Chapter 5 NA Heiau o Kahikinui: The Temples of Kahikinui Michael J. Kolb and Erika C. Radewagen Introduction 1\ The Hawaiian heiau or temple is a marvel of stone architecture. Each rock face or wall is built from unhewn and amorphous pieces of basalt rock, yet they are inter- locked in a such a complex way that gravity rather than mortar holds them together. Every heiau temple is also unique in stylistic detail and arrangement of internal features. The desire of the temple architect, or kihuna kuikuhipu uone, was to create a totally new architectural layout using the local topography and combinations of older temple styles in order to design for his chief something unique and unlike any previously built structure. This stylistic variation makes the heiau different from all other types of ceremonial architecture found in Polynesia. The temples of Maui are also unique, since the Maui chiefs reached a pinnacle of monumental construction. The massive Pi'ilanihale Heiau in Hana, the impressive temple complex at Haleki'i Pi'ihana in Wailuku, the rock-lined king's trail that circumscribed the island; all exhibit a certain dedication and commitment to monumental buildings unrivaled elsewhere in the Hawaiian archipelago. This chapter sets out to accomplish a number of objectives. On the most pragmatic level, we want to document and describe each heiau found to date in Kahikinui. These temples, described both in early ethnohistoric records and by modem archaeologists, are well preserved given the relatively arid and isolated nature of Kahikinui. Although they may appear collapsed and forlomn in their currently abandoned state, their stones still whisper sublime tales about the past for those who pause to listen. We hope that by documenting each temple location and design, we might at least begin to tell the story of their use and function. Another important objective is to examine these temples as an integrated whole. Few opportunities exist to examine the temples of an entire district because in 62 NA Mea Kahiko oKahikinul most other areas of Hawai'i there has been complete or piece- grown vegetation. The goal of mapping was to get an meal development, obliterating sites. The temples of Kahikinui approximate idea as to the labor involved in temple construc- have been preserved relatively intact, and represent an ideal tion, and to map unique stylistic components. corpus of sites for understanding how and why temples were placed where they are. It is with these ideas in mind that we Excavatons seek to understand the role of temples in the ancient Kahikinui The majority of excavations were undertaken during community. Kahikinui is an extremely large and diverse tract the summer of 1996, under the aegis of the Northern Illinois of land, and by beginning to understand district-scale settle- University field school. The excavation crew consisted of six ment patterns of religious architecture, we can start to field school students and three graduate assistants. A total of understand the broader scope of temple use in Hawai'i. ten temples were excavated over the course of the six-week A third objective is to discuss temple function by field school. They were located in the three different ahupua'a describing the preliminary excavations of ten heiau undertaken (Nakaaha, Luala'ilua, and Kipapa), and consisted of large and during the summer of 1996. Archaeological excavations can small temples, mountain and coastal locations, and a variety of help us to understand how these temples functioned in the architectural designs. Four of these structures (Nakaaha Heiau, context of their Hawaiian communities, and the role they Sites 3847, 4247, and 4366) are located in either the road played in the rise of Hawaiian civilization. We do this by corridor or in the proposed area of homestead lots under making a series of preliminary observations on the placement development at the time of this writing. Site 4279 is located of Kahikinui's heiau sites and some of the associated activities close to the homestead lot boundary. Site 175 (Kahikinui and construction styles associated with them. House Heiau) is located near St. Ynez Church on Highway 31, We hope that this chapter will provide a useful tool Koholuapapa Heiau and the Kahu's House are near Luala'ilua for further archaeological and historical research, not only for Hills, and Sites 183 and 184 are located in the coastal section Ka 'Ohana 0 Kahikinui, but for any who are interested in of Luala'ilua. Kahikinui. We would certainly wish to encourage any A total of 40 test units, usually 1 x 1 m squares, were individuals from outside of our discipline, or whose interest laid out and excavated. For each excavation test unit, the rocks lies outside Kahikinui, to seek what utility from this chapter were slowly removed to reveal the underlying dirt and stones. that they may. Any midden (shell or bone debris), coral pieces, or artifacts (e.g., adz pieces) found were removed and documented. At the Scope of Work end of excavation, the rocks and coral taken from each of these units were counted, weighed, and reburied in their original Survey positions. All the stone artifacts have been classified, counted, Archaeological survey represents the first step of and are being curated by the State Historic Preservation research and is meant to identify all existing medium- and Division, Maui branch office. Once each test unit was large-scale heiau within Kahikinui District. Survey data were completed, we proceeded to replace all the dirt and rocks to compiled from previous archaeological research, starting with minimize the appearance of disturbance. The numbers in archaeological and ethnohistoric inventories from the begin- parentheses