TE TAPAJ6 Curt Nimendaju. Translated and edited by John Howland Rove . Introduotion9* The first ithite aert to'sail the'-Amaion River reported dense. ,gi cuituiral populatio, 'b both banks, elaborate vilige*, an4, here aid -there class'sso ietie. Un ortunately, 'the ed.rly tW ller's did not linger to study them'in detail., and in the seveneenth c ntury Prtu- guese 8slave raiders completely destroyed mOst of the river cultures. 'The few survivors fled to the totests o rwere settledin miixed mi~sions where their desce dUhts iltimately loast' their identity. tnto the resulting vacuum came some Neo-Braztilian settlers and many displaced Indiai-s turned river pirates, like the Mura; long stretches of the river remained en- 'tirely-uninhbied.' When more or less Sy ematic rserh on South Amer- ican India6ns began in the nineteontfh'century, the re wg not much ethmog- raphy left to record and many students anahronisthally judged aborigi nal Amazonian Qulture by the' erdetig Mtra, or n-ssumed, .because of the prevalenoe 'o the Tupi n lSnguage (#hich h:s d been' nt roduced ini the sBix- teenth centulry) that the-pr-.coritact populatin~' t6 the ars Was aaimudh like that 6? the Brazilian east coast"" The task of recovering the lost ethnography of this area is a dit- ficult one because the sources are so scanty. For a few groups like the Maud, upstream neighbors of the Ta, pa of whdm there aje totae 2,000 sur- viors reported, fie ld etlmogradplhio studies jare baily neede. For the rest we will'have to depend on a freW tlrly 2.i8asi onary reports and tli evidence of archgeology. Hawever'-ditfiqult- the task i-t . must be atteunpt- ed, for this is a key area for' anry general view of South Auerican cui- t ure 8. The first step is obviouisly to review the published'infdrmation on the area. The late Curt ;Nimuendajif (1883-1945) did.thin, for-oo of the tribes in articles publiShed 'in the Handbook -of South A~ericesn fIndians (vol. 3, 1948), but there are some serious gaps il . One of the most obvious gaps is the lack of an article on the Tapaj6, perhaps the most numerous and artistic of all' the lower Amazon tribes at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Niuendaj4 did write on the Tapaejo, however, and his paper was evntually pUtibithed in Pbrtuguese in the Boletim do Museu Paraense.Ernilid Goeldi (Timuenda'J4f, 1949.* Since the place n uamage of kcation make the article somewhat inacces- sible to most North American anthropologists, a transletion seems justi- fied. Nimnuendaju was peculiarly..qualified to, write. on .he Japajo, for he was an effect. the discoverer'. of their ar hae.ologioal resbains. T occasional older references, to T jp oj site.s. and speolmens are briefX and uninormative and attraoted lttle archaqological attention. 1 Nimuendaju. told the story of his discovery to Frederico Barata in 1945. A German priest had mentioned to him that the children in Santarem played with pieces of ancient pottery whi oh they called tcaretas" and which were fou4. ?din thQ city. itself.. Ho e wa 8 inter'eted; and on the occasion of a visit to Santarem in 1922 he investigated the story and discovered the great site of Santardm-Aldeia (Barata, 1950, p. 18). ,Xhergafter, be~twe-en 1925 ardi 1926,. hweeplored the whole T1 paJo territory fo1 the. oeborg [useum. Lin and Mnteli (l9g5)-, Iinne (192 8a, s 9$b ), Hordeuskaild (1930), and ie'ZL ( 1934) ba n4 their aowiou~ta of 2bap+4 antiquities on the coQllectixs and manuscriptsc.. which Nimuend fxrnished tQ thq Museum as a resUlt of this ork. Palmatary Qomb'&ed some of Nimuenda-Jues iuformation with her own observations ron th Univrsity oof .ngsylvania collectionrin her we l l -known monograph on Tapajo era mic s M ts . and. 19'9). In connertion with his $archae1ogioaI wworic,-NimuendaJ searche. the publshed hlstorical source.s fr.' inormation on t} Tapaj-oL the oQlonial period and he wrote an ccount of his results under the title Die ! This Gera paper was the first draft of the. peseX t artice a 9uroe 2o thevary brief ogltural guimmariea publishad by0orde~ci~la and Palzi~~tary. A~cordlng t- Linne (1925, p. 191) there is a copy of it in the G8teborg Museum. I have not seen the Ge rman. draft and consequently do not know how much limuendajWu changed it in preparing the present textrv 1939. the va is esd Portugu0se texA is accompanied by photographs of. three.'UpajQ',ve in th IMhseu Goe'ldi and by.o short and incomplete bibJiograbhy of T paJ3 ;rchaeqloy. There ais, no biJiogreph cal inrormatton on the ist;orical' sources mentioned ,in the textt and thse are ci.ted only by authqrv.r ast name and page. M 6st 6C the missing tities are listed in-the 'lndiook of Southi American Indians but the references in that work are so incompIete as to make consulta- tion difficult, I have t hor fore.added full references at .theend of the trsknslation, to4'etker with some additica1 tvitles on Ta-paQo ._ arehaelogy. The items ,ppsrang in the biblioggraphy to the Portuguese original avre ma~rkd with an ateriskq.ar Editorial comments ?n.the~teit are enclosed in sqiare brackets and a~ded footnotes re iatinguished by the translator's initials. All ot N c ue `at.s referenoes halvebeen checked against the original texts, and. s9mended re necessary, except ;that to IMordira Pinto, 1894-1809, a w~rkl not available in Berkeloy. - JAL.R. The T a pa o History. When Orellana, descending the Ama zon in 1542, reached the vT1ioIn y of-the mouth `of the TapaJl' Ri'Qek, his boat vwas fiercely attacked by' two flotillas of Indian canoesW hioh salied from a braneh of the ritver.: The '&paniards repelled t-he attack, but one of Orellana-1s companions died within tenty four hour from a wound inflicted by a 2 poisoned -arrow. Orellana ieaarned 'that these lands 'on the right bank vbelonged to the caoique -Chipayo o( Tapajo ?) . -There Was still1 a second attack in which the - oaoique wara killed ;^ n6.vetthel6 es a Orellana felt that it was better to continue his journey, sticking c10os to the left bank because it was 16e8 populated. It was not until 1626 that the first Portuguese ox*'dition reached the Ta s -Rir. It yas comnndded byCaptor Pedro 1eixeira;, whomet tlie 'Indians a.t a place which p't'haps.o irresposmds'to the modern Alter do` -Chao. The fabt that this tribe had loss barbarous customs was due,;- a0oording to this officer, to the centa-ts it had had-with the Spanish Indies, whence the Tapajo had -originally come (Berredo, 1905, pp. 225-226). The attempt-made'by a great.English ship to establish a-tobacoo plantation on the --lower Tapajos wa s a failure. The i Indinsns fell'with- out warning on the foreigners Iwho happened to beeon land, massacring them; and forcing the ship to depart immediately tAcuna, 1891, pp. '186- 187; Bettendorff, 1910, p. .59). This event must have taken place shortly-before 1631, the year in which 'the English were obliged to abandon the Amazon for good. In 1637 there camse down river two 'Franoiscan lay