) Apparently the Spaniards received little cooperation from the natives of the Margarita-Coche-Cubagua group in- the deep-water fish- ing for pear-ls.. However there-- is no indication osf open Qonfliot. Instead, -the na-tives of Margarita subsequently beame one of -the most important allies of the Span.iards in this area. and Cubagua became the most important Spanish colony in the region. Probably : the "natives" of the latter. is)lt we-re, only Visitors who went.-aok tn Margarita or to the peninsula of i-raye., which is almost as barren as Cubagua probably waas sparsely inhabited. *Subsequent :events suggest that leadors of the Spanish and. the Guayquerdas muet have arrived at a m4tualLy .s.tisfa;ctory. arrangement, and. that .Spaniards began to marry Guayquer. women at. an early date w(45) -. If pearling was the first industry .of the Cubaguui. oolonists, slave-raiding was the second. By 1520 the Spanish king had been persuaded to i-ssue ar decree permitting the enslavement o- Indians who ate human.flesh. Such people were oalled. "Caribes," a-t ermt . which waca libera lly re-vinterpreted. to include any Indian. group that offered- resaitance or who." looked -like u-seful 4alveso8 The natives of Margarita, who, probably were not .annibals in any case, somehow 65 escaped this stricture. .In 1520 the- Lioenoiado Rodrigo de Figueroa declared by judicial order that all the Indians of the islands not inhabited by Christians were "Caribes," except those of .Trinidad (sic, there were cannibals on Trinidad), Luosyos (Bahamas), Barbudos (-Barbados), -Gigantes- (Culrcao), arid J(1gita.('l7) Evidently these were the 'groups' thai were cobpertingT*ith Spanish authoritie s at that; tlio--e. First settlement on arearitar . The town of' Vue"a' Cadiz,-Cubagua, was elevated to the dignity of self-government im '1521. Marga rita was forirrally settled in 1525, when Maroelo de Villalobos got permission to "disoover and populate" the i land. He took with himi from Espan ola' tw;o priests, -and built a fort on the island, in -'crder;'to defen'd'him5-8elf from the natives "que eran Caribes,. i de Guerara"'(-meaning that he had to think up' some excuse to p out dc-on hie applio tion). Actually the Inldians of Margarita were ;"treat4d as vassals of hi's Majesty, free, end industrious in affairs of the Catholic faith.'"(18) It must- have been at about this time that a SpaSniard of el-evated birth, iDon Diego Fajardo', ma-rrie-d' the Indian odt&loa- cfterwards known as 10Ra Ysabel. Apparently-Dona Ysabel'lired on Margarita, at least after marriagey: She. is the first individual definitely described as a Guayqueri. .Th-e following account of the aoti-vities .of -Dona Ysabel, and of her s.on, Franesco FaJardo, is- mainly :derived from the work of Oviedo y Banos, who ransacked the a-rchives at Caracas to assemble the best exist-ing account of the early history of the north coast of Venezuela .(19) Dona Ysabob, is doscribed as' 'being-a GuayquerA cacica, and as having Guayqueri vassals on the island- of Malrgaritat. Her grand-' father was the oacique of 'Maya valley, on the Venezuelan coast northwest of lake Valencia, 'and in 1555 her uncle was, living two leagues from the Chuspa Valley, near the Cabo Codera. She was well-known to the caoiqXes of the- various tribes occupying the region near the pre sent city of Cara cas, rand her son, Francisaca Fajardo, heard of the beauties of the Caracas -8rogion from hero All this suggests that in 'the enrly part ot the 16th century there were close' ties- bet*een .the Indians of MSargarita and those 'of the - coast near Caracas', for it appears that thedir .laiguages re mutua lly intelligible' and that 'there was 8intermarriage between' groups, at least in the oacique class. There is, however, no early record of coast Indian-s calling themselves~ or'being called, Guayqueries. Dona Ysabelts sen, the half-Guyquerf -mestiVzo' Francisco Pajardo, determined to explore and, if possible, to conquer 'the-' beautiful- Caracas- region descvribed' to him by. his mother. He set out in two piragua in- A?ril, 155-5, with th'ee Spaniards and twenty of his mother's8 Guayqueri va3sal-s. He landed aetChuspa, where, 66 because of his knowledga o?.. the. language,. he .made.friends with. several caciques' ..His aostensible purpoa.waathat of trading and he obtained jewels (joyas), gold. ornrments,,-hammocks, and some. provions. Toro years later he ret.urned to the Chuspa region.with his mother and a larger force, inc,Judin oQne,,hundred .Guayquerles from Mazrgarita, one hudred'vassa1s (probably.-Pirit. India.ns) of. the Christian cacique Don Juan 0aball, ,.4of, Pir,i.-tu,. three tnativest .( prQtably me strzos o Ma rga ria., and -one Por'tugxae. Two historical verdicts are available on Francisco Fajardo: the close-range one of the Rela i$n de Caracas, prepared under the direQtioln of governQ)r . uJw5nPimentel in l572; and the long-range view. of Oviedo' y ?nos. first .publishe4a in 1725. The Relaci6n de Caracas oredXts most of Fajardots successpos.to.his mother's high prestige with the. coast Indians, a d. to her servioe a_ as interpreter. Fajardo is 4qpioted as havin., little soldierly acumen and as having little decisive .imnortance. in .;he winning o.f the Caraca .;region Cor Spain (20) Oviedo y I3vios, on the other hand, while-- in,-ge3ne'3 .agreement a.s to. the evepits that; too1 plae,. makes Fajardo appear as an ideal.-oon'. quis:tador i a man who.se manner charmed. t he,-Indi.an-caociue.s and whose command of Indian languages made friends rather than. enemies., q that it was not often necessary for him to fight. FaJardo was not -popular with Spaniards-s1ince he wa s .genetioally part Indiann, and wa8s very sugaessful i,n dealing with the Indians-: and he was finally murdered ;by Alonso. deo ?obos, a; je lous 4vl ; The writer of -the Relai d,- Caracas ma-y; haRve sharped this. projudioe. Oviedo i s much more detailed and probe bly ro-pre sent s a -better .esti- mate* To continue with Oviedo's a.ccoun.t 3'. ' '.