after each feature correspond to the test unit in ning of this century by Thomas G. Thrum (1907, 1909, 1917, which they were discovered. and 1918) and Winslow Walker (1931). Additional sources Our specific excavation goals were to: included Kolb's Ni Heiau o Maui research program, the * Examine the relationships between differing styles of Department of Hawaiian Home Lands aerial survey undertaken architecture or visible architectural components (e.g., by Hal Hammatt (Hammatt and Folk 1994), and concurrent wall foundations, pavements, and platforms, by research projects directed by Boyd Dixon and Patrick Kirch focusing on areas where these different components (Dixon et al., 1996; Kirch and Van Gilder 1995; see Chapters 2 join). and 3, this volume). * Identify earlier structural components in order to gain A current tally of Kahikinui temples now numbers 26 some insight into the growth and methods Of individual sites. The majority of these temples have been construction of each heiau temple. visited in 1989, January 1994, or thle summer of 1996. Detailed * Identify the material used in construction for all tape and compass maps were made of those temples that were building episodes. visited, while a number of more detailed plane table maps were * Locate and catalog artifacts, debris, and other made in 1996 after many of the sites were cleared of over- material culture. Temples of Kahikinui 63 * Determine the function of different activity areas by ascribed by "old-timers" whom Thrum or Walker came in examining existing features and material culture. contact with. We also provide for each temple an approximate * Recover suitable datable materials such as charcoal, size, architectural form, and an age estimate based on absolute or volcanic glass. radiocarbon dates, or on general architectural style. * Determine the approximate volume of stone used in These 26 heiau are distributed within the nine construction. ahupua'a of Kahikinui. Each community contains at least one * Replace all removed rock to its exact location. heiau, while KIpapa contains at least seven. Heiau sizes range from 25 m to 1593 m in internal ritual area, and from 54 m to The Kahikinui Temples 1,854 m in total area. Several different heiau forms are represented in Kahikinui: enclosures, notched enclosures, Twenty-six temples have been identified (Table 5.1). platforms, notched platforms, enclosure and pavements, Each temple is located in a specific community or ahupua'a, multiple terraces, and notched walled terraces. Notching is a and has been assigned a specific site number by either the State particular Maui architectural style, with about 40 percent of all of Hawai'i, or by archaeologists working in Kahikinui (Figure Maui heiau being notched. A "notched" shape is a six-sided 5.1). Site numbers given here are those of the State Inventory polygon; that is, a rectangle with a corner removed so that it of Historic Places. Other numbers are derived from Chapman resembles a thick L-shape. Each heiau may also possess a and Kirch's 1966 survey (which used the Bishop Museum specific age range, based upon radiocarbon dating or upon system), the 1994 aerial survey by Cultural Surveys, and the architectural design; for example, excavations from other heiau 1995-96 University of California Berkeley survey undertaken around Maui indicate that the notched design begin to appear by Kirch and Van Gilder (which continues the Chapman-Kirch after about A.D. 1650 (Kolb 1992). numbering series). Some temples also possess names, usually During our first field season in 1996 we were able to Table 5.1 The surveyed temples of Kahikinui. KTpapa Internal Site' Name Community Area Form Age Estimate2 4279 Unknown Nakaaha 1258 double notched enclosure A.D. 1500-1820 1387 Kahu's House Luala'ilua 653 notched enclosure A.D. 1850-1920 1386 Koholuapapa Luala'ilua 601 notched wall terrace A.D. 1300-1820 172 Kamoamoa Mahamenui 461 notched platform ca. 1650? 4361 Unknown Nakaohu 456 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 3858 Unknown Klipapa 400 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4365 Unknown Nakaohu 400 multiple terrace unknown 1157 Luala'ilua 2 Luala'ilua 389 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4247 Unknown Nakaohu 299 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 178 Wailapa Alena 288 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4360 Unknown Nakaohu 287 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 181 Kahikinui 3 KMpapa 266 multiple enclosure multiple building episodes 175 Kahikinui 1 Klipapa 242 multiple terrace A.D. 1665-1820 183 Kaluakakalioa Luala'ilua 189 enclosure unknown 4366 Unkown Kipapa 161 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 187 Makee Auwahi 160 platform unknown 1156 Nakaaha Nakaaha 144 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4364 Unknown Klpapa 154 notched enclosure ta. 1650? 177 Kahikinui 2 Kipapa 135 enclosure with terrace multiple building episodes 4362 Unknown Klipapa 132 enclosure unknown? 170 Mahamenui Mahamenui 115 enclosure unknown? 180 Kepalaloa Luala'ilua 78 enclosure unknown? 3847 Unknown Nakaohu 60 enclosure and pavement multiple building episodes 182 Luala'ilua 1 Luala'ilua 33 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 184 Unknown Luala'ilua 25 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 1 Site Number is the State Inventory of Historic Places number (#50-50-15). 2 Site age was determined by radiocarbon dating, the presence/absense of post-contact artifacts, and architectural design. 