brothers with another cdmpanion, survivors of the unsuccessful expedition of Juan de Palacioo to the Amazon.' When they reached the '!Rapajozes" they' were completely plundered by these Indians, according to'Lareano de la Cruz (1900, p. 278; 1942, p. 19), while it appears from Rojast report (1640) that they were wbll reoeived (Ro'jas `1889, -p. 86). Two years later (1639) t he .Tapejo were subjugated-by the.son of the governor of Pare, Bento Maciel Parente. Acui n reports with regard to this event that the Portuguese were-.atraid of the poisonied arrows and tried fruitlessly for some time to obtain the submission of the Tapejo .by' peaceful means. The oonquedt, 'ihowever, was never complete because the invaders wanted to mo ve the Indians' 6ut of their' territory. The Ta pajo nevertheless maintained-'a clearly f riendly attitude towa rd the Portuguese. They furnished foodstuffs to Teixeira's expedition when -he returned frotm Quito in 1639 and they invited the Portuguese to establish themeelves among them.: Meanwhile, Bento Maciel collected-" '.li the available forces inS Desterro, near the mouth of the Paru River. In spite of his promise to P. Aouta to postpone action until the arrival of. new orders from the governor, Maciel' attacked the Tape[Jo on the pretext that they were plotting a rebellion; his real motive' was to extort' slaves from them. Confronted with the alternatives of extermination or unconditional submission, the Tapajo chose the latter, surrendering to the Portuguese their fearsome poisoned arrows. Maciel then ordered the disarmed warriors placed- in an enclosure under guard while his Indian allies sacked the village, violating the wives:and: daughters of the prisoners before their eyes-. Finally, the 'unfortunate Tapajo, to regain their freedom, promised to deliver to the Portuguese the thousand (.) slaves which the latter demanded. Their own slaves' '3 had escaped during the Portuguese attack,, however, and they 9cou.d- collect only 300, so they were forced to hand over their own ohildren as slaves to. satisfy.-their tormentors- (Aua:,- 18.91, p. 185). Later on the Portugue~se-oontinued--thie policy, -as appears from.. the report of the Franciscan fathers Laureano de la Cruz and Juan de Quincoces of-the -year. 1650. Bither to avoid the outrages inflioted on them :by the bortuguese, who - demanded slaves, or hoping for sonb payment, the. TapaJ60 named any .hostile tribe of the neighborhood as their fugitive slaves, helping the Portuguese .to attaok and capture it (Laureano de la Cruz, 19.00, p. 396; 1942, p. 58).. Thus the Tapajo, to avoid slavery. for. temselves, turned s;lavers. - After some short visits to the Tapajo village made by the Jesuit fathers -Tome' Ribeiro and Gespar.-Misch., P. Antcnio Vieira assigned P. Joao Felippe Betendorf (Johann Philipp Bettendorff) to convert them - in 1661.-:-With the ready assistanoe 0of the-Ilndians, P. Bettendorff built a church, the; beginning of the present city of Santarem, and. translated the catechism into the language of the Tapajo and the .. Urucuou, leaving us in his Chronioa much interesting information about the Tapejo, unfortunately wlthout the above mentioned linguistioc-deta. we owe -another brief description of the 'tribe- to Judge.-Mauricio de Heriarte, who made al Journey -on the Amazon a year after-the founda- tion of the. missiono'. .The Tapa j6 village was then the most populQus one known in the ares.: During.. the great revolt of the Caboquena; and Guanevana many Indians abandoned the place for fear of the rebels. They were brought bark, however, by Pedro da Costa- Favella when, in 1664., he undertook his illpstarred expedition againstt the Indians of the Urubu River (Berredo, 1906, vol. 2, p. 191). In 1686 a party of-Tapajo and-"Aruryucutes" led by the war chief Oruourn joined the forces of Captain Major Hilario de Souza in the war against the Aroaquizes and Carapitenaa8 When, thirty years after its foundation, P. Bettendorff again visited the mission, the settlement, formerly so popul-ous, wasa Co-. pletely ruined. -On the hills, to the foot of which the village had been moved, -Manuel da .Mta Faloao.had built a fort. The Indians-had been made, to serve as bearers and to-work in other places. The church had disappeared and only some five or six huts, scattered and in disrepair,> remained standing. Bettendorff had a thatched chapel bu lt, in. which to say mas BI In 1698 the mission recovered -somewhat again, thanks to the. eff'orts--of the Jesuit P. Manuel Rebelo, who- transferred to it fresh.. Indiens brought .from :their own lands. But hewas no more successful than his 8predeoessor in proocting the. Indians from:-the violence. of the Portuguese galrrison. Consequently he founded, further up the- 4 river on the left bank of the Tapajos, a mission of Arapiun (ArapiyA) Indians named Cumaru, now Vila Franca, and transferred trait the remains of the TapaJd tribe along with Comandys, Goanacuas, Marxago- aras, Apuatias, Arapuouis, Andiragoaris(: QMaue of the Andira?) and others (Moreira Pinto, 1894-99, vol. 1). With this transfer it appears that the Tapajo and Uruoucu ceased to exist as tribes.(l) When P. Bettendorff finished his Chronica at the end ofblthe 17th century t1698), the populous village at the mouth of the Tapajos and., the numerous villages of the interior had. been completely destroyed, to the great profit of the white settlers. The tribal, names Tapajos. and UJrucu appear for the last time in the list of native tribes of the Tapajc s River. given by Ricardo Franco de Almeida Serra in 1779 (Almeida Serra, 1869, p. 5). Martius found that the Tapajocos were completely extinct in 1820 (Martius, -1867, vol. 1, p. 382). Name. It is poss-ible that the name of the "caciq>e't Chipayo mentioned by P. CarbaJal is identical with that of our tribe. The oldest maps have the form Topaio. Later there. appear forms. like Topay s (P. Samuel Fritz), Repejosos., Trapajosos (P. Laureano), Estrapajosos ERojasj, TapaJotes and Tapajocos. Hartt (1885,. p. 14) writes Tupaio because this is the pronunciation of the. local inhabit- ants. Martius explains thename Tapajocos as "divers, those who bring things up from the depths" (1867, vol. 1, p. 382), an.:oxplam- tion which does not seem acceptable to me. The -name has no meaning in the Lingua Geral and belongs, like so many other geographical names along the Amazon and on the north coast of Brazil which end in -jo and -yu., to a now extinct language which was evidently dominant. in these regions before the expansion of the Tupi language. Habitat. There is historical documentation for the Tapajo only at the mouth of- the river named for them and at Borary-, now Alter do Chao, where the Jesuits also founded a mission, in what year I do not know for certain.