- . O Qn his sec.ond voyage, in 1557, Fajardo renewed friendly, rela- tions with the caciques at Chuspa, end then moved a few lep.gues- westward to found a settlement on the coast at Panecillo. There, his Guavqueries and Piritds ;built some. houses of. tstraw (pajas),. while Fa jardo visited governor Collado a t. Borburataa The latter gave him,.the title- to the entire coast frpm Borburata- to gareoapcna, with the right to establish towns and ,to conquer. the, region. . Fajardols people had differences with the native Indians at Panecillo. and a split developed.within the latter, group.. Some of the caciques wanted to ask the .Usp.niards,t to. go away,- while others wanted to;drivq them out by force. Fjardo?s party' bui;lt>A ?orti-- fication n"ar the shore and his Guayque'ries. and Piritis..defended themselves with skill and courage* ThQy. eng.inqored. at least one supce ssaful night sortie ,e whent they succe.dd indkill;ing a' 1arge number of the Panecillo Indians, but Jn cked sufficient force to . drive them out of the neighborhood. The looal Indians, finding they could not overcome the defenders: of t-he fort, .. poisoned the sQur4ce s of water _DQ`a Ysabel :was among -those who perished. : .. Fajardo managed to, repair. his piraguas and -et-ired to- rgarita. .~~~~~p ra gu a a. *;d o Mrei 67 In 1559 Fajardo Bet out -again,, with eleven Spaniardds and two hundred of his -mother's8 Guayquer vassals. a Asoicini Chis pa and' Pane- cillo he found a friendly caciqtue at Carvao and set. out overland to Valencia to ask additional troops of' the Governor. He enoeimtered the warlike Arvacos on the hei5ht- of LaguD,etas (Lagurrillas, near modern San Pedro d Teques). These people were present in large numbers and were drawn' up to give' batt-le, but because he could speak Arvaca and through the respect,borne his mother, mnaTdo m ato make friend d with their leaders. At Valencia FPaJardo.wa:s,W-vien. thirty- men and the title of Liau- tenarit-genera.' He proceeded -to'establish friendly relations with the CucuiBa s and with the. Teques, 'Tarama'inas, arid Ghqga ragtos'tribes then living around the-'valley of San Franoisco, now Caracas. In 1560 Faja.rdo founded a towrt which he called Ccllado, in honor of the governor, located in the port of' Caraballeda. Inthe same yeer he disaovered gold mines in Teque country, s;ix lea;ues southwest of presentOCaracas. This was his downfall*. -Governor '0orlado' had 'him arrested and -revoked his 'powers. As there' were no real chharges he as soon released and put in co'mand of a garrison at Sari 'Francisdo (now de Loon de Carsoas). Otheirs were then giveni the task' of' conquering the provi*ice. ; The Teques resisted seizure of their gold mines and, in 1561, Lope de Aguirre', af-reebooter,, appearted,on the' scene, oreating die'vxity among the Spaniarde of the Caracas region. 'The Indiarn nations, under the general leadeXrshi-p of the Teque cacique, Guaioapuro,- 'combi ned to drive all Spaniards out of-the provinde. They bottled up.'Fajardo at San Francisco by opposing him with armies of up to 7700) warriors, and annihilated every force that tried to support him. Fajardo, accompanied by his mother's Guayqueries, retreated to Collado, then to Borburata, and at last to Margaritae at the end of 1562. This was -his last -campaign; he was murdered "in 1563 or 1664. For several years thereafter no Spaniard wa s able to control any part of the 'Caracas region. 'Expeditions led by Narvaez and Bernaldes in 1563 and 1564 were beaten and routed. 'The' Teque power was not broken until 1b6?:,'when they were- defeated at the Battle 'of San Pedro by Francisco de Losade. The Guayquel had stood by!;Fajardo cWaring this entire period, and were regarded Jas' loyal allies of the Spanish crown for another two and one half' centuri-es.' When Juan de' e"aas of Margarita set out to help Losada in 'the re-conquest --of the 3aricaa region in '1567, he took one hundred Guayquer.es with him.;, Sdame of 'these had been with Fajardo, and at least fifty of t-hem -"served with great valor in whatever offered afterward."(l9) It is; not unlikely, that 'lwhattever offered afterward" may have included some part in' Diego de 'Cerpa-' s ill-fatedl expeedittion against the powerful Cumanagotos-who -lived east of the- riet Unart This sortie took place in 1569, when Cerpa (also written Zerpas) landed at the mouth 68 of the rio Salgdo (probably the Guatpare) ptoh a. p:-roe of four huad'e4 men, includi-ng ctae nbblemen and' some vterans of Euroean oampai ne The CumananOtos and their all3e's_ 1roed . perpa sp" di. stanoe Into, the in- terior, wAb e, bm1oing 'oc14$e arow Rs axi ma_ing effiolent Uoe -o thei k aa. (haid-wod swbvrd-clo6su ; they ki1.1@d Cerpa and 186. of.his peop1e3 K Cise thi'n half anh6ou-."(Z) The cted. accounts of Cau U. anc4 O%ieo yBaismae no m .9n. eof Ind3aa i alotlo mwith Cerp&ts ea*pdition, end it may`have been that he w foo44.eoug t9 attack the welll-organized, warlike Cumanagotos without Indian auxiliaries; howevewr references made to the 'Wikir4&' _y SitWater R4leig88t that 9rme- Gid ueres may have taken pert othis',ampaign4 Raleigh writes thait erpa was overcne and kil.ed ar t his 'anrce wer 1 slaught6red or putko g by the WcJirts.t t ofRaleigh'5 methods of gatherins4ifora1ion wa-to -put into am4l SpaD5h settle- men ts atd furnish *he .inhab5tanes with liquor, Prhapes be seoured a pr- bled eruiQn in this way, or hrouoh la of know'd1e of Sp;nish-. pladd the'Guayquer$ with-the wrong parby. Ra,lelgh' knowl@dge of th. gegtaphy 'a p tnd 8POO of0V6eiau6la was ery poors.elsewhere he gives. "Saya" (evdently the Cheimga nIndia t) a be, name of ,a "ikirV' vil- lFge iwtG rio Areo,, and repots that th} 'aavnnahs on the-rnoh bank of the Orinoco stretched at the same level to Cumand and Caracas.(22) e uayquert tirrri-s 8 ay re mavem been with Qarci-.gonralez and with Crist6bal Cobos Iii ? r* 5?9 'and l85 oampa$ns gaiist the Cuma.nagot9s, although only coast India's are mentioned and this would appear to mean Pirit6s and Palenquosg . In 1581 a terr.ible 'pl-ague' atr',u6k 1be. 