64 Ni Msea Kahiko a Kahikinui E 0 -c CO 0 C) 0~~~~~~~~~ V)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U <~~~~~~~L Temples of Kahikinul 65 place test excavations in ten of the 26 heiau temples (Table Approximate internal area: 33 m2 5.1). Sites excavated are located in Luala'ilua, Nakaaha, Age: ca. A.D. 1650 because of its notching Nakaohu, and KTpapa ahupua'a. The survey and excavated Excavations: none sites are now discussed in geographic order from west ('Ulupalakua side) to east (Kaupo side). Luala'ilua 1 Heiau was named by Walker in 1931. It is a small enclosure of the notched variety, located along the Auwahi Ahupua'a upland side of Luala'ilua Hills, along the old trail that ran Site: 50-50-15-187 (Makee Heiau) between Kaup6 and 'Ulupalakua. The north half of the Location: Auwahi, coast structure is paved with waterworn and clinker ('ili'ili and aa) Other site numbers: Walker Site 187 pebbles. Architectural style: platform with attached enclosure Approximate internal area: 160 m2 Site: 50-50-15-183 (Kaluakakalioa Helau) Age: unknown, but appears to be of multiple Location: Luala'ilua, coast building episodes Other site numbers: Walker Site 183 Excavations: none Architectural style: square enclosure Approximate internal area: 189 m2 Makee Heiau is a small platform with an attached Age: radiocarbon date is modem, but no post- enclosing wall to the upland side. It was first noted by Walker contact material culture found during his 1931 survey. It is located within the coastal village Excavations: test units 31-32, 37, approximately 4 m2 of Makee, and is about 160 m2 in size. Walker noted a large niche or tunnel extending underneath the platform; this tunnel Site 183 is a large square enclosure located along the has since collapsed. jeep trail in the south side of Luala'ilua (Figure 5.2). It has large thick walls with large interior paving stones. Site 183 is Luala'llua Ahupua'a one of only two coastal sites to be excavated in the time Site: 50-50-15-1164-180 (Kepala'oa Heiau) available. Location: Luala'ilua, coast A total of 4 m2 was excavated in a two-day period of Other site numbers: Walker Site 180 coastal investigation during the summer of 1996. Only one Architectural style: enclosure feature, a burn episode (32), was located within the site. Approximate internal area: 78 m2 Material culture recovered includes shellfish fragments, coral, Age: unknown bone, an adz fragment, a drilled coral piece, and 'ili'ili gravel. Excavations: none The bum episode contained sizable amounts of bone, shell, and coral. None of the materials appeared to be charred. Radiocar- Kepala'oa Heiau is a small enclosure type heiau, first bon dating samples for the site were taken from the single bum noted by Walker during his 1931 survO. It is located along the episode. coast in Luala'ilua, near a little gully at a place called Kepala'oa. The enclosure is about 78 m2 in size. Walker noted Site: 50-50-15-1164-184 (Unknown) the remains of two wooden towers in the two upland comers of Location: Luala'ilua, coast the enclosure. Each was 2 m in height and had a tiny platform Other site numbers: Walker Site 184 on top. He also noted some coral on the floor. Architectural style: notched enclosure The proximity to the coast suggests Kepala'oa may Approximate internal area: 25 m2 have served as a fishing shrine (ko'a). If the wooden structures Age: not dated; ca. A.D. 1650 due to its were towers, however, Kepala'oa Heiau would have served as notched shape an agricultural heiau since Hale o Lono temples usually had Excavations: test unit 38, 1 m2 two separate towers. Their short height, however, may suggest they served as altars (lele) instead. Site 184 is located approximately 45 m from the shore. Walker describes this site as a small notched fishing Site: 50-50-15-182 (Luala'ilua 1 Helau) (ka'ula) shrine built of basalt slab walls. There is a coral step- Location: Luala'ilua Hills terrace in the north end of the structure. A total of 1 m2 was Other site numbers : Walker Site 182 excavated in the shrine's interior. Because Site 184 was built Architectural style: notched enclosure upon a pahoehoe lava flow, subsurface deposits were minimal. 66 NA Mea Kahiko oKahikinul Figure 5.2 Photograph of Site 183 facing upsiope. Bits of coral, bone, shell, and charcoal were recovered. Walker Approximate internal area: 601 m2 (1931) noted small bits of sea urchin and shell. Age: A.D. 1260 and later Excavations: test units 19-30, approximately 13.5 m2 Site: 50-50-15-1157 (Name: Luala'liua 2 Helau) Location: Luala'ilua, "barren zone" Koholuapapa was first mentioned by Winslow Other site numbers: none Walker in 193 1, who notes the site's complexity and size. Architectural style: notched enclosure Walker described not only Koholuapapa, but also a nearby Approximate internal area: 389 r2 "kahu's house" (Figure 5.3). Architecturally, this site is Age: not dated; ca. A.D. 1650 based on its complex with four building episodes. The first episode is a notched shape small, raised platform constructed on a bedrock outcrop which Excavations: none includes a collapsed lava tube. The second episode of the temple's construction consists of a terr ace facing on the south Luala'ilua 2 Heiau was first identified during the side. The third construction episode is a notched enclosure statewide archaeological inventory of 1973. It is located in the addition north of the original platform. Finally, a post-contact rugged "barren" zone between the coast and the highway, upon animal enclosure, similar in style to the post-contact walls of a lava flow. It is a three-walled enclosure style heiau placed Site 1387, was placed off the north wall of the notched against a linear rock outcrop. It has a small notch in its west enclosure. ('Ulupalakua side) wall. It also contains interior terraces. The A total of 13.5 m2 was excavated at Koholuapapa heiau is 389 