(2). P. Bettendorff, indeed, speaks of many additional villages in the interior (Bettendorff, 1910, p. 35) . The old sources mention another tribe together with the Tapa jo, the Uruouquzes of Bettendorff, Aruyucuzes of Rojas, and Orurucozos of Heriarte. The latter mentions them not only -on the Tapaj s but on the Ama z m as well, between the Tapajo and the Tupinambaranas (Heriarte, 1874, p. 39). Perhaps the Tapejo were located on the east bank and the Urucucu on the west bank of the mouth of the Tapa jos Numbers. The tribe seems to have been very numerous. Orellana. was obliged by the density of the hostile population on the right bank of theAmazon to continue his voyage near the opposite aide. Acu'na speaks of a -village of more than 500 families (Acune, 1891, p. 182), a figure which corresponds to a total population of 2,500 souls, more or less* Heriarte (1874; p. 35) calls it the largest known village and says it could put 60,000 bowmen inthe field. This last figure, however, represents either a misprint or an enor- mous exaggeration, for it would imply a population of some 240,000. 5i The 'remains of the ancient settlement indioate.'an excepti6nally.. numerous populati on. .- : Language.Neither of-the -two tribes at the tmouth of the*Tapajos spoke Tupi. ;P. Bettendorff, when he visitedothem.for the first time in 1661, talked,.with them by means of an interpreter. An he was the author of several books in the Lingua Geral, he would surely have had no need, fortan. interpreter if the Indians spoke Tupi.. Later, he translated -the catechism into the various languages of the new mi- eion "-all from the Lingua Geral text; one was in the language of the Tapajos, and another-in that of the Urucuoujs, which. is generally understood, and with this the teaching and baptizing is proceading" (Bettendo rf f, 19 10, p. 168). Heriarte emphasizes that; in contrast to the. Lingua: Geral speaking Tupinambaranas, the Orucucuzes and Condurizes (the latter on the opposit.e side, the left bank of thesAmazon) spoke different languages. Of the Tapeajo language we know only three proper names, that of the' tribe, that of the chief, Orutura, and that of "the devil`', Aura (Heriarte, 1874, p. 36). None of these can be inter- preted in.TupT*. The- last sulggests the ttawirao" (post-palatal i) with which the. ^Apara. .designate the yellow headed buzzard ( Cathartes aura, Linne),, and it is noteworthy that the Aparax name o.f. the blatc headed buzzard (Coragy~ps atratus, Bechst), . tkuruA", is found in this area as the name.of.>a ?rangezT hills near the mouth of the Trombeta s According -to de Gobeje, these two names 'detignate, mythological. beings among the Way4na Indiansi. It is true that:.the .-great majority of the native place names of,.the region are. from the Lingua Geral, which is still -not entirely extinct in Alter do Chgo*. -..Others, however,- doubt- less belong to non-Tupl languages, and among these are some whichk have interpretations in Carib languages.(3) . Charcmter. The Tapajo were a very warlike tribe, respected.by their neighbors and in the beginning also by. the Portuguese. They made a fierce attack on the first whites who invaded their domain. unde'r the oommand of Orellana. Acuhay calls -them "people of spirit ." They shbwed themselves friendly and trusting to the.- Portuguese (Acuna, 1891 ,.pp. 181-182). Social organizat~ion According to Heriarte (1874, p. 38), the TapaJwe divided into "ranchos" of .20 to 30. families. . Each rancho had a chief, and there was a common chief over all Ywhose authority was obeyed. Bettendorff speaks of the five chiefs of the various tribes who received him in 1661. Unfortunately, the term `rancho` is not ,sufficiently precise to explain the- social organization, for it may refer either tto single communal- houses. or to loca4 'groups Cbut see appendix JiH.R.JE] Rojas speaks of.a very large house of carved wood in which the Tapajo received the two Franciecans irn 1637. Slavery probably.existed before the Portuguese.forced the Tapajo to-become 81ave hunters.. r e 6 An Intrestingf ea ure is th existence. Qf a noble class, docu-, mented by oerteian passages in Bettendorff. -.!*Maria.Moacara,.~Ihe says (1910g, p. 172);was hereditary prinoss.o 0 t.he TapaJ5e, and-the name Moacara means very noble lady, because the Indians, in adition to their, princes, a're. accustomed to choose :m womano f the highest nobi1ity whom they .consul- on every .ocoasion as n oracle and they g9ide the.ir actions by her opinion." The mother of thie W-aria Moaoca1ra was fored .to remiina widow, "-aue there was no othet man avail- able who wna her equal in nobiqity,' a fet. whioh nevertheless did not preVent her from.having a ,qere. Bettendorffg-givs these nobles the title of "cavaleirobp', expressly distinguighing them from the, Qhief ( 1910, p 261). In, Guarani, mbogac means re pe cted.* ; ge,,! According to P. Bettendorf f the Tapaj6 practiced polyg 1790, p.;7l), and puanis1ed adultery -on the part of the woman by, drqwn.ing the guilty omar in the river. ; DIsps ---of the dead. Th e dead were placed in their hammocks withall their r po ssess at their feet.-. "On Cthe dead man'sJ 1>ead they place an image of the Devil made after their fashion, wrougit with a noeedle like a sock, and thus.-they put him in some houses which they-,have made onlyfor ths dead, where -he remains until.his flesh dries up and rots away; the bones, a're -ground and thrown into the wine, and, his relatives and other people drink it" (Heriarte, 1874, p. 37). The Tapajo evidently knew some process of mummification like the an- cient Maui,. their neighbors([sae below. On the Maui, see] Martius, 1867, vol. l, p. ;404). . . Re ligion Great was the indignation of the Jesuit missionaries when they observed that the. mummified bodies of -the chiefs were the object of' a special cult. ,Bettendorff tells sf-a dried out body which they venerated, for many years .as their -Monhangarypy (original, creator-; Bettendorff translates it "first fathiLr"), honoringit with dances and offerings. It was placed in a chest under the peak of the roof of a house.. The .missionary P. Antonio Pereira,,who reached the Tapajos in hci82, had fire set to this-house one night, destroying the sanctpuayr of the tribq. The Indians, although de~eply44-xcensed,. remained quiet for fear of the Chr`iAtiAns who approved -the missionary's action (Bettendorff, 1910, pp. 3-454). P. Joao Daniel relates (1858, pp. 480-481), without citing the year or the name of--the missionary, that there were seven mummies of ancestors kept. in a secret house in the depths Qf the forest and known only tQ the elders. `Qn a cerain .day in the year the old people gatiher ifith- greatsecrecy and-go..t.ogether. to make .a pilgrimage tp it aend dress them afresh with Brittanxy. or ome other cloth, which each o.e has." Ir' the som house were fond five ".stones" which.were likewise objects of veneration, "All the stones had their dedication and name, with some representation which -indicated what they were good ftor'. One was the one which presidedd-ovr weddings..., another was pr'ayed .to fQr successful