A TEITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PLJRALIZATION

OF KISI NOUNS

Vlilliam J. Samarin

Introduction. 0. . ....s*.  e. ..****.*. 0.0 . page 48

Chart of the Plural and Singular

Suffixes... . . . . . . . . ...*. .....  51
Classification of the Suffixes

Class I.......................         52
Class II

Sub-Class A. .. ..  * ... e.      57
Sub-Class B. ... *.* S58
Sub-Class C................       59
Sub-Class D. ........... . ...    64
Sub-Class .!:......]........*     67
Class III

Sub-Class A           @           68
Sub-Class B....0g.... . ... ... .  72
Sub,-Class C...  ........ ...     72
Clas s IV

Sub-Class A,..... ... .....       73
Sub-Class Bgge.e#ea               74
Class V....*........,....,..          75
Class VIe....... e    ,eeeeee.e4dd    75
Kisi ,ord-list ..... .....       ......,    75

Endriotes, .... e g..   g eg g... e g.e.g. .  85

INTRODUCTION(1)

Kisi nouns are distinguished from the other maJor word

classes (i.e., parts of speech) by being suffixed for number,
singular 'and plural.(2) Seven classes are analyzable. These

classes and their major sub-classes are determined on the basis
of the forms of the possessive pronouns and deictics (i.e.,

demonstratives).(3)   For example, the homophones kha: de and

aaa: attic belong to different classes, a fact seen i1rte

different forms of the possessive pronouns with which they are

in agreement, e.g., kaa:ma nia:a    y dye, k%:la nila    a attics.
Often there is a similarity in facrm between the suffixc of te~

* ~~48

noun and the suffix of the modifier*

Some sub-classes, formally distinguislhed, serve to mark
off certain semantic classes.

1)  The clearest example of this phenomenon is seen

in Class lI-B with plural suffixes J(iT_  - land

-ndar)) -ma/. The informant ventuird the state-
ment that the words which had -ma $hcdicated those
things that contained or had reference to liquid
in some form, e.g., wama nla:Tn T oil-m trees
2)  All the nouns in Class I with plural suffix -a:

- -a and dLngular -no: _-no refer to indivi-

duals distinguished with reference to the society
(i.e., nationality, occupation, etc.), e.g.,
d'b:suno: hunter.

In a few cases the singular indicates an individual ob-
ject or a partitive idea in contrast to an aggregate of ob-
jects or the generic sense, e.g., c~nglgell sinle stalk of
a certain cane. cerngeo: clump of the ceie. iThere are also

a very few examples where two dif ferent s angular suffixes on

the same stem indicate a difference between a definite or in-
definite object and the partitive in contrast to the generic,
eeg., holte  a pa    lar mushroom (with no reference to its

species), hbllo any niushroom (with no reference to its species).

The suffixes in most cases have allomorphs on the basis
of whether or not the noun is modified. This is true both
segmentally and suprasegmentally. It is quite obvious that

patterns of tonal perturbation could be set up, for the tones
of both the noun suffixes and the attributives change in a

number of different ways. The patterns seem to be morpholo-
gical and not phonological.   (British linguists often call
this "grqnumatical tone"~ in contrast with 'semantic" (i.e.,
lexical] tone.) Nothing is done in this paper with these
tonal changes. Insufficient time and data restricted the

analysis. Of course, a definitive study of Kisi would cer-
tainly discuss them.

The basic tone of the suffixes seems to be mid. A high
or low tone seems to result from assi~mihation, eig., stem-

final high plus mid (of suffix) >high-high.   Th re are about
thirty-six nouns, however, where an occurence of low or high
tone on the suffix of the non-mdified form does not seem to
be best explained by assimilation, e.g., fuil6: dowr   b'bllb
head.  If the data are accurate, one may have to bt up allo-
morphic suffixes.

The plan of the description is the following: The nouns

49

are first classed on the basis of coiicordial agreements (i.e.,
major classes and sub-classes). Sub-divisions are based on
the forms of the pluAral, non-modified suffixes, then on the
singluar suffixes. Further sub-divisions are set up on the

basis of allomorphic stems, phonological changes, etc. Trans-
lations are only exemplary.  PrQcise def initionAs are given in
the word-list.

50r

L       W   ?     golj~~~~~~~lol ~~40  4" o  l
It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0:

9  r   IJ  1^     | 9 |s lo| I * - | 42"|E| e- 4

9-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

rI '-I

a w

U)_I= _

The Classification Of the Suffixes

Class I

The plural suffixes of this cl---  are /-a . (-a    -a)
-(-la ~-    / 4

I.   P     luXai -a.

_x -a

1.1. Singular suffix -o

1. 11. 1. Tith stem allomoxtphe. Consonant dlusters are
reduced in M stems in the following ways:

1.1-l. l.. /nd/ >    en/   *,g. t Uhdo d  tuinda dog.s, thun
(5) b ndo:  B n,    tu*'ra bindba: .b   dogs.  Others:
b'ndo brother, cwlndo 1oat, kqe:ndo rrel, k1ndo

sPecies of l      catfish, 4l:nd& 0   ies of very small
bird , pU e:ndo./p w:no (8) 92ecies of at   d rat,

sendo louse, sosendQ   t   slando driver ant, txa:ndo
snuff (no p luraa 1 or).

1.1.1.2. /mnd/ > /m/, e.g., bbmndo uncle, bbmnda uncles,
b )f nu: g uncle, bbean nia: }  uncles.  Others: lxm!ndo
very la    child, dazmndo &Inea-owl     tornndo mon

1. 1.1. 3. /1/ > /1/, P.M stems of this class are further
divided as to whether they do or do not extend rith ,i/.

1. 1.1.3.1. Non-extended stemn, e.g. , ki.aJJo dee,:

52

kialla ducr (pl.), klal bcndo:     doer, IA3.a bendoa:

i doar (p1.).    Others: c?rgullo spcoies ot catfish,
*ot ilo/ow3.1lo Dorcup ino , miX116 so.oio  .rm used
as fish-bait, teindapollo butterfly.     , /

1. l 1. 13w .2s . xt endod s t oms  o g&. t ambi lib le opard,

t'mbilla loopards, tambil bcndo: big 1  -ard, tJ1bilia
bendoa: bi  lopards.   Other: kbrgillo rooster.

1.1.1.4. /ww/ > /v7/, o.g., cowwo specios of ttre  whose
loavos make a black c, owwa troos, cow b ndO:B
tree, cowa bendon& b   trees.  Other: c6vv7 possum.

1.1.1.5./yy/ > /y/9 cog., milUYy0osguito, Mryya MOs

9ito2s, muy bundo:    i mosquito, mnnya bendba: big mos-
itoos.    This is the only example.

1.1.1.6. Apocape of /nd/ accompanied by tho loss of

/o:/ in P-M stem.  io:iia:ndo bull-frog, .o:Tia:nda bull
frogs, 1o:ze: bendo: b   bull-frog,  a:nca bendoa: b
bul-fros.    This is the only example.

1.1.2.  7ithout stem allomorphs.  bcwo a red dy, ao.lioo/

C?i:yo buffalo, kwi:o <rl ( kwi:yo allioator, nhwo cattle,
pbio 4 ,  ssuuo rj ( stsu:wo crocodile, suo LrJ < shwo
fish.        -

1.2.  Sngglar suffix -o: - -Z. Notice that the stem has

53

allomorphs.  suut:ndpo: i stias of rdt, siuu:nda rats, suundu
b'ndo: b   rat, suui:ndua bcndba   i.rats. a  T1tis is tho only
(3xempleo.--

1.3.  SinAlar suffix    -D   -7., e.g.,*dku:c  Crk  < dku:.

dck- d1ku:oa ducks, dakua nu: g duck, doku, apnia:      du ks
1.4.  Sinar s uf fix -z.

1.4.1.  llith stem allomorphs.  Vowel clust3r is reducod in
P-M stoims,  .g.sBo: chicken, s03:a cr) < s03:wa chickons,
so (Ir7 < soo:) bendo: bi   chicken, sea ( i   <) ( sbwa)
bendoa: h    chickens.  This is the only example.

1.4.2, -Without stern. allomopphs, e-, cako      1     mon-

key, oakoa monkeys, cako nu: r   m        carkoa nla: g mon-
koys. This is t hcj onily ao1ampl?.