m2 in size. during the summer of 1996 (Figure 5.4). Three large features &~~~~~~~~~~~~wr locted tw upsds(9,2) n n ae Site 50_-51618 (KhlaaaHu erc la.Mtra utr eoee nldsfs oe Loain ul'luaHil vlani glspgbnbr oe adsalbsl lks Ote st nmer:Wakr ie 8 selishnd aywtron(iiil)soe.A rao Arhietua stl:taewt tahdecoueitniebrnn 1)i oae eidtefcdbdokatr Temples of Kahikinul 67 This may have been the location of the oven house of the The Kahu's House was first identified by Walker in heiau. The second bum episode (29) is a small area that may 1931, but was not mapped or given a site number until the signify an earlier use of the heiau area. The large quantity of 1973 State Inventory of Historic Places. Walker notes that it pig bone recovered from the site, and the architectural may have served as a place of residence for a temple caretaker similarities to two other Maui luakini heiau previously (kahu) because of its proximity to the sacrificial temple excavated by Kolb (1991), suggest that Koholuapapa was Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386) and because of the variety of eventually converted to a luakini war temple. post-contact midden strewn over the site. The Kahu's House Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from each of consists of a raised slab-lined living platform with an attached the building episodes, excluding the post-contact portion. The structure and a wall facing to the east. earliest radiocarbon date, from the altar area, dated to A.D. No excavations were undertaken at this site because 1260-1425. The three dates correspond with the architectural of its ample surface finds (Figure 5.5). Only one major feature chronology. was located: a refuse pit filled with glass, ceramics, limpet shells, and bone. Pieces of diagnostic glass and ceramics were Site: 50-50-15-186-1387 (Kahu's House) collected for dating during preliminary survey. Most of the Location: Luala'ilua Hills material culture is associated with post-contact occupation Other site numbers: none dating between A.D. 1850 and 1920. It appears the site had Architectural style: notched pa hale style residence already been abandoned by the time of Walker's visit in 1931. Approximate internal area: 653 m2 Age: no need for radiocarbon dating; ca. Alena Ahupua'a A.D. 1850-1920 Site: 50-50-15-178 (Wailapa Heiau) Excavations: none; but surface collected Location: Alena, coast Figure 5.3 Aerial photograph of Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386) and Kahu's House (Site 1387). 68 NA Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui (CATILE ENCLOSURE iLh>L) 0 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~00 C~~~) :q C, . C, 0 C ~ T23 ~ ~ 0 OLLPSE C2 ~ ~~~~ T. 23 3c M UB C ~ CE 4 UCO I 2 4 LULAILA KHIIN 00 0s NA HDAU 0 MAU~~ 1996 0 0?0 * TU2 C~~,,Q (, 0 TU24~~~~~0 >s 0. (CATTLE WALL. HERE) Figure 5.4 Plan-view map of Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386). Other site numbers: none Approximate internal area: 135 m2 Architectural style: notched enclosure Age: unknown; multiple building episodes Approximate internal area: 288 m2 Excavations: none Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 due to the notching Site 177 is an enclosure style heiau with an adjoining Excavations: none terrace. It was first noted by Walker in 1931. It is located along the King's Trail in Kipapa, above the area called Wai'apea. The Wailapa Heiau is a small enclosure of the notched entire site is 135 m2 in size. The enclosure's end walls are variety. It was first noted by Walker in 1931, and is located tapered like the eaves of a roof. The enclosure also has a small along thle coast of Alena, in the village of Wailapa. The platform located within. The terrace is set into a nearby outcrop enclosure is about 288 m2 in size. Walker noted that it and has a 3 m stone face. A small paved area separates the possesses two interior paved areas and a small raised platform. enclosure and the terrace. K~papa Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-181 (Kahikinul 3 Heiau) Site: 50-50-15-177 (Kahlkinul 2 Helau) Location: Kipapa, upland Location: Klpapa, coast Other site numbers: Walker Site 181, Chapman- Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 273 Kirch Site 1 Architectural style: enclosure with adjoining terrace Architectural style: multiple enclosure Temples of Kahikinui 69 Approximate internal area: 266 m2 Age: unknown; ca. A.D. 1650 as suggested by its Age: unknown; multiple building episodes notching Excavations: none Excavations: none Site 181 possesses two adjoining enclosures. The site Site 3858 is an enclosure of the notched variety. It was first mapped by Walker in 1931. It is located along the old was discovered and first mapped with plane table by Kirch pipeline trail, and is one of the larger heiau in kahikinui. during the Chapman-Kirch 1996 survey. The enclosure is about 400 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-15-4364 (Unknown) Location: Kipapa Site: 50-50-154362 (Unknown) Other site numbers: Kirch-Van Gilder Site 405 Location: Kipapa Architectural style: notched enclosure Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 75 Approximate internal area: 154 m2 Architectural style: enclosure Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 Approximate internal area: 132 m2 Excavations: none Age: unknown Excavations: none Site 4364 is a notched enclosure style heiau. It was discovered and first mapped by Kirch and Van Gilder in 1995. Site 4362 is a small enclosure style heiau. It was first The enclosure is about 154 m2 in size. mapped by Chapman and Kirch in 1966. The enclosure is about 132 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-15-3858 (Unknown) Location: Klpapa Site: 50-50-154366 (Unknown) Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 188 Location: Kipapa Architectural style: notched enclosure Other site numbers: Kirch-Van Gilder Site 424 Approximate internal area: 400 m2 Architectural style: notched enclosure KAHU'S HOUSE N SIHPfl5O-50-15-186-1387 LUALA'ILUA, KAHIKINUI ____ALL NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 10 METERS Figure 5.5 Plan-view map of Kahu's House (Site 1387). 