childbirth, and in this way the greater 7 nber had specialtis oyeor which tey presided and special-cul'ts in the worshipvof those idoeaters.. .' Th missionary, iaoouraged at- their-little religion and miich idolatry, ordered these idols, or Se vrn dried' up bodies of theirs, to 'bi burn ed openly'I nd 'ii the public square, and the ashes, along with the stdries,'to be cas izito the middle or the river..." Heria rte (1874, p. 36)osp lt bf the paihted idols of the tribes' 'of-the Tapajs, 8River t*whi oh ofterings of maite and beer werd -ade. On the night 'of thie fifth day (t) tthe `aestior mark isa imuendaju's - J.H.R.J they ma'de'drriks -otit oP'the-3 offerings; then they sounded 'mouiful and lugubrious trumpets' and 'drums in `the plaza behind the viliage until an eartHquakeitobk place, threatening to bring' down trees and hills. Then the Dehil appeared and entresd an enclosure built for him. The celebration ended with songs and general dancing. Bettendorff also mentions this "Devil' plaza"' 1t wss in the forest and wAs kept very-olean. The women carried drinis there for the dances. Afterwards they bent over, covering their eyes wi~ their hands so as not to see,(4) "then some of their wizards spoke with a thick, 'hoarse ;voice- and persuaded them that i?his wag .th speech of the Devil who put into their'heads what he wanted to say." The mis- 0 sionary fo'bade -the Indians to hold these meetings, and whn, in hpite of this, they atain prepared the plaza, he had a Portuguese brea-k the vases of drinks. - There a in addition' another plaia Z inhe tovn itself which the 'whites called "Mohammed's -plaza"^ and w}hich the missionary banned-'in the same way (Betterndo'rff, 1910, pp. 170-171). Dressh To judge by the representations-in pottery, both sexes went oomTetely nude. They wore their hair cut And pArted in the middle and bound with a band on the forehead, the ends of the band being crossed behind. --We also find repre-6entationsof ormn and women who have their hair 'in two bra ids han0ng' down the back. Diadems and more elaborate head dresses are -ls found. In the ear' lobes they wore plugs f0 medium si'e 'prhapst n inch in diametez' more or less. Anklets are common; bracelets and chest ornaments rarer. Food. When Pedro Teixeira's expedition visit'ed the Tapajo-in 1639, the Indians furnishoed him chickens, ducks, fish, flour -nd fruit (Aca, 1891,p. l82)-' According to Rojas (1889, p. S6), they; offered fish and cazabe-Lmanioclo the ;Franr&iscans in 1637.-. P. Bettendorf? complains at times of the poor 'quality of -the faijina of the Tapajo. We have already metnioned their alcoholic beverage .( 5) Handicrafts. The TapaJd slept .in hammocks and traded therri' (Bettendorff, 910,0 p. 172; Heriarte, 1874, p. 57; 'Auna, 1891, p. 182). According to leria'rte (1874, p. '39), the tribes of the TapaJos -River made fine pottery for sale. As other articles of commerce 'he cites (p. 37) woods, uruc.' [dye from Bijta orelianaj, and "buraq itas" (muirakits [nephrite 'amulets)), "grid it is 'ommozly said that thse stones are made, on this"'river6f the, Tpajos, of a .green clay which' is fomed under water, and they make long, round beads, drinking cups, aea.s, birds, frogs, ad hother -shapes, workini under Xwater;- when it is ;bro-ught out -into the air' this clay hardens 8 to suchgn extent that itis converted .into very. hard green stone; it is the best trading material the Ind-ianis have ard they value it high- ly." The hammodks,1according to-Rojas, were made "of palmito, worked with different ?coloos ." The alme. author ment ions -thaf- the oarved beams of the rece ption house were "hung with cotton mantles interwoven With threads of different c o'j to. (J89, p. 86). P. Samuel Fritz mentions the Tapa j4g ajt skillfuil weavers of smell flatk baskets of palm leaves, dyed in seve raal, colors (Fritz, 1922, p. 71J of. Berredo, 1905, vol. 1, p. 226). Weapons. The Tapaj6 were f'amous and feared for their poisoned arrows* ISthe. blood ran, the woxnded man weas irremediably loot (Aouiona, -1891, p."181; Heriarte, 1874, p. 35). Gaspar de Soria, of--- Ore1llana's party, died of an arrow wounA within 48 hours. Conse--- quently, the poison could not have ;been curare. The fishing arrows of the present day "'civilized" descendants * - ofthe Tape jare distinguished by radial feabhering;, well made and handsome. The feathers are short fnd trimmed; 'the bindins of Cotton thread on the side of the arrow butt gives the Wmpressioaiof being an ornament. The bow is flat on the alds towar&dthe string and prqmninent- ly convex on the outer side. It may be.inferred from seaverl assages, in Bettendorfti (1910, pp. 173, 342) that the ?anoient Tapajo knew how to administer poison in food in order to rid.themselves 9ef undesirable persona. The skulls of dead enemies were. kepti astraphies, acQording to Rojas (1889, p. 86). ..Ancient settlements In 187041871, Prof. C. '. Hartt studied the geology of the Tapajos Riveri. Both he and his companion, lo H. Smith, who returned to the Tapajos in 1874, r6cognized the"'black 2 earths" of the rim of the plateau j.gouth of Santarem as ancient Indian settlements. It is very curious 'iat nejither the. one nor the other found out about the bivgest cdheiC ation 'of black earth in t1e whole reglon, that .of Santarem-Aldeia; fb Saitbh ex ressly s 'ys: " few antiquities ha've been found near; Santarem, fl4 there is no black, land there, and no evidence of m teisive vil a1ge. (Smith, l879, p. 170). From Hartt's tire dates the "Rh6me C9llection" now in the National-, Museum.s This material is rqt suffieient for an accurate study of th -.Tasji j ctulture. '. 7 Between 1923 and 1926. I. located 65 anciente.Indianr settlements *in Sant rem, south of the city, tn the region of Alter do Ckio and Samnhumna, on the Arapixuns,'gon the south shore oSf the\Lage.-Grande do VilZ Franca, and;; on tihe J bank of the Amaze betten th mouth of the 1lake arid .that-ofrthe Arapixuna, all belonging to- thCe Tapajd culture. Neverthelesse I 1ev'ieve that this number does net represent even half of the sites of this culture to be found in the region. . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 .