1.5,  Singular suffix -lou_ -1,      ~g. s.ayal6n in    stalk
of olehant rhass, s      .yi: (a+a > a:) QloPhant grass in

goneral, sayalo wese:6TI dry stalk of Wlplant grass, saya
wesc:yb dr   olehant grass.   This is the only exampla.
2.  Plural suffix -a:   --a.

2. 1.  Singular. suffix ."-no  i-

2.1.1.   Jithout sten allomorphs, e.g., d'b:suino: huntor,
d'bas:ua hunters, d'b:stiun? bendb famous hunter, d'b:suh

bendo~a famous hunters. Others: bundun:     irl under  rain

54

in a secret societl, b'andlkk3:l1n3: 1erson from Sierra
Leone, gb'and3n3: Gbandi person, klsl'no: Kisi person,
k~umbayukcuna: Buzi person. le:leno: person from French

Guinea, pu:tluno: humbo: white-man, 8okon3:, jzr) < sokon3

witch-doctor, sutr.no: blacksmith, sumuin3:'oy under trein-
.i  in a secret soei

2.1.2.  With stem allomorph, e.g., labelana: a Liberian,
labeleyya Liberians. This is the only example. The
plural form is suspected of inaccuracy. The suffix
is probably long.

2.2.  Sinaular -o(o+-o > o:) - -7.

2.2.1. 0Without stem allomorphs, e.g., toligo:   phew,

.~~hw                    nehw       olo

tblgoa: nephews, toTno nu: g n         toqgoa nia: E

nephews.  Others:  cokanco: toad, dvelo: Chig      folo:
Wieete of fish, ko gb'o: pi       pofigopoilgo: sumer
p eo n.

2.2.2.  Wlith ster allomorphs.

2.2.2.1. 1114-stem final /o/ > H -stem final /u/, e.P.,

oundo: owl, cundoa: owls, cundu bendo: b    owl, cu ndtia
bendoa: big owls.  Other:   bumbo:  .

2.2.2.2.2  S-stem final /o/ > P-stem final /e/, e.g.,
peigo: hous    , peiga bendoa: B     houseflies.
This i s the only example.

55

2.2.2.3.  Stcm final /o/ > /i/ in P-M,    g.n.y0: cat,
na~:yoa: cats,  d:yo nu: g cat, n?:yvi n'ia: mi oats.
This is th- only Coxanmpl1-

2.3. Singular suffix -0:    -Z. e.g..cbpio: troo-squirrol,
copila: tree-squirrols, obpl bendo: b   troo-squirrol,
copia bendoa: b    treo-sguirreJs.  Othors: pbo: boy,
sf~iqb'io: spcis of hawk. s0o3   horse.
2.4.  aingular m0 (o + -o > o:)    -Z.

2.4.1. L Without stom allomorphs, o.g.g 1To: rabbit, lbnon

rabbits, 13T3 bcndo:              l , 71a b ndoa: .  rabbits.

J

Othors: cOLegb'a: human baby, k6:    SIpO4ICS of danecrous
'sfikci, Tlgo: brother, tpgb;'3: baboon.

2.4.2.  "ith stcm a~lomorphs.   Stem final /a/ lost in P-M,
clyo.: ISlvo olya: slavos, clyO bendo: big slave, c01yh1
bindba:     slarves.  This is tho only examplo.

2.5.  Singular suffix   -o: _ -Z.  Thore arc only two examples,
both having allomorphic stems, 3.g, dt'l: cow-f, dicl6

cow-flias, dtLl?' btndo: b    cow-fly, d'e10a bendoa: big cow-
flies;  1oo: boo, l6a: baes, le: bcndo: b    boo, lea bendoa:
big boos.

3.  Plural suffix -c: md sin    lar. suffix -Zo.g.gkena unclo,
k~inaa: unls   kenao nu: E unla    k~flaa: nia: E uncles.

56

This is the only example.

4.  Plural suffix -ln - -a: with si ngular suffiX -o (o + -o
> o:) - -Z. o.g.)belo: rat, b"lla rats, b"1b bondo:

bcla%: bendbo: big rats.  Others: solo: spocios ofrog,
sond%0k6lo: v.   small village, w0lo: spc~ic  6f bird.

Class II

Sub-Class A

Tho P-NM suffixes of Sub-Class A arc -Qn, -tan, -ndail.
1. Plural suffix -ar   -ta.

1.1.  ?jngrl suffix -o ~ -o, og*yend        i, ynda       ifts,
y nd  nrI     o      ynd4C nl.lan  g gifts.  This is thi
only cxample

1.2.  Sinular suffix -on - -a, ..g. wulon knco, wtilan knoos,
wwulo nllori  knoo, wUla nUlaal    knoos.  Otthors: balon

on, bunch of rico tiud tthcr, ba:len feather, hblton 2,
kot~ogb"'olblel testicl~e. nvllor oa~r, pbtarn

1.3.  Singular suffix  -len7  - -le, o.g., co:loan limb of the
cowwo treo, coo:an (l'r2 < obo:iWaq) limbs, cbo:le bcndolon

~lifb, coo:a bUndon bi      limjbs# /a:/4 -an > a:n in
the wrd poma:l.r  vory small patho

2. Plural 8fix -tarn and sinlar -ln.        No M forms wore

57

obtained, e.g., denguleov/dilgu#lloT  live coal, de'gultaTi live
osals. This is the only example.

3.. Plural tuftf i-ndal mad sin ular -4    No0P*-, ib rm wa& ob-
tained  e g,5 )m    a   liirmdari plazaeI ]iim bendO :' plazc.
The informant was.not too certain about the plural Tform.

Sub-Class B

The P-IMA suffixes of Sub-Class B are -an, -lang, -ndarq.
The P-M suffIix is -ma.

1. Plurcl suffiix -an_ -ma.

1.1.  Singular suffix-e    -2, - .g.oWa.7  oil-pam tree   awQ
trees, waw nu: *  tree, wama n     'a:m y tre;s.  Notice the
loss of' /vj/ in the P-M.

* 1.2.  Singular -Z,      k     ,   kia: (< a: .+ -ar) dyes,

kaa: nu: m    ,  4aa:ma nia:r' E   s.    This is the only
oxamp lo.

1.3 .  ingular suffix -lon - -1o.

1.3.1.  11ith stem allomorphs.  S  stem final/e/    P stem
final/i/, cog*` cc   lc.n suigar-cane, es-;BlaCll sgrcanos,
cc lgol bendblcTn bi  ~a-canc, ccig1gma bcndobhr  ,
sugar-ctncs.  This is the botly oxainplc.

1.3.2.  Without stem allomnorphs, e.g0>k??:leTl ra~fia-pl

58

*  branch, k6:ar 5ranohes, 'ks:.    btn8MSrs bj branch,

kce:ma bendbri u   branches. Others: awe ler a little bit
Of    bilg gb'a:sal4'  (p, gb'A:ss) okra, m?:len breast.

1.4. With deficient singular forms: bafnra p   made from palm
kernels, ke:ari waters of the Ke:a river, ko an} (Cr3 < ko:wan)
blood, mwe:6xj (r3 < mwe:ya~n) liquor, po larn human excretion.
2. Plural suffix -lan - -ma with singular suffix -leq.r. -1e,
e.g., d'iimbuleT1 orange, d'umbulaTn oran   d  mbule bndbl
bi  orae, dtimbuma bsbndbALq bi
3. Plural suffix -ndan - -ma.

3.1. Singular suffix -ndeT _ -nde, e.g., kenden arrow, kendaii
arrows, kende nileri z arrow, kAma nia:n g arrows.     This is
the only example.

3.2. rTith deficient singular forms, e.g., mendarj water, m mn
niiuarn cold water.  This is the only example.

Sub-Class C

The P-NM suffixes et Sub-Class C are -an, -1an, -tan.

1. Plural suffix. -,ai - -a with singular suffix -o   -Z.  Stem-
final consonant clusters reduce to the f irst member in S-M.