70 No Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui Approximate internal area: 161 m2 Site: 50-50-154365 (Unknown) Age: not yet dated; probably ca. A.D. 1650 Location: Nakaohu Excavations: test unit 33, approximately 1 m2 Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 410 Architectural style: multiple terrace Site 4366 is a small hale mua style heiau located near Approximate internal area: 400 m2 the upland road corridor, discovered by the U.C. Berkeley team Age: unknown in 1995. It is a single building episode consisting of a notched Excavations: none enclosure. A total of 1 m2 was excavated during the summer of Site 4365 is a heiau constructed with multiple 1996. One feature was located, a burn episode. Material culture terraces. It was located by Chapman and Kirch in 1966, and recovered includes shell, coral, volcanic glass, an adz fragment, mapped by Kirch with plane table and alidade. It is 400 m2 in 'jlj'ili, land snails, bone, basalt flakes, and charcoal. This site size. has not yet been radiocarbon dated. Site: 50-50-154360 (Unknown) Site: 50-50-15-175 (Kahikinui 1) Location: Nakaohu, upland of Kahikinui House Location: Kipapa, below Kahikinui House Other site numbers: CS-I0 1 Other site numbers: Walker 175; Chapman-Kirch Architectural style: notched enclosure It Site 394 Approximate internal area: 287 m2 Architectural style: terraced platform Age: unknown; assumed to be ca. A.D. 1650 Approximate internal area: 242 m2 because of notched style Age: 90 + 70 B.P.; ca. A.D. 1800 Excavations: none Excavations: test units 17-18, approximately 3 m2 Site 4360 is an enclosure of the notched variety This heiau is located along the upland side of the located during the Cultural Surveys aerial reconnaissance of highway and is visible from Highway 31. Walker recorded it in 1994. It is located upslope of CS-1013 and is 287 m2 in area. 1931, and Kirch and Chapman also mapped the site in 1966. The heiau is built upon a large rock outcrop, with two nicely Site: 50-50-15-3847 (Unknown) faced terraces on the coastal side of the structure (Figure 5.6). Location: Nakaohu A total of 3 m2 were excavated at this site during the summer Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 80 of 1996; no features were uncovered during the course of Architectural style: terraced platform excavation. Small traces of midden were found associated with Approximate internal area: 60 m2 charcoal, as were coral, land snails, shellfish, fish bone, and nut Age: not yet dated shell. Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from the Excavations: test unit 35, approximately 2 m2 charcoal found in test unit 17. Site 3847 is a medium-sized double terraced Nakaohu Ahupua'a platform enclosure with pavement that has an area of 60 m2. It Site: 50-50-15-4361 (Unknown) was discovered during the 1966 Chapman-Kirch survey, and Location: Nakaohu, above Kahikinui House mapped by them. A total of 2 m2 was excavated during the Other site numbers: CS-1013 summer of 1996. No features were located during excavation. Architectural style: notched enclosure Minimal traces of material culture were found including burnt Approximate internal area: 456 m2 organic material and bone. One interesting note is that this site Age: unknown; assumed to be ca. A.D. 1650 has a kt plant (Cordylinefruticosa) growing among the facing because of notched style stones. This site has not been radiocarbon dated. Excavations: none Site: 50-50-15-4247 (Unknown) Site 4361 is an enclosure of the notched variety Location: Nakaohu located by the Cultural Surveys aerial reconnaissance (Hammat Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 414 and Folk 1994). It is located above Kahikinui House and is Architectural style: notched enclosure about 456 m2 in size. Approximate internal area: 299 m2 Temples of Kahikinui 71 NUll 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ego t~~ HEIAU BELOW KAHIKINUI HOUSE 09N%> SIHP #50-50-15-1 75 KIPAPA, KAHIKINUI 5 METERS NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1 996 Figure 5.6 Plan-view map of Kahikinui 1 (Site 175). Age: not yet dated; probably ca. A.D. 1650 A total of 2 m2 were excavated during the summer of Excavations: test unit 34, approximately 1 m2 1996. No features were excavated and no material culture, other then charcoal was recovered during excavation. Nakaaha Site 4247 is a small hale mua style heiau located near Heiau has not yet been dated, but its date is estimated at ca. Site 3847. Architecturally, the site is similar to Nakaaha Heiau, A.D. 1800. as it is a notched enclosure that is relatively small. No features were found during excavation. Material culture recovered Site: 50-50-15-4279 (Unknown) includes coral, pig bone, charcoal, and volcanic glass. Site Location: Nakaaha 4247 has not yet been dated, but has been estimated to ca. A.D. Other site numbers : CS-1010 1650 based on stylistic criteria. Architectural style: two notched enclosures Approximate internal area: 1,258 m2 Nakaaha Ahupua'a Age: East enclosure constructed A.D. 1445-1665; Site: 50-50-15-1156 (Nakaaha Helau) west enclosure A.D. 1650 or later Location: Nakaaha, upland Excavations: test units 1-16, approximately 21.75 m2 Other site numbers: none Architectural style: notched enclosure Site 4279 is the largest