- 4h lit 0 LO 03 An All LL C9 YR, k. r14 .4 on CC '-t AO r.Ji; ,j 1'7; g C u s 04~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 p- 0 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M 4, a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~acn 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A With the exception of the fishing places on the north shore of LagQ Or.nde'and onr1the Island of Tapereba-, still cove?'ed with flood waters when I visitdd them, all'these anciient sdttlemrts are found on high tr6tnd, safe from inundation, ard the majority ot thiu are even on h4J--l t -p--or on the pateau. - 2Yhfre are no .b~la ckze ea7rth depo sits o-r other' trace s of Indian oc ci4,attor in thew itri 1ea .,a'i ehich extends bet-ween the bank of the Aixason and .the toot- t the bluff, t th of Si tt.rem. It is an arid, regi'on, spndy and covered'with brush. oevri, as soon as one reaches thfe platea the blackF eazth de osits be`in a`ong the rim. I checiled this obsertvation in five d-ffereftl places. On the' south skorre of Lgo: Graapde the re is scoarcely.a single spur of hills whicyi etten! tt the edge of' th6 -3lake that does not have a deposit of black- earth oi Yt. There arenny other deposits, which Ih did not visit for lacl-. rf time, on the shores of the deep bays which area feature of' this lake. -- The black earth deposits of the plateau are found far from any running water. The Indians repaired this defect by digging wells which, wit few Pr6 ndrts, f urnmis}h water to this dey to. .t Nec- Brazilien poala"torri.kA the wli of a araj, located at *;h bottom of aO ho-lvrat the foctt ofr the `deposit'of black ea'th- the ancient cyli rd rioai -e ccavatidn of the lndians can clearly .e seen. ; It is 2 meters in dniameter and ;about equally -deep. Above it can be seen the sq uatp ecavation of he sentinhbit cs. A the black earth dep`oit of 0 Aguzal, the Indians, in di -ing their well, struck the top of a sloping-bed of 'extemely Shrd white -cay,' whi-ch :they were prcdbably-unable to penetrate with the tools available -o- them. They there'forie 'dug to one side, followind the `'lop 'o; the hard bed, until they secured the necessary- de'pth. I sawi' i ; of these Indian wells, myself. but their number is much greater. Anot~her character istlc of the bla ck earth tdeposits 0 of the platea'u iS tie ancient -Id'dian roads which run alidost a. a stra-ight line- from one black' earth 'depsit to another. ThXe areR tr7n a' meter to a meter and a half inn widlt'h and about 30 cm. deep.> Great and venerable trees now grow in the middle of t hem; neverthe le ss they are still so notioe- able that they strike the investigator's attention. Sometimes they branch part way along the route, and near the black earth ,deposits they disappear. The surface of the black earth deposits is usually not flat but composed of a number of mounds, each several meters in diameter, and each probably representing a house site. I know of only two black earth deposits which begin immediately at the high water mark on the river banks the one at Alter do Chao and that of Santarem-Aldeia. This latter is incomparably the most important of the sites and it has yielded more archaeological material 11 than all the rest, put together.. In soime placees it is almOtat nmeter and a hali :thick. QOn it is bulit a, good part of the modern city ef Santar&m, especiady the district called Aldeja, that is, the Rua da Alegria and the s'tree ts 'rhich cros .it. specia lly in these s ro- s streets, which drop off steeply on the -side toward the Tapaj6slthe torrents of run-off water frequently open .dee.pp gpleys in which 'e- mains of pid pottery are found throughougt 9on s4dprin6 thr.t,, or mopre than 2OO years, pedestrians, anima 1s, an4 wvehicu s have cr'uhpd th) surface daily, it is remarLkable' thit Qbjects are still found ini such good condition. The richest site on the aa he kk earth deposit of Lavras, where pot he'rds are o abudarit that' they inter- fere with farming. The great majority of sherds, how6ever, are plain pieces, and the deQorated ones, as erverywhere else, occur in much smallQr quntities#. The bLav'ck earth deposi~s of o 0Gratnde., are.; generally very shallow and hence yield scarcery anyth.ing but piinute fragments rarely worth collecting. Aroh eological remains are also remarkably scarce at Alter do Chao, an ancient- Tapj o'enter. there appears to be a fairly rich site, however, at Aramanahy, a little above Samahuma. Comparisons. No, other pottery style fro.hB~rtztl~n territory has so many traitc in common wvth the 5ty8l5. oX southern Cantral America (ChiriQui, ari4n) ,n c thUt of ,he Tapaj&, Among tes traits are caryatids fseated on a ring, base .. rSpoQd vesels, seated figurines, eyes shaped Q and G, the hLhand4 to face ' motif, frxog elimbing the.- outside wall of the vase, eto . The 'route.by whiph this collection. of- traits reached the mouth of the Tapaj6s cannot yet be determine be..- cause .of the notgble, lack of ar'chaeolgoliocl collections frcqn the inter- vening area". However, it, seems un-like to hav0 keen a-longthe coa4t and up the Amazon be.cause the regiQn aro nd the mouth of this rivez lacks the majoritjy of th.t~raiti i4sted. As generally occurs iin the' Amazonian styles, there are certaIn traits 1n Tapaj art which. link it to the Mounds. of. the lower M6ississippi and its atfluent .- AccQding to H. C^. Flmatary (person- al letter), these tra.it number.from 12,. to 20, of. wich the most.- iportant are also found in the uppermost culturallvel of the three which have been defined in northern Veneiueln. * . - * ; 0 ~~-.... . Bel m do Par' April. 12, 1939 . ; . . ; , - , .... .,. .. },, 12%,. NOTES 1. Leile, who had access to unpublished mission records, gives some further information on the fate of the TapajO and the history or- the ibission towns. P. Rebelo founded the mission of Nossa Sanhora da Conceifao dos Arapiuns in 1723; it had 1069 Indians in 17504 Aldeia Nova de Cumarfi' was a separate foundation with 166 Indians. These two settlements coaJlesded somewhat later under the naqie of Cumazi'a (renamed Vila Franca in 1758) (Leite, 1938-50, vol. 3, pp. 364-365). The mission at what is now Santardm was originally named "Aldeia ' dos Tapaj6s"; there were still TapaJ6 Indians settled there in 1719 along with Arapius and Corarienses. In 1730, 793 Indians were reported for this mission, but the report apparently does not give their tribal affiliations. The place w8s renamed Santargm in 1758 (Leita, 1938-50, sol. 3, pp. 361-362). - J.H'R. 2. According to Leite, the mission of Borari (Iburari, Iburarib or Morari) was originally located'near Aldeia dos Tapajs. It re- ported 235 Indians in 1730. In 1738 it was moved to the site of the present Alter do Ch'no; the modern name datednfrom 1757 (Leite, 1938- 50, vel. 3, p. 363).. J. .R. 3. Frederico Barata points out, in a note which was published as a review (1950b), that this section is not an adequate discussion of the evidenc& on the linguistic situation among the Tapaj6. Bet- tendorff lists seaeii different native words which he implies were current among the Tapaj6, all of them good Tupi. These seven in- clude the *brds "moacara" and "monhangarypy" noted' by Nimuendajcl. Barata agrees that the Tapaj6 probably spoke a non-Tup& language to begin with, but he eemphasizes that, by 1661, they were using the Lingua Qeral in their dealings' withy the Portuguese and otherIndians.- The later currency of the Lingua Geral in the Santar6m area bears out Barata's view. "Lingua Oerally and "TupV' are used as synonyms throughout this paper. - J.LHR. 4. Note the pasition of the caryatid figures on some of the sacred ;vasesi - C .N.