'Carac,s. region, wiping out "who1C nations of Indians' and.perhaps reduolng ithe Indian population of that-ea by a's'much Eas nine-tenths By tthat time too,, Carib" raid- ers, intil;trating.the Orinoco. e1d its tributa.es, had become a serious nuisano6 es it;:tw8t a`s -th i' ts4irts of t tq_ of .Valenoa (23) Thset t*6 !difi3nt 'disaste rs se riousely di srute& Indian life in the ihole of northeastern Venezuela at the end c?f the l.6th centuqr. Some pe6ples (;i8 tl'1 Arbaoos) may h ive6o ae. extinotl other;s oeased to be oft gay utilitari or politioinal i tanntill ot .er;were soattered; with 'sortie s4s 1 goup fleeinig to the aooc sbd, Qtheore beaing settled;. at misi-ons or on encomiendas. . a. . . .. -~* ; 8 r4, . .,!',. . Gu6'Y`*,e *n the-. .' 'i' ' , '' Dux'ig the 16th . a "Guaycari"' group was. reported sm.t.hste of lakd Valencia. "ua rietes, wre al.8o reported en the islan ;ot. Margarita` and, I'a-San.h 'v iatefs in 'Ien Caracas region (ae9 ap loc~atXans 1539, 15>5~7, Chpa,. VaIenip, S n Franci8op de. Leon 4e Car,aoa). In the 1;7th ce'tur y "Ouaquerl" appeir ovra widex area and in. wpverel ne~w roles . " Somew o those of Fajardo ' s sooral olass may have seoured the logical benefits of their loyalty to the crow-xi .Pvla. lists a number of Indian enoomenderos, though without supportingr tFibr}-1 iin tion*(24); QOt re, apparent]ly Lhared the fate of other groups whe had o?ter'ed the S-an3Frdsjlss booprat ion.. Some became enoobiendp Thdi4Axs, 69-, ; and at l&st one group. found, it necessary.to flee to t'he OrQinoco.: The 3island ofMargarita i8 scar:elTy tentioned in 17th ceptuiry sources. Evidently the pearl fishing beds haid beeen greatly reaucd'.in eoonomic importance-.perhap's this reduced the island to a minor role. We find only that in 1630 Juan Urpin- to6k troQps 'from .rgarita to aid in pa?iP'ying the-''egion around the river Unatre.(25) Some cf these prob- ab ly were OuayqueAti auxiliaries. B * . Quayquerl are definitely 'reported in Cuman. In 1678 an. anonymous missionary wrote that loyal Guyqueries and a few encomienda Indianns lived amon'g the Spaniarda bn the Cuman Coast, while Indians of all other tribes were dispersed in groups of two or three thatched huts and resis- ted'being resettled` in towns. (26)' This probably refers to the city, of Cumana, for lat-r acco=nts mention a Guayqueri quarter in that city. The Cuman6a toast had been the scene of' heayy slav-raiding in. the early part' of the lBth century. G buayquieries may ha ve been imported too repQp- ulate the region, and to aid the Spaniards-first in pa:ifying the local natives, and then in defending the Arya-Paria area against 17th oentury, raids by' French -end Corib'raiders. A rew Guayqueri probably descendants of some ofp Fajardo's people, remained nea.r'aracas.' Between: 1637 and 1666 Guaycueri.are listed ac encomienda Indians in the 'following lcnaliteas :(27) Antimano, five miles southwest of Caracas (1637a on the map). Twenty-four, adults, three youths, seven boys. Ma' Siquet4a, nearl La Guaira '(1637b'on m,ap) 'Numbers not given. The Littoral. of the valley of i?'tanemo,nerPuerto Cab llo Riverp,O rituco and-'Conoropa or 'Cor'6coro, jurisdidti.on of San Sebastian de- los Reye5', southwest of lake Valen cia (1637d ion ma'p).. In about the year '1657 fifteen G~uayquerf men, with their women and children., came .out of 'th llan:os to the river Guayrico (Guarico,. soixth of lake VaienciaX1657 on map), where they told the missionAr1es that "Caribe 's" " had massacred their re'latives and that they wvere fl~eeing toQ the river Orinoco.(28) This group may have been descendants of some of Fajardo 's people. An alternate suggestion is that they could have been remnants of the "Guaycari" seen by Federmann southeast of Barquisimeto (1530 .on fm&r), for Carib raiders may equally well have attacked that group. 'i.inmn tepor ts pagt parties of; 00` to 600 Qaribs raided. frop Trinid6d^and `th,t Orinoco as- far as ValnoXa', Ba rqisimeto, Tocuyo, Guanguancr;.' an.e Barina&. (29) Simon did not dae thisrinfomtion, but he rrecorded -16t abdt l23, and it conforms w.ith tht giiven by' Oviedo y Banos" f'Mbrthe 'end' of ethe. 16th and the beginning- of the 17th centuries. 18th century' is'sionari'ess. By 1700' the coiiQuest of the coast was complete. ManyrEuropeans and Negros had immigrated or been imported to the coastal cities and most of 70' the coastal tribes had become "mestioa,i',""mestizos.bagos ," "Indios libres," or "Indios dispersos ." Many' of. the Indians who had retained their tribal affiliations had fled to the Orinoco or had been settled in mission towns. The 18th century was the time of maximum missionary activity. The interior of northeastern Venezuela had been divided between the Capuchins (south of Caracas;and fi.om Araya-Paria to Guiana), the Observantes (from the Unare drainage south to the Orinoco.), and the Jesuits (western tributaries of the Orinoco, including the. Apur6). Margarita had beco'me completely unim;portant by this time. As of 1713, groups of. Guayqueri are again reported as living among the Spaniards on the Cumang coast, also on the peninsula of Araya`'(30) Apparently these groups had retained their freedom by virtue of loyal service to the crow,. and these were the only Guayquerf north of the Orinoco who appeared: to possess anything like a strong and "going" society. Other 18th century groups were scattered from near Caracas to.ocuth of the Orinoco (see map: 1700, 1720, 1723, 1734, 1744, 1745, 1778, 1799). Some of these were in missions. with other tribes, some were living as "wild" Indians. One of these groups was found living near Cabruta in about the year 1720.(31: 1720 on map) Capuchin missionaries settled these. people "en las8 mesas Calabozo," probably at the.Iission Vicaria Santis- sima Trinidad, which-was founded in 1723 and in 1758 had 320 Indians, including, Guayquerf and "indios dispersos"(32: 1723 on map)-- Other mission.groups were at Altagracia de Iguana (1734 on map,- a few Guay- quert and Arocaymas) and at San Miguel Arcangel de la booa del Tinaco (1744 on map, Guayoueri, Mapueyes, Tampnacos, Guamos, end `Indios libres").