(of. Class I where the reduction takes place in both S-M and
P-MI.) e.g., le:ndo machete, le:ndan m~achetes, l.e:n nu: m

59

machete, le:nda nhlaTj    % machetes.  Others: b'br1aondo confer-

ence,.d'tnd6 whorl heem              hndo swa   , k6ndo(r3 <
konndo) door, k6igll6 corner, kiuu:ndo f1Ive to seven ballan

tied together, lAmndo soup, mendo (fr) < menndo) nose, sundo
pestle, tf:ndo long distance between two -oints.

2. Plural suffix -lark   -a with s nlar saxf i;r -2.   Stem

change is the same as in number 1 above, e.g., so:ndo hole,
s6:nd6lq   holes, s6:m b ndo: b    hole, s6:nda bondolan b
holes. This is the only example.
3. Plural suffix -1an    -1a.

3.1. Singular suffix -Z, e.g., 15: market, l6:lian markets,

16: bendo: B   market, 16:lha bindolan b   markets.  Others:
b: a species of hanging foliage, b'bndo       I s?   an-
center, cobrgo shoulder, herndo: abscess, hbo: farm after

crop has been harested,  kgo:    ier-bank, qgbso: Sun: a

P.                                              S ..i r .

market day..

3.2 Sular suffix -o       -Z.

3.2.1. Stems without allomorphs, e.g., b~awo fork (as of a
tree), bawlaT1 forks, bw bendo: g    fork, baiwl bendblaTr

b~g forks.  Others: baondi:o boundary, bikio (ir` ( bekiyo)

com olud. gb'&ongbt'ay6 stool, gb' 6gb'b: o ( r1 < gbt gbt&y6)
small private farm, gb'u(kuo nmMPs (singular), k'.umbe:o (Vr

( kambe:yo) basket, ku:b (tr3 < ku:wb) cheek, mbl lio ((r3 <
mb'ili:yo) bass drum, yawo PaPer, yhiwo cooking.

60

3.2.2. Wlith A1.lomorphs.

3.2.2.1. Vocalic change with compensatozy lengthening

3.23.2.l.1, t7ith vocalic suppletion, e.g., tThwo stubble
in the field after the rice is harvested, t?: lar) stub-
bles, e    un    s'tubble, t*:la nilan m   tlbls
This is the only exauple.

3.2.2.1.2, Without vocalic suppletion.   S-NM stem final
Vy, Vw ond Vww > V: in other forms, e.g., neyo road,
ne:1a1 roads, ne: bendo: b   road, ne:la bondularn b
roads.  Others: ceyo fight, c yo house, ldwo bow,

koweyo shoe, pawo/pawwo sore, powwo rock, powwb/pbwb
white cla.

3.2.2.1.3. Consonantal change, e.g., walla work (not
related to the farm), walillan works. These are the
only examples and the only 'occurrences.
3.3. Singular suffix -o: - -Z.

3.3.1. 7ithou~t stem alloniorphs, e~gg., saonl~o: bottle. sanl

nu: x bottle, sanra nilar i     bottles.  Others: ctl spoon,
kwe:o: debt, ye:gbtandlo: g
3.3.2. 17ith stem allomorphs.

3.3.2.1. I rith vocalic suppletion and compensatory length-
ening, e.g., piyo: (Cr) ( pl.o:) river, pb:laql rivers.

61

These are the only availabled~atca for this division.
3.3.2.2. Allomorphic stems on the basis otf v4o*el re-
duction  .Stem-final /o, u, e/ lost In S-NM.

3.3,2.2.1. Stem-final /o/, e.g., tbngo: court-h Q,
tbrgblQ'r court-houses, tllgb be'ndo: b  court-house,
tbrngbla bcndolarq   court-houses.  Others: bando:

Rlank bed, b"?ando: house on tre nincenter for girls,

dlo: doorway, d'embo:. abdomen, f 6f 616:     turtle,

y0             ..     .. em          .

nails etcl. shel, ? lo: Cany, fblkbbo:- mat made

from raffia-pRl pith, kaoTI6 dep-set    e. koko: skull,
ko:k6: scarf, kondo: chicken .     k61o: baggage trunk#
ybndo: budh.

3.3.2.2.2. S~tem-final /u/, e.g., yuigo: family, yu'gu-
lan families, yurqgu nu:   f ?amiA?, yurgula nalan  j
families. Others: b*tgo: (L3rf < bsgo) foot, bv16l6:
horn (music,-1L instrumlent ), btu~lo: cave, fu*16: dowy

kendo: circular sttik on which is attach-d a fish net,
kulo:o seed, 1lb : thhpus o: cat hill, sbondb o mou th.
suu:ndo:     t part of      .

3.3.2.2.3. Stem-final /e/, e.g., gb'elb: bed, gbTh AlaTI
beds, gbtele nu: m  bed, gb'tlbla nilacln   beds.

Others: bembo: certain small, upright drum, gb enjo66
festivity, gb e'lgb'o: stool, pe:rgb: flower of the
'cotton tree.'

62

3.4. ISi ular sufrix '- : - -7.

3.4.1. Allomorphic stems with vocalic suppletion and com-
pensatoryr lengthening, viz, stem-final /iy/ > /e:/, e.g.,
k~itlyo: (Cr3 < k~oflo:) iron kob kf    1all i ro'1 pots, kid
bendo: bi   iron pot, kdf:3a bendblan b     iron pots.

Others: d'iyo: (fri < d11o:) bread, slyo: (1r] < BID) soa,
s1yo: grave.  This class is established with reticence.
Some of the data is not too accurate.

3.4.2. Allomorphic stems on the basis of vowel reduction.
Stem-final/., c, c/ lost in S-NM.

3.4.2.*l  Stenm-final /o/, e.g., La'tlo:  ,  b'blblaI   g,
b'3Lo nu, br b'h15a1 nhaIj a        bags.   Others: k:
back, koDso: chronic illness, yo:sol bolt of Zarn
3*4.2.2cs St 3m-f inal/c/, e.g., liekmbo: trousers (S),

lerbelail trcusers (P), lmbc nu   g trousera, lnmbeJ
nt~lar mv trnosers.  Others: cko:.a certain rattle,

dendo: ttoe, fsf : eave, gb'cilo: chair, ltmbac raffia-w   .
3.4.2,393 Stem-final /ra/, e.g., tengo: t orch, te cgal al
torches. This is the only example.

4. Plural suffix -tan_ - -ta with siglar suffix -o . -Z.
All stems of this class have S-NM final /11/ vhich >/1/
in tho other forms.

63

4@l. Stems without ,illomorphs, e.g.., ballo waterfall,, .bhltarl
waterfalls, bal bendo:      waterfall, bhlth btndblaTI n

Waterfalls.  Others: ballo sJear, bollo short, steep rise of
igro3nd, kollo heart, tallo br~de vello farm-work..

4.2. Stems with allomorphs.   S syllable-final /i/> P /u./,
e.g., m=sillo a   ain y       of hat, mosiltani hate, mosul

humb: white hat, mosultan humbblbq White hats. This is the
only exampl.

Sub-Class D

The plural suffix for Sub-Class D is -lai    -lae This is
tha only class for which tonal data have been used as a basis

for classification.   The data wore worked over with the infor-
mant to insure tonal accuracy. First the nouns are classified
as tO their singular suffixes and then on the basis of the

stem cChanges-segmontal and suprasegmental.   In the case of

polysyllalio words, only the final vowel is important for anal-
ysis.  However, changes in the suffix tone are not considorod.
(See Introduction.)

1. Singular suffix-a: - -.

1.1*. Stems with unchanged tono.

1.1.1. vr, e.g., baa: hand, b% la'i hands, ba bendb: bi: hand,
bala bendblh~l u   hands.  Other:  tambaa: a certain musical

64

1.1.2. *  in S-NM, V: in others, og., k'a: attic, kh lan
attics, bkh: nu: g attic, ka:la nilar' g attics.   Others:
mana: term coveri   certain 'sins' committed    men, pha:
bone,.

1.2. Stems with changed tone.

1.2.1. 17ith short- vovol in singular.

1.2.1.1. V in S-M, P  in others, a.g., kblha: cloth,

kblhlain cloths, kbJla ntu:  " cloth, kl~hla nilan, m  cloths.
Oth3rs: d't:ltia: valley, mjha    chief's farm, t&:gb'&a:

chest (th~acic) th:lAa: &urd split for eating purposes,
yhJia: net.