# 5. Palmatary emphasizes as a distinguishing cultural trait of the TapaJ8 that they "did not use manioc but employed maize in the making of their beer and farina" (Palmatary, 1939, p. 5). She says that this'statement is based on Nordenskield's description (1930, 13 pp. 11-12), which in turn is taken from Heriarte. Nordenski81d says (my translation from the Fronch)s `These Indians had painted idols whieh represented a sort of fertility god IPQtaba da Aura';. they offered. him a tithe of their harvest of maize. In contrast' to the cugtoms of' neighborinj trib s, they did not prepare their. farina with manioc but with maize. They also usaed this. grain to brew the bear which they dranck during testivala, served In large container~." Palmataryts statement is thus somewat misleading. Noralenskild merely say8 that the Tapajd6 made a ceremonial beer out of maize-and use maize instead of manioc for farina; he does not claim that the Tapajo used no manioc at all* On the other hand, NordenskiBid's notes do not give anz accurate picture of the sense of Heriarteis text, as the reader may judge by comparing the above passag with the Eg- lish translation, of eriarte'8 ohapter on th Tapajo n the appendix below. Horicrte says very plainly that maize was. the staple crop o0 the Tapajo but that they alaco raised some manioop Almost as interest- ing as the chain of misunderstanding thtt led to Plmatary's st&tement is the fact that NimuendaJut fails to cite Heriarte's testimony in his sectiQn on Tapajd food. There is- p.o substitute for consulting the original documents in work of this kind. ; * , - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s on whc *Nim;ue*n*a 6. The accompanying map is one which Nimuenaj6 made to illustrate his survey of Tapaj6 archaeologi.aL si-tee in the neighbor- hood of Villa Franca. It is reproduced from a copy which he sent to Helen C. falmatary in 1935, along with a copy of the German draft. of this article, and which she kindly made avaailable Co.r the present publication*. The original was photographed at thee,-h.lvers'ty Museum in Philadelphia under.the supervlsion of AlfreA- Kidder II-. Our plate is slightly reduced in 8scale. -Th6e: original map was drawn on a scale of' 1a200,000; with the reductiot, the scale.. iis - 1s225,000. Symbols in black not explained on NimuendaJi' J key repr sent Neo,-Bra~zilian settlements. The following placenames appear on - Nimuenda ju's .map - 1. Lg. Taxy. 15. Lg. Tapereboa. - 2. Bocoa do Taxy. 16. Booca das Gallinha s. 3. Juquiry. 17. Cabecqira do I40go . 4. Maracana. 18. Lg. Urupema. 5. Guariba. 19. Va. Curuday. 6. Ensoada da Terra Vermelha. 20. P. Jotas Campos. 7. Lago Myiia. 21. E. S. Vicente. 8. ' g. do Borgn , 22. Bom Jardim. 9. Ilha Grande do Momahuru. 23. Paz. S. Vicente. 10. Lg. Jarare ca.. .24 . Pa z. Bom. Fim. 11. Lg. Mongubal. 1 25. P. Pitanga. 12. Ilha Grande. *. Z6, E. Trindade. 13.^ FabrifiAiano9 v . v : - - ; .27 E. -Inanuni. 14. Lg. Narci zo. ^28. Fas. Pombal. 14 29. Pto. Alegro. 63. E, Urucurea* 30. P. Sapueaja.s 64. L. Caixto* '31~ P,. ,d~ ox2t%,o. 65. *P. Arir~ 32. E. Cururii S. P.Huy 33. P. Curur6. 67. P. Tuyaue~. 34. Mt. Gelucojo. 68. E. Cuipiranga. .35,i.. .P;.' irrarnanto. 69. P. Toron61's' 36. E. Uruary. ~~~~~~~70. L. de Pra. -37. P.Uruary. -.71*. L .C'.arnuby.- 38.# Contra dan ~sa. 72.- E. Arim~ti '39. P. .a Ptura. is P. w da cco's. 40.oP~Pr. 74. rE Aiaro 441 E& e6 75*-. SERRA. AXICARtA.' 4-2 0 '., Jaceery. 78. P. Aratapy 43. Aja-o-7.7. -P. Miripixy-., 44*. P. AcAiL* 78. garape Astii. P. 4M~n~ '9~P Pedreira. 46. P. Cajuak. -` 8.P.: Tapereb6.. 47. P. Acutirega. 81. E. Japihy. 48. P. Jacar6. 82. E. Marupy. 4-9.. E..Jac a r6. - 83 .. P. So. Ma r~ - 50. P. Mara~~~~~~~~~6~~ 84. .'Pa.rai zo 51. P. Tacuminy. 85. p. Caracarahye. 52. E. Tacuminy. 86. L. Cunhamenas 53. ~C0ste.1 1Q.- Bra~noo87.PGrde 54*. Lo. Mu.tumqua-ra. -8.Fpea 55. Aracy. -8.Czp. / 56. Cururui de baixo. 90. L. Una* A7nna . 91. 'Ant.0, Charante.' 59. Patacho. 93 .AyeAu6 60. P. Itapeua. 9. P. Urucury.o -6 .Born Fu turo. '' 6. Va-W. Fran ca. APPENDIX *X The Province of the Tapajs, by Mauricio de Heriarte (Heriarte, 1874, 6hptr _, , . (Introductor ynote. Heriarte gives a more. systematic andi inform- ative aooount of J6 than any other 17th century writer.' However, the published edition of his work is excessively rare.,, &nd relatively few modern scholars he.ve been able to use it directs. Nimuerndaju prob- ably did not have a 'copyof it beside him when he wrote the article translated above, tor IW misquotes Heriarte on TapaJ6 social organiza- tion and omits important data on food and farming. What. probably hap- pened was that NimuendaJu0 had made come notes on Hesriarte during. a visit to .Rio de Janeiro -and was depending on them when he Wrote up his article. To fill out Nimuendajfi's information and.to miake this important account somewhat more accessible, I have translated Heriartets chapter on the Tapajo inxt full. - J..R.) - tp. 3)- From this river (the Corupatuba) to the province 4?' the TapeJ6s it is a little more than 40 leagues' journey up the Amaon River. These -lands along the bank on the river are not inhabited. by the Indians beoause they h}ave retired from contact with the Portuguese; they have gone inland to avoid their great abuses. This province of the Tapaj6s is very large, and the first settle- ment is situated at Pthe mouth of a big river of aburidarit water bwhich is commonly called the River of the Tapajds. It is the largest settlement or town with which we are yet ac- quainted in this area. It furnishes 60 thousand bow .when war is de- clared, and because the Tapajd Indians are so numerous they are feared by the rest of the Ivian nations and thus they have made themselves lords of that area,* .They are corpulent people, big and strong. Their weapons are bows and arrows, like those of the rest of the Ind- ians of these regions, but their arrows are poisoned with a venom for which no antidote is yet kcnown This is the reason why the other Indians are afraid of them, for a man who has been wounded by their arrows is doomed to die. This river on which the Tapajo Indians are located is a river of abundant water, pleasant lands, and very clear streams. It does not have many fish. It comes down from the west and empties tpa 363 Into the Amazon River. It is densely populated with Tapaj,6s, Marau- tus, Caguanas, Orurucozos, and many other Indian nations of which we have no knowledge yet. They are exctremely barbarous and perverse *They havA painted 16. idols which they worship and to whidh they pay tithes.:of their culti- vated fields in which they grow an abundance of maize; maize is their staple, for they do not ute as rmuh ciranloo for farina as tbb other nations. When the cdrops &re ri pe e ach give e a tithe, and when it is all collected they put it in a house in which they keep their 1d461E0, aaying that it is a potaba [gift) for -Aura, which is the name of the Devil in their language. Of this maize they make every week a quantity of wine,. and on