(33) Those at Iguana must have had some connection with Fajardo Is people. The other two groups could equally well be remnants of Federmann's "Guaycari.2 As of about 1741, Gumilla places a group of "wild" Guayquerf on the "cain'o de Uyapi,' where they. lived with the Palenques.(34) His map indicates that this would be in the curve of the Orinoco opposite the mouth of the river Caura (1745 on the map). Elsewhere Gumilla writes that what is probably the same people had only fifty men and that they reported that they had once been numerous and warlike. but that the "Caribes" had defeated and enslaved them. These Guayqueri had come from under the padres Observantes and are described as very miserable and subservient to the (Jesuit) missionaries. Gumilla also offers one of the very few authentic looking scraps of ethnography for this or any Guayquer2 groupa For forty days before they marry off their daughters they make them fast rigidlya the daily ration is three pieces of fruit of the Muriche (MIauritia species), three ounces of cazabe (manioc bread); and one jarro of water, so that on the wedding day they look more like dying persons (moribundos) .than brides. A cacique explained that anciently, when a women menstruated, everywhere she set foot things dried up. If a man stepped. where she had stepped, his leg would- shrivel. 71 And, having studied out a reedy, they oonoluded that the .woman should-be dried out;so as not to ciitain poisen and' *be 'da'ngerous .(' 5) ) Ca4}n a,map, drawn by 'Luis de-Suidville in 1778, places the "Quayquer.( nation". in the. :;sierra de Maygualid'M South of the Orinoco (1778 on the map)i' No supporting evidence is 'offered and t his seems too far south; however,.sHumboldt mention's Guayquer as being south of the Orinoco and in this general r'3gion near the end of the century (1799 on the map).(*36). Humboldt -thought this -group might be di:fferent froit the. Guayquerl of- Margarita and Cumana. and, although mogt'of the evvidende aseems to idioate, that beginning in about 1600 Guayquerl filtered" south from the Caracas- reg-ion to' the Orinoco, he may have been corr,ect: in this guessi for som Of these 18th centiry groups cotuld have been remnants of Federmannf1s "Guayeari-." * Turning away from churchme'n we come to t royal surveyor, Cesar Perez Ramirez,s who visited some seventy tcwnns ini Nueva Andaluoia and Nueva Barcelona in the years 1782 to 1784. Ramirez reports that town Indianscwere living in poverty and often were abus.ed' by their masters. Indian servants in Cumanirwere being- defrauded of their pay,; and the salt and aguardiente monopolies we re paying "w&ge- 'that were below the standard set by royal ordinance. He particularly stressesd unfair treatment toward the loyal Guayqueries of the tOwns of El Socorro (de los Cerritos) and of Altagracia (Nr".. Sra. de Altagracia).(37) The Guayquerti in Humbo-ldt,' time. ..By 1800 the Spanish empiire in the New World was on the verge of disintegration. One symptom noticed by the travellers who visited Venezuela at this time was a considerable amount of smuggling, mostly throughthe corruption- of customs officials. It is not apparent that Indians were much involved. either in' ernuggling or in preparations for the coming rebellion against S'ain. - Clearly defined Guayqueri 'groups were present on Margarita, on the peninsula o$ Araya, and in their, own quarter of the city of Cumang. on the south side-of, and separated from other quiarters by, the river Manzanares. Cu6bague was almost uninhabited; there'wabsno signio f its 16th oentury''town, Nueva..Cadiz. Coohe was the principal -pearl f1ishery of the region at this time and the Indla'ns of Margarita, according to F. Dopons, were required to work there three months of the year. F. itepons estimated that 2000 of the 14,000 inhabitants of Margarita were Indians; Humboldt places the number bf Gudyquer: on Aayaa;nd at Cumani at another 2000, .a total of 4000. This makesthe Gayquer! the fourth most numerous Indian people of Venezuela-at this. t.iim'e-their numbers being exceeded by Cumanagotos, Chaimas, and Warrau. Onl approacking Margarita, Humboldt's ship encountered two piraguas containing eighteen Guayquert each, a party that had set out from Cumana to obtain cedar wood- for building from the Cabo- San' Jose. They had '72 coooonutsi.and4.tijgi4.. phi ptragug, aluo, -an.armad4.l lo ehe3,1 .and -a., -cp made forQ,a iropiao%1fku14;. do.4t was o]dA#-bhtd both with,thesne - tropioal pzodut 8 d ; znq The --nof 0eO;Q b piragua was .aily pzrsie4d Wt i

' quantit.'ss,rof tish, whieh athey 7sltd amd sold thr0ugbowt the. oontinent and no1ghb6ring lslxnds6U: Thq.Gu7erf iet the most *illful aucd 1in- i: trpid fighemen;ot the -region and 6nly, they,.11 ew the akshing Eanks; that.bdrddr:the 4slands of.Cooh,* Margarita, Sole, q4i Testioso. az4 stretoh more than 400 leagues from Manituares to the B0oaw de DraEgos. The -Guayquer! , oartOr of Guwme? city was :efrquented by the "aozt estimabld;.8- people .of beth ses, who caie in the.. ate rnoons end on mo'n- light nights-.to.bbathe i..lou1 , goosp, nd sok in the cooling wate,-rs of the.rxier zanares(.38 .8 . ; After, Humboldt. The island of kMargarita, whioh F* DOpons hadc notioel-a strategically valuable in any military or naval operation against lTierra Firme playse a. fairly prominexb< part in.tie rebellion against:-Spaiii,eBoyal-fores-took.the.siaud.in 1815 but wero.on driven out*- In-B166 Bo~lfvar held a conferene on .theisland,atotbhe-townof:. -Santa..Aua,; later called.El Norte, :and- in 817 defender of the islad- drove off. a- nu^.ricaily;.superior ' ieoe of Royalists. If the Indians, despite forod- work in the pearl fisherie-,tere,-still,,loyltot-e Crowns .they must heave suffered-then, and sSioes, ae a result- of the.ovl-- lapset of the mpanith empire and the sdting up-.s ofarepublits otith:.oon5 4uent wilthdraal.