1.2.1.2. 1r in S-NM, v in S-M, i: in others, e.g., s: sha:
f ence, eh:sk: larl fences, sa:sa nu:  fen ce, sh:sh: 1a
nilaT)   f ences   This is the only example.

1.2,2. Withh long vowel in singular: r in S-NM, v: in S-M,
e.ge., f:rgaa: crowd, f hga.: nbi   the or0ow.  This nord
has ho plural2.

a. Sin      surf ix -a - -Z.  This class is most -easily describ-
ed if word-final /a:/ is considered as being derived from stem-
final /a/? -a.

2.1. Stems with ulnchanged tone.

65

2.1.l. '.1ith vowel change.  S-stem final /a/  p.-astem final
,/e:/, e.g., kamba: basket, knmbe:lar) baskets, kbcmba nl':

x basket (kambey nui: '7as once heard), khmbe la nilan g
baskets.  This is the only exaple.
2.1.2. Wi ithout vowel change.

2.1.2.1. w7ith short vowel, in plural.  Since S-NM v:< ( ey/a

-a, only v will be given.

2.1.2.1.1. v stem, e.g., kay: certain basket, kayalarl
baskets, kaya nu:    basket, kayala nilan y baskets.

Others: ba:ka: some small meal, garjga: a large mat made
from ra~fia-palm branchesgb'afija: potato greens kUnda
he    mbb:ya: S OU  panga: tenor      farmhouse, takala:
box of matches, t3nda: wvalkin-stick, to:ma: certain
.sooiety,w ala: mat.

2.1.2.1.2. v stem, e.g., gb'&:la: mature oil-palm tree,
gbtelalaeq oil-palm trees, gb'e:laf nu:    oil-alm
tree, gb'e:lala nilan g   oil-palm trees.  Other"
saqgb'4: cer tain drum.

2.1.2.1.3. }r stem, e.g., suka: certain tree, sukh nt:
m  tree. This is the only pxample. It has no plural
f orms-0

2.1.2.2. v in , v: in P. e.g., sa:sa: chicken basket,
sa:sa:lari chicken bakes    s:a~s  n~iii  a hicken  ket

66

2.2 . Stems wit h cha'nged tone.

2.2.l. v in S, v in P, e.g., gb'lgbla: mat, gb'bJ)gb'hlari
mats, gb'a:lgba nu: *, gb'aTngb'ala 'nlarT         mats.

Others: d'b:ma:          o f :ya: underbrush, p.:wa:  ,  tbva
certain guitar-like instrument.

2.2.2. v in S-M, v in others, e.g., k6nda: tmporary farm,
k6ndalar farms, k6nda nut:    farm, k6ndaaA nilar}  -farms.
This is the only example.

3. Sin&lar suffix -Z.    The following exaxrles each constitute
a class in themselves: nba: sickness, nhh:laT sicknesses, nhh:

nu:    s siockness, naa:la n$larl n  sicknesses; ban: Mondr market-
~y, ba&:lan Monday market-days.

Sub-Class 3C

The singular suffix for Sub-Class E is -ey,

1. Plural suffix -ai, e.g., kcley rin&, ksla'ri rings, kCley

bendey b   r      kela-q bendb     ribiS   Others: baombey small
i2orted bell, yh:woy pnion, ya:yey indigenous jingling anklet.
2. Plural suffix -a:r, eg., klsey petpper (general. term),

k'$sa:q Aoprkse      n$:   :ppeks          n:       epr.
Other: bRey ' bittar-ball ' eggplant

67

This class proved to be the most difficult to anralyze be-

cause of the uncertainty .that surrounds tha phonological nature
of the singular suff1,xos. Further study should determine their
exact nature.

Sub-Class A

The P-NM sUffixes of Sub-Class A are -oi and -o:rI.
1. Plural ]NM suffix -or

1. 1. Plura l suffix -oil

1..1. Singular suffix -ey, eo.g., pegy frj plank of wood,
phgbnr planks, PTq by bendwy                     e p   ps rjgbr bendbr

big planks.  Others: clay mortar, kuey tr) heart of the
oil-lm flover, suey     r  fi nger.

1.1.2.  Singular suffix -oy    -o, e.g., cuty ax,. c oT1 r;
axes, cue b'nd'o b      ax,  ctori irj bendb} bi  axes.  This
is the only examplo.

1.2. Plural suffix -oTI   -7Z rith singular suffix -o. -7.

,, ~ ~~~~~~~~ .  *

Syllablo-final /i, i:/ in S > //u/ in P, o.g., bombile   cor-
tan ml=sical instrument, bombulon c-r3 instruments, bImb.l

.porabby small.instrument, bombkl. bcfdbTI jb ?strm+ts
Other: cl.li :ndo iron.  .r           -

68

1.3. Plural suffix -onr  -uTr.

1.3.1. Sin ular suffix -e -      -i.  Final consonant clusters
are reduced as in Class I (see 1.1.1.).

1.3.1.1. Stems vrith consonant-cluster reduction.'  Two

sub-classes are set up on, the basis of th: tonal differ-

ences of the suffixes.  Hovy7ver, these mig-ht be aeplained
on-phonological level if more drta vwere available.

1.3.1.1.1. Mid tone, e.g., bunde cogh, bundoi coughs,

but%  btndri big cough, bubu' bbndo  bi, coughs.  Others:
cinde tooth, cl:ye stu~np of tree, gb'a:nde side of the
face, helle salt (?-MI vwas once, recorded as hKlu instead
of h5lun, but this may be an error), kawwe bean, kawea
Ripe, kende dug-out canoe, kumnde smoke, lunnde very
d     spot in river, y:ye rice s3ed for planting.

1.3.1.1.2. 2High tone, e.g., dluinde fish-hook, dQTldoorl

fish-hooks, d'uiri ni: p  fish-hook, d'hrun  nu:r   fish-
hooks.  This is the only example.

1.3.1.2. Alloriorphic stems vwith roplacive consonants: NM
stem-final /y/ > M stern-final /,/ , e.g., hoye wind,
hoyovj vinds, hb0i1 bendri bi  .rind, hoi'ull bendolmig
winds. This is the only eJmple.

1.3.2. "ith singulcr suffix -ey - -i, .g., m:ley     rain
of ricze, mna:lo'ij rice (in x~aa) ma:li nt: g rice,

69

mh:lun nu.:' my rice.  Others: condey song, pangey moon,

pembey hill, puley strip of cloth. Thexe are two examples
which suggest thet vorel-Cinal stems behave differently,
but the date are too unreliable to be usod to sdt up a
naIw class, e.g., wisl.ey men't, VlsOil moat (P), wisl ni:

meott, wnisun nu: i    meat (?); d'umbwoy .(perhaps

d'umboey) -clay po for coolin   wrater, d'umbon clay  tSt,
d'UmbwA  b'ndwey bi  clamy p, d'umbur bendo' bj c
Rots*

2. Plural NM suffix   -o: n.

2. 1. Thiural suffix  -o:rn  -or.

2.ingular suffix         aoy   -i, e.g., kesey nick, keso:-n
necks, kesi bendvay bi   neck, k Co0  bendbon b  necks.
This is the, only example.

2.1.2. S         suffix -cy,

2.1.2.1. With allomorphic suffixes. The vowel of the
suffix is lost in the M forms.

2.1.2.1.1. 7ithout stem allomorphs, e.g., hb:ey thorn,
hID:Q:1 thotns., hb:y bcondtvi bib thorn. hb:nl beand

bl? thorns.   Other: oocoey lip has only reconstructed
forms.

70

2.1.2.1.2. W7ith stam allomorphs  S-NM stem Vowel /e/ >
/i/ in P-N e, e.g., teey _       tlon peanuts, tey

kulvi shelled peanut, t}l kulor shellod   eanuts.   This
is the only example.                         /

2.1.2.3. 17ithout allomorphic suffixes, c.g., kembey nut,
kembo:'r- nuts, kemb0y bendw' l   nut, kemboT bi-bndb:  big
nuts.  The only other oxrtmple is ley star.

2.1.3. Sinlar suffix -ay - -7.     The nouns of this cl(-ss
havo stem allomorphs with S final/i/ and P final /0/
accompanied by the loss of /o/ in P-M, e.g., ta:s1Jey

Roverb, ta:soo: provcrbs, ta:sf kendoy good proverb,
t~ia s kendo'r  gAood proverbs . The only other example,

kt: sfey razor, has P-M -un which I suspect as being an
error.