heiau known in Kahikinui Approximate internal area: 144 m2 district (Figure 5.8). It was first described during the aerial Age: not yet dated survey of 1994 (Hammat and Folk 1994). Walker does not Excavations: test units 39-40, approximately 2 m2 mention this site; Chapman (ins.) observed the large structure and photographed it, but it lay outside the boundaries of the Site 1156 is located to the east (KaupF side) of Site 1966 survey area. We think it is a Hale o Lono temple from the 4279. It was first identified during the 1973 State Inventory of discovery of pig bone and charcoal areas, and from the lack of Historic Places. This site is a small hale mua style heiau general domestic implements inside the structure. consisting of a notched enclosure (Figure 5.7). A total of 21.75 m2 were excavated at Site 4279 72 Na Mea Kahlko o Kahikinul ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ 0 0 NAKA'AHA HEIAU iL, N > SIHP #50-50-15-1156 NAKA'AHA, KAHIKINUI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 5 METERS Figure 5.7 Plan view map of Nakaaha Heiau (Site 1156). during the summer of 1996 (Figure 5.9). A total of three large Architectural style: enclosure features were located; two bum episodes (3, 5) and an imu (11). Approximate internal area: 115 m2 Material culture recovered consists of pig bone, coral, kukui Age: unknown nut, shellfish, adz fragments, basalt flakes, bird bone, sea Excavations: none urchin, land snails, 'ili'ili, a bone awl, a worked shell piece, and a stone abrader. Mahamenui Heiau is a small enclosure style heiau. It An imu feature was uncovered in the smaller was first noted by Walker during his 1931 survey, and is enclosure (to the west of the larger one) under a stone-paved located east (Kaup6 side) of Kepuni Gulch above the highway. floor. The imu contained large amounts of shellfish including The enclosure is about 115 m2 in size. Walker noted that the limpet shell, and sea urchin, as well as some pig and bird bone. south wall is built in three step-terraces. He also suggests a The upland enclosure contained only charcoal which may mean function of a rain temple used for crop fertility, presumably due it was used to bum offerings. 4 its location and small size. Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from both enclosures. According to these dates, the larger enclosure was Site: 50-50-15-172 (Kamoamoa Heiau) built between A.D. 1445-1665 while the smaller enclosure to Location: Mahamenui, at Polo'ae the east was added sometime after A.D. 1660. Other site numbers : Walker 172 Architectural style: notched platform Mahamenul Ahupua'a Approximate internal area: 461 m2 Site: 50-50-15-170 (Mahamenul Heiau) Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 based Location: Mahamenui, near Kepuni Gulch upon notching Other site numbers: Walker 170 Excavations: none Temples of Kahikinui 73 Kamoamoa Heiau is a small platform of the notched wrestling (lua) or see the warriors training for war in more variety. It was first noted by Walker in 1931, and is located east recent times" (Ashdown, n.d.). off the highway. The enclosure is about 115 m2 in area. Walker notes that the structure was converted to a goat pen because it Moomoku and Makapaiki Heiau possesses caves at the back end of the structure. These site names are noted in the Hawaiian Ethno- graphic Notes (turn-of-the-century Hawaiian newspaper Other Heiau accounts translated by Mary K. Pukui, in the Bishop Museum Library). Moomoku and Makapaiki Heiau were also located in There are numerous other references to heiau in Luala'ilua: "Luala'ilua is the ahupua'a. Moomoku the heiau. It Kahikinui. Most of them come from ethnohistoric sources with belonged to the menehune. Makapaiki was the heiau. It no locational records available. None of these have been visited belonged to the gods of this race of human beings. It is by an archaeologist. They may currently exist, but are as yet finished." undocumented. Keahuaiea, Pu'u Kao, and Hoku-kano Heiau Kahuahakamoa Heiau These three heiau names are mentioned by Inez This temple was first mentioned by Thrum (1918). Ashdown (n.d.), and were also said to be located in Luala'ilua. An informant told him it was a heiau of Kahikinui, although No other ethnohistoric information exists for these heiau. Thrum himself did not visit it. Inez Ashdown, in her unpub- Ashdown notes: "Ke-ahu-a-i-ea Heiau is north-west, and closer lished notes on heiau, indicates that Kahuahakamoa was used [than Kahuahakamoa], to Luala'ilua. North of Ke Ahu Aiea is for ceremonies of marriage and that it ". . . is on the the heiau Pu'u Kao; south of there is Hoku-kano, and this is 'Ulupalakua side of the Luala'ilua hills in "Kahikinui" area, also the name of the hill upon which this heiau is standing" and was a paved arena where sportsman gathered to watch (Ashdown, n.d.). S~ ~ ~ ~~Fgr 5.8 Aeia phtgaho ie47,ve otesuh 74 Ni Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui OA v BOULDER H TT6ET5m TU 14 < '- ' ' 4 | TU5 TU14 TUT TU2 TU4 S TEST UNIT t FigST TU #50- 50 15 5 4279 NAKA'AHA, KAH I K I N UI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 Figure 5.9 Plan-view map of Site 4279. St. Ynez Church with its dense vegetation and a rugged coastline, may have Inez Ashdown (n.d.) also notes that the St. Ynez fewer sites due to their inaccessibility. Yet despite an excellent Church, with its incredible view, was built upon an old star- rate of preservation, Kahikinui also has the smallest average gazing heiau. No other information is available on whether or temple size compared to most other districts. Ethnohistorically, not this is true. Kahikinui was not known as a major political center and because of its relatively arid and harsh