-pf the. king':s proteti. -. t , * Two 20th'-century visitors, the Eng'lishh gologist and geographer Leonard Dalton and the arohaeologist Theodore deBooy have oontributed our zmdst rteewnt .no*le'dg eoft the; Guayquerf. DeBooy, who visited largarita agbout -1914, belie.d Sthta l;arge proportion of the inhebi- tants wor.of ;pure Guayquerf blood.gt -Both .Indians-and Spah-. Ameriei4swre-:iidutrious- people, scratchng,- out. a living ..on the ir barren island by means of a little- agrioulture,'by,keeping a. few..goats, by: bz&nn. h'a1 endbbii tmeIeso~r a4 ihr.' They also Fued l-ge rtities P? fiduhu) zUanOf s D0oy; imp seis i Z t io rtiK-t0 nD p?obtlyt3ee- 190 ':tM I bQAit aw -- ..- not h ig -the -o*ik1id% t of P Gvaqu 4u& uAIe bMt oity.(AO) ~~ 4 -~V | gforeoin.g 1ha' %been . a re sum8 o;f -si.,tig i14e .f the e J1Guay- qliar?osk9. of the ilaMdo iiit&. -h "Gos*oinc(noutered b; -Lti~~ax ?oduian (it mby'hi; tOl1, eomre soitbstt of:Bdrquisiiito in l53Ch}thawff^ itia-Ly a mXnsid4it.ds -. owearato, Crz.og'; Howiver", si nde ',the dh rwti cs.o?f bMO Cq is"of:rgritao irihe 17bharid 348th cent?xrie s (ose F espe4ially 1G7,, 17Z47a , 1744 ) sugge a Ba-.the possi- * bility4wat theredmay,.be Jise tasion;; 6L iedKntity, theobre it*eemns ; advi&cbl --to pr0e. e ' a 8ot onur -:kal.lge *t Pedermnnl'.s grup* .* >~ .-tlerni&necribe s hisAGua yoarL"- X i@f#&los ' ^. ..; - , -t t--.' ; .-* ;: -; .* ^ .4 - . -1 -' 1;!- Wh en^e I -ta ck:4ome tos the zteam . .1ed ~the .Coaberi;} which 0a h.1d byit h-si)uxrd 4uayoari i a's,kr4,P cdial#h1Sok p.pewpU-t1oi 3 4^i. $ "~ Xde#eribe ;-ui'thei' 'Elong;I sent; td&the .Ca c1que -or e Xte1': qf. this .saime: nati4rmj whici .had i;s *:kttbme6t 4anothe-r Sa lf7 mo iJ f^roai 'th*Mhwater, -h-r) tthey en"yzh*heir:fishing.h te by-the htrent w. and al80 (held) their market (there) with the Caquecios Nation who '4I?~d hser?: ai~d .th#'re'buptwg.fi~sh'Draui an?(;supp}yh1g):t itrut :^d ar emd '*ho'; elwo liod hthe , gthew e,itW thi gse two Nlations lived here in a peaceable manner,'ffilthough eaohi reined' in separate pueblos or settlements of their own, and therefore had need of':eaGh .o'ther.(41, - ak+tt e J an . the.-,;a L ;:: 'Ps dtr*4ia 'n w4d h-not- frnish . "" ooa* g -haicky me!ning..t .- darke? vtha their nigh;bors, -an&rthat .they were Y fishng;people rwho thad'.*< e sta~lished a t symbiot-ic ro]vati6iship witivthe ra gib.ultura l :eaquQoia;s (~usu- a lly twrrit@te '1CXqUt io8s" ) . - Esewhe re F- eder4inzwrit thelatif.t.N ttlis pla , probably:on a hlso( Jedes tor manothe r tafue)it weh the Cqrtueoa the met wbho woreb.;and nmost obstinatei pqop1e?h ;ha4-ev-er.-expienoediL AEiardQed nQ;..O& themanStNtbios, thoureh isaveaclea hboringnpeoplers are oZIaoiuhied -by 'ihim It is clear that the Guayoariet tledmtheir owne,os ndeigheornefe -ndtueCrai of Federmann's soldiers from the fact that they refused to furnish food withoat'payient and>, afb,er onlyA4ewtfl days4 edrcfYe :hir,.oi*tt ofzfhibri4ountry. - ''.4 - +;r* ?.- . 4 , . 3 ; E ;4 t ;ttJ;>.& ?. J S t , ," We had not euffioier cultur4 ortlinguistictdab e i.'ab::ary. sure.:tzister to th puzs1iagtt problem of FedeimnCisd"a 6ar&e4n hweser it i ts possible to iestr'u c lethree geiderey f-pe, .hypth8e6wib - accot-lfo the.r,oprsen orauthheastS of Baqtu4tetoJin.e 3Q-r andeht@With& suboeqenrt disapp?rsnci from.;thefch reordue tof ur .r-s f ; 74,- -; 1 That they were differ nt.froantke aGuaquediM dMrgrite;api that .they"oie *xt;inct. 2* That. thi3y ore - dlffxent from the. Guayq1re 9$'gedtga.i 4 that theyr cm to be (or! uwkys lhsu]4. hv bo.en) w kwo, C4erj gantr- 2 _ A Dme. m Kirehhoff aseert8 tt tbA . Gau qG ibo. the wternh :i mo,(44 but an exam aton,- of tho .oue,ite4 tby > i itosuppo rt t his. elusion. The majority of his souroes list t G ay0ark(b34nt uder:<. that spelling) as sejidrate from the Guamo, and, in faot, pnust be referring to some- ;of th _roups alr*dy. mentioned 4n thit ppp ap hei-bree noticied in-the Orino.o,draincip during the-.16th.:, 17th,; fi38th ;tur-iee Row has. suspected, on pograpp c#t grouudsc t1t, Fedep s yeari- came to. ko- wn as the BarinQs, but has been unable to locate sufficient materia.1 about, the Barinas tQ-,warrnAt auy f9rma- !ttement.*; -A thir,d alternatiyo under t i l-anhiig t hA t_tFed* mann'" Guayoari, were8hattered byr Cori>.ratder in4he- la,st pcrt .fgt 36ih an& ea.rly-pert of., te .-17thh.-oentu4ics -r-.upvn.they Gugy'quer( already mnnioned t.n this. pap",.. peria p8 t.ho5:,..i,.i9t5dby. 5Qmeor all of t.he., numbers l617t. 170, i7ZQ.,L?3, l744b1?78,. 1799,1o0 while. other groupp or nA ted g* rga4ar^ 4 filtered .dw4owr4 tb Orinooo in the 17th and 18th centuries. ', - ---o3 The .htrba hyp9thesi8 whi.h ,may-be considere.{ i 8" tit ihe n., ari 0and tt Guayqe4" orioiially. were a. o the sa*e goP4* an. affri iate ofa the . r4 f th Orino&4eIta... hi0wou4 be based on similiirlty fh,oP hamh s, 'the faot t.t h, group$ diftered from tbir. neighbors, and.}-4bo]4t '6s repoi tiat l9th, century Zayquere'a.csn.d4- ered, thei Tzanguageto brelate to W arrai* Teresa lmost; enbugh materil to t ;mt.one to aigpst a serief of migratione.earl4er. thnn, . but paral t4 po, th so. of the 'UCarib^}' in th 3r5th, .6.th ai.67th centuries in thig area. However the evidence is too slight and it would be necessary to. include too.m y speau1a.tiQos. ..Pedingithe discovery of additicn&l. a .tur4l or, preferably, linguisait met rial, S-t. :-pbettgr, tp treat the "Guayoari" ani-'the .uayquer! a two separate 5rOUpe. . - r - -* . - ' ; maz= y pnd Conclualo-a.- * v - . . ,2 . . ~ *., '; ,_,!iY' ' EthnogrpphiQ data on the. GuayqoUrf are .e;tromely-. s8oant} listi.or- materiajl-seems to be alto ether ab ent .;Yet,the wItten record is on og' the lon get;.