2.2. Plural suffix -o:rI - -Z vwith singular suffix -ey - -7.

2.2.1. Without stem allomorphs, o.g., kan16y money (silver),
kdnioo:T money (plural), kani ni:         . m   kan nu:  y
money (plural).   This is thw. only oxamplo.

2.2.2. W7ith stem allomorphs: P-NM stem-final /o/ end /i1
In others, e.g., t imbata:siey tomato, t mbAt :soo:s q

tomatoes, tambat'a~s nl: a tomato, taembnath si nibl m
tomatoe     This is the only example.

71

2.3.  Plural suffix -o:r    -un vith si nguler suf iix -1iT -
-)-e, c.g., pu:ndutlcn root, pu:ndoo:r roots, p'u:ndule

b~nd le n b  -root, pu:ndur} bendorT big roots.  This is the
only axample.

3. Residu~:(7Y )ocvi.:y farm, o13:r1 farms; canljyoy Cr] friend-
ship, canjoo :rT fr] friendshSk; At' :y iargj f3ast to honor
tha djad, kulo :n feass; mo :y (mo ey ?) cnifo, mOn knives;
teney LrJ grain of sand, teno:.rI sand.

Sub-Class B

The plural suffix is -o:n - -on and the singular suffix
-o:  - -Z.  Stem-final /o/ lost w7hen followed by /o, oo/.

The data for this closs were not thoroughly checked.    only
two examples wore obtained: pio: certain fruit, pio:n [r)
fruits, pio bendb big fruit, pion bendeo ll    fruits; c{6:
town .

Sub-Class C

The plural sufffix is -or and the sin&ular is -or_ -0.

Only one cxample Is recorded, 'eBg, puler) pi.ca of intestine,
pulor    P    of intestink, ptlA bend&lzr) biQ        of intes-
tine, pulo'q bendbtl    p pieces of int~stine.

72

'Class. IV

Sub-Class A
1. ?lural suffiX -e

l.JL.'Singular suffix -o - -e, e.0c  hollo mushroorm (gen-

Crioally), I ile mushrooms.   This is the only example.
1.2s ~ix~gu~r suffix -lei   -e, e.g., yawle-r belt, yawe

belts, yawle nllen?    belt, yawi ni: my belts,   Other:
kio:lean silk kerchief ( /o:/ > /w/ in P-1 ).

1.3. LiAngular suffix -teii - -e, e.g., holten a mushroom,

O.l  j   uhom.                   cl

hole tr3 mushrooms.   This rord is deficient in the other
forms.

1. 4, Sin-ular suffix -ei - -e.  Stem-final consonant

clusters (except /11/, which may be an error) are
reduced as in Class I, see 1.1.1., e.g., va:ndell

nest, wa:nde nests, w.a:nde bkndo..erl bi? nest, wra:rIi
b nC.wi bi- nests.  Others:  b' 1leTl head, b3:l'e'

broad-riaried felt hat, fundeq cotton, gbiancAiwee:nden

sweet-potato, klama:lenr certain musical stripaec instru-
ment, lomndeii tail, ye:ndern hair.

2. Plural suf      -e and sinular suffix -es, - -e, e.g.,

plandeil banboo fife, plande Lfifes, plarnde pomboleTI small
fife, p1ancQe b~ndw3. bi fifes. This is the only example.

735

3. Residue: kiooleri skin, koo:le nllen z skin, kSo:le na:lei
our skins.

Sub-Class B                /

The plural suffi x is -e - -1 and the singular suffix is
-o   -7#. Stem-final consonant clusters are reduced as, in

Class I, see 1.1.1., e.g., kolJo kola rut, kblle kola nuts,

kol b*ndb0: b  kola nut, koli bendw. B   kola nuts. Others:
jegemcyo Jamaican banana, sumndo blacksmith treae, yomndo

wood.

Class V

The plural suffix is -ey and the sin3ulpr suffix is
-len - -le.

1. tlithout allomorphic sterns, e.g., b'b:le%  a certain mush-
room, b'3%:ey [rj mushrooms, b'3:le bcndolle  bi  mushroom,

b'z:ey ([rl < b'lwvy) bEndwey bi mushrooms. Others: kuleI
yam, pe ler lenf, puleT navel, yo: leri rogE.

2. With allomorphic stems.  Two nouns, with different allo-
morphic patterns, were obtained for this class, e.g.,

yambelen cassava, yambcey cassavas, yambale bendole big

cassava, yambey bendwey big cassevas; gbtato:le'r1  a certain

wigbca't~uey whips, gb at%:1le nllei 'g whiD, gblatwey
(gb'Qatuey ?) ni: my whips.

174

23;; Residue: calel n        cy.ey  r) numpclinsE cale

bendbl   bi mc         cyeey tr] bendw.          kins.

Oless VI      .

The plural suffix. is -o: -Z and the sinngular suffix
Tler -1le. Note that. the singular has a partitive sense
while the plural an aggregative or generic sense, e.g.,

oeg e le i      stalk of a certaixn cene, eclgeo: clump of
cane, c? eig~e le wese:leii  stalk of cane, celge wese:yo

clump of cane. Other: kIolikolilen a certain kind of
straw.

Claes VII

This clnss is composed of proper nouns.' There are no
suffixes to ina.ionte number, e.g., du name of- a river neer
the coast, d'uko: K     name for Monrovia, fala name for the
fif th son, gb'ulSulo name of e certain town, Jawa: a man's
name.

KISI-ENGLISH WORD-LIST

Introduction

The following is a li st of words collected during the
writer's study of Kisi et the University of CC.lifornia,

Berke-ley.  It includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, particles,
and words  hobse  lf- ss was not determined.  Zxbept for the

nouns, the form-classes, of the words are assumed.   Most of
the nouns are listed wlth their class membership, because
the writer's study was ch-iefly conlcerneci with analyrzing

75

number-suf fixation of nouns.  Some-whose membership had not
been determined when the study ceased-are listed without

their classes.' A few verbs are listed in what the informant
celled the infinitive form. Where an imperative existed and
no infinitive, the imperative form is listed.   (This is not

to say that these verbs do not have infinitive forms,   It is
just that they ware not found in tha data.)

The words are listed in alphabetical order, following
the English order except with the following modifications:
non-English symbols follow the English (e.g., /b'/ after

/b1); long vorels follor. short vowvels; the tones are listed
in the order-high, mid, low.

The translations for the most part ar-. those given by
the informant. Since no intensive ethnological invcestiga-
tion accompanied the linguistic, some of the translations
may need to be modified in the light of further ethnolog-
ical deta.

KISI-ENGLISH WORD-LIST

/b/               bawro IIC, fork of a tree.

bello  grass; dirt.

baa: UID, Monday market-day.   bembo: IIC, certain small,
ban: IID, hand.                  upright drum.

baey IIE, species of egg-      bengi   short (in terms of

plant (very small, some-       height).

times called 'bitter-ball    be:    slow.

egg-plant').                 bendo IIA, big.

baler IIA, one bunch of        bckio IIC, compound of living

rice stalks tied together.     quarters, barrack, govern-

ballo IIC, spear.                mental administrative quar-
ballo IIC, weterfall, rapid.     ters of present day.

bambey Is, certain small,      belo: I, rat (gencrali7od

imported bell.                 term, i~e., the ,,nus).

bandi:o IIC, boundary.         bendo I, broth.r (older than
bando: TIC, plank (i. .,         person speaking).

western) bed.                beilgon  small particles of

bandu  long,                     rice left over after winnowing.
baonfian IIB, oil made from    bengo: 110C foot.

oil-palm kernels.            beTigu  underneath.

bass:  the process of          bewo I, species of tree (per-

clearing the land for          haps cEm wood, it is used
cultivation,                   in making a certain-red
ba:ka:  small meal compar-       dye); the red dye.

able to our "bite to eat;'   be el6o'i  uptown (i. e.,upper
or 'snack,"' not one of        section of townr) .
the usual meals.             bid'ivr  twenty.