the fifth day of the week at night they take it in, great jars to a threshing floor b~hind the town which they keep very neat and clean. There the whole natlon' gathers, and they begin to play trumpets and mournful and lugubrious drtuts ror about -an hour until there comes a great earthquake which seems about to cast down the trees arnd hills'p with it comes the Devil who enters an enclosure whichi the Indiana hat;e made for him. Then, at the arrival of the Devil, all begin to dance and sing in their language and to drink the wine until it is gone; the Devil keeps them deceived with this ceremony. When one of these Indians dies, they lay him out in a hammock and put at his feet Ip. 373 all the goods he possessed in life. On his head they plaoe an image of the Devil made after their fashion, wrought with a needle like a sock, and thus they put him in some houses which they have made only for the dead, where. he remains until his flesh dries up and rots away; the bones are ground up and thrown into the wine., and his relatives and other people drink it. From all this the Reverend Fathers of the Society of Jesus, who come from time to time to teach them the dootrineshave won them away in part. Ships of deep draft come as far as this province, and they go four days' journey up the River of the Tapaj6s to trade for woods, hammocks, urucu and green stones which the Indians calla and which are highly prized by the foreigners to the north. And it is commonly said that these stones are made, on this River of the Tapaj6s, of a green clay which is formed under water, and they make long, round beads, drinking cups, seats, birds, frogs and other shapes, working under water; when it is brought out into the air this clay hardens to such an extent that it is converted into very hard green stone; it is the best trading material the Indians have and they value it highly. The climate of this province is hot, and it has very good and pleasing lands, suitable for raising many cattle, sheep, goats and pigs* There are many hills, and on their slopes Cp. 38) and on some islands in this river and in the Amazon great sugar plantations could be made, for the river floods make all those lands fertile and the Indians use them for their clearings of maize, fruits and some manioc. These Indians are governed by chieftains, one in each ranoho of twenty or thirty houses (cazaes), and all are governed by a high chieftain 17 o vex all1 who is ivngreat, oboedienoe The se Indian~s make war ,on..the. othe~ts of that region-and a~re reared by them, T hey havYe me ny sleves and sell others to the Po rtua- guose for tools to cultivate their farms and clear the land. It wviuld be worthwhile to explor3 this r1L~veir, orIt would -evidently be a very prf~tl~6IIe c onqae~st. (P'rom the end of chapter 36, p.39), Thbse "Indi'ans those of ~the Trombetas Rier....nd the T~apaj. s have very fine clay from which -thiy, make much gcod pottciry of all1. sorts, which is much- -cstoomed by the: Portiiguese; they export it to othe r 'province s .for trade,..., SUPPLEMETARY NOTE After the foregoing manuscript was completed, I sent copies of it to Miss Helen Palmatary and to Dr. Henry VJass8e. Both oft them wezre kind enough to furnish some additional information regarding Nimuendaju's manuscripts`. APimatry.b; amat--py b0 d'aj-S'man draft, Die Ta paj, dtsd -3Septtejtber>=5A -512: (7 pp. . singl- s -.ad"typed and i~ni'~Fthe;Xiithor).-r Ts8 draft- lcks the section on d dre 8s which appears in the Portuguese version and it'has, a aery difherent section on ancient settlements, but otherwise it is subtantially identical with the pr-eent text*-- Ithas no ac-oonpanying biblifography at all. zDr. Xassen reports -that the c. py of Die Ta at Gdteborg is filed wlth paperse relating to Nimue dajJis- droholgiT collect ion (Etnograf- iska Mulseet, No. 23.10) accessioned by the Museum In- 1923. An English translation of it has been made by Dr. Stig Rydc~n as part of a project to publish Niimue.ndaju's reports on his archaeological work in Brazilian Guiana and on the lower Amazon. Ryden's translat ion includes a few passages omitted from the later text but otherwise parallels mine clo-se ly. >mn^~ .Dr@. sass4n n- called my attentioi tv the fact tht the expression &cotebo~rg M~useum in mys no~tes: is not sudfi~iently preci se, since this term colerse flye separ'ate n~ueums.- citikndaji" wrork, ofourse, was done for th- Etnia ftuseet * John Howland Rowe 19~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BIBLIOGRAPHY Acuna,- Cristobal de o . .. 1891 Nuevao desoubrimiento dei gran rio. d la Amatonas ..- Reimpreso se la pr ra ediaijn i i ; Colecoi n ae".LiTboIqTnd W a Ai rica, rohs oa Curiposo, tomo 2. Imprenta de Juan. Cayetano Gordla, Madrid,. (Nimuendajiu'e original text reforences are to another of the numerous editions of this works. They have been altered here to confpm. to the 1891 edition, anaoeOss- .ible- one which Nimuenrdju himse 1f cit a ; in other, art i- Almeida Serra, Ricardo Frsnoa de. 1869 "tNavegagao do Rio Tapajos pare o Para pelo tenente coronel Ricardo Franco do Almeida Serra, esoripta em 1779, sendo governador Caetano, Pinto .de Miranda Montenegro" evita Trimensal de Hiatoria o Geographia o Jomal do Inatituto Hist~orico.e Ge "rphico Brasileiro, t~om. g, 17 rmsre d, 1-847 pp* 1-16. Rio do Janeijr. SQeguda edIcao. Barata, Frederico 1950a A arte oleira dos Tapajo. I. Consideraqoes sobre a ceramica e dois tipo e de vasos caractertsticos. Instituto de Antropologia e Etnologia d ae', ioaao no. 2. Belem. 1950b Review: "Curt Nimuendajju; Os TapaJo. Boletim do Museu Pareense Emilio Goeldi, X. Belom - Par" 1949, pp. 93-106, 3 figuras no texto." Revista do Museu Paulista, n.s., vol. 4, pp. 464-468. ii ulo. Berredo, Bernardo Pereira de 1905 Annaes historicos de Berredo. Terceira edigao com um estudo s8bre a vidag a epocha e os escriptos do autor. Historiadores da Amasonia, vole. 1-2. Typographia Barbara, Flo renga . Bettendorf f, Johann Philipp 1910 "tChronica da missao dos padres da Companhia de Jesus n^ Estado do Maranhao." Revista do Instituto Historico e 20 :;Geo graphico Brazileiro, tomo 72 (19009), parte 1, pp. 1.agp i o'o .a'ir~ Carvajal, Gaspar de 1894 Descubrimiento del rlo de has AmazOnas segun -a relacion haeta ahorainie J "-sW aCarlae al, cont &trns daoumentos retetentei a Fraricisco de&r:1rtiana y Bus comphteroa.blibaido s a ..e'ipeinis, de1:x'Ao. Sr# Duque de T'Serclaes de Tilly, con 'iunmintroducco5io historica y algunes i1lustracones p ar Jose Toribio Mdina. T Imprenta do E. as'o,; Sevill. -^ . . . ~~~~~~~.. J. Danlel, Joao !4' 6 no '_ 1840-41' I` 'arte segiUnd de 1heo'ourn d-scobert' no rio Amazonas. Notioia geral dos indi 8s seus naturaes, e do algumas na'e s em particular; da sua fe, vida costumes, e das causas mais nntaveis da sua rustioidades." Reviste Trimensal do Historia e Geographia ou Journal dnInstituto _ Etor i oo ; i 19giarhic0o eii tole, to 2 ...1840 8 - edition), no 73.? pp. . I4 nio.i 8, 4.? trim., pp. 447-500; tomo 5, 1841 ( 1841 edition5, no . 