(1498 to 1916 to;, -NewWor 7d group. Anexmz,ption, -f this-writen rqovrd,hes naao'd. us to,set up a-- scetoh.of ttie-, hi stoy Q4X one of th Indian peoples of nothea atw rJ Vene ae la-a fse,ohr arw4Q, information about other tribes can be fitte., , -> Northeagterm Vene:zolw4s-firstseen by Europpangs.n41498. -,,lirly Spanish act ivit4ies, included trading with thel 51ivts pea4;-f5ship4r near Cubagua, and sl-raidinvgeon theOCa ooest The Guayqie4. of r o Wa.rgarita were.evid,cltly. reQeptive to.lisdanityia.ad ,wexe.. ked by - Spaniards. They became 2impp rtzaItaii of t,he oroWn as etIn$,m ally in tv c1que,t jof,he carq rgon n4 probly also the r. ien . arounld the river Unrar4. The native; Indians Of these t regions were extremely resistant to Spanish incursions. They did not break and run when temporarily bested but merely retreated a little way to where they would re-form for niew battles. Oi se8vertl occasions they drove the Spaniard'e out^ al;together. Even 'Cerpafs8 relatively large force (400 pe&ple, inelud-ing some veterans of' Europeun campaigns) was unable to- 'stand' up 'to' the Cumnanagobos-po a sibly beca'uie Cerpa d neglected)o mob i'lize Indian r auxiliaries8 Indian resistance in the C-araoas region finally wa s broken by mili- tary forcr -in-- 1567; the task of -pacificaticd was completed by another whitte man'ts eaponp disease, in the f'orm of the plague of 1581. At the end of the 16th -entu uri the ethnologioal -picture was compli- cated by the inoursions of numerous, warlike "Caribs,U who paddled their canoes up'the Orinoco and ita tributaries as far as -the outskirts of Valencia, Baequisimeto, To'cuyo, Guanaguanare, and Barinas. this repre- sent8 a -part of one of a series ot migrations of South American people6, including those'-of the Tupi-Guoranf, which-began at, or some time before, first European conta'ct and took the peoples involved towards the interior of the South Amerionn continent. The 17th century picture includes continuat ion of "Carib" incursions, completion of the Spanish domination of the coast, 'inigration of Mddi- tional:Europ.ebns and negrb slaves., and the beginniings of well-organized missionary actAvi:ty. Some native'epoples, including some'GuayquerS, were on encomiendas; e-tlhers were missionized; still others, tincluding some Guayquerl, moved towwnrds the 'Orinoco . Some Gunyqueri remained on Mar- garit'a,'and-some were resettle in:the Cum region, perhaps to re- settle the a?ed pa'tially' depopulated by the earlier slaving raids. The, 18th century marks;the climax of mission.ry activity in Vene- zuela.' Non-mission Indians, however, w're living in'fraegmentary groups all the way from near to the coast. to the 0rinoco. At the beginning of the l9th century Humboldt summarized the Indian ethnology of northeastern Venezuela 'a8 follows: Cumanagotos, including other peoples speaking Cumanagoto,, in the Piritd missions of the Unard drainage, Chaimiae' including some others, in the sierra of the modern states of Sucre end Monaguas; Warrau, in the Orinoco Delta; -tCaribs,t in thsllanos north at--the Orinoco;' and Sp-nish-6paking'Guayquerfes on Margar-ita, qAraya, an in their' own quarter oof'the town of' Cum nd. It seems pPtbable that some of these same p6 ples can be 'found in substan- tially the same regions today. The pert played by the Guayqueries in this historical secuenoe may be suiuinarized briefly. They probably were prersent onMrgarit from pre- Columblan ttimes- to the present day. Some of them are repr-esented a's haT'ing genetic relati ves on the ontinent near Caracas in 1555. They were present' fr'rn time t :tlme 8's expeditionarie-s in 'he Caracas area from 1555 to 1567 or later, perhaps until 1581 o0 '1600. Probably they' also took 76 part in expeditions against the :Cupanaotoa and others in the Unarg region between 1569 and 1630. Some of them seemingly were transplanted to Araya and Cumang early in the .17th.century; they were f.ree and respected in their own quarter of the town of Cumana until at least 1800. They were found here and there in the .Cara9as erogion aq 17th century encomienda Indians. Some Guayquerfes were noted as being wandering, shattered frag- ments of tribes moving toward, and perhaps beyond, the Orinoco in the 17th, 18th, and4 peraps &early 19t'bhoentirie$... Some group. were settled in misxip4s, .othe , oCntinued-.tQ 1iv .B "wild" 'Indians. lAike .mQpt ,i:$ .nOt ~all South American,- groups, the u1Guayquer es iwe re deeply affected by European o cmtact. *Their'earlieet reQponte ,ws to. oooperate with the European invaders; later some of them scattered over an expanded area toward the center of the continent. In a reversal of tho usual,,fcorm,-.and for unknawn..but. guessa le reasons. those Guayquerf who happened to aty..,on Margarita or near the qogst appa_rintly made fairly. good lad,Qwugnts tA Et;ropean ;settlement, and -fared rathr, better than. thoge whQ.went intQ,othe interiore If two or mora, of the scattered groups representpd.by numbers (really dates) on the accompanying map could be located and identified, they might present an interesting study in differential cultu .chsnge .To fond.sucha study -on a firm basis, however,' one would have to show that such scattered groups were once the same or very similar to one another. This again raises the puzzling probllemo .of the identity f Federrnanxl'B "Guayoari,".-but the. disccovery of geographically serrate groups nmght be attended by ciroumstances that would help to clarify their relationships. In conclusion, it may be said that the method suggested in this paper appears to offer a,,p.oducti-veapprgach.to the ethnolqgy of north- easterr Venezuela, Q.,r-rof any other region-where there is a. large and reasonably reliable hitorical li~.erature-. The study of any group that has a long historical reoord can be made to yield useful information. What remains.to be dome insofar as northeasternVenezuel& ie con- cerned, is to assemble material on other, and probably more productive "lkeys groupse, suoha-*s th Chaima , td,he Warru, tm ether with a muc more detailed scrutiny of some of the llanos tribes.. Kirchho.fft's Otoma ct' is a fine job,(43) but should be expanded to include at least the material agsseblod by-Roserablatt.*(494) . r?- A oohereit aQot.of the .India hi'etoryof tisuregion,. such as can be assembled by the device of following the activities of "tkey" groups, can be of great assistance to the science of anthropology. In some cases it~ ii~y be. possible to link the hi_storic .roor . toq-the .arQhaeology, in others to' surviving groups. - . - Tihe methog& empWayed - in.this pape.r.mais it>possible to oollect the kind of 4nfQrz $iQn that -wi-ll warrant intensiye oetlnographio and lin- guistic gtdy2of .Qe- e,nrbheaste.n Ve-zuela region. 