76

bollo IIC, ahort, steep

rise of ground.

bomndo I, uncle.                 cako I?-smali pet monkey*
bolo:. VII, certain personal     calerj V, pumpkin.

name (.man' s).               cando   a cry (usually refers
bombile IIIA, certain lit-        to the lamentations,conf-

tle iron, hand musical          nected with ceremonies on
instrument*                     the third day follomning a
bJO: much.                        Rerson's death).

bl: IIC, species of over-       canifey IIIA, friendship.

hanging foliage.              ca'ngullo I, species of small
bo:lel IIA, feather.              catfish.

b3: len IVA, brond-rimmed       cepo6 many times.

felt hat.                     ceyo IIC, fight.

b~imbo: I, pig.                 cck3: IIC, certain kind of

buinde IIIA, cough.               rattle (made of. wood, gourd
btund'un3: I, girl under          and leather; it is used by

training in a secret            the mrn and played in
society.                        threes).

ce le b '3 : I, human baby.

/b t /             cergeleT IIB, sugar-cane.

ccrlgelen VI, single stalk of
4' andela  huge granite           a species of cane (similar

rock with a flat top-.          to the sugar-cane, but not
b'andlko:lTno: 1, pars cn from    sweet).

Sierra Leone.                 ceyo IIC, house.

b ' ando: IIC., house or        cley IIIA, mortar (instrument

bui~lding on secret soci-       in which grain is beaten).
ety's (girls') training-      cl:y IIIA, farm.

center.                       c.i:o/cli :yo I, bush-cow
b'f  Crtch! (or Hold').           (i.e.,buffalo).-

b' i :^|&si short.              clli':nde IIIA, iron (the
bl'ollhe7i IVA, head.             metal).

b 'ondO IIC, secret socie-      cinde IIIA, tooth.

ty's (girls') training-       cro: IIIB, town.
center.                      cyo: I, slave.

b'o I:ndo IIC., conforoned,     c3:ye IIIA, stump of a tree.

meeting.                      coco  quick.

b'61   banana*.                 colo  last-night.
b'o1; : IIG, bag.               cocoey IIIhA  lip.
b'z:le: -peacock-green.         cokanco: I, toad.

b'3:l1Tj V, species of mush-    com  Teach. (or Show!).

room (dry-season mush-        condey   song.

room, does not grow in        collgo II0, shoulder.

clusters,.wide, tall).        coo:  up (by means of power
btulo'1: IIC, horn (musical       other than one's own).

instrument.).'                cbo: ler hA, small cowwo tree;
b'ulk: VII, certain person-       a branch of the cowwo tree.

al name (woman's).            copnio: I, tree-squirrel.
b'tilo: 110, ceve.              cowwo I, possom.

77

cowwo I, species of tree                    /d

(its leaves are used to

make a black dye).,           d' an  an area ten or f ifteen
.co:co  up (by means of           miles away from town where

one's own power).               a few families are settled;
<o  Bury! (e.g., co ndui          it is not considered a

Bury him!).                     real town.

co  fat, thick.                 d' alaa: IID, valley.
con  Stick' (the object has     d'embo: IIC, abdomen.

to be flung, e.g., con        d'e:mbu  a lick.

ndii Stick itfl')-.           dt'#lo: I, chigger.
cu  Chew!  e.g., cii mOm3:      d'?lo:1 , cow-fly.

Chew [the) rice.'             dv' 5mbo: to converse.

cunmb~a: young (referring       d1'4i:l er  this morning.

to age-cless).                d'irnd6 iic, whorl.
ocillo/cwillo It porcupine.         ripe.

cuido6: dust.                   d'I:  Pile!   e~g.,. d't: len
ondo: I, owl.                    Pile   it on the] ground,

cindd  Sing!'                   d'.l:em  day after tomorrow.
cunndo  smell.                  d'o:ma: IID, gown, shirt.
cuo:  to beat (as in hit-       d ':suno: I, hunter.

ting).                        d'luko: VII, the Kisi name for
cuo: IIC, spoon.                  Monrovia.

cuey IIIA  ax.                  d'umboey  clay pot for cool-
cilndo/cwlndo I, goat#            ing wrter; certain wind

cuvMo:  to throw down.            fnusical instrument made of
ctiPw:  to down a person in       clay.

wrestling.                    d 'tmboey  knot of a tree.
ou:  Bring [it to met3! (the    d'lund6 IIIA, fish-hook.

verb implies motion).
cwa  Take'

crv,:leie IIB, drop or little

bit of oil.                   fala VII, the nanr for the
CWC:1?r1  tonight.                fifth son.

cwl Grind!   e.g., owl k6Tl     fariga:  LID, crowd.

Grind that:'                  fayia VII, the name for the

sixth son.

/d/               ?ffo: IIC, eave of a house.

feo:ya: lID, underbrush; sea-

dond3: IIC, hoe; canoe*           son for clearing the under-
dgulleng  drgle      IIA,         brush; (in plural) farms

live coal.                      whiich have been cleared of
du.o: I1, doorway.               underbrush.

dio:  eating.                   f Innde VII, the name for the
de.wr:  red.                      third daughter.

d4ku:o I, duck.                 fof616: 1IC, empty turtle,

du VII, the name of a cer-       snail, crab, etc., shell.

tain river in Liberia.        f lo : 11C, canyon.

78

fblo: I, species of fish           feastivity (at baby's Birth,

(its colors are black            return of someone from long
and brown or brown and           trip, otc., not ncccssarily
white ) .                        accompanied by a feast.) .

fblbob'o: IIC, mat made          gb'**gb'Oy6 11., stool (spaci-

from the pith of the             fic ob act).

raffia-palm.                   gb'opngb'  IIC, stool (in-
fulo6: IIC, dowry.                 definite objoct)'J

fundon IVA, cotton boll,         gb'6:la:  IID, tall, mature

cotton bush, or portion          oil-palm tree.

of seeded cotton.              gbtl~e  gbtla VII, certain por-

sonal n-amc (mran's).
/g/                 9b'l: IIC. chair*

gb':gb1 :~^.p-articlo which
gangC: IID, very large mat         omphaoizo$. possession.

made from raffia-palm          g)'6gb'6p:o 110, small
branches.                        private farm.

gb'okogb'okogb'oko   an excla-
/gb'/                   mation of wonder at some-

/                   tihing almost beyond belief.
gb'a  exclamation of doubt.      gb'or  Oh,

gb'aka: VII, certain par-        gb.'ukulo VII, the nrinc of a

snal name (man's).               cxrtain Liberian town.
gb'ana VII, honorary name        gb'tikuo IIC, mumps.

given to tho first wo-

man to be initiated into                  /h/
a secret society.

gb'and3 VII, th1  Gbandi         halamlelka  {od; heavon

tribe.                           (see m0lka) .
gb'andllo VII, a certain         haw  today.

town.                          hoe:mndo II0., gourd.

gb'lndlno: I, Gbandi person.     hQndo: IIC, abscess, swelling.
gb' anilweo:ndone IVA, swaot-    hellc IIlA, salt.

potato.                        hinf  Lie down5

gb'anfja: IID  (a bunch or      hAllo IVA, mushroom (in-

potfull of ) potato              definite object, no ref-
greens.                          cronce to its species).

gb'algb'a: I:D, ce~stain         hbo: IIC, farm after thj3 main

.type of mat .                    crop has boen harvostod.

gbnato:loTI V, a certain do-     holtoin IVA, mushroom (spoci-

coratod leather whip, for-       fic object, no reference to
morly used on human beings       its s icies)..

but now. only ornamental.      hbyo IILA, wind; cold.
gb'htuie:yo  imported            holla  face.

machete.                       holton IIA, eye.

gb'a:ndo IIIA, side of the       hino:  to blovi a wind

face.                            (musical) instrument.
gbla:ssal6i IIB, okra.           hul1: to blow.
gb'l: TIC, bed: ( thc gn-        humb   wh it .

o~a1ized term).                hundo 110, swamp.
gb enjo: 110, gnenral            htino:  to come.

79

h3: ey IIIA, t OMr.              k4ndo:  good.

kefna -r, uncle.

/3/                   ke.sey IIIA, ne ck.

-keiwo 11C, bow (the weapon).
jawa: VII, certain personal      Ida  Give Lit to mej

name (man ' s)                 klallo I, deer.,

Jegcmeyo IVB, Jamaican           klendO: *to pick.   ,

banana.                       kindo:   to tighrten a drum.

kio:leri IVA, silk kerchief.