leeward environment, it Discussion may have been less populated relative to other districts such as Wailuku and Hana. This may account for its relatively smaller- Several preliminary observations can now be made sized temples. regarding the location, distribution, age, and function of the Within Kahikinui itself, the majority of heiau are heiau of Kahikinui. As a whole, these 26 temples represent the located in the uplands. A total of eighteen heiau occur above largest number of preserved temples for any of the twelve Maui the highway as opposed to eight temples in the coastal area. districts (Table 5.2). The reason for this is the arid climate and Local topography of these upland sites consists of a rid plains sparse modemn population of Kahikinui. The lack of develop- tapering from mountain to sea, punctuated with lava outcrops ment in the area is a key factor in the preservation of sites in and finger ridges of hawalite, alkalic olivine basalt, and general. Tourist areas such as Lahaina, or areas under intensive ankaramite. Moderately sloping to steep soils consisting of agricultural production such as Harmakuapoko, are less likely to developed volcanic ash and clinker (aa) lava are well-drained. have as many preserved sites due to intensive commercial Kahikinui is frequently buffeted by strong winds that shear expansion and development. Windward areas, like Kipahulu around Haleakala from the windward side of the island, and is Temples of Kahikinui 75 regularly engulfed with humid cumulus clouds that lay low importance of this region, most likely the district political and against the mountain side and supplement an annual rainfall of population center. This was probably the reason why Pico and 400 mm a year. Since it appears that the majority of archaeo- his wife established Kahikinui House where they did; it is logical sites are located in the uplands, it only makes sense that located at the probable district center. the majority of temples would be found there. Most of these Luala'ilua, in contrast, is covered with newer sites probably served as agricultural heiau, rain heiau, or pahoehoe lava flows and is considerably more rocky and family shrines located about the houses and agricultural sites of barren than Nakaohu. Thus, it is a little more surprising that a the upland peoples. Many, of course, were probably built upon cluster of seven heiau appear here. Three heiau are located in sacred areas such as outcrops, lava tubes, and hilltops. the "barren" lava flows about the coastline, one is found Only four of the twenty-six heiau are located directly directly upon the coast, and three temples are located around on the shoreline. These probably served as fishing shrines, Luala'ilua Hills. The coastal heiau are mostly associated with since fishing played an important role in subsistence. Each of fishing and hale mua functions. The three temples found these coastal heiau are located in a cluster of habitation sites upslope are more difficult to explain, given the fact that few that represent coastal village areas. The largest clusters of other archaeological sites are present in this region. Most heiau occur in the communities of Nakaohu and Luala'ilua. prominent is Koholuapapa Heiau, a possible luakini war The biggest contrast between these two communities is that the temple. The location of Koholuapapa near Luala'ilua, and the cluster of Nakaohu heiau are located within a vast settlement of presence of an arena and other temples mentioned by Inez habitation sites and agricultural features. In contrast, most of Ashdown and others in an area without regular domestic sites, the Luala'ilua temples are located upon rugged lava flows and suggests this area around the Hills had a sacred and spiritual nowhere near community settlements. importance. Nakaohu appears to possess better soil than Luala'ilua, since it consists of a ridge and swale topography Architecture that is ideal for soil collection and sweet potato production. Based upon the site maps, the majority of Kahikinui Nakaohu has eight heiau, one of which is found on the coast. heiau appear to have been built in single building episodes. The remaining sites are concentrated north of the highway. Another five heiau temples appear to have been constructed in Only three of the heiau have been excavated and the results multiple stages. The most complex temples are Site 4279 and indicate that many of the smaller heiau served as hale mua or Koholuapapa Heiau. Both are large temples, and both were men's eating houses. Site 4279, the largest heiau temple within constructed in more than a single building episode. Kahikinui, is located on the edge of the Nakaohu heiau cluster There are nine distinctive architectural styles and is surrounded by a variety of habitation and community represented in Kahikinui: features. This large cluster of heiau in Nakaohu indicates the * 2 multiple-terraces (Nakaohu and Klpapa) Table 5.2 Distribution of surveyed temples by district (areas given in square meters). District Number Average Median Total Site Area Site Area Area Kahikinui 25 286 216 7,441 Kaupo 19 1,223 517 24,458 Hana 16 1,184 307 18,942 Kula 15 448 342 6,720 Honua'ula 14 523 392 7,327 Wailuku 8 1,514 590 12,109 Ko'olau 6 407 351 2,440 Hamakualoa 5 916 1,163 4,579 Ka'anapali 4 1,613 1,819 6,451 Lahaina 3 1,214 844 3,641 Kipahulu 2 4,283 4,283 8,565 Hamakuapoko 0 0 0 0 All Temples 118 924 m2 416 m2 97,414 m2 76 NA Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui * 1 platform (coastal Auwahi) tools on sites and the presence of 'iWiVi&i indicates a possible * 4 enclosures (upland Luala'ilua [2], Mahamenui, pavement or use in religious activities. Charcoal is usually and Klpapa) considered an