77 K ; - - : MAP SHOWING, TT HISTORI ' * LOCATIONS nOF GUAYQJERI AN D ; * -GIJ- bUAYCARI GROUPS KEY- (The numbers; on the map-1530, 1557, et?.-'refor tb the date. at which certain groupswwer first reported iAcOrtixi2oc^1ities. For routes of expeditionary forces and for the significance 'of other map,' locationdn, reter to the text. Only Federianna utes the spelling -"Guaycdri!" (soee 1530)). - - - - * - , * * ~ .. *- ;' 1530- The "Guaycaries" onnthe 'river "Co&heri,- *hich 'is - probably- the -CoJ.edet - or- anothedi tributary of the orbugue a. It wa' * etated tobe 122 meils south (rellysouthet)of- Coro,'and -50 meils- souath (c;r `suiiteast) of Barq.t sime'to. The "Guaycie ma-y be a--- eparate group.- Federmann,-1859;pp.57, 81 1557 - Isla Margarita: va;sa1s w Cow~C 00 4 (.) o + + 1734 Mission Altagracia de Iguana, vicarra San Sebastian de los Reyes. A few Guayqueries and Aro'uaymas (Ubrique, in Rionegro, 1929, pp. 104-105). 1741 Cano de Uyapi, living with the -alenque (Gumi:lla, T. 1, pp. 158-159). 1744 Mission San MViiuel Arcdnge1 de la boca del Tina-io, vicarfa D. V. San Carlos de Austria. Three hundred and seven Indians, - tiioluding Guayquer!es, Mpueys, Tamanacos, Guamos, 6nd some * li'ndios libres' (Ubrique, in Rionegro, 1929, pp. 104-105). 1778 Sierra de Maygualida (on map draiwn by Luis de Survil'le in Caulfn, 1779). 1799a Between the Caura and the Cuchivero, near Altagracia (Humboldt, 1941, T. 2, pp. 202-203). 1799b Banks of the Erevato, north of the sierra de Maygualida (Humboldt, 1941, T. 2, pp. 202-203). 79 (1) Hernande Zde Alba, pp. 475-480.w Kirchhof-i-. pp. 481-494. (2) See bibliography for studies by Pinilla, Turrado Moreno, -43) See J&andbook of South Amerlcan Irdjans, v. 4, for materiaa and ra-?ferenoes aon the 'arc>aoo of Vonesuela end th'. ntilles. (4). .Oviedo y Banos,.. p. 23.4.- Federmann, 1859, p. 57. ( 6) edBooy, pp. 1-28. .T (6) Rouse, pp. 342-344. (7) Kidder II, pp. 424-425. (8) Humboldt, T. 1, pp. 271-272. (9) Humboldt, T. 1, p. 388. (10) Rivet, p. 662. (11) Herrera y Tordesillas, T. 2, dec. 3, lib. 7, cap. 2, p. 210. (12) Herrera y Tordesillas, T. 2, dec. 2, lib. 10, cap. 5, p. 258. (13) Humboldt, T. 2, pp. 202-203. (14) Oviedo y Ba08os pp. 225, 227, 253. (15) Navarrete, T. 3, p. 13. Caulfn, p. 122. (16) Herrera y T., T. 1, dec. 2, lib. 7, nap. 9, p. 189. (17) Herrera y T., T. 1, deo. 2, lib. 10, cap. 5, p. 258. (18) Herrera y T., T. 2, dec. 3, lib. 7, cap. 2, p. 210. (19) Oviedo y Baios PP. 225, 227, 253, 370, 376-381, 387, 433. (20) In Rionegro, 1926, pp. 1-19. (21) Oviedo y Banos, pp. 488-491. Caul!n, pp. 160-161. 80 t'll 1 1 i .; 1 . (22) Raleigh,. pp- 24, 38, 70t, 41,07,, 109. (23) Oviedo y Bano6s, pp. 581, 583-584- (24) D4vila, -index to volume I. (2.5) Rusz B1anco, p. 68. (26) Rionegro, 1918, p. ?7.- (27) D;vila, T.1, pp. 32, 108, 143, 331, 334. (28) Rionegro, 1918, p. 15. (29) Simon, T.1, p. 194. (30) Rionegro, 1918- p.. 114. . ; - (31) ; " 191&, p 282 . (32) " , 1929, p. 104. (33) " , 1929, pp. 104-105. (34) Gumilla, T.1, pp. 158-159. (35) " , T.2, pp. 56-58. (36) Humboldt, T.2, pp. 202-203. (37) Perez Ramires, pp. 200-204. (38) Humboldt, T.l, pp. 271, 272, 273, 388, 398. T.2, pp* 157, 202, 203. Deponsa, 1807, V.2, pp. 261, 272-273. (39) deBooy, pp. 6-7. (40) Dalton, p. 182. (41) Federmann, 1889/1557, p. 57. Translated by Margery McCorkle with advice from Robert H. Lowie. This translation and analysis differs somewhat from that of Kirlxotf (1948, p. 464) therefore the text of the 1859 edition of Fedeman is presented for comparisons Da ich aber zu dem gesagten wasser, so Coaheri ge- heissen, khame, und enthalb bei sechs hundert Indios Guaycaries, welchs ein kohlschwartz volck ala hernach dern art auch wirt folgen, fande, beschicket ich den Cacique oder herren, derselben Nation, welcher bei an- derhalb meil vom wasser seine fleocken hat, und allein 81 - ihre vischheuser bei di,arn beWh jXiitD ufl uh -c1O!h t selbet ihre merokt halten, dann die Nation Caquecios, so enthalb und her enha.1b uh, n,*a nkken solohe< visch, umb frucht und essende speise ab, dann die Na- tion Guayearies, allein dem vischen obliem^vnd <3-s' wasser hei.rschen, und also unthereinander gemisoht wonen. Dise zwbo Nation wonen frid1ic ^i- dprh jed. i- sondern Pueblos oder fleocken fur sich selbst, und darv' um das aine Nation der andern bedarffo. , (42) Kirohhoft; p. 464. (43) Kirohhef4, p. 439-444. .?.J. 4 (44) Rosenblatt ( see bibliography). (45) Herrera y Tordesillas (T.1, deo.2, lib. l4 oapt&, p.l2) r .itte8 1that in the year 1615 the Spaniards helped the natives of Cubagua to repel an attaok by raiding t'Caribes,t adng at the Cubagua - . Indians felt extremely grateful. i 0, ? . . ?, J, 1 ' 1 ' - . 'I i e . 1 F .1 . . -7. * i; . * . * +. ^ . . . - t ; , , t . .. R R i . .. . . . .. .. . t. T I 82 A - .? 1 . i 'I. - 1 - - 1 ; . 1 1 . 1 . k ', . ' 1p 1 11. 1 ?1... 1. ' --- 1 4 i 1 1 . 1 ' ' ' 1. . . 1 . . . 1 ' 1 . ' ', - . .. ' j . ; . BIBLIOGRAPHY Alba, Gregorlo Hernandei 'de - 1948 "The tribes of north central Venezuela,"l in Handbook of South American Indians, Bu. Amer. Eth. Bull. #143, vol. 4, PP. 475-480. Breton, Raymond . 1877 ; "Grammaire.cqra.ibe, -compQs4e par le P.? Raymond lBreton suivfe du catgchisme caraibe," Nouvelle 4dit ion publ. par L. Adam et Ch. Leclerc. Coll. Ling . Amer. vol. 3. Paris. Bueno, Ram6on .1935 Apuntes sobre:],a p va misi6geria d&Or5rrpoco. e indigena8 de 8u Terrtrio., cw algunas otras .pax#ITtdades. Los publica, con un pr6logo, Monsenor Nicolas E. Navarro. Tipogratia Americana, Caraoas. (written in 1800-1804) Carvajal, Fr. Jac.into de 1892 Relacio'n del dsoubrimiente> de;- r io Apur4, hasta au ingreso en el inZo. Le6n, l2 WFtenabout 1648F Caulin, Antonio . - 1779: . Historia ---ro-graphioa 0tura e de .la Nueva.a . Ancgali;oia provincias deia,, Guayanay- Vertientes del Rio Or* doo,, 9QdPoada al Rei:. n.s D.