-ksey; IITE, pepper "(the vege-

table).

kaa: IID, attic.                 klslno: I, I~isi person.

kia: IIB, dye.                   klama:len IVA, certain musical
kaka  very much,                   string instrument.
kala:  to love.                  koko: IIC, skull.

kana: elphant.                  kbla: IIID, cloth.

kamba: IID, certain: type of     kbli VII, certain personal

basket (usually large and        name ( manc's) 8e.

wide).                         k61kolilen VI, single stalk
kambe,:o TIC, basket.              of a certain species of

kando: IIC, circular stick         straw (similar to the cane

to which is attached a           but'hav.,ng a non-segmented.
certain kind of fish nete.       hollow center).

kand3o:  to start.               kolio:  Thiirsday market-day
ka'*ny IIIA, si lver money.        in Gbandi area.

k6.ngb'o: I, pigion.            kbllb IVB, kola nut.

ka6ngo: IIC, deep-set aye.      kblo:   brownish matter taken
kangwh (plural), termites.        off of rice in process of
kasa  species of rat (brown-      polishing.

ish-red in coloring, lives    k   anda: lID, temprary farm.

in marshy land).'               set up apart from the village.
kawwe IIIA, bean.               k6ndo IIC, door.

k~awwe III, smoking-pipe.       k6nd6: 110, elevated shelter
kaya: lID, cartain kind of        for chickens or goats; the

baske3t used by' women in       name of a particular secret
f ishing*                       society.

kende IIIA, canoo-like. wood-   k&1g116 neIC, corner.

en. drum; seven-stick wood-   kbnolllo I, rooster.

en "'xylophone. '1            kotogb'blblei1 IIA, testicle.
konden IIB, snake; arrow.       koweyo IC, shoe.

kendo  strong.                  k6:k6: IIC, scarf; funnel.
ke:a VII, the name of a cer-    ko:wa:  to crow.

tain river in Kisi terri-     ko:a: (plural) IIB, blood;
t ory.                          medi c ine.

kee:len IIB, raffia-palm        k3  Walk e away

branch without leaves.         k3o:len IVA, skin (oh a per-
keic;ndo I, squirrel.             son).

kSkula. VII, certain personal   ka~fy3: IIC, iron, pot.

name (man's).                 kSfo: 1C1, baggage trunk.

k^lezr II, ring. kTl1 VII, certain personal name
kem~bey IIIA,- nut.               (man' s).@

80

k'Ollo IIC, heart .              13o:  horn (of an animal).
kamnde  fiber made from the      liwa: wet.

palm tree.                     l{:ndo   I, species of bird
kondo I, species of large          (very small, eats the

catfish.                         cultivatod rico).

korn  Shake' e.g., krn' wala:    lomndeTq IVA, human penis; tail.

Shake Ethe] mat      '         1lb: IIC thigh."

k3fgo: IIC, river-bank.          lembo: IIC, trousers   (singu-
ka:  species of snake (brown       lar).

in coloring, poisonous).       lrno: I, rabbit.

kk: IIC, bacl.                   lDo:  to strike, hit, flog.
ka :so  behind; lrn: iIC, market .

ka:so: IIC, chronic illness.     lo:kwe  when, at what time?
kutey IILA, heart of the oil-    lum IIh, plaza; area outside

palm flower.                     of the town where children
kuleyl V, yam   g                  usually play.

kuheny IIIA,    large feast to   liumbo: IIC, raffia-palm.

horlor the dead; large         lumnde IIIA, very deep spot
feast associated with the        in an expanse of water

secret societies.                (e.g., river, lake, sea,
kuao: IIC, seed.                   etc.).

kuimbayukunz: I, Buzi person.   lAmndo I, very large child.
kunnde IIIh, smoke.              ltm.: burning.
kuinda: IID, heap , group,

aggregat ion.                               /m/
kuu:ndo IIC, bundle of five

to seven ballarn tied to-      maa: IID, term covering car-
gether.                          tain 'sins' committed by
)kku:Soey IIIA, razor.             men (e.g., peeking on wo-
ku:o IIC, cheek.                   men's ''bush-school'?

kwe:o: IIC, debt.               mallo I, species of worm (used
kwiya: stale rice*                 as bait in fishing).
kwi:o I, alligator.&-            mama  gran4dkthi

manicia: IID, 6hief.'s farm.
/2/                    masa: chief,.

ma:loy grain of rice..,
labelano: I, Liberian persone   mbllio TIC, bass drum.

lakan  year before last.        mbo:ya: IID, (watery) soup.
lamndo IIC, gravy, stew,        mendo I1C, nosa.

%sovup; cooked greens.         meleka   (same as halam?lcka).
la:pom  last year,.

leb~e'gu under, underneath.      :1nndaTn IIB, breast (ite.
leey IIIA, star.                  mary gland).

lenir  ins idle.                mm  no (an eCclamation).

lA: I, bee.                     mm  yes (an exclamation).

le:len3: I, person from         mosillo IIC, certain kind of

French Guihea.                  hat.

lenderl world, earth, coun-     mo:mndo  dew.

try, pioce Of land.           m6:m6:a cooked rice.
le :ndo IIC, indigenous fl-     rn :y IIA, knife.

chete.*                       mulyyo I, mosquito.

81

mu:   two (in counting).         pnga; IID, farmhouse (not

mwe:a-I (plural) tIB, liquor.      the-permranontrearognized

sleoping-plaoo).

pn/ogey  moon, monthh.

lID,                       prWO/phwwO IIC, sore.
naa.* IIDG, sickness.            pa:loat sun.

naa:ndo: VII, one of th.o        pt:ndo:  old (od hugn beings).

months of the year (the        pa:ewa: IID, pay, salaryr.

informant did not know         plo:  species of vegetation

its Engliih equivalent)..        used as a cooking-vegetable.
naa:rT  fina, beautiful.         pema:len IIA, very small path.
*nanu  hero.                     pembey  hill.

naT  some time ago.             peTrgo: I, housefly.
nain  seasonal .                 pte   IIA, egg.
nnwo I, cattle (in genoral       pewo I, hog.

i.oe., bovine, but singularS.    p:len V, leaf.

nda  tlhere.                     p6:rgo: IIC, flower of the
ndo  mother.                       "cotton-tree."

neyo IIC, road.                  pC:leen  certain kind of rope

ne:ne  who?                        used in climbing palm trees.
nlkw a  now, just.               pcla:  to belch.

n.lob? lo:  species of mush-     pcrngey IIIA, plank of wood

room (known as "rat's-         p.y mpty     e.g., pey kbflyo:
ear' mushrOom in iknglish).      Empty j the] pOt   .

nIler IIA, oar.                  pc: Askl' e.g., pc: nd#    Ask
ni:kcns  Good morning! (a          (or Beg) him [for it3)

greeting)..                    pe :y 'day before yesterday.

plhndo: masculine.
pindyo:  dark.

pio: IIIB, species of tree-
4 :y0: I, cat.                     fruit (looks something
nec:ne  anything.                  like a pbanutV.

/.    pia   rain'

plyo: II, river.

planden IVA, bamboo (in gen-
r4ga:  three.                      eral); bamboo fife.

i7gso:so  II0, Sunday market-    pongopongo: I, summer'pigeon.

day'           -                   Ip0: I, boy; buddy ('i.e., term
rlgo: I, brother (younger          of address between males

speaking to older, used in       of the same age).
address).                      pbo:mbq: boy; son.
qol3:  to boil (something).      powwo 1IC,. rock.

Bo:Io:ndo I, bull-frog.          pb:laTn (plural) 11B, human

excretion.

/o/                   pO:   far, high .

pAo:  palm cabbage.
ow  Ouch!  (an (xclamation).     p   ando:  to sew.

powb/pbwwb IIC, white clay;
/p/ b        ..        vpoplar tree.

puce:ndo/pwe:ndo I, spe3cies
paa: lID, bone.   -                of striped rat.