indication of human activity, unless a natural * 2 multiple enclosures (upland Kipapa) disaster can be associated with a bum feature. Charcoal * 1 enclosure with pavement (upland Nakaohu) deposits can be separated into two categories: domestic or * 1 notched platform (coastal Mahamenui) religious. The presence of charred midden such as coral or * 12 notched enclosures (coastal and upland Luala'ilua bone indicates a possible sacrifice, whereas, bum episodes [4], upland Nakaohu [3], upland Klpapa [3], upland containing unburned midden is considered to have served a Alena, and upland Nakaaha) domestic function such as the imu feature found at Site 4279. * 1 double notched enclosure (upland Nakaaha) The discovery of charcoal is important for determining the * 1 notched walled-terrace (upland Luala'ilua) absolute dates of sites. The most common architectural trait among the Kahikinui temples is the notched shape. A total of fifteen Chronology temples are notched in shape, which is 60 percent of all the Radiocarbon dates have been obtained for five of the Kahikinui temples, higher than the island-wide average. The excavated sites from the 1996 season. Radiocarbon and majority of these notched sites are enclosures, with one double artifactual dates indicate eight separate building phases (Figure notched enclosure, and one walled-terrace, which is a terrace 5.10, Table 5.3). Koholuapapa has three distinct periods of located on its downslope side and a wall on its upslope side. occupation and is currently the oldest site of those dated. Three separate radiocarbon dates have been submitted for this site. Excavation The oldest section of Koholuapapa is also the highest portion The midden materials recovered during our 1996 of the site, a natural outcrop with a faced outcrop altar. A excavations are currently undergoing laboratory analysis. The radiocarbon sample was analyzed from Test Unit 19, near the material culture can be separated into five major categories: face of the rock altar. The radiocarbon date for this portion of bone, stone, shell, coral, and charcoal. Preliminary bone the site is A.D. 1260-1425. Koholuapapa was later expanded analysis indicates the presence of fish, terrestrial mammal, and with the addition of stonework around the collapsed lava tube bird bone on most of the sites. Considerable amounts of shell at on the east (Kaup6 side) end of the site. A radiocarbon date each of the excavated sites supports exploitation of the coastal from Test Unit 26 located near the lava tube indicates that the resources. Coral can be classified in two groups: branch and expansion of Koholuapapa took place as early as A.D. 1440. chunk. Branch coral is usually correlated with religious The next addition at Koholuapapa was the large enclosure offerings and chunk coral serves many domestic purposes such added to the upslope side of the site. According to radiocarbon as abraders and even pavement for coastal sites. Preliminary dates, this enclosure dates to approximately A.D. 1675. The last stone identification suggests the use or construction of basalt building addition added to Koholuapapa was a post-contact Kahu's House Site 183 H? Site 175 Site 4279 Koholuapapa 1000 1200 1200 1600 1800 2000 Years A.D. Figure 5.10 Approximate ages of the nine building episodes dated by radiocarbon dating or by diagnostic post-contact artifacts (Kahu's House). Temples of Kahikinui 77 Table 5.3 Kahikinui temple radiocarbon dates. Site Test Unit Depth Beta Adjusted Interpreted (cmbs)' Number Age Age (2 Sigma) 4279 4 90-101 97500 350?60 B.P. A.D. 1435-1665 4279 11 22-28 95906 200?70 B.P. A.D. 1520-1570 A.D. 1630-1950 1386 19 19.5-29.5 95909 650?70 B.P. A.D. 1260-1425 1386 21 60-70 95910 50?70 B.P. A.D. 1675-1775 A.D. 1800-1945 1386 26 0-110 95908 300?80B.P. A.D. 1440-1690 A.D. 1735-1815 A.D. 1925-1950 175 17 0-62 95905 170?60 B.P. A.D. 1645-1950 183 32 23-31 95904 100.2 ? 0.9 B.P. A.D. modern dates 1 cmbs = centimeters below surface cattle wall enclosure attached along the north or upslope side, Lands as part of their mandate for Native Hawaiians, and probably sometime after A.D. 1850. Haleakall Ranch. Fieldwork and research was funded by Other sites that date to ca. A.D. 1650 include Site 175, Northern Illinois University (External Programs, the Graduate as well as the notched heiau which have been dated using School, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences), and the architectural design traits. Interestingly, Site 4279 consists of State of Hawai'i (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, two notched enclosures, one of which one dates as early as 200 Department of Land and Natural Resources). years prior to the when the majority of notched structures were We gratefully acknowledge the hard work of the built. More radiocarbon dating is required to clarify the nature individuals on our various field crews: Patty Jo Conte, of construction at Site 4279. Christine Engel, Melodie Garcia, Melanie Gleis, Jim Hayden, Site 183 dates to modem times, yet no post-contact Clifford Jenks, Michael Lackey, James Lawton, Valerie midden was recovered during excavation. This suggests that Nagahara, Jenny O'Clary, Jeanne Pepalis, and Brant Vollman. the charcoal recovered from the site may have been contami- We wish to thank the Ka 'Ohana 0 Kahikinui for nated by modern charcoal. their kikua, especially Mo Mohler, Donna Simpson, and Russell Suzuki. We also want to thank Patty Jo Conte, Ross Acknowledgments Cordy, and Boyd Dixon of the Historic Preservation, Patty Delaney of Guilford College, and Michael Banfield of Fieldwork in Hawai'i was conducted in 1993, 1994, and 1996 Haleakala Ranch. under the auspices of the State Department of Hawaiian Home