9, libril, pp. 59-52"; ro. 10, Ji1ho, pp. 158-183; no.. 11, Ontubre, -: pp. 282-297i; no. 12, Dezembro,"pp.42-4-41. Rio de Janeiro.- 1858 (see above, 1840-41. Vol. 2 of the Revista was reprinted * iz- 1858, and 'a he tUniTrsity of Cali orna Library has only the repr inti On the other aInd;, it has the original edition of vol. 3 (1841). References to vol. 2 in this article are to the reprint). Fritz, Samucl . 1918 "0 diana do Padre Samuel Fritz, com introduc9ao e notas do Rodolfo Garia." Revista do Instituto Historico e ph'" r i r, p 353-37 ..~~~C 'c' $. JA n; ri 1922 VJourna,1 bf the travels.. ntd' laboras of Fnther, Samuel Fritz in the R~eTfte s Aiib etwee'iWCTT5. I'mraa Me~e t r Tom t Vo ra m n,,nd edT y- W ie ev. Dr. George Edmundson. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Sooiety,. second series, no. 51. London. w -- (On ly p*r9s -t . hi i:6;.are .by. Frit~z himse lf; - *-; it was wrrittrinby ai anbnymous' Jotuit, probably 21'i Pab.lo Maroni,. on the basis of;Fritz' papers. Its antecedents are explained . intrduction ti Frits, 1918.) Hartt, Charles Frederick 1874 "Ptelimnixary report, of. theq Mrgan Sxpeditions., 1870-71. - Report of a reconnolssance of the lo r. Tap cjas." Bulletin of the Cornell Unive vo. nos. 1 and 2, 1885 tContribuigoes parea.aetnol.ogia do valle do Amazonas." Archives do Museu Naoional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 6, 1881, pp.T-1741 Rio de Janeiro . (There is a me. translation of this work in Peabody Museum, .Harvard .pniversity sX File 72-23A.) Heriarte, Muiricio de 1874 Deoerpg o:. do Estado do. rnh'o, Para,. eorupt e Rio das Apmaaa. Feita por. Mauriio de Horia.rte, Ouvidor- geraITPr izdor..inr e Audi.tor, que foi, pelo Governador D. Pedro de lllo, no anno de 1662. Por mandado do Gpvernadpr-geral Diogo Va~z de Sequeira. Dada i luz pela la. voz. Imprensa do filho de Carlos Gerold, Vienna d'Austria. ; .rinted for Franoisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, -Visoond ded Porto Sqguro.) Laureano de la Cruz 1900 Nuevo descubrimiento del rio de Maran6n llamado .de las azones, per Fr ureano de la Crut (1651)7. .ibliote.ca. de "La Irrediaci.6n". Madridd.. 1942"- Nuevo descubrimiezoto del rio .el ea s hecho e ae isco de Q ;it~o e 1 ato 1651D7 Publica ci aTr Tda por a ..y.. y ....Reye. Biblioteca Ama uast. vol. 7. - Imprentat del. Miniteri8e10 de G~b-ierne, -Qite. Leite, Serafim 1938-50 Historia da QC4h de Jeus aino Brasil. vols. 1-2 ;; .blubhed by W4vrar ia PortTLsba, and 22 Civilizagao Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro; vols.~ 3-10 by Instituto Nacional do Livro, do Ministerio da Eduoa9&o, .Riod,. Jarieiro.* l)vo- . - e '. ,; ' i. - t . 1 Linne, Sigvald 1925 The technique of South American ceramios.. Gbtfeborgw e KungIT Vetenskas- ooh Vitterhets-Samh&1nes Handlingar, fjarj.de ?dt-Jden--Bandi 29, no. 5 GRteborg. ',- 1928a 'Archdologische Sammiungen des Gotenburger Museums vom unterem Amazonas ." Atti del XXII Congresso Inter- nazionale degli Amerioanisti, Roma - Settemnbre 19.6, vol. 1,' pp 8597 oma . *1928b "Les recherohea arch6ologiquies de- Nimuendaj u au Brtsil." Journal de la Socidt4 des Ar.driwtnksteh de Paris, nose, tom 20, pp. 711 Par s Linne, .itgvale1 a1d Matel, G8sta. 1925 "Fran Brasiliens Indianer i forntid och nutid - C. t Ntimuendau aie - t rkeo logioka 04oh etnogra f? ska * fbrsmiriga". u Glteborgz luseum Auce Av' ln-in,:' 1925, pp. 1-15 .G6teborg. Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp vonch Pt -186?7 Be itri Rge ur - Et ra eui' -und She .Ameri".'s1 zumal Brasilihless Friedrich Fleische'ri.:Leipzig. 2 vole. Mason, John Alden - . t 1935 ~-Collectlata. frZ Santarexn ". *Un sr Mu Weseum BullJ ; etin, .:oX . , no. :, Deelp 1948 "New pQtteryvaype Crom-artara, brazi., Trabajos - i-Gent tifeo? de 1 P 0 .Cu~$Q n:3eira ideA ri canistas .I,- 19 tomoT7 p, 5 ,69 Madrid. Mbeggers, Betty J. 1948 "The archeology of the Amazon Basin." Handbook of South American Indians, Bureau of American Et 143, vol. 3, pp. 149-166. Washington. * ;*- s , * . ,- lMordini, Antonio '. : 1934 "Gaetano Osculati e a1'arohelogi'a.del media Rio delle Amazzoni. " Archivio er 1?'Atropoloia e la Etnoi vol. 64, faso. 1-4, pp. 18-I.Firenze. Moreira ret Alfrdo -' * r : - 1894-99 Aot-ntos pera o diocit[nario -ge.graphi" do Brazil. Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 3 vols. N imuendajui, Curt -- ms. Q6ap of the Tapajd(are] . 1937. (sent by the author ;t o; H. GC Pa<-y and cited by. h r in Pa lma ta ry,0 1939. --133). ms. Die Tapa jo. (Linnd, 1925, p. 191, cites a ms. by this title in Etnografiska Museet, Gtdteborg. Palmatary, 1939, p. 133, cites aw later. ne dated -1926. :Thes? are probably drafts for Nimuendaju', 1949). ~l949 \: . UOa; TaPaj6." -Boletim.:do Museu Pa ra'ne Emilio Goeeldi, tomo).;i-10 pp . 93"106.-w Be1 0d a NordenskiUld, Erland .~~~~~~~~~~~~~z~ .xe A +jg3Q( -Ltoreologi# d1Xbas-d-n d# 1';A~m~ane. -Ars Abericana,jX . Lea Editions G. van Oest-, Paris.- Palmatary, Helen Constance *ms -:The teamio at f 'the TPat s. Indidns -and its reldti6n to p0ttery ,doans in --bultures td he north. A thesis in anthropology presented to the faculty of the . >s. Graduate Schoo1 'f the ni~erS ?Ity-of Pennsylvania tr~ariaduifl~d~ o the requi~vemnents for the : detr6-- ofl Mstoil d~f ~Ar~so. 19-36. -; 1939 "Tapajcd pottery." Etoloa Studier, no. 8, pp. 1-136. G6*teborg. Roja ...Alo.sQ , . .. . . .:, 1889 Viaje del capitn Pedro Texeira agaarriba del rto de le maionaTI 8-639)7TEioaado per ~ cos;ine7 24 - de; la Espada . Im.prenta de F rt&nst, iadri,. (The author's name does not appear on the title p&ge and the Library of CGonigress lists the work under the title). Rossani, Antonio B. 1938 IAlg- b o6bre cer'rmioa t.pajoa?ra." Revfsta jogr&fica,- Amer cana, vol 9, anio 5, no. 56,mayo,p-p g,-323. Bumno s Aire a Serrano, Antonio 1938- "Ceramica de Santarem.t Rviste- egraeica Amerioan, a vol. 9, ano 5, -no. 54, maFz ppTes Aire Smith, Herbert Huntington- -Bra zi11 the Amazons and the ooato. Sonsd., New YoFk -> Charle s Soribner t a Wass6n, Henry "The frog-motive- akong the South American Indilans. Ornament-al istudies. - Anthropos, Band 29. 'Heft 5-4, Mai- A.ugust, pp . 319-370. #St1. Gabriel-MWdling.-- *The frog in Indian mythology Anthro os, Band 29, Heft 5-6, st.-Ge rl,7i-l..ltdling. 0 - -w:11 . . . .~~9 and -imaginative wiorld ."- Sept.-Dez., pp. 613-658 . * . . . Wyman, Jeffiries 1873 : tReport, of th6 Curator tb 'the Trustiees of' the Pcabody Museum of American Archdeology; nd Ethnoloy" Sitth.- Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody.Museum of - - Am erican rcR6 " and E thn oi# rbsnted tdo the P1 ia"ent Fen r s rvrdT College:, May 15; 1873, pp. 5-23. -Combridge. ,' (.Info rm t ion on I rtt 's Brzi lian expleorations, pp. 20--21. See- a1'so 7th Annual Report, 1874,-p. 25, ---nd 8th Anue1 Rep&1Pt,\ 1875, pp. 4;6-47). * - * * ~~~~~~~~~t* 1! ; * * ,pp 25 1879 1934a 1934b