82

pule  soft spot on baby's          wrapped with beads, used

head.                            by tho women)#.

pulen IIIC, piece of intes-      sokono: I, modicino-man

tine.                            (witch-doctor).

pulen V, navel.                  sbla:   to defecate,
ppler  strip of cloth.           sondb: IIC, mouth.
pulo:  dirt.                     soo: J4 horse.

ptindoo:  to make a paste by     so:ndo   1IC, hol-e.

mashing leaves in wqater       s lol: I, species 'of frog.

or wine.                       sondokolo: I, very small vil-
puso: IIC, ant-hill.               lage made up of farm houses*
putar  ashes.                    soo: I, chicken.

pu:lu, abroad, "?western*        suexr IIIA, finger.

pu.,ndulein root.                suka: IID, species of tree
pwe:n Forge'tS e.g., pW?:T         (it is used in making a

k6   Forget that'                brown dye).

stimndo IVB, blacksmith trade.
/r/                   sujo: 1, blacksmithh.

sundo IIC, pestle.

rande  mountain.                 sunsurl  now, very soon.

sumuno: I, boy under training

in a secret society.

susa: to cook something
saa:  sheep.                       wrapped in leaves.
sang  straight.                  susu:o I, crocodilo.

san.o: II, bottle.               s uu:ndo: I, species of rat
sariga  tired.                     (it has a very pointed
saigb'&: IID, certain up-         Oface and strong odor).

right drum.                    suu:ndo: IIC, tho front part
sayale'r I, single stalk of        of tho panis.

. elephant-grass.               suo I, fish.
sa: VII, name for the first

son.

sa: saa: IID, fences

sa:sa: lID, chicken-basket.     taa:ndo T, tobacco, snuff.

sendo I, louse.                 ta:gb'ha: IID, thoracic chest.
sesendo I, ant.                 takala: IDI, box of matches;
sller1   rainy-season.           match.

salemndo 1, guinea-fowl.         tallo 11C, bridge.

slando I, driver-ant.            tambba: IID, certain musical
slana:/syavna:  [to be a]          instrument.

permanent red.                 tamb ta:siey IlA, tomato.
sbcnde  beard .                  tambillb I, leopard .

sha: fiber made from tha         ta6ndapollo I, butterfly.

raffia-palm.                   ta: laa: lID, goulrd cut in half
s{'rgb'io: I, species of hawk      (horizontally)- to servot as

(small, speckled),              a utensil in eating.
slya VII, name of the first     tb:s~tey IIA, proverb.

daughter.                      tena  aunt.

slyo: II   grave; a certain     thbgleo:  burnt wood.

rattle rmade of a gourd,       teww   space left when tooth

83

ftll8 out.      w(r1: I, species of bird' (sim-
taey ildA, peanut (kernel          ilar in T pearance to the

v and shell ) .                  North American quail).
teimblo:  rapo.                  wo:ndb  bad, unpleasant.
teney IIIA, grain of sand.       wle'r1 hA, krnee.
t490gD: IIC, torch.

t~lwo II0  rice-stubbl                        /y/ o.
t      lnda: III;, -walking-stick,

tA:ndo I10, any long dis-        yblha: IID, net.

tance betwepn two points.      yanbalen V, cassava.

tbnrgo: I1C, ourt-houso.        yaro:  to set (something).
t~rngo: 1, ziophew.              y&w  Cook
torno4  to fry.

twa   lD   a                     yawlerl IVA, belt.

towa: IID, a musical in~         yawo 11, paper, leather, skin.

strumont with seven            ya:yey IIE,- indigenous, jingling
strings cOmparablo to the        onklet.

guitar.                        yao:wby IIE, onion.

to:nma: lID, the name of a       ye:gbtAndlo: IIC, gun.

certain secret sooiety.        ye: la  sweet.

to  ten.                         ye :nde n IVA, hair; f ire.

t gb'o  I, baboon.               y:ye IlA, rice-seed for
tomndo I, monkey.                  planting.

tuiru  Spit '                   yblal dance, dancing.

tuil6  Urinatoe'                 ybmndo IVB, green tree; dry
tumbh VII, honorary name           wood.

,given to a man who has        ybm=:  to break something which
finished bush-school             is solid (e.g., stick, bone,
training                         metal, rock, etc.).
tJndo I, dog.,                   ybndo: IIC, bush.
tundu# Bend! e.g., tuindu        yb:leri V, rope.

yomndo  Bend [the' stickL      yondo IIA, buttock; gift .which
tweyo:  to hear or listen;         oomes from a distant place.

to wash (something other       yo:so: 1IC, middle-aged oil-
than clothes).                   palm; bolt of yarn.

tweyo.: to roast (somethi3ng).   yu~o: IICo family; (in plural)
twlyo:. to dig (with fingers       the offspring of plural

or paws like a. dog or           wives; hearth (groulp of three
poss   aium).                   stones    ingthe cnter of   which

is built the fire for cook-
/w/              ~~~~ing ).
wa^a: planting with. a hoe.
wala: IID, mat.

wallo 110, work.
wana what ?

4-na:wana  anybody.

wawo IIB, oil-palm tree.
w4:nderi IVA, nest.
wesa  dry.

wb.stiey meat .
wb sw  ugly.

84

ENDNOTES

(1)  For a general introduction to the writer's study

of Kisi see "A Provisional Phonemic Analysis of
Kisi," KASP, No. 2, pp. 89-102.

(2)  For syntactic reasons the proper nouns., which have

no such suffixes, are also incorporated ihto this
form class.

(3)  There was insufficient data to determine the "parts

of speech" with precision. There seem to be-in
addition to the nouns-verbs, possessive and non-
possessive pronouns, adjectives, and particles.

(4) Abbreviations and symbols used in this article are

the following: S(singular),s P (plural), M (modified),
NM (non-modified), -Z (zero suffix), v or V (vowel),

(morphologically alternating with).

(5)  There is some non-obligatory syntacto-phonemic

change. Stem-final consonants assimilate to the

point of articulation of the post-posed attributive.
Assimilation is often absent in slow utterances.
(6)  The diagonal bar separates two recordings of the

same word. wlords thus indicated seem to be free
variations. 'Where words have been reconstructed

from the data without having been checked with the
informant, the reconstruction has been indicated

with the symbol Cr) . Sometimes the original tran-
scription is also given.

(7)  There are a few forms so much at variance with the

others that it would be unwise to set them up in

separate classes. Perhaps their transcription was
inaccurate.

85

ANNOUNCEMENTS OF MEETINGS

The Kroeber Anthropological Society in the past has occasionally
sent notices of meetings to all its members.  However, owing to the

increase in the post card rate, this policy has been abandoned.   In the
future, only members living~within the San Francisoo Bay area will re-

ceive post cards. Other members may find information concerring recent
meetings of the Society in this terminal section of the Papery

The topic, speaker, and date of all meetings of the Society since
November, 1951, follows.  Other tnlks of anthropological interest are

also noted. Should any other anthropological society wish to submit the
requisite information concerning their meetings, the Society will gladly
include it in the next listing.

Kroeber Anthropological Society
Topic:    "Leslie White end Evolutionism."

Speaker:  Dr. Kenneth Bock, Assistant Professor of Sociology and Social

Institutions, University of California.
Date:     December 14, 1951.

Topic:    "A Sociological Analysis of Race Relations."

Speaker:  Dr. Tamotsu Shibutani', Assistant Professor of Sociology and

Social Institutions, University of California.
Date:     January .11, 1952.

Topic:    "San Juan Ltzingo-a mountain village of Central Mexico." (I1lus.)
Speaker:  Mr. John Bushnell, Graduate student, Department of Anthropology,

University of California.
Date,     February 29, 1952.

Kroeber Anthropological Society

and

Anthropology Discussion Group,

University of California

Topic:    "Problems of Modernization in Southern Turkey." (Illus.)

Speaker:  Dr. W1olfram Eberhard, Associate Professor of Sociology and

Social Institutions, University of California.
Date:     Mlarch 27, 1952.

Topics    'Japan, with a Peek at the Future." (Illus.)

Speaker:  Dr. Ronald Olson, Professor of Anthropology, University of

Californio.

Dete:     April 11, 1952.

Anthropology Discussion Group,

University of California

Topic:    "The A~frican Bushman." (Films and slides.)

Speakers Mr. Thomas Larson, Graduate student, University of Capetown,

South Africa.

Date:     March 12, 1952.

87