- Carlos III por e.1 M.e.P. Fr. Antonio Caulin, dos vezes Provl de los observantes de Granada. Dada a luz de Orden, y a Expens de S.M. anio de 1779. Madrid. (folding map at end by Luis de Surville, 1778) Cruxent, J0. . . 1951 "Un Grupo de Indios en los Llanos del Estado Anzoitegui, Venezuela," Americana Indina, vol. XI, no. 2. Abril, pp. 115-128. Mxi Dalton., Leonard V.. . 1912 VYRe zela . 1 ap, 34 illuratret'6ons. T. FisherUnwin. - Londogs Ade]phX Terrace. Le.ipsict Inselstrasse -20.. Davila, Vicente (ed) 1927 Encomien. 4 volumes. Venezuela Archivo Nacional. Tipografia Americana. Caracas. Indexed. 83 deBooy, Theodore 1916 "Notes on the Archaeology of Margarita Island, Venezuela."t Contributions Museum of the American Indian. Heye Foundation vol. VII, no. 5. New York. Depons, F. 1807 Travels in South America during the years 1801, 1802, 1803 and 1804... with a view of the manners and customs of the Spaniards and the Native Indians. 2 vols0. Transl. from the Prench. PRilted. for lon>nan, Hurst, Rees, and.Or'me.. Paternoster Row, London*. - Federmann, NicolAs 1945 Via je a las Indias del Mar Oceano por Nicolds Federmann. COlecci6r vi a3o;r lT ricl S&Qtia. No v. Buenos Aire s. - (traduei-n de W61idd -Orfila,* de1 Fin4) oi- Federmann, Niclaus und Staden, Hans 1859 Reisen in Suidamerica, 1529 bis 1555. Herausgegeben von Dr.. Ka r Klup G7 uckt auf Kosten des litterariscahe vereins. Stuttgart .(F-ederma nnwas first ptxi.h-d 2 1Jfi4O) Gilij, Filippo Salvadore 1780-1784 Sappio di storia americana* o sia, Storie naturale, civi le, e sacra de'> regni,i tdiep nie-, pagn61e de' Tierra Ferrna nell Amer~ivaMe 3 ridiona1e....4 v6ds., inde xed.t V.o1. 3, pp. 355- 3.90 presents some Indiamnvcbtlulares. -Pubi. at Roe.; Gumilla, Jos4 i. - -' 1791 Historia Natural, Civil, $ Geografica de las naciones situadas en las riberas del rTo Orinoco. Imprenta de Carlos Gibert y Tut6. Baroelona. 2 vols., Nueva Impression. 8 plates-.6 - (written in 1745) Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio 1730 Historia generAl de los hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas Tierra Firme del Sr Oceano. Escrita por Antonio de Herrera Coronista Mayor de Su Md de las Indias y 8u coronista de Castilla. En, quatro' Dcacdas de-ede el 'Aino' de 1492 has'ta el..d i` . Imprenta Real- de Nicolds Rodriguez. Madrid- 4 vol''', index in vol. 4. 84 - . 1 ? . ' 1 ' .. 1 . .. .. 1 ; . 1. ' . .. 1 , ' . 1 HuIboldt, Alexander von y A. Bonpland 1941 Via a las Re Ejones Equlnbccalei de.1 Nuevo Continext0 c en 1797T T ra.6.dc6n de Lisandro Alvarado. Biblioteoa V ieezotlanade Cultura, Coleoci6n ".ViajSe y NaturaletaE." Escuela Tecni ca, Industria l Talleres de Artes Graficas- :Caracas.b v-ols . excellent index in vol. 5. Kidder, Al-fred II 1948. "The Archae6iogy of Venezuela," in Handbook oir Soutih American Indians, Bureau of American # pp. 413-438. Kirchhoff, Paul 1948 "The Otoma b, pp*. 439444,.- "The Guamontey, Guamo, Tparita, and Atature," pp. 465-468, ttThe tribes north of the'Orinoco River, pp. 481-494, 'a ll in Handbook of South American Indians, Bu. Amer. Eth. Biull . #T4 .~ T ;~ Navarrete, Mart!n Fernandez 1825-18w37: Coletci0n de loS viajes' y descubrirmientosgqxue hicieron por ;iiTT 88 e-pa I deside Tinens del1 Si V. 5 vols. Madrid. .por~~~~~~~~~. m-. 1 * c............. e;9 Oviedo y Bakos, Josd de - 1940 'HiStoria de la -eonquista y pblacion de la Provincia de VenetuelaT reproduo6,i6rwfac" I"eTa dici6n he?ha;en niaen- 1824, por Domingo Nats Spinola; homenaje de la colonia americana a Venezuela. Edici6n hecha a iniciativa de P. Adams. New York. Indexed* (first printed in Madrid, 1723) Perez Ramirez, Cesar 1945 Dooumentos para la Historia Colonial de Venezuela. Publioacion de la Comisi n paratoria 'de a IV Asemblea-CWneral del Instituto Panamer icano de Geog. e Hist. Editorial Crisol. Caracas. (describes royal survey undertaken in 1782-1784) Pinilla, Gaspar Maria 1943-1944 "Etnografia Guarauna ."' Rev. Ncl. de Culturg, vol. 6, no. 41 (1943)- ppl-150-167;. vol. 6, no. 42Xr(1944) pp. 133- 148. Caracas. 85 Rale igh, Sir Walter 1848 T- t- l of :tc ;- f v a~~ -,i to b N B a' nXoa t ko., gp~~~~~~~~L~afO (w &- tr icdlJ,nl the < ypar ;5 Re klpyrt Be rie0 Pj.?*; dtdB U Robertr. HH* Schpmburgkc. )ndon. ' - i L Ramos Peres, Demetrio 1944 "Un mapa in6dito del Rlo Orinoco es e1 preoedente- do .4+ de, ; ; v -.M?d,, mea;sn+ no. *S,15 er roar,o .44. pp .8-00, 3 lminse8 Rionegro, Proylan de 1918 Relaciones de las misiones de h.os.Pin @p4os-ens s antiguas provincias e npe Q oy p c 0 -e zela, 1650-1817 DQcuoe t es e4j dq lq 88iL8 m XVII y XVIII putlbdos ba o la.dXrQi6p.y qstudi, de Fray Lroy1Anf do o a,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~f Rionegro, mis 1onerr-oapuihne. -TipU. t:L E:ppBi a ip*, Sevillae 2 vole. 1926 . 4Aotuntnes omeo d gobi.rzw ceptr41 4a. eunidad ; . Ie la .rae: oi.. ea. bimient: : pacificaci6n, y civilizaci6n de las anti las provincias e panoles hoy Republica de Venezuela, 1485-1600, siglos XV y XVI. Coleccionados bajo la direccion'y cs5tudPo^. Fray Froy14n de R&ono'gro, u4&&onrt'cpchinQ4 E4ft,tPs Tipo. *ttEl Idbl 10g0v" *No.p1aoe ogp.pbl Xtion given. ~~~~~~~~.l g o -. cc. R* tvv*X tS*t "Conversi&i en Piritfa de indios cuw. nagotos y palenques." Colecoi6n de libros raros o curiosos que traten de America, Tomo- 7." "L'5rarla de ito*rle-o Sa-z adrido. "Tprm publ. in 1690) Sim6n, Pedro 1882-1892 Noticias historiales de las cmquistas de Tierra Firme in las8 Indias Ocidn es. 5 vole* Bogotd. (Written i 1623 and subsequently) Tavera-Acosta, Bartolomd 1921-1922 "Nuevos vboabularios de dialectos indfgenas de Venezuela," Journal de la Soci4t4 des Amdricanistes de Paris n.e. Paris. T9 4 vol-82. Turrado Moreno, Ange 1 1945 "Etnografia de los indios guaraunos.` Cuadernos Verdes, no. 15. Comitd Orgpni zador---Teroera Converencia Int ricana de Agricultura. Lit. y Tip. Vargas. Caracas. Ubrique, Fr. Pedro de 1929 "Exposioon dirigida al Ilustrfsimo Prelado de Venezuela, por el Misionero Apostdlico y Prefecto de les Misiones de Caracas," i4 Rionegro 1929, Missiones do los Padres Capuohinos, pp. 104-115. (writ r75)